{"1": {"fulltext": "E\\nTURK", "height": "3571", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "4", "height": "3414", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "V\\nx A\\nV- V\\nr.\\n.0 o", "height": "3414", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3430", "width": "1927", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "V", "height": "3430", "width": "1927", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3414", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3414", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3414", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3414", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3414", "width": "2274", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "the armenian\\nCrisis in Turkey\\nTHE MASSACRE OF 1894, ITS ANTECEDENTS\\nAND SIGNIFICANCE\\nWITH A CONSIDERATION OF SOME OF THE FACTORS\\nWHICH ENTER INTO THE SOLUTION OF THIS\\nPHASE OF THE EASTERN QUESTION\\nBY\\nFREDERICK DAVIS GREENE, M.A.\\n1 1\\nFOR SEVERAL YEARS A RESIDENT\\nIN ARMENIA\\nQn^uw^iMMintnnL. x fr/W fcU 7/ ^U8P^\\nWITH INTRODUCTION BY REV. JOSIAH STRONG, D.D.\\nAUTHOR OF OUR COUNTRY, THE NEW ERA, ETC.\\nG. P. PUTNAM S SONS\\nNEW YORK LONDON\\n27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD ST. 24 BEDFORD ST., STRAND\\nS^e Sratherfcochw $\u00c2\u00abss\\n1895", "height": "3414", "width": "2274", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Copyright, 1895\\nBY\\nG. P. PUTNAM S SONS\\nEntered at Stationers Hall, London\\nr^\\nCbe ftnicfcerbocfeer press, iRew J^orh", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TO THE MEMORY\\nOF THE\\nVICTIMS OF THE SASSOUN MASS.V RE\\n1894\\nI DEDICATE\\nTHIS APPEAL TO THE CIVILIZED WORLD\\nIN BEHALF OF THEIR RACE AND OF ALL THE\\nRACKS IN TURKEY\\nm", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nTHIS is an important book. It deals with a\\nburning question, and in a way which will\\ncommand public attention and public confi-\\ndence.\\nThe author is thoroughly equipped for his task.\\nBirth, residence, and travel in Turkey have made\\nhim personally acquainted with the situation which\\nhe discusses, and the independence of his position\\nenables him to write without restraint and without\\nprejudice. After nearly four years of service as a\\nmissionary of the American Board in Van, the centre\\nof Armenia, during which no criticism of his course\\nwas ever made either by the Board or by the Turk-\\nish Government, he was recently ordered by his\\nphysician to return to America. Having resigned\\nhis connection with the American Board, he writes\\nas the representative of no society, religious or po-\\nlitical, and is connected with none. In issuing this\\nbook he is simply discharging what to him is a\\npersonal and unavoidable obligation and as he\\nfrankly avows its authorship, it will be impossible\\nfor the Turkish Government to hold any one else\\nresponsible for it.\\nThe author shows that the case of the subject\\nraces in the Ottoman Empire is desperate, that there\\nis no hope of reform from within, and that relief", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "vi Introduction,\\nmust therefore come through the interference of the\\npowers of Europe. Their action depends largely on\\nthe support of the public. Public opinion there-\\nfore, must be brought to bear upon this case as Mr.\\nGladstone said in the House of Commons six years\\nago. Since then there has been added a new chap-\\nter of horrors, and the demand for decisive action in\\nthe name of our common humanity has become\\nmore urgent. The facts furnished bv this book\\nought to arouse such public opinion as will justify\\nand compel prompt and efficient action on the part\\nof the Powers.\\nThe United States need not depart from its long-\\nestablished foreign policy, but is bound to protect\\nits own honor and the lives and property of its\\ncitizens.\\nJosiah Strong.\\nNew York, March i, 1S95.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nI. A CHAPTER OF HORRORS I\\nCertified Evidence of the Armenian Massacre, Preceded\\nby an Endorsement of the Evidence, with Signatures\\nin Fac-simile, and an Explanatory Note.\\nII. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT EASTERN TUR-\\nKEY 43\\nThe Physical Aspects, Inhabitants, and Administration\\nof the Country.\\nIII. THE CHRONIC CONDITION OF ARMENIA AND\\nKURDISTAN -54\\nSpecific and Detailed Instances of Kurdish Plunder\\nand Oppression. The Turkish System of Taxation and\\nits Abuses. Why these Facts are so little Known.\\nWhat can be Done to Improve the Situation.\\nIV. OTTOMAN PROMISES AND THEIR FULFILMENT.\\nThe Treaty of Adrianople, 1S29. The Hatti Sherif,\\n1839. Pledge of 1544. Protestant Charter, 1S50.\\nHatti Humayoun. 1856. Anglo-Turkish Convention,\\n1S7S. Treaty of Berlin, 1878.\\nV. THE OUTCOME OF THE TREATY OF BERLIN 76\\nBritish Naval Demonstration, 1 5 79. The Identical\\nN :e of the Powers, iSSo, and the Turkish Reply.\\nThe Collective Note of the Powers, and the Aggre-\\nResponse of the Sublime Porte. The Circular of Great\\nBritain, 1SS1, its Cool Reception by the Powers, and\\nthe Indefinite Postponement of Turkish Reforms.\\nThe Effect of the Berlin Treaty in Arousing Armenian\\nAspirations and Increasing Turkish Oppression. Ar-\\nmenian Revolution a Nightmare of the Turks. The\\nvii", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "viii Contents.\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nReal Armenian Position. The Only Treatment for the\\nSick Man a Surgical One.\\nVI. THE SULTAN AND THE SUBLIME PORTE 87\\nThe Demands of his Office as Sultan-Calif. Justice\\nto Christian and Moslem both Impossible. Status of\\nnon-Mohammedans. The Palace and the Porte. A\\nHouse Divided against Itself.\\nVII. PREVIOUS ACTS OF THE TURKISH TRAGEDY, 95\\nThe Massacres of Greeks, 1822 Nestorians, 1850 Syri-\\nans, i860; Cretans, 1867; Bulgarians, 1876 Yezidis,\\n1892 Armenians, 1894.\\nVIII. ISLAM AS A FACTOR OF THE PROBLEM IIO\\nA Politico-Religious System. Indissoluble and Incapa-\\nble of Modification. The Military, Civil, and Legal\\nRights of non-Mohammedans. Freeman s Conclusion.\\nIX. GLADSTONE ON THE ARMENIAN MASSACRE\\nAND ON TURKISH MISRULE .121\\nX. WHO ARE THE ARMENIANS? 131\\nTheir Origin, History, Church, Language, Literature,\\nand General Characteristics.\\nXI. AMERICANS IN TURKEY, THEIR WORK AND\\nINFLUENCE 147\\nTheir Attitude and Recognized Position. Statistics of\\nthe Direct Results of their Efforts. Their Indirect In-\\nfluence on All Classes. The Present Threatening Atti-\\ntude of the Turkish Government.\\nAppendix A. a bit of American diplomacy 157\\nB. establishment of u. s. consulates\\nIN EASTERN TURKEY 163\\nC. dr. cyrus hamlin s explanation 167\\nd. the censorship of the press 1 69\\ne. bibliography of the subject 171\\nGeneral Index 175", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nkurdish sheikhs Frontispiece\\nFAC-SIMILE OF SIGNATURES 2 and 4\\nVICTIMS OF TURKISH TAXATION IO\\nREVIEW OF KURDISH CAVALRY\\nNAREG ANCIENT CHURCH AND MODERN HOVELS\\nARMENIAN GIRLS OF VAN\\nA KURD OF THE OLD TYPE\\nRUINED KURDISH CASTLE AT KHOSHAB\\nMINAS TCHERAZ\\nZEIBEK IRREGULAR\\nTURKISH SOLDIER, REGULAR\\nH. I. M. SULTAN ABD-UL-HAMID KHAN\\nHIGHWAY IN ARMENIA\\nARMENIAN REBELS WHO WOULD NOT PAY TAXES\\nKURDISH HAMIDIEH SOLDIERS, EXECUTING THE\\nSWORD-DANCE\\nANCIENT ARMENIAN TOMBSTONE\\nTHE CATHOLICOS OF ETCHMIADZIN\\nTHE SUBORDINATE CATHOLICOS OF AGHTAMAR\\nTHE ISLAND MONASTERY OF AGHTAMAR\\nARMENIAN FAMILY OF BITLIS\\n!9\\n29\\n39\\n47\\n50\\n80\\n83\\n85\\n9i\\nio 5\\n120\\n127\\ni39\\n141\\ni45\\ni5 2", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\n^-pHE writer has, from his birth, been a student\\nof the Eastern Question, but makes no claim\\nto having mastered it. What he has learned\\nof the phases of that question here treated has been\\nby absorption, observation, travel, residence, and\\ninvestigation, in the land itself, and by study and\\nreading in regard to it. The very short time allowed\\nin the preparation of this humble contribution to the\\nsubject has necessitated a hasty and partial treat-\\nment at the expense of literary form. Some of the\\nmaterial of the second and third chapters and most\\nof the illustrations in this book are reproduced from\\nan article by the author in the American Review of\\nReviews for January, 1895, by the kind permission of\\nthe editor, Dr. Albert Shaw. No pains have been\\nspared to insure accuracy. References to authori-\\nties have been given as far as possible, but in regard\\nto much information from most reliable sources\\nnames must be withheld. It is a very significant\\nfeature of the situation in Turkey, that people who\\nare thousands of miles away from her, and who may\\nnever set foot there again, do not dare to publicly\\nstate the facts, lest vengeance may be taken on\\ntheir families and friends, still within reach of Turk-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "xi I Pi eface.\\nish violence and intrigue. If His Imperial Majesty,\\nthe Sultan, but knew the real facts of the atrocious\\nmassacre of last year, and realized the disgrace attach-\\ning to the Turkish name on account of the unspeak-\\nably brutal deeds of his Turkish and Kurdish soldiers,\\nofficers included, we cannot but hope that some\\npunishment would be visited upon them, experience\\nto the contrary. He certainly should welcome the\\nrevelations of this book, and do all in his power to\\nprotect any who may aid him in bringing the facts\\nto light and securing a better state of affairs. God\\nhelp him, and save all his subjects, Turk, Arab, and\\nKurd, Christian, Jew, and Pagan, from the curse of a\\nsystem of government not only sick, but dead and\\nrotting\\nI preach no crusade none is needed. But it is\\nhigh time for the conscience of Europe and America\\nto assert itself not simply the non-Conformist\\nconscience, but the Established, the Orthodox, the\\nCatholic, the Agnostic, and the Infidel conscience,\\nin fact the human conscience against this crime\\nupon humanity. If this conscience is once aroused,\\nI care not what parties are in power, or how the\\ngame stands on the diplomatic chessboard, the\\nEastern Question will be settled, instead of forever\\nthreatening the peace of Europe, and one more blot\\nwill be wiped out from the annals of the world.\\nI use the title The CRISIS IN TURKEY because\\nthere is a crisis in the history of one of her most\\nimportant races there ought to be one throughout\\nTurkey and there may be one in Europe if selfish-\\nness, jealousy, and duplicity are forever to stifle all", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Preface. xiii\\nconsiderations of humanity, national honor, and\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I\\nblush to add it of Christianity.\\nIn order to protect British interests, for two-\\nscore years, not to say longer, has Christian\\nEngland stood guard at the Sublime Porte, warn-\\ning all intruders away. With her hand on the door\\nof the Turk s disorderly house, she has compla-\\ncently informed the world that she in particular\\nas well as the other Powers has secured prom-\\nises, and even guaranties, that all would go well.\\nBut all the while, Her Majesty s Ministers, of what-\\never party, have heard the bitter and despairing\\ncry of the poor wretches within. These Ministers\\nhave, since 1881, with rare exceptions, carefully\\nsuppressed in their archives the consular reports\\nwhich have officially kept them informed of the real\\nstate of affairs. 1 And all the while, England s share\\nof the profits of this partnership with the unspeak-\\nable Turk has been steadily dropping into her over-\\nflowing coffers. Was Cyprus nothing? Is the interest\\non Turkish bonds nothing Of course the creditor\\n1 I am at a loss to know why the Reports of Consuls ceased to be\\nfurnished in or about the year 1881. Consuls are supposed to keep\\ntheir eyes open and to report facts regarding the people among whom\\nthey live, and it is altogether a new idea that their Reports are to be\\nregarded as confidential documents. If they are to be so, that is\\nsimply condemning the Consuls Reports to perpetual barrenness and\\nabsolute inutility. Why are not consular reports to be made, and\\nbeing made, why are they not to be printed If in this respect I am\\npersonally, or anyone associated with me, is open to censure, let the\\nfacts be brought out but do not let a particular act at a particular\\ntime be confounded with the adoption of the principle of eternal\\nsilence about the horrors that prevail in Armenia. Speech by the\\nRt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, in House of Commons, May 28, 1889.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "xiv Preface,\\nmust have his due, even though it is extracted in\\nblood-drops by a pressure that England and the\\nother Powers help to maintain.\\nA famous London divine recently preached a ser-\\nmon in connection with the Armenian Massacre, using\\nas a text Ezra ix., 3 And when I heard this thing, I\\nrent my garment and my mantle, and plucked off the\\nhair of my head and of my beard, and sat down\\nastonied. May I suggest that it is high time to\\nrouse oneself from mere astonishment, as did the\\nHebrew prophet If the eloquent preacher is at a\\nloss for an appropriate text for another sermon to an\\nEnglish audience, he can find it in the sixth verse of\\nthe same chapter O my God, I am ashamed and\\nblush to lift up my face to thee, my God for our\\niniquities are increased over our head, and our tres-\\npass is grown up unto the heavens.\\nThe very well informed correspondent of The\\nSpeaker wrote from Constantinople two months ago\\nI fear there can be no doubt about the essential\\nfacts. We have already the official reports of the\\nconsuls at Van, Erzeroom, Sivas, and Diarbekir,\\nwhich have not yet been published, but which, we\\nknow, confirm the most horrible statements made in\\nthe newspapers. We have the reports of the Ar-\\nmenian refugees who were eye-witnesses. We have\\nthe reports sent to the Armenian Patriarchate here,\\nand the reports of Catholic and Protestant mission-\\naries in the vicinity of Sasun. Beyond this, and most\\nhorrible of all, we have the testimony of the Turkish\\nsoldiers who took part in the massacres. These sol-\\ndiers have talked with the greatest freedom", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Preface. xV\\nin public places, and to all who would listen, boasting\\nof their deeds. We have full reports from all these\\nplaces of the statements made by hundreds of these\\nsoldiers, and they agree in all essential points.\\nThe author does not ignore the repeated and\\nearnest efforts that have been made for years, by\\nsuch individual Englishmen as the Hon. James\\nBryce, to call attention to the condition of Armenia.\\nTheir protests have kept alive Armenian hope that\\nEngland at least would not entirely repudiate her\\nobligations. But the futility of these same protests\\nhas also given assurance to the Sublime Porte in\\ncarrying out its policy of repression and extermina-\\ntion in Armenia.\\nOf course neither the party in power, nor its suc-\\ncessors, will proceed energetically unless assured of\\nthe support of the people whom they represent. As\\nsoon as there is sufficient pressure from behind some-\\nthin^ more will be done than to dally with Turkish\\nCommissions of Inquiry, sent under circumstances\\nwhich make a true and full report simply a physical\\nand moral impossibility. 2 The Turk is on trial and\\nshould be allowed to plead Not Guilty. But it is\\nnot customary, in courts where justice is the object,\\nto allow the criminal at the bar the privilege of act-\\n1 The Speaker, London, January 12, 1895.\\n2 A good deal of misapprehension exists with respect to the con-\\nstitutional the Commission of Inquiry. It is not an international but\\na Turkish Commission, and, to judge by past experience, Turkish\\nCommissions are instruments by which truth is suppressed and issues\\nare obscured. It is satisfactory that representatives of Great Britain,\\nFrance, and Russia will have the opportunity of examining the proch-\\nverbaux, besides being present at the sittings of the Commission and", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "xvi Preface.\\ning also as the prosecuting attorney, and of summon-\\ning and examining the witnesses. As is well known,\\nthe most stringent measures have been taken by the\\nSublime Porte to prevent any representative of the\\npress from watching the proceedings of the Com-\\nmission of Inquiry at Moosh, or from making any\\nindependent investigation on the ground. Such pre-\\ncautions are hardly necessary, for all evidence of the\\nmassacre was concealed by torch and spade six\\nmonths ago. If the executioners themselves over-\\nlooked any of their victims, the jackals, dogs, and\\nvultures have surely found them by this time.\\nThere are fifty native-born American citizens, not\\ncounting their children, who are now buried in\\nEastern Turkey. The fanatical outbreak which has\\nslain thousands in their midst may yet involve them.\\nThe President of the United States long ago ordered\\na U. S. Consul to make a report as to the facts, simply\\nfor his own government, which has no official knowl-\\nedge of what has or is taking place in that isolated\\nregion. The Sultan stamped his foot, and Consul\\nJewett was told to put his instructions in his pocket,\\nwhere they still remain. 1\\nAs for France, who tattoos her fair figure with\\nLiberte, Egalite, Fraternity wherever there is\\ncredit is due to the British Foreign Office for having taken the initia-\\ntive in securing this concession but it must be remembered that the\\npowers of the international representatives will be strictly limited, and\\nthat they will not be able to guarantee the security of the witnesses.\\nF. S. Stevenson, M.P., Armenia, in The Contemporary Review,\\nFebruary, 1895.\\n1 See Appendix B on the establishment of new U. S. Consulates\\nin Eastern Turkey. Also Appendix A on American Diplomacy.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Preface. xvii\\nspace to write the words, she evidently confines her\\nmotto to herself. It is reported that at the close of\\nthe Berlin Treaty of 1878, Prince Bismarck expressed\\nhis sentiments by saying that he would not give\\none Pomeranian grenadier for the Balkan Peninsula.\\nIf so, probably he would sacrifice even less now for\\nArmenia. Have the German people nothing to say?\\nHoly Russia feels so sure of the Armenian apple,\\nwhich seems bound to fall into her lap, that she\\ndoes n t even care to shake the branch, unmindful of\\nthe fact that the apple is tenacious of its hold, and is\\nbeing pecked to pieces and rotting on the stem.\\nAustria would not refuse the task of instituting\\nreforms as far south as Salonica. Poor Italy is will-\\ning to be useful, and Greece does not care to be left\\nout. They all want their share. Nobody expects\\nor is trying to secure reforms from within, though\\npromises to that effect may still be demanded, and\\nwill always be ready on demand.\\nAs for official Turkey, she has long seen the sword\\nof Damocles over her head, and will bow to the stroke\\nof Fate whenever it falls. If it only comes hard\\nenough, and is aimed true to the mark, she will even\\nget out of the way. Not a drop of blood need be shed.\\nWhat is the real difficulty in Turkey Is it a con-\\nflict of race or religion? Primarily it is neither,\\nthough both these elements complicate the case. In\\none word it is misgov eminent Do not be deceived\\nby this rather mild word, and dismiss the subject\\nwith the reflection that there is misgovernment\\neverywhere. Misgovernment as it exists in Turkey\\nis an organization that breeds death and corruption.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "xviii Preface.\\nIt is a disease, of which the germs penetrate the\\nwhole system of the body politic. It is a disease,\\nhereditary, chronic, and fastened upon the very\\nvitals of its victim. No creed is exempt, every race\\nis attacked by it. The more apparent result is out-\\nward impoverishment and material prostration. The\\nmore dangerous and deplorable symptom is the moral\\ndeterioration of all the races affected.\\nI am no eulogist of the mass of Armenians in their\\npresent condition. But I know their grand possi-\\nbilities as a race, physically, intellectually, and\\nmorally. The depths to which an individual or a\\nrace can fall indicate the height which might have\\nbeen attained. The only wonder is that a people of\\nso great ability, energy, and spirit have so long sub-\\nmitted. But when one sees, as I have been compelled\\nto, during years of residence both in Constantinople\\nand the interior, how the fetters have been forged\\non every limb, and how the movement of a finger\\neven brings down immediate and terrible vengeance,\\nthe wonder arises why these wretches are so fool-\\nhardy as to undertake revolution. The fact is they\\nare not engaged in any such enterprise. Individual\\nagitators there are, but even their object is only to\\nforce the civilized world to give attention to the de-\\nspairing cry of their race, which even God does not\\nseem, to them, to hear.\\nThe case of the Armenians demands immediate\\nand thorough attention. But the Armenian question\\nshould not be allowed to fill the whole horizon in the\\nLevant. Just now the blaze comes from their house,\\nbut no one can tell when it may result in a general", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "Preface. xix\\nconflagration. All the other Christian races and the\\nMohammedan races, too, are equally concerned.\\nEurope itself is endangered, as her statesmen well\\nknow, and safety depends only on their prompt and\\nunited action.\\nI have seen the crushing and what is worse\\ndemoralizing conditions from which the Armenian\\nand all other races in Turkey suffer under Moslem\\nmisrule. I know how rapidly these fine races would\\nadvance along every line, were these conditions\\nchanged. It is my firm belief that such changes\\nmay now be secured, if the interest already aroused\\nthroughout the civilized world be expressed in intel-\\nligent and determined action. In the hope of such\\naction I send forth this little book. If action is not\\ntaken, the effect of this book, as of all agitation in\\nbehalf of the victims of Turkey, will be to draw the\\nfetters deeper. What result may follow to my many\\nfriends and former associates on the ground, with\\nwhom it is very difficult to communicate, I do not\\nknow. But I know them, and do not believe that\\nthere is one among their number who, to shield him-\\nself from danger, would stay my pen.\\nReader, your voice and help are needed.\\nHe s true to God who s true to man wherever wrong is done\\nTo the humblest and the weakest, neath the all-beholding sun,\\nThat wrong is also done to us and they are slaves most base\\nWhose love of right is for themselves, and not for all their race.\\nLowell.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2808", "width": "4138", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "MAP OF\\n[KEY \u00c2\u00bbn ASIA\\nsection is commonly callec\\n^RMENIA\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Railroads Completed\\ni/\u00c2\u00bb progress\\n$CE\u00c2\u00abE or MA3SACRE\\nft. WILE ^M.ij.Qjt DEGREE\\n:s=s ONE AVERACE HOUR Or TRAVEL", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nA CHAPTER OF HORRORS.\\nCERTIFIED EVIDENCE OF THE MASSACRE IN\\nSASSOUN.\\nWE, the undersigned, by examination and com-\\nparison, have satisfied ourselves that the\\nfollowing statements are verbatim reports,\\nwritten under the dates which they bear, by American\\ncitizens who have spent from six to thirty years in\\nEastern Turkey. We have examined also the fact\\nthat they are written from six different cities from\\none hundred to two hundred miles apart, but form-\\ning a circle about the centre in which the massacres\\noccurred. For the personal safety of the writers the\\nnames of the places cannot now be made public.\\nThey are independent reports from a country where\\nrefugees and returned soldiers of the Sultan speak of\\nwhat they know. We have the utmost confidence\\nin these statements and regard them worthy the\\nbelief of all men.\\nIn the name of a suffering humanity we urge the\\ncareful perusal of these statements, and recommend\\nthat all readers take measures to make the indig-\\nnation of an outraged Christian world effectually\\nfelt. We deprecate revolution among these helpless\\nTurkish subjects, but bespeak cordial co-operation\\nin bringing to bear upon Turkey the force of the\\nrighteous condemnation of our seventy millions of\\npeople.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "^t^\\ns.a^^", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE\\nGovernor of Massachusetts.\\nFRANCES E. WILLARD\\nPresident National W. C. T. U.\\nWM. LLOYD GARRISON\\nSAMUEL J. BARROWS\\nEditor Christian Register.\\nGEO. C. LORIMER\\nPastor Tremont Temple, Boston.\\nWILLIAM E. BARTON\\nPastor Shawm ut Church, Boston.\\nH. M. JEWETT\\nEx-U. S. Consul, Sivas, Turkey. 1\\nMARY A. LIVERMORE\\nAuthor and Lecturer.\\nALPHEUS H. HARDY\\nFRANCIS E. CLARK\\nPres. United Society Christian Endeavor.\\n1 Brother and predecessor of the present Consul Jewett, at Sivas.\\n3", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "dg^ e?X4", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "EDWARD EVERETT HALE\\nPastor New South Congregational Church, Boston.\\nJULIA WARD HOWE\\nAuthor and Lecturer.\\nFRANCIS A. WALKER\\nPres. Mass. School of Technology.\\nA. E. PILLSBURY\\nEx-Attorney-General of Massachusetts.\\nISABEL SOMERSET\\nLady Henry Somerset.\\nCYRUS HAMLIN\\nFounder of Robert College.\\nI. J. LANSING\\nPastor Park Street Church, Boston.\\nJOSEPH COOK\\nAuthor and Lecturer.\\nWM. E. RUSSELL\\nEx-Governor of Massachusetts.\\nJONATHAN A. LANE\\nPres. Boston Merchants Association.\\n5", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "EXPLANATORY NOTE BY THE AUTHOR.\\nTHESE letters are written by men who can have\\nno possible motive for misrepresenting the\\nfacts in the case, while, on the other hand,\\neach writer subjected himself to personal danger by-\\nputting such statements upon paper and sending\\nthem through the mails. Several of the documents\\nhave gotten through Turkey by circuitous routes, in\\nsome instances having been sent by special messenger\\nto Persia, and so on to this country. Others were\\nnever risked in the Turkish mails, but have come\\nthrough the British post-office at Constantinople.\\nIt must be borne in mind that no writer was an\\neye-witness of the actual massacre nor could he\\nhave been, inasmuch as the whole region was sur-\\nrounded by a military cordon during the massacre\\nand for months after. The letters are largely based\\non the testimony of refugees from that region, or of\\nKurds and soldiers who participated in the butchery,\\nand who had no hesitation in speaking about the\\naffair in public or private until long after, when the\\nprospect of a European investigation sealed their\\nlips. Much of the evidence is, therefore, essentially\\nfirst hand, having been obtained from eye-witnesses,\\n6", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 7\\nby parties in the vicinity at the time, who are im-\\npartial, thoroughly experienced in sifting Oriental\\ntestimony, familiar with the Turkish and Armenian\\nlanguages, and of the highest veracity. No one letter\\nwould have much force if taken alone, for it might\\nbe a large report of a small matter but these sixteen\\nletters are written independently of one another, at\\ndifferent times, and from seven different cities widely\\napart, five of them forming a circle around the scene\\nof destruction. The evidence is cumulative and\\noverwhelming.\\nThere is absolute unanimity to this extent that\\na gigantic and indescribably horrible massacre of\\nArmenian men, women, and children did actually\\ntake place in the Sassoun and neighboring regions\\nabout Sept. I, 1894, and that, too, at the hands of\\nKurdish troops armed by the Sultan of Turkey, as\\nwell as of regular soldiers sent under orders from the\\nsame source. What those orders were will probably\\nnever transpire. That they were executed under the\\npersonal direction of high Turkish military officers is\\nclear. There can also be no doubt for the official\\nnotice from the palace was printed in the Constan-\\ntinople papers in November last\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that Zekki Pasha,\\nCommander of the Fourth Army Corps, who led the\\nregular troops in the work of extermination, has\\nsince been specially honored by a decoration from\\nthe Sultan, who was also pleased to send silk banners\\nto the four leading Kurdish chiefs, by a special mes-\\nsenger.\\nThe latest, most accurate, and comprehensive doc-\\nument in this correspondence is No. 6, which is", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "8 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nbased on evidence obtained with special care at the\\nnearest attainable point to the scene, and was pre-\\npared by parties in intimate relations with the\\nEuropean official who made the first investigation\\non the ground last October, but whose report has\\nnot yet been made public.\\nThe letters are arranged in chronological order.\\nIn view of the fact that the names of the cities from\\nwhich the various documents are dated must be\\nwithheld at present, these places are designated by\\nletters of the alphabet. The separate extracts are\\nalso numbered to facilitate reference. In order that\\nthere may be no confusion, all explanatory comments\\nof the author are enclosed in brackets.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE EVIDENCE.\\nNo. i.\\n[The reader should take notice that this first letter\\nwas written over four months before the massacre\\nactually occurred.]\\nD April 3, 1894.\\nIt does seem in this region as if the government\\nwere bent on reducing all those who survive the\\nprocess to a grovelling poverty, when they can think\\nof nothing more than getting their daily bread.\\nThere is good reason for thinking that unless so-\\ncalled Christian nations extend a helping hand, they\\n[the Armenians] will become wellnigh extinct. Of\\ncourse I do not sympathize in any way with the ex-\\ntremists in other lands who are stirring things up\\nhere. Nor do I agree with those papers that decry\\nthis movement as very foolish because there is no\\nhope for success. If I rightly interpret the move-\\nment in this region, the thought is not revolution at\\nall, but a desperate effort to call the attention of\\nEurope to the wrongs they are suffering and will\\never continue to suffer under this government. They\\nfeel that they will never succeed in attracting that\\n9", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "IO\\nThe Crisis in Turkey,\\nattention unless they show that they are desperate\\nenough to sacrifice their lives. And there is no com-\\nputing the lives that are going, not in open massacre as\\nin Bidgaria the government knows better than that,\\nbut in secret, silent, secluded ways. The sooner it is\\nknown, the better. There never will be peaceful,\\nprosperous conditions here until others take hold\\nwith a strong hand.\\nVICTIMS OF TURKISH TAXATION ABANDONING THEIR\\nVILLAGE HOMES.\\nNo. 2.\\n[This is the first report of the massacre.]\\nD Sept. 26, 1894.\\nTroops have been massed in the region of the\\nlarge plain near us. Sickness broke out among them,\\nwhich took off two or three victims every few days.\\nIt was a good excuse for establishing the quarantine", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 1 1\\naround, with its income from bribes, charges, and\\nthe inevitable rise in the price of the already dear\\ngrain. I suspect that one reason for placing quaran-\\ntine was to hinder the information as to what all\\nthose troops were about in that region. There\\nseems little doubt that there has been repeated in\\nthe region back of Moosh what took place in 1876\\nin Bulgaria. The sickening details are beginning to\\ncome in. As in that case, it has been the innocent\\nwho have been the greatest sufferers. Forty-eight\\nvillages are said to have been wholly blotted out.\\nNo. 3.\\n[Efforts to conceal the truth as soon as Vice-Con-\\nsul Hallward arrived on the scene, and to ward off\\ninvestigation.]\\nD Oct. 3, 1894.\\nAs the time goes on the extent of the slaughter\\nseems to be confirmed as greater than was first sup-\\nposed. Six thousand is a low figure it is probably\\nnearer ten. Mr. Hallward, the new [English] Consul\\nat Van, has gone directly there, and it is said that\\nthe other consuls from Erzroom have also been sent\\nto investigate. The government tried to get the\\npeople here to sign an address to the Sovereign, ex-\\npressing satisfaction with his rule, disclaiming sym-\\npathy with the Armenians who have stirred matters\\nup, stating that the thousands slain in Talvoreeg\\nmet their just deserts, and that the four outsiders\\ncaptured should be summarily punished, expressing", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "12 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nregret that it has been thought best to send consuls\\nto investigate, and stating that there was no need for\\ntheir coming. From this document we at least get\\nsome facts that before were suppositions. It con-\\nsisted of about two thousand words, and it was ex-\\npected that it would be sent by telegraph with at\\nleast a thousand signatures. The Armenians here\\nhave not yet signed it, though in four districts simi-\\nlar papers have been secured properly sealed. The\\neffect of such papers on foreigners will be much modi-\\nfied when they know the means used to procure them.\\nSword, famine, pestilence, all at once pity this\\npoor country\\nNo. 4.\\n[The following is from a different source.]\\nA Oct. 31, 1894.\\nWe have word from Bitlis that the destruction of\\nlife in Sassoun, south of Moosh, was even greater\\nthan was supposed. The brief note which has\\nreached us says Twenty-seven villages annihi-\\nlated in Sassoun. Six thousand men, women, and\\nchildren massacred by troops and Kourds. This\\nawful story is just beginning to be known here,\\nthough the massacre took place early in September.\\nThe Turks have used infinite pains to prevent news\\nleaking out, even going to the length of sending\\nback from Trebizond many hundreds from the Moosh\\nregion who had come this way on business. This\\nmassacre was ordered from Constantinople in the\\nsense that some Kourds having robbed Armenian", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 1 3\\nvillages of flocks, the Armenians pursued and tried\\nto recover their property, and a fight ensued in\\nwhich a dozen Kourds were killed. The slain were\\nsemi-official robbers, i. enrolled as troops and\\narmed as such, but not under control. The authori-\\nties then telegraphed to Constantinople that Arme-\\nnians had killed some of the Sultan s troops. The\\nSultan at once ordered infantry and cavalry to put\\ndown the Armenian rebellion, and they did it only,\\nnot finding any rebellion, they cleared the country\\nso that none should occur in the future.\\nNo. 5.\\n[This from a third place.]\\nB Nov. 16, 1894.\\nLast year the Talvoreeg Armenians successfully\\nresisted the attacks of the neighboring Kourds. The\\ncountry became very unsettled. This year the gov-\\nernment interfered and sent detachments of regular\\nsoldiers to put down the Armenians. These were\\nassisted by the Kourdish Hamediehs [organized\\ntroops]. The Armenians were attacked in their\\nmountain fastnesses and were finally reduced by the\\nfailure of supplies, both of food and ammunition.\\nAbout a score of villages were wiped out of existence\\npeople slaughtered and houses burned.\\nA number of able-bodied young Armenians were\\ncaptured, bound, covered with brushwood and\\nburned alive. A number of Armenians, variously\\nestimated, but less than a hundred, surrendered", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "14 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nthemselves and pled for mercy. Many of them were\\nshot down on the spot and the remainder were dis-\\npatched with sword and bayonet.\\nA lot of women, variously estimated from 60 to\\n160 in number, were shut up in a church, and the\\nsoldiers were let loose among them. Many of\\nthem were outraged to death and the remainder dis-\\npatched with sword and bayonet. A lot of young\\nwomen were collected as spoils of war. Two stories\\nare told. 1. That they were carried off to the harems\\nof their Moslem captors. 2. That they were offered\\nIslam and the harems of their Moslem captors, re-\\nfusing, they were slaughtered. Children were placed\\nin a row, one behind another, and a bullet fired down\\nthe line, apparently to see how many could be dis-\\npatched with one bullet. Infants and small children\\nwere piled one on the other and their heads struck\\noff. Houses were surrounded by soldiers, set on fire,\\nand the inmates forced back into the flames at the\\npoint of the bayonet as they tried to escape.\\nBut this is enough of the carnage of death. Esti-\\nmates vary from 3000 to 8000 for the number of\\npersons massacred. These are sober estimates. Wild\\nestimates place the number as high as 20,000 to\\n25,000.\\nThis all took place during the latter part of August\\nand [early part of] September. The arrival of the\\ncommander-in-chief of the Fourth Army Corps put a\\nstop to the carnage. It is to be noted that the\\nmassacres were perpetrated by regular soldiers, for\\nthe most part under command of officers of high\\nrank. This gives this affair a most serious aspect.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horror s, 1 5\\nA Christian does not enjoy the respect accorded\\nto street dogs. If this massacre passes without notice\\nit will simply become the declaration of the doom of\\nthe Christians. There will be no security for the life,\\nproperty, or honor of a Christian. A week ago last\\nTuesday evening at sundown a Turk kidnapped the\\nwife of a wealthy Armenian merchant of the town\\nof Khanoos Pert. Next morning her cries were over-\\nheard by searchers and she was rescued from a\\nTurkish house. No redress is possible.\\nWild rumors have been abroad for a long time, but\\ntrustworthy information came to hand slowly. Every-\\nthing has been done to hush it all up. Some of the\\nminor details of the stones I have told above may not\\nbe exact, but I feel quite certain they are in the main.\\nHowever, that a cruelly barbarous and extensive\\nmassacre of Christians by regular soldiers assisted by\\nKourdish Hamediehs, under command of officers of\\nrank and responsibility, has occurred cannot be\\ndenied.\\nWhat now will the Christian world do?\\nNo. 6.\\n[This is the most complete account, compiled on\\nthe ground. The following document was carefully\\nprepared in common by parties, the signature of\\nany one of whom would be of sufficient guaranty\\nto give great weight. One of the party, who is\\nlargely responsible for the data given, is a man of\\nhigh position and wide influence. The material was\\ncollected with the greatest difficulty and under the", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "1 6 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nconstant espionage of Turkish officials. Armenian\\nChristians who were known to appear at the place\\nwhere the writer was staying, were arrested and some\\nare yet in prison if they have not met a worse fate\\nalready. The documents were sent by secret, special\\ncarriers into Persia and came by Persian post to the\\nUnited States. They left Turkey about the last of\\nNovember, 1894. This document alone is sufficient\\nto stir the indignation of a Christian world.]\\nC Nov., 1894.\\nThere is uneasiness in Bitlis as to the safety of that\\ncity. Scrutiny of the mails by the Turkish authori-\\nties continues, and some letters addressed to resi-\\ndents and officials in the United States are failing\\nto arrive.\\nThe Hamedie h soldiers, who are Kourds, and who\\nhave been enrolled during the past three years, are\\nuniformed to some extent, but left in their homes.\\nThey are committing all kinds of depredations. The\\ngovernment continues to exact taxes in the plun-\\ndered districts, sends zabtiehs, or Turkish soldiers,\\nto abide in the villages, and eat the people out of\\nprovisions until in some way they manage to secure\\nthe money. In the Bashkalla region many of the\\nmen find, on returning, that the government has\\ntaken possession of their property and refuses to\\nrestore it or allow them to remain in their old homes.\\nThe authorities have taken and are taking every\\nprecaution to prevent accounts of the famous mas-\\nsacre of Moosh from reaching the outside world.\\nThe English consul, Mr. Hallward, went on a tour in", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 1 7\\nthe region affected. He was subjected to constant\\nannoying espionage, and was absolutely unable to\\npenetrate into the devastated region.\\nTo what extent Armenian agitation has provoked\\nthe terrible massacre it is difficult to determine. For\\na year or more there seems to have been an Arme-\\nnian from Constantinople staying in the region as an\\nagitator. For a long time he skilfully evaded his\\npursuers, but was at last caught and taken to Bitlis.\\nHe demanded to be taken to Constantinople and to\\nthe Sultan, and, it is said, he is now living at the\\ncapital, receiving a large salary from the govern-\\nment. Evidently he has turned state s evidence.\\nFACTS REGARDING A MASSACRE AT SASSOUN, NEAR\\nMOOSH, TURKEY.\\nLate in May, 1893, an outside agitator named\\nDamatian was captured near Moosh. The gov-\\nernment had suspected that the Talvoreeg vil-\\nlages were harboring such agitators, and had\\nsent orders to certain Kourdish chiefs to attack the\\ndistrict, assuming the responsibility for all they\\nshould kill, and promising the Kourds all the spoil.\\nNot long after Damatian had been brought to\\nBitlis, the first week in June, the Bakranlee Kourds\\nbegan to gather below Talvoreeg. As the villagers\\nsaw the Kourds gathering day by day, to the num-\\nber of several thousands, they suspected their de-\\nsigns, and began to make preparations. On the\\neighth day the battle was joined. The stronger\\nposition of the villagers enabled them to do con-\\nsiderable execution with little loss to themselves.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "1 8 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nThe issue of the contest at sunset was some one\\nhundred Kourds slain, and but six of the villagers,\\none of whom was a woman who was trying to rescue\\na mule from the Kourds. The villagers had suc-\\nceeded in breaking down a bridge across the deep\\ngorge of a river before a detachment of Kourds from\\nanother direction could join in the attack against\\nthem. The Kourds thus felt themselves worsted,\\nand could not be induced to make another attack\\nthat summer.\\nAt this juncture the Governor-general set out\\nwith troops and two field-pieces for Moosh, and in-\\nfested the region near Talvoreeg, but either he con-\\nsidered his forces insufficient, or he had orders to\\nkeep quiet, for he made no attack, but merely had\\nthe troops keep siege. Before leaving, he succeeded,\\nby giving hostages, in having an interview with some\\nof the chief men in Talvoreeg, and asked them why\\nthey did not submit to the government, and pay\\ntaxes. They replied that they were not disloyal to\\nthe government, but that they could not pay taxes\\ntwice, to the Kourds and to the government. If\\nthe government would protect them, they would\\npay to it. Nothing came of the parley, and the\\nsiege was continued till snow fell. During the win-\\nter, while blackmail was rife in the vilayet, several\\nrich men of Talvoreeg were invited to visit the\\nGovernor-General, but did not see best to accept.\\nIn the early spring the Kourds of several tribes\\nwere ordered to attack the villages of Sassoun, while\\ntroops were sent on from Moosh and Bitlis, the latter\\ntaking along ammunition and stores, and ten mule-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "20 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nloads of kerosene (eighty cans). The whole district\\nwas pretty well besieged by Kourds and troops.\\nThe villages thus besieged would occasionally make\\nsorties to secure food.\\nThe Kourds on one occasion stole several oxen,\\nand their owners tracked their property to the\\nKourdish tents, and found that one ox had been\\nbutchered. They asked for the others, and were\\nrefused, whereupon the villagers left, and later re-\\nturned with some companions. A scrimmage ensued,\\nin which two or three were killed on either side.\\nThe Kourds at once took their dead to the govern-\\nment at Moosh, and reported that the region was\\nfilled with Armenian and foreign soldiers. The\\ngovernment at once sent in all directions for sol-\\ndiers, gathering in all from eight to ten taboors\\n(regiments), Kourds congregated to the number of\\nabout twenty thousand, while some five hundred\\nHamedieh horsemen were brought to Moosh.\\nMETHODS OF PROCEDURE AND INCIDENTS OF THE\\nMASSACRE.\\nAt first the Kourds were set on, and the troops\\nkept out of sight. The villagers, put to the\\nfight, and thinking they had only the Kourds to\\ndo with, repulsed them on several occasions. The\\nKourds were unwilling to do more unless the troops\\nassisted. Some of the troops assumed Kourdish\\ndress, and helped them in the fight with more suc-\\ncess. Small companies of troops entered several\\nvillages, saying they had come to protect them as\\nloyal subjects, and were quartered among the houses.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 21\\nIn the night they arose and slew the sleeping vil-\\nlagers, man, woman, and child.\\nBy this time those in other villages were beginning\\nto feel that extermination was the object of the\\ngovernment, and desperately determined to sell\\ntheir lives as dearly as possible. And then began a\\ncampaign of butchery that lasted some twenty-three\\ndays, or, roughly, from the middle of August to the\\nmiddle of September. The Ferik Pasha [Marshal\\nZekki Pasha], who came post-haste from Erzingan,\\nread the Sultan s firman for extermination, and\\nthen, hanging the document on his breast, exhorted\\nthe soldiers not to be found wanting in their duty.\\nOn the last day of August, the anniversary of the\\nSultan s accession, the soldiers zuere especially urged to\\ndistinguish themselves, and they made it the day of the\\ngreatest slaughter. Another marked day occurred a\\nfew days earlier, being marked by the occurrence of\\na wonderful meteor.\\nNo distinctions were made between persons or\\nvillages, as to whether they were loyal and had paid\\ntheir taxes or not. The orders were to make a clean\\nsweep. A priest and some leading men from one\\nvillage went out to meet an officer, taking in their\\nhands their tax receipts, declaring their loyalty, and\\nbegging for mercy; but the village was surrounded,\\nand all human beings put to the bayonet. A large\\nand strong man, the chief of one village, was cap-\\ntured by the Kourds, who tied him, threw him on\\nthe ground, and, squatting around him, stabbed him\\nto pieces.\\nAt Galogozan many young men were tied hand", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "22 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nand foot, laid in a row, covered with brushwood and\\nburned alive. Others were seized and hacked to\\ndeath piecemeal. At another village a priest and\\nseveral leading men were captured, and promised\\nrelease if they would tell where others had fled, but,\\nafter telling, all but the priest were killed. A chain\\nwas put around the priest s neck, and pulled from\\nopposite sides till he was several times choked and\\nrevived, after which several bayonets were planted\\nupright, and he raised in the air and let fall upon them.\\nThe men of one village, when fleeing, took the\\nwomen and children, some five hundred in number,\\nand placed them in a sort of grotto in a ravine.\\nAfter several days the soldiers found them, and\\nbutchered those who had not died of hunger.\\nSixty young women and girls were selected from\\none village and placed in a church, when the soldiers\\nwere ordered to do with them as they liked, after\\nwhich they were butchered.\\nIn another village fifty choice women were set\\naside and urged to change their faith and become\\nhanums in Turkish harems, but they indignantly\\nrefused to deny Christ, preferring the fate of their\\nfathers and husbands. People were crowded into\\nhouses which were then set on fire. In one instance\\na little boy ran out of the flames, but was caught on\\na bayonet and thrown back.\\nChildren were frequently held up by the hair and\\ncut in two, or had their jaws torn apart. Women\\nwith child were ripped open older children were\\npulled apart by their legs. A handsome, newly\\nwedded couple fled to a hilltop soldiers followed,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 2\\no\\nand told them they were pretty and would be spared\\nif they would accept Islam, but the thought of the\\nhorrible death they knew would follow did not pre-\\nvent them from confessing Christ.\\nThe last stand took place on Mount Andoke\\n[south of Moosh], where some thousand persons had\\nsought refuge. The Kourds were sent in relays to\\nattack them, but for ten or fifteen days were unable\\nto get at them. The soldiers also directed the fire\\nof their mountain guns on them, doing some execu-\\ntion. Finally, after the besieged had been without\\nfood for several days, and their ammunition was ex-\\nhausted, the troops succeeded in reaching the sum-\\nmit without any loss, and let scarcely a man escape.\\nNow all turned their attention to those who had\\nbeen driven into the Talvoreeg district. Three or\\nfour thousand of the besieged were left in this small\\nplain. When they saw themselves thickly sur-\\nrounded on all sides by Turks and Kourds, they\\nraised their hands to heaven with an agonizing moan\\nfor deliverance. They were thinned out by rifle\\nshots, and the remainder were slaughtered with\\nbayonets and swords, till a veritable river of blood\\nflowed from the heaps of the slain.\\nAnd so ended the massacre, for the timely arrival\\nof the Mushire [Commander-in-chief of the Fourth\\nArmy Corps at Erzingan] saved a few prisoners\\nalive, and prevented the extermination of four more\\nvillages that were on the list to be destroyed, among\\nwhich was the Protestant village of Havodorick.\\nThis was the formidable army the government had\\nmassed so many troops and Kourds to vanquish.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "24 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nSo far as is known, not more than ten or fifteen\\noutsiders were among them, and all told it is not\\nlikely they had more than one hundred breech-\\nloading rifles.\\nTHE NUMBER OF ARMENIANS SLAIN.\\nEven if one were able to visit the district, it would\\nbe impossible to get more than an approximate esti-\\nmate of the number of victims, for many were thrown\\ninto trenches, which the rain had washed out, and\\nwere covered with earth. Where no such trenches\\nexisted the bodies were piled up with alternate lay-\\ners of wood, saturated with kerosene, and set on fire.\\nBut it seems certain that the villages of the whole\\ndistrict were wiped out. A Kourdish chief coming\\nlate with his men, and finding that there was noth-\\ning left for him to do, went off on his own hook and\\ngot all the plunder he could from the village of\\nMaineeg, near Havodorick.\\nA soldier while in quarantine said he had killed\\nfive persons, and he had killed less than anybody\\nelse. Another confided to one that he had killed a\\nhundred. A soldier got angry while trading with an\\nArmenian the other day in the Bitlis market, and\\nshouted out that they had slain a thousand thousand,\\nand would turn to those in the city next.\\nIt seems safe to say that forty villages were totally\\ndestroyed, and it is probable that sixteen thousand\\nat least were killed. The lowest estimate is ten tJwu-\\nsand, and many put it much higher. This is allow-\\ning for more fugitives than it seems possible can\\nhave escaped.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 25\\nTo cap the climax, the Governor-General, through\\nimprisonment and intimidation of various kinds, has\\nforced the chief men in all the province (the city of\\nBitlis alone excepted), to seal an address of gratitude\\nto the Sultan, that the Governor has restored order\\nin the vilayet\\nNo. 7.\\n[The following extract is from a personal letter\\nwritten by one whose name would be immediately\\nrecognized by every reader were we at liberty to\\nmake public use of it. The writer is a person of\\nbroad influence but for the present, owing to facts\\nwhich we are not at liberty to relate, he cannot take\\na public stand. He will probably be heard from\\nyet.]\\nF Nov. 10, 1894.\\nThe massacre which took place a few weeks ago\\nI do not know the exact date occurred in the district\\nof Talvoreeg which lies between Moosh and Diabe-\\nkir. It is an Armenian district, comprising thirty or\\nforty villages, surrounded by Kourds.\\nLast year some of the Armenians there armed\\nthemselves and resisted the Kourds, who are con-\\nstantly making raids on their villages and carrying\\noff their property. The Governor sent some soldiers,\\nwho killed a few Armenians and received a medal\\nfrom the government for having wiped out a great\\nrebellion. This year there are said to have been ten\\nor fifteen revolutionists among these Armenians. A", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "26 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nKourdish chief in order to get out of some difficul-\\nties that he had gotten into with the government\\nset the ball rolling by carrying off some cattle be-\\nlonging to certain of the Armenians. The Armeni-\\nans endeavored to recover the cattle, and a fight\\nfollowed, in which two Kourdswere killed and three\\nwere wounded. The Kourds immediately carried\\ntheir dead to Moosh, laid them down at the govern-\\nment house, reporting that Armenian soldiers were\\noverrunning the land, killing and plundering them.\\nThis furnished the government with the desired\\nexcuse for collecting soldiers from far and near.\\nThe general is said to have worn on his breast an\\norder from Constantinople, which he read to the sol-\\ndiers, commanding them to cut down the Armenians\\nroot and branch, and adjuring them if they loved\\ntheir Sultan and their government they would do\\nso. A terrible massacre followed. Between five and\\nten thousand Christians are said to have been\\nbutchered in a most terrible manner. Some soldiers\\nsay a hundred fell to each one of them to dispose\\nof; others wept because the Kourds did more execu-\\ntion than they.\\nNo respect was shown to age or sex. Men, women,\\nand infants were treated alike, except that the women\\nwere subjected to greater outrage before they were\\nslaughtered. The women were not even granted the\\nprivilege of a life of slavery. For example, in one\\nplace three or four hundred women, after being\\nforced to serve the vile purposes of a merciless sol-\\ndiery, were taken to a valley near by and hacked to\\npieces with sword and bayonet. In another place", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 27\\nabout two hundred women, weeping and wailing,\\nknelt before the commander and begged for mercy,\\nbut the blood-thirsty wretch, after ordering their\\nviolation directed the soldiers to dispatch them in a\\nsimilar manner. In another place a large company,\\nheaded by the priest, fell down before the officers\\nsaying they had nothing to do with the culprits, and\\npleading for compassion, but all to no purpose\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all\\nwere killed. Some sixty young brides and more at-\\ntractive girls were crowded into a little church in\\nanother village, where, after being violated, they\\nwere slaughtered, and a stream of human blood\\nflowed from the church door. To some of the more\\nattractive women in one place the proposition was\\nmade that they might be spared if they denied their\\nfaith. Why should we deny Christ, they said,\\nand pointing to the dead bodies of their husbands\\nand brothers before them, they nobly answered, We\\nare no better than they kill us too, and they died.\\nAfter the above-mentioned events the Governor\\nattempted to persuade and compel the Armenians to\\nsign a paper thanking the Sultan and himself that\\njustice had been done to the rebels\\nNo. 8.\\n[From another city to which soldiers returning\\nbrought details of what they had done.]\\nE Dec. 6, 1894.\\nThe Armenians, oppressed by Kourds and Turks,\\nsaid, We can t pay taxes to both Kourds and the\\ngovernment. Plundered and oppressed by the", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "28 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nKourds, they resisted them there were some killed.\\nThen false reports were sent to Constantinople that\\nthe Armenians were in arms, in rebellion. Orders\\nwere sent to the Mushire [Commander-in-chief] at\\nErzingan to exterminate them root and branch. The\\norders read before the army collected in haste from\\nall the chief cities of Eastern Turkey was Who-\\never spares man, woman, or child is disloyal.\\nThe region was surrounded by soldiers of the army\\nand twenty thousand Kourds also are said to have\\nbeen massed there. Then they advanced upon the\\ncentre, driving in the people like a flock of sheep, and\\ncontinued thus to advance for days. No quarter was\\ngiven, no mercy shown. Men, women, and children\\nshot down or butchered like sheep. Probably when\\nthey were set upon in this way some tried to save\\ntheir lives and resisted in self-defense. Many who\\ncould fled in all directions, but the majority were\\nslain. The most probable estimate is fifteen thousand\\nkilled, thirty-five villages plundered, razed, burnt.\\nWomen were outraged and then butchered a\\npriest taken to the roof of his church and hacked to\\npieces young men piled in with wood saturated\\nwith kerosene and set on fire a large number of\\nwomen and girls collected in church, kept for days,\\nviolated by the brutal soldiers, and then murdered.\\nIt is said the number was so laro-e that the blood\\nflowed out of the church door. Three soldiers con-\\ntended over a beautiful girl. They wanted to pre-\\nserve her, but she too was killed.\\nEvery effort is being made and will be made to\\nfalsify (excuse the blots emblematic of the horrible", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors.\\n29\\nstory) the facts and pull the wool over the eyes of\\nEuropean governments. But the bloody tale will\\nfinally be known, the most horrible, it seems to me,\\nthat the nineteenth century has known. As a con-\\nfirmation of the report, the other day several hun-\\nNAREG ANCIENT CHURCH AND MODERN HOVELS.\\ndred soldiers were returning from the seat of war,\\nand at a village near us one was heard to say that\\nhe alone with his own hand had killed thirty pregnant\\nwomen. Some who seem to have some shame for\\ntheir atrocious deeds say What could we do, we\\nwere under orders?", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "30 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nNo. 9.\\n[Later from the same place as the preceding ex-\\ntract. Evidence of a regular soldier who helped\\ndispose of the dead.]\\nE Dec. 17, 1894.\\nThe soldiers who went from here talk quite freely\\nabout matters at Sassoun. A. heard one talk the\\nother day. He said the work was mostly finished\\nbefore the E soldiers got there. There was\\ngreat spoil flocks, herds, household goods, etc. but\\ntheir chief work was to dispose of the heaps and\\nheaps of the dead. The stench was awful. They\\nwere gathered into the still standing houses and\\nburned with the houses. They say that the work\\nof destruction was wrought by the Hamedieh, i. e.,\\nthe newly organized Kourdish regiments. Those\\nregiments are one of the chief elements of danger to\\nthe country now.\\nNo. 10.\\n[From a city some distance from the scene.]\\nB Dec. 22, 1894.\\nYou may believe most all that the papers say about\\nthe mountains west of Moosh. I wrote you giving\\nyou a few more authenticated details. I hope that\\nletter reached you. I give the outline here again. In\\nAugust the Armenians were declared in rebellion.\\nThe regular soldiers and Hamediehs were ordered to\\nthe spot. Orders were issued from Constantinople", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 3 1\\nto put down the rebellion. Both regulars and\\nHamediehs were used. The massacre began after\\nthe middle of August\u00e2\u0080\u0094 about the 1 8th\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and con-\\ntinued to about the ioth of September. The safe\\nestimates put the number of victims at about four\\nthousand, not less than three thousand five hundred,\\nand, in all probability, more than four thousand.\\nMen, women, and children were most barbarously\\nslaughtered\u00e2\u0080\u0094 unnamable outrages were perpetrated\\non all. The less horrible outrages were some of the\\nfollowing bayoneting the men, and in this wounded\\ncondition either burying or burning them outraging\\nwomen and then dispatching them with bayonets or\\nswords ripping up pregnant women impaling in-\\nfants and children on the bayonet, or dispatching\\nthem with the sword houses fired, and the inmates\\ndriven back into the flames.\\nThe unspeakable horror of those three weeks must\\nhave sent many a one crazy. The story is told that\\none soldier found a comely infant and took compas-\\nsion on it and wished to save it. The mother was\\nfound in a crowd of poor, wretched women, but she\\nwas raving, calling for her children. She did not\\nrecognize the child, and nothing was left to the sol-\\ndier but to dispatch it.\\nNo. ii\\n[Efforts to block the Commission and put the\\ncountry in shape for inspection by emptying prisons\\nof innocent people.]", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "32 The Crisis in Tier key.\\nB Dec. 29, 1894.\\nThe Bitlis Governor asks for a cordon on Moosh,\\nas there is cholera reported there. So the Consular\\nCommission is delayed. The Turkish Commission is\\nat Moosh now. Only, the president of it was re-\\ncalled. In the meantime Sassoun refugees are scat-\\ntered over the country, begging. Their stories, to-\\ngether with the stories of the soldiers, confirm the\\nmost horrible of the reports of cruelty.\\nIn all this, remember that the same thing has been\\ngoing on on a lesser scale all over the country.\\nTwo weeks ago thirty-six men were dismissed from\\nB prison after three years three months de-\\ntention. A little over three years ago three Armeni-\\nans were most barbarously murdered in the Narman\\ndistrict, north of this city and near the Russian\\nboundary. Some Turks were called up for examina-\\ntion, and all were dismissed. Later, three Turks were\\nmurdered and mutilated, apparently in retaliation.\\nThe able-bodied men sixty-two in number of two\\nvillages were thrown into prison. Some of them were\\ncondemned to death, some to life imprisonment, and\\nothers to various terms of imprisonment. A number\\nof them died fifteen, I think in prison. Thirty-six\\nwere released the other day, and eleven are still in\\nprison. They have suffered horribly during these\\nthree years. In what condition will they find their\\nhomes when those who are released return It is\\nalmost certain that none of them knew anything\\nabout the murder or had any hand in it. It is said\\nthat the murderer is well known, and is in Russia.\\nThis case is a Sassoun atrocity on a smaller scale.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 33\\nFor God s sake do not let the public conscience go\\nto sleep again over this reign of terror. The land is\\nalmost paralyzed with horror and terror\\nNo. 12.\\n[The crisis and the need of keeping the issue clear.\\nThe real explanation of the massacre.]\\nA Jan. 7, 1895.\\nThe importance of the present crisis grows upon\\nme. In the first place Turkey is preparing for a ter-\\nrible catastrophe by squeezing Armenians, and arm-\\ning Moslem civilians in Sivas, Aleppo, Castamouni,\\nand other provinces and in the second place it is\\nputting on the screws tighter everywhere excepting\\nin the three eastern provinces where the Commission\\nis now commencing investigation. In Van and Bit-\\nlis the process of arresting and intimidating witnesses\\nwent on until the very hour of the departure of the\\nCommission of Investigation. Then the order went\\nout to stop, and those provinces are enjoying the\\nfirst semblance of quiet that they have known for\\nfive years.\\nThis policy of continued massacre and outrage is\\nfavored by the profound ignorance which prevails\\neverywhere as to the actual state of things in Turkey.\\nPeople think that the Sassoun massacre is something-\\nexceptional, and that until that is proved there is no\\nevidence of a need of European interference in behalf\\nof Christians in Turkey. What ought to be done is\\nto fix on the mind of the public the fact that Turkey", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "34 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nhas taken up the policy of crushing the Christians all\\nover the Empire, and has been at it for several years,\\nso that even if the massacre had not taken place, the\\nduty of Europe to prohibit Turkey from acting the\\npart of Anti-Christ was still self-evident.\\nNo. 13.\\n[Turks getting nervous, but not enough to forget\\ntaxes.]\\nB Jan. 5, 1895.\\nThe horrible stories are only being confirmed. It\\nis said that unborn babes were cut from their quiver-\\ning mothers and carried about on spear tops. The\\nTurks themselves now see that they went a step too\\nfar, and they are feeling the awful tension of suspense\\nas much as the Christians. However, the pitiless\\ncollection of taxes is causing fearful suffering.\\nNo. 14.\\n[Prospects of the Commission of Inquiry, and its\\ninadequacy in any case to do justice to the chronic\\nstate of the country.]\\nB Jan. 12, 1895.\\nThe people are in a state of horror because of the\\nmassacre. The Commission has been expected for\\nsome time, and without doubt the local authorities\\nhave used every means to cover up their tracks and\\nterrorize still further those who may be probable", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors, 3 5\\nwitnesses. Those who are encouraged to testify will\\nbe again at the mercy of the Turks after the Com-\\nmission rises. I have not the slightest doubt that\\nsome will be courageous enough to testify, but it\\nwill be at great odds. Almost everything is against\\nthe perfect success of the Commission s work, or\\nrather the favorable outcome of the work of the\\nEuropean delegates. It will not be right to stake\\nthe fate of Armenia on the outcome of the work of\\nthis Commission.\\nRather it should be remembered that Sassoun is\\nthe outcome of a governmental system. There have\\nbeen hundreds of Sassouns all over the country all\\nthrough the last ten years, as you know. The laxity\\nof Europe has afforded opportunity for the merciless\\nworking of this system in all its vigor. It is born of\\nreligious and race hatred, and has in mind the crush-\\ning of Christianity and Christians.\\nIt is not the Kourdish robbers, or famine, or chol-\\nera that have to answer for the present state of the\\ncountry. It is rather the robbery, and famine, and\\nworse than cholera entailed on the country by the\\nworkings of this system. It is not alone the blood\\nof five thousand men, women, children, and babies,\\nthat rises in a fearful wail to heaven, calling for\\njust vengeance, but also the fearful suffering, the\\ndesolate homes, the wanton cruelty of tax collectors\\nand petty officials, and the violated honor of scores\\nand scores.\\nThe Turk is on trial. Let not Sassoun alone go\\nin evidence, but remember that the same wail rises\\nfrom all over the country.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "36 The Crisis in Turkey.\\n[Evidence of an eye-witness, whose occupation\\nsaved him. Very few succeeded in escaping to tell\\nthe tale.]\\nI saw an eye-witness to some of the Sassoun de-\\nstruction. He passed through three villages. They\\nwere all in ruins, and mutilated bodies told the hor-\\nrible tale. For four or five days he was in one vil-\\nlage. During the day parties of the scattered\\ninhabitants would come in and throw themselves\\nupon the mercy of the officer in command. About\\ntwo hours after sundown each evening these prisoners\\nof that day were marched out of camp to a neighbor-\\ning valley, and the air was rent with their pitiful\\ncries. He saw nothing more of them. He estimates\\nthat five hundred men disappeared in that way while\\nhe was there.\\nBetween two hundred and three hundred women\\nand children were brought into camp. They also\\ndisappeared, how he did not know. He was an\\nArmenian muleteer pressed for the transport of the\\nmilitary. He was sent out of the district to Moosh.\\nHe and his companion are the only eye-witnesses we\\nhave seen.\\nAnother refugee from a village on the border tells\\nthe story of how his mother, after terrible hardships,\\nescaped to a monastery where this young man was\\na servant. She told of the merciless slaughter of all\\nthe rest of the household, and destruction of the\\nvillage. She with her young child succeeded in\\nreaching the monastery, where after a few days she\\ndied of her wounds.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 37\\nThe country waits breathlessly the result of the\\ninvestigation. May the Lord of nations stretch forth\\nHis almighty arm to save\\nNo. 15.\\nB Jan. 25, 1895.\\nEight to ten thousand breaths gone out is about\\nenough, but the form beggars description. Some\\nimpaled, some buried alive, some burned in houses\\nwith the help of kerosene, pregnant women ripped\\nup, children seized by the hair to have the head\\nlopped off as if it were a worthless bud, hundreds of\\nwomen turned over to the vile soldiery with sequence\\nof terrible slaughter.\\nNo. 16.\\n[The last letter was written in this country by one\\nwho has spent years in the very heart of the afflicted\\nregion.]\\nNew York, Jan. 25, 1895.\\nUp to May, 1894, when I left Van, the whole Chris-\\ntian population of that region was simply paralyzed\\nby fear, and there was no manifestation of any revo-\\nlutionary thought or intention by the Armenians.\\nCertainly, if such a revolution were contemplated,\\nyou would expect to find it in the Van and Bitlis\\nvilayets [provinces], where the provocation is the\\ngreatest.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "3 The Crisis in Turkey.\\n[Many other letters have been received which con-\\ntain no new evidence, but which in every particular\\nconfirm what is here reported. It would add\\nnothing to the evidence to give further extracts\\nhere.\\nMany who have given no reports, but knowing\\nthat some others have done so, say You can\\nsafely believe all, and more, for the sickening details\\nthat come in are becoming worse and worse. No\\nreport can be exaggerated as to the horrible event,\\netc., etc.\\nAll the sixteen preceding extracts, and the original\\nletters from which they are taken, are endorsed by\\nthe twenty names which are reproduced in facsimile\\non pages 2 and 4. The following additional letters,\\nwhich have arrived too late to be submitted with\\nthe above, have come through the same channels\\nand are of equal weight.]\\nNo. 17.\\n[This is an extract from a letter written from a\\ntown in the province of Erzroom, and has no con-\\nnection with the Sassoun affair. It is the written\\ntestimony of a pure, sensitive Christian woman, who\\nis only one of hundreds that have been and are being\\ntrodden in the mire of Moslem lust. It was intended\\nfor the eye of a beloved teacher of the poor victim\\nwho wrote it. If it is wrong for me to publish it to\\nthe world, let God and the reader judge. Remember\\nthat the silence of death reigns in Sassoun, and that", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors.\\n39\\nthroughout other regions terror paralyzes the tongue.\\nIt bears date, November 4, 1894, Old Style (i. e.,\\nNovember 16th). It is eloquent in its agonizing\\npathos, and shows the condition of the country\\nin which such events are common occurrences, and\\nagainst which there is no redress.]\\nARMENIAN GIRLS OF VAN.\\n[Translated.]\\nG Nov. 4, 1894.\\nimplore and earnestly entreat that you will re-\\nmember one of your former pupils, and Jiear my cry\\nfor sympathy and protection. I have been outraged.\\nOh, zvoe is me, eternal pain and sorrow to my young\\nheart Evil disposed and lazvless men have robbed\\nme of the bloom and beauty of my wifely purity. It\\nwas H Bey, the son of the Kaimakam (the local", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "40 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nTurkish Governor residing in the village). It was in\\nthe evening betzvee?i six and seven o clock. I zvas en-\\ngaged in my household work. I stepped outside the\\ndoor, when I suddenly found myself in tlie grasp of\\nfour men. They smothered my cries and threatened\\nmy life, and by force carried me off to a strange house.\\nOh, zuhat black hours zvere those till the sweet light of\\nthe sun once more arose Though this is written\\nwith ink, believe me, it is written in blood and\\ntears.\\nNo. 1 8.\\n[The following letter was written from an entirely\\ndifferent part of Turkey from the preceding letters.\\nIt is a region far remote from the massacres, and yet\\nindicates a state of affairs that is deplorable. The\\nwriter is not an American nor is he a native of\\nTurkey he has spent several years in that country\\nand is a man in whom all would have the highest\\nconfidence were we at liberty to give the name.]\\nH Jan. ii, 1895.\\nThose cordons and quarantine, together with the\\nextraordinary precautions, taken by the hitherto im-\\nmovable Turk, with regard to cholera that was still\\nfar away and in an entirely different direction, were\\na mystery to all, although every person knew that\\nthe ostensible purpose was not the real one. Now\\nthat the tidings from Moosh have come in, the mys-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "A Chapter of Horrors. 4 1\\ntery of the series of cordons between here and Har-\\npoot is explained. There is very strong evidence\\nthat a general massacre or a series of massacres of\\nChristians has been understood by the local govern-\\nments to be the order of the day. It is not likely\\nthat a definite order to that effect has been given\\nout from the Capitol, but multitudes of recent events\\ngo to show that the everlasting persecutions and\\nannoyances, and the methods used in past times to\\ngrind down the Christians, have come to be regarded\\nas insufficient. Everywhere there is an activity, a\\nwatchfulness, and an energy displayed by the gov-\\nernment in the recent efforts to encompass the\\nChristians and to cut off their name and existence,\\nthat point to a newly formed plan to be put into ex-\\necution with as little waste of time as possible. Woe\\nto the poor remnant in this land if the European and\\nAmerican governments disregard recent events in\\nTurkey Christian nations in that case, even if they\\ndo not directly participate in what will certainly fol-\\nlow sooner or later, cannot be held guiltless of the\\nblood of their fellow-men.\\nAnother case in which I was concerned has gone\\nthe same way. Last spring a Protestant woman in\\nY. was assaulted and violated by three Turks. They\\nwere tried in F. and found guilty but that infamous\\ncourt in S., under the influence of the still more\\ninfamous Mutesarif (Governor), having recently\\nreviewed the case, reversed the original judgment\\nand released the guilty. There is no remedy. No\\nappeal can be made. The only thing that can be\\ndone is to prosecute the court in S., but that, in the", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "42 The Crisis in Turkey.\\npresent state of things, would be utterly useless.\\nThe result will be that such crimes will become more\\nfrequent than ever the perpetrators feeling confi-\\ndent that there is very little likelihood of punishment\\nbeing meted out to them.\\nThe government pretends to look with special\\nsuspicion on H. just now. The ^/^(Governor-Gen-\\neral) claims there are secret societies here. I told\\nhim there is nothing of the kind in H. now. The\\npoor people are afraid to open their mouths or to go\\nout of their houses. You can scarcely conceive the\\nchange that has come over the people within the past\\nfew months. Terror and amazement have taken\\nhold of them to such an extent as to become mani-\\nfest in their countenances even. All arms and\\nweapons are being taken from the people here these\\ndays.\\nThe Kaimakam (local Governor) and other officers\\nwalk the streets and the K. road every night.\\nAttempts have been made by officers and soldiers\\nto draw Christians into a quarrel, but they have\\nhitherto failed. One night this week, the Commis-\\nsaire (Chief of Police) without any provocation fired\\nthree times at a Christian, but the other offered no\\nresistance. Moslem officers are taking possession of\\nthe property of Christians and doing just as they\\nplease without regard to law or justice.\\nThe church and school in O. have been closed\\nand for two months now the people have not been\\nallowed to come together for worship. They are\\nforbidden even to have prayers offered in their\\nhouses.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nGENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT EASTERN\\nTURKEY.\\nIN order that the ordinary reader may grasp the\\nsituation in Armenia, information is given at\\nthis point in regard to the country itself, its ad-\\nministration, the elements that compose the popula-\\ntion, and their relations to one another.\\nThe massacre took place in the mountainous Sas-\\nsoun district just south of Moosh, two days ride\\nwest of Bitlis, a large city where the Provincial-Gov-\\nernor and a permanent military force reside. It is\\nnear the western end of Lake Van, about eight hun-\\ndred miles east of Constantinople, two hundred and\\nfifty miles south of Trebizond on the Black Sea, and\\nonly one hundred and fifty miles from the Russian\\nand Persian frontiers of Asiatic Turkey. These dis-\\ntances do not seem great until the difficulties of\\ntravel are considered. The roads are, in most cases,\\nbridle paths, impassable for vehicles, without bridges,\\ninfested with highwaymen, and unprovided with\\nlodging-places. It is, therefore, necessary to go to\\nthe expense of hiring government guards, and to\\nburden oneself with all articles likely to be needed\\non the way tents, food supplies, cooking utensils,\\n43", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "44 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nbeds, etc., which also imply cooks, baggage horses,\\nand grooms. Thus equipped, it is possible, after\\nobtaining the necessary government permits, often a\\nmatter of vexatious delay, to move about the coun-\\ntry. The ordinary rate is from twenty to thirty\\nmiles a day. With a good horse and no baggage I\\nhave gone three hundred and fifty miles, from Har-\\npoot to Van, in eight days, but that was quite ex-\\nceptional. In spring, swollen streams and mud in\\nsummer, oppressive heat and in winter, storms, are\\nserious impediments. In the neighborhood of Bitlis\\nthe telegraph poles are sometimes buried, and horses\\ncannot be taken out of the stables on account of\\nthe snow. The mails are often weeks behind, both\\nin arriving and departing, and even Turkish light-\\nning seems to be yavash, and crawl sluggishly along\\nthe wires.\\nTurkish Armenia by the way, Armenia is a\\nname prohibited in Turkey is a large plateau quad-\\nrangular in shape, and sixty thousand square miles\\nin area, about the size of Iowa. It is bounded on\\nthe north by the Russian frontier, a line from the\\nBlack Sea to Mount Ararat, by Persia on the east, the\\nMesopotamian plain on the south, and Asia Minor\\non the west. It contains about six hundred thousand\\nArmenians, which is only one fourth the number\\nfound in all Turkey. The surface is rough, consist-\\ning of valleys and plains from four to six thousand\\nfeet above sea-level, broken and shut in by bristling\\npeaks and mountain ranges, from ten to seventeen\\nthousand feet high, as in the case of Ararat. Ancient\\nArmenia greatly varied in extent at different epochs,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Information about Eastern Turkey. 45\\nreaching to the Caspian at one time, and even bor-\\ndering on the Mediterranean Sea during the Crusades.\\nIt included the Southern Caucasus, which now con-\\ntains a large, growing, prosperous, and happy Arme-\\nnian population under the Czar, whose government\\nallows them the free exercise of their ancestral re-\\nligion, and admits them to many high civil and mili-\\ntary positions. The Armenians now number about\\nfour million, of whom two million five hundred\\nthousand are in Turkey, one million two hundred\\nand fifty thousand in Russia, one hundred and fifty\\nthousand in Persia and other parts of Asia, one hun-\\ndred thousand scattered through Europe, and five\\nthousand in the United States.\\nThe scenery, while harsh, owing to the lack of ver-\\ndure, is on a grand scale. Around the shores of the\\ngreat Van Lake are many views of entrancing beauty.\\nThe climate is temperate and the atmosphere bril-\\nliant and stimulating. It is a dry, treeless region,\\nbut fertile under irrigation, and abounding in mineral\\nwealth, including coal. Owing to primitive methods\\nof agriculture, and to danger while reaping and eVen\\nplanting crops, only a small part is under cultivation,\\nand frequent famines are the result. The mineral\\nresources are entirely untouched, because the Turks\\nlack both capital and brains to develop them, and\\nprevent foreigners from doing it lest this might\\nopen the door for further European inspection and\\ninterference with their methods of administering the\\ncountry.\\nAll local authority is practically in the hands of\\nthe Valis, provincial governors, who are sent from", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "46 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nConstantinople to represent the sovereign, and are\\naccountable to him alone. The blind policy which\\nwas inaugurated by the present Sultan of dismissing\\nnon-Moslems from every branch of public service\\npost, telegraph, custom-house, internal revenue, en-\\ngineering, and the like has already been carried out\\nto a large extent all over the empire, and especially\\nin Armenia. The frequent changes in Turkish offi-\\ncials keeps their business in a state of confusion\\nworse confounded, and incites them to improves\\ntheir chance to plunder while it lasts. Traces of the\\nrelatively large revenue, wrung from the people, and\\nspent in improvements of service to them, are very\\nhard to find.\\nTHE INHABITANTS.\\nProbably about one half of the population of\\nTurkish Armenia is Mohammedan, composed of\\nTurks and Kurds. The former are mostly found in\\nand near the large cities, such as Erzingan, Baibourt,\\nErzerum, and Van, and the plains along the northern\\npart. The Kurds live in their mountain villages\\nover the whole region. The term Kurdistan, which\\nin this region the Turkish Government is trying to\\nsubstitute for the historical one Armenia, has no\\npolitical or geographical propriety except as indicat-\\ning the much larger area over which the Kurds are\\nscattered. In this vague sense it applies to a stretch\\nof mountainous country about fifteen hundred miles\\nin length, starting between Erzingan and Malatiah,\\nand sweeping east and south over into Persia as far\\nas Kermanshah.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "A KURD OF THE OLD TYPE,\\n47", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "48 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nThe number of the Kurds is very uncertain. Neither\\nSultan nor Shah has ever attempted a census of them\\nand as they are very indifferent taxpayers, the revenue\\ntables wilfully distorted for political purposes are\\nquite unreliable. From the .estimates of British con-\\nsular officers there appear to be about one and a half\\nmillion Turkish Kurds, of whom about 600,000 are in\\nthe vilayets of Erzroom, Van, and Bitlis, and the rest\\nin the vilayets of Harpoot, Diarbekir, Mosul, and\\nBagdad. This is a very liberal estimate. There are\\nalso supposed to be about 750,000 in Persia. 1\\nThe Kurds, whose natural instincts lead them to a\\npastoral and predatory life, are sedentary or nomad\\naccording to local and climatic circumstances. Where\\nexposed to a severe mountain winter they live ex-\\nclusively in villages, and in the case of Bitlis have\\neven formed a large part of the city population. But\\nthe tribes in the south, who have access to the Meso-\\npotamian plains, prefer a migratory life, oscillating\\nwith the season between the lowlands and the moun-\\ntains. The sedentary greatly outnumber the nomad\\nKurds, but the latter are more wealthy, independent,\\nand highly esteemed. There is, probably, little eth-\\nnic distinction between the two classes.\\nA fourteenth-century list of Kurdish tribes contains\\nmany names identical with those of powerful families\\nwho claim a remote ancestry. There was, up to a\\nrecent period, no more picturesque or interesting\\nscene to be witnessed in the East than the court of\\none of these great Kurdish chiefs, where, like another\\nSaladin, [who was a Kurd himself,] the bey ruled in\\n1 JLncyc^ Britannica x Kurdistan,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Information about Eastern Turkey. 49\\npatriarchal state, surrounded by hereditary nobility,\\nregarded by his clansmen with reverence and affec-\\ntion, and attended by a body-guard of young Kurdish\\nwarriors, clad in chain armor, with flaunting silken\\nscarfs, and bearing javelin, lance, and sword as in the\\ntime of the crusaders. 1 Within two days ride\\nsoutheast of Van, I found the ruins of four massive\\nKurdish castles at Shaddakh, Norduz,Bashkallah, and\\nKhoshab, which must have rivalled those of the feudal\\nbarons on the Rhine. The Armenian and Nestorian\\nvillagers were much better off as serfs of the power-\\nful masters of these strongholds than as the victims\\nof Kurdish plunder and of Ottoman taxation and\\noppression which they now are.\\nThe Kurds are naturally brave and hospitable, and,\\nin common with many other Asiatic races, possess\\ncertain rude but strict feelings of honor. But since\\ntheir power has been broken by the Turks, their\\ncastles ruined, and their chiefs exiled, these finer\\nqualities and more chivalrous sentiments have also\\nlargely disappeared under the principle of noblesse\\noblige reversed. In most regions they have degener-\\nated into a wild, lawless set of brigands, proud,\\ntreacherous, and cruel. The traditions of their for-\\nmer position and power serve only to feed their\\nhatred of the Turks who caused their fall, and their\\njealousy and contempt of the Christians who have\\nbeen for generations their serfs, whose progress and\\nincrease they cannot tolerate.\\nOne who has a taste for adventure and is willing\\nto take his life in his hands, can find among them as\\n1 Encyc. Britannica x Kurdistan,\\n4", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "5 d The Crisis in Turkey.\\nfine specimens of the human animal as are to be\\nfound anywhere sinewy, agile, and alert, with a\\nsteady penetrating eye as cool, cold, and cruel as that\\nRUINS OF A KURDISH CASTLE AT KHOSHAB.\\nof a tiger. I vividly recollect having just this impres-\\nsion under circumstances analogous to that of a\\nhunter who suddenly finds himself face to face with", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Information about Eastern Turkey. 5 1\\na lord of the jungle. There was no sense of fear, at\\nthe time, but rather a keen delight and fascination in\\nwatching the magnificent creature before me. His\\nthin aquiline face, his neck and hands were stained by\\nthe weather to a brown as delicate as that of a\\nmeerschaum pipe, and on his broad exposed breast\\nthe thick growth of hair obliterated any impression\\nof nudeness. For a few moments he seemed engaged\\nin some sinister calculation, but at last quietly moved\\naway. Perhaps he wanted only a cigarette. Perhaps\\nhe wondered if I, too, had claws. The Winchester\\nrifle behind his back did not escape my notice, nor\\ndid the gun across my saddle escape his. It is hardly\\nnecessary to remind those who may desire such ex-\\nperiences as the above, that the usual retinue of cooks,\\nservants, and zabtiehs should be dispensed with in\\norder to secure the best opportunities for observation.\\nThe Kurdish costumes, always picturesque, show\\nmuch local variation in cut and color. The beys\\nand khans of the colder north almost invariably pre-\\nfer broadcloth, and find the finest fabrics and richest\\nshades specially imported for them none too good.\\nBut the loose flowing garments of the Sheikhs and\\nwealthy Kocher nomads of the south are often very\\ninexpensive, and suggest Arab simplicity and dig-\\nnity. There is, no doubt, considerable Arab blood\\nin some of these families, who refer to the fact with\\npride.\\nThe women of the Kurds, contrary to usual Mo-\\nhammedan custom, go unveiled and have large lib-\\nerty, but there is no reason to suspect their virtue.\\nTheir prowess, also, is above reproach, and rash would", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "52 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nbe the man, Turk or Christian, who would venture\\nto invade the mountain home when left in charge of\\nits female defenders. On the whole, the Kurds are\\na race of fine possibilities, far superior to the North\\nAmerican Indian, to whom they are often ignorantly\\ncompared. Under a just, intelligent, and firm gov-\\nernment much might be expected of them in time.\\nThey keep up a strict tribal relation, owing alle-\\ngiance to their Sheikhs, some of whom are still strong\\nand rich, and engage in bitter feuds with one\\nanother. They could not stand a moment against\\nthe Ottoman power if determined to crush and dis-\\narm them. But three years ago His Majesty sum-\\nmoned the chiefs to the capital, presented them with\\ndecorations, banners, uniforms, and military titles,\\nand sent them back to organize their tribes into\\ncavalry regiments, on whom he was pleased to be-\\nstow the name Hamedieh, after his own. Thus,\\nshrewdly appealing to their pride of race, and wink-\\ning at their subsequent acts, the Sultan obtained a\\npower eager in time of peace to crush Armenian\\ngrowth and spirit, and a bulwark that might check,\\nin his opinion, the first waves of the next dreaded\\nRussian invasion. In the last war the Kurdish con-\\ntingent was worse than useless as was shown by Mr.\\nNorman, 1 of the London Times.\\nThe Armenians, a very important element of the\\npopulation, are generally known as being bright,\\npractical, industrious, and moral. They are of a\\nvery peaceable disposition, and entirely unskilled\\nin the use of arms, the mere possession of which\\n1 ArinwiQ 0 nd the Campaign of fSfy,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "Information about Eastern Turkey. 53\\nis a serious crime in the case of Christians, al-\\nthough the Kurds are well equipped with modern\\nrifles and revolvers, and always carry them. Their\\ngreat and fundamental weakness, seen through all\\ntheir history, is a lack of coherence, arising from\\ntheir exaggerated individualism. They have the\\ndistinction of being the first race who accepted\\nChristianity, King Dertad receiving baptism in 276\\nA. D., thirty-seven years before Constantine ventured\\nto issue even the Edict of Toleration. Their martyr\\nroll has grown with every century. The fact that\\nthe Armenian stock exists at all to-day, is proof of\\nits wonderful vitality and excellent quality. For\\nthree thousand years Armenia, on account of her\\nlocation, has been trampled into dust both by devas-\\ntating armies and by migrating hordes. She has\\nbeen the prey of Nebuchadnezzar, Xerxes, and Alex-\\nander; of the Romans, the Parthians, and Persians;\\nof Byzantine, Saracen, and Crusader of Seljuk and\\nOttoman, and Russian and Kurd. Through this\\nawful record, the Christian church founded by\\nGregory, The Illuminator, has been the one rally-\\ning point and source of strength, and this explains\\nthe tremendous power of the Cross on the hearts of\\nall, even of the most ignorant peasant.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTHE CHRONIC CONDITION OF ARMENIA\\nAND KURDISTAN.\\nMANY statements in regard to the state of\\naffairs in Eastern Turkey are criticised as\\nbeing too sweeping and general, and the in-\\nference is drawn that they are exaggerations, not\\nbased on exact knowledge of the facts. This chap-\\nter will, therefore, contain nothing but definite inci-\\ndents and figures, names and places also being added\\nregardless of consequences. This information is fur-\\nnished by a trustworthy authority on the ground, and\\nhas already been published in The Independent, of\\nNew York, January 17, 1895, from which I quote\\nverbatim. It shows the usual course of things in\\ntimes of so-called peace between Kurds and their\\nChristian slaves, and indicates to what sort of a life\\nthese Armenian, Jacobite, and Nestorian Christians\\nare condemned when no massacre is in hand. From\\nmy own residence and travels in Armenia, I know\\nthat the incidents related would apply to hundreds\\nof villages with simply a change of name.\\nA Partial List of Exactions made upon the Village\\nof Mansurieh of BoJitan (Kaimakamlik of Jezireh)\\nby the government, and by Mustapha Pasha, a Kurd-\\nish Kocher, or nomad chief, in 1893\\n54", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Condition of A rrnenia and Kurdistan. 5 5\\nSUMMARY.\\nf Excess of official de-\\nmand 3,ooo ps. 1\\nr Government Exaction Amount of double tax 4,000\\nProduce taken by gen-\\ndarmes 2,000 9,000 ps.\\n2 Exaction by M. Pasha. Excess of tithe revenue 1,500\\nDamage to crops 2,000 3,5\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\nTotal excess taken from village for 1893 1 2, 500\\nTotal of legitimate taxes on village for the year. 14,000\\nThe village complained to the government of\\nMustapha Pasha s exactions, but no redress was given\\nby the government, nor anything done to Mustapha\\nPasha, who, when he learned of their having made\\ncomplaint, sent droves of sheep to devour the crops\\nthat remained, viz., five pieces of ground sown and\\nbearing cotton, millet, flaxseed, etc., valued at 2000\\npiasters.\\nPartial List of Exaction by Aghas of Shemakh (one\\nday north of Jezireh), from Hassana of Bohtan, dur-\\ning years 1891-93. Hassana has sixty houses\\nUse of 30 men to carry flour for Mohammed\\nAgha, 2 days 150 ps.\\nFor Mohammed Agha, cash 10 liras 1, 000\\n15 pieces of cloth 15\u00c2\u00b0\\nTaher Agha, cash 14 liras I ,4\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\ntaken from village priest, cash\\n75 ps., saddle 75 ps., watch\\n200 ps 35\u00c2\u00b0\\nSahdoon Agha, cash 2 liras 200\\nMohammed I2\\nCarried forward 3,370 ps.\\n1 A piastre is a Turkish coin of about five cents, or two pence-\\nhalf penny. In this region the pay of a day laborer is from two to\\nfive piastres.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "56 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nBrought forward 3,370 ps.\\nFor Khorsheed 57\\nMohammed Agha, harvest, 500 men at 3 ps. 1,500\\nrepair of his roads, 65 men,\\n3 days.. 4 8 7\\nrepair of his roads, 50 men,\\n3 days 375\\npreparation of boiled wheat\\nfor winter, 450 men and\\n14 animals 1,160\\nbuilding house in Dader,\\n150 men 375\\n2000 ceiling sticks, 10\\nposts 554\\n4 large trees for rafters, at\\n50 ps 200\\nTotal for 1893 8,078 ps.\\nThe above were noted in a book at the time of the\\noccurrence by a village priest, as being seen by him\\npersonally, and do not give the great part of the ex-\\nactions of the Shernakh Kurds, which he did not see.\\nOne item additional to above all the cotton of\\nMohammed Agha of Shernakh is, by the villagers,\\nbeaten, spun, twisted, woven, and returned as cloth\\n(involving many days labor and two days journey),\\nand any weight lost in the making up the amount\\nmust be made good.\\nThis oppression is increasing from year to year.\\nThe above priest noted for years i88o- 82, taken by\\nAghas cash, 4141 ps. 90 animals used, 450 ps.\\n314 men used, 785 ps. Total for three years, 5376,\\nas over against 10,973 ps. for three years, i89i- 93.\\nTestimony given in writing, by a Christian of the\\nDistrict of Berwer, in reference to the oppression of\\nChristians in that district by the Kurds, of which he\\nhimself was an eye-witness, the examples given being\\nconfined to three small villages and of recent occur-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan. 57\\nrence. He gives the names of places and of the\\nparties concerned, both Kurds and Christians. We\\nsummarize them.\\nMurders.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eight men mentioned by name, others\\ngeneralized.\\nRobbery. Cash, 9 liras again 10 liras again 15\\nliras smaller sums being taken continually.\\nMohammed Beg, of Berwer, and his relatives re-\\nsponsible in greater part for the above; also for\\nrobbing of two houses in Ina D Noony.\\nFor generations these Christians have sown the\\nfields of these Kurds, harvested them, done their\\nthreshing, irrigated their fields, cut and brought in\\nthe grass as fodder for the sheep for use during the\\nwinter, together with much other labor, and all with-\\nout recompense, they finding themselves.\\n(These things are accompanied, of course, with\\ncursings and beatings.)\\nA number of Christian villages lying farther back\\nin the mountains are even more severely oppressed.\\nThe people are literally bought and sold as slaves.\\nIn other districts the buying and selling of Christians\\nby Kurds is common.\\nVillage of Shakh (five hours from Jezireh) like\\nMansurieh deserted for months by reason of extor-\\ntion by tax collectors. Many of the people lived\\nduring the winter in caves in the mountains.\\nThe writer was in Nahrwan when the Kaimakam\\nof Jezireh came, several weeks after a murder, to\\nexamine into it. The examination was rendered\\nso oppressive to the Christians that the people were\\nglad to declare that nothing had happened, in order to", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "58 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nescape any further inquisition. Even the old mother\\nof the murdered man was frightened until she de-\\nclared that she did not know of any such occurrence,\\nand had no complaints to make against anybody.\\nKannybalaver Kaimakamlik of Amadia. Dur-\\ning the years i893- 94 this village was raided sev-\\neral times by the Gugier and Sendier Kurds of the\\nKaimakamlik of Jezireh. They took one hundred\\nhead of animals, field tools, household utensils, beds,\\nwool and yarn, gall-nuts all of their fall gathering,\\nand dry goods which had been brought in to sell.\\nAt their last visit everything movable was carried\\noff, and the people deserted the village. A leading\\nman of the village, Gegoo by name, was seized by\\nthe Kurds, carried for several miles, and was then\\nmurdered in cold blood. There were about one hun-\\ndred Kurds in the band led by Ahrno, brother of\\nHassu of Ukrul and Kerruvanu. The chief men of\\ntheir village are SherrifTu and Hassu, who would be\\nresponsible for such a raid.\\nIn the city of Mosul, where there is a Vali, Chris-\\ntians are robbed and killed openly. Three cases are\\ngiven. Last year a young man, of the Protestant com-\\nmunity, of high standing in the city as a merchant,\\nwas standing before his door when two young Kurds\\nof notorious character came along, and one of them,\\nwithout the slightest provocation, at the time or\\npreviously/from mere wantonness, stabbed him, and\\nwould have killed him had he not been restrained.\\nThe family of the man, though one of the most in-\\nfluential families among the Christians of the city,\\ndid not dare to make accusation against him, know-\\ning that the only result would be more bloodshed,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan, 59\\nAn old missionary who has been familiar with the\\nregion from Bohtan to Amadia for years, says these\\noppressions are increasing, and unless something is\\ndone speedily, all the Christian villages of these\\nvarious districts will soon fall into the hands of the\\nKurds just as they have in Zabur.\\nThese instances of oppression given are but a few\\nof the many which might be given. Indeed it is\\nnot these greater occurrences, as the big raids and\\nmurders, which are the most serious to the Chris-\\ntian. It is the daily constant exactions and oppres-\\nsions which are crushing the life out of them.\\nA whole chapter might well be devoted to the\\noppression by government officials in assessing and\\ncollecting taxes. This evil is general, affecting all\\nTurkey. A brief summary of these abuses as gener-\\nally practised will be given. In view of the poverty-\\nstricken condition of the land, even the legitimate\\ntaxes are an exceedingly heavy burden on Moslem\\nand Christian alike, but the burden is greatly in-\\ncreased by the methods here classified\\nSUMMARY OF ABUSES.\\nI. Unjust and corrupt assessments.\\n1. Villagers are compelled to give assessors pres-\\nents of money to prevent them from over estimating\\nthe taxable persons and property.\\n2. Assessors, to secure additional bribes, signify\\ntheir willingness to make an underestimate. This,\\nin turn, affords opportunity for blackmail, which is\\nused by succeeding officials.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "60 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nII. Injustice and severity in collecting.\\n1. The collectors, like the assessors, have ways of\\nextorting presents and bribes from the people.\\n2. The collectors, as a rule, go to the villages on\\nSunday, as on that day they find the people in the\\nvillage. They frequently interrupt the Christian\\nservices, and show disrespect to their churches or\\nplaces of prayer.\\n3. The collection of the taxes is accompanied with\\nunnecessary abuse and reviling, sometimes even with\\nwanton destruction of property.\\n4. Disregard of impoverished condition of people.\\nEven after several failures of crops in succession,\\nwhen famine was so severe that the people were\\nmany of them being fed by foreign charity, the\\ntaxes were collected in full and with severity.\\nTheir food supply, beds, household utensils, and\\nfarming implements were seized by the collectors in\\nlieu of taxes. Many were compelled to borrow\\nmonev at enormous rates of interest, mortgaging-\\ntheir fields and future crops. Unscrupulous officials\\nand other Kurds, in whose interests such opportu-\\nnities are created, thus became possessed of Christian\\nvillages, the people of which henceforth becoming\\npractically slaves to them.\\n5. These collectors make false returns of taxes\\nreceived. The official in the city is secured by a\\nbribe, and the matter is kept quiet until a succeed-\\ning set of officials come into office. They send their\\nofficers to the villages to present claims for back\\ntaxes. The villagers in vain contend that they have\\npaid them. They have no receipts. They do not", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan. 61\\ndare to ask for them. Or the head man of the vil-\\nlage who keeps the account has been bribed to falsify\\nhis accounts. These taxes are collected again, en-\\ntailing much suffering upon the people.\\n6. The books in the government offices at the\\nKaimakamlik are often incorrect through mistakes\\nor dishonesty, and in consequence taxes are paid on\\nfictitious names or on persons who have been dead\\nfor years.\\nIII. Farm ing of taxes.\\nTaxes are often farmed out to the highest bidder,\\nwho usually is some powerful Kurdish chief. Either\\nin consequence of his power, or by means of bribes,\\nhe is secure from interference on the part of the\\ngovernment. He collects the amount due the gov-\\nernment and then takes for himself as much as he\\nchooses, his own will or an exhausted threshing-floor\\nbeing the only limit to his rapacity.\\nWhile he is collector for these villages they are\\nconsidered as belonging to him. During the year\\nhis followers pay frequent visits to the villages.\\nThey are ignorant and brutal, and on such visits, as\\nalso when collecting taxes, they treat the villagers\\nwith the utmost severity.\\nIV. All the above assessors and collectors and\\nthey are many, a different one for each kind of tax,\\npersonal, house and land, sheep, tobacco, etc. on\\ntheir visits to the villages, take with them a retinue\\nof servants and soldiers, who, with their horses, must\\nbe kept at the expense of the village, thus entailing\\na very heavy additional burden upon them. Sol-\\ndiers and servants sent to the villagers to make", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "62 The Crisis in Turkey.\\ncollections, very naturally take something for them-\\nselves.\\nAll the preceding testimony refers to regions where\\nJacobite and Nestorian Christians predominate and\\nthus prove that Armenians are by no means the only\\nsufferers.\\nThe same state of affairs was found by Mrs.\\nBishop, who made investigations on the ground five\\nyears ago.\\nOn the whole, the same condition of alarm pre-\\nvails among the Armenians as I witnessed previ-\\nously among the Syrian 1 rayahs. It is more than\\nalarm, it is abject terror, and not without good\\nreason. In plain English, general lawlessness pre-\\nvails over much of this region. Caravans are stopped\\nand robbed, travelling is, for Armenians, absolutely\\nunsafe, sheep and cattle are being driven off, and\\noutrages, which it would be inexpedient to narrate,\\nare being perpetrated. Nearly all the villages have\\nbeen reduced to extreme poverty, while at the same\\ntime they are squeezed for the taxes which the\\nKurds have left them without the means of paying.\\nThe repressive measures which have everywhere\\nfollowed the Erzerum troubles of last June [1890]\\nthe seizure of arms, the unchecked ravages of the\\nKurds, the threats of the Kurdish Beys, who are\\nboldly claiming the sanction of the government for\\ntheir outrages, the insecurity of the women, and a\\ndread of yet worse to come have reduced these\\npeasants to a pitiable state. 2\\n1 Often called Nestorian.\\n2 Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, yourneys in Persia and Kurdistan,\\nvol. ii., p. 374, 375.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan. 63\\nThrough the influence of the British Ambassador\\nat Constantinople Mrs. Bishop was allowed to state\\nthe situation to the Grand Vizier in person, and on\\narriving in England she presented a detailed state-\\nment of facts to the Foreign Office and also to a\\nParliamentary Committee.\\nThat the recent outrages in Sassoun are conspicu-\\nous by their extent rather than character, the follow-\\ning incident, which came within the author s own\\nknowledge, on the ground at the time, will show.\\nIn June, 1893, four young Armenians and their\\nwives, living only two miles from the city of Van,\\nwhere the Governor and a large military force reside,\\nwere picking herbs on the hillside. They carefully\\nkept together and intended to return before night.\\nThey were observed by a band of passing Kurds,\\nwho, in broad daylight, fell upon the defenceless\\nparty, butchered the young men, and, as to the\\nbrides, it is needless to relate further. The villagers\\ngoing out the next day found the four bodies, not\\nsimply dead, but slashed and disfigured almost be-\\nyond recognition. They resolved to make a des-\\nperate effort to let their wrongs at least be known.\\nHastily yoking up four rude ox carts, they placed\\non each the naked remains of one of the victims,\\nwith his distracted widow sitting by the side, shorn\\nof her hair in token of dishonor. This gruesome\\nprocession soon reached the outskirts of the city,\\nwhere it was met by soldiers sent to turn it back.\\nThe unarmed villagers offer no resistance, but declare\\ntheir readiness to perish if not heard. The soldiers\\nshrink from extreme measures that might cause", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "64 The Crisis in Turkey.\\ntrouble among the thirty thousand Armenians of\\nVan, who are now rapidly gathering about the scene.\\nThe Turkish bayonets retreat before the bared\\nbreasts of the villagers. With ever increasing\\nnumbers, but without tumult, the procession passed\\nbefore the doors of the British and Russian Vice-\\nConsulates, of the Persian Consul-General, the Chief\\nof Police and other high officials, till it paused be-\\nfore the great palace of the Governor.\\nAt this point Bahri Pasha, who is still Governor,\\nstuck his head out of the second-story window and\\nsaid I see it. Too bad Take them away and\\nbury them. I will do what is necessary. Within\\ntwo days some Kurds were brought in, among whom\\nwere several who were positively identified by the\\nwomen but, upon their denying the crime, they\\nwere immediately released and escaped. The utter\\nhopelessness of securing any justice was so apparent,\\nand experience had so often demonstrated the dan-\\nger of arousing the Kurds to greater atrocity by\\nfurther efforts to punish them, that the case was\\ndropped and soon forgotten in the callousness pro-\\nduced by other cases of frequent occurrence. The\\nsystem of mail inspection is so effective (all letters\\nof subjects must be handed in open at the post-office)\\nand the danger of reporting is so great that I doubt\\nthat any account of this incident has ever been\\ngiven to the civilized world. This case was doubtless\\nreported by the former British Vice-Consul, unless\\nhe was busy hunting, and, as usual, was buried in the\\narchives of the Foreign Office for state reasons.\\nA foreign physician, never a missionary, and now", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan. 65\\nout of the country, told me that during a large prac-\\ntice of a year and a half in Armenia, while using\\nevery effort to save life, only one case was remem-\\nbered of regret by the doctor for a fatal ending, so\\nsad is the lot of those who survive. This instance\\nwill explain the strange statement. A call came to\\nsee a young man sent home from prison in a dying\\ncondition. He could not speak, and had to be nour-\\nished for days by artificial feeding, because his stom-\\nach could not retain food. Constant and skilful care\\nfor a month brought him back to life, from the con-\\ndition to which his vile, dark, unventilated cell and\\nscanty food had brought him. As soon as the police\\nlearned of his unexpected recovery, he was seized and\\nre-imprisoned, though an only son, with a widowed\\nmother and sister dependent upon him. When\\nlast heard of, he was still awaiting trial. Such\\nconfinement is a favorite method of intimidation\\nand blackmail in the case of the innocent, and, in\\nthe case of the guilty, amounts to punishment with-\\nout the cost and labor involved in proving the guilt\\nand securing sentence by legal process.\\nFrom my own house in Van goods of considerable\\nvalue were stolen in November, 1893. Though I\\nhad good clews to the guilty parties and would have\\nbeen glad to recover my property, I felt constrained\\nto use every precaution not to let the affair come to\\nthe ears of the police, lest they should use it as a\\npretext for searching the houses of many innocent\\nArmenians, in the hope of finding a letter, book, or\\nweapon of some kind, which might serve as an ex-\\ncuse for imprisonment, This course exposed me to\\n5", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "66 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nfurther attacks of thieves and necessitated a night\\nwatchman.\\nWHY ARE THESE FACTS NOT KNOWN\\nThe ignorance and incredulity of the public is a\\nmost significant commentary on the situation. But\\nthe explanation is simple. In the nature of the case,\\nin reports of outrages where the victims or their\\nfriends are still within the clutches of the Turks, all\\nnames of individuals and often the exact locality\\nmust be concealed. Such anonymous accounts\\nnaturally arouse little interest, and, of course, cannot\\nbe verified. The former British Consul-General at\\nErzerum, Mr. Clifford Lloyd, showed me at that\\nplace many such reports sent to him by members of\\nParliament for verification. He was unable to verify\\nthem, but said that the reports gave a correct im-\\npression of the condition of the country. At that\\nvery time, October, 1890, Mr. Lloyd called atten-\\ntion, in an official dispatch, published in the Blue\\nBooks to\\n1. The insecurity of the lives and properties of the\\nArmenians. 2. The insecurity of their persons, and\\nthe absence of all liberty of thought and action. 3.\\nThe unequal status held by the Christian as compared\\nwith the Mussulman in the eyes of the government.\\nOn this subject there are five channels of varying\\nmarket value. First. Consular reports, meagre\\nand often inaccessible. The United States has no\\nconsuls in Armenia, and consequently no official\\nknowledge of its condition. European consuls are\\nexpected to report nothing that they are not abso-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan. 6 J\\nlutely sure of, and are given to understand, both by\\ntheir own governments and by that of Turkey, that\\nthey must not make themselves obnoxious in seeking\\ninformation. They are, at best, passive until their\\naid is sought, and then alarm the suppliants by refus-\\ning to touch the case unless allowed to use names.\\nSecond. Missionaries, whose mouths are sealed.\\nThey would be the best informed and most trust-\\nworthy witnesses. But they feel it their first duty to\\nsafeguard the great benevolent and educational in-\\nterests committed to them by not exciting the sus-\\npicion and hostility of the government. Their\\nposition is a delicate one, conditional on their neu-\\ntrality, like that of officers of the Red Cross Society\\nin war. Third. Occasional travellers, whose first\\nimpressions are also often their last and whose hasty\\njottings are likely to be very interesting and may be\\nvery misleading. Not so in the case of Mrs. Isabella\\nBird Bishop, whom I had the pleasure of meeting\\nthere, and who embodied the result of her careful in-\\nvestigations in an article entitled, The Shadow of\\nthe Kurd in The Contemporary Reviezu. 1 Fourth.\\nMuch evidence from Armenian sources, which is\\noften unjustly discredited as being the exaggeration,\\nif not fabrication, of revolutionists who seek a\\npolitical end. Fifth. Turkish official reports, often\\nobtained by corrupt or violent means, or invented to\\nsuit the circumstances. Though the financial credit\\nof the Ottoman Government was long ago exhausted,\\nthere are some well meaning people who still place\\nconfidence in Turkish explanations and promises.\\n1 The Contemporary Review, May and June, 1891.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "68 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nWHAT CAN BE DONE\\nThe scope of this book does not permit a discus-\\nsion of even the Armenian phase of the Eastern\\nquestion, beyond a bare reference to its possible\\nthree-fold solution. There is, first, Russian annexa-\\ntion, a step for which the sufferers themselves are\\npraying, and which Russia is prepared to execute at\\na moment s notice. If this were the only alterna-\\ntive from present conditions, it should be universally\\nwelcomed. Russia is crude, stupid, and, in certain\\naspects, brutal, but she is not decrepit, debauched,\\nand doting like official Turkey. The diseases of the\\nSick Man are incurable and increasing, while the\\nbully of the North is young, of good blood, and with\\nan energy suggestive of a force of nature. Russia\\nshaves half the head of seceders from the Orthodox\\nChurch and transports them. Turkey, with more\\ntact, quietly disposes of converts from Islam,\\nmany of whom would step forth if the prospect were\\nless than death. The Jewish question, from the\\nRussian standpoint, is largely a social and industrial\\none, like the Chinese question in the United States.\\nWhen the writer passed from Turkish Armenia into\\nthe Caucasus, it was from a desert to a garden\\nfrom danger to perfect security from want and sor-\\nrow to plenty and cheer.\\nUntil lately, thousands of Turkish Armenians have\\noeen in the habit of crossing the Russian border in\\nspring, earning good wages during the summer, and\\nreturning to spend the winter with their families.\\nThis has opened their eyes to the contrast between\\nthe two lands and turned their hearts to Russia,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Condition of Armenia and Kurdistan. 69\\nThe second solution is Armenian autonomy, like\\nthat of Bulgaria, the fond dream of those who\\nignore the geographical difficulties, the character,\\nand distribution of the population, and the temper\\nof Russia and other powers by whom it would have\\nto be established and maintained.\\nThe only other method is radical and vigorous ad-\\nministrative reforms, which the European powers\\nshould initiate, and report to Turkey, instead of vice\\nversa, as arranged in Article LXI. of the Berlin\\nTreaty. These Christian nations have for six-\\nteen years violated most sacred treaty obligations,\\nand England a special guarantee for such reforms.\\nWhile attended with difficulties, this is the most\\ndesirable solution, and is favored by the great mass\\nof Armenians throughout Turkey, by the Anglo-\\nArmenian Association, 1 founded by Prof. James\\nBryce, M.P., and by the Phil-Armenic Society in this\\ncountry. 2 The real spirit and aim of the Armenian\\nrace, as a whole, is unfortunately obscured, in the\\nmind of the public, by utterances and acts of a few\\nirresponsible Armenian hot-heads, who have imbibed\\nnihilistic views in Europe, and are trying, in a very\\nbungling way, to apply them.\\n1 The Case for the Ar?nenians. London: Anglo-Armenian Asso-\\nciation.\\n2 An Appeal to the Christians of America by the Christians of Ar-\\nmenia. New York Phil-Armenic Society.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nOTTOMAN PROMISES AND THEIR FUL-\\nFILMENT.\\nIMPERIAL edicts of toleration, and promises of\\nreform on the part of the Sublime Porte, have\\nbeen very numerous, and have served Turkey\\nwell as political expedients. Their value is that of\\nso much dust thrown in the eyes of Europe when\\nher aid or her mercy was needful. As these reforms\\nhave all been promised under pressure, they have\\nlikewise been abandoned just so fast and so far\\nas the pressure has been removed. In many cases\\nthere has been serious retrogression. The sow that\\nis washed is forever returning to wallow in the mire.\\nIt is as true of the Sick Man as of him out of\\nwhom seven devils were cast, that the last state of\\nthat man is worse than the first. This is emphat-\\nically so in regard to the freedom of the press, the\\ncurtailment of religious and educational privileges,\\nand the safety of the lives and property of\\nChristians.\\nThe following is a partia. list of Turkish promises\\nwhich have been broken in whole or in part, with\\nthe circumstances under which they were made.\\ni. In 1829, by the Treaty of Adrianople at the\\nclose of a war with Russia, Turkey promised to re-\\n70", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "Ottoman Promises and their Fulfilment, 7 1\\nform in her treatment of Orthodox Christians, and\\nacknowledged Russia s right to interfere in their\\nbehalf. 1\\n2. In 1839 Sultan Abd-ul-Medjid, in order to en-\\nlist European sympathy and aid when the victori-\\nous Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pasha was threat-\\nening Constantinople issued an Imperial rescript,\\nthe Hatti Sherif, in which he promised to protect\\nthe life, honor, and property of all his subjects irre-\\nspective of race or religion.\\n3. In 1844 the same Sultan Abd-ul-Medjid gave a\\nsolemn pledge that thenceforth no apostate from\\nMohammedanism who had formerly been a Christian\\nshould be put to death. This pledge was extorted\\nfrom the Sultan by the Ambassador of Great Britain,\\nsupported by those of other Powers, after the public\\nexecution in Constantinople of a young Armenian,\\nOvagim, who had declared himself a Mohammedan,\\nbut who afterwards bravely maintained his Christian\\nprofession in the face of torture and death. Since\\nthat time many Moslems even have embraced Chris-\\ntianity, and have been put out of the way, quietly in\\nmost cases.\\n4. In 1850 the same Sultan, on the demand of the\\nsame Powers, in view of the continued and fierce per-\\nsecution of the Protestant subjects of the Porte,\\ngranted the latter a charter, guaranteeing them lib-\\nerty of conscience and all the rights as a distinct\\ncivil community, which had been enjoyed by the\\nother Christian communities of the empire. But to\\nthis day the numerous Protestants of Stamboul have\\n1 Morfill s Russia, p. 287. Putnam.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "J 2 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nnever been allowed to erect even one church, although\\nthey have owned a site and had the necessary funds,\\nand been petitioning for a firman to build for fifteen\\nyears. 1 The Greek Protestants of Ordoo, who have\\na church, are not allowed to worship in it. There\\nare many other flagrant violations of this charter.\\n5. In 1856, after the Crimean War, Sultan Abd-ul-\\nMedjid,to anticipate demands which he knew would\\nbe included in the Treaty of Paris then being drawn\\nup, issued the Imperial edict known as the Hatti\\nHumayoun. This edict not only promised perfect\\nequality of civil rights to all subjects of the Porte,\\nbut also added As all forms of religion are and\\nshall be freely professed in my dominions, no subject\\nof my empire shall be hindered in the exercise of the\\nreligion that he professes, nor shall he in any way be\\nannoyed on this account. But as the interpretation\\nand enforcement of this edict has remained absolutely\\nin the hands of the Turkish Government, it is need-\\nless to add that it has been a dead letter. 2\\n6. In 1878 the Anglo-Turkish Convention, entered\\ninto just before the Treaty of Berlin, included these\\n1 Rev. H. O. Dwight, The Independent, New York, January 17, 1895.\\n2 At the time of the Crimean War Lord Aberdeen said\\nNotwithstanding the favorable opinion entertained by many, it\\nis difficult to believe in the improvement of the Turks. It is true\\nthat, under the pressure of the moment, benevolent decrees may be\\nissued but these, except under the eye of some Foreign Minister,\\nare entirely neglected. Their whole system is radically vicious and\\ninhuman. I do not refer to fables which may be invented at St.\\nPetersburg or Vienna, but to numerous despatches of Lord Stratford\\n(de Radcliffe) himself, and of our own consuls, who describe a fright-\\nful picture of lawless oppression and cruelty. (Sir Theodore Mar-\\ntin s Life of the Prince Consort, vol. ii., p. 528.) Quoted by Canon\\nMacColl, The Conte??iporary Reviezv, January, 1895.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "Ottoman Promises and their Fulfilment, 73\\nwords in its First Article: His Imperial Majesty,\\nthe Sultan, promises to England to introduce neces-\\nsary reforms, to be agreed upon later between the\\ntwo Powers, into the government and for the protec-\\ntion of the Christian and other subjects of the Porte\\nin these territories [Armenia] and in order to enable\\nEngland to make necessary provision for executing\\nher engagement [the keeping of Russia out of Ar-\\nmenia], His Imperial Majesty, the Sultan, further con-\\nsents to assign the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and\\nadministered by England. Comment unnecessary.\\n7. In July, 1878, by the Treaty of Berlin, religious\\nliberty and the public exercise of all forms of religion\\nwere guaranteed in separate articles to the people\\nof Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, Montenegro, Servia,\\nRoumania, and finally to all subjects of the Porte in\\nevery part of the Ottoman Empire. Cases of glaring\\nviolation of the principle of religious liberty may be\\nfound in Appendix C. on The Censorship of the Press.\\nThe Sixty-first Article of the same treaty reads\\nthus: The Sublime Porte undertakes to carry out,\\nwithout further delay, the improvements and re-\\nforms demanded by local requirements in the prov-\\ninces inhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee\\ntheir, security against the Circassians and Kurds. It\\nwill periodically make known the steps taken to this\\neffect to the Powers, who will superintend their ap-\\nplication.\\nWhat the condition of Turkey was three years\\nlater, not simply in Armenia, but throughout Asia\\nMinor, is shown by a report of Mr. Wilson, British\\nConsul-General in Anatolia.\\nThere has probably never been a time in which", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "74 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nthe prestige of the Courts has fallen so low, or in\\nwhich the administration of justice has been so venal\\nand corrupt. The most open and shameless bribery\\nis practised from highest to lowest prompt, even-\\nhanded justice for rich and poor alike is unknown;\\nsentence is given in favor of the suitor who places\\nhis money most judiciously imprisonment or free-\\ndom has in many places become a matter of bribery\\nrobbers, when arrested, are protected by members of\\nthe Court, who share their spoil a simple order may\\nsend an innocent man to prison for months crime\\ngoes unpunished, and all manner of oppression and\\ninjustice is committed with impunity. The Cadis, 1\\nespecially those in the cazas, 2 are, as a rule, ignorant\\nmen, with no education, knowing little of law, except\\nthe Sheri, on which they base their decisions, and\\nsometimes not overmuch of that. As to the mem-\\nbers, it is sufficient to say that they are nearly all\\nequally ignorant of law, and that probably not twenty-\\nfive per cent, of them can write Turkish, or read the\\nsentences to which they attach their seals. In the\\nCommercial Courts, the Presidents are frequently\\nentirely ignorant of the duties which they have to\\nperform. The low pay of the Cadis, the short term\\ntwo years during which they hold their appoint-\\nments, and the manner in which they obtain them,\\nrender the receipt of bribes almost a necessity. The\\nfirst thought of a Cadi who buys an appointment in\\nthe provinces is to recoup himself for his outlay\\nthe second, to obtain enough money to purchase a\\nnew place when his term of office is finished. Even\\nunder this system men are to be found who refuse\\n1 Judge. 2 Local districts.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Ottoman Promises and their Fulfilment, 75\\nto receive bribes and there are others who, whilst\\ngiving way to temptation, deplore the necessity to\\ndo so. J\\nThe sequel to the Treaty of Berlin is found in\\nthe next chapter.\\nThe non-fulfilment of Ottoman promises in regard\\nto Christian subjects, and the frequent massacres of\\nthe latter are an exact fulfilment of\\nTHE OFFICIAL PRAYER OF ISLAM\\nwhich is used throughout Turkey, and daily repeated\\nin the Cairo Azhar University by ten thousand\\nMohammedan students from all lands. The follow-\\ning translation is from the Arabic\\nI seek refuge with Allah from Satan, [the rejeem~\\\\\\nthe accursed. In the name of Allah the Compas-\\nsionate, the Merciful O Lord of all Creatures\\nO Allah Destroy the infidels and polytheists, thine\\nenemies, the enemies of the religion O Allah\\nMake their children orphans, and defile their\\nabodes Cause their feet to slip give them and\\ntheir families, their households and their women,\\ntheir children and their relations by marriage, their\\nbrothers and their friends, their possessions and\\ntheir race, their wealth and their lands, as booty to\\nthe Moslems, O Lord of all Creatures! 2\\nAll who do not accept Mohammed are included\\namong the infidels referred to in the prayer.\\n1 Report of Mr. Wilson, Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), page\\n57, No. 48.\\n2 The Mohammedan Missionary Problem, p. 31. Jessup. Phila-\\ndelphia, Presb. Pub. Soc.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nTHE OUTCOME OF THE TREATY OF BERLIN.\\nIT is quite needless to remark that Turkey, instead\\nof doing anything to improve the condition of\\nthe Armenians, has done much to make it\\nworse during the past fifteen years. The question\\nnow arises, what have the Powers signatory to the\\nBerlin Treaty done to compel the Sublime Porte\\nto carry out the improvements and reforms\\ndemanded in the Sixty-first Article And what\\nsteps has Great Britain taken in addition, to dis-\\ncharge the additional obligation for the improve-\\nment of Armenia which she assumed by the so-called\\nCyprus Convention\\nWe find that in November, 1879, the English\\nGovernment, seeing that matters throughout Asia\\nMinor were really going from bad to worse, went\\nthe length of ordering an English squadron to the\\nArchipelago for the purpose of a naval demonstra-\\ntion. The Turkish Government was greatly ex-\\ncited, and with a view to getting the order counter-\\nmanded, made the fairest promises.\\nBut England was not the only Power aroused. On\\nJune 11, 1880, an Identical Note of the Great\\nPowers demanded the execution of the clauses of\\n76", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "The Outcome of the Treaty of Berlin. J J\\nthe Treaty of Berlin which had remained in suspense.\\nIn the conclusion of the Identical Note a clear\\nrecognition is made of the fact that the interest of\\nEurope, as well as that of the Ottoman Empire, requires\\nthe execution of the Sixty-first Article of the Treaty of\\nBerlin, and that tJie joint and incessant action of the\\nPowers can alone bring about this result.\\nOn July 5th, the Turkish Foreign Minister sent a\\nNote in reply to the representatives of the Powers.\\nIt is of great length and small real value, except as\\ncombining in a remarkable degree the distinguish-\\ning characteristics of modern Ottoman diplomacy,\\nnamely, first, great facility in assimilating the ad-\\nministrative and constitutional jargon of civilized\\ncountries second, consummate cunning in conceal-\\ning under deceptive appearances the barbarous reality\\nof deeds and intentions third, cool audacity in\\nmaking promises which there is neither the power\\nnor desire to make good and, finally, a paternal and\\noily tone, intended to create the impression that the\\nTurkish Government is the victim of unjust preju-\\ndices and odious calumnies.\\nAs soon as the reply of the Porte was received,\\nEarl Granville sent copies to the British Consuls in\\nAsia Minor, inviting observations thereon. Eight\\ndetailed replies to this request are published in the\\nBlue-Book. 1 They concur in a crushing condemna-\\ntion of the Ottoman Government.\\nThese conclusions, moderately and very diffusely\\nexpressed in diplomatic phraseology, are reflected in\\n1 Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 6, 1881, reports of Wilson, Bennett,\\nChermside, Trotter, Stewart, Clayton, Everett, and Bilotti,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "J The Crisis in Turkey.\\nthe Collective Note which was sent on Sept. 1 1, 1880,\\nto the Sublime Porte by the Ambassadors of the\\nGreat Powers. On October 3d, without making the\\nslightest references to censures which had been\\naddressed to it, and even appearing completely to\\nignore the Collective Note, the Porte, assuming a\\nhaughty tone, merely notified the Powers of what it\\nintended to do.\\nIn a Circular of the 12th of January, 1881, Earl\\nGranville tried again to induce the other five Powers\\nto join in further representations to the Sublime\\nPorte on the subject. But the other Powers seem\\nto have thought that the diplomatic comedy had\\ngone far enough, and sent evasive answers. Prince\\nBismarck expressed the opinion that there would be\\nserious inconvenience in raising the Armenian\\nquestion, and France hid behind Germany. Such\\naction by the powers had been anticipated by the\\nBritish Ambassador at Constantinople, Mr. Goschen,\\nwho had already written to Earl Granville: If they\\n[the Powers] refuse, or give only lukewarm support,\\nthe responsibility will not lie with Her Majesty s\\nGovernment. The whole correspondence was sim-\\nply a matter of form. 1 I have condensed this outline\\nof events since the Treaty of Berlin from Armenia,\\nt l he Armenians, and the Treaties? following as far as\\npossible the words of the writer, M. G. Rolin-Jae-\\nquemy ns a high authority on International Law.\\nFrom 1 88 1 to the present time, almost with-\\nout exception, England, on her part, has allowed\\n1 Bhte-Book, Turkey, 1881, p. 242.\\n2 Published by John Heywood, London, 1891, pp. 82-89.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "The Outcome of the Treaty of Berlin. Jg\\nno mention in her Blue-Books of the manner in\\nwhich her protege s and those of Europe have been\\ntreated. Her energies have seemed to be devoted\\nto stifling the ever-increasing cry of despair from\\nArmenia, instead of attempting her rescue or relief.\\nThe other Powers are only less guilty, in proportion\\nas they have done less to perpetuate Ottoman mis-\\nrule, and have made less pretence of sympathy and\\nhelp for the oppressed. Freeman says of England,\\nBy waging a war on behalf of the Turk, by sign-\\ning a treaty which left the nations of South-eastern\\nEurope [and Asia Minor] at the mercy of the Turk, by\\npropping up the wicked power of the Turk in many\\nways, we have done a great wrong to the nations\\nwhich are under his yoke and that wrong which we\\nhave ourselves done it is our duty to undo. 1\\nIt is thus clearly seen that both the Sixty-first\\nArticle of the Berlin Treaty, and the Cyprus Con-\\nvention as well, have been of positively no value in\\nsecuring for the Armenians any of the reforms which\\nwere therein recognized as imperatively called for\\nand guaranteed. It is also clear that the condition\\nof Armenia, and of Turkey as a whole, is even vastly\\nworse and more hopeless than it was twenty years ago.\\nThis condition, I further maintain, is in large\\nmeasure directly attributable to those treaties them-\\nselves and to the attitude subsequently assumed by\\nthe Powers which signed them. It is said that the\\nArmenians have brought trouble on themselves, by\\nstirring up the Turks. I ask what stirred the Ar-\\nmenians up It was primarily the Sixty-first Article\\n1 Freeman, The Turks in Europe.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "8o\\nThe Crisis in Turk\\ney.\\nof the Treaty of Berlin. Many a time has that\\nprecious paragraph been quoted to me in the wilds\\nof Kurdistan by common Armenian artisans and\\nPROFESSOR M1NAS TCHERAZ.\\nPresent at the Berlin Congress.\\nignorant villagers\\nThey had welcomed it as a\\nsecond evangel, and believed the word of England\\nas they did the gospels. It was that Article which", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "The Outcome of the Treaty of Berlin. 81\\nroused them from the torpor of centuries. They saw\\nBulgaria rise from her blood and shame and enter\\non a career of honor and prosperity under the aegis\\nof European protection. Is it surprising that hopes\\nand aspirations have been born anew in the heart of\\nthe Armenian race a people not inferior to the\\nBulgarians and in many respects more talented\\nI have rarely found it difficult to persuade intelli-\\ngent Armenians that an autonomous Armenia is\\nimpracticable. But I have never been able to con-\\nvince one of them that the course of England and\\nthe other powers has been anything but one of sel-\\nfishness, jealousy, and dishonor as far as fulfilment\\nof their treaty obligations is concerned.\\nDuring a residence of four years in Eastern Tur-\\nkey I noticed a marked and rapid alienation of Arme-\\nnian sentiment from England in favor of Russia, who\\nnow seems to them the only source of succor. They\\nsee in England only a dog in the manger.\\nThere is another sequel to the Berlin Treaty and\\nto the attitude of the powers, namely, its effect on\\nthe Turks themselves. The natural enmity and con-\\ntempt of the Moslem rulers and population gener-\\nally for the Christian subjects has been greatly\\nincreased by reason of the pressure which foreign\\nPowers have occasionally brought to bear on the\\nTurks in order to procure relief for the Christian.\\nTo be sure the only hope of such relief is from with-\\nout. But the pressure should not be of a petty,\\nnagging and galling nature. This is worse than\\nnothing. What is needed is prompt, decisive, and final\\naction.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "82 The Crisis hi Turkey.\\nAnd things have now arrived at such a pass that\\nin such action lies the only hope of preventing a ter-\\nrible catastrophe, which will eclipse even the massa-\\ncres of Sassoun. The wheels of progress will not go\\nbackward except as they are broken. The Chris-\\ntians of Armenia can be exterminated, but it is too\\nlate for them to accept slavery or Islam. They may\\nbe slaughtered like sheep, but they will not all die\\nlike dogs. The revolutionary movement, as it is\\ncalled, is thus far nothing but a blind turning of the\\nworm. It is ill considered, without resources, reck-\\nless, and foreign to the real spirit, objects, and meth-\\nods of the Armenians on Turkish soil. It is not\\ndenied that there are a few Armenians in Europe\\nwho, in despair and for lack of better teaching, have\\nimbibed Nihilistic views and are trying, in a very\\nbungling way, to apply them. They are hated by the\\nvast majority of Armenians in Turkey. They are\\nrelated to the question at issue in the same way and\\ndegree as train wreckers and box-car burners were to\\nthe industrial problem during the riots of Chicago\\nin July last, and deserve the same treatment. The\\nTurks take great pains to thrust them into public\\nnotice, as a cloak for themselves, and with good suc-\\ncess. The Turkish Government and its partisans, in\\norder to conceal the real character of the massacre\\nin Sassoun, has made persistent, extensive, and dis-\\nhonorable use of a letter by the first President of\\nRobert College, Constantinople, Dr. Cyrus Hamlin,\\nwritten December 23, 1894. Dr. Hamlin s vigorous\\nand indignant protest may be found in Appendix C.\\nThe idea of Armenian revolution is a new thing", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "The Outcome of the Treaty of Berlin,\\n83\\nin the history of that peaceable race, which has\\nquietly submitted for centuries to the yoke of the\\nTurk. But it is the natural outcome of the horrible\\nsituation in Armenia since the Treaty of Berlin, and\\nthe disease is bound\\nto grow more viru-\\nlent and contagious\\nuntil the European\\ndoctors apply vigor-\\nous and radical treat-\\nment to the Sick\\nMan. It is difficult\\nto see how anything\\nbut a surgical opera-\\ntion can be helpful.\\nThe knife has fre-\\nquently been used in\\nthe case of this incur-\\nable patient during\\nthe present century,\\nand always with ex-\\ncellent results, as for\\ninstance in the case\\nof Greece, Lebanon,\\nBulgaria, B o z n i a-\\nHerzegovina, and\\nEgypt.\\nA situation in many\\nrespects parallel to that in Armenia existed until\\nlately in Bosnia and Herzegovina. How quickly\\nand completely that difficult problem has been\\nsolved, is narrated by M. de Blowitz in the October,\\nZEIBEK, TURKISH SOLDIER,\\nIRREGULAR.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "84 The Crisis in Turkey.\\n1894, issue of The Nineteenth Century, from which\\nI condense in his own words.\\nThe orders, given after the taking over of the\\ncountry, to surrender all arms or to destroy them, was\\ngiven a sweeping application. Yet, before the victo-\\nrious entry of the Austro-Hungarians, each Bosnian\\neach Herzegovinian, was a walking arsenal.\\nTo-day weapons and ambuscades are things of\\nthe romantic past. Twelve years have sufficed, un-\\nder M. de Kallay s administration, not only to re-\\nmove all traces of the wild, inhospitable, inaccessible\\nBosnia of which I have been speaking, but indeed\\nand especially to banish even the memory of those\\ndark days of strenuous battle, and to wipe away\\nfrom the hearts of both invader and invaded all\\ntraces of the hate which then animated them. In\\nthe year 1882, the superior administration of the two\\nprovinces (Bosnia and Herzegovina) passed into the\\nhands of the Minister of Finance of the Austro-\\nHungarian Empire, who was then, and who is still,\\nM. de Kallay. From this moment all is changed.\\nThe powers given to the new administration are\\nalmost unlimited. The civil element has been sub-\\nstituted for the military element, and pacification has\\nsucceeded conquest. The greatest effort is made to\\nreassure all minds. Not a single minaret has disap-\\npeared, not a muezzin is deprived of his resources.\\nA recent writer wisely says that the Armenian\\nquestion, if it ever be settled at all, must be taken\\nout of the Turk s hands, whether he like it or not.\\nAnd we have an opportunity now, which\\nmay never come our way again, of settling a diffi-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "The Outcome of the Treaty of Berlin. 85\\nculty which, if allowed to develop much longer,\\nwill prove more fruitful of mischief than any with\\nwhich we have been confronted for a generation or\\n1\\nmore.\\nC. B. Norman, special corre-\\nspondent of The London Times,\\nin his Armenia and the Cam-\\npaign of 1 87 J 2 wrote words\\nwhich are even truer to-day.\\nI condense\\nNaturally, since I have been\\nhere I have had many, very\\nmany, opportunities of convers-\\ning- with Turkish officers and\\nmen on the so-called Eastern\\nQuestion and the consequence\\nis that, arriving in the country\\na strong philo-Turk, deeply\\nimpressed with the necessity of\\npreserving the integrity of the\\nEmpire in order to uphold\\nBritish interests, I now fain\\nwould cry with Mr. Freeman\\nPerish, British interests, perish\\nour dominion in India, rather\\nthan that we should strike a blow\\non behalf of the wrong against the right\\nThere is no finer race in the world than the Turk\\nTURKISH SOLDIER,\\nREGULAR.\\n1 Diplomatist, The Armenian Question in The Nezv Review,\\nJanuary, 1895.\\n2 Pp. 158-9. London Cassell, Fetter, Galpin.\\n3 Speech in St. James s Hall, December, 1876.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "86 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nproper. Brave, honest, industrious, truthful, frugal,\\nkind-hearted, and hospitable, all who knoiv the\\nOsmanli speak well of him. He is as much oppressed\\nby the curse of misgovernment as his Christian fellow-\\nsubject and had the members of the Eastern Ques-\\ntion Association as keen a sense of justice as they\\nhave love of writing, they would long ago have oblit-\\nerated the word Christian from their lengthy docu-\\nments, and striven to ameliorate the condition of the\\nlower orders of the subjects of the Porte, down-\\ntrodden as they are by an effete section of the\\nMohammedan race, who have degenerated in mind,\\nbody, and estate, since coming in contact with\\nWestern civilization.\\nI do not for one moment mean to deny that there\\nare honest, energetic Turks, capable of exercising\\ntheir talents for their country s good but these men\\nare powerless. The vital powers of the nation are\\nso sapped by centuries of misrule, the minds of the\\nmajority are so imbued with the belief that all ideas\\nnot born of Moslem brains and sanctified by Moslem\\nusage are false, and to be scorned, that were any\\nhonest-minded gentleman to rise to power, and en-\\ndeavor to check the present system of misgovern-\\nment, he would not remain in office one week.\\nCaptain Gambier s able article on the Life of\\nMidhat Pasha bears me out in this idea.\\n1 The Nineteenth Century, January, 1878.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE SULTAN AND THE SUBLIME PORTE.\\nCHURCH and State are one and inseparable in\\nTurkey. The Sultan of the empire is also\\nCalif of the Mohammedan religious world.\\nHe cannot abdicate either office, if he would, without\\nvacating the other by the same act. In fact, herein\\nlies the secret of the present Sultan s policy, which\\nseems suicidal on general principles of government.\\nHe has, on the one hand, been lavish in the building\\nand repairing of mosques, and in establishing Moslem\\nschools throughout his dominions. On the other\\nhand, he has infringed and ignored the ancient rights\\nand privileges of the Christian Patriarchates which\\nwere guaranteed by Mohammed IL, and have hitherto\\nbeen regarded as sacred. He has blocked the erec-\\ntion of new Christian schools and churches, and even\\nthe repairing of such as are falling into decay.\\nThere were formerly thousands of non-Moslems in\\ncivil positions, faithfully serving the government\\nunder the new regime, however, they have been\\nsystematically removed and excluded. And why\\nhas all this been done? Because the Sultan is a\\ngood conscientious Mohammedan, it is only fair to\\nbelieve. Even if he were not a sincere believer, he\\n87", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "88 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nwould still feel compelled to adopt the same course,\\nas a matter of internal political necessity. The\\nMoslem population look to him as the Defender of\\nthe Faith, girded with the sword of the Prophet.\\nHe feels it imperative at all hazards to regain lost\\nprestige over his fanatical subjects, especially in the\\nsouth, where rumblings of discontent and disloyalty\\nare ominous. 1\\nLet us be reasonable and practical. Why longer\\nexact or accept from the Sultan promises which he\\ncannot make without doing violence to his own\\nconscience and to his office, and which he cannot\\nexecute without imperilling his throne You might\\nas well ask the Pope to abandon the doctrines of\\ntemporal sovereignty and of infallibility, which to\\nhim are fundamental. If the situation in Turkey de-\\nmands that anything be done, and if the rest of\\nhumanity and civilization have any responsibility in\\nthe matter, let practical statesmen proceed to busi-\\nness. All hope of reform from within depends on\\n1 From a descendant of Dahir Billah, the thirty-fifth caliph of\\nBagdad, Sultan Selim I. procured the cession of his claims, and ob-\\ntained the right to deem himself the shadow of God upon earth.\\nSince then the Ottoman padishah has been held to inherit the rights\\nof Omar and Haroun, and to be the legitimate commander of the\\nfaithful, and, as such, possessed of plenary temporal and spiritual\\nauthority over the followers of Mohammed. 2 The Persians and\\nMoors, however, reject this claim, and at the close of the Russian War\\nnot a few of the Arab muftis declared that the caliphate had been for-\\nfeited by the inglorious defeat of the Turks, and should now return\\nto the Arab family of Koreish.\\n2 Freeman, The Saracens, p. 158. Quoted by Jessup, The Mo-\\nhammedan Missionary Problem, p. 21. Philadelphia Presbyterian\\nBoard of Publication, 1879.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "The Sultan and the Sublime Porte. 89\\nthe distrustful, distracted, hoodwinked Sultan, who\\nis clearly, in the circumstances, a helpless and pitiable\\nobject. But he should no more be allowed to stand\\nin the way of the emancipation of Turkey, than the\\nPope was allowed to impede the making of Italy.\\nThe Prisoner of the Vatican has Still abundant\\nscope for his great and beneficent spiritual projects\\nand the Captive at Yildiz Palace\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for such he has for\\nyears constituted himself may also be allowed a\\nsphere in which his personal virtues and ability shall\\nshine forth, unobscured by the clouds and darkness\\nthat surround him now. He certainly would be bet-\\nter off, and his subjects also\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Moslem no less than\\nChristian.\\nThe shrieks of ten thousand slaughtered Arme-\\nnians pierce for the moment above the groans of\\nothers. But it should not be forgotten that all the\\nraces in Turkey are under the same curse, and that\\nthe present is a chance to help them as well as the\\nArmenians.\\nAccording to the Koran, which is the basis and\\nultimate authority of Mohammedan law Code\\nNapoleon, treaty stipulations, and Imperial. Irades\\nnotwithstanding,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the whole non-Moslem population\\nof Turkey are outlaws. The millions of ancient,\\nhereditary inhabitants, whether Greek, Armenian,\\nNestorian, Jacobite, Jew, or Syrian, are considered\\naliens. Their legal status is that of prisoners of war,\\nwith corresponding rights and responsibilities. 1 Not\\none of them is expected or even allowed to serve in\\nthe army. Non-Moslems, whose services are indis-\\n1 Hughes, Notes on Mnhammadanism, pp. 209, 210.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "90 The Crisis in Turkey,\\npensable to the government, are, in rare cases, put in\\ncivil offices, especially financial, for which no Moham-\\nmedan of sufficient integrity or ability can be found.\\nIt cannot be denied that the above is true in\\ntheory, and it is equally true that the theory is car-\\nried out so far as fear of intervention by Christian\\nnations permits.\\nBut in this hour, when our hearts are stirred by the\\nlot of our co-religionists underthe Crescent, let us not\\nforget that the Moslem population almost equally is\\ncursed and impoverished by Turkish misrule, venal-\\nity, and taxation. They drink the cup of woe, all\\nbut the more bitter dregs of religious persecution,\\nwhich is reserved for Christian lips. Their be-\\nnumbed condition, natural stolidity, and unquestion-\\ning obedience to Islam, a creed whose cardinal prin-\\nciple is submission, 1 accounts for the fact that they\\ndo not appear as a factor of the problem. Yet even\\nMohammedans often secretly come pleading that\\nEurope take some interest in their case too. In the\\nname of humanity, yes, of Christianity, let them not\\nbe forgotten.\\nAn Eastern Resident, writing from Constantino-\\nple, in an article entitled Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid,\\nin The Contemporary Review, January, 1895, gives an\\nable analysis of the Sultan s position and policy,\\nshowing at the same time great appreciation of His\\nMajesty as a man. His position and relations to the\\nSublime Porte are not well understood by the pub-\\nlic, and could hardly be better stated than in these\\nextracts\\n1 Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism p. 10.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "The Sultan and the Sublime Porte, o i\\nSo far as we can judge, the Sultan is a sincere\\nand honest Mohammedan, and regards himself as a\\nH. I. M. ABD-UL-HAMID KHAN, THE SULTAN OF TURKEY.\\ntrue Caliph a successor of the Prophet the chief\\ndefender of the faith, under God the absolute arbi-\\nter of its destinies. He has undoubtedly done his", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "92 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nbest to reconcile the interests of the Caliphate with\\nthose of the Empire.\\nIn one particular it [the policy of the Sultan] is\\ncondemned by most enlightened Mohammedans as\\nstrongly as by Christians. His attempt to concen-\\ntrate the whole administration of the Empire in his\\nown hands has led to the establishment of a dual\\ngovernment that of the Palace and the Porte. The\\nwhole machinery of a government exists at the Porte.\\nThere are Ministers and fully organized departments.\\nThere is a Council of Ministers and a Council of\\nState. All business is supposed to pass through\\ntheir hands, and the whole administration is sup-\\nposed to be subordinate to them. All is, of course,\\nsubject to the supreme will of the Sultan, but his\\nofficial advisers and his official agents are at the\\nPorte.\\nIn fact, however, there is another government at\\nthe Palace of Yildiz, more powerful than the official\\ngovernment, made up of chamberlains, mollahs,\\neunuchs, astrologers, and nondescripts, and supported\\nby the secret police, which spares no one from the\\nGrand Vizier down. The general policy of the Empire\\nis determined by this government, and the most im-\\nportant questions of state are often treated and\\ndecided, while the highest officials of the Porte are\\nleft in absolute ignorance of what is going on. It is\\nneedless to add that the Porte and the Palace are at\\nsword s-point, and block each other s movements as\\nfar as they can.\\nThe Sultan evidently believes that he is equally\\nindependent of both these governments, and decides", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "The Sultan and the Sublime Porte. 93\\nall questions, great and small, for himself. In form\\nhe does so, but no man can act independently of all\\nhis sources of information, and of the personal influ-\\nence of his entourage. Under the present system he\\nmakes himself responsible for every blunder and\\nevery iniquity committed in the Empire, but he has\\ndisgraced three distinguished Grand Viziers for tell-\\ning him so, and seems to have no idea of the causes\\nof the intense dissatisfaction with his government\\nwhich prevails among his Mohammedan subjects.\\nThe Turks, as well as the Christians, also condemn\\nthe laws restricting personal freedom, which have\\nincreased in severity every year. In many ways\\nthese laws are more galling to the Turks than the\\nChristians.\\nThere is another evil connected with this system\\nwhich may lead to serious difficulties with foreign\\nPowers. All foreign relations are supposed to be\\nmanaged through the Minister of Foreign Affairs or\\nthe Grand Vizier, but these officials have no power\\nand but little influence. They can promise nothing\\nand do nothing. But in all delicate diplomatic ques-\\ntions it is essential to treat with responsible agents,\\nand to discuss them with such agents in a way in\\nwhich it is impossible to treat with the Sovereign\\nhimself. The present system has been a serious injury\\nto Turkey. It has roused the hostility of all the\\nEmbassies and led them to feel and report to their\\ngovernments, that there is no use in trying to do any-\\nthing to save this Empire that it is hopelessly cor-\\nrupt, and the sooner it comes to an end the better\\nfor the world. There is no longer any concerted", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "94 The Crisis in Turkey.\\naction of Europe at Constantinople for the improve-\\nment of the condition of the people.\\nIf Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid would come out of his\\npalace, restore to the Porte its full responsibility,\\ndisband its secret police, trust his Mohammedan sub-\\njects, and do simple justice to the Christians, his life\\nwould be far more secure than it is to-day, with all\\nprecautions his people and all the world would\\nrecognize the great and noble qualities which they\\nnow ignore, and welcome him as the wisest and best\\nof all the Sultans.\\nThe sad pity of it is that he will never do it. It\\nis too late. The influence of the Palace favorites is\\ntoo strong. He will appear in history not as the\\nSultan who saved the Empire, but as the one who\\nmight have saved it and did not.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nPREVIOUS ACTS OF THE TURKISH TRAGEDY.\\nIN this chapter I shall take no account of events\\nthat have taken place in legitimate warfare,\\nwhere the slain were foreign enemies or rebel-\\nlious subjects of the Sultan, resisting with arms in\\ntheir hands after being ordered to submit. The in-\\nsurgents as the Porte has called them in all these\\ncases have consisted of men, women, children, and\\ninfants, and in each case, by a curious coincidence,\\nhave been non-Mohammedan.\\nIn all of these massacres, Turkish military or civil\\nofficers presided and directed the bloody work, as will\\nbe seen by reference to the authorities mentioned.\\nThere have been many other massacres of less than\\nten thousand during the intervals, which, to use the\\nlanguage of Beder Khan in Mosul (see Layard s\\nNineveh), have confirmed the whole Turkish princi-\\nple, that the Armenians were becoming too numer-\\nous, and needed diminishing.\\n1 Parts of this chapter are taken from an article, Notes on the\\nArmenian Massacre, in The Independent, New York, January 31,\\n1895, by a high authority, who is compelled to sign himself A\\nStudent of Modern History.\\n95", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "96 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nThis item of Turkey s account, for the past\\nseventy-five years only, stands about as follows\\nDEFENSELESS CHRISTIAN SUBJECTS MASSACRED IN\\nTURKEY 1820 TO 1894.\\n1822. Greeks, especially in Scio (Chios) 50,00c 1\\n1850. Nestorians and Armenians, Kur-\\ndistan io,ooo 2\\ni860. Maronites and Syrians, Lebanon and\\nDamascus n,ooo 3\\n1876. Bulgarians, Bulgaria io,ooo 4\\n1894. Armenians, Armenia, Sassoun i2,ooo 5\\nTotal 93,000\\nThe above figures indicate the extent of the\\nmassacres mentioned. The following extracts reveal\\nthe occasion and manner in which they were carried\\nout.\\nThe first extract is in regard to the Greeks, and is\\na translation, by Mr. Robert Stein, from the French:\\nThe blow had been long premeditated. Sultan\\nMahmoud was in the habit of replying to every suc-\\ncess of the Greek insurgents by ordering massacres,\\n1 Latham, Russian and Twk, p. 417. London W. H. Allen,\\n1878.\\n2 Layard s Nineveh.\\n3 Colonel Churchill, Druses and Maronites, p. 219. London:\\nQuaritch, 1862.\\n4 Eugene Schuyler and Correspondent MacGahan, quoted in The\\nIndependent, January 10, 1895.\\nChapter I, of this hook,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Turkish Tragedy. 97\\nviolations, and enslavement in regions without de-\\nfense, where there were none but women, children,\\nand inoffensive merchants. After the first exploit of\\nKanaris, the quiet commercial town of Cydonia had\\npromptly been burnt. The Turkish admiral was\\nbeaten at Samos for that reason thirty days were\\nspent in Cyprus in cutting off heads. The town of\\nTripolitza, in the Morea, having been taken by the\\nPalikares, the inhabitants of Cassandra, in Thrace,\\nwere given up to bands of Arnauts. The Sultan\\nwished to take new reprisals to terrify the rayas\\n[Christian subjects], and to cause the nations of\\nEurope to reflect. He took care not to fix his choice\\non Crete, where his nizams would have been received\\nwith gunshots. Chios was an easy prey, and sus-\\npected nothing, having always lived on good terms\\nwith the Porte, and having even refused to take part\\nin the insurrection of Hellas and the islands. The\\nChiotes had always been the gentlest, the most\\ndocile, the most timid of all the rayas. The secret\\nsocieties which endeavored to rouse the Greek people\\nhad not even deigned to initiate these islanders in\\ntheir projects of national resurrection. On the 8th of\\nMay, 1 82 1, the intrepid Tombasis, with fifteen brigs\\nfrom Hydra and ten schooners from Psara, had ap-\\npeared before the island, and his patriotic advances\\nhaving been ill received, he had retired. The in-\\nhabitants of Chios, in order to give new guaranties\\nof submission, had sent to the Turks large amounts\\nof money, numerous hostages, and all their arms\\neven the little knives with which they cut their bread\\nhad been taken from them.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "98 The Crisis in Tilt key.\\nAt this moment, on Easter Day, 1822, the Capi-\\ntan-Pasha anchored in the harbor, with seven ships\\nand eight frigates. Inasmuch as many of the people,\\nfrightened by the sight of this fleet, had fled to the\\nmountains, they were made to come down by promises\\nof safety, and by sending to them some consuls, who\\nwere simple enough to lend themselves in good faith\\nto this ignoble fraud. The Turkish admiral brought\\nhis executioners with him bashi-bazouks from\\nRumelia, Zeibeks and Yuruks from Asia Minor, the\\nmost ferocious and cowardly to be found in the\\nempire. The adventurers had come in great num-\\nbers, eager for their prey, attracted by this country,\\nso rich in harvests, in gold coins, and in women. On\\nthe day fixed for this surprise all this rabble was\\ncrowded into boats, with pistols and knives, and the\\ncarnage began. Whole regiments courageously be-\\nsieged villages containing three hundred souls. For\\nmany of them, this slaughter was a great joke, a\\ngigantic bakshish. They slashed and burned all day\\nin the evening they reckoned up the price of the\\nslaves, the sheep, the goats, all huddled together\\npell-mell in the profaned churches. The children and\\nthe women escaped death their youth and beauty\\nsaved them from the massacre, to deliver them over\\nat once to outrageous assaults or to reserve them for\\nthe shameful fate of the harem. They were led off\\nin long troops they were put on the market and sold\\nin the bazaars of Smyrna, Constantinople, and Brussa.\\nWhatever resisted was killed without mercy. At\\nMesta, a young girl cried and struggled against an\\nArnaut the madman seized her loosened hair,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Turkish Tragedy. 99\\nturned back the collar, and with a cut of his sabre\\nsevered the pretty head. The person who described\\nthis scene to me saw it with his own eyes. 1\\nIn regard to the massacre of Nestorians in 1850,\\nLayard states that after 9000 had been massacred,\\n1000 men, women, and children concealed them-\\nselves in a mountain fastness. Beder Khan Beg, an\\nofficer of rank in the employment of the Sultan, un-\\nable to get at them, surrounded the place, and\\nwaited until they should be compelled to yield by\\nthirst and hunger. Then he offered to spare their\\nlives on the surrender of their arms and property,\\nterms ratified by an oath on the Koran. The Kurds\\nwere then admitted to the platform. After they\\nhad disarmed their prisoners they commenced an in-\\ndiscriminate slaughter, until, weary of using their\\nweapons, they hurled the few survivors from the\\nrocks into the river Zab below. Out of nearly 1000\\nonly one escaped. 2\\nIn regard to the massacre of Maronites and Syri-\\nans in i860, the anonymous authority in The Inde-\\npendent goes on to say\\nAfter the massacre of June and July, i860, in\\nLebanon and Damascus, under the direction of\\nTahir Pasha in Deir el Komr, Osman Beg in Has-\\nbeiya, Kurshid Pasha in Lebanon, and Ahmed Pasha\\nin Damascus, a conference was held in Paris, August\\n3d, by the representatives of Great Britain, Austria,\\nFrance, Prussia, Russia, and Turkey. As 1 1,000\\n1 M. Gaston Deschamps En Turquie\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LI le de Chio, Revue\\ndes Detix Mondes, p. 167, January 1, 1893.\\n2 Layard s Nineveh pp. 24-201.\\n7", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "ioo The Crisis in Turkey.\\nChristians had been massacred, the European rep-\\nresentatives called the attention of the Sultan to his\\npromise in the Treaty of Paris, March 30, 1856,\\nthat serious administrative measures should be\\ntaken to ameliorate the condition of the Christian\\npopulation of every sect in the Ottoman Empire.\\nAnd then, in the presence and with the con-\\nsent of the five aforesaid Christian representatives,\\nassembled together for the express purpose of taking\\nmeasures to stop the effusion of Christian blood in\\nSyria, caused by the wicked and wilful collusion of\\nthe Sultan s authorities, the following insult to the\\ncommon sense, the feelings, and judgment of Chris-\\ntian Europe was deliberately penned The Pleni-\\npotentiary of the Sublime Porte takes note of this\\ndeclaration of the representatives of the high con-\\ntracting Powers, and undertakes to transmit it to his\\ncourt, pointing out that the Sublime Porte has em-\\nployed, and continues to employ, Jier efforts in the sense\\nof the wish expressed above I (Churchill, pp. 220,\\n221.)\\nColonel Churchill further says (p. 222):\\nNejib Pasha, who was installed Governor of the\\nPashalick of Damascus on the restoration of Syria to\\nthe Sultan in 1840, declared to a confidential agent\\nof the British Consul in that city, not knowing, how-\\never, the character of the person he was addressing,\\nthe Turkish Government can only maintain its\\nsupremacy in Syria by cutting down the Christian\\nsects. What Nejib Pasha enounced as a theory,\\nKurshid Pasha, after an interval of twenty years,\\nsucceeded in carrying into practice.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Turkish Tragedy, 101\\nThe writer in The Independent adds\\nThus we have Nejib Pasha in 1840, Beder Khan\\nin 1850, Kurshid Pasha in i860, Chefket Pasha in\\n1876, and Zekki Pasha in 1894, concurring in this\\nnoble and philanthropic scheme for relieving the\\nTurkish Empire of its surplus Christian population\\nThe following facts relate to the terrible atrocities\\nperpetrated in Bulgaria by Turkish bashi-bazouks in\\nthe spring of 1876. I quote verbatim from the pre-\\nliminary report of the Hon. Eugene Schuyler, Amer-\\nican Consul-General, to the Hon. Horace Maynard,\\nthe American Minister, at Constantinople\\nPhilippopolis, August 10, 1876.\\nSIR: In reference to the atrocities and massacres\\ncommitted by the Turks in Bulgaria, I have the\\nhonor to inform you that I have visited the towns\\nof Adrianople, Philippopolis, and Tatar-Bazardjik,\\nand villages in the surrounding districts. From\\nwhat I have personally seen, and from the inquiries\\nI have made, and the information I have received, I\\nhave ascertained the following facts\\nThe insurgent villages made little or no resist-\\nance. In many instances they surrendered their\\narms upon the first demand. Nearly all the villages\\nwhich were attacked by the bashi-bazouks were\\nburned and pillaged, as were also all those which\\nhad been abandoned by the terrified inhabitants.\\nThe inhabitants of some villages were massacred\\nafter exhibitions of the most ferocious cruelty, and\\nthe violation not only of women and girls, but even\\nof persons of the other sex. These crimes were\\n1 Article by Mr. Savage, The Independent, January 10, 1894.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "i62 The Crisis in Turkey,\\ncommitted by the regular troops as well as by the\\nbasJii-bazonks [irregulars]. The number of villages\\nwhich were burned in whole or in part in the districts\\nof Philippopolis, Roptchus, and Tatar-Bazardjik is at\\nleast sixty-five.\\nParticular attention was given by the troops to\\nthe churches and schools, which in some cases were\\ndestroyed with petroleum and gunpowder.\\nIt is difficult to estimate the number of Bul-\\ngarians who were killed during the few days that\\nthe disturbances lasted but I am inclined to put\\n15,000 as the lowest for the districts I have named.\\nThis village surrendered, without firing a\\nshot, after a promise of safety, to the bashi-bazotiks,\\nunder command of Ahmed Aga, a chief of the rural\\npolice. Despite his promise, the arms once sur-\\nrendered, Ahmed Aga ordered the destruction of\\nthe village and the indiscriminate slaughter of the\\ninhabitants, about a hundred young girls being re-\\nserved to satisfy the lust of the conqueror before\\nthey too should be killed. Not a house is now\\nstanding in this lovely valley. Of the 8000 inhabi-\\ntants not 2000 are known to survive.\\nAhmed Aga, who commanded the massacre, has\\nsince been decorated and promoted to the rank of\\nyuz bashi [centurian].\\nThese atrocities were clearly unnecessary for the\\nsuppression of the insurrection, for it was an insig-\\nnificant rebellion at the best, and the villagers gen-\\nerally surrendered at the first summons.\\nI am, sir, yours very truly,\\nEugene Schuyler.\\nThe Hon. Horace Maynard, etc.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Turkish Tragedy. 103\\nThe British Government had glossed over and\\ntried to cover up these horrible transactions, Premier\\nDisraeli turning them off with a sneer. The facts, as\\nunearthed by Consul Schuyler, shook the British\\nnation like an earthquake, and came near unseating\\nthe Ministry.\\nA similar investigation was made in the same dis-\\ntrict by Mr. J. A. MacGahan, the brilliant correspond-\\nent of the London Daily News, who confirms all\\nthat Mr. Schuyler discovered, in a special despatch\\nto the Daily News, dated Philippopolis, July 28,\\n1876.\\nThe circumstances and character of the Armenian\\nmassacre of 1894 are found in the first chapter of the\\npresent volume. In regard to this event the writer\\nin The Independent of January 17th above quoted\\nasks\\nWill history repeat itself in 1895? Will the\\nremaining Armenians of Sassoun be so terrorized as\\nto refuse to testify before a Commission? Un-\\ndoubtedly.\\nIf the facts already known do not force Europe to\\nplace Eastern Asia Minor under a Christian Viceroy\\nthere is little hope that any new facts will influence\\nthem. The dead tell no tales. The living fear to\\nspeak, lest they fall victims to the humane theories\\nof Beder Khan and Nejib Pasha.\\nWill England now insist upon the protection of\\nthe Christian She is morally bound to. Four\\ntimes has she saved the Ottoman Empire from de-\\nstruction, and the civilized world looks to her for a\\nfulfilment of her high mission in the East.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "104 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nMay British public opinion compel British public\\nmen to action\\nTo make this chapter a little more complete for\\nreference, I add a passing allusion to three other\\noutrages not included in the above list, which takes\\naccount of no massacres of less than ten thousand\\nvictims at once.\\nOUTRAGES IN CRETE IN 1866-7.\\nOn July 21, 1867, the British, Russian, French, and\\nItalian Consuls at Canea, Crete, sent the following\\nidentical telegram to their several governments\\nMassacres of women and children have broken out\\nin the interior of the island. The authorities can\\nneither put down the insurrection nor stay the\\ncourse of these atrocities. Humanity would impera-\\ntively demand the immediate suspension of hostili-\\nties, or the transportation to Greece of the women\\nand children.\\nThe number of relieving ships sent to Crete in\\nobedience to this accord was four French, three\\nRussian, two Italian, three Austrian, and one Prus-\\nsian. 1\\nOUTRAGES IN ARMENIA IN 1877.\\nThe writer is C. B. Norman, special correspondent\\nof The London Times, who says in his preface\\nIn my correspondence to the Times I made it\\na rule to report nothing but what came under\\nmy own personal observation, or facts confirmed by\\nEuropean evidence.\\n1 U. S. Consul Stillman s The Cretan Insurrection of 1866-7-8.\\nHenry Holt Co., 1874.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Turkish Tragedy. 105\\nA complete list it is impossible for me to obtain,\\nbut from all sides from Turk and Armenian alike\\nm:%ym\\nA HIGHWAY IN ARMENIA.\\nI hear piteous tales of the desolation that reigns\\nthroughout Kurdistan villages deserted, towns\\nabandoned, trade at a standstill, harvest ready for\\nthe sickle, but none to gather it in, husbands mourn-\\ning their dishonored wives, parents their murdered\\nchildren and this is not the work of a power whose\\npolicy of selfish aggression no man can defend, but\\nthe ghastly acts of Turkey s irregular soldiery on\\nTurkey s most peaceable inhabitants, acts the per-\\npetrators of which are well known, and yet are\\nallowed to go unpunished.\\nA bare recital of the horrors committed by these\\ndemons is sufficient to call for their condign punish-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "106 The Crisis in Tttrkey.\\nment. The subject is too painful to need any color-\\ning, were my feeble pen enabled to give it.\\nA few, out of many cases reported by Mr. Norman\\nare given\\nThis gang also attacked the village of Kordjotz,\\nviolating the women, and sending off all the virgins\\nto their hills; entering the church th?y burned the\\nBible and sacred pictures placing the communion-\\ncup on the altar, they in turn defiled it, ind divided\\nthe church plate amongst themselves.\\nSheik Obaidulah s men rivalled their comrades\\nunder the flag of Jelaludeen these latter operated\\nbetween Van and Faik Pasha s camp. They at-\\ntacked and robbed the villages of Shakbabgi and\\nAdnagantz, carrying off all boys and virgins. At\\nKushartz they did the same, and killing 500 sheep,\\nleft them to rot in the streets, and then fired the\\nplace. Khosp, Jarashin, and Asdvadsadsan, Bog-\\nhatz, and Aregh suffered in like manner the\\nchurches were despoiled and desecrated, graves dug\\nup, young of both sexes carried off, what grain they\\ncould not transport was destroyed, and the inhabi-\\ntants driven naked into the fields, to gaze with horror\\non their burning homesteads. 1\\nTHE MASSACRE OF THE YEZIDIS NEAR MOSUL, l8g2.\\nThe Yezidis are a remnant of a heathen sect, who\\nhave never been converted to the Moslem faith.\\nTheir holy place is not far from the city of Mo-\\n1 C. B. Norman, Armenia and the Campaign of 1S77, pp. 293-\\n298. London Cassell, Petter, Galpin, 1879.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Ttirkisk Tragedy. 107\\nsul, one day s journey, and their principal villages\\nare also close by. In the summer of 1892 the Sultan\\nsent a special officer, called Ferik Pasha, to Mosul to\\ncorrect certain abuses in the government, to collect\\nall back taxes, and to convert the Yezidis. His\\nauthority was absolute, the Vali Pasha of the city\\nbeing subject to his orders.\\nIn reference to his work among the Yezidis, he, it\\nwas generally reported, was to get a certain sum per\\ncapita for every convert made.\\nHe first sent priests among them to convert them\\nto the true faith. They not succeeding, he very\\nsoon gave them the old alternative of the Koran or\\nthe sword. Still not submitting, he sent his soldiers,\\nunder command of his son, who put to the sword all\\nwho, not able to escape, refused to accept Moham-\\nmed. Their villages were burned, many were\\nkilled in cold blood, some were tortured, women\\nand young girls were outraged or carried off to\\nharems, and other atrocities, too horrible to relate,\\nwere perpetrated.\\nThose who escaped made their way to the moun-\\ntains of Sinjar, where, together with their brethren\\nof the mountains, they intrenched themselves and\\nsuccessfully defended themselves until the spring of\\n1893 against the government troops which had been\\nsent against them.\\nThis massacre was reported to the French Gov-\\nernment by M. Siouffi, Consul at that time in Mosul,\\nand to the English Government by Mr. Parry, who\\nwas in that region under the instructions of the\\nArchbishop of Canterbury.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "108 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nThe Yezidis who remained in their villages on\\nthe plain had Moslem priests set over them to in-\\nstruct them in the Moslem faith. They were com-\\npelled to attend prayers and nominally become\\nMohammedans but in secret they practised their\\nown rites and declared that they were still Yezidis. 1\\nAfter the massacre of the Yezidi peasants in 1892\\nan English lady of rank, visiting Mosul, was refused\\npermission by the Pasha to travel through the\\nYezidi district, lest she witness the dreadful results\\nof the massacre. 2\\nThe writer in The Independent of January 31st,\\ngives this explanation\\nThe reason of the recurrence of massacres in\\nTurkey is the fanatical intolerance of the Moslem\\npopulace and their hatred to Christianity, unre-\\nstrained and often fomented by Turkish officials.\\nLord Stratford de Redcliffe, the ablest and best\\nfriend Turkey ever had, who believed that England\\nshould befriend Turkey in order to reform her,\\nsays 3\\nTurkey is weak, fanatical, and misgoverned.\\nThe Eastern question is a fact, a reality of indefinite\\nduration. Like a volcano it has intervals of rest\\nbut its outbreaks are frequent, their occasions un-\\ncertain, and their effects destructive (p. 6).\\nDid not the massacres in Syria in i860 come\\nupon us by surprise? Have we any substantial\\nsecurity against the recurrence of similar horrors, of\\na similar necessity, and of a similar hazard? (p. 79).\\n1 The Independent, January 17, 1895.\\n2 Ibid., January 31, 1895. 3 The Eastern Question.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Previous Acts of the Turkish Tragedy. 109\\nThe position of the Ottoman Empire is one of\\nnatural determination toward a state of exhaustive\\nweakness (p. 97).\\n111 fares the country where neither strong hand\\nnor willing heart is to be found (p. 104).\\nA joint Commission is now en route to investigate\\nthe Sassoun massacres. Will any good come from it\\nDoubtful. Lord Stratford says (p. 117):\\nWe know not how soon or where the kites may\\nbe again collected by a massacre or insurrection.\\nSuch occasional meetings [of Commis-\\nsions] have their portion of inconvenience and risk.\\nTheir failure is discreditable the effect of their suc-\\ncess, at best, transient and partial. The evils they\\nare meant to correct are themselves the offspring of\\none pervading evil, the source of which is in Con-\\nstantinople.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nISLAM AS A FACTOR OF THE PROBLEM.\\nIT is with reluctance that I approach this side of\\nthe question. It is not desirable that the sub-\\nject be complicated or embittered by religious\\nanimosities. But unfortunately these animosities do\\nexist and have always formed a primary and essential\\nfeature in all the relations of the Turks with their\\nChristian subjects. A writer who styles himself\\nDiplomatist, in a recent review article of consider-\\nable merit, 1 with a stroke of the pen, disposes of this\\nphase of the subject by characterizing it as pure\\nmoonshine. But real diplomatists do not find it so\\neasy to dispose of, nor do the great historians treat\\nit as moonshine. The fanatical gleam that I have\\noften caught in the eye of Turks and Kurds was\\nnever suggestive to me of the mild rays of the lunar\\norb, but seemed rather like a gleam from the political\\nCrescent, whose baleful influence dominates the East.\\nThe question is not concerning the merits of\\nMohammed or of Mohammedanism in the abstract.\\nI have a profound respect for the Prophet of Arabia,\\nwho might have been another Apostle Paul, but for\\nthe fact that the corrupt church of that day failed\\n1 New Review for January, 1895.\\nno", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "Islam as a Factor of the Problem. 1 1 1\\nto give that young and ardent seeker after God a true\\nand worthy conception of Christianity. I would fain\\nadmit the high conception of the Mohammedan ideal,\\nportrayed so skilfully by Mr. R. Bosworth Smith in\\nhis lectures before the Royal Institution of Great\\nBritain.\\nBut such considerations are irrelevant to the present\\ndiscussion, which is simply, What are the practical\\nbearings of Islam upon the question of reform or of\\nreconstruction in Turkey?\\nAs has been already shown in Chapter VI., the\\nOttoman Government is a politico-religious system.\\nThis is the necessary constitution of any Moham-\\nmedan sovereign state, but the conception has\\nspecial force and vitality in Turkey, whose Sovereign\\nclaims to be the successor of Mohammed, and thus\\nthe Calif of the Mohammedan world. The whole\\nfabric of the Turkish Empire rests on a religious\\nfoundation. This religious foundation is not the\\ngeneral religious principle in man, but the particular\\nform of religion established by Mohammed.\\nTo what extent, now, does Islam enter into the\\npolitical structure? We find on investigation that\\nit is part and parcel of the bone and sinew of the\\norganism in Turkey called the State,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 called so by\\ncourtesy on account of its faint analogy to what is\\nunderstood in other countries by that name. The\\nTurkish army is exclusively a Mohammedan army,\\nthe national festivals are Mohammedan festivals, the\\nofficial calendar is a Mohammedan calendar, both as\\nto year and month, the laws are based on the Koran\\nand Mohammedan tradition, the expounders of the", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "112 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nlaw are Mohammedan judges, and even testimony is\\na religious act of which only true believers are, in the\\nnature of the case, capable. It is not denied that\\nthe testimony of Christians is allowed to be given\\nin Turkish courts, but that does not signify that it is\\nvalid evidence in the eyes of the Court, especially\\nwhen a Mohammedan is involved. Even the differ-\\nent formulae used show this. In the case of a\\nMohammedan it is, His Lordship, So and So, testi-\\nfied to the face of God in the case of a Christian\\nit is, Mr. Blank stated.\\nIn Article 63 of the Treaty of Berlin we read\\nTurkey s solemn (it is hard to suppress a smile)\\npromise to the European Powers in regard to the\\nrights of Christians before the law: All shall be\\nallowed to give evidenee before the courts without dis-\\ntinctions of creed The practical application of the\\nabove clause is shown in the official reports of\\nBritish Consuls. 1\\nMr. Wilson, Consul-General in Anatolia, writes\\nIn the greater portion of Anatolia, though Chris-\\ntian evidence may be received, no weight is attached\\nto it. When Moslem and Christian evidence are op-\\nposed to each other, the latter is disregarded. For\\ninstance, three Christians are travelling along a road,\\nand one of them is robbed by a man well known to\\nall of them in the action which ensues, the robber\\nhas only to prove an alibi by two Moslem false wit-\\nnesses to gain his case.\\n1 These extracts are from Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), pp. 57-\\n110, as quoted by the high authority, M. Rolin-Jaequemyns, in his\\nArmenia, the Armenians, and the Treaties, pp. 74-76. London\\nJohn Heywood, 1 891.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "Islam as a Factor of the Problem. 1 1 3\\nMr. Chermside, Vice-Consul at Sivas, writes\\nAs regards the acceptance of Christian testimony,\\ntheoretically is it accepted in all Nizam courts.\\nHearing testimony, however, and attaching the rela-\\ntive importance to it that, from its tenor and con-\\nsistency, it is entitled to, are very different matters\\nand there is no doubt that, especially in civil cases,\\ntradition, sympathy, and education prejudice the\\nHakim 1 against it sentimental considerations, how-\\never, are not proof against the love of gain.\\nAccording to the latter part of this quotation, the\\nspirit which animates the courts of Asia Minor may\\nbe defined as fanaticism tempered by corruption.\\nThe following is the opinion of Mr. Everett, Vice-\\nConsul at Erzerum The first consideration of the\\nadministrators of justice is the amount of money\\nthat can be extorted from an individual, and the sec-\\nond is his creed. The only doubt as to the morality\\nof the Turkish magistrates appears to be whether\\nthey are more corrupt than fanatical, or more fanati-\\ncal than corrupt.\\nThe injustice done to Christians even in commer-\\ncial transactions is shown by Mr. Bilotti, Consul at\\nTrebizond\\nChristian evidence is accepted in the town of\\nTrebizond, but I am assured in the districts, that\\nthough the same principle is admitted, no Mussul-\\nman has ever been condemned on the testimony of\\nChristians so much so, that the latter are in the\\n1 The Hakim, who is a member of the religious body of Ulemas,\\npresides over the lower court (Bidayet), which is to be found in every\\ncaza (hundred), and also over the Sandjak or district court.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "1 1 4 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nhabit of having their bonds witnessed only by-\\nMussulmans.\\nMuch is said in regard to the truthfulness of the\\nTurks. Consul-General Wilson writes From the\\npeculiar value of Moslem evidence, most of the false\\nwitnesses are Turks.\\nAs a matter of fact, we thus see that the millions\\nof Christians in Turkey neither are nor can be con-\\nsidered and treated as citizens of the state, simply\\nbecause they do not belong to the religion of the\\nforeign invaders who rule them. No degree of\\nloyalty can secure for non-Moslems admission to the\\narmy. Christians are rapidly being excluded from\\neven the humblest positions in the civil lists also,\\nexcept from such as Mohammedans are incompetent\\nto fill. The status of the Christian before the law is\\nthat of an alien in regard to his own rights, and of a\\nslave as far as the interests of Mohammedans are\\nconcerned.\\nAnd yet we are told that the Ottoman Turks are\\ntolerant of the members of other faiths. This is true\\nin the same sense that the stomach is spoken of as\\nbeing tolerant of certain easily digestible articles\\nof food. Yes, so long as Christians submit to all\\nforms of oppression, and make no claims in regard\\nto rights which are generally supposed to belong to\\nall men, they are gladly tolerated.\\nThat the discrimination against Christian subjects\\nis due to their religious belief, is, further, clearly\\nshown by the fact that Mohammedans, who abandon\\nthe creed of the government, immediately forfeit\\ntheir special privileges, and even incur punishment", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Islam as a Factor of the Problem. 115\\nas criminals. Apostacy from Islam is treason to the\\nSultan. Converts to Christianity are arrested and\\nimprisoned. In the rare instances when foreign gov-\\nernments venture to inquire into such cases, the\\nOttoman authorities blandly insist that they care\\nnothing for the man s religion, but that he must be\\narrested for avoiding conscription, or on some\\nother fictitious charge. He is, thereupon, hurried off\\nto some distant military post, or finds a living grave\\nin an unknown dungeon.\\nSuch is the politico-religious organization called\\nthe Ottoman Government. Can this union of Church\\nand State be dissolved It can not be. The bond\\nwhich unites them, according to Mohammedan doc-\\ntors, is vital, as in the case of the Siamese twins.\\nInasmuch as the bond cannot be cut, the only re-\\nmaining hope must be in improving the health of\\nthe two bodies thus indissolubly united. Unfortu-\\nnately, no change can be hoped for in the case of\\neither part of this dual patient. Mohammedanism at\\nits birth zvas a malformation, to say the least, and\\nwill continue so even though restored to a state of\\nperfect health. In the opinion of every orthodox\\nMohammedan, the Koran is a perfect revelation of\\nthe will of God, sufficient and final, and Islam\\nis a separate distinct, and absolutely exclusive\\nreligion.\\nAs attempts are frequently made to convey a con-\\ntrary impression on this point, I quote the words of\\nPresident George Washburn, of Robert College,\\nConstantinople, an impartial student of Islam, who\\nfor thirty-five years has observed its practical work-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "1 1 6 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nings in the Ottoman Empire. At the World s Par-\\nliament of Religions, in Chicago, 1893, he read a\\npaper on The Points of Contact and Contrast\\nbetween Christianity and Mohammedanism. His\\nwhole treatment is remarkable for its judicial fair-\\nness, and his paper is commended to the reader\\nwho may desire a brief, comprehensive, and fair\\nestimate of Islam.\\nTo the question whether Mohammedanism has\\nbeen in any Avay modified, since the time of the\\nProphet, by its contact with Christianity, Dr. Wash-\\nburn thinks that every orthodox Moslem would\\nanswer in the negative. He adds It is very im-\\nportant to bear in mind that there are nominal\\nMohammedans who are theists, and others who are\\npantheists of the Spinoza type. There are also\\nsome small sects who are rationalists, but after the\\nfashion of old English Deism rather than of the\\nmodern rationalism. The Deistic rationalism is\\nrepresented in that most interesting work of Justice\\nAmeer Ali^-T/ie Spirit of Islam. He speaks of Mo-\\nhammed as Xenophon did of Socrates, and he\\nreveres Christ also, but he denies that there was\\nanything supernatural in the inspiration or lives of\\neither, and claims that Hanife and the other Imams\\ncorrupted Islam, as he thinks Paul the apostle did\\nChristianity but this book does not represent Mo-\\nhammedanism, any more than Renan s Life of Jesus\\nrepresents Christianity. These small rationalistic\\nsects are looked upon by all orthodox Moslems as\\nheretics of the Avorst description.\\nAlthough the Scriptures of the Old and New", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "Islam as a Factor of the Problem. 1 1 7\\nTestaments happen to be mentioned one hundred\\nand thirty-one times in the Koran, they are only\\nquoted twice. The fundamental doctrines of Chris-\\ntianity, such as the Incarnation, the Trinity, the\\nAtonement, and the Resurrection of Christ are\\nspecifically repudiated in the Koran.\\nThe reform of Islam as a system is, therefore, not\\nwithin the range of possibility. How about the\\nreform of the Ottoman Government On this point\\nI yield the floor to the great historian E. A. Free-\\nman, who will close the debate 1\\nThere are some people who say the Turks are\\nno doubt very bad, but that the Christians are just\\nas bad, and have done things just as cruel. Now, as\\na matter of fact, this is not true and, if it were true,\\nit would be another reason for setting the Christians\\nfree for if they are as bad as the Turk, it is the\\nTurk who has caused their badness. While other\\nnations have been improving, the Turk has kept\\nthem from improving. Take away the Turk who\\nhinders improvement, and they will improve like the\\nothers. The slave never has the virtues of a free-\\nman it is only by setting him free that he can get\\nthem.\\nWhen we point out the evils of the rule of the\\nTurk, some people tell us that Christian rulers in\\npast times have done things quite as bad as the\\nTurks. This is partly true, but not wholly. No\\nChristian government has ever gone on for so long a\\ntime ruling as badly as the Turk has ruled. But it\\nis true that Christian governments have in past times\\n1 The Turks in Europe,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "1 1 8 The Crisis in Turkey.\\ndone particular acts, which were as bad as the acts\\nof the Turks. But this argument, too, cuts the\\nother way for Christian governments have left off\\ndoing such acts, while the Turks go on doing them\\nstill. The worst Christian government is better now\\nthan it was one hundred years ago, or five hundred\\nyears ago. The rule of the Turk is worse now than\\nit was one hundred years ago, or five hundred years\\nago. That is to say, the worst Christian government\\ncan reform, while the Turk cannot.\\nIt is sometimes said that we ought not to set\\nfree the Christians for fear that they should do some\\nharm to the Mohammedans who would be left in\\ntheir land. Now, if the question were really put,\\nShall a minority of oppressors go on oppressing the\\npeople of the land, or shall the majority of the people\\nof the land turn round and oppress the minority\\nwho have hitherto oppressed them this last would\\nsurely be the lesser evil of the two. But there is no\\nground for any such fear. No one wishes to hurt\\nany Mohammedan who will live peaceably and not\\nhurt Christians. No one wishes that any man,\\nmerely because he is, a Mohammedan, should be in\\nany way worse off than a Christian, or be put under\\nany disability as compared with a Christian. There is\\nno reason why he should be. For the Mohammedan\\nreligion, though it does not command that Christians\\nshall be persecuted, does command that Christians\\nshall be treated as subjects of Mohammedans. But\\nthe Christian religion in no way commands that\\nMohammedan shall be treated as the subject of\\nChristian. Christians and Mohammedans cannot", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "Islam as a Factor of the Problem. i 1 9\\nlive together on equal terms under a Mohammedan\\ngovernment, because the Mohammedan religion\\nforbids that they should but Mohammedans\\nand Christians may perfectly well live together\\nunder a. Christian government. They do so under\\nthe governments both of England and of Russia.\\nThe few Mohammedans who are left in Greece\\nand in Servia are in no way molested there\\nare mosques both at Chalkis and at Belgrade. But\\nit is foolish to argue, as some people do, that because\\nmen of different religions can live together under a\\nChristian government, therefore they can live to-\\ngether under a Mohammedan government for both\\nreason and the nature of the Mohammedan religion\\nprove that it is not so.\\nThe Turk came in as an alien and barbarian en-\\ncamped on the soil of Europe. At the end of five\\nhundred years, he remains an alien and barbarian\\nencamped on soil which he has no more made his\\nown than it was when he first took Kallipolis. His\\nrule during all that time has been the rule of\\nstrangers over enslaved nations in their own\\nland. It has been the rule of cruelty, faith-\\nlessness, and brutal lust; it has not been govern-\\nment, but organized brigandage. His rule cannot\\nbe reformed. While all other nations get better and\\nbetter, the Turk gets worse and worse. And when\\nthe chief powers of Europe join in demanding that\\nhe should make even the smallest reform, he impu-\\ndently refuses to make any. If there was anything\\nto be said for him before the late Conference, there\\nis nothing to be said for him now. For an evil", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "120\\nThe Crisis in Turkey.\\nwhich cannot be reformed, there is one remedy only\\nto get rid of it. Justice, reason, humanity, de-\\nmand that the rule of the Turk in Europe should be\\ngot rid of and the time for getting rid of it has now\\ncome,\\nARMENIAN REBELS WHO WOULD NOT PAY TAXES.\\nThis was written seventeen years ago with refer-\\nence to the discontinuance of the Ottoman power in\\nEurope. Does it not now apply with equal force to\\nthe discontinuance of the same regime in Armenia?", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nGLADSTONE ON THE ARMENIAN MASSACRE\\nAND ON TURKISH MISRULE.\\nON the eighty-fifth anniversary of Mr. W. E.\\nGladstone s birth, December 29, 1894, a\\ndeputation of members of the National\\nChurch of Armenia presented to his son, the Rev.\\nStephen Gladstone, rector of Hawarden, a silver gilt\\nchalice for the use of the church, in memory of the\\nex-Premier s sympathy with and assistance to the\\nArmenian people. On that occasion Mr. Gladstone\\nmade a long and eloquent speech, in the course of\\nwhich after thanking the deputation for their\\ntoken of sympathy and their grateful references to\\nhimself he said\\nWell, Mr. Stevenson I address myself now per-\\nhaps more particularly to you and to my own coun-\\ntrymen, to any of them who will take notice of the\\ndeputation. I have said that in my opinion this\\nmanifestation from the Armenian community in\\nEngland and in Paris was, on my part at least, quite\\nundeserved. I have done nothing for you in circum-\\nstances of great difficulty, and that, let me assure\\nyou, has not been owing to indifference. I will explain\\nthe cause in very few words. Rumors went abroad,\\ngrowing more and more authenticated, which repre-\\n121", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "122 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nsented a state of horrible and indescribable outrage\\nin Armenia. The impulse of every man in circum-\\nstances of that kind is to give way to a burst of\\nstrong feeling, but I had the conviction that in a\\ngrave case of this kind every nation is best and most\\nproperly represented by its government, which is the\\norgan of the nation, and which has the right to speak\\nwith the authority of the nation.\\nAnd do not let me be told that one nation has no\\nauthority over another. Every nation, and if need be\\nevery human being, has authority on behalf of hu-\\nmanity and of justice. (Hear, hear.) These are prin-\\nciples common to mankind, and the violation of which\\nmay justly, at the proper time, open the mouths of the\\nvery humblest among us. But in such cases as these\\nwe must endeavor to do injustice to no one, and the\\nmore dreadful the allegations may be, the more\\nstrictly it is our duty not to be premature in assum-\\ning their truth, but to wait for an examination of the\\ncase, and to see that what we say, we say upon a\\nbasis of ascertained facts.\\nWell, gentlemen, it was, my fate my fortune,\\nI think about eighteen years ago to take an ac-\\ntive part with regard to other outrages which first\\ncame up in the shape of rumor, but were afterwards\\ntoo horribly verified, in Bulgaria but I never\\nstirred in regard to those outrages until in the\\nfirst place, their existence and their character had\\nbeen established by indisputable authority and,\\nsecondly, until I had found myself driven to abso-\\nlute despair in regard to any hopes that I could en-\\ntertain of a proper representation of British feeling", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "Gladstone on the Armenian Massacre. 123\\non the part of the government which was then in\\noffice. You will see, therefore, that my conduct\\non this occasion has not been inconsistent with what\\nI then did (hear, hear), and it does not imply, old as\\nI am, that my feelings have been deadened in regard\\nto matters of such a dreadful description. (Cheers.)\\nNow I remained silent because I had full confi-\\ndence that the government of the Queen would do its\\nduty, and I still entertain that confidence. Its power\\nand influence are considerable at the same time they\\nare limited. It is not in the power of this country,\\nacting singly, to undertake to represent humanity at\\nlarge, and to inflict, even upon the grossest wrong-\\ndoers, the punishments that their crimes may have\\ndeserved but there is such a thing as the conscience\\nof mankind at large, and the conscience is not lim-\\nited even to Christendom. (Hear, hear.) And there\\nis a great power in the collected voice of outraged\\nhumanity. What happened in Bulgaria The Sul-\\ntan and his government absolutely denied that any-\\nthing wrong had been done. Yes, but their denial\\nwas shattered by the force of facts. The truth was\\nexhibited to the world. It was thought an extrava-\\ngance at the time when I said It is time that\\nthe Turk and all his belongings should go out of\\nBulgaria bag and baggage. They did go out of\\nBulgaria, and they went out of a good deal besides.\\nBut, quite independent of any sentiment of right,\\njustice, or humanity, common sense and common\\nprudence ought to have taught them not to repeat\\nthe infernal acts which disgraced the year 1876, so\\nfar as Turkey was concerned. (Cheers.)", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "124 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nNow, it is certainly true that we have not arrived\\nat the close of this inquiry, and I will say nothing to\\nassume that the allegations will be verified. At the\\nsame time I cannot pretend to say that there is no\\nreason to anticipate an unfavorable issue. On the con-\\ntrary, the intelligence which has reached me tends to a\\nconclusion which I still hope may not be verified,\\nbut tends strongly to a conclusion to the general\\neffect that the outrages and the scenes and abomina-\\ntions of 1876 in Bulgaria have been repeated in 1894\\nin Armenia. As I have said, I hope it is not so, and\\nI will hope to the last, but if it is so it is time that\\none general shout of execration, not of men, but of\\ndeeds, one general shout of execration directed\\nagainst deeds of wickedness, should rise from out-\\nraged humanity, and should force itself into the ears\\nof the Sultan of Turkey and make him sensible, if\\nanything can make him sensible, of the madness of\\nsuch a course.\\nThe history of Turkey has been a sad and\\npainful history. That race has not been without\\nremarkable and even in some cases fine quali-\\nties, but from too many points of view it has been\\na scourge to the world, made use of, no doubt,\\nby a wise Providence for the sins of the world. If\\nthese tales of murder, violation, and outrage be true,\\nthen it will follow that they cannot be overlooked,\\nand they cannot be made light of. I have lived to\\nsee the Empire of Turkey in Europe reduced to less\\nthan one half of what it was when I was born, and\\nwhy Simply because of its misdeeds a great record\\nwritten by the hand of Almighty God, in whom the", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Gladstone on the Armenian Massacre, 125\\nTurk, as a Mohammedan, believes, and believes firmly\\nwritten by the hand of Almighty God against in-\\njustice, against lust, against the most abominable\\ncruelty and if and I hope, and I feel sure, that the\\ngovernment of the Queen will do everything that\\ncan be done to pierce to the bottom of this mystery,\\nand to make the facts known to the world if, happily\\nI speak hoping against hope if the reports we have\\nread are to be disproved or to be mitigated, then let\\nus thank God but if, on the other hand, they be\\nestablished, then I say it will more than ever stand\\nbefore the world that there is no lesson, however\\nsevere, that can teach certain people the duty, the\\nprudence, the necessity of observing in some de-\\ngree the laws of decency, and of humanity, and of\\njustice, and that if allegations such as these are\\nestablished, it will stand as if it were written with\\nletters of iron on the records of the world, that such\\na government as that which can countenance and\\ncover the perpetration of such outrages is a disgrace\\nin the first place to Mahomet, the Prophet whom it\\nprofesses to follow, that it is a disgrace to civilization\\nat large, and that it is a curse to mankind. (Cheers.)\\nNow, that is strong language.\\nStrong language ought to be used when facts are\\nstrong, and ought not to be used without strength of\\nfacts. I have counselled you still to retain and to keep\\nyour judgment in suspense, but as the evidence grows\\nand the case darkens, my hopes dwindle and decline\\nand as long as I have a voice I hope that voice, upon\\noccasions, will be uttered on behalf of humanity and\\ntruth. (Cheers.) 1\\n1 The London Times, Weekly Edition Jan. 14, 1895.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "126 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nIn a remarkable paper entitled Bulgarian Horrors\\nand the Question of the East called forth by the atroc-\\nities in 1876, Mr. Gladstone sums up some of the\\nqualities of the Turkish race and of Turkish rule as\\nfollows x\\nLet me endeavor very briefly to sketch, in the\\nrudest outline, what the Turkish race was and what\\nit is. It is not a question of Mohammedanism sim-\\nply, but of Mohammedanism compounded with the\\npeculiar character of a race. They are not the mild\\nMohammedans of India, nor the chivalrous Saladins\\nof Syria, nor the cultured Moors of Spain. They\\nwere, upon the whole, from the black day when they\\nfirst entered Europe, the one great anti-human speci-\\nmen of humanity. Wherever they went, a broad\\nline of blood marked the track behind them and, as\\nfar as their dominion reached, civilization disap-\\npeared from view. They represented everywhere\\ngovernment by force as opposed to government by\\nlaw. For the guide of this life they had a relentless\\nfatalism for its reward hereafter, a sensual paradise.\\nThey were, indeed, a tremendous incarnation of\\nmilitary power. This advancing curse menaced the\\nwhole of Europe. It was only stayed and that not\\nin one generation, but in many by the heroism of\\nthe European population of those very countries\\npart of which form at this moment the scene of war,\\nand the anxious subject of diplomatic action. In\\nthe olden time all Western Christendom sympathized\\nwith the resistance to the common enemy and even\\nduring the hot and fierce struggles of the Reforma-\\n1 Reprinted from The Christian Register, Boston, Dec. 1, 1894.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "128 The Crisis in Turkey.\\ntion there were prayers, if I mistake not, offered up\\nin the English churches for the success of the\\nemperor the head of the Roman Catholic power\\nand influence in his struggles with the Turk.\\nBut, although the Turk represented force as op-\\nposed to law, yet not even a government of force\\ncan be maintained without the aid of an intellectual\\nelement such as he did not possess. Hence there\\ngrew up what has been rare in the history of the\\nworld, a kind of tolerance in the midst of cruelty,\\ntyranny, and rapine. Much of Christian life was\\ncontemptuously let alone, much of the subordinate\\nfunctions of government was allowed to devolve\\nupon the bishops and a race of Greeks was attracted\\nto Constantinople which has all along made up, in\\nsome degree, the deficiencies of Turkish Islam in the\\nelement of mind, and which at this moment provides\\nthe Porte with its long-known and, I must add,\\nhighly esteemed ambassador in London. Then\\nthere have been, from time to time, but rarely,\\nstatesmen whom we have been too ready to mistake\\nfor specimens of what Turkey might become, where-\\nas they were, in truth, more like lusus nature, on\\nthe favorable side, monsters, so to speak, of virtue\\nor intelligence. And there were (and are) also,\\nscattered through the community, men who were\\nnot, indeed, real citizens, but yet who have exhibited\\nthe triTe civic virtues, and who would have been\\ncitizens, had there been a true polity around them.\\nBesides all this, the conduct of the race has gradually\\nbeen brought more under the eye of Europe, which\\nit has lost its power to resist or to defy and its", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "Gladstone on the Armenian Massacre. 129\\ncentral government, in conforming perforce to many\\nof the forms and traditions of civilization, has oc-\\ncasionally caught something of their spirit.\\nI entreat my countrymen, upon whom far more\\nthan perhaps any other people of Europe it depends,\\nto require and to insist that our government, which\\nhas-been working in one direction, shall work in the\\nother, and shall apply all its vigor to concur with the\\nother states of Europe in obtaining the extinction\\nof the Turkish executive power in Bulgaria. Let\\nthe Turks now carry away their abuses in the only\\npossible manner namely, by carrying off themselves.\\nTheir Zaptiehs and their Mudirs, their Bimbashis\\nand their Yuzbachis, their Kaimakams and their\\nPashas, one and all, bag and baggage, shall, I\\nhope, clear out from the province they have desolated\\nand profaned. This thorough riddance, this most\\nblessed deliverance, is the only reparation we can\\nmake to the memory of those heaps on heaps of\\ndead to the violated purity alike of matron, of\\nmaiden, and of child to the civilization which has\\nbeen affronted and shamed to the laws of God, or,\\nif you like, of Allah to the moral sense of mankind\\nat large. There is not a criminal in a European jail,\\nthere is not a cannibal in the South Sea Islands,\\nwhose indignation would not arise and overboil at\\nthe recital of that which has been done which has\\ntoo late been examined, but which remains una-\\nvenged which has left behind all the foul and all\\nthe fierce passions that produced it and which may\\nagain spring up, in another murderous harvest, from\\nthe soil soaked and reeking with blood, and in the", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "130 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nair tainted with every imaginable deed of crime and\\nshame. That stick things should be done once is a\\ndamning disgrace to tlie portion of our race which\\ndid them, that a door should be left open for their\\never-so-barely possible repetition would spread that\\nshame over the whole. 1 Better, we may justly tell the\\nSultan, almost any inconvenience, difficulty, or loss\\nassociated with Bulgaria,\\nThan thou reseated in thy place of light,\\nThe mockery of thy people and their bane.\\nWe may ransack the annals of the world but I\\nknow not what research can furnish us with so por-\\ntentous an example of the fiendish misuse of the\\npowers established by God for the punishment of\\nevil-doers, and for the encouragement of them that\\ndo well. No government ever has so sinned none\\nhas so proved itself incorrigible in sin, or, which is\\nthe same, so impotent for reformation. If it be al-\\nlowable that the executive power of Turkey should\\nrenew, at this great crisis, by permission or authority\\nof Europe, the charter of its existence in Bulgaria,\\nthen there is not on record, since the beginnings of\\npolitical society, a protest that man has lodged\\nagainst intolerable misgovernment, or a stroke he has\\ndealt at loathsome tyranny, that ought not hence-\\nforth forward to be branded as a crime.\\n1 And yet England by the Cyprus Convention pledged all her\\nresources to keep the door open, and the repetition thus made possible\\nhas occurred. Author,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nWHO ARE THE ARMENIANS?\\nTHAT a field so rich in possibilities for the student\\nof history, ethnology, or language as Armenia\\nand Kurdistan should have remained as yet so\\nlittle explored, is due, no doubt, to three causes 1\\nfirst, the apparent loss of significance of the Armenian\\nnation, which now, like Poland, seems but a stranded\\nwreck in the stream of history second, to her geo-\\ngraphical isolation and the danger and hardship of\\ntravel in that region 2 third, to the linguistic\\nobstacles to be overcome.\\nSo little clear and accurate information about the\\nArmenians is readily accessible that the following\\nbrief outline is offered in the hope of meeting this\\nwant at the present time.\\nHISTORY The Armenian race belongs to the\\n1 Kurdistan abounds in antiquities of the most varied and interest-\\ning character. It may indeed be asserted that there is no\\nregion of the East at the present day which deserves a more careful\\nscrutiny and promises a richer harvest to the antiquarian explorer\\nthan the lands inhabited by the Kurds from Erzeroum to Kirman-\\nshahan. Major-General H. C. Rawlinson, Encyc. Britannica,\\narticle on Kurdistan.\\n2 Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan*\\n2 vols, New York Putnam s, 1891. London; John Murray,\\n131", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "132 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nJaphetic branch of the human family, falling under the\\nsame category as the inhabitants of India and Persia,\\nwho form the Aryans of Asia. The Armenian\\nlanguage proves this by its affinity with the Indo-\\nGermanic tongues. Their physiognomy and physi-\\ncal constitution connect them with the best types of\\nCaucasian stock. Their manners and customs, as\\nwell as their religious beliefs, in heathenism, were\\nsimilar to those of the Assyrians and Chaldeans, of\\nthe Medes and Persians, and, still later, of the Par-\\ntisans.\\nThese people call themselves Haik, after Haig, the\\nmost celebrated of their ancient kings, and their\\nland Haiasdan. Their national legends, fortified in\\ntheir eyes by the Bible, make Haig descend from\\nAshkenaz or Togarmah, children of Gomer, a patri-\\narch of the line of Japhet. 1 Foreigners applied to\\nthem the name Armenians, derived from King Aram,\\nsaid to be a descendant of Haig, who made great\\nconquests. 2\\nThe earliest biblical mention of this land is the\\nstatement that the ark rested upon the mountains\\nof Ararat, a term which evidently refers to a dis-\\ntrict rather than a peak. 3 Another scriptural allusion\\nis in connection with Sennacherib, whose parricidal\\nsons are said to have escaped, 681 B. C, into the\\nland of Armenia. 4 Ezekiel also refers to Armenia\\nunder the name Togarmah, as furnishing Tyre with\\niGen. x., 2, 3.\\n2 Moses of Khorene, History, Bk. i., chap, 12.\\n3 Gen. viii., 4.\\n4 fleb, Ararat, 2 Kings xix., 37 Jsa, xxxvii., 38,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "Who are the Armenians? 133\\nhorses and mules, a product for which it is still\\nnoted. 1 Tigranes I. is said to have been an ally of\\nCyrus the Great in overthrowing the Babylonians,\\nand thus in liberating the Jews after their seventy\\nyears captivity, 538 B. C. A foreshadowing of this\\nevent is probably found in the prophet Jeremiah\\nCall together against her the kingdoms of Ararat,\\nMinni, and Ashkenaz, to make the land of\\nBabylon a desolation without an inhabitant.\\nIn the famous inscriptions of the Achemenidae, at\\nPersepolis and at Behistun, the name Armenia is\\nfound in various forms, and the Armenian tributaries\\nmarch after the Cappadocians to render homage to\\nthe great king. 3\\nHerodotus mentions the absorption of the Ar-\\nmenian Empire in that of Darius, 514 B. C, and a\\ntribute of four hundred talents exacted. 4\\nXenophon s account of the retreat of the ten\\nthousand through this mountainous region, in mid-\\nwinter, and constantly harassed by enemies, is valua-\\nble, not only as a tribute to the splendid discipline\\nand spirit of the Greeks, but for the light which it\\nthrows upon the ancient Armenians and Kurds,\\nwhose houses, domestic habits, and employments are\\nthe same in many respects even at the present day. 5\\nArmenia was included in the conquests of Alex-\\nander, and afterwards submitted to the Seleucidse of\\n1 Ezek. xxvii., 14; also xxxviii., 6.\\n2 Jer. li., 27-29 also 1., 9, 41, 42.\\n3 Christian Lassen, Die alipersischen Keil-Inschriften von Per-\\nsepolis, Bonn, 1836, pp. 86, 87.\\n4 History, Bk. iii., chap. 93. 5 Anabasis, Bk. iv.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "134 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nSyria. In 190 B. C, when Antiochus the Great was\\ndefeated by Scipio, Armenia revolted under Artaxias,\\nwho gave refuge to the exiled Hannibal. About\\n150 B. c, the great Parthian king, Mithridates I.,\\nestablished his brother Valarsaces in Armenia. The\\nmost celebrated king of this branch of the Arsacid\\nfamily was Tigranes II., who, while aiding Mithri-\\ndates of Pontus, was defeated by Pompey. After\\nthis, Tacitus says that the Armenians were almost\\nalways at war with the Romans through hatred,\\nand with the Parthians through jealousy. 1 Princes\\nof this line continued to rule, however, until the\\nArsacidae were driven from the Persian throne by\\nthe Sassanid Ardashir. Though frequently con-\\nquered by the kings of that dynasty, Armenia was\\nenabled as often to re-assert her freedom by the help\\nof Roman arms.\\nWhen Tiridates embraced Christianity, 276 A. D.,\\nthe struggle became embittered by the introduction\\nof a religious element, for the Persians were bigoted\\nZoroastrians. This condition reached a climax when\\nthe country was divided between the Romans and\\nPersians, under Theodosius the Great, 390 A. D.\\nAfter the fall of the Sassanidae, in the seventh cen-\\ntury, Armenia was divided between the Greek Em-\\npire and the Saracens but from 859 to 1045 ft was\\nagain ruled by a native dynasty of vigorous princes,\\nthe Pagratidae. This was brought to a close by the\\nsuspicious and short-sighted policy of the Byzantine\\nemperors, one of whom, Constantine IX., at last\\noverthrew the Armenian kingdom, thereby laying\\n1 Annates, Bk. ii., ch. 56.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "WE\\nAN ARMENIAN TOMBSTONE OF A.D. 934.\\nEvidence of a high state of art.\\n135", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "136 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nopen the whole eastern frontier to the invasion of\\nthe Seljouk Turks, who shortly before had begun\\ntheir attacks, and who might have been successfully\\nresisted by these hardy mountaineers. The result\\nwas fatal, both to Armenia, which was overrun, and\\nto the Greek Empire for by the battle of Manzikert,\\n107 1 A. D., when Romanus IV. was defeated and\\nmade prisoner by Alp Arslan, the whole of Asia\\nMinor was left at the mercy of the Seljouks. 1\\nRupen, a relative of the last Pagratid sovereign,\\nescaped into Cilicia, and established the Rupenian\\ndynasty, which was not extinguished until the\\ndeath of Leon VI., 1393, an exile in Paris, and the\\nlast of the Armenian kings. The Rupenians had\\nentered into alliance with the Crusaders. They wel-\\ncomed the Mongolian hordes under Genghis Khan,\\nearly in the thirteenth century, and suffered the\\nvengeance of the Mamelukes, 1375.\\nA graphic account of the cruelties of Timour the\\nTartar, who devastated Armenia at the close of the\\nfourteenth century, has been left us by Thomas of\\nMedzop. The last great calamity which fell upon\\nthe mother country happened in 1605, when Shah\\nAbbas forcibly transplanted twelve thousand families\\nto Ispahan in Persia.\\nThe Armenian Church. It is the oldest of all\\nnational churches. Their legends claim that our Lord\\ncorresponded with King Abgarus of Edessa or Ur,\\nand that the apostles Thaddaeus and Bartholomew\\npreached the Gospel to them. But the historical\\nfounder of the Armenian church was St. Gregory\\n1 Tozer, The Church and the Eastern Empire, pp. 22, 86.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Who are the Armenians 137\\nThe Illuminator, 1 an Arsarcid prince, related to\\nKingTiridates (Dertad), who was consecrated Bishop\\nof Armenia, at Csesarea, in 302 A. D. The Armenian\\nchurch is Episcopal in polity, and closely resembles\\nthe Greek in outward forms.\\nMisled by imperfect reports of the Council of\\nChalcedon, 451, which they were not able to attend\\non account of Persian persecutions, the Armenian\\nbishops annulled its decrees in 536, thus gaining the\\ncredit of being Eutychians, which led to their gradual\\nseparation from the orthodox church, much to the\\nsatisfaction of the Persian ruler Chosroes. This es-\\ntrangement was doubtless political as much as doc-\\ntrinal, on account of the attempts at ecclesiastical\\nsupremacy by the churches of Constantinople and\\nRome. As far as her ecclesiastical writers are con-\\ncerned, and her beautiful liturgy, the Armenian\\nchurch is in general orthodox. Her heresy, in com-\\nmon with that of the rest of Christendom, is one of\\nlife rather than of doctrine. A chism in the Armenian\\nchurch was brought about in the sixteenth century\\nby Jesuit missionaries, who succeeded in detaching\\nthe community of Catholic Armenians from the\\nmother church, of which the Catholicos at Etchmiad-\\nzin is recognized as the supreme head.\\nAll Armenians except perhaps the Catholic,\\nwhose allegiance has been transferred of course to\\nRome still cherish a passionate attachment for the\\nvenerable church of their ancestors, to which they\\nowe their identity as a people after the terrible vicis-\\n1 Krikor Loosavoritch, from which title the Armenian Gregorian\\nchurch calls itself Loosavortcha ran.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "138 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nsitudes of so many centuries. It is true that Ar-\\nmenians who have come under European influence,\\nespecially French, have to some extent become scep-\\ntical and indifferent to religion. But even such men\\nstill profess at least an outward loyalty, as a matter\\nof sentiment, and because they believe the formal\\npreservation of the Armenian church to be the con-\\ndition of national union in the future as it has been\\nin the past. It is, indeed, almost a political necessity,\\nas the Ottoman Empire is now constituted.\\nIt is to be hoped that the time will come when the\\nchildren of the Armenian church of every shade will\\nno longer look upon her as a mother frail and failing,\\nyet to be treated with respect while she lasts nor as\\na mother ignorant and bigoted beyond hope of re-\\nform still less, as one heretical and to be abandoned\\nfor Rome. Rather, let all her sons rally around her\\nand help her to fulfil her true spiritual mission. She\\nwill then renew her youth and again take her honored\\nplace in the front ranks of the Church of the living\\nGod, which is the pillar and ground of the truth.\\nWould that the spirit of the grand and broad-\\nminded man who is now the Catholicos at Etchmiad-\\nzin, His Holiness, Mugerditch Khrimian, might\\npervade the whole body of which he is the honored\\nand beloved head. Less than a year ago, the author\\nhad the privilege of a long private interview w T ith this\\nvenerable ecclesiastic, whose hand he kissed in ori-\\nental fashion, with respect for the man and for himself.\\nHis last words to me, found upon the title-page,\\nwere Husahadelu chenk meaning, We must not\\ndespair a good motto for us all.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Who are the Armenians f\\n139\\nThat the grand old church of The Illuminator\\nshould somewhat lose its hold on the mind and con-\\nscience of the rising generation at this stage of super-\\nTHE CATHOLICOS OF ETCHMIADZIN, IN THE CAUCASUS.\\nReligious head of the Armenian Church.\\nficial enlightenment is not strange. Her real merits\\nare concealed, unfortunately, under a growth of super-\\nstition and ignorance which even the clergy admit,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "140 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nbut lack the courage and ability to remove. These\\nabuses, however, are not due to any demoralization\\nof the Armenian race itself, but to its isolation, and\\nto the repeated and terrible devastations that have\\nchecked its growth and reduced it to a condition of\\nextreme poverty and helplessness.\\nNo greater service could be rendered to the Ar-\\nmenian people than aid and encouragement in estab-\\nlishing institutions for the education of the clergy,\\nwho under present circumstances are their natural\\nleaders. The twentieth century will bring, we hope,\\nbetter political privileges. But unless, in the mean-\\ntime, the ancient church has maintained her hold\\non the conscience of the rising generation, she is in\\ndanger of sinking into the position of the church in\\nFrance.\\nBy nature the Armenians are deeply religious, as\\ntheir whole literature and history show. It has been\\na religion of the heart, not of the headl Its evidence\\nis not to be found in metaphysical discussions and\\nhair-splitting theology as in the case of the Greeks,\\nbut in a brave and simple record written with the\\ntears of saints and illuminated with the blood of\\nmartyrs.\\nThe seeds of a thorough and far-reaching reforma-\\ntion have been carefully sown and are already bear-\\ning fruit. The prospect of reform is brightened by\\nthree facts first, the Armenian church is essentially\\ndemocratic, and is not in bondage to any infallible\\nhuman authority second, her errors of doctrine and\\npractice are not fundamental, and, having never been\\nsanctioned by councils, but simply by custom and", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Who are the Armenians\\n141\\ntradition, can in due time be discarded third, she\\nhas always acknowledged the supreme authority of\\nTHE SUBORDINATE CATHOLICOS OF AGHTAMAR, A TOOL OF\\nTHE TURKS.\\nWearing the Sultan s highest decorations for services rendered.\\nthe Bible, which is no longer a sealed book, having\\nbeen translated into the modern tongue by American\\nmissionaries, very widely scattered, and at last gladly", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "142 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nreceived by all classes. The demand for progress and\\nreform is by no means confined to the so-called\\nevangelical element, but is making itself heard\\neven in the pulpits of the old church and in the\\nsecular press.\\nThe Armenians, very numerous in ancient times,\\nnow number only about 4,000,000, of whom 2,500,000\\nare under the Sultan, 1,200,000 in Russia, 150,000 in\\nPersia, and the rest widely scattered in many lands,\\nbut everywhere distinguished for their peaceable and\\nenterprising character. They are the leading bankers,\\nmerchants, and skilled artisans of Turkey, and exten-\\nsively engage in the various trades, manufactures,\\nand agriculture as well. They love their native home\\nand are yet destined to play an important part in the\\nmoral and material regeneration of western Asia.\\nThe following estimate is from an experienced and\\ndiscriminating authority, who is also a member of\\nthe Church of England\\nI have confessed already to a prejudice against\\nthe Armenians, but it is not possible to deny that\\nthey are the most capable, energetic, enterprising,\\nand pushing race in Western Asia, physically su-\\nperior, and intellectually acute, and above all they\\nare a race which can be raised in all respects to our\\nown level, neither religion, color, customs, nor inferi-\\nority in intellect or force constituting any barrier be-\\ntween its. Their shrewdness and aptitude for business\\nare remarkable, and whatever exists of commercial\\nenterprise in Eastern Asia Minor is almost altogether\\nin their hands. They have singular elasticity, as\\ntheir survival as a church and nation shows, and I", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "Who are the Armenians\\nx 43\\ncannot but think it likely that they may have some\\nshare in determining the course of events in the\\nEast, both politically and religiously. As Orientals\\nthey understand Oriental character and modes of\\nthought as we never can, and if a new Pentecostal\\nafflatus were to fall upon the educated and intelli-\\ngent young men who are being trained in the colleges\\nwhich the American churches have scattered liberally\\nthrough Asia Minor, the effect upon Turkey would\\nbe marvellous. I think most decidedly that re-\\nform in Turkey must come through Christianity,\\nand in this view the reform and enlightenment of the\\nreligion which has such a task before it are of mo-\\nmentous importance. x\\nLanguage and Literature. The Armenian\\ngrammar is analogous to that of other languages of\\nthe same origin. It has not the distinction of gen-\\nder, but is rich in its declensions and conjugations.\\nThe accent of Armenian words is on the last sylla-\\nble, and many of the strong consonantal sounds\\nstrike the ear of a foreigner with harshness, and defy\\nhis tongue. The rich native vocabulary has been\\nincreased by additions from languages with which it\\nhas come in contact. It possesses also, as the Ger-\\nman, great facility in building compound words.\\nThe earliest specimen of this language, though in\\nthe cuneiform character, is probably to be found in\\nthe tri-lingual inscriptions on the great citadel rock\\nof Van, which have not yet been satisfactorily made\\nout. The pre-Christian literature of Armenia, con-\\nsisting of national songs, has entirely perished, ex-\\n1 Mrs, Bishop, Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan^ vol. ii., p. 336,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "144 The Crisis in Turkey.\\ncept a few quotations. All that has come down to\\nus is subsequent to the fourth century, and refers\\nexclusively to history or religion. Poetry and fiction\\nnever greatly flourished among this serious race, al-\\nways in the midst of danger or suffering.\\nThe ancient Armenian version of the Bible, made\\nby Mesrob, the inventor of their alphabet, and his\\ndisciples, early in the fifth century, has been called\\nthe queen of versions for its beauty, and, though not\\nbased on the Hebrew, is of some critical value in\\ndetermining the readings of the Septuagint, of which\\nit does not follow any known recension. Hundreds\\nof other translations from Syriac and Greek writers\\nsoon followed, some of which are extant only in\\nArmenian.\\nThe fifth century, their Golden Age, was adorned\\nby such classic writers as Yeznig of Goghp, who\\nwrote most eloquently, in four books, against the\\nPersian fire-worshippers, the Greek philosophers,\\nthe Marcion heresy, and the Manichseans Goriun,\\nthe biographer of Mesrob David, the philosopher\\nand translator of Aristotle Yeghishe, who relates\\nthe heroic struggle of Vartan for the Christian faith\\nagainst the Persian Zoroastrians Lazarus of Parb\\nand Moses of Khorene, their national historian.\\nThere follows a period of four centuries of literary\\nbarrenness, due to political disorder and schism.\\nUnder the Rupenian dynasty there was a second\\nperiod of literary brilliancy. Then flourished Nerses\\nSchnorhali The Gracious, an orator grafted upon\\nthe poet as well as Nerses of Lampron, whose hymns\\nalso enrich the beautiful Armenian liturgy. The", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "Who are the Armenians\\n145\\nannals of Matthew of Edessa give interesting facts\\nabout the first Crusade. Samuel of Ani, John\\nTHE ISLAND MONASTERY OF AGHTAMAR, IN LAKE VAN.\\nOne of many similar Armenian Monasteries still existing, rich in\\nparchment manuscripts exposed to decay and vandalism.\\nVanagan, Vartan the Great, and Thomas of Med-\\nzop wrote succeeding chronicles.\\nA third revival of Armenian letters was begun by", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "146 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nMechitar of Sebaste (Sivas),who established an order\\nof Catholic monks at the monastery of St. Lazarus\\nin Venice, 171 7. These fathers have won the inter-\\nest and admiration of European scholars by their\\npublication of Armenian classics, together with many\\nlearned original contributions. Other centres of\\nliterary activity are to be found in Vienna, Paris,\\nand the Institute of Moscow, as well as the schools\\nof Constantinople and Tiflis.\\nA list of authorities on Armenian subjects is given\\nin Appendix E.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nAMERICANS IN TURKEY, THEIR WORK AND\\nINFLUENCE.\\nTHE American missionaries in the Turkish Em-\\npire are brought into the discussion of almost\\nevery question that arises in that land.\\nEspecially is this true at present, in connection with\\nthe Armenian problem. So many wild and contra-\\ndictory statements are made in regard to them, and\\nthe Protestant communities which are the direct re-\\nsults of their labors, that the mind of the public is\\nmore or less confused on the subject. The mission-\\naries, and the many thousands who have gladly fol-\\nlowed their leadership in intellectual, moral, and\\nreligious reform, are an important, though not a\\nnoisy or conspicuous element. For this reason, as\\nwell as on account of popular ignorance and hostile\\nmisrepresentation, they cannot be overlooked in any\\nfair and adequate survey of the situation. The\\nwriter has long been familiar with this phase of the\\nsubject, and has a large mass of evidence and statis-\\ntics at his command. But he is not connected with\\nany of the various missionary societies involved, and is\\nalone responsible for the statements made in this or\\nany other part of tlie volume.\\n147", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "148 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nIt is very important to note that charges against\\nthe missionaries, of disloyalty to the Sultan, have\\nnever been sustained for a moment, and that investi-\\ngation has shown them to be obedient to the laws,\\nand opposed to revolutionary sentiments upon the\\npart of any of the subjects of the Empire. The\\nhighest officials have repeatedly borne public testi-\\nmony to the valuable services of the Americans in\\neducational, literary, medical and philanthropic\\nlines. Even H. I. M. Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid has\\ngraciously given expression to his confidence in\\nAmericans as being free from any political designs,\\nsuch as all Europeans are supposed to entertain.\\nMany are not aware of the great work already ac-\\ncomplished by American missionaries during the\\npast seventy years in the Ottoman Empire, nor of\\nthe vast influence they have exerted, both directly\\nand indirectly. They have been in many depart-\\nments the pioneers of civilization. They have stuck\\nto their posts, obscure or prominent, in peace or in\\nwar, in famine, plague and persecution. Pashas and\\ndiplomats and generals have sought their aid without\\nfear of being misled or betrayed. But the messen-\\ngers of the Cross have never been swerved from what\\nthey consider a higher calling to instruct the\\nignorant, young and old, to counsel and reclaim the\\nerring, to attend the sick and imprisoned, and to\\ncomfort the broken-hearted. To support these gen-\\neral statements, the reader must pardon a few statis-\\ntics compiled from the latest official tables, showing\\nthe direct results of American missionary effort in\\nTurkey.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "Americans in Turkey. 14c\\nSTATISTICS OF AMERICAN MISSIONS IN TURKEY. 5\\nThe following figures, with the exception of the\\nPress statistics, represent the work of the American\\nBoard (Congregational) and of the Presbyterian\\nBoard taken together.\\nThe Congregational proportion constitutes about\\nthree fourths and the Presbyterian one fourth in all\\nthese figures, the work of the latter society being\\nconfined to Syria and Mosul.\\nTHE FORCE.\\nLaborers.\\nForeign missionaries 22\\nNative pastors, preachers, teachers, etc. 1,004\\nTotal force of laborers I 317\\nAmerican missionaries to Turkey since 1821 550\\n1 By far the largest part of foreign missionary work in Turkey\\nhas always been in the hands of Americans, although, of course,\\nthey neither claim nor have any monopoly in this respect. As a mat-\\nter of fact there are many other large and successful missionary, be-\\nnevolent, and educational enterprises conducted in that land by other\\nforeign societies as well as individuals. The various Roman Catholic\\norders are strongly established in many parts, and are generally of\\nFrench connections and introduce that language in their work as the\\nAmericans do English. The following is a partial list of other socie-\\nties at work in Turkey The British and Foreign Bible Society, the\\nChurch Missionary Society, the Bible Lands Missions Aid Society,\\nthe British Syrian Mission Schools and Bible Work, the Church of\\nScotland Mission to the Jews, the Society of Friends (both English\\nand American), the Irish Presbyterian Mission, the Reformed Pres-\\nbyterian Mission, and the German Deaconesses. In addition to all\\nthese agencies, there are many private and local schools and institu-\\ntions that are doing excellent work, but of which only this general\\nmention can here be made.\\nThe statistics of Robert College, Constantinople, are not included\\nin these tables, as that institution, though a child of American Mis-\\nsions, is independent of them.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "ISO\\nThe Crisis in Turkey.\\nPlant.\\nValue of property held by Americans, exclusive of\\nchurches, schools, etc., erected in the names of\\nnative subjects, with foreign aid, for which sta-\\ntistics are not available\\nA nnual Expenditure.\\nAppropriations from America\\nFrom native sources\\n52,500,000\\n5225,000\\n60,000\\nTotal expenditure annually $285,000\\nTotal American expenditure from the first, at least $10,000,000\\nTHE RESULTS.\\nReligious\\nChurches organized\\nOther stated preaching places\\nTotal number of preaching places\\nCommunicants (received on confession of faith)\\nMembers of Protestant civil communities (adherents)\\nAverage Sunday congregations\\nSunday-school membership\\nEducational.\\nColleges well equipped, for\\nboth, sexes 5\\nTheological seminaries 6\\nHigh-schools for boys\\nBoarding-schools for girls\\nCommon schools for both sexes\\n80\\n530\\n1\\nI\\nY students\\n155\\n281\\n436\\n13,528\\n60,000\\n40,000\\n35,ooo\\n4,085\\n23,315\\n27,400\\nTotal schools of all grades 621 Students\\nThere are six American institutions in Turkey-\\nincorporated under the laws of the United States,\\nand controlled by trustees in that land.\\nMedical.\\nThere is a well equipped American Medical Col-\\nlege and Hospital at Beirut, and American mission-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "Americans in Turkey, 151\\nary physicians treat, yearly, many thousands of\\npatients of all classes and races throughout the\\nland, both in their dispensaries and in private prac-\\ntice, at a nominal sum and very often gratuitously.\\nPublishing.\\nBoth weekly and monthly newspapers are pub-\\nlished by the American missionaries at Constantino-\\nple, in the Armenian, Turkish, Greek, and Bulgarian\\nlanguages, and an Arabic weekly is published at\\nBeirut.\\nThe catalogue of editions of the Scriptures and of\\nreligious, educational, and miscellaneous books and\\ntracts in various languages, which may be obtained\\nat the American Bible House, Constantinople, con-\\ntains separate titles to the number of about 1000.\\nThe publications in the catalogue of the Presbyte-\\nrian Press at Beirut, mostly in Arabic, number 507.\\nThe number of copies of the Scriptures (entire or in\\npart) put in circulation by the Levant Agency of the\\nAmerican Bible Society alone, 1847 to ^93, is 1,378,-\\n715. The number of copies of the Scriptures (entire\\nor in part) in languages and type available for Mo-\\nhammedans, put in circulation by the same Agency\\nin 1893, was Osmanli-Turkish (Arabic type), 5,392\\nArabic language (Arabic type), 34,077 total, 39,469.\\nThe number of copies of Scriptures (entire or in\\npart) circulated in Turkey since 1820 amounts to\\nabout 3,000,000. The number of copies of other\\nbooks and tracts for the same period is about 4,000,-\\n000. The total number of copies of the Scriptures\\nand of miscellaneous literature circulated is therefore\\nabout 7,000,000.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "152\\nThe Crisis in Turkey.\\nEven these large figures by no means measure the\\nextent and significance of Protestant influence in\\nTurkey. The idea and spirit of Protestantism has a\\nbreadth which cannot be measured or portrayed by\\nfigures. As a matter of convenience and political\\nARMENIAN FAMILY, BITLIS.\\nnecessity, and also to destroy unity of feeling and\\naction among the subject peoples, all non-Moslem\\nraces were classified by Mohammed II., after the\\ncapture of Constantinople in 1453, according to their\\nreligious belief. These lines of division have always", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "Americans in Turkey. 153\\nbeen strictly observed by the government in all its\\ndealings with non-Moslems. Even many of the taxes\\nare collected through ecclesiastical organizations.\\nThis policy of the government, together with the\\nbitter persecution of Protestants by the older\\nchurches, led to the formation of a Protestant civil\\ncommunity in 1850, contrary to the original desire\\nand instruction of the missionaries, and in spite of\\nthe protests of many evangelicals who preferred to\\nretain connection with their ancestral church, but\\nwho were thrust out with violence and anathema.\\nThe Protestant communities which then sprang up\\nall over the Empire, were not ruled, as are the other\\nOriental churches, by hierarchical bodies. The mis-\\nsionaries, who are mostly Congregational or Presby-\\nterian, while ready to advise and guide, have never\\nexercised ecclesiastical control over their converts.\\nThe Protestants, in accordance with their inherent\\nspirit and beliefs, have naturally organized their re-\\nligious and civil communities on a simple representa-\\ntive basis, which has gradually developed indepen-\\ndence of thought and character, and desire for\\nprogress.\\nWe come now to the indirect results of missionary\\neffort, namely, the stimulus of evangelical example and\\nsuccess upon the Gregorian and other communities\\nincludine even the Mohammedans. The homes,\\nschools, and churches of the missionaries have been\\nopen to all comers their varied literature has gone\\neverwhere their aid in sickness, distress, and\\nfamine has always ignored race or creed. Many\\nthousands of Armenians, Greeks, Syrians, Jacob-", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "154 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nites and others Moslems being prevented by\\ntheir rulers except in rare instances have received\\neducation in Protestant schools, without changing\\ntheir church relations. But, nevertheless, a deep\\nimpression has been made on these pupils by con-\\ntact no less than by teaching, and this, together with\\na natural and worthy loyalty to their own institutions,\\nhas stirred up all the other races to higher ideals and\\nefforts. 1\\nThe existence of a marked desire for progress by\\nall classes is now clear, and that this is largely due to\\nforeign missionaries is admitted by all 2 gratefully\\nby the Armenians and Christians generally, but often\\nwith chagrin by the Turks, who find themselves\\n1 The creation of churches, strict in their discipline, and protest-\\ning against the mass of superstitions which smother all spiritual life\\nin the National Armenian Church, is undoubtedly having a very salu-\\ntary effect far beyond the limited membership, and is tending to force\\nreform upon an ancient church which contains within herself the ele-\\nments of resurrection. Mrs. Bishop, youmeys in Persia and Kurd-\\nistan, vol. ii., p. 336.\\n2 Unhappily there are some who can see nothing but bigotry and\\nmistakes in what the missionaries have done. Such characters are to\\nbe found among all races, as the following extract shows\\nIt might be thought that here, [Missilonghi] on the spot where he\\n[Byron] breathed his last, malignity would have held her accursed\\ntongue but it was not so. He had committed the fault, unpardonable\\nin the eyes of political opponents, of attaching himself to one of the\\ngreat parties that then divided Greece and though he had given her all\\nthat man could give, in his own dying words, his time, his means,\\nhis health, and, lastly, his life, the Greeks spoke of him with all the\\nrancour and bitterness of party spirit. Even death had not won obliv-\\nion for his political offences and I heard those who saw him die in\\nher cause affirm that Byron was no friend to Greece. Stephens,\\nGreece Turkey Russia, and Poland, New York Harper and Brothers,\\n1839.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "Americans in Turkey. 155\\nbeing rapidly left behind in the forward march which\\nthey have been too stupid or too proud to fall in\\nwith. It is, however, very gratifying to see that the\\nMohammedan leaders in both Church and State are\\nat length becoming aware of the marked intellectual\\nawakening and substantial progress that education\\nhas quietly brought about among the Christian races.\\nRobert College on the Bosphorus stands at the head\\nof the many well equipped American institutions in\\nTurkey which have largely contributed to these\\nresults.\\nWe gladly recognize the wisdom and energy of\\nHis Majesty the present Sultan, in trying to estab-\\nlish Moslem schools throughout his empire, some of\\nwhich are already quite large, creditable, and popu-\\nlar with the Turks. It cannot be doubted that these\\nschools will lead ultimately to an awakening and a\\ndesire for reform and progress among Moslems\\nwhich will make them no less restive under present\\nconditions than are the non-Moslems to-day, and\\nthus hasten the necessary reforms. While most\\nhearty praise is due His Majesty for fostering and\\neven forcing education among his Moslem subjects,\\nit is greatly to be regretted that there is another side\\nto this policy as carried out by his agents, namely,\\nan equal zeal in curtailing and even closing, as far as\\npossible, Christian schools.\\nThe hostility of the Sublime Porte has been grow-\\ning, just in proportion as the excellent results of\\nAmerican institutions, already enumerated, have\\nappeared. Does the Turkish Government desire\\nthat its hostility be considered the most convincing", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "156 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nproof of the success of disinterested efforts to benefit\\nits subjects of all classes? And does it propose\\nto continue to cripple and suppress such efforts If\\nso, it is not the two hundred and fifty American\\nmissionaries in her borders who will suffer, but the\\nmany schools and churches which they have planted\\nand the many thousands of peaceable and hitherto\\nloyal subjects, who have been taught in them to\\nserve God as well as honor the king.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX A.\\nA BIT OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY IN TURKEY.\\nTHE CASE.\\n(Foreign Relations of the United States, 1884, pp. 538-539. J\\n(Inclosure in No. 317.)\\nMr. Wallace to Aarifi Pasha.\\nNote Verbale.\\nLegation of the United States,\\nConstantinople, January 24, 1884.\\nThe legation of the United States of America has the honor to in-\\nvite the attention of his highness, the minister of foreign affairs, to\\nthe matters following\\nBy note No. 167, June 13, 1S83, the legation informed his high-\\nness that two American citizens, traveling in the vilayet of Bitlis, had\\nbeen set upon by Kurds, robbed, and left to die, and that the\\ngovernor-general of the vilayet had manifested the most singular in-\\ndifference about the affair, and might be fairly charged with responsi-\\nbility for the escape of the malefactors. The suggestion was then\\nmade that his highness would serve the cause of humanity and justice\\nby ordering the most energetic measures to be taken for the appre-\\nhension of the robbers.\\nBy a communication, No. 71235, June 13, 1883, his highness was\\ngood enough to answer the note of the legation, and give the pleas-\\n1 This is an exact copy of the official documents as published by\\nthe State Department, capitalization included.\\n157", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "158 The Crisis in Turkey.\\ning intelligence that the governor-general had succeeded in discover-\\ning the goods taken from the two gentlemen, and that the robbers\\nhad been arrested and delivered up to justice. This information his\\nhighness reported as derived from the governor-general.\\nThis report the legation found it necessary to correct; and for that\\npurpose it addressed a second note to his highness, the minister of\\nforeign affairs, No. 179, dated September 10, 1883, declaring that the\\nrobbers had not been arrested, and that the goods and money taken\\nfrom Messrs. Knapp and Reynolds had been returned to them, but in\\nsmall parts. Under impression that it was yet possible to obtain the\\npowerful assistance of the Sublime Porte in bringing the thieves and\\nassassins to justice, the legation in the same note proceeded to give\\nthe full particulars of the affair, both those connected with the as-\\nsault and those descriptive of the action of the governor-general. Of\\nthe assault, it remarked that Messrs. Knapp and Reynolds, accepting\\nthe assurance of the governor-general that the roads were perfectly\\nsafe, set out on their journey without a guard of zaptiehs. They put\\nup for a night at a house where there was present Moussa Bey, son\\nof Meza Bey, an influential Kurdish chief. When they took their\\ncoffee they failed to send a cup of it to the said Moussa, who feeling\\nhimself insulted by the inattention, took four assistants and next day\\nwaylaid the gentlemen, one of whom, Mr. Knapp, they beat with\\nclubs until they supposed him dead. Moussa Bey, with his own\\nhand, cut down Dr. Reynolds, giving him ten cuts with a sword.\\nThe two were then bound and dragged into the bushes and there left\\nto die. That there might be no excuse, such as that the murderers\\nwere unknown, the legation gave his highness the names of the sub-\\nordinate assassins and their places of abode, Sherif Oglon Osman\\nand Iskan Oglon Hassan, both of the village of Movnok. A third\\none was pointed out as the servant of Moussa Bey, living in the vil-\\nlage of Kabiaa. Of the action of the governor-general the legation\\nsaid further that when the affair was reported to him he made a show\\nof action by sending zaptiehs to arrest the robbers, but, singular to\\nremark, he selected Meza Bey, the father of Moussa, to take charge\\nof the party. Going to the village of Auzont, Meza Bey pointed out\\nfour Kurds of another tribe as the guilty men, took them into cus-\\ntody and carried them for identification to Messrs. Knapp and Rey-\\nnolds, who said they were not the assailants.\\nDuring the night, in Aozou, a bundle was* thrown through a window\\ninto a room occupied by the police, which on examination proved to", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 159\\ncontain a portion of the stolen goods. With this the governor-gen-\\neral rested from his efforts and dispatched to his highness the minis-\\nter of foreign affairs, that the stolen goods were recovered and\\nreturned, and the felons captured and punished. This report, the\\nlegation took the liberty of Informing his highness, was not true, also\\nthat the chief of the assassins, Moussa Bey, was still at large and\\nto emphasize its statement, the legation further said to his highness,\\nthat the details it communicated were current through all the region\\nof Bitlis, having been first given out by Moussa himself. The lega-\\ntion then, in the same note, exposed the maladministration of the\\ngovernor-general in language plain as respect for his highness, the\\nminister, and for the Sublime Porte would permit, and suggested as\\nthe only means of accomplishing anything like redress that a brave\\nimpartial officer be sent to Bitlis to investigate the conduct of the\\ngovernor and take the affair in his own hands. Such a step, it\\nwas added, might serve to save the lives of many Christians, and\\nit was further represented that could the assassins be brought to\\njust sentence it would unquestionably lessen the demand for indem-\\nnity which otherwise it would be the duty of the legation to present\\nagainst the Imperial Government in this connection.\\nOn November 7, 1883, the legation of the United States, by a third\\nnote, No. 184, communicated to his highness, the minister of foreign\\naffairs, that the governor-general of Bitlis had confronted four per-\\nsons with Mr. Knapp for identification, and that that gentleman had\\nrecognized Moussa Bey as one of those who had robbed and wounded\\nhim. The legation of the United States then expressed a hope that\\nthe minister of foreign affairs would give proper orders for bringing\\nMoussa Bey and his companions in crime before the tribunals for\\ntrial.\\nStill later, on November 12, 1883, the legation of the United\\nStates addressed a fourth note, No. 185, to his highness, the minister\\nof foreign affairs, detailing again the circumstances of the attempted\\nmurder of Messrs. Knapp and Reynolds, and representing the un-\\ntrustworthiness of the governor-general by charging that Moussa Bey\\nhad already obtained from him assurances of immunity in the event\\nof a trial and conviction.\\nHis highness, the minister, was then requested that, if it was\\ndecided to maintain the governor-general at his post, orders be given\\nfor the transfer of the criminals to Constantinople for trial.\\nThe three notes last named of the legation of the United States", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "160 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nhave not been answered by his highness, the minister of foreign\\naffairs, except in a note, dated December 8, 1 883, in which he is\\npleased to renew assurances based upon telegrams from the governor-\\ngeneral, which are utterly unreliable.\\nWherefore, abandoning hope of justice through the governor-\\ngeneral of Bitlis, and the judicial tribunals of the empire, the legation\\nof the United States finds itself compelled to change its form of ap-\\nplication for redress, and demand of the Sublime Porte indemnity in\\nbehalf of Messrs. Knapp and Reynolds, for the former ^1,500, and\\nfor the latter, because of the more serious nature of his injuries,\\n^2,000.\\nTHE POSITION TAKEN IN WASHINGTON.\\n(Foreign Relations of the United States, 1884, p. 544.)\\nNo. 419.\\nMr. Frelinghnysen to Mr. Wallace.\\n(No. 153.) Department of State,\\nWashington, February ij, 1884.\\nSir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your No. 317, of the\\n25th ultimo, relative to the case of the Rev. Mr. Knapp and Dr.\\nReynolds, murderously attacked by Kurds near Bitlis, and to say\\nthat, after a careful consideration of all the facts before the Depart-\\nment, the inaction of the governor of Bitlis and the failure of the\\nsupreme Government to force him to undertake such measures as the\\ncase evidently demanded, must be regarded as a denial of justice.\\nWhile this Government is always averse to making money demands\\nfor indemnity in countries whose administration of justice may differ\\nfrom our own, the Department feels compelled to resort to this\\nremedy under circumstances which manifestly make the local officers\\nand the Government of the Porte responsible for the failure to do\\njustice in this case.\\nThe action reported in your dispatch is, consequently, approved.\\nI am, c.,\\nFred k T. Frelinghuysen,", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 1 6 1\\nTHE POSITION TAKEN IN CONSTANTINOPLE.\\nGeneral Lew Wallace is understood to have been emphatically\\na persona grata as U. S. Minister to Turkey, in fact to have en-\\njoyed, to a very exceptional degree, the personal confidence and\\nfriendship of His Majesty the present Sultan. The following quota-\\ntion will show what treatment even he received in the discharge of\\nhis official duties in the case under consideration\\nFrom the Regular Correspondent of the Tribune.\\nConstantinople, March i, 1884.\\nThe Porte, in deciding how far it is safe to affront foreign Gov-\\nernments, has even ranked the United States below some of the\\nEuropean States. The Porte during the past year has treated Gen-\\neral Wallace as if he were the representative of a Danubian Princi-\\npality. Remonstrance after remonstrance against fresh violations of\\nthe treaties it has left unanswered, and it has repeatedly omitted the\\ncourtesy of a bare acknowledgment of their receipt. In fact, Turkey\\nhas been relying upon the distance of the United States. Perhaps its\\nofficials even suppose that the American navy is afraid to risk adven-\\ntures so far from home as the coasts of the Levant.\\nGeneral Wallace found it necessary, for the sake of the safety of\\nAmerican citizens in Turkey, to press for some definition of the situa-\\ntion. During nearly five weeks he had been refused a personal\\ninterview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs on the ground of\\nindisposition. During all that time the representative of that Min-\\nister declined to enter upon any discussion of the important questions\\nat issue. Four times the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United\\nStates had been turned away from the door of the Sublime Porte by\\nthe refusal of the Grand Vizier to see him. Each time plausible\\nreasons were assigned which seemed to render any insistance on the\\npart of the General uncourteous. Yet it became daily more evident\\nthat all these plausible excuses for declining negotiation on the inju-\\nries done by Turkey to American commerce and to American citizens\\nwere part of a settled purpose not to redress the wrongs. New York\\nSemi- Weekly Tribune, March 28, 1884.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "1 62 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nTHE RESULT.\\nThe ten years that have elapsed since the above was written clearly\\nshow that what seemed then to be a settled purpose has become\\nthe settled policy of the Ottoman Government in regard to Americans\\nand their rights in Turkey.\\nIn regard to the outcome of the case of Messrs. Knapp and Ray-\\nnolds, the humiliating fact must be recorded that not one cent of the\\nindemnity demanded by the United States of America has to this day\\nbeen obtained. The monster, Moussa Bey, was allowed by the\\nTurkish Government to continue his outrages on the Armenian vil-\\nlages of the great Moosh plain, until his record became so appalling,\\nthat under European pressure the Porte summoned him to Constanti-\\nnople, where he was entertained as the Sultan s guest. He was\\nwhitewashed by the courts, but the Sultan was prevailed upon to\\ninvite him to make a pilgrimage to Medina at his expense, and there\\nspend the remainder of his days in religious exercises.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX B.\\nU. S. CONSULATES IN EASTERN TURKEY.\\nThe following petition was recently presented to the Hon. Walter\\nQ. Gresham, Secretary of State, and to the Senate and House of\\nRepresentatives of the United States of America, for the establish-\\nment of U. S. Consulates at Erzerum and Harpoot. The necessary\\nlegislation has been promptly enacted, for which the thanks of all\\nAmericans in Turkey is due to His Excellency the President, to the\\nSecretary of State and to members of both Houses of Congress.\\nWashington, D. C, Jan. 3, 1895.\\nApropos to the recent massacre of five thousand Armenians in\\nTurkey, it is clearly inexpedient for the United States to mix up in\\nthe Eastern Question. But it is equally clear that the duty of pro-\\ntecting a large body of native born American citizens constantly sub-\\njected to danger, injury and insult in that land is not complicated by\\nany Monroe Doctrine. In their interests, attention is called to this\\nbrief statement of facts, and to a practical request for consular pro-\\ntection.\\n1. Number of Individuals and Interests Involved.\\nDistributed in thirty of the principal cities of Asiatic Turkey alone.\\nthere is a permanent body of two hundred and fifty Americans, not\\nincluding their children, who hold over two million dollars of Ameri-\\ncan property for residence and the use of their educational, medical,\\npublishing and religious enterprises.\\nThese figures do not cover the large commercial interests of Ameri-\\ncans in Turkey, for which statistics are not at hand.\\n2. Nature and Extent of the Danger to which they\\nare Exposed.\\nThere are two sources of danger first, the lawlessness of numerous\\nhighwaymen who infest the country, and of the fanatical Moslem\\n163", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "164 The Crisis in Turkey.\\npopulation of the cities and second, the hostility of Turkish\\nofficials, who have repeatedly failed to restrain, and in some cases\\nhave even encouraged attacks upon the lives and property of American\\ncitizens.\\n3. Evidence of this Dangerous Condition.\\nSo far back as June 29th, 1881, Secretary Blaine, in official instruc-\\ntions to Minister Wallace at Constantinople, wrote\\nYour attention will doubtless be prominently and painfully\\ndrawn to the insecurity of the lives and property of foreign travelers\\nin Turkey, and the failures of the authorities to prevent or repress\\noutrages upon American citizens by wayside robbers and murderers,\\nor even to execute its own laws in the rare instances of the perpetra-\\ntors of such outrages being brought to justice. I cannot take a better\\ntext on which to base this instruction, than the accompanying copy\\nof a letter addressed to the President by a number of American resi-\\ndents in Turkey. Its statements are known to be entirely within the\\ntruth, and can be verified abundantly from the files of your legation.\\nThey show in simple yet forcible language, the insecurity of traveling\\nin that country, and the instances to the number of eight, within the\\npast two years, when American citizens have been robbed and\\nbeaten by lawless marauders. On these occasions the lives of the\\nassailed have been at the mercy of the robbers and, in one instance\\nat least, the taking of life preceded the robbery. Foreign Rela-\\ntions of the United States 1881.\\nThe above extract refers to outrages in Western Asia Minor and\\nthe vicinity of Constantinople, but it is well known that in the\\nEastern and interior part of Turkey, where many of us live, the in-\\nsecurity is greater and has steadily increased, during the thirteen\\nyears that have elapsed since the above facts were admitted by the State\\nDepartment.\\nThe murderous attack by a Kurdish chief in person, which nearly\\ncost Dr. G. C. Raynolds, of Van his life, and for which no indemnity\\nwas ever obtained, though the assailant was positively identified in\\ncourt, is reported in full in Foreign Relations of the United States,\\n1883, 1884, and 1890.\\nThe arrest and indignities inflicted upon Mr. Richardson of Erz-\\nerum, by the Governor-General, for which no apology even was ever\\nsectired, are related in Foreign Relations of the United States 1891.\\nThe burning of Marsovan College by an unrestrained Turkish mob", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "Appendix. 165\\nand the danger to the lives of many American residents is found in\\nForeign Relations of the United States 1893.\\nMore cases of injury and insult, may be found in the same official\\nrecords. But in many other instances it has been felt to be useless\\nand inexpedient to even report them. The absence of any American\\nrepresentative to substantiate and vindicate our rights on the ground,\\nand the hopelessness of securing anything but further injury by trying\\nto press our claims, often drives us to the humiliating necessity of\\nsuffering injustice with scarcely a protest.\\nTHE REQUEST.\\nWe feel that the condition shown by the above evidence, not to\\nadd more, abundantly justifies a renewed request for some Consular\\nprotection in the Eastern part of Turkey, for the American citizens\\npermanently residing there in the prosecution of lawftil pursuits.\\nOur present exposed and helpless condition is clearly set forth in a\\ncommunication from the United States Legation at Constantinople,\\nto the State Department It may not be doubted that the absence\\nof an American Consul at Erzroom leaves our citizens there singularly\\ndestitute of means to vindicate their rights and protect their interests\\nthis is the more regrettable as Erzroom is a missionary station of con-\\nsiderable importance, and situated in a province where official pro-\\ntection is most frequently and urgently needed. The British Consul\\nthere is instructed to act unofficially for our citizens, but his right\\nto represent them is not recognized by the Ottoman authorities the\\nobvious consequence is, that when his good offices are most needed, they\\nare of least avail. Foreign Relations of United States 1891.\\nWe are thus seen to be cut off from Consular protection of any\\nkind. The nearest U. S. Consul, Mr. Jewett of Sivas, an excellent\\nman, is unavailable for us for three reasons first, the delay and\\ndifficulty in communicating with him on account of our isolation, and\\nthe very circuitous post-routes, in case the local authorities were kind\\nenough not to intercept our letters, as they have repeatedly, even the\\nofficial correspondence of the United States Minister {Foreign Re-\\nlations of the U. S. 1893); second, the distance and methods of\\ntravel are such that probably from one to two months would elapse\\nafter any outrage, before the Sivas Consul could be notified and\\narrive third, the Consul at Sivas could not leave his post without\\nneglecting the large American interests in Asia Minor.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "1 66 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nAside from being needed when special difficulties do occur, it is\\nobvious that the mere presence of a United States Consul on the\\nground would have a marked effect in deterring both the lawless and\\nfanatical elements, and the officials, who have never seen the stars and\\nstripes, from repeating acts which have caused much injury to the\\ninterests of American citizens, and have been the occasion of tedious\\nand unpleasant diplomatic correspondence between the two countries.\\nThe expense of living in Turkey is unusually low.\\nIn view of all the foregoing facts, it is urgently requested that\\nAmerican Consuls be located at Erzerum and Harpoot. These cities\\nare large centres of population and of American interests, and the\\nseat of Provincial Governors. They have large commercial and\\nstrategic importance, and as good facilities for communication by\\npost, telegraph, or private messenger as the country affords. From\\nErzerum, Bitlis and Van could also be cared for, while Mardin and\\nMosul would naturally be under Harpoot, and thus the Americans of\\nthat whole territory would be brought within two or three week s\\njourney of Consular protection.\\nWe are from seven hundred to one thousand miles from Constan-\\ntinople, which means a journey of three to six weeks. The fact that\\nat least 5,000 men, women and children in our midst have been mas-\\nsacred, and this fact kept nearly three months from the civilized world,\\nis a. significant hint as to our isolation and danger. The articles in\\nthe last Harper s Weekly, Dec. 29, and in the Review of Reviews,\\nJan. 1895, give much light on the situation.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX C.\\nDR. HAMLIN S EXPLANATION.\\n(New York Herald, December 20, i8g4.)\\nTo the Editor of the Herald\\nA cutting from the Herald has been sent to me to-day containing a\\nletter of His Excellency, Mavroyeni, on the Armenian atrocities. I\\nmust strongly object to the use he makes of a letter of mine in the\\nBoston Congregalionalist of last year (December 23, 1893).\\nThe object of that letter was to show the absurdity of the revolu-\\ntionary plotters. The Armenians are a noble race, but few in num-\\nber, scattered and unarmed. The Turkish Government has never\\nhad the least fear of any such movement. It knows well that there is\\nno place in the Empire where one thousand or even one hundred Ar-\\nmenians could assemble with hostile intent. And besides they have\\nno arms, and they are not accustomed to their use. They would be\\nlambs in the midst of wolves. Every one knows this who knows any-\\nthing of Turkey outside of Constantinople,,\\nIt is to be greatly regretted that the Ottoman Ambassador should\\nattempt to cover up the path of these horrid atrocities which have\\nagitated the whole Christian world and for which Turkey must give\\naccount. It were far better to deplore the fact and work for justice\\nand judgment. It may be the time has passed when such deeds of\\nblood and torture, committed upon unarmed men, women and chil-\\ndren, can be condoned by the civilized world.\\nThe plots of the revolutionists were harmless as to any effective\\nforce, but were very pernicious in arousing fanaticism. The fact\\nthat a few hair-brained young men in foreign lands had plotted a revo-\\nlution was a sufficient reason in the view of Moslem fanaticism for\\ndevoting the whole race to destruction. It was this which I feared\\nand it is this which has happened.\\n167", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1 68 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nAnother object of the letter, from which His Excellency has quoted,\\nwas to draw attention to the fact that this revolutionary movement is\\na game which Russia is playing in her own interests. And she has\\nplayed it well. She has again caught Turkey in her trap. The\\nwhole civilized world will now approve of her inarching in with force\\nto stop the slaughter of an industrious, peaceful, unarmed peasantry.\\nIf Russia enters, it will be with professions of great kindness toward\\nthe Sultan. It will be to aid him in his well known benevolent in-\\ntentions in the government of his Christian subjects But she will\\ncall the Armenians to her standard and will arm and train them and\\nthey will prove a brave and valiant soldiery. Some of the ablest\\ngenerals of the Russian army have been Armenians. Thus armed\\nand trained, with the aid of their Russian allies, they will defend\\ntheir own homes in the Sassoun or any other district.\\nTurkey has brought this upon herself. His Excellency is a Greek\\ngentleman, and has a natural sympathy with Russia. His influence\\nhas been to magnify the revolutionary plots instead of showing, as\\nmy letter did, their insignificance and their Russian character, and\\nhas led his government to give to them an importance which seems\\nabsurd. The Turkish Government has had sufficient opportunity to\\nstudy and understand Russia since the Treaty of 1829, and again of\\n1833. Have her trusted advisers been true to her, or have they\\nbetrayed her interests\\nThe civilized and Christian world awaits with profound and fixed\\nattention the solution of the question whether bloody, fanatical vio-\\nlence or law shall reign over the Eastern regions of the Turkish\\nEmpire.\\nCyrus Hamlin.\\nLexington, Mass., December 18, 1894.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX D.\\nTHE CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS.\\nWith what intelligence and religious toleration the censorship of\\nthe press is conducted may be judged from examples found in an\\nofficial document\\nThe quotation, in religious books, of the words of Scripture for\\nproof or illustration, has been subjected to the will of the censor and\\neven the printing of religious books has been objected to on the\\nground that since Christians are graciously allowed to use the Holy\\nBible, they need no other books of religion. Appeal from the deci-\\nsions of the censors is practically unavailing. This censor insists\\nthat the Scriptural phrase Kingdom of Christ may not be used by\\nChristians.\\nThe index list of the Bible lessons for 1893 is simply a table of\\ncontents prepared by the British Sunday School Union. The cen-\\nsors have refused to permit the publication of this index list, unless\\nsome fifty titles are erased, or modified into a form at variance with\\nthe matter of the lessons, or expanded to a degree impossible in a brief\\ntable of contents, for example St. Lukeiv., 14-21, Gospel liberty.\\nThe word liberty must be erased. Jeremiah xxxiii., 7-16, Sor-\\nrow turned to joy. This title must be suppressed. Haggai ii., 1-9,\\nEncouraging the people. This title, which refers to the Divine\\nencouragement given to the people in the work of rebuilding the\\ntemple in the days of Zerubbabel, must be erased.\\nPsalm xxxiii., 10-22, Wicked devices frustrated. This title must\\nbe stricken out.\\nEsther iv., 1-9, Sorrow in the palace. This title must be\\nsuppressed.\\nRomans iv., 1-8, Saved by grace. This title must be modified\\nto read Saved from sin by grace.\\n169", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "1 70 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nPsalm xxxviii., 8-15, Hope in distress. This title must be\\nsuppressed.\\nJoshua i., 1-9, Fear not. This title can not be allowed.\\nRomans viii., 31-39, Rejoicing in persecution. This title must\\nbe erased.\\nRomans xv., 25-33, A benevolent object. This title cannot be\\nallowed to stand unless the object is stated. Foreign Relations of\\nthe United States, 1893.\\nWe learn that four months after the complaint was made the par-\\nticular points specified above were arranged. But as soon as foreign\\npressure was relaxed the activity of the Censor revived, and is now\\nmore intolerable than ever. A gentleman of long experience and\\nintimate knowledge writing from behind the scenes within a month,\\nstates: The Censorship of the Press is so severe as to amount\\nalmost to a prohibition. At Constantinople a most reckless and\\ndestructive mutilation of books goes on and, contrary to the ex-\\npressed utterances of the Porte guaranteeing religious liberty, Chris-\\ntian doctrines are expunged or changed, so as, at times, to become\\nridiculous and false. The men appointed as Censors of the Press\\nseem to be utterly ignorant of all Christian literature and history and\\ntheir object is to make all books conform to the doctrines of Islam.\\nThe religious weekly of the American Mission in Syria, which\\nhad been published for thirty years, was suppressed for a whole year,\\nno reason being given and when the permit was finally secured, it\\nwas accompanied by puerile and humiliating conditions.\\nSome special departments of literature, such as history and poetry,\\nare forbidden, wholesale, by the Censor. Many of the Censor s deci-\\nsions and the grounds on which they are based would be most laugh-\\nable, but for the fact that they are part of an attempt to throttle and\\nstarve the hungry and growing minds of millions.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX E.\\nPARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUBJECT.\\nHISTORICAL.\\nNorman, Armenia and the Campaign of i8yj. London, 1878.\\nMlLNER, The Turkish Empire. London Religious Tract So-\\nciety.\\nClark, The Arabs arid the Turks. New York Dodd Mead.\\nTozer, The Church and the Eastern Empire. New York Ran-\\ndolph: London Longmans.\\nLatimer, Russia and Turkey in the XIX. Century. Chicago\\nMcClurg Co., 1894.\\nMorfill, Russia. New York Putnams. London T. Fisher\\nUnwin, 1893.\\nLane Poole, Turkey. New York Putnams. London T.\\nFisher Unwin, 1893.\\nChurchill, Druzes and Maronites. London: Quaritch, 1862.\\nViscount Stratford de Redcliffe, The Eastern Question.\\nLondon John Murray, 1881.\\nLatham, Russian and Turk. London Allen, 1878.\\nLayaru, Nineveh and its Remains. London Murray.\\nRawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies. Murray.\\nRawlinson, The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy. Longmans.\\nRawlinson, The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy. Longmans.\\ntravel.\\nSmith and D wight, Researches in Armenia. 2 vols. Boston\\nCrocker Brewster, 1833.\\nStephens, Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland. 2 vols. New\\nYork Harpers, 1839,\\n171", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "i 7 2 The Crisis in Turkey,\\nSouthgate, A Tour through Armenia, Persia, and Mesopotamia.\\n2 vols. New York D. Appleton Co., 1840.\\nVan Lennep, Travels in Asia Minor. 2 vols. New York Van\\nLennep, 1870.\\nVan Lennep, Bible Lands Their Modern Customs and Manners.\\nNew York Harpers, 1875.\\nTheilmann, youmey in the Caucasus, Persia, and Turkey.\\n2 vols. London: 1875.\\nCreagh, Armenians, Koords, and Turks. London 1880.\\nTozer, Turkish Armenia and Eastern Asia Minor. London\\n1 881.\\nBishop, Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan. 2 vols. New York\\nPutnams. London: John Murray, 1891.\\nMOHAMMEDANISM.\\nSale s, The Koran. 2 vols. Philadelphia Wardle, 1833.\\nSmith, R. Bosworth, Mohammed and Mohammedanism. London:\\nJohn Murray. New York Harpers, 1875.\\nWashburn, The Points of Contact and Contrast between Christi-\\nanity and Mohammedanism. Chicago The Parliament Publishing\\nCompany, 1893.\\nBurton, Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Mecca. New York\\nPutnams. Belfast Mullan.\\nMuir, Life of Mahomet. London.\\nSprenger, Life of Mohammed. Allahabad, 1 85 1.\\nIrving, Life of Mahomet. Putnams.\\nStobart, Lslam and its Founder. Christian Knowledge Soc.\\nPfander, Mezan el Hoc. London Church Missionary Society.\\nHughes, Notes oit Muhammadanism. London Allen, 1877.\\nOsborn, Lslam tinder the Arabs. London Longmans, Green.\\nMuiR, The Coran. London Christian Knowledge Society.\\nKoelle,. Mohammed and Mohammedanism. London Riving-\\nton s, 1889.\\nArnold, Lslam and Christianity. London Longmans.\\nAmeer Ali, The Spirit of Lslam.\\nAmeer Ali, Life and Teachings of Mohammed, London\\nWilliams.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "Appendix. i/;\\nMISSIONS.\\nThe Missionary Herald, 1820-1894. Boston The American\\nBoard.\\nDwight, Christianity Revived in the East. New York Baker\\nScribner, 1850.\\nAnderson, Missions to the Oriental Churches. 2 vols. Boston\\nCongregational Publishing Society, 1S72.\\nWheeler, Letters from Eden. Boston American Tract Society,\\n1868.\\nWheeler, Ten Years on the Euphrates. Boston American\\nTract Society, i860.\\nWheeler, Daughters of Armenia. New York American Board,\\n1891.\\nPrime, Forty Years in the Turkish Empire, or Memoirs of\\nRev. William Goodell, D.D., Boston American Tract Society, 1877.\\nLaurie, Missions and Science. Boston American Board, 1885.\\nLaurie, Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians. Boston\\nGould Lincoln, 1853.\\nJessup, The Mohammedan Missionary Problem. Philadelphia\\nPresbyterian Board of Publication, 1879.\\nSchauffler, Autobiography. New York Randolph, 1888.\\nHamlin, Among the Turks. New York Robt. Carter Bro.\\nHamlin, My Life and Times. Boston Congregational S. S. and\\nPub. Soc.\\nARMENIAN HISTORY.\\nMoses Chorenensis, Armenian History, Arm. and Lat. London\\nWilliam and George Whiston, 1736.\\nLanglois, Victor, Collection des LListoriens anciens et modernes de\\nrArme nie, en Francais. Vol. i. Historiens grecs et syriens traduits\\nanciennement en Armenien. Vol. II. Historiens armeniens de\\n5 e siecle. 8\u00c2\u00b0 Paris, 1S67.\\nDulaurier. Recucil des Historiens des Croisades. Documents\\nArmeniens. Paris, 1869. Folio with fac-simile reproductions. Pp.\\n855. Arm. and French.\\nDulaurier, Ettide sur V Organisation Politique, Religieuse et\\nAdministrative du Royaume de la P elite- Arme nie a Ve poque des\\nCroisades. Paris, 1862.\\nLenormant, Sur V Ethnographie et V Histoire de V Arme nie\\navant les Ache me nides. In Lettres Assyriologiques. 1871.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "1 74 The Crisis in Turkey.\\nInscriptions d tin Reliquaire Arme nien. With plates. Paris,\\n1883.\\nNeumann, The History of Vartan by Elisaeus. Translated from\\nthe Armenian. London, 1830.\\nMALAN, The Life and Times of St. Gregory the Illuminator.\\nTranslated from Armenian. London, 1868.\\nChamich, History of Armenia. Translated from Armenian into\\nEnglish by Avdall. Calcutta, 1827.\\nStubbs, William. The Mediceval Kingdoms of Cyprtis and Ar-\\nmenia. In Seventeen Lectures, etc. 1886.\\nGenealogical Catalogue of the Kings of Armenia. Oriental Trans-\\nlation Fund. Vol. ii. London, 1834.\\nGabrielian, The Armenians or People of Ararat. Philadelphia\\nAllen, Lane Scott, 1892.\\nARMENIAN LITERATURE.\\nNeve, Felix, L Arme nie Chretienne et sa Litter attire. Louvain,\\n1886.\\nCatalogue des anciennes traductions Arme niennes, siecles iv.-xiii.\\n8\u00c2\u00b0 pp. 783. Venezia, 1889.\\nD wight, Catalogue of all Works known to exist in the Armenian\\nLanguage earlier than the Seventeenth Century. American Oriental\\nSociety. Vol. iii. 1853.\\nFortescue, The Armenian Church, History, Literature, Doc-\\ntrine. London, 1872.\\nIssaverdenz, The Divine Ordinances according to the Catholic\\nArmenian Ritual. Venice, 1867.\\nAlishan, Armenian Popular Songs. Armenian and English.\\nVenice, 1867.\\nLord Byron s Armenian Exercises and Poetry. Armenian and\\nEnglish. Venice, 1870.", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "GENERAL INDEX.\\nAberdeen, Lord, 72\\nAghtamar, 141, 145\\nAlexander, 53, 133\\nAmericans\\nPosition, 67, 148\\nNumber, 149\\nWork, 141, 148-151\\nInfluence, 152-154\\nInterests, 147-166\\nAnglo-Armenian Assoc., 69\\nAnglo-Turkish Convention\\nSee England\\nArmenia\\nLand\\nName, 44, 46\\nExtent, 45\\nAspects, 44-46\\nInhabitants, 45, 46\\nCondition, 9, 15, 32, 35, 39,\\n42, 46, 62-65\\nAutonomy, 69, 81\\nRace\\nOrigin, 132\\nNumber, 45, 142\\nDistribution, 44\\nCharacteristics, 52, 140\\nCondition, chap, i., ii., iii.,\\niv.\\nRevolution, Preface,\\nChap, i., 69, 81, 167\\nProgress, 79, 117, 154\\nHistory\\nBiblical, 132, 133\\nClassical, 134, 135\\nArmenian Sources, 144\\nIn General, 53\\nChurch\\nApostolic Tradition, 136\\nFounder, 136\\nDoctrine, 137\\nForm, 137, 144\\nHeroic Struggle, 53\\nDecline, 139\\nReform, 140, 143, 154\\nCatholicos, 137, 138\\nPolitical Significance, 138\\nFuture, 138\\nLiterature\\nLanguage, 132, 143\\nPre-Christian, 143\\nGolden Age, 144\\nSecond Period, 144\\nModern Revival, 146\\nGeneral Character, 144\\nMassacre\\nSee Massacres\\nArnaut, 98\\n175", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "i/6\\nGeneral Index.\\nAustria, Preface, 104\\nAuthor, Purpose, Preface, 147\\nB\\nBagdad, 48\\nBaibourt, 46\\nBashi-Bazouk, 98, 102\\nBashkalla, 16, 49\\nBerlin Treaty. See Treaties\\nBibliography, Appendix E\\nBilotti, Consul, 113\\nBishop, Mrs., 62, 67, 131, 154\\nBismarck, Preface, 78\\nBitlis, 12, 16, 37, 43\\nBlue-Books. See England\\nBlowitz, M. de, 83\\nBosnia, 83, 84\\nBritannica, Encyc, 48, 49\\nBryce, Hon. James, Preface, 69\\nBulgaria, 73, 83, 96, 101, 126\\nByron, Lord, 154\\nByzantine Empire, 53, 134\\nCairo University, 75\\nCastle, Kurdish, 49\\nCatholicos. See Armenia\\nCensorship, 73, Append. C\\nChermside, Consul, 113\\nCHios/97\\nChosroes, 137\\nChristianity, Toleration. See\\nMohammedanism\\nChurchill, 96, 100\\nCircassians, 73\\nCode Napoleon, 89\\nCommission of Inquiry. See\\nMassacres\\nConsular Reports.\\nBritish. See England\\nUnited States, 66\\nCouncil of Chalcedon, 157\\nCourts. See Turkey\\nCrete. See Massacres\\nCrimean War, 72\\nCrisis, 33, 35, 82, 84, Preface\\nCyprus Convention, 72, 76\\nD\\nDiarbekir, 48\\nDiplomacy\\nAmerican, Preface, Append.\\nA, B\\nEuropean, Preface, Chap. v.\\nTurkish, 70, 77, 93\\nE\\nEastern Question, Preface, 6S,\\n85\\nEducation, 87, 140, 143, 150,\\n155\\nEgypt, 83\\nEngland\\nAttitude, Preface\\nResponsibility, 69, 73, 76,\\n79, 103, 128. See Treaties\\nEfforts, 76-79, 123\\nConsular Reports, Preface,\\n48, 66, 68, 74, 77, 78, 112\\nErzerum, 46, 62, 66, 113\\nErzingan, 21, 23, 46\\nEverett, Consul, 113\\nFanaticism. See Mohamme-\\ndanism", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "General Index.\\n177\\nFrance, Preface, 78, 104, 107,\\n138, 140, 149\\nFreeman, 79, 85, 88, 117\\nG\\nGenghis Khan, 136\\nGermany, Preface, 7S, 104\\nGladstone, on\\nConsular Reports, Preface\\nSassoun Massacre, 121-125\\nTurkish Rule, 126-130\\nGoschen, 78\\nGranville, 77\\nGreece, 83, 89, 97, 127, 133, 154\\nGregory, The Illuminator. See\\nArmenian Church\\nIndependent, The, 54, 95, 101\\nInformation\\nChannels, 66\\nDanger of, Preface, I, 15, 16,\\n54, 62\\nSultan s, 13, 89, 92, 93\\nIslam. See Mohammedanism\\nItaly, Preface, 104\\nJacobite, 54, 89\\nJessup, 75\\nJesuit, 137\\nJews, 68, 89\\nK\\nH\\nHallward, Consul, 16\\nHamlin, Cyrus, 81, 167\\nHannibal, 134\\nHarpoot, 48\\nHatti Humayoun, 72\\nHatti Sherif, 71\\nHerodotus, 133\\nHerzegovina, 183\\nHughes, 89\\nHumanity, Preface, 1, 33, 123,\\n127, 129\\nKallay, M. de, 84\\nKermanshah, 46\\nKhrimian, Catholicos, 138\\nMotto on Title-page\\nKhoshab, Castle, 50\\nKnapp, Attack on, 157\\nKoran. See Mohammedanism\\nKurdistan\\nCountry, 46\\nKurds, 48-52\\nHamidieh Troops, 1-30,\\n126\\nOutrages, 54-69, 157-164\\nIbrahim Pasha, 71\\nIdentical Note, 76\\nIlluminator, 53, 137, 138.\\nSee Armenian Church\\nImperial Rescript, 71\\nLatham, 96\\nLayard, 96, 99\\nLebanon, 93\\nLeon VI., 136\\nLloyd, Consul-Gen., 66", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "1 7 8\\nGeneral Index.\\nM\\nMacCall, Canon, 72\\nMacGahan, 96, 103\\nMalatiah, 46\\nMamelukes, 136\\nMaronites, 99\\nMassacres in Turkey\\nGreek (1822), 96-98\\nNestorian (1850), 96, 99\\nSyrian (i860), 96, 99\\nCretan (1867), 104\\nBulgarian (1876), 96, 101\\nArmenian (1877), 105-107\\nYezidi (1892), 108\\nArmenian (1894), Chap. I.\\nVictims, Dedication\\nEvidence, 1-42\\nUncalled for, 21, 23, 26, 36\\nPremeditated, 17, 18\\nOrdered, 7, 12, 14, 20, 28-30\\nLong Duration, 21,31\\nNumber Slain, n, 15, 24\\nManner, 20-23, 26, 31\\nViolation of Women, 15,22,\\n27, 28, 39, 41\\nDenials, 12, 25, 27\\nConcealment, n-15, 29-34,\\n40\\nCommission of Inquiry, Pref-\\nace, 103\\nGladstone s Opinion, 121\u00e2\u0080\u0094 125\\nMidhat Pasha, 86\\nMissions. See Americans\\nOther Missions, 149\\nMohammedanism\\nFounder, no, 125\\nKoran, 89, 99, in, 115\\nExclusive, 115, 116\\nSpirit, 22, 74, 89, no, 167\\nRationalistic Types, 116\\nTolerance, 42, 71, 74, 84,\\n107, 114, 127, 169\\nConverts from, 68, 114\\nUnion with State, 111, 119\\nMoosh, 43\\nMORFILL, 69\\nMosul, 48, 58\\nN\\nNebuchadnezzar, 53\\nNestorians, 54, 89, See Mas-\\nsacres\\nNorman, 52, 85, 104\\nO\\nOrdos, 70\\nOttoman. See Turkey\\nPagratiD/E, 134\\nParry, 107\\nParthians, 53, 134\\nPersia, 6, 43, 48, 53\\nPhil-Armenic, 69\\nPope, 88\\nPorte Sublime\\nSee Sultan of Turkey\\nPowers, European\\nAttitude, Preface, 67, 76, 81,\\n99. io 4\\nResponsibility, 33, 41, 69,\\n88, 119, 122\\nProtestants\\nOrigin, 153\\nNumber, 150\\nSuccess, 147-154\\nHostility to, 58, 71, 155", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "General Index,\\n179\\nR\\nRaynolds, Attack on, 157, 163\\nRegister, The Christian, 127\\nReligion\\nClassification by, 152\\nFreedom of 70-75, 110-120,\\n169\\nSee Mohammedanism, Tur-\\nkey\\nReview of Reviews, Preface\\nRobert College, 115, 149, 155\\nRolin-Jaequemyns, 78, 112\\nRomans, 53\\nRupenian Dynasty, 136, 144\\nRussia\\nAttitude, 53, 68, 104, 168\\nFeeling toward, 45, 52, 68,\\n73,8i\\nSaladin, 48\\nSaracen, 53\\nSassanid^, 134\\nSchuyler, Eugene, 96, 101\\nSeljuk, 53, 136\\nSeleucid/e, 133\\nShah, 48\\nShaw, Dr. Albert, 7\\nSiouffi, 107\\nSmith, R. Bosworth, in\\nStamboul, 70\\nStein, Robert, 96\\nStevenson, Preface, 121\\nStillman, 104\\nStratford de Redcliffe,\\nLord, 69, 109\\nStrong, Dr. Josiah, Introduc-\\ntion\\nSublime Porte, 90-94, 155\\nSultan\\nMohammed II, 87, 152\\nSelim I, 88\\nMahmond, 97\\nMedjid, 71, 72\\nAbd-id-Hamid, Preface\\nSincerity, 13, 87, 91, 155\\nHelplessness, 88\\nIsolation, 124\\nAbsolutism, 90-94\\nSyrian, 89, 96, 100\\nSee Massacres\\nTacitus, 134\\nTamerlane, 136\\nTigranes II., 134\\nTimes, The London, 104, 127\\nTozer, 136\\nTreaties, Chapter iv.\\nAdrianople, 70\\nBerlin, 69, 73, 76-81, 112\\nCyprus, Preface, 73, 76\\nParis, 72\\nTrebizond, 12, 43, 113\\nTurkey\\nAmericans in. See Ameri-\\ncans, United States\\nAntecedents, 1 17-120, 124,\\n127\\nAttitude, Preface, 81\\nFuture, 108-109, 120, 127-\\n130\\nGovernment\\nAdministration, II, 35, 46,\\n74, 109, 123, 128, 153\\nCourts, 41, 65, 74, 112\\nDivided, 92", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "i8o\\nGeneral Index,\\nTurkey Con tin ued\\nFavors Kurds, 17, 20, 30,\\n62\\nHostile to Christians, 10-41,\\n53, 66, 89, 100, 110-120,\\n153\\nReports, 48, 67\\nUnion with Islam, 111\\nMassacres. See Massacres\\nMoslem Races, 86, 90\\nReform, 10, 70-75, 83, 88,\\n94, 109, 117-120, 129\\nTreaties. See Treaties\\nTaxation, 16, 27, 34, 49, 59-\\n62\\nTravel, 43, 131\\nTurks, 46, 86\\nV\\nVan, 37, 43, 49\\nGovernor of, 19, 64\\nViolation of Women, 15, 22,\\n27, 28, 39, 41, 98, 101, 105-\\n107, 129\\nW\\nWallace, Gen. Lewis, 157-162\\nWashburn, Prest. George, 115\\nWilson, Consul-Gen., 73, 112,\\n114\\nX\\nXenophon, 133\\nXerxes, 53\\nU\\nUnited States\\nAttitude, Introduction, Pref-\\nace\\nConsulates, 66, 163\\nDiplomacy, 157\\nArmenians in, 45\\nYezidi Massacre, 106\\nYURUK, 98\\nZeibek, 83, 98\\nZekki Pasha, 21\\nZoroastrians, 134", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "4 -y y\\n-.V-\\nv*\\n-V\\nV\\nv\\\\\\n4 r v\\nV\\nV\\nv\\n,r 1", "height": "3419", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "V\\n,S\\n7*.\\nc-\\nr\\nf\\nxO^\\ns X\\ns 1\u00c2\u00ab\\n~o\\nc\\nV S\\nY\\nV v A", "height": "3419", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3663", "width": "2259", "jp2-path": "armeniancrisisin01gree_0220.jp2"}}