{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3271", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "A\\nEIiSTORY OF Texas,\\nROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS TO THE YEAR 1885; WITH AN\\nAPPENDIX CONTAINING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE\\nOF TEXAS, ADOPTED NOVEMBER, 1875, AND\\nTHE AMENDMENTS OF 1883.\\nFOR USE m SCHOOLS, AXD FOR GEXERAL READERS.\\nBIT\\nH. S. THRALL, A.M.\\n\\\\v\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-V\\nAUG 6 TS85J\\nNEW YORK:\\nUNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COxMPANY.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Copyright, 1876,\\nH. S. THRALL,\\nCopyright, 1885,\\nUNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO.\\n***8 H.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PKEFACE.\\nIn this volume the aim of tlie author has been to give a\\nclear, concise, and accurate history of Texas. The book is\\ndesigned for the scliool-room as well as for the general\\nreader. This design precluded elaborate discussions and\\nminuteness of details. Only important facts and incidents\\nare noted, and these are condensed into the smallest practi-\\ncable compass.\\nIn preparing this history, the author has freely consulted\\nthe works of Yoakum, Kennedy, Foote, Holley, and all\\nother reliable sources of information bearing upon the sub-\\nject. He has also conversed freely and fully with many of\\nthat large and honorable class, now so rapidly disappearing\\nfrom the walks of the living The Texas Veterans.\\nIt has been the good fortune of the writer to enjoy the\\npersonal friendship of nearly every one who has filled the\\nexecutive chair, from the organization of the government to\\nthe present time, including Governors Smith and Eobinson,\\nappointed by the Consultation in 1835 President Burnet,\\nof the government ad interim; all the Presidents of the\\nEepublic previous to annexation, and the Governors of the\\nState since that period. He cherishes for these great and\\ngood men a profound veneration, and would earnestly com-\\nmend to the youth of the State the study of their lives, and", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nan ardent attachment to the political institutions they have\\nbequeathed to posterity.\\nThe history of Texas possesses a peculiar interest. The\\ncontests for the possession of the country; the grand old\\nmission structures erected for the conversion of the natives;\\nthe numerous changes of government, give to our history\\nan air of romance.\\nIn the summary of events in this volume these interest-\\ning topics are only briefly noticed; but it is hoped this re-\\ncital will stimulate many to a more thorough investigatiou\\ninto the heroic period of our history.\\nH. S. Thrall.\\nSan Antonio, Julyl, 1876.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPERIOD I.\\nTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF MISSIONS FROM 1685 TO 1819.\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Landing of La Salle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Loss of his Ships\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Erects Fort St.\\nLouis Starts for Illinois by Land Assassination Fort St. Louia\\ndestroyed 11\\nSection II. The Spaniards in Texas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 El Paso Santa Fe De Leon\\nIndians Conciliated French Captives Eecovered Indian\\nTribes 13\\nSection III. Object of the Spanish Missions Land Donations to\\nMissions Mission Churches Indians Domesticated Presidios. 15\\nSection IV. Dates of Principal Missions San Antonio a Presidio-\\nImmigrants from Canary Isles La Purisima Concepcion Our Lady\\nof Eef uge Missions Secularized 16\\nSection V. The French again in Texas The Country given to Cro-\\nzat by Louis XIV. St. Denis s Expeditions Belisle and La Harpe\\non Matagorda Bay Texas Garrisoned by the Spaniards 18\\nSection VI. Indian Coalition to expel Europeans Defeated by St.\\nDenis Louisiana Ceded to Spain Retroceded to France Sold to\\nthe United States Condition of Texas at the Close of Eighteenth\\nCentury 21\\nSection VII. Spanish Jealousy of the United States Nolan and\\nBean Arrest of Pike and Freeman Hostile Forces on the Sabine\\nCordero and Herrera\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Neutral Ground 23\\nSection VIII. Magee s Expedition Bernardo Gutierres Republi-\\ncan Army of the North Republicans in Goliad Kemper Perry\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFight with Salcedo Battle of Rosillo Deed of Horror Battle of\\nAlazan Battle of Medina Cruelties of Victors 25\\nSection IX. Affairs at Galveston The Island Occupied by Aury\\nExpedition to Soto la Marina Fate of Perry and Aury The\\nPirate Lafitte 31\\nSection X. Long s Expedition Garrisons in Eastern Texas Ex-\\npelled by Perez Returns to Texas Takes Possession of Goliad\\nAssassinated in Mexico 33\\nSection XI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Public Roads\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Origin of the Name of Texas-\\nNames of Rivers Population Treaty between the United States\\nand Spain 1 36", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6 CONTENTS.\\nPERIOD II.\\nCOLONIZATION UNDER EMPRESARIO GRANTS FROM 1820 TO 1834.\\nSection I. Robert Owen s Application Rejected Grant to Keene\\nMoses Austin at San Antonio Obtains a Grant His Death 40\\nBecttion II. Austin s first Colony Stephen F. Austin enters Texas\\nChooses Location for a Colony Schooner Lively lost Arrival of\\nfirst Colonists Austin in Mexico Obtains other Contracts 43\\nSection III. Other Colonial Grants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edwards s DiflBculties Fredo-\\nnian War Grants to Zavalla to Velielin and Burnet Galveston\\nBay Company De Leon s Colony Grant to De Witt to Hewitsoii\\nand Powers to McMullen and McGloin toLeftwich, Milam, etc. 44\\nSection IV. Colonization Law Cost of Land to Immigrants Quan-\\ntity to Each Land Bonuses Town Lots to Mechanics and Mer-\\nchants Premium Lands to Empresarios Land Commissioner.. 49\\nSection V. Progress of Settlements Slavery Austin s Authority\\nTexas joined to Coahuila Political Chiefs Representatives Civil\\nOfficers Appellate Court Taxation 52\\nSection VI. Indians The Caranchuas The Comanches The\\nSmaller Tribes The Keechies The Intrusive Tribes Scalping of\\nWilbarger Number of Indians in Texas 56\\nSection VII. 111 Treatment of Colonists Arrest of Padilla and\\nMadero Bustemente s Proclamation Mexican Garrisons in Texas\\nTrouble at Anahuac Fight at Velasco at Nacogdoches Mexican\\nSoldiers leave Texas 59\\nSection VIII. State of the Colonies Convention of 1833 Austin\\nsent to Mexico Revolution in Coahuila Austin in Prison Almonte\\nin Texas Political Parties Live Stock Agriculture Commerce\\nEducation Churches 64\\nPERIOD III.\\nthe revolution THE TEARS 1835 AND 1836.\\nSection I. Troubled State of the Country Despotism in Mexico\\nLegislature of Coahuila Dispersed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No Civil Government in Texas\\nAdministrative Council Austin s Return\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mexican Soldiers in\\nTexas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proscribed Patriots\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Affairs at Gonzales\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Capture of Goliad\\nof Lipantitlan 71\\nSection II. Civil Government General Consultation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provisional\\nGovernment Instituted\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Austin Appointed Military Commander\\nBattle of Concepcion Capture of San Antonio\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trophies of the\\nVictory 75\\nSection III. Executive Council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Convention of 1836 Declaration\\nof Independence Government ad interim David G. Burnet, Presi-\\ndent Condition of the Texan Army 82", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 7\\nSection IV. Santa Anna s Plans His Arrival at San Antonio-\\nTravis Besieged Capture of the Alamo Massacre of the Garrison\\nDeath of David Crockett The Child of the Alamo 84\\nSection V. Urrea in the Southwest Mexicans at San Patricio\\nKilling of Grant Massacre of King s Men at Refugio Fannin\\nEvacuates Goliad \u00e2\u0080\u0094Battle of Coleta Fannin and Ward Surrender\\nThe Massacre at Goliad 90\\nSection VI. San Jacinto Campaign Santa Anna Advances in Three\\nColumns Houston s Retreat from Gonzales Crosses the Brazos at\\nGroce s Camps at the Mouth of the San Jacinto Santa Anna at\\nNew Washington Skirmishing on the 20th of April 94\\nSection VII. Battle of San Jacinto Strength of the Two Armies-\\nBattle-cry of the Texans Furious Charge of the Texans Total\\nRout of the Enemy Capture of Santa Anna 99\\nSection VIII. Retreat of Filisola Strength of his Army President\\nBurnet on the Battle-ground Houston Wounded Yields the Com-\\nmand to General Rusk Treaty with Santa Anna Condition of\\nAffairs in Eastern Texas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arrival of General Quitman General\\nGaines Texas Navy 101\\nSection IX. Embarrassments of the Country Treatment of Santa\\nAnna Dissatisfaction in the Army Diplomatic Relations with the\\nUnited States Election Ordered \u00e2\u0080\u0094Meeting of the First Congress\\nInauguration of Constitutional Government 105\\nPERIOD IV.\\nTEXAS A REPUBLIC FROM 1837 TO 1845.\\nSection I. Houston s First Administration He Surrenders his\\nSword Congress A Loan Authorized Homesteads to Emigrants\\nProposed Reforms Rejection by Acting President of Mexico of\\nSanta Anna s Treaty with Texas Another Mexican Invasion Threat-\\nened Independence Recognized by the United States Army and\\nNavy Houston s Indian Policy Indian Fights 110\\nSection II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lamar s Administration Austin made the Capital The\\nNew Navy Republic of the Rio Grande Lamar s Indian Policy\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIndio-Mexican League Expulsion of the Cherokees Fight with\\nIndian Captives at San Antonio Comanches Descend to the Coast\\nPlum Creek Fight Moore s Fight on the Colorado Santa Fe Ex-\\npedition Finances 116\\nSection III. Houston s Second Administration Improvement in the\\nFinances Raids of Vasquez and Woll\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dawson s Defeat Removal\\nof the Seat of Government The Meir Expedition The Navy\\nIndian Treaty The Snively Expedition Regulators and Mod-\\nerators 126\\nSection IV. Jones s Administration Foreign Relations Finances\\nof the Country Annexation of Texas to the United States 136", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 CONTENTS.\\nPERIOD V.\\nTEXAS A STATE OF THE UNION FROM 1846 TO 1875.\\nSection t. Henderson s Administration War with Mexico Battles\\nof Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma Gov. Henderson in Command\\nof the Texans Lieut.-Gov. Horton Acting Governor 140\\nSection H. Wood s Administration The Public Debt Indian Raids\\nSanta Fe Controversy 142\\nSection HI. Bell s Administration Sale of Santa Fe to the United\\nStates New Public Buildings 143\\nSection IV. Pease s Administration Progress of the Country\\nSchool Fund\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Public Asylums Additional Payment for Santa F6\\nState Aid to Railroads\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cart War A Full Treasury 145\\nSection V. Runnels Administration Acquisition of Territory\\nIndian Reservations Indian Fights Trouble from Cortina Evi-\\ndences of Progress 147\\nSection VI. Houston s Administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frontier Protection Sup-\\nposed Incendiary Fires Political Excitement Houston s Circular\\nto other Governors Action of the Legislature The Convention\\nRecognized Secession Houston Displaced 150\\nSection VII. Clark s Administration War Measures Texas Ports\\nBlockaded 153\\nSection VIII. Lubbock s Administration Texas Prosperous State\\nMilitary Board The Arizona Expedition Confederates Evacuate\\nGalveston Magruder Recaptures the City Sabine Pass 155\\nSection IX. Murrah s Administration Cotton Bureau The Feder-\\nals at Brownsville Fight with the Kickapoos Dispersion of the\\nConfederate Army Gen. Granger in Command 157\\nSection X. Hamilton s Administration First Reconstruction Con-\\nvention of 1866 161\\nSection XI, Throckmorton s Administration Indian Depredations\\nGovernment in Texas Provisional Throckmorton Removed .163\\nSection XII. Pease s Administration Military Commander the Real\\nGovernor Second Reconstruction Couvention of 1868-9 164\\nSection XIII. Davis s Administration Constitutional Amendments\\nRatified Senators and Representatives Admitted to Congress\\nFrontier Protection Homestead Law Increase of Population\\nResults of a General Election Excitement at the Capital 165\\nSection XIV. Coke s Administration Supreme Court Re- organized\\nConstitutional Convention Provided for Closing Remarks In-\\ncrease in Population, in Agricultural Products, in Live-Stock, and in\\nAggregate Wealth Rail road Progress Telegraph Lines Improve-\\nment of Canals, Channels, etc 169\\nCk)N6TITDTI0N OF THE StATE OP TEXAS 175", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 9\\nPART VI.\\nTEN years progress\u00e2\u0080\u0094from 1876 TO 1885.\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Changes in State Constitution Succession of Governors\\nState Legislatures 175\\nSection II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State Debt State Finances 178\\nSection III. Wealth and Population Our Public Lands Public\\nFree Schools 181\\nSection IV. State Institutions of Learning\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Charitable Institutions\\nPenitentiaries 185\\nSection V. State Capitol Railroads Conclusion 188\\nConstitution of the State of Texas 191\\nAmendments to the Constitution 243", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "History of Texas.\\nRUINS OF THE ALAMO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1837.\\nPERIOD I.\\nTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF MISSIONS.\\nFrom the Landing of La Salle, in 1685, to the Tueaty between\\nTHE United States and Spain, in 1819.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Texas a Province\\nOF Spain.\\nSECTION I.\\nLAKDIN-G OF LA SALLE. HIS SUBSEQUEl^T MOVEMENTS\\nAND DEATH.\\n1. The coast of Texas was visited by Robert, Cavalier de\\nLa Salle, on the 10th of February, 1685. La Salle sailed\\nSection I.-l, When did La Salle land in Texas? At what point? What\\nbecame of La Salle s principal ships", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 MOVEMENTS OF LA SALLE.\\nfrom France with four ships, and upward of three hundred\\npersons, to phint a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi.\\nMisled by inaccurate charts, the fleet sailed too far to the\\nwestward, and entered a bay named by the French San\\nBernardo, since called Matagorda. A succession of disasters\\nbefell the expedition. One of the vessels was captured by\\nthe Spaniards, on the outward voyage. Another was wrecked\\nin attempting to cross the bar. Early in March, the naval\\ncommander, in a pet, sailed for France in a third. The\\nIndians, at first friendly, soon became hostile, and some of\\nthe French fell victims to their tomahawks.\\n2. To secure a more eligible site for a permanent fort, La\\nSalle crossed the bay, and ascended a river which, from the\\nbuffalo upon its banks, he named Les Vaclies (Lavaca),\\nHere he erected Fort St. Louis, since known as Dimmit s\\nPoint. The transfer of the colonists, and the erection of\\nnecessary buildings, occupied the summer months. In Oc-\\ntober, La Salle, with some companions, started eastward by\\nland to find the Mississippi. The only remaining vessel, the\\nBelle, was sent across the bay and lost in a gale. After\\nweeks of absence, in which the Colorado was discovered, La\\nSalle returned and found his colony in a languishing condi-\\ntion. Many were sick, some had died, provisions were be-\\ncoming scarce, and some of the reckless adventurers began\\nto exhibit signs of mutiny.\\n3. Relief must be obtained, and La Salle determined to\\ncross the country to the French settlements in Illinois.\\nHe started on the 22d of April, 1686, with twenty picked\\nmen. The country was flat, and the numerous streams\\nswollen by spring rains. While at a village of the Nassonite\\nIndians, on the Neches [nay -chcs) River, La Salle and his\\n2. Where did he erect hie fort? What became of his only remaining vespelt\\n3. How did La Salle propose to reach his countrymen? When did he start\\nWhy did he return to Fort St. Louis", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS IN TEXAS. 13\\nnephew Avere attacked with fever. When they had sufficient-\\nly recovered to resume their journey, it v/as found that their\\nammunition was nearly exhausted, and it would be neces-\\nsary to return to Fort St. Louis for a fresh supply. Only\\neight men survived to reach the fort, on the 22d of October.\\n4. The number in the fort had also greatly diminished.\\nBut La Salle again started across the continent, taking, as\\nbefore, twenty companions. They left on the 12th of Jan-\\nuary, 1687. Fort St. Louis, with its small garrison of twenty\\npersons, including seven women, was left in charge of Bar-\\nbier, who had married one of the maidens that came out\\nfrom France. La Salle had reached the neighborhood of\\nhis former encampment on the Neches, when a mutiny broke\\nout, and he was cruelly assassinated by one of his own men.\\nThis was about the 16th of March. The feeble fort was soon\\nafterwards attacked by the Caranchuas, and its inhabitants\\nkilled or captured.\\nSECTION IL\\nTHE SPANIARDS IN TEXAS. EL PASO. SAIS^TA FE. DE\\nLEON.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDI AIT TRIBES.\\n1. The country, thus temporarily occupied by the French,\\nwas claimed by the King of Spain. As early as 1582, a com-\\npany of Spaniards, under Espejo [ays-pay lio), visited the\\nupper Eio Grande, and established missions at El Paso {ayl\\npah so) and Santa Fe. When the Viceroy of Mexico heard\\nof the landing of La Salle, a small force was sent to dislodge\\n4, When did he etart the second time? Give the particulars of his death.\\nWhat became of the fort\\nSection II. 1. What European sovereign claimed Texas? Where had tha\\nSpaniards established missions? Who was sent into Texas by the Viceroy o\\nU exico", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 INDIAN TRIBES.\\nbim, under the command of Captain Alonzo De Leon\\n{day lay -on). As De Leon advanced into the country, he\\ntook pains to conciliate the natives. He found Fort St. Louis\\nin ruins, but recovered a few of the French from the In-\\ndians, and humanely sent them to their friends.\\n2. When Texas was first visited by Europeans, it was oc-\\ncupied by various tribes of Aborigines. The Cennis, Nas-\\nsonites, Nacogdo ches, Anadaquas {ah-nali-dah quahs), Ayish,\\nYtass ies, Tehas {tay -hahs), etc., inhabited the territory be-\\ntween Buffalo Bayou and the Sabine. They lived in villages,\\npossessed domestic animals, and cultivated patches of corn,\\nbeans, potatoes, pumpkins, and a variety of garden vegeta-\\nbles. When La Salle reached the villages of the Nassonites,\\nhe was hospitably entertained, and furnished with horses and\\nprovisions to continue his journey. These Indians were sup-\\nposed to belong to the same race with the Aztecs of Mexico.\\n3. A number of nomadic tribes roamed over the western\\nprairies, who subsisted by hunting and fishing. The Caran-\\nchuas, a tall, athletic, and warlike race, lived upon the coast.\\nThe Comanches occupied the country between the Brazos and\\nGuadalupe {gwhah-dah-loo pay) rivers, with their main lodges\\non the upper Colorado. Then, as now, this tribe lived\\nmostly by plunder. They have been called the Arabs of\\nthe prairies. The Apaches hunted over the highlands be-\\ntween the San Saba and the Rio Grande, with their head-\\nquarters about the liandiQY d. {balm-day -rah) Pass. The prin-\\ncipal village of the Wacoes was on the Brazos {brah zos),\\nwhere a city of the same name now stands. The Tehuacanaa\\n{tay-whak -cah-nahs) gave their name to a range of hills in\\nLimestone county. The Lipans Ton kawas, and Musca-\\nlar oes, were small and kindred tribes.\\n2* Name some of the Indian tribes of East Texae. How did they live\\n3* What tribe lived on the coast? Where were the main lodges of the Coman\\nches The Apaches Wacoes Tehuacanaa t", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "MISSIONS. 15\\n4. It has been said these prairie Indians were cannibals.\\nThis is probably a mistake. In their war dances, they some-\\ntimes tasted morsels of the flesh, and perhaps of the blood,\\nof their enemies. This was done to make them more cour-\\nageous. Those best acquainted with the manners and cus-\\ntoms of these tribes, say they never used human flesh aa\\nfood.\\nSECTION III.\\nMISSION ESTABLISHMENTS. THEIR OBJECT. HOW\\nCONDUCTED. PRESIDIOS.\\n1. The Europeans, in coming to this continent, had two\\nobjects in view. Eirst, the acquisition of territory for tlieir\\nrespective sovereigns. Second, the conversion of the natives\\nto Christianity. The establishment of missions, it was\\nthought, would accomplish both these objects. Posses-\\nsion of the country was secured, and many of the Indians\\nreceived Christian baptism, and gradually adopted the hab-\\nits of civilized life. In Texas, these missions were under\\nthe supervision of monks of the order of St. Francis. In\\nthe west, points were selected capable of irrigation, and a\\ntract of land, several miles square, was given to each estab-\\nlishment. The Eathers, with a few domestics and soldiers,\\ntook possession, and by persuasion or by force, Indians were\\ninduced to congregate in the neighborhood.\\n2. A substantial house (generally of stone) was erected,\\nwhich answered the double purpose of a place of worship in\\ntime of peace, and a fortress for defense in time of danger.\\n4. Were the Indians cannibals?\\nSection III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What object? did the Europeans propose to accomplish in\\ncoming to America? How did the establiphment of missions a:d them f\\n3. What purposes did the mission church serve?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 INDIANS DOMESTICATED.\\nSuitable houses were also built for the priests, and rude huts\\nfor the Indians, who were employed in taking care of stock,\\nand cultivating the ground to supply food. In return for\\nthis comparatively light labor, the Indians received religious\\ninstruction, food, and clothing.\\n3. These domesticated Indians were called In dios redu\\ncidos, while those who still remained in their savage state\\nwere called In dios hrd vos. If a mission proved prosperous,\\nand a considerable population collected around it, it was\\nerected into ix presidio, and finally into a village or city. In\\nMexico, and other States of Central and South America, these\\nmissions were instrumental in converting almost the entire\\nnative population to Christianity, and since the establishment\\nof republican institutions in those countries, full blooded\\nIndians have risen to the highest offices in the various de-\\npartments of their respective governments.\\nSECTION IV.\\nDATES OF THE PRINCIPAL MISSIONS IN TEXAS. MISSIONS\\nSECULARIZED.\\n1. Under the direction of De Leon, who again visited\\nTexas in 1690, a mission was established at Presidio (jway-\\nsee -de-o), on the Rio Grande, and preparations made for\\nanother, at Fort St. Louis. Missions were also projected at\\nother points. In 1691, Domingo Teran succeeded De Leon\\nas military commander at Monclova. Teran took measures\\nto plant settlements in Texas.\\n3* What name was given to domesticated Indians To wild Indians? How wai\\npresidio formed What was the effect of these miesions in Central and Soutb\\nAmerica?\\nSection IV. 1 In what year was the mission at Presidio commenced f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "DATES OF PRINCIPAL MISSIONS. 17\\n2. In 1692, a village called Sail Fernandes (now San An-\\ntonio), was begun near the head of the San Antonio River.\\nBesides fathers for the missions, Teran sent into the prov-\\nince soldiers, accompanied with laborers, who brought cattle\\nfor domestic use, and seeds for planting. The Mission San\\nAntonio de Valero was commenced on the Rio Grande in\\n1703, and removed to the San Antonio River in 1715, and to\\nthe plaza, in the city, in 1718. In 1714, Don Domingo\\nRamon, to secure a settlement on the Guadalupe River, and\\nfor the irrigation of the valley, projected the Mission Nues-\\ntra Seiiora de Guadalupe (Mission Valley). In 1715, Ra-\\nmon also commenced missions at La Bahia {lali-lali-hee -ah),\\nNacogdo clies, on Ayish Bayou, and at Adaes, on the east\\nside of the Sabine.\\n3. San Antonio was erected into a presidio November 28,\\n1730, and the next year, under orders from the King of\\nSpain, citizens for the new city were brought from the Ca-\\nnary Islands. The transportation of sixteen families, con-\\nsisting of fifty-seven persons, cost the royal treasury $72,000.\\nOn the 5th of March, 1731, was laid the foundation of La\\nPurisima Concepcion, and during this period of prosperity,\\nthe Missions la Espa da [lali ays-imh -dah), San Juan, and\\nSan Jose were commenced. The foundation of the Al amo\\nwas laid in 1744.\\n4. In 1734, a mission was established among the Co-\\nmanches on the San Saba {sah bah) River. In 1758, a rich\\nsilver mine was discovered in the neighborliood. This col-\\nlected a large number of miners. The miners and the In-\\ndians quarrelled. To avenge some real or fancied wrong, at\\n2. In what year was San Antonio settled When was the mispion San Antonio\\ncommenced When was it located in the city What mission was projected in\\n1714 What missions were commenced in 1715\\n3. WTien was San Antonio erected into a presidio Give the date of the fonnda\\ntion of the mission Concepcion. The Alamo.\\n4. When was the San Saba mission established? When broken up", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 THE FRENCH AGAIN IN TEXAS.\\na time when all the soldiers were absent, the savages fell\\nupon the defenseless missionaries, and put them all to death.\\n5. In 1778, Seiior Gil y Barbo laid the foundation of the\\nold stone house in Nacogdoches and in 1790, the Mission\\nof our Lady of Refuge, Refugio {ray-foo -yeo), was com-\\nmenced. This was the last mission undertaken by the Frar,-\\nci scans in Texas. For a century they had labored for the\\ncivilization of the Indians. Some of their mission churches\\nhave disappeared. Other massive structures stil] stand,\\nmonuments of the religious zeal and enterprise of their\\nfounders.\\n6. On the 8th of April, 1794, Don Pedro de Nava, Gov-\\nernor of Chihuahua {chee-ivhali -whah), issued a decree secu-\\nlarizing all the Texas missions, thus transferring them from\\nthe control of the monastic orders to the regular clergy.\\nTexas was, at that time, under the jurisdiction of the bishop\\nof Guadalaxara [giuah-dah-lah-liah -rali). In 1805, it was\\nincluded in the new bishopric of Nueva Leon, and the\\nbishop, Don Primus Feliciana Maria, paid a visit to the\\nprovince in company with Governor Cordero. He brought\\nwith him a number of priests for the various missions.\\nSECTION V.\\nTHE FRENCH AGAIN IN TEXAS. CROZAT. ST. DENIS.\\nLA HARPE. BELISLE. SPANISH GARRISONS.\\n1. Under the right of prior discovery by La Salle, the\\nFrench still laid claim to the country. By a royal chiirter,\\n5. When was the stone house built in Nacogdoches When was mission Refngfo\\ncommenced\\n6. When were the missions secularized What Bishop visited Texas in 1805?\\nSection V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, To whom did Louis XIV, of France, give Louisiana?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CR0ZAT\u00e2\u0080\u00948T. DENIS. 19\\ndated September 14, 1712, Louis XIV. granted to Anthony\\nOrozat the whole of Louisiana, inckiding all the territory\\ndrained by the Mississippi. Crozat was an enterprising mer-\\nchant, and hoped to build up a profitable trade with the\\nnorthern provinces of Mexico, and, if practicable, carry on\\nextensive mining operations.\\n2. Under the advice of Crozat, Condillac, then Governor\\nof Louisiana, sent lluchereau St. Denis on a trading trip\\nto Mexico. The company, consisting of twelve Frenchmen\\nand a few friendly Indians, started from Natchitoches in\\nAugust, 1714. They arrived safe on the Rio Grande, and\\nwere kindly received by the Spanish commander at Presidio,\\nwho hoped to derive a profit from the prospective trade.\\nBut when Gaspardo Anaya, Governor of Coahuila, heard of\\nthe arrival of the French, he ordered tlie whole party ar-\\nrested. St. Denis did not long remain in prison, though it\\nis uncertain how he obtained his liberty. He still main-\\ntained friendly relations with the commander at Presidio,\\nand before leaving the Eio Grande, married the daughter of\\nthat officer.\\n3. In 1716, St. Denis again visited the Rio Grande with a\\nsupply of goods for traffic. This trip was more unfortunate\\nthan the first. The men to whom he entrusted his goods\\nacted dishonestly, and he was again thrown into prison. A\\nsecond time he made his escape, and, taking his wife with\\nhim, returned to Mobile, then the capital of Louisiana.\\n4. In 1718, the territory of Louisiana passed to the con-\\ntrol of the Company of the Indies, of which John Law, tlie\\n2. Who was sent into Texas? When did St. Denis leave Natchitoches? How\\nwas he treated by Governor Anaya To whom was St. Denis married\\n3. When did he again visit the Rio Grande Was that a fortunate trip?\\n4. What company controlled Louisiana in 1718 What European nations were\\nengaged in war? What Frenchmen entered Texas With whom did La Harpe find\\na refnge", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 LA HARPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094BELI8LE.\\ncelebrated financier, was the leading spirit. In the latter\\npart of this year, Avar broke out between France and Spain.\\nAs soon as this was known in America, St. Denis, then in\\ncommand at Natchitoches, in conjunction with La Harpe,\\ncollected a few soldiers for the invasion of Texas. The\\nFrench expelled the Spaniards from Nacogdoches, and ad\\nTanced as far as San Antonio. Here they encountered an\\narmy of five hundred Spaniards, under Marquis de Aguayo,\\nAvhom the Viceroy had sent to hold the Province. St.\\nDenis hastily retreated to the Sabine. La Harpe, how-\\never, remained in Texas, having found a refuge in one of\\nthe villages of the Nassonites. He claimed the counti-y fo7\\nFrance, and carried on a lengthy correspondence with De\\nAlarconne, the Spanish commander who succeeded De\\nAguayo. The controversy as to the ownership of Texas\\nwas kept up by different parties for more than a century\\n5. In 1720, the Company of the Indies sent out an expedi-\\ntion to plant a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. This\\nfleet, like that brought out by La Salle, was driven too far\\nto the westward, and also entered Matagorda Bay. While\\nthe captain of one of the vessels was taking in a supply of\\nwater, M. de Belisle and four companions went ashore to\\nhunt. The hunters overstaying their time, were deserted\\nby their countrymen. Belisle found his way to a Nassonitc\\nvillage, and contrived to send word to St. Denis at Natch-\\nitoches. The fate of his companions is involved in obscuri-\\nty. The report that they immediately perished from starva-\\ntion, in a country abounding in fish and game, is too incred-\\nible for belief.\\n6. The next year the governor of Louisiana sent a com-\\n5. What company attempted to plant a colony in Texas, in 1720 How came Be\\nIJBle and his companions to be left? Their fate\\n6. For what purpose did Belisle and La Harpe again enter Texas? Did they sue\\ncoed f Where did Governor Aguayo place garrisons", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "INDIAN COALITION. 21\\npany, under Belisle and La Harpe, to form a settlement on\\nMatagorda Bay. But while the Nassonites were friends of\\nthe French, the Caranchuas were allies of the Spaniards,\\nand Belisle met with serious difficulties and his party soon\\nreturned to Louisiana, leaving Texas to the Spaniards. To\\nsecure the country, Governor Aguayo, in 1722, placed gar-\\nrisons at the most important posts: one hundred at Adaes;\\ntwenty-five on the Neches; ninety at the Bay of San Ber-\\nnardo (Matagorda), and fifty-three at San Antonio de\\nBexar.\\nSECTION YL\\nINDIAN COALITION. OWNERSHIP OF LOUISIANA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS AT\\nTHE CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY^\\n1. In 1729, a number of powerful Indian tribes formed a\\ncoalition for the expulsion of all the Europeans from the\\ncountry between the Mississippi and the Rio Grande. Tiie\\nNatchez and associate bands, were to fall upon the French\\nin Louisiana, while the Comanches, Apaches, and other\\nprairie tribes, were to expel the Spaniards from Texas.\\n2. The ever vigilant St. Denis, at Natchitoches, hearing\\nof this coalition, did not wait to be attacked; but hastily\\ncollecting some troops, entered the territory of the Natchez,\\nand dispersed them before they were prepared to resist him.\\nThe Spanish commander failed to act with equal prompt-\\nness; and for two years the settlements in Texas were har-\\nrassed by the Comanches, who sometimes ventured to the\\nvery walls of San Antonio. But, in 1732, Governor Bustilloa\\nSection VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What league was formed by the Indians in 1729\\n2. What measures did St. Dennis adopt Did the Spaniards act with equal vigor\\nWhen did BustiJlos chastise the Comanches", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 TEXAS AT THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.\\norganized a military expedition, entered the Indian territory,\\nchastised the savages, and secured peace to the settlements.\\n3. In 1762, France transferred her Louisiana iDOSsessions\\nto Spain. This was a fortunate change for Texas, as all re-\\nstrictions heretofore existing were removed from trade,\\nwhich was freely carried on across the Sabine. Texas was\\nattached to the Intendency of San Luis Potosi {po-to-see),\\ncommerce extended in that direction, and, upon the whole,\\nthis was an era of quiet and prosperity. In 1800, Spain\\nretroceded Louisiana to France, and in 1803, Bonaparte\\nsold it to the United States.\\n4. At the close of the eighteenth century Texas had no\\nseaport, though her bays were occasionally visited by pirati-\\ncal vessels belonging to the buccaneers. On the Rio Grande,\\nthe towns of Presidio and El Paso had a settled population,\\nand enjoyed many of the luxuries of life. Wheat was ex-\\ntensively cultivated grapes grew luxuriantly, and the\\ninhabitants were well supplied with garden vegetables and\\nfruits. The interior of the country had a population esti-\\nmated at about six thousand, of which one third were in\\nSan Antonio and there were permanent settlements at\\nGoliad, Nacogdoches, and some other points. Almonte\\nestimated that at this period one hundred thousand cattle,\\nand forty thousand horses, grazed upon its broad prairies.\\n5. But Texas was connected with Mexico, and under the\\ndominion of a Spanish Viceroy, and Mexico herself already\\nbegan to exhibit premonitory signs of a coming revolution.\\nShe felt the influence of the young republic which had\\ngrown up in North America, and was further affected by\\n3. To whom was Louisiana transferred in 1762 When was it again retroceded tc\\nFrance When sold to the United States\\n4. What vessels entered the harbors of Texas What is said of the number and\\ncondition of its inhabitants at the close of the eighteenth century\\n5 With what was Mexico threatened Why", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SPANISH JEALO U8T. 23\\nthe changes which the career of Bonaparte was producing\\nin Europe. The Spanish authorities viewed the Unitec\\nStates with distrust, especially after that government had\\nacquired Louisiana and revived the French claim to Texas.\\nSECTION VIl.\\nSPANISH JEALOUSY OF THE UNITED STATES. PHILIP NOLAN.\\nPIKE AND FREEMAN. CORDEEO AND HERRERA.\\nWILKINSON. HOSTILE FORCES ON THE SABINE.\\n1. The increasing prosperity of the American republic and\\nthe claim that Texas was included in the purchase of Louis-\\niana, excited the jealousy of the Spaniards, who adopted a\\nmost proscriptive policy. They forbade any citizen of the\\nUnited States from entering Spanish territory without a\\npassport, and that could be obtained only by persons whose\\nobject was scientific ey,ploration. This hostile feeling was\\nwell expressed by Dor*. Salcedo, general of the Eastern In-\\nternal Provinces, who said that, had he the power, he\\nwould stop even the birds from flying across the boundary\\nline between the United States and Mexico.\\n2. Notwithstanding the hostility of the Spaniards, Am ri-\\ncans occasionally entered Mexican territory. In 1800, Philip\\nNolan, Ellis P. Bean, and eighteen others left Natchez,\\nMississippi, avowedly to hunt wild horses in Texas. The\\nSpanish Viceroy, believing that Nolan was engaged in\\nsome enterprise much more important than catching mus-\\ntangs, sent word to the commander at Nacogdoches to arrest\\nSection VII. 1. How did the Spaniards regard the Americans? What did\\nBalcedo say he would do if he had the power\\n2. What party of Americans entered Texas in 1800 For what purpose", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 PHILIP NOLAN.\\nhim. Nolan evaded arrest by entering Texas higher up the\\ncountry.\\n3. Arriving on the high prairies, between the Trinity and\\nthe Brazos, Xolan halted, erected a block-house, and com-\\nmenced his preparations for securing a supply of horses.\\nHere, on the 21st of March, 1801, he was discovered by\\nLieutenant Musquez, who, with about one huudred soldiers,\\nhad been dispatched from San Antonio for his capture.\\nNolan fell, mortally wounded, at the first fire. After con-\\ntinuing the fight for some time, Bean, upon whom the com-\\nmand devolved, surrendered, upon the promise that he and\\nhis party should be conducted back to Nacogdoches, libera-\\nted, and sent to the United States. But instead of being re-\\nleased, they were put in chains and marched on foot to the\\nRio Grande. Here they were long kept in different prisons,\\nand it is believed Bean was the only one who ever revisited\\nhis native country.\\n4. In 1S06, Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike, of the U. S.\\nArmy, while out on an exploring tour towards the head-\\nwaters of the Rio Grande, was discovered by the Mexicans,\\narrested, deprived of his papers, and sent home under an\\nescort who acted as spies upon his conduct. The next year.\\nColonel Freeman, sent out by President Jefferson to explore\\nthe Red River country, was also discovered by the Mexicans,\\narrested, and sent home.\\n5. To make sure of the possession of Texas, in 1805, Gov.\\nDon Antonio Oordero advanced from La Bahia (now Goliad)\\nto the Sabine with a military force to hold the country.\\nThe next year he was joined by Manuel de Salcedo, Captain\\n3. VHiere did Nolan s party erect their block-house When was Nolan killed 1\\nWhat became of his companions\\n4. How was Pike treated by the Mexicans Freeman\\n6. What Mexican officer entered Texas in 1805 By whom was he joined the next\\nyear Where did Herrera establish his headquarters", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HOSTILE FORCES ON THE SABINE. 25\\nGeneral of the Eastern Internal Provinces, and Simon de\\nHerrera, an experienced general and accomplished diplomat-\\nist. Herrera crossed the Sabine, and occupied the olo\\nSpanish post at Adaes. This post had been selected by the\\nSpaniards before the boundary line between Texas and Lou-\\nisiana was designated. This step of Herrera, added to\\nother provocations, produced a warlike feeling in the\\n[Jnited States, both with the government and people.\\n6. The message of President Jefferson, at the opening of\\nCongress in December, 1805, was considered equivalent to a\\ndeclaration of war with Spain. General Wilkinson, a zealous\\nadvocate for war, was in command at Natchitoches. Under\\nhis instructions. Governor Claiborne called out the militia of\\nLouisiana to assist in driving the Spaniards across the\\nSabine. It was publicly stated that Herrera had peremp-\\ntory orders to maintain his position.\\n7. At this juncture, when a collision seemed inevitable,\\nthe two commanders met, and by an adjustment, unexpected\\nto all parties, preserved the peace. A narroAV strip between\\nthe Sabine and a small bayou, called Arroyo Hondo, was\\ndesignated as neutral ground, not to be occupied by\\neither party until the boundary line was finally settled.\\nSECTION vm.\\nMA gee s expedition. KEMPER. PERRY. BATTLE OP\\nROSILLO. DEED OF HORROR. BATTLES OF ALAZAN AKD\\nMEDIITA. HORRIBLE CRUELTIES.\\n1. The neutral ground becoming a place of resort for\\n6, What was the tone of President Jefferson s message What American general\\ncommanded at Natchitoches\\n7. How were hostilities prevented\\nSection VIII,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What was the character of the population of the neatral\\ngroiTnd? What purpose did Magee form? Wliat was the name of the ne\\\\\\norganization", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 MAGE E 8 EXPEDITION.\\nlawless men and freebooters, the United States soldiers\\nstationed at Natchitoches were frequently called upon to\\nprotect the caravans of merchants passing across the terri-\\ntory. One of the officers who assisted in breaking up this\\nnest of robbers, was Lieutenant Augustus W. Magee. While\\nthus engaged, Magee conceived the idea of organizing this\\nfloating and turbulent population into an army with which\\nto revolutionize Texas, and rescue it from Mexican control.\\nIn this he was encouraged by Bernardo Gutierres, a repub-\\nlican leader, formerly connected with Hidalgo, and who,\\nafter the fall of that chief, had made his home on the\\nSabine. The new organization took the name of tlie Eepub\\nlican Army of the North.\\n2. Magee was the controlling spirit, though Bernardo was\\nthe nominal commander. The republicans cherished a\\nspecial hatred against the native Spaniards, who were called\\nGachupins {gah choo-2}eens), and this is sometimes called\\nthe Gachupin war. Magee and his party, without opposition,\\ntook possession of Nacogdoches in July, 1812. In Septem-\\nber the Republicans, to the number of about three hundred,\\nmoved to the west and entered Goliad; the small Spanish\\ngarrison retiring without a fight. On the 7th of November,\\nGovernor Salcedo and Gen. Herrera arrived in the neigh-\\nborhood with troops from San Antonio. On the 20th, hav-\\ning received some field pieces, a vigorous but unsuccessful\\nattack was made upon the town. The fight lasted nearly\\nall day, the Spaniards suffering a severe loss.\\n3. Finding it impossible to take the place by storm,\\nHerrera next attempted to starve out the garrison. In this\\nhe was equally unsuccessful. About the 1st of February,\\n2. Who accompanied Magee as nominal commander When did the Republicans\\nreach Goliad When did Salcedo arrive What occurred November 20\\n3. What did Herrera next attempt What is said of the battle February 14", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF ROSILLO. 27\\n1813, Magee died, and was succeeded in command by Major\\nSamuel Kemper. On the 14tli of February anotlier severe\\nbattle was fouglit. Three times during the day the Span-\\niards succeeded in getting inside the walls, and were as\\nmany times driven out with great slaughter. They soon\\nafterwards abandoned the siege.\\n4. News of these successes brought large accessions to\\nthe republican ranks. One hundred and seventy-five\\nAmericans, and twenty-five Coshattie Indians, joined them\\nfrom Nacogdoches. A reorganization of the army took\\nplace. Gutierres was still nominally the commander.\\nKemper was elected Colonel, and Eoss, Major. The repub-\\nlicans started at once for San Antonio. At the Salado they\\nwere reinforced by three hundred Lipan and Tonkawa\\nIndians, tender Captain McFarland. The army at that time\\nnumbered eight hundred Americans, three hundred and\\ntwenty-five Indians, and one hundred and eighty Mexicans.\\n5. The Spaniards had also been reinforced and numbered\\nabout two thousand. Salcedo did not wait to be attacked in\\nSan Antonio, but, confident of victory, on March 2, 1813,\\nmet the republicans at a place called Eosillo, about nine\\nmiles from the city, and took position in a chaparral to\\nambush the Americans. The latter discovered the enemy,\\nand prepared for a vigorous charge. The republicans were\\nagain successful, defeating the royalists with great slaughter.\\nand driving them in confusion back to the city. Many of\\nthe wounded, after surrendering, were dispatched by the\\nIndians, who, in the hour of victory, were uncontrollable.\\nIn this fight the republicans lost nine killed and twenty-five\\n4 How was the republican army affected by their successes After reorganizing,\\nfor what place did they march Who joined them at the Salado Total number of\\nthe Republican Army?\\nn. How many Spanish soldiers Where and when was the battle fought Give\\nthe particulars. When did the victors enter San Antonio", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 CAPTAIN DELO ADO S REVENGE,\\nwounded. The loss of the enemy was much gretiter.\\nOn theotli of March, tlie victors marched in triumph into\\nthe town. When 8alcedo surrendered his sword to Kemjoer,\\nb.e paid a high compliment to the valor of the Americans.\\n6. After arriving m the city, Gutierres, who had hereto-\\nfore been comparatively passive, now that he was among his\\ncountrymen, began to exercise authority and organized a\\ngoverning junta. Among the republican officers there was\\na Captain Delgado, whose father had been connected with\\nthe revolution under Hidalgo. When that chieftain was\\nshot, the elder Delgado sought refuge in San Antonio. He\\nwas here seized by Governor Salcedo, beheaded, and his head\\nstuck upon a pole at one of the public crossings of the river.\\nThe younger Delgado, to revenge his father s death, obtained\\na decree from Bernardo s governing junta for the execution\\nof all the Spanish officers who had surrendered as prisoners\\nof war. As he well knew the Americans would never consent\\nto such a butchery, he conveyed them out of the city,\\nunder the pretext that they were on their way to the coast\\nto be sent to New Orleans for safe keeping. When a few\\nmiles out they were halted, and all beheaded.*\\n7. This shameful act of bad faith induced Colonels\\nKemper, Ross, Hall, and many others, to abandon the repub-\\nlican cause in disgust. The Americans who remained elect-\\ned Captain Perry commander.\\n8. A month later another Spanish army, said to number\\nabout three thousand, under Don y Elisondo, appeared on\\nAmong those thus butchered were Salcedo, governor of Texue; Simon de\\nHerrera, sfovernor of Neueva Leon, and his brother Colonel Geronimo Herrera;\\nex-Governor Cordero, and ten others, captains and lieutenants.\\n6. What was organized in the city What did the younger Delgado desire How\\ndid he execute his horrible design\\n7. What officers abandoned the republican ranks Who was elected comuiandei\\nof the Americans\\n8. What number of soldiers did Elisondo bring to San Antonio", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF ALA Z AN. 29\\nthe heights of the Alazan, just west of San Antonio. So un-\\nexpected was the appearance of this new army, that a company\\nof republicans, out grazing their cavalry horses, was surprised\\nand made prisoners. Elisondo might at once have marched\\ninto the city, with scarcely a show of opposition; but he\\nhalted, and commenced throwing up breastworks. This\\ngave the republicans time to organize. Perry rallied the\\nAmericans, while Bernardo, assisted by Captain Manchaca,\\nan influential resident of the place, collected a considerable\\nnumber of Mexicans.\\n9. About midnight, on the 4th of June, the republicans\\nmarched quietly out of the city, and waited in silence until\\ndaybreak, when a furious assault was made upon the hastily\\nbuilt breastworks. Encouraged by their leaders, the repub-\\nlicans entered the camp of the enemy, tore down the Spanish\\nflag, and unfurled their own tri-color in its place. Elisondo\\nrallied his men and re-took the breastworks. The battle\\nraged for several hours with varying fortunes, but finally\\nthe desperate valor of the republicans prevailed, and the\\nroyalists retreated in disorder to the Eio Grande, leaving a\\nthousand of their number either killed or wounded wpow\\nthe battle-field.\\n10. After this battle, Gutierres was again displaced from\\ncommand, and with his family returned to his old home on\\nthe Sabine. About this time anotlier distinguished officer\\nappeared at San Antonio. This was Don Juan Alvarez\\nToledo, who was at once elected commander of the repub-\\nlicans. The Americans, demoralized by their splendid\\nvictories, were indulging in excesses in the city. Toledo\\nwas well assured that the royalists would return, and dis-\\nplayed considerable energy and capacity in preparing\\n9. Give the particulars of the battle of Alazan?\\n1 0. What became of Bernardo Gutierres Who became commander in hi?\\nplace?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 BATTLE OF MEDINA.\\nfor defense. He organized a governing junta and a citj?\\npolice, and restored the supremacy of civil law.\\n11. Unwilling to give np Texas, Arredondo, the com-\\nmander of tlie Eastern Internal Provinces, collected another\\narmy of about four thousand, and marched rapidly for San\\nAntonio. Arriving at the Medina, a few miles from the city,\\nhe halted and began to fortify. He erected breastworks in\\nthe shape of a with the open end towards the city. The\\nrepublicans were but poorly prepared to meet this new\\narmy. Toledo was a Gachupin, a class held in special\\ndetestation by many of the soldiers. The Mexicans thought\\nManchaca ought to be the commander, and they followed\\nToledo with reluctance.\\n12. Instead of awaiting an attack in the city, Toledo\\nmarched out, August 18th, to meet the royalists. Arredondo\\nthrew forward a line of skirmishers who were instructed,\\nafter a few shots, to retire and draw the republicans into\\nthe inclosed space within the breastworks. Toledo dis-\\ncovered the ambuscade, and ordered a halt, but the impetu-\\nous Americans, not understanding the reason for the order,\\nrushed forward. Though many Avere slain, they held their\\nground with unflinching courage, and would, perhaps, have\\ngained a victory, but in the heat of the battle one of the\\nMexican officers in their ranks deserted to the enemy.\\nThis traitor gave Arredondo information as to the strength\\nand position of Toledo s army. The republicans, seeing\\nthemselves betrayed and surrounded by an exultant and\\noverwhelming foe, were first thrown into disorder, and then\\nsuffered a terrible slaughter.\\n13. The victors inflicted horrible cruelties. Three hun-\\n11. What Spanish commander next entered Texas? With how many soldiers!\\nWhere did he fortify\\n1 2. When was the battle of Medina fought Give the particulars.\\n1 A. How did the Spaniards conduct themselves in the city liow many AmericaTH\\nescaped across the Sabine", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "AFFAIRS A T GAL VESTON. 31\\ndred citizens, during a sultry August night, were crowded\\ninto a close room, where eighteen perished from suffocation.\\nThe most refined ladies were forced to grind corn for tor-\\ntillas tor-tee -y alls, small cakes). Elisondo, chafing under\\nbis former defeat, pursued the fugitives with relentless fury.\\nAt the Spanish Bluff some seventy-five or eighty were\\novertaken and inhumanly butchered. Out of eight hun-\\ndred and fifty Americans, only ninety-three are known cer-\\ntainly to have reached the Sabine River.*\\nSECTION IX.\\nAFFAIRS AT GALVESTON AURY. SOTO LA MARIKA.\\nPERRY. THE PIRATE LAFITTE.\\n1. It is uncertain when Galveston Island was first visited\\nby Europeans. There are conjectures that Pinda was on it\\nin 1519 and again, that after the death of De Soto, his party\\nspent several days there in 1543. There is a stronger prob-\\nability that La Salle, while hunting for the mouth of the\\nMississippi, in 1686, discovered the Island, and gave it the\\nname of San Luis, a name still borne by a small island be-\\ntween Galveston and the mouth of the Brazos.\\n2. But at that early period the coast of Texas was but\\nlittle known. La Salle placed the mouth of the Mississippi\\nnearly two degrees too far south. Old maps place San An-\\nIt is nncertain who commanded the American? in the battle of Medina.\\nRumor says that Perry, having beun warned by a Mexican rirl, whose confidence\\nhe had trained, that Lieutenant Musquez would desert, profited by tlie warning, and\\nleft l)efore the battle. Kennedy says Kemper had returned and re-umed command.\\nTwo of the American captains, Bullard and Taylor, made their escape, the\\nformer severely wounded. Perry afterwards figured at Galveston and iu Mina s\\nexpedition to Soto la Marina.\\nSection IX,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What Europeans are supposed to have visited Galveston in\\nthe sixteenth and in the seventeenth centuries\\n2. Was the coast of Texas well known Who occupied Galveston in 1816", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 A UR Y\u00e2\u0080\u0094SOTO LA MARINA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PEER Y.\\ntonio nearly two degrees too far west. All conjectures as tc\\nthe points on the Gulf visited by early navigators are un-\\ncertain. The buccaneers had discovered Galveston harbor,\\nand occasionally entered it with their piratical vessels, lu\\n1816, Commodore Louis De Anry, formerly of Carthagena,\\nbut who was tiien sailing under a commission from Senor\\nHerrera, the Mexican republican ambassador at Washington,\\ntook possession of the Island. With a few vessels Aury\\npreyed upon Spanish commerce on the Gulf. On the 24th\\nof November he was reinforced by the arrival of the cele-\\nbrated General Mina, who brought several additional vessels\\nand some two hundred men. At the same time Colonel Perry\\nhad collected about one hundred men at Bolivar Point.\\n3. Learning from some of their cruisers that the town of\\nSoto La Marina, on the Santander River, in Mexico, was in a\\ndefenseless condition, Aury and his companions resolved to\\nmake a descent upon the place. They sailed from Galves-\\nton April 6th, 1817. The town was taken without a fight.\\nSoon afterwards a misunderstanding arose in reference to the\\ncommand, and Aury, who controlled the fleet, returned to\\nthe Texas coast.\\n4. Perry, conceiving the force too small to maintain itself\\nin the heart of Mexico, with fifty companions started back\\nto Texas by land, a distance of five hundred miles, through\\nthe enemy s country. He reached the neighborhood of Go-\\nliad in safety, and might have passed on to the Sabine, but\\nhe halted before the place, and summoned the small garrison\\nto surrender. While parleying with the commander of the\\npost, a company of two hundred cavalry, sent by Arredondo\\nto capture him, arrived, and he was thus at the same\\ntime attacked both in front and rear. Perry fought until\\n3. What to^^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n in Mexico did Aury determine to capture Why did Aury retire f\\n4. What is said of Perry", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE PIRATE LAFITTE. 33\\ntlie last of his brave band fell by his side, when he drew hia\\npistol and died by his own hand.\\n5. General Mina, even with his reduced force, gained\\nsome brilliant victories, but was finally captured and shot\\nA ury, instead of remaining on the Texas coast, went to\\nassist Sir George McGregor in the conquest of Florida.\\n6. In 1817, when the celebrated buccaneer, Lafitte, was\\ndriven by the authorities of the United States from Bara-\\ntaria, he established himself on Galveston Island. Here\\nlie built a small village, which he named Campeachy. La-\\nfitte styled himself governor of Galveston, and bore a com-\\nmission, furnished him by Colonel Bean, as commodore in\\nthe navy of Republican Mexico. But the commerce of othei\\nnations besides Mexico snff ered from the depredations of\\nLafitte s cruisers,\\n7. In 1821, the United States sent a naval force, under\\nLieutenant Kearny, to break up this band of semi-pirates.\\nOn the arrival of Kearny at Galveston, Lafitte disbanded\\nhis company and bade a final farcAvell to Texas.\\nSECTION X.\\nLO^^G S EXPEDITION TO TEXAS. DRIVEN OUT B\\\\ PEREZ.\\nRETURNS TO TEXAS. AT GOLIAD.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AT MEXICO. AS-\\nSASSIN^ATED.\\n1. In 1819, an expedition for the invasion of Texas wag\\norganized at Natchez nnder the leadership of Dr. Jamea\\nLong. With seventy-five men Long started from ]N atchez\\non the 17th of June. Volunteers continued to flock to hia\\n5 What is said of Mina Of Aury\\n6. Who occupied Galveston in 1817\\n7. When did he leave the island\\nSection X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 Where was Long s expedition organized", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 LONG S EXPEDITION TO TEXAS.\\nstandard, so tliai: when he crossed the Sabine he had a force\\nof three hundred.\\n2. At Nacogdoches he organized a provisional government,\\nand also sent detachments of soldiers to occupy the trading\\nposts in Eastern Texas, and tlie crossings of the rivers.\\nLong himself went to Galveston, to secure the co-operation\\nof Lafitte but that wily chieftain, warned by the fate of\\nPerry and Mina, declined to join in the new revolutionary\\nmovement. While at Galveston, Long heard that the officer\\nleft in command at Nacogdoclies had become dissipated and\\nthe men demoralized, and he liastened back to correct these\\nevils.\\n3. Arredondo was still in command at San Luis Potosi.\\nAs soon as he heard of the new invasion of Texas, he\\nhastened forward a considerable force under Colonel Perez, to\\nexpel the invaders. Before Long arrived at Nacogdoches, on\\nhis return, Perez had reached the upper crossing of the Bra-\\nzos, at Tenoxticlan. Captain Johnson and eleven otlier\\nAmericans, were captured. The rest of the garrison fled\\ndown the river to the lower crossing at Washington. They\\nwere so hotly pursued tliat they lost their baggage, and\\nhastily retreated to the villages of the friendly Indians on\\nthe Trinity.\\n4. At Si^anish Bluff David Long, brother of the General,\\nwas killed, though a number of his men reached Nacogdo-\\nches in safety. Perez followed up the retreating Americans,\\nand arrived at Nacogdoches so unexpectedly, that General\\nLong aiid his family barely had time to escape across the\\nSabine. There were still afeAVof Long s men at the Oo-\\n2. Where did Long organize a provisional government\\n3. Who waa commander at San Luis Potosi Whom did Arredondo send againkj\\nLong\\n4. What officer was killed at Spanish Bluff How did General Long escApel\\nWhere did he rejoin his followers", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HIS SECOND EXPEDITION. 35\\nshattie village, on the Trinity. These escaped in canoes\\ndown the river to Bolivar Point. Here they were soon\\nafterwards rejoined by Long, who had made his way through\\nthe swamps of Louisiana, and re-crossed the Sabine near the\\nuoast.\\n5. Not at all disheartened, the undauuted Long immedi-\\nately commenced his preparations for another invasion. To\\nobtaiu recruits and supplies, he visited New Orleans, where\\nhe met Palacios, one of the republican generals of Mexico,\\nand Benjamin R. Milam, who were preparing for a descent\\nupon Vera Cruz. Long succeeded in procuring a vessel and\\nfifty-two men, and sailed down the coast of Texas to the\\nmouth of the San Antonio river. Here he landed and pro-\\nceeded to Goliad, and took possession of that town without\\nopposition. A fevv days afterward, a company of soldiers\\nfrom San Antonio surrounded the place. These soldiers pro-\\nfessed to be republicans contending against the royalists, and\\nthere seemed no propriety in fighting them.\\n6. Under fair promises Long surrendered, when he and\\nhis men were disarmed and marched to the city of Mexico.\\nWhen they arrived there, they found the government in the\\nhands of the republicans, and through the influence of Mr.\\nPoinsett, the American minister, Long and his companions\\nwere liberated, though Long was soon afterwards assassinated\\nin the city.\\n5 Why did Long visit New Orleans At what point in Texas did he land What\\ntown did he occnpy\\n6. What became of Long and his men after surrendering f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 PUBLIC ROADS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAME OF TEXAS.\\nSECTION XL\\nKAKLY PUBLIC RO.lDS. NAME OF TEXAS. l^AMES OF RIY-\\nERS. POrULATION TREATY BETWEEif THE UNITED\\nSTATES AND SPAIN.\\n1. When De Leon passed through the country in 1689,\\nhe opened the old La Bahia (Goliad) road, crossing the\\nGuadalupe at Mission Valley, in Victoria County, the Colo-\\nrado at Lagrange, the Brazos at Washington, and the Trin-\\nity at Robinson s Crossing.\\n2. The San Antonio road was opened by St. Denis, in\\n1714. He entered Texas at Gaines Ferry, and, passing\\nNacogdoches, Mound Prairie, and Robinson s Crossing, left\\nthe La Bahia road, crossing the Brazos below Tenoxticlan,\\n(in Burleson county), the Colorado at Bastrop, and pro-\\nceeded on to San Antonio, and thence to Presidio, on the Rio\\nGrande.\\n3. General Herrera and Govenor Cordero, in 1805, opened\\nthe Atasco Si to road. It crossed the Colorado at Columbus,\\nthe Brazos at San Felipe, and the Trinity at Liberty. These\\nwere the principal thoroughfares, though smuggling parties\\nopened many contraband paths.\\n4. La Salle gave to Texas the name of Louisiana, for\\nLouis XiV. The Spaniards at first called it New Philip-\\npines, in honor of Philip V. of Spain. They also called\\nthe western portion New Estremadura. Kennedy says,\\nDe Leon gave the name of Tehas to the Nassonite Indians,\\nSection XI. 1 By whom and at what time was the La Bahia road opened\\n2. By whom was the San Antonio road opened In what year\\n3. By whom and when was the Ataeco Sito road laid out\\n4. What name did La Salle give Texas What name did the Spaniards apply to\\nEast Texas To the western portion What did Tehas mean in the Nassonite\\nanguage How did Burnet account for the name", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "NAMES OF RIVERS. 37\\nowing to their friendly disposition; tehas, in their\\nhmgiiage, signifying friends. Judge Burnet says: The name\\nAvas derived from a small tribe of Indians that inhabited\\na village called Teluis, on the Neches river/ The first time\\nthe name was used in diplomatic correspondence, was in tlie\\ncontroversy between De Alarconne and La Harpe. In early\\ntimes tlie inhabitants were called Texians, Texasians, Tex-\\nasites, and Texioans. The word is now generally written\\nTexan.\\n5. The Indian name of the Trinity was Arkokisa of the\\nBrazos, Tockanhono of the Colorado, Pashohono. The\\nSpaniards gave the name of Brazos de Dios to the Colorado,\\nand Eio Colorado to the Brazos but blundering geogra-\\nphers afterwards interchanged these names. The Trinity\\nriver was probably so named because the Spaniards reached\\nit on Trinity Sunday as the Navidad was so named because\\nit was discovered on Christmas, (the day of the JVativiti/).\\nThere is some confusion about the names of western rivers.\\nIn old maps, the San Antonio is marked as the Medina, and\\nthe Guadalupe as the San Marcos. The Lavaca still bears the\\nname given to it by La Salle. The Nueces was named from\\nthe pecans upon its banks. The Eio Grande, having been\\ndiscovered in three places, received three names. At Santa\\nFe, it was called Del Norte at Presidio, where it is broad,\\nit was called Rio Grande; and at Eeinosa, where it is swift,\\nRio Bravo.\\n6. The wars produced by fiUibustering expeditions nearly\\ndepopulated Texas. Nacogdoches had been entirely deserted,\\nnor was there a family remaining between that place and\\n5. What was the Indian name of the Trinity River The Brazos The Colorado!\\nWhat river still bears the name given it by La Salle How came the Rio Grande to\\nhave three names\\n6. What is said o* the population of Texas What became of the Cennis and\\nNassonite Indians", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 TEEATY OF 1S19.\\nSan Antonio. There were a few Mexicans still at the latter\\nplace and at Goliad. The populous and pacific tribes of\\nCennis and Nassonite Indians had entirely disappeared.\\nSome historians say they were swept away by the Indians\\nthat entered Texas from the United States during the period\\nof the American revolution. These tribes had always been\\nallies of the French, and it is not improbable that the Span-\\niards had assisted in their extermination.\\n7. After the purchase of Louisiana, the United States\\nclaimed Texas as a part of that territory. Spain also claimed\\nthe eastern portion of Louisiana as a part of Florida.\\nBy the treaty negotiated February 22, 1819, by John Quincy\\nAdams and De Onis, Spain relinquished Florida to the\\nUnited States, and the latter gave up all claim to Texas,\\nfixing the Sabine as the southwestern boundary of Louisiana.\\n7 Under what purchase did the United States claim Texas By what treaty did\\nSpain acquire an undisputed title", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "RE VIE W Q UE8T10N8. 39\\nCHRONOLOGICAL EEVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nFIRST PERIOD.\\nWhat Frenchman landed on the coast of Texas, February 18, 1685 Robert Lf\\nSalle, who was assassinated in March, 1687.\\nWhat Spaniard was sent into Texas in 1689 Captain Alonzo De Leon.\\nWhen was San Antonio settled In 1692, cr 1693.\\nWhat Frenchman visited Texas in 1714 Huchereau St. Denis.\\nFor what was the year 1715 noted For the foundation of Missions at La Bahia^\\nNacogdoches, Adaes, and other places.\\nWhat Frenchmen attempted, in 1721, to form a settlement on Matagorda Bay\\nBelisle and La Harpe.\\nWhat league was formed in 1729 An Indian league, to expel the French from\\nLouisiana, and the Spaniards from Texas.\\nWhen was San Antonio erected into a Presidio Nov. 28, 1730.\\nWhen was the foundation of the Alamo laid In 1744.\\nWhat Mission was broken up in 1758 The Mission San Saba.\\nWhen did the Anglo-Americans first settle in Texas In 1800 the same year\\nthat Nolan s party entered the country.\\nWhen was the neutral ground designated In 1806, by Gens. Wilkinson and\\nITerrera.\\nWhat expedition was organized in 1812 That of Magee s, styled the Republican\\nrmy of the North.\\nWhen did the Republican Army enter San Antonio April 5, 1813.\\nIn what battle were the republicans totally defeated and driven from Texas? In\\nthe battle of Medina, August 18, 1813.\\nWhat expedition sailed from Galveston in 1817 Aury and Mina s expedition to\\nSoto La Marina.\\nWho occupied Galveston in 1818 Lafitte.\\nWhen did Long s expedition enter Texas In 1819.\\nWhen was the treaty formed between the United States and Spain, by which tno\\nlatter acquired an indisputable title to Texas Feb. 22, 1819.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40\\nPLANTING COLONIES.\\nA c/^^Wt^^^\\nPERIOD II.\\nCOLONIZATION UNDER EMPRESARIO GRANTS.\\nFrom 1820, to the imprisonment op Stephen F. Austin in Mexico and\\nTHE BREAKING OUT OF THE REVOLUTION IN 1834. TeXAS A\\nProvince of Mexico.\\nSECTION I.\\nPLAl^TIN^G COMPANIES OF COLOKISTS. AUSTIN S GRANT.\\n1. The Spaniards placed but a moderate yaliie upon land,\\nand manifested a willingness to give reasonable quantities to\\nactual settlers. But the hostility of the Indians rendered it\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What estimate did the Spaniards place upon land Why was\\nit necessary for colonists to settle in companies Who first proposed to plant a", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MOSES A USTIN. 4]\\nunsafe for single families to locate at any considerable dis-\\ntance from the Missions. To secure protection, the plan was\\nsuggested of introducing companies of colonists under em-\\npresario contracts. Kobert Owen was probably the first who\\nproposed to plant a colony in the province. He wished here\\nto test the practicability of his communist theory. But as\\nthe Spanish authorities required all colonists to profess the\\nCatholic faith, Mr. Owen s application was rejected. The\\nfirst colonial grant issued by the Mexican Government was\\nto Edmund Keene, an Englishman, who failed to comply\\nwith his contract.\\n2. From adventurers who had traversed the country, Moses\\nAustin, then a resident of Missouri, heard glowing descrip-\\ntions of Texas its rich soil, delightful climate and capa-\\nbility of sustaining a dense population. He resolved to ap-\\nply to the proper authorities for permission to introduce\\nthree hundred families into the country. In pursuit of this\\nscheme, Austin visited San Antonio. He was at first coldly\\nreceived by Govenor Martinez, and ordered to leave the\\nprovince under pain of imprisonment. As he left the Gov-\\nernor s office, and was walking across the plaza, he met\\nBaron de Bastrop, with whom he had previously formed\\nan acquaintance in Louisiana. Through the influence\\nof Bastrop, the Governor was induced not only to rescind\\nthe order for Austin s banishment, but to join the\\nmunicipal officers of the city in recommending his project\\nto General Arredondo, at Monterey. JSTot doubting the suc-\\ncess of his application Austin hastened back to make ar-\\nrangements for introducing his colonists. Disease delayed\\ncolony in Texas? Why was Owen s application rejected? Who obtained the first\\ngrant\\n2. What opinion had Moses Austin formed of Texas How many families did he\\npropose to introduce How was he received by Governor Martinez Who induced\\nthe Governor to chan ?e hi? mind? Did Austin live to plant his colony To whom\\ndid he commit the execution of his plan", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 STEPHEN F. AUSTIN.\\nhim on his ronte, and he reached Missouri m feeble health.\\nNews arrived that Arredondo had grantea the petition,\\n(January 18, 1821), but in the meantime Austin had died,\\nleaving, howeyer, a dying injunction that his son Stephen\\nshould carry forward his plans for planting the new colony.\\nSECTION 11.\\nAustin s first coloi^y. location^ chosej?^. embarrass-\\nments. first contract completed. OTHER CON-\\nTRACTS TAKEN.\\n1. Stephen F. Austin was in New Orleans when he heard\\nof the success of his father s application, and he immedi-\\nately started for Natchitoches, to meet the commissioner\\nsent on with the decree of Arredondo. Soon afterward he\\nheard of the death of his father, and of his dying request\\nin reference to the colony.\\n2. The commissioner sent to conduct Austin to Texas was\\nDon Erasmo Seguin. He was accompanied by Don Juan\\nVeramendi. Both were distinguished citizens of San An-\\ntonio. These gentlemen at once recognized the right of\\nStephen F. Austin to carry out his father s contract, and in-\\nvited him to accompany them to the interior of the country,\\nand select a location for settlement.\\n3. Besides the escort of the commissioners, Austin took\\nwith him thirteen companions. They entered Texas, July\\nSection II,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Where was S. P. Austin when he heard of the success of hia\\nfRther s application\\n2, Who was the commissioner sent to introduce Austin into Texas? What dife-\\ntini^uished citizen of San Antonio was with Segnin?\\n3. How^ many Americans accompanied Austin? When did thej cntoi Texas.\\nWhat territory did Austin select for his colony", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "A USTIN m MEXICO. 43\\n16, 1821, Hiid arrived at San Antonio, August 13. Austin\\nwas cordially received by Governor Martinez, and proceeded\\nat once to examine the country, with a view of selecting a\\nlocation. He chose the region south of the San Antonio\\nroad, between the San Jacinto on the east and the Lavaca\\nRiver on the west. This included the rich bottom lands of\\nthe Lower Colorado and Brazos Eivers. Having thoroughly\\nexplored the country, Austin returned to New Orleans.\\nI. Austin s means were limited, but at New Orleans he\\nfound Mr. Joseph H. Hawkins, a former school-mate at the\\nUniversity of Transylvania, Ky. With the assistance of Mr.\\nHawkins, the schooner Lively was purchased, and loaded\\nwith provisions, farming utensils, etc. The Lively, with\\neighteen persons on board, sailed from New Orleans for\\nMatagorda Bay, Nov. 20, 1821, and was never heard from\\nafterward.\\n5. The same day the Lively left New Orleans, Austin\\nstarted for Texas by land. At Natchitoches he was joined\\nby ten companions. The party reached the Brazos River on\\nthe last day of the year. Crossing a little below where the\\ntown of Washington now stands, a camp was struck upon a\\nsmall stream, which the next morning received the name\\nof New Year s Creek. Austin hastened to the coast to meet\\nthe party of the Lively. For nearly three months he waited,\\nand hunted along the beach, when, receiving no tidings of\\nthe missing vessel, he finally gave her up for lost.\\n6. On visiting San Antonio, Austin learned that it would\\nbe necessary for him to go to the city of Mexico to obtain\\n4. Who assisted Austin in fitting out the schooner Lively What became of the\\nveseel\\n5* When did tlie first colonists arrive on the Brazos? What name was given to\\nthe creelc on which they camped\\n6. What did Austin learn on reaching San Antonio Who was left in cTiar\u00c2\u00a3re of\\nthe colony How long did Austin remain in Mexico Who was appointed land\\ncommissioner", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 HA YDEN ED WARDS S COLONY.\\nthe sanction of the newly inaugurated Republican Govern-\\nment. He requested Josiah H. Bell to take cliarge of the\\nnew colony during his absence, and departed for Mexico,\\nreaching that city April 29, 1822. The revolutionary state\\nof tlie country compelled him to remain a wliole year in\\nthe capital before a government was established which he\\ndeemed worthy of confidence. Having obtained the sanction\\nof all the rulers who had temporarily exercised authority in\\nthe city, Austin started back to Texas in the spring of 1823.\\nAt Monterey he met with a cordial reception from General\\nLa Garcia, who had succeeded Arredondo as commander of\\nthe Eastern Internal Provinces. La Garcia appointed Baron\\nde Bastrop commissioner to issue land titles to the colonists.\\nHe also directed that the capital of the new province, wheL\\nlaid off, should, in honor of the Empresario, be called San\\nEelipe de Austin.\\n7. Having introduced the three hundred families required\\nby the first contract, Austin, under the general colonization\\nlaw of April 24, 1825, entered into another contract for five\\nhundred more. In 1827 he took a third contract for one hun-\\ndred families, and the next year a fourth for three hundred.\\nSECTION in.\\nEdwards s colony. feedonian war. various other\\nCOLONIAL grants.\\n1. On the 18th of April, 1825, Hayden Edwards took a\\ncontract for the introduction of eight hundred families into\\nEast Texas, including the territory between theNavasotoand\\nT. What further contracts did Austin undertake\\nSection III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, Who took the contract for settling East Texas Wliat was\\nthe character of the floating population about Nacogdoches In whose favor did\\nthe alcaldes decide", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "DISTURBED AFFAIRS OF THE COLONY. 45\\nthe Sabine Rivers. Edwiirds found in his territory, especially\\nabout the old settlement of Nacogdoches, a good man^;\\nsquatters, who laid claim to large tracts of land. Some\\nof these were former occupants of the neutral ground.\\nThey comprised a few Americans, but were mostly Mexicans,\\nThese Mexicans not un frequently set up claims to land, im-\\nproved and occupied by the colonists introduced by Edwards.\\nIn almost every instance the alcaldes decided in favor of\\ntheir Mexican countrymen. To quiet these old claims,\\nEdwards gave notice that they must all be presented within\\na given time, or they would be rejected, and the land re-\\nappropriated. This still further complicated the affairs of\\nthe colony.\\n2. Appeals were taken to Saucedo, the political chief at\\nSan Antonio, who vigorously espoused the cause of the\\nMexicans. After protesting somewhat warmly against the\\ninjustice with which his colonists had been treated, Hayden\\nEdwards made a visit to the United States, leaving his\\nbrother, Benjamin W. Edwards, in charge of the colony.\\nBenjamin wrote to Governor Blanco defending his brother\\nfrom the charges brought against him by persons styled in\\nthe letter his* Mexican enemies. The use of the term,\\nMexican enemies, gave Blanco great offence. He pro-\\nnounced the charges against Hayden Edwards well sus-\\ntained, and added I have decreed the annulment of his\\ncharter, and his expulsion from the territory of the republic,\\nin discharge of the supreme orders with which I am in-\\nvested. This was October 2, 1826.\\n3. Before this letter reached Nacogdoches, Hayden Edwards\\nhad returned. The Americans were of course highly exas-\\n2. To whom did the parties appeal To whom did Benjamin Edwards write\\nWhat was Blanco s reply When was the decree issued?\\n3. How did the Americans resolve to maintain their rights? With whom did\\nthey form an alliance What name did they aj-sume Did Edwards succeed in ral*", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 FREBONIAN WAR.\\nperated at this order, and, instead of referring the subjects\\nin controversy to the supreme authorities in Mexico, resolved\\nto maintain their rights by force. An alliance was formed\\nwith the semi-civilized Indians, who were quite numerous in\\nthe neighborhood. By this alliance the Indians were to\\nhave the frontier territory, with an undefined boundary, and\\nthe Americans the coast. On the 18th day of December\\nthe flag of Fredonia was unfurled, and a legislative council\\norganized. The alcaldes, Sepulvida and Norris, who had\\nbeen elected by the Mexicans, were deposed, and others\\nappointed. As a precautionary step, the Fredonians took\\npossession of the stone house, and fortified it. Norris, one\\nof the deposed alcaldes, collected a few followers, and on the\\n4tli of January, 1827, attacked this house. He was repulsed\\nwith the loss of one killed and several wounded. But\\nEdwards found it impossible to rally any considerable party\\nto his assistance. Colonel James Gains, who had assisted both\\nMagee and Long, took sides with Norris, who was his father-\\nin-law. Colonel Bean, the Indian agent, succeeded in detach-\\ning most of the Indians from the league, and neither Austin\\nnor Bastrop gave the least encouragement to the Fredonians.\\nWhen news of these proceedings reached San Antonio,\\nSalcedo, with a body of troops under Colonel Ahumada, start-\\ned for the scene of disturbance. At San Felipe, Austin and\\na company of his colonists joined him. Before they reached\\nNacogdoches, Edwards and his followers retired across the\\nSabine, and, happily, tranquility vv^ as restored without further\\nbloodshed.\\n4. After the expulsion of Edwards, the territory which he\\nhad commenced colonizing was given to other parties. In\\nlying many followers What steps did Salcedo take Who j(tined Salcedo at Sao\\nFelipe What became of the Fredonians\\n4. Where was Zavalla s grant", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "OTHER COLONIAL GRANTS. ATi\\n1829, Lorenzo de Zavalla obtained a grant for the country\\nbordering upon the Sabine, including the present counties\\nof Jefferson, Orange, Jasper, Newton, etc. At that time the\\nSpaniards (or Gachupins) were obnoxious to the republicans\\nof Mexico, and, by the terms of Zavalla s grant, were excluded\\nfrom this territory.\\n5. In 182(5, Joseph Vehelin obtained a charter to colonize\\na large scope of country, including the present counties of\\nLiberty, Hardin, Tyler, Polk, Walker, Montgomery, Grimes,\\netc. Vehelin was requested to introduce Swiss, Germans\\nand French, though Americans were not absolutely excluded.\\nAt the same time, David G. Burnet obtained a grant to\\ncolonize the region north of Vehelin s colony, including\\nthe counties of San Augustine, Nacogdoches, Cherokee,\\nAnderson, etc. The three grants last mentioned were dis-\\nposed of to a company of capitalists in New York styled\\nthe Galveston Bay Company.\\n6. That company, without any participation on the part\\nof either empresario, and contrary to the express advice of\\nBurnet, converted its purchase into a stock speculation, and\\nflooded the country with land scrip to an enormous amount.\\nThe Mexican Government, says Burnet, ratified the con-\\ntract, and an agency of the company was established at Na-\\ncogdoches but little, however, was done towards colonization\\nunder either grant.\\n7. Martin de Leon obtained two contracts, the first in\\n1825, to introduce forty-one families; and the second in\\n1829, for one hundred and fifty more, all to be located near\\n5. What territory was included in Vehelin s grant? In Burnet s? To whom\\nwere these grants sold\\n6. Into what did the Galveston Bay Company convert its purchase Did they\\nIntroduce many colonists\\n7. WTiat territory did Martin De Leon propose to colonize What territory waa\\ngranted to Green De Witt? To Hewitsou and Powers? To McMullen and\\nMcGloin", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 OTHER COLONIAL GRANTS.\\nthe Guadalupe river in Victoria county. He was living at\\nVictoria (then called De Leon s Ranche) when he obtained\\nhis first contract. The territory still higher up the river,\\nincluding the counties of De AVitt, Gonzales and portions\\nof Lavaca and Guadalupe, was granted to Green De Witt\\nin 1825. On the coast between the San Antonio and Nu-\\neces rivers, Hewitson and Powers introduced some colonists,\\nhaving in 1828 obtained a contract for two hundred families.\\nTlie same year McMullen and McGloin contracted to intro-\\nduce a similar number into San Patricio county. Most of\\nthese latter colonists were Irish.\\n8. In 1825, Robert Leftwich obtained a contract for intro-\\nducing eight hundred families into the territory above the\\nSan Antonio road, and extending from the Navasota river\\non the east, westward to the dividing ridge between the\\nwaters of the Colorado and San Marcos rivers. The next\\nyear Leftwich introduced a few families, and erected a fort\\nin what is now Burleson county. He returned to Tennessee\\nand died. After his death an association, called the Nash-\\nville Company, was formed to complete the contract. In\\n1830, under the auspices of this company. Sterling C. Rob-\\nertson and Alexander Thomson entered Texas with some\\ncolonists. But some difficulties arose with the Mexican\\nauthorities, and most of these families settled in Austin s\\ncolony. In 1831, the same territory was granted to Austin\\nand Williams, and Sterling C. Robertson was ordered to\\nleave the province; but on the 29th of April, 1834, decree\\nNo. 285 recognized the Leftwich contract, and reinstated\\nRobertson as empresario, who succeeded in introducing some\\nfive hundred families.\\n9. B. R. Milam agreed to settle two hundred families on the\\n8* Give the location of Leftwich s grant. Who introduced coloni^it8 under this\\n?rant in 1830 What parties obtained this grant in 1831 When was it restored to\\nRobertson\\n9. Whore was Milam^s grant situated, and to whom did he dispose of it Wh?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "COLONIZA TION LAW. 49\\nSan Marcos river, but disposed of his contract to the Baring\\nBrothers, London. General Filisola obtained a charter for col-\\nonizing the territory immediately north of that given to\\nBurnet, and the Red Eiver country was given to John\\nCameron. Contracts were also awarded to Frost Thorn,\\nStephen J. Wilson and Padilla and Chambers, but no steps\\nwere taken to settle up the territory. AVest of the Nueces,\\nin the state of Coahuila, Beal and Grant introduced a few\\nEnglish colonists. After 1825 a large number of immigrants\\ncame to Texas on their own responsibility, and selected\\nhomes, and obtained titles to their land, under the provision\\nof a general colonization law.\\nSECTION IV.\\nKATIOKAL COLONIZATION LAW. GENERAL PROVISIONS.\\nQUANTITY OF LAND ALLOWED TO COLONISTS. LAND COM-\\nMISSIONERS..\\n1. The law of Iturbide in 1823, and the national coloni-\\nzation law of 1824, guaranteed to foreigners settling in Texas\\nsecurity for their persons and property. Ten coast leagues,\\nand twenty leagues bordering on the United States were re-\\nserved from location. The law of Coahuila and Texas, of\\n1825, reaffirmed the general provisions of the national law,\\nwhich required colonists to be members of the Roman Cath-\\nolic Apostolic Church. In the distribution of lands, prefer-\\nence was to be giA^en 1. To military officers having claims.\\nobtained contracts for settling tlie country on Red River Who attempted to settle\\nthe country west of the Nueces river?\\nSection IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What rights were guaranteed to immigrants under the colo-\\nnization law? What leagues were reserved from location What church was es-\\ntablished by law To whom was preference given in the distribntiou of land?\\nWhat kind of a certificate must the applicant present", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 TERMS OF COITTRACTS.\\n2. To Mexican citizens. 3. To foreigners in the order ol\\ntheir application. Tlie land must be occupied and a portion\\nbrought into cultivation within six years. To procure land,\\nthe applicant must present a certificate of good moral char-\\nacter to the commissioner, who gave an order Ibrthesur-\\nyey and when the field notes Avere returned to the office,\\na patent was issued, upon stamped paper, signed by the em-\\npresario and land commissioner.\\n2. Under Austin s first contract, by previous agreement,\\nthe colonists were to pay twelve and a half cents an acre.\\nThis, however, was never collected. Under the general law,\\nthe stamped paper cost between two and three dollars, and\\nthe whole cost of a league of land amounted to about $180.\\nIn 1832, the citizens of Bexar, in their remonstrance to the\\ngeneral government, complained that in Texas a league of\\nland cost from llOO to $300, while in other Mexican States it\\ncould be obtained for from $15 to $20.\\n3. In the printed forms of permits given by Austin (as\\ncivil and military commander of the colony forming on the\\nColorado and Brazos rivers in the Province of Texas, under\\nthe government of JS^ew Spain), in 1821, to families under the\\nfirst contract, there was promised to each man 640 acres, to\\nhis wife 320, to each child 160, and to each slave 80 acres.\\nWhen Austin reached the city of Mexico, and applied for a sec-\\ntion of land for each family, the Mexican officers misunder-\\nstood the term section, and supposed he meant township.\\nThey replied that that was too much for a single family, but\\nthat they were willing to give each one a league, sitio, 4,428\\n2* How much were Austin s first colonists to pay per acre for land? What com-\\nplaint did the citizens of Bexar make to the central government t\\n3. In Austin s printed permits in 1821, how much land was promised each man?\\nHow much to his wife f To each child? Slave? How did the Mexicans under-\\nBtand the word section What did they propose in place of a section Whai pro-\\nvision was made for merchants and mechanics? How much land did the emprcsano\\nreceive for introducing one hundred families?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "LAND COMMISSIONERS. 51\\nacres for grazing purposes, and an additional labor (lah bore)\\n177 acres, for cultivation. A single man obtained one-third of\\na league, which was increased to a league if lie married. If\\na colonist erected a mill, or made other valuable improve-\\nments for the public good, he received a handsome land\\nsubsidy. Mechanics and merchants received town lots for\\nshops and stores, and also out-lots, with grounds for gar-\\ndens and for family residences. For introducing one hun-\\ndred families, the empresario was entitled to five leagues and\\nfive labors of land with this restriction, however, that one\\nperson could hold in his own right only eleven leagues.\\nAny amount above that must be speedily disposed of, or it\\nwould revert to the government.\\n4. The land commissioner was an important officer; he\\nsuperintended surveys, to see that claims did not clash, and,\\nin conjunction with the empresario, issued land titles. He\\nlaid off all towns, and was required to see that these towns\\nhad four leagues of land the streets to run parallel, crossing\\neach other at right angles; having suitable squares desig-\\nnated for churches, school-houses and other public buildings.\\nThe commissioners appointed alcaldes, regidores, etc. (offi-\\ncers corresponding with those of mayor, recorder, etc.).\\nThese civil officers constituted the ayuntamiento (town\\ncouncil, or police court). The commissioner also estab-\\nlished ferries, and, in conjunction with the empresario,\\nexercised all the functions of civil government.\\n4* Who superintended the surveys How many leagues of land were given to\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sch town f How were the streets laid off Who appointed officers for towno?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENTS.\\nSECTION V.\\nPKOGRESS OF SETTLEMENTS. SLAVERY. CIVIL GOVERIT-\\nMENT. TAXATION^.\\n1. Austin bad, through various newspapers in the United\\nStates, made known the advantages of Texas, and invited\\nimmigration. A lively interest was awakened in the new\\nenterprise, and hundreds entered the country both by land\\nand water. Such was the rambling disposition of the col-\\nonists, that scattered settlements were soon formed fi-om tbe\\nreserved coast leagues to the old San Antonio road, and\\nfrom the San Jacinto to the Navidad rivers. East Texas\\nwas also gradually filling up; new settlements were formed\\non tbe Guadalupe river, and the old town of Goliad received\\naccessions to its populatioji.\\n2. Tbe early inhabitants endured many privations. Meat\\ncould be procured by hunting, but families were sometimes\\nfor weeks without bread, and sugar and coffee were luxuriea\\nseldom attainable. The men dressed mostly in buckskin,\\nthe women in such fabrics as could be obtained. After tbe\\nfirst year corn was raised; garden vegetables grew luxuri-\\nNoTE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While the colonists were generally satisfied with Austin s management, and\\np-ateful for the interest he had taken in selecting homes for them, and securing titles\\nto their lands, a few distrusted his authority, and complained of having to pay twelve\\nand a half cents per acre. Had the settlers received only a section, as Austin first\\npromised, the price (eighty dollars) would readily have been paid but, obtaining a\\nJeague and a laboi\\\\ it amounted to over five hundred dollars, a large sum for a poor\\ncolonist. To preiserve peace, and to prove his authority to introduce immigrants,\\nhe issued an address on the first of November, 1820, giving a short history of hia\\nenterprise and the difficulties he had overcome. That his colonists might e f lJIy\\nassured of the validity of tiieir titles, he annexed to his address tranf^latious from\\nnearly thirty public documents, which fully justified his acts.\\nSection V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. By what means had Austin invited immigiation? Did his\\ncolonists remain together?\\n2. Mention some of the hardships endured by early settlers.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SLA VER Y IN TEXAS. 53\\nantlj, and domestic animals multiplied with great rapidity\\nupon the rich and boundless prairies.\\n3. As we have seen, permission was given to Austin s first\\ncolonists to introduce slavery, but the colonization law ol\\n1823 prohibited the purchase or sale of slaves, and declared\\nthe children of all slave parents free at fourteen years of age.\\nPresident Guerrero, having been invested with extraordinary\\npower to suppress an existing rebellion, issued a decree, July,\\n1S29, abolishing slavery throughout Mexican territory. The\\nnext year Bustemente issued another, prohibiting the intro-\\nduction of slaves. The law had previously enjoined that\\nchildren of slaves should have the same advantages of educa-\\ntion as other children.\\n4. Notwithstanding these prohibitions, colonists continued\\nto bring negro servants, generally passing them through the\\nCustom House at New Orleans, so that if they desired to do so,\\nthey could return with them to the United States. Masters,\\nalso, entered into contracts with their slaves as peons, and the\\nMexican Government recognized the binding force of these\\nobligations. A few Africans had been smuggled into Texas,\\nand there was some apprehension that this nefarious traffic\\nmight become extensive. At the suggestion of Judge Bur-\\nnet, after considerable discussion, the convention at San\\nFelipe, in 1833, severely denounced this trade. It was esti-\\nmated that there were about five thousand slaves in Texas\\nat the breaking out of the revolution in 1835.*\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6The theory of government held in the Spanish-American provinces dif-\\nfered materially from that held by the Anglo-Americans. With the latter,\\nthe people were the source of all political power. They formed com^titntionf*,\\nenacted laws, and elected officers to carry ont their sovereio:n will. With the\\nSpaniards, the l^ing was the source of all authority. He proclaimed laws, appointed\\nofficers, and held both officers and people accountable to himself. It could hardly\\nhave been expected that peoples holdinj)^ such diverse theories of government\\ncould long maintain harmonious relations under the same political institutions.\\n3. Did the Mexican authorities encourage the introduction of slaves At what\\nage were the children of slave pajents declared free\\n4. Were negro servants still introduced? By what body was the African slave\\ntrade condemned in 1833 How many slaves in Texas in 1833", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 A UST1I{ 8 A UTHORITT.\\n5. In Austin s colony, up to 1828, Austin himself exer-\\ncised the functions of erapresario, and of civil and military\\ngovernor. He held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the\\nMexican army, and was authorized to call out and command\\nthe militia, when necessary to preserve the peace or repel\\ninvasion. He also held the office of Supreme Judge. In\\ncivil suits, where the amount in controversy was over twenty-\\nfive dollars,, parties dissatisfied with the decision of an alcalde\\nhad the privilege of appeal to the empresario. While Aus- i\\ntin s government was eminently conservative and paternal, 1\\nhe occasionally administered a severe punishment, and in\\nsome instances banished turbulent persons from his\\ncolony.\\n6. One of the first acts of the National Congress, assembled\\nunder the Constitution of 1824, was the erection of former\\nprovinces into states similar to those of tlie American Union.\\nTexas was connected temporarily with the neighboring state\\nof Coahuila [co-ah-tuhee lali). The legislative body of this\\nunited state was called a congress, and was composed of\\ntwelve members, of whom Texas was entitled to two A rep-\\nresentative, if not a native of Mexico, must have resided eight\\nyears in the country, and was required to be worth eight\\nthousand dollars, or to have an income of one thousand dol-\\nlars annually. Popular elections were held on Sunday, the\\npeople not voting directly for the congressmen, but for elect-\\nors, who subsequently met and elected them.\\nIII the Bexar remonstrance (Dec, 1832) complaint was made that Texas\\nhad bnt two representative!? in the LeLMslature, while her population would\\nentitle her to four. It is questionable if Texas ever had more than one delegate\\npresent at one time and under the arbitrary decree of Bustemente, in 1830, the\\nTexas delegation was expelled.\\n5, What authority did Austin exercise in his colony When dissatisfied with the\\ndecision of the alcalde, to whom could the people appeal?\\n6. Witt what State was Texas temporarily connected? To how many reprcsenta\\nlivee was Texas entitled?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "MEXICAN OFFICERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TAXATION. 55\\n7. Under Mexican rule there were a number of officers who\\nexercised both civil and military functions. The one highest\\nin authority was the Commander of the Eastern Internal\\nProvinces, with headquarters at Monterey. By a decree of\\nthe legislature at Saltillo, February 1, 1825, the office of Po-\\nlitical Chief was created. That officer, though nominally\\nsubordinate to the Governor, was, in reality, clothed with\\ndespotic power. He could suspend civil judges, arrest and\\nimprison citizens, and call out and control the militia. He\\nreceived a salary of eight hundred dollars a year.\\n8. An alcalde under Spanish law exercised civil jurisdiction\\nequivalent to that of a justice of the peace under English law.\\nIn 1822 the districts of the Brazos and the Colorado were\\ncreated. As population increased others were formed, until,\\nin 1827, there were seven alcalde s districts, or municipali-\\nties, in Austin s colony.\\n9. In 1828 provision was made for the alcaldes of each\\nmunicipality to meet three times in a year, and hold an ap-\\npellate court, called an ayuntamiento. In 1834 three\\njudicial districts were formed in Texas, and a supreme judge\\nappointed.\\n10. Colonists entering Texas were permitted to introduce\\nall family supplies, agricultural implements, etc., free of duty,\\nand for six years were entirely exempt from taxation. Up\\nto 1830-31, there were no tax-collectors or custom houses in\\nthe colony. As a consequence, the State treasury at Saltillo\\nwas often empty. Many offices remained vacant because the\\n7. What powers were exercised by the military commanders By the political\\nchief?\\n8. What were the duties of an alcalde ITow many alcalde s districts in Austin g\\ncolony in 1827?\\n9. When was an appellate court formed? How many judicial districts in 1834?\\n10. What necessaries could be introduced free of duty? How long were colonista\\nexempt from taxation? What expedient was resorted to in Coahuila to raise\\nmoney", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 INDIANS IN TEXAS.\\nstate was unable to pay salaries. In 1828. Austin advised\\nthe ayuntamiento of San Felipe to collect a tax to build a\\njail, but the advice was unheeded, and the officers had no\\nmeans of keeping prisoners. In Coahuila, many expedients\\nwere adopted for replenishing the exhausted treasury, one of\\nwliich was the taxing of cock pits.\\nSECTION VI.\\nINDIANS IN TEXAS.\\n1. The Caranchuas, from their location on the coast, m\\nimmediate proximity to the settlements, were a constant\\nsource of annoyance. They numbered about one thousand\\nwarriors, and had frequent skirmishes with the colonists,\\nin which a few of the latter, and a still larger number of the\\nformer, lost their lives. In 1825, Colonel Austin felt suffi-\\nciently strong to expel this predatory band from his terri-\\ntory. Having, in connection with Captain Xbner Kuyken-\\ndall, collected about one hundred militia, he started to hunt\\nthe marauders. At the Menahuila {may-7iah-ivhee lah), six\\nmiles east of Goliad, Austin was met by the Catholic priest of\\nthe mission, who had been sent by the Indians to make peace.\\nIt was agreed that the Indians should remain on the west\\nside of the San Antonio river. Any Indian caught east of\\nthat stream was to be treated as an enemy. The old mission\\nof La Bahia had been established mainly for this tribe there\\nmany of the Indians had received baptism, and as long as\\nthe tribe remained in Texas, their children were taken to the\\nMission to receive this Christian rite. In 1843, some forty\\nor fifty, the sad remnant of this once powerful tribe, emi-\\nSectlon VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, Hov. many warriors could the Caranchuas muster What\\nagreement did these Indians enter into in 1826 What became of this tribe?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "INDIANS IN TEXAS. 57\\ngrated to Mexico, and settled in the state of Tamaulipas,\\nwhere their tribal existence was soon lost.\\n2. The Comanches are supposed to have had fi om fifteen\\nhundred to two thousand warriors, and some kindred tribes^\\nwhose names are now hardly remembered, numbered as\\nmany more. Burnet, who spent the years 1818-19 among\\nthe Comanches, says this tribe was then true to treaty obli-\\ngations. They were at peace with the United States, but at\\nwar with Mexico.\\n3. In April, 1822, a party of fifty-four of these Indians\\ncaptured Colonel Austin on the ISTueces, when on his way to\\nMexico. As soon as the chief of the band understood that\\nAustin was an American, his goods were restored, and he was\\npermitted to prosecute his journey in peace. The govern-\\nment of the Comanches was republican, their chiefs being\\nelective. They seldom killed Mexicans unless in self de-\\nfence. Their lives were spared that they might raise more\\nhorses, as from them the Indians always obtained a supply.\\nThey were said to be averse to drinking whisky, pronoun-\\ncing it fooVs tuater, and said that it made Indian one big fool.\\n4. Austin, in his address, speaking of the Caranchiias,\\nComanches, Wacoes and Tehuacanies, pronounced them\\nmurderers. He says the smaller tribes of Lipans and Ton-\\nka was were insolent and thievish. The smaller tribes, hoAV-\\never, at a later period rendered valuable service to the colo-\\nnists as spies, and guides in campaigns against the frontier\\nIndians. Then, as now, the small bands of Alabamas and\\nCoshatties had their villages on the lower Trinity. The\\nKeechies, says Burnet, were a peculiar race. Their lan-\\nguage differed radically from all others known in Texas.\\n2* How many warriors could the Comanches muster?\\n3. How was Austin treated by a band of Comanches in 1822 Why did these In\\ndians spare the Mexicans What name did they jjive to whislcey\\n4, What character did Austin give the Comanches, Wacoes, etc. The IJpani\\nand Tonkawas What was the character of the Keechies", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 WILBARGER SCALPED.\\nThe Comanches held them in singular abhorrence, believing\\nthem to be possessed, and to exercise the mysterious power\\nof witchcraft.\\n5. As early as 1822, a few Oherokees, and some families oi\\nother tribes, driven by the United States from their hunting\\ngrounds east of the Mississippi, sought a home in Texas.\\nThough the Mexican authorities gave these Indians tacit\\npermission to remain in the country, no land titles were\\nissued to them. It was the failure to obtain their land which\\ninduced the Cherokee chiefs so readily to join in the Fredo-\\nnian movement. So far from the Mexicans giving encour.\\nagement to this Indian immigration, Colonel Bean, the agent,\\naddressed a letter to Secretary Cass, at Washington, protest-\\ning against it. In response to this protest. President Jack-\\nson issued a proclamation to the Indians in the southwest,\\nadmonishing them not to cross the Sabine river. This im-\\nmigration, however, continued to pour into Texas until the\\nestablishment of the republic.\\n6. During the year 1833, Josiah Wilbarger and two com-\\npanions were oat hunting on Walnut Creek, a tributary of\\nthe Colorado, when the party was surprised by Indians, and\\none of them instantly killed. Wilbarger was shot, scalped,\\nand left for dead. The third escaped on a fleet horse into\\nthe settlement. A company who went out to bury the\\ndead, found Wilbarger still alive. He lived twelve years,\\nbut finally died from the effects of the wound.\\n7. The same year S. F. Austin, D. G-. Burnet, and B. E.\\nMilam addressed an earnest remonstrance to General Bus-\\ntemente, protesting against the introduction of any more In-\\n5* When did the Oherokees enter Texas f Did the Mexican authorities encourage\\nthis Indian immigration 7\\n6. Give the particulars of the scalping: of Wilbarger.\\n7. What prominent Texaus remonstrated against the introduction of Indians intC\\nTexas? How many Indians were in Texas in 1834 f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "ILL TREATMENT OF COLONISTS. 59\\ndians into Texas. In tlie Indian expeditions at this earl}\\nperiod the colonists were ever ready to respond to the call o/\\ntheir chieftains. Those who were able always kept a sup-\\nply of ammunition and a horse ready for immediate service.\\nAccording to Almonte s estimate, there were in Texas, in\\n1834, four thousand five hundred friendly Indians, and ten\\nthousand eight hundred belonging to wild tribes.\\nSECTION VII.\\nILL TREATMENT OF THE COLONISTS. TROUBLES AT ANA-\\nHUAC. FIGHT AT VELASCO. FIGHT AT NACOGDOCHES.\\n1. During Austin s absence in Mexico in 1822, many\\nfamilies, who started to his colony, settled in East Texas, in\\nthe neighborhood of Nacogdoches. Under the general\\ncolonization law these families were entitled to land, but\\nwere unable to obtain titles, because no land commissioner\\nhad been appointed for that district. In 1829, Don Juan\\nAntonio Padilla was sent out to issue titles to these colo-\\nnists. But Padilla found the same difiiculties which had\\nbeset Edwards. There were conflicting claims. He mani-\\nfested a disposition to deal justly with the immigrants.\\nThe Mexicans, who claimed large bodies of land, com-\\nplained of the commissioner, and before he had fairly\\ncommenced issuing titles, he was arrested. The next year\\nFrancisco Madero resumed the work of assigning land to\\nthe colonists. Among other acts of Madero was that of\\ncreating the municipality of Liberty. He, too, gave offence\\nto the Mexican officers and was suspended, and the colonists\\nwere again left with no means of procuring land titles.\\nSection VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I. How was East Texas settled Why could not the colonietf\\nobtain land Why was Padilla arrested How was Madero treated", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 TROUBLES AT ANAEUAG.\\n2. Oil tlie 6th of April, 1830, President Bustemente issued\\na proclamation prohibiting any fnrtlier immigration into\\nTexas from the United States. In 1831, cnstom-lioases\\nwere established at Nacogdoches, !San Antonio, Copano,\\nVelasco, and Anahuac. By decree of April 7th, 1832,\\nforeigners (meaning Americans), were forbidden to carry on\\na retail trade in the country. To overawe the colonists,\\na considerable body of troops was sent into Texas by General\\nTeran. Colonel Piedras, the ranking officer, had three hun-\\ndred and twenty men at Nacogdoches; Colonel Bradburn\\none hundred and fifty at Anahuac; Colonel Ugartechea\\n{oo-gartay -clie-ah) one hundred and twenty at Velasco\\nColonel Bean had a small force at Fort Teran, on the Neches,\\nand there Avere also companies at Tenoxticlan, Goliad, and\\nSan Antonio.\\n3. The first serious difficulty between the colonists and\\nthe military occurred at Anahuac. Under instructions from\\nTeran, Bradburn arrested the commissioner, Madero. He\\nalso abolished the ayuntamiento at Liberty, and established\\none at Anahuac, without any warrant of law. The citizens\\nwere further annoyed by the lawlessness of Bradburn s\\nsoldiers, many of whom were discharged convicts. The\\ncommander shielded his soldiers from punishment, even af-\\nter their crimes had been clearly proved. He also received\\nand harbored runaway slaves, and when their owners\\ndemanded their return, refused to give them up, on the\\nplea that they had already enlisted as soldiers in the Mexi-\\ncan army. He finally proclaimed martial law, and arrested\\na number of citizens for whom he had conceived a dislike,\\nand confined tliem in the barracks.\\nJE, What was the purport of Bustemente s decree of April 6, 1830? At what\\npoints were custom-houses established At what points weie soldiers stationed to\\noverawe the citizens\\n3. At what place was the first serious difficulty between the colonists and the\\nmilitary commander Name some ol the arbitrary acts of Bradburn.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "TROUBLES AT ANAHUAO. 61\\n4. Though these men had viohited no law, and were\\nignorant of the cause of their arrest, Bradburn threatened\\nto send them to Vera Cruz for trial. By another military\\ndecree all the ports of Texas, except Anahuac, were closed.\\nThat port was at the head of Galveston Bay, outside of\\nAustin s colony, and accessible only to vessels of light draught.\\nIt was not to be expected that Anglo-Americans, with their\\ninborn love of liberty, would tamely submit to such outrages.\\nMeetings were held and measures devised to effect the release\\nof the prisoners in the stockade.\\n5. A company was organized under the command of\\nFrancis W. Johnson, who demanded the immediate and un-\\nconditional release of their fellow-citizens. This company,\\nwhen approaching Anahuac, intercepted and captured\\na scouting party of fourteen of Bradburn s soldiers. In a\\nparley, Bradburn proposed that if the Americans would\\nrelease the soldiers just captured and retire some six miles,\\nto Turtle bayou, he Avould set at liberty the citizens in the\\nstockade. Johnson agreed to this. The captives were sent\\ninto the garrison, and he retired with his command to the\\nbayou, to await the arrival of their friends held in custody.\\nIn the meantime Bradburn heard that Piedras was ap-\\nproaching with reenforcements from Nacogdoches, and de-\\nclined to give up his prisoners. Piedras, as soon as he\\nascertained the trne state of affairs, superseded Bradburn\\n(who immediately left for New Orleans), and released the\\nprisoners.\\n6. Fortunately for the Texan s, at this juncture news\\n4. Where did Bradburn threaten to send citizens wliom he had arrested? What\\nTexas ports were closed\\n5. Who commanded the Texans who organized to release their fellow citizens?\\nWhat befell a scouting party of Bradburn s soldiers? By whom were the prisonera\\nGnally released\\n6. What news reached Texas from Mexico Who was then the Republican leadei\\nin Mexico f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 FIOHT AT VELASGO.\\narrived of a revolution in Mexico. Santa Anna, wlio was\\njust rising into favor, had pronounced against Busfcemente,\\nand proclaimed anew the Constitution of 1824. A public\\nmeeting at Turtle Bayou, June 13, 1832, gave a cordial\\nassent to this republican movement. This placed the\\nAmericans in Texas in harmony with the liberal party of\\nthe nation.\\n7. In the month of May, before any of the citizens had\\nleft for Anahuac, a meeting was held at Brazoria, in which\\na proposition was made to first capture Colonel XJgartechea\\nat Velasco. This failed by one vote. XJgartechea, however,\\ngave an informal pledge that he would remain neutral. The\\nassailing party at Anahuac needing cannon, Captains John\\nAustin and Wm. J. Eussell were dispatched to Brazoria for\\ntwo at that place. Ugartechea declined to let the cannon\\npass Velasco. Captain Austin at once called for volunteers\\nto capture the garrison, and one hundred and twelve men\\nvolunteered. Part of these, Avith the cannon, were placed on\\nboard the schooner Brazoria, in charge of Captain Russell,\\nand floated down the river. Captain Austin conducted the\\nremainder by land. These, when tliey arrived at the mouth of\\nthe river, were formed into two companies. Captain Brown,\\nwith one company, took position near the beach, where they\\nwere partially protected by drift-wood. Captain Austin,\\nunder cover of darkness, approaclied within a few rods of\\nthe fort, carrying palisades of plank for protection, and,\\nworking in silence, threw up temporary breastworks.\\n8. The battle commenced about twelve o clock at night,\\nJune 25th. Just after daylight, a shower of rain fell, damag-\\ning the ammunition of the assailants. The breastworks not\\n7\u00c2\u00bb What proposition was made in Brazoria at a meeting of colonists What\\noccasioned the light at Velasco\\n8. When did the battle commence Give the particulars of the fight. Loss of\\nthe Mexicans. Of the Texans.\\nI", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "M FIOHT AT NACOGDOCHES. 63\\naffording protection to his men, Captain Austin retired a\\nshort distance, to a more advantageous position. The party\\non the vessel still kept up the fight, and the riflemen were\\nespecially successful in picking off gunners who mounted\\nthe parapet to fire the cannon. After about ten hours\\nfighting, a white flag was raised in the fort, and soon after-\\nward the garrison surrendered. In the fight, the Mexicans\\nhad thirty-five killed and fifteen wounded. The loss of the\\nTexans was eight killed and twenty-seven wounded.\\n9. Colonel Piedras, by his course at Anahuac, had become\\npopular with the Texans. But he was a monarchist, and\\ndid not believe the Mexicans capable of self-government.\\nAt a public meeting, at Nacogdoches, a committee was ap-\\npointed to invite Piedras to join the republicans. This he\\ndeclined to do, when the citizens organized a military com-\\npany for his capture. On the 1st of August, Colonel Bullard,\\nwho had been chosen commander, took a position near the\\nold stone house, which, after a severe fight, was captured by\\na party of Texans under Captain Bradley and Lieutenant\\nLooney. A body of cavalry, sent by Piedras to re- capture\\nthe house, was repulsed with loss. The fight lasted until\\nnight.\\n10. Under the cover of darkness, Piedras cast his ammu-\\nnition into wells, and silently left the place, retreating\\nwestward. He left forty killed and a number of wounded\\nin the town. The Texans had one killed and five wounded.\\nThe next day a party of Texans intercepted the retreating\\nMexicans at the Angelina river. At the first fire, Marcos,\\none of Piedras officers, was killed. To avoid the further\\neffusion of blood, Colonel Piedras turned the command over\\nto Major Medina {may -dee -no), who immediately surren-\\n9. To what political party did Piedras belong? What course did the people o(\\nNacogdoches pursue What house did the Texans occupy\\n10, What became of Piedras", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 CONVENTION OF 18Se3.\\nderod, and he and most of his men espoused the republican\\ncause.\\n11. Soon after this, Colonel Souverin, a republican, who\\nhad become commander at Anahuac, collected all the Mexican\\nsoldiers he could muster from the commands of Bradburu,\\nUgartechea, and Piedras, and sailed for Tampico {tahm-pee\\nco) to assist in the revolution against Bustemeute. Texas was\\nthus left without a garrison.\\nSECTION VIII.\\nCONYEITTIOIS OF 1833. AFFAIRS IN COAHUILA. AUSTIN IN\\nMEXICO. POLITICAL PARTIES. LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURE, j\\nAND COMMERCE. EDUCATION. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.\\nREFLECTIONS.\\n1. The attachment of Texas to Coahuila was only a tem-\\nporary arrangement. The coalition was inconvenient, un-\\nnatural, and, in many respects, disadvantageous to the\\nformer, which now had a population equal to that of the\\nsmaller State\u00c2\u00abs of Mexico, and was in harmony with the lib-\\neral party, which, under Santa Anna, had there gained the\\nascendancy. This was thought to be a favorable time for\\ninaugurating a separate State government. As early as Oc-\\ntober, 1832, a number of leading citizens met at San Felipe,\\nand recommended the election of delegates to a Convention\\nto form a Constitution.\\n2. An election was held in the different municipalities in\\nMarch, 1833, and in April the Convention met in San\\n11, What became of the Mexican soldiers in Texas\\nSection VIII,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, Was the connection with Coaliuila advantageous to Texas\\nWhat did the Texans desire\\n2. When did the Convention meet to form a Constitution Who was the author\\nof the constitution Of the memorial Who went as Commissioner to Mexico", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "AFFAIRS IN COAHUILA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN IN MEXICO. 65\\nFelipe. A Constitution which was drafted by Sam Houston\\nwas adopted, and submitted to the national authorities for\\napproval. Judge Burnet drew up an able memorial, show-\\ning the disadvantages under which Texas labored, and the\\nnecessity for a separate State government. Of the three\\nCommissioners who were selected to proceed to the city of\\nMexico with the Constitution and memorial, Colonel Austin\\nalone went.\\n3. In 1834, while Texas was comparatively quiet and pros-\\nperous, Coahuila was convulsed with a revolution. The seat\\nof government had been removed from Saltillo to Monclova.\\nSaltillo, unwilling to lose the capital, organized a revolution,\\nand elected a governor in opposition to the one at Monclova.\\nBoth parties prepared to fight, but before actual hostili-\\nties began, referred their difficulties to Santa Anna, who\\nordered a new election. This state of affairs, in which the\\nLegislature was prevented from meeting, illustrated still more\\nforcibly the necessity of separating Texas from Coahuila.\\nI. When A.ustin reached the Mexican capital, he found a\\nstrong prejudice had been awakened against the Anglo-\\nAmericans in Texas. He failed to obtain permission to\\norganize a separate State government, but his mission was\\nnot without good results. He secured the repeal of laws\\nwhich discriminated against the Americans especially the\\ndecree of Bustemente, prohibiting immigration from the\\nUnited States and obtained some mail facilities, in Decem-\\nber he started for Texas, and had reached Saltillo, where he\\nwas arrested by order of Farias, the acting President, carried\\nback to Mexico and thrown into a dungeon, in which he\\nlanguished nearly two years.\\n3. In what condition was Coaliuila in 1834 To whom did the hostile partieo\\nrefer their dispute\\n4. What was the state of feeling toward the Anglo-Ainericaus when Austbl\\narrived in Mexico How was Austin treated", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 POLITICAL PARTIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AGRICULTURE.\\n5. During the year 1834, Colonel Almonte, one of Santa\\nAnna s most trusted lieutenants, was sent on a visit to Texas.\\nHe was everywhere cordially received, and, on his return,\\npublished a glowing description of the country, giving a\\ntolerably accurate estimate of its population and resources.\\n6. Though all parties, in 1834, wished to see the connection\\nbetween Texas and Coahuila dissolved, there were differences\\nof opinion as to the best mode of accomplishing this object.\\nSome wanted a de facto local government organized at once.\\nOthers wished to await the action of the Federal authorities,\\nand the return of Austin. And still others, comparatively\\nfew in number, but very zealous, wished at once to proclaim\\nthe independence of Texas. But as all parties were agreed\\nin desiring a local government, to be administered by its\\nown citizens, Texas was comparatively quiet. It was, how-\\never, a delusive peace, the harbinger of a storm.\\n7. The first considerable stocks of cattle brought to\\nAustin s Colony, were by Abner Kuykendall and Eandal\\nJones, in 1822. Ten years later, Taylor White, on Turtle\\nBayou, had three thousand head, and Mr. Barrow, one of\\nMr. White s neighbors, had several hundred head of horses\\nand mules. There were large herds of cattle and horses\\nowned by Mexicans in western Texas.\\n8. The first cotton-gin-house erected in Texas was in 1825,\\nat the Groce plantation the next, near the mouth of\\nCow Creek, in Brazoria County, by the Austins the third,\\nby Robert H. Williams, in Matagorda County. Cotton was\\nthen packed in fifty and one hundred pound sacks, and\\ntransported to the Rio Grande on mules, two hundred an.d\\n5. What Mexican officer visited Texas in 1834 What did he think of Texas f\\n6. What was the desire of all parties in Texas How did opinions differ\\n7. When were the first stocks of cattle brought to Austin s Colony\\n8. When and where was the first cotton-gin-house built? When was the flr^l\\ncotton shipped from Texas, and what price did it hrintr", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "COMMERCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EDUCATION. C?\\nfifty pounds constituting a mule load. The first cotton sent\\nout of Texas by water was shipped from Velasco to Mata-\\nmoras in 1831, and brought sixty-two and a half cents\\nper pound. As early as 1830, Judge Williams, of Liberty\\nCounty, made forty liogsheads of sugar in one year.\\n9. In 1834, Almonte estimated the commerce of Texas as\\nfollows\\nExports. Imports.\\nDepartment of Brazos $600,000 $325,000\\nNacogdoches $470,000 $265,000\\nBexar $10,000\\n10. The Constitution of Coahuila and Texas (1827) de-\\nclared that in all the towns of the State a suitable number\\nof primary schools shall be established, wherein shall be\\ntaught reading, writing, arithmetic, the Catechism of the\\nChristian religion, a brief and simple exphmation of this\\nConstitution and that of the Republic, the rights and duties\\nof men in society, and whatever else may conduce to tlie\\nbetter education of youth. This was a dead letter upon the\\nstatute book. There were, however, a few private schools\\nin Texas. In 1824, S. Richardson taught in San Felipe;\\nHenry Smith taught in Brazoria County in 1827, and Thos.\\nJ. Pilgrim in 1828. Pilgrim afterward taught in San Felipe,\\nwhere he organized the first Sunday-school in Texas. Miss\\nTrask taught in Cole s Settlement (Independence), and\\nother schools were opened for short periods in various neigh-\\nborhoods. In 1832, the Bexar memorialists stated that there\\nwas but one school in San Antonio, the teacher of which\\nwas paid twenty-five dollars per month by his patrons.\\n11. Under the colonization laws, all colonists professed\\n9. Give Almonte s estimate of the exports and imports of the different depait-\\nments.\\n10. What provision did the Constitution of 18-27 contain in favor of education\\nWere public schools established under this provision Name some of tiie teachers\\nof private schools.\\n1 1 What faith did the early colonists profess What plaoes were regularly", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 SCHOOLS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CHURCHES.\\nthe Eoman Catholic faith. There were, generally, regular\\npriests at San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches. The\\nAmerican population had, however, no churches, and only\\noccasional visits from priests. In 1830, Father Michael\\nMuldoon, an Irishman, visited most of the settlements, ad-\\nministering baptism and marrying such as desired these\\nrites. In the absence of a priest, parties were married by\\na boud. Father Henry Doyle was the regular priest at San\\nPatricio. In 1833, says Almonte, the only vicar in San\\nAntonio died of cholera, leaving but one curate to the de-\\npartment.\\n12. Texas was also occasionally visited by Protestant min-\\nisters. In 1822, Rev. Henry Stevenson (Methodist) preached\\nin various neighborhoods. He did the same in 1824. In\\n1826, Rev. Joseph Bays (Baptist) preached at the house of\\nMoses Shipman, on the Brazos. In 1832, Sumner Bacon\\n(Cumberland Presbyterian) passed through the various set-\\ntlements, acting as agent for a Bible and Tract society of\\nNatchez. In 1833, a Baptist church was organized in\\nAustin s Colony; a Methodist church in East Texas, near\\nSan Augustine and a Cumberland Presbyterian church in\\nNorth Texas, on Red River this last by Rev. M. Estel.\\nIn 1834, a Methodist camp-meeting was held in Austin\\nCounty, near the residence of the Rev. John W. Kinney, and\\na protracted meeting with the church in East Texas.\\n13. Notwithstanding the scarcity of schools and churches,\\nsociety in Texas was unexceptionably good at the close of this\\nperiod. Austin had required of all colonists a cei tificate of\\ngood character, and had taken great pains to keep out\\nBupplied with priests What priest visited Austin s Colony in 1830 In the\\nabsence of a priest how were parties married\\n12. Give tlie names of some of the early Protestant ministers in Texas. What\\nProtestant churches were organized in 1833\\n13. What is said of the morals and social condition of Texas at the close of ttila\\nperiod f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "REFLECTIONS. gg\\ncriminals and persons of vicious morals. As a general rule,\\nthe colonists lived in great peace among themselves, were\\nhonest in their dealings, and practiced a generous hospital-\\nity toward strangers.\\n14. Concluding Reflections. The study of the colonial\\nperiod of our history is well calculated to impress us with\\na sense of the undaunted courage, the indefatigable energy,\\nand unconquerable spirit of tlie men who found Texas a\\nwilderness and converted it into a garden, introducing and\\nestablishing, upon a permanent basis, our civil institutions.\\nTo avoid the appearance of self-glorification, the testimony\\nof two intelligent foreigners is appended.\\n15. Kennedy, in his History of Texas, speaking of\\nthese pioneers, says: They are the only people who, in\\ndefiance of all obstacles, have struck the roots of civilization\\ndeep into the soil of Texas. Even as I trace these lines, I\\nreflect upon their progress with renewed wonder and admi-\\nration. They are, indeed, the original conquerors of the\\nwild, uniting in themselves the threefold attributes of hus-\\nDandmen, lawgivers, and soldiers.\\n16. M. De Tocqueville, at a still earlier period, in his\\nwork on America, uses the following language It is not\\nto be imagined that the impulse of the Anglo-American\\nrace can be arrested. Their constant progress towards the\\nRocky Mountains has the solemnity of a providential event.\\nTyrannical government and consequent hostilities may retard\\nthis impulse, but cannot prevent it from ultimately fulfilling\\nthe destiny to which that race is reserved. No power upon\\nearth can close upon the emigrant the fertile wildernesg\\nwhich offers resources to all industry and a refuge from all\\nwant. Future events, of whatever nature they may be, will\\n14. What impression is the study of our colonial history calculated to produce f\\n1 .5. Give the purport of Kennedy s reflections.\\n1 6. Of M. de Tocqueville e.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 CHBONOLOOIGAL REVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nnot deprive the Texans of their climate, their bays and rivers,\\nor their exuberant soil. ISTor will bad laws, revolutions, or\\nanarchy be able to obliterate that love of posterity and\\ntliafc spirit of enterprise which seem to be the distinctive\\ncharacteristics of their race or to extinguish that knowl-\\nedge which guides them on their way. Thus, in the uncer-\\ntain future, one event is sure At a period, which may be\\nsaid to be near, the Anglo-Americans will, alone, cover the\\nimmense space contained between the polar regions and the\\ntropics, and extending from the coast of the Atlantic to the\\nshores of the Pacific.\\nCHEONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIOlSrS.\\nSECOND PERIOD.\\nWhen did Moses Austin obtain his first empreeario contract January 18, 1821.\\nWhen did the first colonist? arrive with Stephen F. Austin December 31, 1821.\\nWhen and where did the Fredonians organize for war At Nacogdoches, Decern\\nber, 1826.\\nWhat celebrated decree was issued April 6, 1830 The decree of Bustemcnte\\nprohibiting Americans from settling in Texas.\\nWhat troubles occurred in 1832 Difficulties with Bradburn at Anahuac, June 13,\\nflj^ht with Ugartechea at Velasco, June 25, and fight with Piedras at Nacogdoches,\\nAugust 1.\\nWhat occnrred in 1833 A Convention at San Felipe petitioned for a separata\\nState government. Austin was imprisoned in Mexico.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "MEXICAN AFFAIRS.\\nn\\nox:i^^^-ige^ (B^S^^^^^^^^^^^\\nPERIOD III.\\nTHE REVOLUTION.\\nIncludes the Years 1835 and 1836,\\nSECTION^ I.\\nmexican affairs. texas without civil gover^n men t.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAustin s return. the affair at gonzales. goliad\\ntaken by the texans.\\n1. Perhaps Texas might have become, and remained, a\\nMexican State, had the Mexicans maintained a republican\\nform of government. But the Republic had disappeared.\\nSection I. 1. Did Mexico maintain a republican form of government?\\nWho was exercising despotic power? What State etill resisted the authority of", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "VI TEXAS WITHOUT CIVIL GOVERNMENT.\\nSanta Anna had abandoned the liberal party, and was mak-\\ning strides toward absolute power. The Constitution of 1824\\nhad been swept away, and the mass of the people disarmed.\\nThe last republican leader who held out against the usurper\\nwas Governor Garcia, of Zacatecas. Santa Anna was com-\\npletely victorious in a bloody battle fought near that city on\\nthe 11th of May, 1835, killing some two thousand repub-\\nlicans, and taking twenty-seven hundred prisoners. Early\\nin April General Cos dispersed the Legislature of Coahuila\\nand Texas, then in session in Monclova and in July Gen-\\neral Ugartechea was sent to San Antonio with a garrison to\\nover-awe the Texans. On the 8th of August the Plan of\\nToluca was formally proclaimed, investing the President with\\ndictatorial powers.*\\n2. The revolution in Mexico was completed on the 3d of\\nOctober, 1835, when Santa Anna issued a decree suspending\\nthe functions of all State Legislatures, thus centralizing all\\npower in the supreme government at the capital.\\n3. The state of chaos in Coahuila left Texas comparatively\\nwithout civil government, though a few of the alcaldes\\nstill exercised their functions. But the troubles with the\\nIndians, and the unsettled state of the country, rendered it\\nnecessary to have some means of communication between\\ndifferent settlements. This led to the formation of Commit-\\ntees of Safety in several of the municipalities. On the 17th\\nIn a Mexican revolution, the following is the order of proceeding 1. A\\ngrito, or grumbling at tlie existiiiLr order of things. 2. A pronunciado, or denun-\\nciation of these evils at a public meeting of the disaffected. 3. Apian ii? proposed\\nlor relief. This p\\\\^n derives its name from the place in which it originated, as the\\nPlan of Vera Cruz of Iguala of Toluca.\\nSanta Anna? When was the battle of Zacatecas fought? With what result?\\nWho dispersed the Legislature at Monclova? When was Ugartechea sent to Texaef\\n2. When was the revolution in Mexico completed By what decree\\n3. In what state did the revolution in Coahuila leave Texas? Why were Com*\\nmittees of Safety formed? When and where was the administrative council organ\\nteed?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "AUSTIN S RETURN. 73\\nof July a number of delegates from adjoining municipali-\\nties met at Suii Felipf^,, and organized au administrative\\ncouncil, or committee.\\n4. At this period, when the public mind was unsettled,\\nAustin re-appeared in Texas, having been released from his\\nlong confinement. At Brazoria he was greeted by a thou-\\nsand citizens, who anxiously awaited his advice. His obser-\\nvation of the progress of events at the Mexican capital had\\nsatisfied him that the time had arrived for the Texan s to act\\nwith promptness and vigor. He was immediately elected\\nChairman of the administrative council. To secure concert\\nof action throughout the province, lie advised the assembling\\nof delegates from all municipalities, for a general consulta-\\ntion. The election was held on the 3d of October.\\n5. Soon after the arrival of Ugartechea at San Antonio,\\nhe sent Captain Tenorio with about twenty men to Ana-\\nhuac. A misunderstanding took place between Tenorio and\\na party of Texan s under W. B. Travis. The Mexican offi-\\ncers and soldiers were arrested and disarmed; but the\\nadministrative council at San Felipe, after investigation,\\nrestored Tenorio and his men to liberty, and returned their\\narms and papers.\\n6. Under instructions from headquarters, Colonel Ugar-\\ntechea ordered the civil authorities in Texas to arrest cer-\\ntain citizens, who were obnoxious to the centralists. Santa\\nAnna was especially anxious to secnre his former friend,\\nZavalla, and, to capture him, sent a schooner, under Captain\\nThompson, into the Brazos river, A party of Texans, how\\never, under Captain Hurd, captured Thompson and sent\\nhim to New Orleans, where he was tried for piracy. He\\n4. How was Austin greeted on his return What advice did he give Whec\\nwas the election held\\n5. now was Captain Tenorio received at Anahuac t\\n6. What exiled Mexican patriot did Santa Anna order arrested\\n4", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 THE AFFAIR AT GONZALES.\\nwas acquitted of the charge, and subsequently became an\\nofficer in the navv of Texas.\\n7. Gonzales has been denominated the Lexington of\\nTexas. A cannon had been given the citizens for defence\\nagainst the Indians. Ugartechea sent Captain Castanado,\\nwith one hundred and fifty men, to seize this gun and carry\\nit to San Antonio. The Texans rallied under Captain\\nAlbert Martin, and resolved to retain it. On the 29th of\\nSeptember, the ferry boats were brought to the east side of\\nthe river, and a position taken to prevent the Mexicans\\nfrom crossing. By the 30th, the Texan force, at first small,\\nhad increased to one hundred, and on the 1st of October, to\\none hundred and sixty-eight. A military organization took\\nplace. John H. Moore was elected Colonel, and J. W. E.\\nWallace, Lieutenant Colonel. The Texans manned the\\ncannon, and on the 2d of October, crossed the river with a\\nview of attacking the Mexicans. Castanado asked for a\\nparley, proclaimed himself a Eepublican, and wanted to\\nknow for what the Texans were fighting. Colonel Moore\\nreplied, and submitted to Castanado the choice of either\\nsurrendering to the Texans, or joining their ranks. He de-\\nclined both alternatives, and the Texans immediately pre-\\npared for an attack. The fight opened with a discharge\\nfrom the cannon. Castanado precipitately retreated towards\\nSan Antonio, and the Texans returned in triumph to\\nGonzales.\\n8. As soon as news of the affair at Gonzales reached lower\\nCaney, Captain George Collingsworth collected a few men\\namong the planters of Brazoria and Matagorda Counties, for\\nT, What place has been denominated the Lexington of Texas For what pur-\\npose did Castanado visit Gonzales What steps did the Texans take to retain tha\\ncannon With what result\\n8. For what purpose did Collinsworth collect his company? When was Goliad\\ncaptured", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE TEXAN8 TAKE GOLIAD. 75\\nthe capture of Goliad. On the evening in which this partv\\nreadied the neighborhood of the town they fortunately fell\\nin with B. K. Milam, who had escaped from a Mexican\\nprison and was making his way to Texas. He at once en-\\ntered the ranks as a private soldier, and was foremost in the\\nassault. The attack was made on the night of October 8th.\\nThe garrison was taken completely by surprise, and surrend-\\nered after a short engagement. The Texan s took twenty-\\nfive prisoners, several pieces of artillery, three hundred stand\\nof arms, and about ten thousand dollars in money. The\\nplace was left in command of Captain Philip Dimmit.\\n9. On the 3d of November Captain Westover captured a\\nMexican garrison of twenty men, at Lipantitlan, on the\\nNueces river. Aitev Captain AVestover had paroled the\\nprisoners, he was attacked by about seventy Mexicans,\\nwhom he defeated after a sharp conflict of half an hour.\\nThe Mexicans suffered severe loss one Texan was wounded.\\nSECTION II.\\nCIVIL GOVERNMENT. MILITARY OPERATIONS. INVESTMENT\\nAND TAKING OF SAN ANTONIO.\\n1. October 16th was the day fixed for the meeting of the\\nGeneral Consultation. This name was adopted because the\\nterm Convention was peculiarly objectionable to the Mexi-\\ncans. Only thirty-one members being present on the 16th,\\nthey adjourned on the next day to November 1st, part of\\nthe members going to the army, and the others remaining\\nto act with the committee at San Felipe. On the 3d of\\n9. What other Mexican garrisou was captured eoon afterward\\nSection II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 What day was fixed for the meeting of the Consultation\\nTien was a quorum obtained", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "7C CIVIL GOVERNMENT.\\nI\\november a quorum was present, and the body organized by\\nelecting Branch T. Archer, President, and P. B. Dexter,\\nSecretary. The Committee, which since the middle of July,\\nhad been exercising the functions of government, at once\\nturned over all their papers and authority to the Consulta-\\ntion.\\n2. It was at first thought that the independence of Texas\\nwould be at once proclaimed. This, however, was deemed\\nunadvisable and on the 6th of November, a declaration\\nwas solemnly put forth, which asserted in the preamble that\\nSanta Anna had, by force of arms, overthrown the federal\\ninstitutions in Mexico, and that the Texans had taken up\\narms in defence of their rights and liberties that Texas\\nwas no longer bound by the compact, and did not acknowl-\\nedge the usurpation of Santa Anna that she would con-\\ntinue the war until the Mexican soldiers were driven from\\nthe province; and that, under the circumstances, she had a\\nright to withdraw from the Union, but would still adhere\\nto the Constitution of 1824. Other resolutions pledged the\\nfaith of the State to defray the expenses of the army in the\\nfield, and donated land to volunteers.\\n3. On the 12th of November a Provisional Government\\nwas organized, with Henry Smith for Governor, James W.\\nRobinson, Lieutenant Governor, and Sam Houston, Com-\\nmander-in-Chief of the regular army. On the same day\\nan Executive Council was elected, composed of one member\\nfrom each municipality.\\n4. To secure men and means necessary to carry on the\\nwar, three commissioners were sent to tlie United States.\\n2\u00c2\u00ab Did the Consultation proclaim the independence of Texas Wbat declaration\\nwas sent forth November 6\\n3. Who was elected provisional Governor Lieutenant-Governor? How was the\\nexecutive council formed?\\n4. Why were commissioners sent to the United States Mention some othex\\nicts of the Consultation.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "MILITAR Y OPERA T10N8. 77\\nThe Consultation, also, before adjournment, suspended the\\nissuing of land titles, abrogated the sale of four hundred\\nleagues of Texas land, made fraudulently by the defunct\\nLegislature of Coahuila; took steps to conciliate the Indians\\nin East Texas to establish mail lines to collect duties\\nand, in general, to inaugurate civil government.\\n5. Til 6 Texans who had, on the first alarm of war, hast-\\nened to the West and gallantly repulsed Oastanado, were\\nnot prepared for a regular campaign, and many of them soon\\nreturned to their homes. Those remaining in camp were\\nwithout a recognized leader, or any definite plan of action.\\nIn this contingency the Council sent General Austin as\\nCommander-in-Chief. He arrived at Gonzales on the 10th\\nof October, and the soldiers at once placed themselves under\\nhis orders.\\n6. At San Antonio, the Mexican garrison had been\\nstrengthened by the arrival of General Cos, and numbered\\nabout one thousand men. The fortifications were repaired,\\nand the city put in a thorough state for defense. This city\\nwas Austin s objective point. With his army he crossed the\\nGuadalupe River on the 12th of October, and on the 20th\\narrived at the Mission La Espada, nine miles from the city.\\n7. On the 27th Austin sent a detachment of ninety-two\\nmen, under Colonels Bowie and Fannin, to reconnoitre, and,\\nif practicable, select a camping-ground nearer the city. Tiiia\\nparty passed tlie night at Mission Concepcion, where they\\nwere discovered by Mexican spies. The camp of the Texans\\nwas protected on one side by the river. On the morning of\\nthe 28th they found themselves confronted on three sides by\\n5. Were the Texan soldiers prepared for a military campaign? Who became\\ncommander at Gonzales\\n6. What was the condition of the Mexican garrison at San Antonio What wan\\nAustin s objective point\\nT. Give the particnlars of the battle of Concepciory.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 INVESTMENT OF SAN ANTONIO.\\na large body of Mexican soldiers. The Texans took position\\nin the low ground on the bank of the stream, out of the\\nrange of the enemy s cannon. After some severe fighting\\nthe Mexicans retreated to the city, leaving their cannon on\\nthe field. In this engagement the Texans had one man\\nkilled. The Mexican loss was not accurately known. It\\nwas said sixteen dead bodies were lying near the abandoned\\ncannon, which had been fired but four times.\\n8. On the 2d of November the Texans moved up the river\\nand took a position at the powder-house, one mile east of the\\ncity, and, soon afterward, at the old mill on the bank of the\\nriver, closely investing the place.\\n9. On the 26th of November General Cos sent out a party\\nof men to cut grass for their horses. This party was attacked\\nby the Texans, and a running fight took place, the Mexicans\\nretreating in great disorder to their fortifications. Two days\\nafter this fight General Austin, who had been appointed\\nCommissioner to the United States, resigned the command\\nof the army, and was succeeded by General Burleson.\\n10. Burleson s army was composed of volunteers, many of\\nwhom had left home expecting soon to return. Cold weather\\nwas approaching, and they were but poorly prepared for a\\nwinter campaign. The city was strongly fortified. Most of\\nthe houses were of stone or adobe (dried brick), with small\\nopenings and flat roofs, affording good positions and protec-\\ntion to the besieged. On the east side of the river the old\\nfortress of the Alamo had been thoroughly repaired, while\\nthe buildings adjoining the church and the main plaza, in\\nthe city, were carefully secured, and the streets barricaded\\nand protected with artillery. In view of the position and\\n8* When did Austin s army invest the city\\n9. Give particulars of the grass figlit. Who pucceeded Austin in command?\\n10. Of what kind of troops was Burleson s army composed What was the situ-\\nation of San Antonio What noted companies joined the Texans y", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "INVESTMENT OF SAN ANTONIO. 79\\nstrength of the enemy, some of Burleson s officers thought\\nan assault impracticable. The Texans had been reinforced\\nby two splendid companies from New Orleans. They wore a\\ngray uniform, and were called the New Orleans Grays,\\nand were under the command of Major R. 0. MorrivS, and\\nCaptains Breese and William G. Cooke.\\n11. To keep the army together it was necessary to com-\\nmence active operations, and, at a consultation of oflBcers on\\nthe 2d of December, an assault upon the city was planned\\nfor the next day. General Burleson was to remain at head-\\nquarters to give general orders Colonel Neil, with the artil-\\nlery, was to divert the attention of the foe by an attack npon\\nthe Alamo while the main attacking party was to enter the\\ncity in two divisions, one under Colonel B. R. Milam, who\\nled the assault, and the other under Colonel F. W. Johnson.\\nThe former entered on Acequia, and the latter on Soledad,\\ntwo parallel streets extending northward from the main plaza.\\n12. Before daylight on the morning of the 5th, Milam\\ntook possession of La Garza s house, and Johnson of Vera-\\nmendi s. Johnson s column was first discovered, and sub-\\njected to a severe fire of grape and musketry. Soon after-\\nward Milam s division was also fired upon by the guns of the\\nAlamo, and also those of the main plaza. So destructive\\nwas the fire that, for a time, communication between the at-\\ntacking columns was interrupted. During the first day s\\nfight the Texans had one killed and fifteen wounded.\\n13. On the second day the Mexicans, from the tops of\\ntheir flat-roofed houses, and from their breastworks, poured\\nan incessant fire upon the Texans, who steadily advanced,\\nhaving five wounded during the day.\\n11. Whcrn was the council of war held in Burleson s camp On what day did\\nthe Texans attack the city\\n12. Give the particulars of the first day s fight.\\n13. Of the second.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 SAN ANTONIO TAKEN.\\n14. Severe fighting continued all the third day. About\\nnoon a detachment of the assailants under Karnes advanced,\\nand, with a crow-bar, effected an entrance into a house, secur-\\ning an advantageous position. While the brave Milam waa\\nsurveying the situation with a view to ordering a final assault,\\nhe was instantly killed by a rifle ball. He was succeeded in\\nthe command by Colonel Johnson. The struggle continued,\\nand possession of Navarro s house was obtained in the after-\\nnoon. Besides losing Milam, the Texans had two privates\\nwounded on this day.\\n15. The morning of the fourth day of the fight opened\\nwith a cold, drizzling rain, and there was little firing on\\neither side. About nine o clock the Texans advanced from\\nNavarro s house to the Zembrano Row, and, by openings\\nthrough the walls, finally drove tlie enemy from this build-\\ning. During the contest the Mexicans were reinforced by a\\nregiment from the Rio Grande under Colonel Ugartechea.\\nLate at night the Texans forced their way into the priest s\\nhouse on the main plaza. The Mexicans kept up a furious\\nCannonade all night upon the houses occupied by the assail- J\\nants. The Texans had one wounded (Belden, of the New\\nOrleans Grays,) while spiking a cannon.\\n16. General Cos, finding it impossible to drive the Texans\\nfrom the square, just before daylight, on the morning of the\\n9th, abandoned the city and retreated across the river to tlie\\nAlamo. At half-past six o clock the black flags which had\\nbeen floating over that fortress and the church in town were\\nlowered, and soon afterwards a white one was raised over the]\\nAlamo. A conference was held, and a surrender of the gar-\\nrison took place during the day. Liberal terms were granted\\n14. Of the third.\\n15. Of the fourth. Which party received reinforcements f\\n16. To what place did Cos retire What terms were granted to the vtmquished.\\nMention some of the trophies acquired by the Texans.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "A BRILLIANT VICTORY. 81\\nto the vanquished. It was said most of the reinforcements\\nintroduced by Ugartechea were liberated convicts. These ho\\nwas required to take back across the Rio Grande. Mexican\\nofficers were permitted to retain their side arms and all pri-\\nvate property. A small battery and one hundred stand o:\\nBraall arms were returned to the Mexicans for protection\\nagainst the Indians until they reached the Eio Grande. Of-\\nficers and men pledged themselves not to fight against Texas\\nduring the present war, and such soldiers as chose to do so\\nwere permitted to remain in San Antonio. The loss of the\\nMexicans in this fight was estimated at one hundred and\\nfifty killed, and twelve hundred prisoners surrendered to\\nGeneral Burleson. The Texan s captured twenty-one pieces\\nof artillery, five hundred muskets, and a large quantity of\\nclothing and army stores.\\n17. Speaking of this brilliant victory, Burnet says: We\\nregard the taking of San Antonio as, without exception, the\\nmost difficult, protracted, and gallant achievement that\\ngraced our revolutionary history, and as exhibiting a more\\npatient endurance of the fatignes, privations and dangers in-\\ncident to war, than is common in an army of unpaid, undis-\\nciplined volunteers, a portion of whom were strangers, hav-\\ning no predial interests in the country. Colonel Burleson\\ndid all that duty could require. Colonel Johnson approved\\nhimself a worthy successor to the brave and skillful Milam,\\nwhile every subordinate officer and every soldier displayed an\\nindomitable heroism. This first essay in the field, says\\nKennedy, was astonishingly successful, and the storming\\nof Bexar will rank among the most remarkable feats of chiv*\\nalric daring.\\n1T\u00c2\u00ab Give Burnet s opinion of the figlit. Kennedy s", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,\\nSECTION III.\\nTHE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. THE C0:N VENTI0I5 OF 1836.\\nCONDITION OF THE TEXAS ARMY.\\n1. The Executive Council, which was still in session at\\nSan Eelipe, had adopted such measures as* were deemed\\nnecessary to prosecute the war. A tariff of import and ex-\\nport duties was levied. Six ports of entry were established\\nSabine, Galveston, Brazos, Matagorda, Lavaca, and Co-\\npano. A judiciary was organized, and two judges ap-\\npointed for each municipality. A regular army was\\nprovided for, to consist of twelve hundred and twenty\\nmen. Only two companies of regulars had actually been\\nmustered into service, but a full corps of officers was duly\\nelected and commissioned.*\\n2. On the 10th of December the Council passed a decree\\nordering an election of delegates to a General Convention.\\nThe twenty-two municipalities were to elect fifty-six dele-\\ngates the election to be held on the 1st of February, 1836,\\nand the Convention to meet in Washington on the 1st of\\nMarch. Governor Smith vetoed the bill because it gave\\nBexar four delegates, and the Governor thought that the\\nMexican population of that municipality would oppose the\\nmovement. The objection was overruled; but the point\\nobjected to by the Governor was guarded by prohibiting all\\nMexicans from voting, except those who opposed a central\\ngovernment.\\nIt may be noted that but few of thope actually in the army were elected officers.\\nOn the very day the attack was made on San Antonio, Sublett was elected Colonel\\never Burleson, and it was not until after the news of the capture of the city had been\\nreceived that Johnson was elected a major.\\nSection III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 What measures did the executive council adopt t\\n2\u00c2\u00bb What decree passed the Council December 10 1", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CONVENTION OF 1836. 83\\n3. It was soon discovered that the Executive Council was\\ntoo unwieldy for prompt action. The Governor could do\\nnothing without the sanction of the majority. The mem-\\nbers from the different municipalities were constantly\\nchanging, and the Governor seems to have taken no pains to\\nconciliate their good will, or enlist their co-operation in his\\nmeasures. A rupture occurred, and on the 11th of January\\nthe Council, by a unanimous vote, deposed Governor\\nSmith, and installed Lieutenant-Governor Robinson as\\nGovernor. The Governor declined to surrender his office.\\nA wordy controversy ensued, which was protracted until the\\nmeeting of the Convention in Washington.\\n4. The delegates to the Convention assembled in Wash-\\nington on the 1st of March. Richard Ellis, of Red River,\\nwas elected President, and H. S. Kimble, Secretary. On\\nthe second day of the session, a declaration of independence\\nwas unanimously adopted. By the 15th a Constitution had\\nbeen prepared, and on the 16th a government ad interim,\\nwas inaugurated, with David G. Burnet for President, and\\nLorenzo de Zavalla Vice-President. Sam Houston was ap-\\npointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces in the field. The\\nConvention adjourned on the 17th and, a few days after-\\nward. President Burnet and the members of his Cabinet re-\\nmoved to Harrisburg.\\n5. The Texan Army, at the beginning of 1836, was not in\\na promising condition. After General Houston had been\\nappointed Commander-in-Chief by the Consultation in 1835,\\nthe Council authorized Colonels Grant and Johnson to raise\\n3. Bid the executive and Council act in harmony What act passed the Council\\nJanuary 11, 1836 Who became governor\\n4. When did tlie Convention meet in Washington What act passed March 2\\nWho was appointed President ad interim? To what place did the President and\\nCabinet remove\\n5 In what condition was the Texan army f Why did not Ilouston contiune in\\ncommand", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 CONDITION OF TEXAN ABMY.\\nan army to take possession of Matamoras. The same body\\nalso authorized Colonel J. W. Fannin, as agent, to collect\\nan army for the same purpose. Houston considered that\\nthese acts had superseded his authority as commander, and\\nhe took his seat in the Convention at Washington as a dele-\\ngate from Kefugio.\\n6. After the capture of San Antonio, most of the Texans in\\nBurleson s army returned to their homes, while many of the\\nsoldiers from the United States enlisted in the expedition\\nwhich Johnson and Grant were getting np against Mata-\\nmoras. The few troops remaining in San Antonio were\\nunder the command of Colonel John C. Neil, who was soon\\nsucceeded by Colonel W. B. Travis. Goliad, after its cap-\\nture by Collingsworth, was under the command successively\\nof Captains Dimmit, AVestover, Wyatt, and Colonel J. W.\\nFannin.\\nSECTION IV.\\nPLANS AN D MOVEMENTS OF SANTA ANNA. SIEGE AND\\nCAPTURE OF THE ALAMO.\\n1, Texas was now the only Mexican province that disputed\\nthe authority of Santa Anna, and he immediately began his\\npreparations for its subjugation. His plan of invasion was\\nto send his main army across the Rio Grande at Presidio,\\nand thence to San Antonio, while a supporting column ad-\\nvanced along the coast from Matamoras to Goliad.\\n2. Santa Anna arrived at Saltillo toward the last of Jan-\\nuary, 1836. On tlie 16th of February he Avas at Guerrero,\\n6. What became of Bnrlepon s soldiers after the capture of San Antonio Who\\nBiicces^ively commanded in that city Who were the commanders at Goliad\\nSection IV,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, After the capture of Zacatecas, to what province did Santa\\nAnna turn his attention\\n3* When did Santa Anna arrivo at Saltillo How did he propose to enter Tezae f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "PLANS AND MOVEMENTS OF SANTA ANNA. 85\\nand wrote to Tornel, Minister of War, giving the outlines\\nof his programme in reference to Texas. It was to drive\\nfrom the province all who had taken part in the revolution,\\ntogether with all foreigners who lived near the sea-coast, or\\nthe borders of the United States to remove far into the in-\\nterior those who had not taken part in the war; to vacate\\nall land and grants of land owned by non-residents to re-\\nmove from Texas all who had come to the province, and\\nwere not entered as colonists under Mexican rules to divide\\namong the officers and soldiers of his army the best lands,\\nprovided they would occupy them; to permit no Anglo-\\nAmerican to settle in Texas; to sell the remaining vacant\\nlands at one dollar per acre, allowing those speaking the\\nFrench language to purchase five millions of acres, those\\nspeaking English the same, and those speaking Spanish\\nwithout limit to satisfy the claims of the civilized Indians\\nto make the Texans pay the expense of the war and to\\nliberate and to declare free the negroes introduced into the\\nprovince. To prevent Texas from receiving aid from tlie\\nUnited States, an order was issued by Tornel condemning\\nas pirates all foreigners who should enter the province with\\narms or munitions of war.\\n3. While Santa Anna, with his main army, was preparing\\nto make a demonstration upon San Antonio, General Urrea\\nwas at Matamoras, organizing an auxiliary force to march\\nalong the coast.\\n4. The advance of Santa Anna s army reached the heights\\nof the Alazan, overlooking the city of San Antonio, on the\\n22d of February. On his approach, Colonel Travis, with\\none hundred and forty-four men, retired to the Alamo.\\nHow dispose of her population How dispose of the land The slaves Give the\\npurport of Torners order.\\n3* What Mexican general was at Matamoras?\\n4. When did Santa Anna arrive at San Antonio? Where did Travis take refugef", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "8Q SIEGE OF THE ALAMO.\\n5. Sauta Anna sent a summons to tlie garrison to sur-\\nrender. This was answered by a cannon-shot from the bat-\\ntery. Travis had fourteen cannon, but only a limited supply\\nof ammunition. A blood red flag, proclaiming JVb quar-\\nters floated over the church in the city.\\n6. On the 24th Travis dispatched couriers to San Felipe\\nand to Goliad for help. The Mexicans bombarded the fort\\nwithout efl cct.\\n7. On the 25th the Mexicans opened their batteries early.\\nToward noon Santa Anna himself crossed the river, and per-\\nsonally superintended the planting of cannon at the powder-\\nhouse on the hill, and also near the walls of the Alamo,\\nunder the protection of some houses. Late at night the\\nTexans sallied out and burned several buildings near the\\nfort.\\n8. Early on the morning of the 26th a skirmish took\\nplace, but without decisive results. Santa Anna, having re-\\nceived reinforcements, drew his lines still closer around the\\nwalls, attempting to cut off the garrison from water. In this\\nhe failed. At night the Texans again sallied out and burned\\nsome buildings on the north side of the fort. A continued\\nbombardment was kept up, but nothing important occurred\\nfor several days.\\n9. On the 2d of March Captain John W. Smith, with\\nthirty-two citizen-soldiers from Gonzales, forced their way\\nthrough the Mexican lines and entered the fort; and, on the\\n3d, Travis sent out a courier to the Convention at Washing-\\nton. He says: I am still here in fine spirits, and weU to\\ndo. With one hundred and forty-five men I have held thia\\n5* How was Santa Anna s summons to suiTender answered\\n6. What took place on the 24th\\n7 On the 25th?\\n8. On the 26th?\\n9. Who entered the Alamo on the 2d of March What word did Travis send th\u00c2\u00ab\\nConvention on the 3d", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "ITS J 88A ULT PLANNED. 87\\nplace ten days against a force variously estimated at from\\nfifteen hundred to six thousand, and I shall continue to hold\\nit until I get lelief from my countrymen, or I will perish in\\nits defence. We have had a shower of cannon balls continu-\\nally falling among us the whole time, yet none of us have\\nfallen. We have been miraculously preserved. Daring the\\nday Colonel J. B. Boniiam, who had been sent to Goliad for\\nreinforcements, returned and rejoined his companions in the\\nfort. At night the Texans made an unsuccessful sally in the\\ndirection of the old mill.\\n10. On the morning of the 4th there was cannonading on\\nthe part of the Mexicans. The Texans, being short of am-\\nmunition, seldom fired. In the evening Santa Anna con\\nvened a council of officers to deliberate upon the propriety\\nof an assault. A majority opposed the attempt before the\\narrival of siege guns but the General, whose movements had\\nalways been very rapid, was impatient at this delay, and de-\\ntermined to assault the fortress. His orders were very care-\\nfully and minutely given. There were to be four columns\\nof attack under his most experienced officers. Each column\\nwas supplied with scaling ladders, crowbars and axes. His\\nwhole cavalry force was marshalled in the rear to prevent the\\ndesertion of his own unwilling troops and the escape of the\\nbesieged. Filisola mentions, as a rumor, that during the\\nevening Travis proposed to surrender on condition that the\\nlives of his men should be spared. This was, probably, an\\nunfounded report.\\n11. All parties were required to be in their designated\\nplaces, and it was Santa Anna s order that the assault should\\ntake place at midnight. Besides the main chapel of the\\nAlamo there was a court, surrounded by a stone wall, inclos-\\n10. What occurred on the 4th of March? Mention Santa Anna s pJan of assault\\n11. At what hour did Santa Anna intend to make the assault? What were the\\nsurroundings of the Alamo", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 ASSA ULT OF TEE ALAMO^TRA VIS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CROCKETT.\\niog two or three acres of ground. Along this wall were some\\nstone buildings used as barracks. One of these was a two-\\nstory building, and all opened into tlie court-yard, though\\nthey had no connection with each other.\\n12. At four o clock on Sunday morning, March Gth, the\\nthirteenth day of the siege, the bugle sounded for a forward\\nmovement along the whole Mexican line, and a grand assault\\nupon the beleaguered garrison. The Texans hastened to\\ntheir guns, and, according to Filisola, poured upon the ad-\\nvancing columns a shower of grape, and musket, and rifle\\nballs. Filisola continues: The three columns that at-\\ntacked the west, north, and east fronts fell back, or, rather,\\nwavered, at the first fire of the Texans. The columns of the\\nwestern and eastern attacks, meeting with some difficulty in\\nreaching the tops of the small houses forming the wall of\\nthe fort, did, by a simultaneous movement to the right and\\nto tlie left, swing northward until the three columns formed\\none dense mass, which, under the guidance of their officers,\\nfinally succeeded in effecting an entrance into the enclosed\\nyard. About the same time the column on the south made\\na breach in the wall, and captured one of the guns of the\\nfori This cannon was commanded by Travis in person,\\nand it is likely he fell early in the action, as his body was\\nfound near his gun. The Mexicans immediately turned this\\npiece upon the church, and the Texans, overpowered by\\nnumbers, finally took refuge in the various buildings, aban-\\ndoning the yard to the foe.\\n13. After this each apartment became a separate battle-\\nfield, the Texans selling their lives as dearly as possible.\\nCrockett was probably alone, as the bodies of no other Tex-\\nans were near him. Around his corpse were a number of\\n12, On what day did the assault take place Give Filisola s account of the cap-\\nlure of the place. Where did Travis fall\\n1 3* Mention what is known of the death of Crockett. Of Bowk.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE CAPTURE^NONE SPARED.\\nMexicans whom he had undoubtedly slain in the last con-\\nflict. Bowie, who was in the last stage of consumption, was\\nconfined to his bed, where he was discovered and slain. It\\nwas reported that he, with his pistol, shot two or three Mex-\\nicans as they entered his room. The last place taken by the\\nenemy was the church. Further resistance now seemed use-\\nless, and, according to a preconcerted arrangement. Major\\nEvans attempted to blow up the magazine. He was shot\\njust as he was applying the torch.\\n14. After all resistance had ceased, three or four Texans\\nwere found concealed in a room, who appealed for quarter,\\nbut were immediately put to the sword. Lieutenant Dickin-\\nson (one of the officers who had assisted Johnson in the cap-\\nture of the city) had his family with him in the barracks.\\nWith a child on his back he attempted to leap from one of\\nthe upper rooms. Both were shot, and fell lifeless to the\\nground. The only persons spared were Mrs. Dickinson and\\ndaughter (the latter known as the Child of the Alamo\\nMrs. Alsbury and child, and a negro servant belonging to\\nTravis.\\n15. The garrison numbered about one hundred and eighty.\\nA monument, standing at the entrance of the capital, at\\nAustin, states that Thermopylae had its messenger of\\ndefeat the Alamo had none. Greneral Andrade, the officer\\nimmediately appointed commander in San Antonio, report-\\ned the Mexican loss at eight officers killed, and eighteen\\nwounded; enlisted men, fifty-two killed, and two hundred\\nand thirty-three wounded. Well-informed Texans put the\\nloss of the enemy at from one hundred and fifty to two\\nhundred killed, and about twice that number wounded.\\n14. How were those treated who appealed for quarter Give the fate of Lieuten*\\nunt Dickinson. Who were spared\\n15. How many Texans fell in the Alamo? What was the probable loss of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nenpmv", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 UBBEA 8 AD VANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SAN PA TBIGIO.\\nThe bodies of the Texan s were collected in heaps and\\nburned.*\\nSECTION V.\\nCRREA. SAN PATRICIO. GRANT. MASSACRE AT REFUGIO.\\nGOLIAD EVACUATED. BATTLE OF COLETA. MASSACRE\\nAT GOLIAD.\\n1. Simultaneously with the advance of Santa Anna, Gen-\\neral Urrea proceeded along the coast. The advance of his col-\\numn reached San Patricio on the 28th of February. Colonel\\nJohnson, with a few Texans, was completely surprised, as he\\nhad no intimation of the proximity of the foe. But the\\nMexican population of the place had received notice of the\\napproach of Urrea s cavalry, and were instructed to keep\\nlights burning in their houses, as a signal to their friends.\\nFortunately Johnson was writing until late, and, having a\\nlight burning in bis room, was not discovered by the enemy, I\\nand he and three companions made their escape. From\\nprisoners captured at San Patricio the Mexicans learned\\nthat Colonel Grant, Major Morris, and about forty other\\nTexans, were out on a scout for horses. The next day this\\nparty was discovered and surrounded by a large cavalry\\nforce, and all the officers, and all but two of the privates,\\nkilled.\\n2. As soon as Fannin, whose headquarters were at Goliad,\\nheard of the approach of Urrea, he sent Captain King\\nOn the 25th of February, 1837, Colonel John N. Seguin superintended the coUeo*\\ntion and proper interment of the bones of these heroes.\\nSection V. 1, When did Urrea reach San Patricio? How did Colonel John-\\nBon escape? What became of Grant and his companions\\n2. Who was sent to Refugio by Colonel Fannin on the 3d of March Who on the\\n12th What took place on the 14th Why did King and Ward separate J", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "MASSACRE A T REFUGIO. gj\\n(March 3) to Eefiigio, to remove the women and children.\\nFannin, not hearing from the first detachment, on the 12th\\nof March sent Captain Ward, with one hundred and twenty\\nmen, to King s assistance. On tlie 14th the Texans at Ee-\\ningio were attacked by Captain Portelia. The Mexican a\\nwere repulsed with loss. Three of Ward s men were wounded.\\nThat night a misunderstanding arose between Ward and\\nKing as to which was entitled to the command, when the lat-\\nter, with forty-one men, withdrew from the fort to recon-\\nnoiter. After King s withdrawal Ward received orders to\\nfall back, and rejoin Fannin at Victoria. As it was impos-\\nsible to transport his three wounded men, he supplied them\\nwith water and left them in the old mission.\\n3. In the darkness of the night King and his company\\nwere lost, and, in crossing the river, their ammunition was\\nseriously damaged. In this condition, the next morning\\n(March 16), he was surrounded by the enemy, and, seeing\\nno other alternative, surrendered his men as prisoners of\\nwar. They were marched back to Refugio, and, six hours\\nafterwards, by an order of Urrea, taken out a few rods from\\ntlie mission and shot! The three wounded men left by\\nWard suffered the same fate.\\n4. During the siege of the Alamo Fannin attempted to go\\nto its relief, but was unable to do so for want of teams to\\ntransport his cannon. In the meantime he received orders\\nfrom General Houston to fall back to Victoria, and at\\nonce prepared for a retreat. On the 16th of March he dis-\\nmounted his guns, throwing some into the river, intending\\nto move early jiext morning. Just at night Captain Hor-\\nton, of the cavalry, reported a strong force of the enemy\\nIn the immediate neighborhood. Fannin remounted his\\nS. What became of King and his men f\\n4. Why did Fannin not go to the relief of Travis? When did he retreat from\\nBohad", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92 OOLIAB EVACUATED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BATTLE OF COLETA.\\nguns and prepai ed for defence. No attack was made. Tht\\nmorning was foggy, and, there being no enemy in sight,\\nabout ten o clock Fannin, with several pieces of artillery and\\nabout four hundred men, crossed the river and took up the\\nline of march for Victoria. After crossing the Menahuila\\n{may-nah-wliee -lah) Or ek, and proceeding about eight\\nmiles, a halt was ordered to permit the oxen to graze.\\n5. The march had been resumed, and the Texans were\\nwithin two miles of a skirt of timber on the Coleta Creek,\\nwhen the enemy was discovered in front of them and a little\\nto their left, issuing from a point of timber. While the\\nTexans halted, a body of Mexican cavalry had passed around\\nfor the purpose of intercepting their march. The Texan\\ncavalry had been sent forward, and, being now completely\\nseparated from the command, were too few in number to cut\\ntheir way through the enemy s lines and rejoin their com-\\nrades. The Texans halted and made hasty preparations for\\ndefence. After some manoeuvring, Urrea ordered a cavalry\\ncharge. This was gallantly repulsed by Fannin s artillery.\\nAfter the retreat of the cavalry the Texan cannon waa\\nturned upon their infantry, which also retired out of range.\\nAnother vigorous charge was repulsed, the Mexicans losing\\nheavily. Toward night a company of Campeachy Indians,\\nconcealing themselves in high grass, crawled up within rifle-\\nshot of Fannin s camp. The fire from this invisible foe was,\\nfor a time, quite destructive; but the Texan sharpshooters\\nsucceeded in dislodging them, and, before dark, all firing\\nceased, the enemy retiring out of reach. Fannin had lost\\nseven killed, seven mortally, and sixty badly wounded.\\n6. When the fire slackened the Texans improved the time\\n5. At what point was Fannin s army when the Mexicans appeared in their front!\\nWhere was the Texan cavalry? Give the particulars of the battle of Coleta.\\n6. How did the Texans improve the night? What reinforcements did Urrea r\u00c2\u00bb\\nceive? Give the particulars of the surrender.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "MASSACRE AT GOLIAB. 93\\nin throwing up a temporary breastwork and digging a shal-\\nlow trench. Before daylight Urrea received heavy reinforce-\\nments, iPiCluding a park of artillery. AVithont any adequate\\nprotection against the enemy s cannon, destitute of water\\n(for which the wounded, especially, were suffering intensely),\\nsituated in a bald prairie, and surrounded by an army five\\ntimes as large as their own, the T exans saw no alternative\\nbut to surrender. A white flag was hoisted, and terms of\\ncapitulation agreed upon. After nine days detention, such\\nof Fannin s men as wished to return were to be sent to the\\nUnited States. The prisoners were marched back to Goliad\\nand confined in the old Mission.\\n7. Captain Ward, who expected to join Fannin at Victo-\\nria, did not reach that place until it was in the possession of\\nthe Mexicans. He tried to avoid the enemy, but was dis-\\ncovered, and, with eighty men, surrendered as prisoners of\\nwar. They, too, were sent to join their companions at Go-\\nliad.\\n8. Most of these prisoners were from Georgia, and consti-\\ntuted what was known as the Georgia battalion. The\\ntime for their release was at hand, and they were in fine\\nspirits, expecting soon to embark for the United States.\\nWhile these brave men, on the night of March 26, were sing-\\ning ^Home, sweet Home, a messenger arrived from Santa\\nAnna with orders for their execution This order was too\\nfaithfully executed the next morning, Palm Sunday, March\\n27th. Without warning, the privates, in four columns,\\nwere simultaneously marched out in different directions,\\neach one strongly guarded. When at a short distance from\\nthe fort, at a given signal, all were halted and shot. The\\nmost of them were instantly killed. Some, who were only\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2y. What became of Ward and his companions\\n8, From what State were most of Fannin s men? Give the particulars of the\\nhorrible massacre. How many Texans were slain", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 TEXAS NOT YET SUBJUGATED.\\nwounded, were dispatched with sabres, and a few, by feigning\\ndeath, escaped it. After the privates had been put to death,\\nthe officers and the wounded were murdered in the fort.\\nAll the bodies were left unburied, though partially burned\\nin a brush fence. Eight physicians and attendants ivere\\nspared; twenty-seven made their escape; three hundred and\\nthirty were slain. Late in the summer General Rusk had\\nthe remains of the victims of this massacre collected and\\nhonorably interred.\\nSECTION VI.\\nBAKTA ANKA S NEW ADVAI^CE. HOUSTOIf RETREATS.\\nCROSSES THE BRAZOS. CAMPS AT THE MOUTH OP THE\\nSAN JACINTO. SKIRMISHING, APRIL 20tH.\\n1. After the capture of San Antonio and Goliad, Santa\\nAnna considered Texas subjugated, and intended himself\\nimmediately to return home, leaving his generals to re-estab-\\nlish Mexican laws and institutions. Almonte, however, to\\nwhom the task of governing Texas Avas to be committed, and\\nFilisola, the military commander, reminded the President\\nthat all the Texans yet encountered were recent volunteers\\nfrom the United States, and that the real strength of the\\ncolonists was unimpaired.\\n2. Feeling the force of these observations, Santa Anna\\nprepared to push three parallel columns into the heart of the\\ncountry. General Urrea, with seventeen hundred men, was\\nto proceed along the coast to Brazoria and Galveston Gen-\\nSectlon VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What did Santa Anna think the capture of San Antonio i\\\\i\\nGoliad had effected\\n2. How many columns did he determine to push into the interior? Who com-\\nmanded the northern division The central", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "SANTA ANNA S AD VANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HO USTONS RETREA T. 95\\neral Gaona, with seven hundred and fifty men, to take the\\nupper route, by Bastrop, to Nacogdoches while the central\\ncolumn, of about four thousand, was to advance to Gonzales,\\nSan Felipe, and Harrisburg. Next to the commander-in-\\nchief, Filisola was the ranking officer of this division. The\\ntroops were put promptly in motion. General Sesma com-\\nmanding the advance of the central column.\\n3. General Houston arrived at Gonzales on the 11th of\\nMarch, and found about five hundred men in the army, most\\nof whom had been in the campaign of 1835. The same\\nevening news reached the camp of the fall of the Alamo, and\\nthe expected advance of Santa Anna. As Houston s force\\nwas inadequate to cope with the enemy, he ordered a retreat.\\nThis was commenced about midnight, March 12, the fami-\\nlies removing with the army. In the confusion resulting\\nfrom this hasty evacuation, most of the buildings in town\\nwere burned. The Texans reached the Navidad on the 14th,\\nand the Colorado, at Burnham s, on the 17th. When he\\ncrossed the Colorado, Houston s army had increased to six\\nhundred men.\\n4. He descended the river, on the east side, to the old Atas-\\ncosita crossing (Columbus), where he remained until the 2oth.\\nRecruits continued to arrive until he had an army of twelve\\nhundred to fifteen hundred men. On the 26th the Texans\\ntook up the line of march for San Felipe. Many of the sol-\\ndiers, whose homes were west of the Brazos, then left, to se-\\ncure the safety of their families. Instead of crossing the river\\nat San Felipe, Houston changed his course up the stream,\\ncrossed Mill Creek, and camped in the Brazos bottom, oppo-\\nsi ie- Groce s, from the 29th of March until the 12th of\\nApril.\\n3 When did Houston arrive at Gonzales? Retreat from that place? Arrive M\\nthe Colorado\\n4. Where was Houston on the 25th Where did he camp March 29", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96 ATTEMPTS TO BE8I8T SANTA ANNA S ADVANCE.\\n5. While Houston was camped at the Colorado, the ad-\\nvance column of the enemy, under Sesma, reached Colum-\\nbus. On the day that Houston crossed Mill Creek, Santa\\nAnna started the bulk of the central column from San An-\\ntonio to follow Sesma. The general himself and his per-\\nsonal staff left the city March 31, and arrived at Columbus\\non the 5th of April. Leaving the heavy ordnance and most\\nof the infantry to follow, Santa Anna hastened on, and\\nreached San Felipe on the 7th. A small company of deter-\\nmined Texans, under Captain Mosely Baker, disputed the\\npassage of the river, and Santa Anna turned down to seek\\nanother crossing. He arrived at Cole s, on the Bernard, on\\nthe 9th, rested on the 10th, and sent out a foraging party\\nto the neighboring plantations at Egypt, to procure sup-\\nplies of corn, sugar, bacon, etc.*\\n6. On the 11th Santa Anna reached Powell s, and ex-\\npected to arrive at Richmond and surprise the place before\\ndaylight on the 12th but, being deceived as to the dis-\\ntance, the morning was well advanced before he entered the\\ntown. There were two ferries at the Old Fort, as the\\nplace was then called. The upper ferry, kept by Mr.\\nThompson, was guarded by a company of forty-six men, un-\\nder Captain Martin. When the alarm was given, men were\\npent to Morton s ferry to sink the boat. But it was too late. A\\njiegro, having crossed over, gave the boat up to the Mexicans.\\nCaptain Martin, unable to repel so large a force, hastened\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6While at Cole s, a nesro prisoner was brought in. Siinta Anna released him\\na^id told him to go and tell Houston that he (Santa Anna) knew wliere Houston was,\\nup in the bottom, and, as soon as he had cleaned out the land thieves down at out\\nHarrisburg, he would come back and smoke him out. The negro reached Houston\\nwhen he was at Donaho s, and faithfully delivered Santa Anna s message.\\n5. When did the Mexican advance reach the Colorado? When did Santa Anna\\nreach San Felipe Why did he not cross Where was he on the 10th\\n6. Where was he on the 11th? What Texan officer guarded the crossing at Rich-\\nmond How did the Mexicans succeed in crossing Whose gin-house was burned\\non the 15th When did Santa Anna reach Harrisburg?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "HOUSTON AT THE MOUTH OF THE SAN JACINTO. 97\\nup the river to join Houston. On the 15th Santa Anna\\ndined at Stafford s, and obtained a fresh supply of bacon\\nand corn. Before leaving, the gin-house was burned. Late\\nthat night the Mexicans reached Harrisburg.\\n7. On the same days that Santa Anna s party crossed the\\nBrazos at Richmond (April 12 and 13), General Houston\\ncrossed at Groce s. The steamboat Yelloivstone was im-\\npressed to facilitate the crossing of troops, horses, and bag-\\ngage. At Donaho s, on the loth, Houston received a couple\\nof guns.*\\n8. The Texans made forced marches to intercept the enemy,\\ncamping at Roberts s on the night of the 16th, and at Mrs.\\nMcCurley s, at Spring Creek, on the 17th, and at Harris-\\nburg on the 18th. Here the sick, the camp baggage, and a\\nsmall guard were left, while the main army crossed the\\nbayou and hastened on to Lynchburg, reaching their camp,\\nopposite the mouth of the San Jacinto, on the forenoon of\\nthe 20th.\\n9. Santa Anna, after remaining two days at Harrisburg,\\nmarched with his advanced column down to New Washing-\\nton. On the morning of the 20tli he started a small boat,\\nloaded with provisions, up to Lynchburg, where he, perhaps,\\nintended to cross his army and march eastward. The boat\\nfell into the hands of the Texans, and furnished an accept-\\nttble supply to hungry soldiers. About 9 o clock in the\\nmorning (April 20th), Santa Anna s scouts notified him of\\nthe arrival of Houston s army at Lynchburg. This was the\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6These guns had been pent as ^hollow ware, from Cincinnati, and taken\\nfrom Galveston up to Harrisburg on the schooner Kosciusko, Captain Burns. The/\\nwere the Twin Sisters, and, in 18C1, were at Baton Rouge, La.\\nT. Where and on what days did Houston s army cross the Brazos?\\n8 Where did the Texans camp on the 16th On the 17th 18th When did\\nHouston s army reach the San Jacinto battle-ground\\n9. Where was Santa Anna on the 20th.? How was he affected when he heard of\\ntlie approach of Houston At what time did he reach the battle-ground\\n5", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 SKIRMISHING, APRIL 20TU.\\nfirst intimation the Mexican commander had that the Tex-\\nans really intended to meet him in battle. The line of de-\\nfence furnished by the Guadalupe, the Colorado, and the\\nBrazos rivers, had been passed without difficulty, and he be-\\nll evc-d the Texans would continue their retreat to the Sa-\\nbine. According to the statement of his own officers, when\\nSanta Anna learned the proximity of Houston s army, that\\nveteran general became very much excited, entirely losing\\nhis usual presence of mind. The Mexicans were ordered\\nimmediately to Lynchburg, a few miles distant. About the\\nmiddle of the day the Mexican scouts came in sight of the\\ncamp of the Texans, and, by the middle of the afternoon, the\\nwhole force, with the commander, had arrived and camped\\nwithin about a mile of the Texans.\\n10. Toward evening, the artillery of the Mexicans, sup-\\nported by cavalry, was deployed in front and a little to the\\nright of the Texan camp. The Twin Sisters were placed\\nin position, and General Sherman, in command of the Texas\\ncavalry, marched out to repeal this threatened attack. The\\ndischarge of the Texan cannon, and the gallant charge of\\nSherman, checked the advance of the enemy. In this ac-\\ntion there were some heroic feats of individual daring.\\nWalter P. Lane being nearly surrounded by a squad of\\nMexican cavalry, M. B. Lamar dashed over one Mexican\\nhorseman, disarmed and dispatched another, and thus se-\\ncured Lane s escape. In this skirmish the Texans had one\\nman wounded, and several horses killed.\\nlOi Give the particulars of the skirmish on the afternoou of April 80.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO. 99\\nSECTION VII.\\nBATTLE OF SAN JACINTO. BATTLE-CRY OF THE TEXANS.\\nTHEIR CH ARGE. TOTAL ROUT OF THE ENEMY. CAPTURE\\nOF SANTA ANNA.\\n1. About 9 o clock on the morning of April 21st, 1836,\\nGeneral Cos arrived at tlie Mexican headquarters with\\nfive hundred additional troops, swelling Santa Anna s force\\nto about sixteen hundred men. To meet this army, Gen\\neral Houston had seven hundred and eighty-three men.\\nSoon after the arrival of Cos, Deaf Smith was dispatched\\nfrom the Texan camp to burn Vince s bridge, across Sim s\\nBayou. The whole Mexican army had crossed this bridge,\\nand knew of no other chance of retreat.\\n2. About 12 o clocii m., a council of officers met in the\\nTexas camp. A little after 3 o clock in the afternoon, the\\ntroops were paraded for action. The First Texas Regiment,\\nunder Burleson, occupied the centre, having the Mexican\\nbreastworks and cannon immediately in front. The Second\\nRegiment, under Sherman, was at Burleson s left on his\\nright Avas tlie artillery, commanded by Hockley, supported\\nby four companies of regulars under Millard, and by the\\ncavalry under Lamar.\\n3. At the sound of the bugle, about 4 o clock, the whole\\nTexas line shouted the battle-cry, Rememher the Alamo\\nRememher Goliad! and rushed impetuously upon the\\nSection VH,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, After the arrival of Cos, how many soldiers had Santa Anuaf\\nUow many had Houston Who was sent to burn Vioce s bridge?\\n2* What took place at Houston s headquarters at 13 o clock M., April 21? Give\\nthe disposition of the Texas troops for the battle.\\n3. At what hour did the bugle sound the charge? What was the battle-cry of the\\nTexans How did the Mexicans receive the charge What is said of Castrillon f\\nWhat became of most of the higher oflScers To whom did Almonte surrender", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "i OO THEENEMTROUTED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA ANNA CAPTURED.\\nfoe. The Mexicans, at that late hour, were not expecting\\nan attack. Many of them were taking their evening siesta,\\nSanta Anna confessed he was asleep. Only a few, compar-\\natively, were brought into action. Before their lines were\\nformed, the Texans bad charged over their breastworks,\\ntaking their cannon. The Mexicans fled in confusion,\\nleaving their camp and baggage to the victors. With the\\nbattle-cry of The Alamo! and Goliad! ringing in the\\nears of the Texans, there was a fearful slaughter of the foe\\nas long as there was any show of resistance. A few Mexican\\nofficers displayed heroic courage. Among them, General\\nOastrillou fell, trying in vain to rally his men. Many of the\\nflying Mexicans were overtaken in a marsh in the rear of\\ntheir camp. Most of their higher officers, including Santa\\nAnna, contrived to escape from the field. Almonte, who\\nwas better acquainted with the character of the Americans\\nthan the others, collected some two hundred and fifty of the\\nGuerrero battalion, and surrendered them as prisoners of\\nwar to General Eusk.\\n4. Most of the flying Mexicans made their way towards\\nVince s bridge. A few succeeded in crossing the boggy\\nbayou, but the most of them, when they found the bridge\\nburned, scattered in the prairie, or concealed themselves in\\nclumps of bushes along the bank. Santa Anna spent the\\nnight in one of these thickets. Towards morning he left it,\\nand concealed himself in the long grass on the prairie,\\nwhere, disguised as a private soldier, he was found by a party\\nof Burleson s men who had been sent in pursuit of the fugi-\\ntives. A fine gold button in his shirt induced his captora\\nto suspect that their prisoner was an officer, but they had\\nno idea of his rank until they entered the camp, when the\\nother Mexicans cried out El PresidenteJ^\\n4. In what direction did the Mexicans flee? Where did Santa Anna pa88 th\u00c2\u00ab\\ntiiiiht? By whom was he discovered", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "RESULTS OF THE VICTORY. 101\\n5. The Texans lost eight killed, and (including General\\nHouston, severely wounded in the ankle) twenty-five wound-\\ned. The loss of the Mexicans was six hundred and thirty\\nkilled, two hundred and eight wounded, and seven hundred\\nand thirty prisoners, including the President of Mexico, the\\nboasted Napoleon of the West. The Texans captured all\\nthe artillery and camp stores of the enemy, and the military\\nchest containing twelve thousand dollars in specie. The per-\\nsonal property of Santa Anna, and of other officers, was re-\\nstored. The specie and stores were divided equitably among\\nthe victors. General Houston had been grievously com-\\nplained of for his Fabrian policy of retreat, but the result of\\nthe battle of the 21st fully vindicated his course, and im-\\nmortalized the field of Sak Jacinto.\\n6. The victory, says Yoakum, was physically and\\nmorally complete. The blow was given at the proper time,\\nand in a vital part. In looking back upon the events of the\\ncampaign, we can see no time when it could have succeeded\\nso well. Providence seemed in every way to favor the re-\\nsult. It was a full retribution for past outrages. Santa\\nAnna had presided over a feast of blood at the Alamo he\\nbad ordered a second at Goliad and he was made to behold\\nanother at San Jacinto.\\nSECTION VIII.\\nKETREAT OF FILTSOLA. PRESIDENT BURNET. TREATY WITH\\nSANTA ANNA. AFFAIRS IN EASTEJIN TEXAS. TEXAS\\nNAVY.\\n1. Filisola had just crossed the Brazos at Eichmond, when\\n6. How many did the Texans lo?e in the battle? What was the Mexican loss?\\nHow mnch specie fell into the hands of the victors\\n6* Give Yoakum s reflections on the victory.\\nSection VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 Where was FilisoJa when he heard of the battle HoTf", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102 FILISOLA S RETREAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PRESIDENT B URNET.\\nhe heard of the disaster of the 21st. At General Houston s\\nsuggestion, Santa Anna wrote a letter to this officer, advis-\\ning him to fall back across the Colorado and await orders.\\nOn the 25th, four days after tlie battle, Gaona s division from\\nBastrop, and Urrea s from Matagorda, joined Filisola at Pow-\\nelTs, on the Bernard. B^ ilisola then had an army of four thou-\\nsand and seventy-eight men. But his ammunition had been\\ndamaged by rain, and he was short of provisions. A coun-\\ncil of officers advised a retreat across the Colorado but the\\nprairies were boggy and the waters high, and it was the 9th\\nof May before they succeeded in crossing the river at Colum-\\nbus. At Victoria, on the 14th of May, Filisola was joined\\nby General Andrade, with the troops left at San Antonio.\\nThe retreating army reached Goliad on the 26th of May,\\nand during the month of June re-crossed the Rio Grande,\\nleaving no Mexican soldiers in Texas except those held as\\nprisoners of war.\\n2. President Burnet, at Harrisburg, was busily emploj^ed\\nin putting the machinery of civil government in motion,\\nwhen the approach of Santa Anna rendered it necessary that\\nhe should make provision for the safety of his family, then\\nat his home on San Jacinto Bay. He just escaped being\\ncaptured at Harrisburg, and at NeAV Washington incurred a\\nstill greater hazard. He was placing his family in a little\\nboat for Galveston, when a squad of Mexican cavalry, under\\nAlmonte, galloped up. The boat was pushed off and sail\\nhoisted, he standing with his rifle at the stern, ready for de-\\nfence.\\n3. As soon as the President at Galveston ascertained that\\nmany men diil he have on the 25th What course did his officers advise When\\ndid he cross the Colorado? Where and when was he joined by Andrade When\\ndid he cross the Rio Grai)de\\n2. How was President Burnet employed? How did he escape from Almonte?\\n3. How did he aid the army? How long was it before he received news of the\\nbattle? When did he and his cabinet reach the battle-ground", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "TREATY WITH SANTA ANNA. 103\\nthe Texas army was on Buffalo Ba3^on, he, in conjunction\\nwith Robert Potter, Secretary of the Navy, loaded some\\nsmall steamers with supplies, and started them for Lynch-\\nburg. The machinery of one of these vessels got out of\\norder, and another ran aground on Red Fish Bar, so that\\nneither of them arrived at the Texas camp until after the\\nbattle. Under the supervision of Colonel A. Huston, of the\\nstaff, and Colonel James Morgan, cannon had been brought\\nfrom the Brazos, and from Matagorda Bay, and Galveston\\nIsland fortified for defense. In these days of telegraphs and\\nrailroads, it seems incredible that the news of the glorious\\nvictory at San Jacinto did not reach Galveston, forty miles\\ndistant, for six days! As soon as the President heard of the\\nvictory, he started for army headquarters, accompanied by\\nthe members of his cabinet then with him. They arrived at\\nLynchburg, May 1st, and, after a full consultation, entered\\ninto an armistice with Santa Anna on the 3d of May. The\\noutlines of a treaty were also agreed upon.\\n4. General Houston gave up the command of the army on\\nthe 5th, that he might visit New Orleans for surgical aid.\\nHe was succeeded by General Rusk, Avhile Lamar took\\nRusk s place as Secretary of War.\\n5. For better accommodation, on the 8th of May Presi-\\ndent Burnet and cabinet, and Santa Anna with his personal\\nstaff, took a steamer for Galveston, and thence to Velasco.\\nAt the latter place, on the 14tli of May, a definite treaty was\\nagreed upon with Santa Anna. By this treaty the Mexicans\\nwei*e to evacuate the country, and all prisoners, on both sides,\\nto be released. Santa Anna was to be sent to Vera Crnz, where\\nhe pledged himself to use his best endeavors to induce Mex-\\nico to acknowledge the independence of Texas.\\n4. Why did Houston resign the command of the army WTio succeeded him?\\n5. To wlmt place did the President remove Mention some of the provisions of\\nthe treaty with Santa Anna.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 AFFAIRS IN EASTERN TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS NA VT.\\n6. Though East Texas was not actually invaded, it was\\nknown there that Gaona s division had started for JSTacog:-\\ndoches. At the latter place were many Mexicans believed to\\nb6 in sympathy witlx Santa Anna, and to cherish a special\\nhatred toward the Americans. Many Indians were also in\\nthe neighborhood. These maintained a position of armed\\nneutrality. It was, moreover, believed that if a reverse\\nshould befall the army under Houston, the defenseless in-\\nhabitants would become a prey to these semi-barbarous\\ntribes. John A. Quitman, with a small company, arrived at\\nNacogdoches on the 12th of April, and found the citizens\\nin such a state of alarm that he tendered his company to\\nprotect the town and aid families in crossing the Sabine.\\nAs the most of these Indians had immigrated from the\\nUnited States, and were properly under the jurisdiction of\\nthat government, General Gaines, then in command at\\nNatchitoches, was preparing to cross the Sabine to overawe\\nthem, but the decisive battle at San Jacinto rendered this\\nprecaution unnecessary.\\n7. Among the defensive measures adopted by the Presi-\\ndent was one for the organization of a navy. Three vessels\\nwere procured and put in commission: the Invincible,\\nCaptain Brown, and the Brutus, Captain Hurd, each\\nmounting eight guns, and the Independence, Captain\\nHawkins, having eight guns and a nine-pounder pivot.\\nEarly in April the Invincible had a two hours fight with\\nthe Montezuma, a Mexican war vessel, in which the lat-\\nter was disabled and stranded near Brazos Santiago. A few\\ndays afterwards Captain Brown captured tlie Pocket,\\nvessel laden with stores for the Mexican army, and took her\\n6. What was the situation in Eft?t Texas? Who offered to protect the citizens of\\nNacogdoches Where were these Indinna from\\n7. How many vessels were procured for a navy Mention some of its captures\\nHow did these captures aid the army?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "AN EMBARRASSING QUESTION. 105\\ninto Galveston. It furnislied a very opportune supply for\\nthe Texans and their Mexican prisoners. These vessels\\nnearly swept Mexican commerce from the Gulf, and, by\\ncutting off Filisola s supplies, compelled that general to\\nhasten his departure from Texas.\\n8. During the summer, Major Isaac W. Burton, who had\\na few soldiers at Copano, succeeded in capturing three Mex-\\nican transports. From these captures his company received\\nthe name of horse marines.\\nSECTION IX.\\nAIT EMBARRASSING QUESTION TREATMENT OF SANTA AN-\\nNA. DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES.\\nINAUGURATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.\\n1. A QUESTION which now seriously disturbed Texas was\\nthe proper disposal of the captive President of Mexico. Not\\na few thought he ouglit to be tried by a drum-head court-\\nmartial and shot. Others were in favor of retaining him as\\na prisoner, to be disposed of as future circumstances might\\ndictate. A few others thought, with President Burnet and\\nthe majority of his cabinet, that he should be sent to Vera\\nCruz, as had been agreed upon in the treaty. In accordance\\nwith that agreement, Santa Anna, Almonte, and a few other\\nMexican officers, were, on the 1st of June, placed on board\\nthe Invincible, then lying in the harbor of Yelasco, to be\\nBent home. He was to be accompanied by Vice-President\\nZavalla, and Secretary of the Treasury Hardeman, who went\\nas commissioners to negotiate a treaty with the Mexican gov-\\n8\u00c2\u00bb What name was t^lven to Major Barton s command\\nSection IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What question seriously agitated the country? What wa\u00c2\u00ab\\ndone with Santa Anna on the 1st ol June", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "106 TREATMENT OF SANTA ANNA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISSATISFACTION.\\nernment, and to secure the acknowledgement of Texan\\nindependence.\\n2. When it was known that Santa Anna had been placed\\non one of the vessels of the navy to be sent liome, a most in-\\ntense excitement was created throughout the country. To\\nadd to this excitement, on the 2d of June a large number of\\nvolunteers arrived from the United States under Colonel\\nl^homas Jefferson Green. These men, who had heard of the\\nbloody massacres at the Alamo and Goliad, joined in the\\ndemand for the disembarkation of Santa Anna and his suite.\\nPresident Burnet, who was powerless to resist the clamor,\\nfinally yielded, and the prisoners were again brought on\\nshore and placed in charge of Major Patton, of the army.*\\n3. The Texas army, under General Kusk, followed the\\nretreating Mexicans to the west, to see that they evacuated\\nthe country according to the treaty. Large numbers of re-\\ncruits arrived from the United States, and, notwithstanding\\nthe discharge of those who had participated in the g reat\\nbattle of San Jacinto, as their terms of service expired, Eusk\\nsoon had about two thousand men. The country was desti-\\ntute of resources to support such an army. The soldiers com-\\nplained of the neglect of the government, and especially of\\nPresident Burnet. This dissatisfaction was so great tliat,\\nat a mass meeting in camp, the President was ordered under\\narrest.\\nIn his History of the Government, ad interim. President Burnet saj S that\\nfrom this time forward he neither assumed, or pretended to assume, any con-\\ntrol over the prisoners. The military had seized them, and were alone responsible\\nfor having subsequently put Santa Anna in irons. The civil government was power-\\nless. The appearance of a strange schooner in the Brazos River induced the belief\\nthat an attempt would be made to rescue the prisoner. Hence he was removed, first\\nto Columbia, then to Orizaba, the residence of Dr. Phelps, twelve miles above\\nColui.ibia, and placed in irons. At the meeting of Congress his irons were removed,\\nand, after the adjournment of that body, General Houston released him and seni\\nhim, at his own request, to Washington.\\n2. Why was he again brought on shore? In whose charge was he placed f\\n3. How was the army employed? Of what did the soldiers complain?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITS UNITED 8TATE8. 107\\nI. Fortunately the ojQBcer sent to Velasco did not attempt\\nforcibly to carry out his informal orders. On the other\\nhand, the people complained bitterly of the soldiers, parties\\nof whom, passing through the country without officers to\\ncontrol them, took whatever they needed, sometimes pressing\\noxen and horses from before the plow, and, in some instances,\\nkilling milch cows for beef, or taking the last bushel of\\ncorn a family had reserved for seed or for bread. Tlie Presi-\\ndent and his co-laborers in the cabinet did all in their power\\nto supply the wants of the army, to afford protection to the\\npeople, and to sustain civil government.\\n5. The agents sent out by the convention having returned\\nto Texas in May, President Burnet despatched Messrs. Peter W.\\nGrayson and James Collingsworth as envoys to establish diplo-\\nmatic relations witli the United States, secure the recognition\\nof Texan independence, and ascertain the practicability of\\nthe annexation of Texas to the Union. In return, President\\nJackson sent Henry M. Morfit as commissioner to Texas, to\\ninquire into the condition, resources, and population of the\\ncountry, and to report.\\n6. On the 23d of July, President Burnet issued a procla-\\nmation ordering an election for President, Vice-President, and\\nmembers of Congress. The people were also to vote on the\\nadoption of the Constitution which had been framed by the\\ncc uvention in March, and also on the question of annexation.\\nThe President had revoked all letters of marque and repri-\\niBal, and all commissions of officers of the army and navy not\\nm actual service. The unsettled state of Mexico secured\\nTexas from danger from that quarter. Propitious rains had\\nfallen, and, notwithstanding the late planting, the farmers\\nmade good crops.\\n4. Was the Prei?ident arrested Of what did the people complain\\n5\u00c2\u00ab What country was the first to establish diplomatic relations with Texas\\n6. When did the President issue his proclamation for an election What waa\\nthe condition of the country", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "108 CONSTITUTIONAL 00 VERNMENT IN A UQ URA TED.\\n7. A settlement had been formed by the Parker family,\\nand a fort erected near where Springfield now stands, in\\nLimestone county. On the 19th of May, 1836, this fort was\\nsurrounded by about three hundred Comanche Indians.\\nThere were thirty-three persons in the fort, but only five\\nable to bear arms. These were all killed. One white woman\\nwas wounded; two others, and three children, were taken\\nprisoners. The others escaped, and were six days in the wil-\\nderness without food.\\n8. At the election, held in September, Sam Houston was\\nelected President, and M. B. Lamar, Vice-President. The\\nConstitution was adopted by an almost unanimous vote, and\\nthe vote was equally strong for annexation.\\n9. Congress met at Columbia on the 3d of October, and,\\nthough the Constitution had fixed the second Monday in\\nDecember for the inauguration of the new government, the\\nPresident and Vice-President resigned, and, on the 22d of Oc-\\ntober, Generals Houston and Lamar were duly installed in\\ntheir respective offices. Thus closes our Revolutionary Pe-\\nriod, a period that furnishes the darkest and the brightest\\npage in Texas history.\\n7, Give the particulars of the fight at Parker s fort.\\n8, Who was elected President? Vice-President?\\n9, When and where did Congress meet When were the newly elected ofBceri\\nUstaUedf", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CHBONOLOGIGAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. lOS\\nCHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nTHIRD PERIOD.\\nWhen and where did the first fight of onr Revolution take place October 8,\\n1835, at Gonzales.\\nWhen did the Texan s take Goliad October 9, 1835.\\nDate of the battle of Concepcion October 28.\\nWhen did the general consultation meet? November 3. When organize a pro-\\nvisional government On the 12tli.\\nWhen was the grass fight November 26.\\nWhen did the Texans begin the attack on San Antonio? December 2, and tho\\n^i^ surrendered December 9.\\nWhen did Santa Anna arrive at Bexar February 22, 1S36.\\nDate of tlie Declaration of Texas Independence March 2, 1836.\\nDate of the massacre of the Alamo March 6.\\nOf the organization of the government ad interim? March 16. On the same day\\nKing s men were killed at Refugio byUrrea.\\nDate of battle of Col eta March 17.\\nOf Fannin s massacre March 27.\\nOf the Battle of San Jacinto April 21.\\nWhere and when did the first Congress of Texas meet? At Columbia, October\\n\u00c2\u00bbnd the constitational goyernment was organized October 22, 1836.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "no\\nHOUSTON S FIRST ADMINISTRATION.\\nPERIOD IV.\\nTEXAS A REPUBLIC.\\nFecm 1837 TO 1845.\\nSECTION I.\\nHOUSTON S FIRST ADMINISTRATIOJq IN DEPEN DEI^CE\\nRECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES.\\n1. The President, after his inaugural address to Congress,\\ndelivered to the Speaker of the House his sword, saying, It\\nnow becomes my duty to make a presentation of this sword,\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Wlio was the first President under the Constitution? Sam\\nHouston. What disposition did Houston make of his sword", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CONGRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PUBLIC DEBT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOMESTEADS. HI\\nthe emblem of my past office. I have worn it with some\\nhumble pretensions in defense of my country; and should\\nthe danger of my country again call for my services, I ex-\\npect to resume it, and respond to that call, if needful,\\nwith my blood and life.\\n2. He found Congress fully organized, and its committees\\nat work on the subjects recommended by President Burnet\\nat the opening of the session. JMie duties devolving upon\\nthis body were responsible and arduous, and its members\\napplied themselves to their work with commendable zeal\\nand fidelity. After a three months session, Congress ad-\\njourned, to meet in the new town of Houston, on Buftalo\\nBayou.\\n3. Congress authorized the President to negotiate a loan\\nof $500,000, and provision was also made for the collection\\nof an ad valorem tax, and a small impost duty. The loan\\nwas not effected, the President receiving no proposals which\\nhe thought advisable to accept. The public debt was esti-\\nmated at $2,000,000.\\n4. The public domain of Texas constituted its principal\\nresource for paying the revolutionary debt. Liberal grants\\nwere made to every soldier in the campaign of 1836. In view\\nof the paucity of population, it was also deemed advisable to\\ncontinue to grant homesteads to immigrants. Since the\\nbreaking out of the revolution in 1835, the land office had\\nbeen closed. It was believed a great many fraudulent and\\nforged land certificates were in circulation, and it was ex-\\npected that, as soon as the land office was re-opened, these\\nillegal claims would be presented for titles. Surveys had\\nnot been carefully made. Every man located his certificate\\n2. Upon what was Congress engaged To wliat place iid Congress adjourn\\n3. What laws passed to raise a revenue\\n4. What disposition was made of the public land? What is said of fraudulent\\n^and certificates", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 LAND COMMISSIONERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TREATY NOT FTILFILLED,\\nwhereYer he found vacant land that suited him; but, in\\nmany instances, an earlier location covered part of the same\\ntract. This produced a conflict in titles.\\n5. President Houston was very anxious to see a reform in-\\ntroduced, and the land surveyed in townships and sections\\ninstead of leagues and labors but most of the old colonists,\\nwho had league claims, opposed this measure, and it was not\\ncarried out. To prevent fraudulent locations, Congress ap-\\npointed a Board of Land Commissioners, and a County Sur-\\nveyor for each county the commissioners to see that no\\ntitles were issued upon fraudulent certificates, and the sur-\\nveyor to prepare a map of the land surveys, and see that con-\\nflicting patents were not issued.\\n6. As soon as the news of the battle of San Jacinto\\nreached Mexico, the acting President repudiated the treaty\\nof Santa Anna, and when the liberated chief returned home,\\nhe was powerless to secure its fulfilment, even if he had been\\ndisposed to do so. Filisola was severely censured by Torn el\\nfor his hasty retreat, and was superseded by Urrea. But\\nMexico was in the throes of another revolution, and Urrea,\\na republican, could not be entrusted with so important and\\ncomparatively independent a command. He was superseded\\nby Bravo. The latter general, however, found employme\u00c2\u00bbnt\\nnear the capital, in watching the movements of the new re-\\npublican leader Moctezuma, and Filisola was restored to his\\nold command.\\n7. Early in 1837, Filisola had collected about five thousand\\nmen between Matamoras and San Luis Potosi, and was pre-\\nparing for a spring campaign in Texas. Bustemente, after\\n5. What change did the President desire in the land surveys What steps were\\ntaken to detect fraudulent claims?\\n6. How was Santa Amm s treaty regarded in Mexico What prevented Mexico\\nfrom again invading Texas\\n7. How many men had Filisola on the Eio Grande in 1837? What again saved\\nTexas from invasion", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "TEXAS INDEPENDENCE ACKNO WLEDGED. 113\\nhis inauguration as President, assured the troops, in the\\nneighborhood of the capital, that they woukl soon have an\\nopportunity to enter Texas and wipe out the disgrace which\\ntlie San Jacinto campaign had brought upon the national\\narms. But, fortunately for Texas, the revolution under Moc-\\ntezunia furnished ample employment at home for the Mexi-\\ncan army, and Texas escaped invasion.\\n8. The independence of Texas was acknowledged by the\\nUnited States, March 2, 1837, one year after its declaration.\\nOne of the last official acts of President Jackson was to sign\\nthe Texas bill. During the year 1838, commercial treaties\\nwere formed with France and Great Britain, though the lat-\\nter government insisted upon regarding Texas as a province\\nof Mexico.\\n9. The government possessing but very inadequate means\\nto support an army in the field, and the President believing\\nthere was no immediate danger of an invasion, issued an or-\\nder permitting the soldiers to return to their homes on fur-\\nlough, and thus the army was virtually disbanded.\\n10. After the battle of San Jacinto, the schooner Liberty\\nwas despatched to New Orleans. After remaining at anchor\\nfor some time in the Mississippi Eiver, she was sold to defray\\nher expenses. When President Houston was inaugurated,\\nthe schooners Invincible and Brutus were in New York,\\ndetained for want of funds. Henry Swartwout, then col-\\nlector of customs in that city, generously stepped forward\\nand furnished means to relieve these vessels and equip them\\nfor a voyage. Captain H. L. Thompson was placed in com-\\nmand of the Invincible^ and Captain J. D. Baylor, of the\\nBrutus.\\n8. What, nation first recognized the independence of Texas With what nations\\nwere treaties formed\\n9. How did the President dispone of the army\\n10. What became of the schooner Liberty T Who furnished the means to equip\\ni iyQ Invincible Siudi t\\\\xQ Bndus f Name the captaius.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 VESSELS OF THE NA VT.\\n11. Both vessels left New York in April, 1837. Arriving\\nill the Gulf, the Invincible captured the Mexican schooner\\nAUspa, and the Brutus the schooner Telegraph. After\\na cruise of some three months along the Mexican coast,\\nmaking various landings and occasional captures, the two\\nvessels arrived at Galveston Bar, August 25, being pursued\\nby two Mexican brigs. The Brutus succeeded in entering\\nthe harbor, but the Invincible was wrecked on the Bar,\\nthe crev/ escaping to the island. The Brutus was lost in\\na gale in Galveston harbor, October 6, 1837.\\n12. On the 17th of April, the schooner Independence,\\ncommanded by Captain Wheelwright, sailing from New Or-\\nleans with a crew of thirty-one men and about one hundred\\npassengers, was overhauled near Velasco by a Mexican brig,\\nand, after a severe action, in which Captain Wheelwright\\nwas wounded, his vessel was captured and taken to Mata-\\nmoras. At the close of 1837 there was but one vessel, the\\nreceiving ship Potomac, in commission. On tlie 13th of\\nNovember, 1838, under a law of Congress and the instruc-\\ntion of President Houston, S. M. Williams contracted with\\nFrederick Dawson, of Baltimore, for one ship, two brigs, Jind\\nthree schooners, fbr a new navy.\\n13. It is difficult to ascertain the precise number of In\\ndians in Texas at this time. Mr. Morfit, in his report to\\nSecretary Forsyth, in the fall of 1836, estimated the whole\\nnumber at fourteen thousand two hundred, as follows Wa-\\ncoes, four hundred Tehuacanas, two hundred Tonka-\\nwas, eight hundred Coshatties, three hundred and fifty\\nAlabamas, two hundred and fifty; Comanches, two thou-\\n11. When did these vessels leave New York? What became of the 7nri/wriWe,?\\nOf the Bnitus?\\n12. How was the Lidependerice lo^t Who entered into a contract to furnish\\nVessels for a new navy\\n13. How many Indians were then in the State", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "DIFFICULTIES WITH THE INDIANS. Ho\\nBand; Caddoes, five hundred; Lipans, nine hundred; small\\nbands eight hundred; to which add the Oherokeesand theii\\ntwelve associate bands, eight thousand.\\n14. President Houston s well-known pacific policy toward\\nthe Indians served to keep most of them quiet during his\\nadministration. But the opening of the land office, and ap-\\npearance of the surveyors marking off the land, arous(jd\\nthe hostility of some frontier tribes. On the 7th of Jan-\\nuary, 1837, fourteen rangers encountered, in the upper\\npart of Robertson s Colony, a body of hostile savages. After\\na severe fight, in which the Texans had two killed, the\\nrangers were compelled to retreat. In May following, a still\\nlarger band entered the same colony, and came in sight of\\nNashville. This party killed five Americans on Little River,\\nand captured their wagon.\\n15. In October, 1837, Lieutenant Van Benthuysen, with\\neighteen men, left Fort Smitii, on Little River, for a scout.\\nWhen far above the settlements on the waters of the Trinity,\\nthis company encountered a considerable force of Wacoes\\nand Towash. After a severe fight, in which the Texans lost\\none lieutenant and nine privates killed, and as many wound-\\ned, they retired toward the settlements.\\n16. The next year, the Kickapoos becoming troublesome,\\nGeneral Rusk collected some yolunteers, and destroyed their\\nvillage, killing eleven Indians, and having a few of his men\\nwounded. Near San Antonio two surveyors were killed\\nand a party of thirteen whites that followed the Indians were\\ndrawn into an ambuscade, and all but one either killed or\\nwounded. Those who ventured at that time out upon the\\nfrontier, did so at the peril of their lives and property.\\n14. What was Honstoii s Indian policy? Wliat exapperattd the Indians Give\\nthe result of the figlit, January 7, 1837. What depredations were committed in May!\\n15. Give the particulars of Van Benthuysen s fight.\\n10. Who chastised the Kickapoos", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "116 LAMAB S ADMINISTRATION.\\n17. Congress effected a radical change in the judicial de-\\npartment, substituting the English for the Spanish systen of\\njurisprudence. The Eepublic was divided into four judicial\\ndistricts. One chief justice was appointed, and the district\\njudges acted as associate justices of the supreme court. These\\njudges were elected by joint ballot of both houses of Congress,\\nand held their office for four years. Provision was also made\\nfor tlie organization of county and magistrates courts, and\\na system of laws passed similar to those in the United States.\\n18. By a provision of the constitution, the first President\\nwas to hold his office but two years. After the first, tiie\\nPresidential term was three years.\\n19. At the election held September 3d, 1838, Mirabeau B.\\nLamar was elected President, and David G. Burnet, Vice-\\nPresident.\\nSECTION II.\\nLAMAR S ADMINISTRATION. AUSTIN MADE THE CAPITAL.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTHE INDIANS. SANTA FE EXPEDITION.\\n1. The new President was inaugurated in the presence of\\nCongress, at Houston, December 10th, 1838. The administra-\\ntion opened most auspiciously. Immigration continued new\\nsettlements were formed; schools and churches were estab-\\nlished and there was a rapid growth of commerce in the\\nvarious seaports.\\n2. By an Act of Congress, of January 14th, 1839, commis-\\nsioners were appointed to locate a new seat of government.\\n1 7. What change was effected in the judiciary department f\\n1 8. What was to be the ltMi!, th of the Presidential terra?\\n19. Wlio was elected President\\nSection II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the second President? Mirabeau B. Lamar. How\\ndid ihe administration open\\n2. What act passed Congress, January 14, 1837 Where was the capital located", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "LAMAB S POLICY TOWARD THE mDIAJSfS. n:\\nThey selected the village of Waterloo, on the east bank of\\nthe Colorado, then in Bastrop county. The new city received\\nthe name of Austin.\\n3. In 1840 France and Belgium recognized the indepen-\\ndence of Texas.\\n4 Early in 1839, Mr. Dawson delivered to the government\\nthe schooners San Jaciiiio, San Antonio, San Bernard, and\\nthe brig Colorado, and, latev in the yejir, the sloop Austin,\\nand the brig Dolphi7i. General James Hamilton purchased\\nthe steamship Zavalla. The Potomac was still used as a re-\\nceiving shii).*\\n5. The policy of President Lamar toward the Indians\\nwas very different from that of his predecessor. He desired\\nthe expulsion of all Indian tribes. In his inaugural mes-\\nsage he said that, the sword should mark the boundaries\\nof the Republic.^ An official report made to him, estimat-\\nThere was a floating population on the frontier of Texas, ready for new ad-\\nventures, and, in 1839, an army was organized for establishing tli\u00c2\u00ab Republic of the\\nRio Grande Among the American leaders of this enterprise wi-re Colonels S.W.\\nJordan, Reuben Ross, and William S. Fisher. The Mexican commanders were Col-\\nonels Canalis, Gonzales, Zapata, and Juan N. Seguin.\\nThe Republicans left Lipantitlan, September 20th, 1889, crossed the Rio Grande on\\nthe 30th, and taking possession of Guerrero on the 1st of October, marched to Mier\\nthe next (lay. On the 3d, at Alcantara, they gained a decisive victory over Parbon,\\nthe Centralist commander. In December, an ineffectnal attempt was made to gaiu\\npossession of Matamoras. When Canalis retreated from the city, the Texans left.\\nA new organization was eft ccted at Guerrero in January, 1840 and at Moralis, on\\nthe 15th ot March, the Republicans were badly defeated by the Centralists under\\nArista. They a-jain rallied and reorganized at San Patricio, about the 1st of June,\\nand crossed the Rio Grande at Laredo. Near Saltillo, on the 23d of October, they\\nencountered Vasquez, with about one thousand soldiers. The Republicans had three\\nhundred and thirty-five. Early in the action, Lopez and Molano. two Mexican offi-\\ncers, deserted to the Centralists. For some time the Texans, with a few Mexican\\nrancheros, maintained the bloody conflict, losing five killed and seven wonnded.\\nVasquez lost about (our hundred.\\nSoon after this fiLdir, the Texans returned to their homes, and Canalis surrendered\\nto Arista, stipulating, however, for the safety of his companions in arms. Thus\\nended the Republic of the Rio Grande, an enterprise which, though unauthorized by\\nthe Texas government, served for the time to keep the Centralists employed on the\\nsouth side of the Rio Grande.\\n3. When did France and Belgium recognize the independence of Texas\\n4. What vessels did Mr. Dawson deliver to the government? Who procured the\\nZavalla?\\n6. How did Lamar s Indian policy differ from Houston s Give the numbei. of\\ntvarriors of the principal Indian tribes.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "lis CORDOVA AND HIS PARTY.\\ned the number of warriors belonging to Texas Indians, as\\nfollows: East Texas, eighteen hundred on the waters of the\\nTrinity and Wichita Rivers, fifteen hundred. (The Santa Fe\\nexpedition passed through the villages of some of these\\ntribes. Kendall says the Wacoes had large fields in cultiva-\\ntion in corn, beans, etc., possessed large herds of cattle, and\\nhad comfortable houses, supplied with rude furniture. The\\nnumber of warriors of the Oomanches and Apaches was\\nestimated by the same report at sixteen hundred, probably\\nover their actual number.\\n6. Among the old Mexican families in the neighborhood\\nof Nacogdoches, a few were dissatisfied with the government\\nof Texas. Cordova, the leader of this party, fled to the Rio\\nGrande, and was employed by Filisola to visit the prairie\\nIndians on the head waters of the Colorado and Brazos, and\\ninduce them to make war upon the Americans. In Febru-\\nary, 1839, Canalizo, who had succeeded Filisola in command\\nat Matamoras, sent Manuel Flores (another dissatisfied\\nMexican) to Cordova, with instructions to treat with the\\nvarious Indian tribes, and excite them to hostility against\\nTexas.\\n7. The Texan s having heard of Cordova s movements in\\nMarch, Burleson raised a company and started in pursuit\\nHe found Cordova s party on the Guadalupe River, attacked\\nhim, and killed a number of his men. After this fight\\nCordova left his usual haunts, and Flores failed to find him.\\nAs the latter was passing the Colorado near where Austin\\nnow stands, he was overtaken by a company of rangers under\\nLieutenant James 0. Rice. Flores and two other Mexicans\\nwere killed, and Canalizo s instructions to Cordova captured.\\n6. What is said of some of the Mexicans at Nacogdoches For what purpose waa\\nCordova employed by Filisola\\n7. What Texas officer pursued Cordova Where was he found f Who defeated\\nFlores*", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "EFFORTS TO BEMOVE THE INDIAN. 119\\n8. In these despatches, the Iiitlians were exhorted not to\\ncease to harass the Texans, to burn their habitations, and\\nlay waste their fields and the Indians were told to expect\\nnothing of these greedy adventurers for land, who wish\\neven to deprive them of the sun that vivifies them, and who\\nwould not cease to injure them while grass grows and water\\nruns. The killins^ of Flores and the defeat of Cordova\\nbroke up the proposed alliance between the prairie Indians\\nand the Mexicans.\\n9. President Lamar believed the Cherokees and their as-\\nsociate bands in East Texas were intruders, and that their\\npresence obstructed the settlement of that portion of the\\nRepublic. They were accused of committing depredations\\nand murders, and of being in league with the party of Cor-\\ndova. Their removal became an object of jn ime importance,\\nand the President sent Vice-President Burnet, and the Sec-\\nretary, of AVar, General A. S. Johnston, to make a treaty\\nwith them, purchase whatever improvements they had made,\\nand induce them to return to the territory of the United\\nStates. Anticipating that the Indians might decline to re-\\nmove, three regiments of troops had been sent to their im-\\nmediate neighborhood, under Colonels Burleson, Rusk, and\\nLandrum, all under the command of Brigadier-General\\nDouglass. After vain attempts to induce the Indians to\\n^eave, all negotiations were broken off, July loth, 1839, when\\nGeneral Douglass gave orders for an attack. The Indiana\\nabandoned the main Cherokee village, on the Angelina River,\\nand made a stand at a point of a hill well suited for defense.\\n10. After a severe engagement, in which the Texans lost\\nS. How long were ttie Indians exhorted to harass the Texans\\n9. How did the presence of the Cherokee? affect East Texas What steps did the\\nPresident take to secure their removal How many regiments were collected in the\\nneighborhood When were negotiations broken off?\\n1 0. How many Texan were killed in the first day s fight How many Indians t\\nGive the particulars of the second day s fight.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "120 GHER0KEE8 LEA VE TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE COMANCUES.\\ntliretj killed and five wounded, and the Indians had eighteen\\nkilled, the latter retreated. The next morning they were\\noyertaken within half a mile of the Neches Kivei, strongly\\nposted in a ravine. After some skirmishing, the Texans\\ncharged their camp. The battle lasted an hour and a half,\\nwhen the Indians again retreated in disorder, having lost\\nabout one hundred killed and wounded. Among the killed\\nwas the famous Cherokee chief, Bowles. The loss of tlie\\nTexans was five killed and seventeen wounded. After this\\nfight the Indians abandoned I exas, leaving their fine lands\\nin possession of the whites.*\\n11. In the spring of 1839, a Mr. Webster, who had lo-\\ncated his head-right upon the North Gabriel, started from\\nthe Colorado with fourteen men, his wife and three children,\\nand a negro woman, to form a settlement on his land.\\nWhen he arrived at the place where he designed erecting liia\\nhouse, he found it occupied by an Indian encampment. He\\nhastily retreated to Brushy Creek. At sunrise, the next\\nmorning, he was surrounded by a party of Comanches.\\nWebster and his companions drew up their wagons so as to\\nform a square for protection. They were charged by the\\nIndians and all were killed, except Mrs. Webster, two of her\\nchildren, and the negro woman, avIio were taken prisoners.\\n12. Early in 1840 a party of Comanches visited San An-\\ntonio, and proposed to make a treaty. They were told to\\nKiturn to their tribe, bring in all their prisoners, and the\\nwhites would gUidly make peace. On the 19th of March,\\nsixty-five Indians returned, including some women and\\nSome of these Indians must have returned to the frontier of Tesas, as on\\nChristmas day, 1839, Burleson had a fi^ ht with a party of them on Chcroliee Creek,\\nBan Saba county, Icilling six and capturing five women and childreii, ir eluding the\\nfamily of Bowles.\\n11, Give the particulars of the killing of Webster and his party.\\n12. For what purpose did the Comanches visit San Antonio", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "A BLOODY CONTEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN INVASION 121\\nchildren, bringing, however, but one prisoner, although the\\\\\\nwere known to have several others.\\n13. Twelve chiefs entered the city court-room, used as a\\ncouncil house. With a view, perhaps, of intimidatiug the\\nIndians, and induciug them to bring in the other captives,\\nCaptain Thomas B. Howard was ordered to surround the\\nhouse with his company of rangers. The chiefs, still de-\\nclining to bring in their captives, were told that they were\\nprisoners, and would be held as hostages until the whitea\\nin their possession were delivered up. The chiefs instantly\\ndrew their bows and knives, and a bloody hand-to-hand\\nfight ensued. The men, and even the women in the yard,\\nfought desperately until all the warriors (thirty-two in num-\\nber), three women and two children, were killed, and twenty-\\nseven women and children were made prisoners. The\\nTexans lost seven killed and eight wounded.*\\n14. During the summer the Comanches made a serious\\ninvasion into the settlements. On the night of August 4,\\n1840, about four hundred warriors crossed Plum Creek, in\\nCaldwell County, and reached Victoria on the 6th. After\\ncommitting some depredations they proceeded to Linnville,\\non Lavaca Bay. They burned this place on the morning of\\nthe 8th, while most of the male population were absent.- A\\nfew, including three families, escaped by going on board a\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Among the captives which the Comanche? were reservinp:, perhaps for a\\nIar\u00c2\u00a3;e ransom, were Mrs. Welister and two of her children. She once made lieri*\\ncape, and liad reached the neighborhood of Au^^tin, whfn she was rccaplured by a\\nband of Caddoes, and talien back lo lier Comanche masters. She was with tlie\\nblind that visited San Antonio when the above fight took place, and with a young\\nchild escaped from the Indians, leaving, however, a little boy, who was afterwarda\\nrecovered. She and her child nearly perished for water, and she had almost given\\nnp in despair, when the cry in ir of lier child induced her to make one more efliort.\\nWater was found, and soon afterwards she discovered a trail which led into San An-\\ntonio.\\n13. Give the particulars of the fight in the council house. How many Indiana\\nwere killed How many Texans\\n14. What Indians descended to the coast in 1840 What towns were bunnjd bj\\nthem\\n6", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 BATTLES AND SKIRMISHES WITH THE INDIANS.\\nemail vessel lying in the bay. Major Watts, the collector of\\ncustoms, was killed, and Mrs. Watts taken prisoner.\\n15. The Indians hastily retreated. They had killed some\\ntwenty-one persons at Victoria and Linnville. As soon as\\nthe news of this raid reached Austin, Dr. Archer, Secretary\\nof War, sent couriers down the Colorado, ordering ont the\\nmilitia. But so improbable was the report deemed that,\\nafter Colonel J. B. Robertson had collected several hundred\\nmen at Lagrange, they were permitted to disperse, under the\\nimpression that it was a false alarm. Other companies, how-\\never, ascertaining the truth, hastened to intercept the sav-\\nages. Captain Ben McCulloch was the first to overtake\\nthem at the Casca Blanca Creek, about fifteen miles from\\nVictoria. He was joined by Clarke L. Owen, with a com-\\npany from Texan a. The Texan force was increased by the\\narrival of the companies of Burleson, Caldwell, Bird, Ward,\\nJones, Wallace, and Hardeman, the whole under the com-\\nmand of General Felix Huston.\\n16. On the morning of the 12th of August, just after the\\nIndians had left their camp on Plum Creek, they were sur-\\nprised by thv3 Texan s, and instantly formed in line of battle,\\nsending their pack-mules in advance. The Texans charged\\nwith such valor and determination that the Indians were\\neverywhere routed. Finding they could not carry ofi Mrs.\\nWatts, they shot an arrow into her breast and left her to\\ndie, but, fortunately, she recovered. Mrs. Crosby, however,\\nanother ^emale captive, wan killed. The Indians lost from\\nfifty to eighty in killed and wounded, and left a l:*rge share\\nof their booty, and most of their horses, in the hands of the\\nTexans.\\n15, Before commencing their retreat, how many persons had the Indians killed f\\nWhose company first intercepted them? What other companies soon joined\\nMcCulloch Who commanded the Texans\\n16. Give the particulars of the battle of Plum Creek. How many Indians wer\u00c2\u00ab\\nkilled and wounded", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS CHASTISED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA FE EXPEDITION 123\\n17. In October following, Colonel John H. Moore, with\\nninety Texans and twelve Lipans, while scouting on tlie\\nhead waters of the Colorado, came across a party of Coman-\\nches and captured their village. About one Imndred and\\ntwenty Indians were killed, the village destroyed, and thirty-\\nfour prisoners and a number of horses captured. In this\\nvillage the Texans found goods that had been taken from\\nLinnville the previous summer.\\n18. Besides the battles mentioned, there were many skir-\\nmishes. On the 3d of January, 1839, the house of Mr. Mar-\\nlin, near the Falls of the Brazos, was attacked. The Indians\\nwere repulsed and driven oif. A party of whites pursued\\nand fell into an ambuscade ten of their number were killed,\\nand seventeen wounded. Colonels Burleson, Moore, and\\nHays had frequent skirmishes, generally chastising the sav-\\nages. Colonel Hays, on the 17th of April, 1841, in a fight\\nnear Laredo, captured Captain Ignacio Garcia and twenty-\\nfive Mexican raiders.\\n19. Though Texas laid claim to the territory of New Mex-\\nico lying east of the Eio Grande, no effort had ever been\\nmade to extend the laws of the republic over that distant\\nregion. Between Santa Fe and St. Louis a lucrative trade\\nwas springing up, which the Texans were anxious to divert\\nto their own Gulf ports. The Santa Fe expedition was or-\\nganized in the spring of 1841, to open a communication\\nwith New Mexico. General Hugh McLcod was appointed\\ncommander. The expedition included two hundred and\\nseventy soldiers, and about fifty traders, adventurers, and\\nteamsters.\\n20. The cavalcade started from Brushy on the 20th of\\n17. Give the incidents of Moore s fight on the Colorado.\\n1 S\u00c2\u00ab When was Mr. Marlin s hou?e attacked\\n19. What territory did Texas claim on the upper Rio Grande For what purpoae\\nwas the Santa F6 expedition organized Who commanded it f\\n20. When did it start What difficulties were encountered", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124 ILL SUCCESS OF THE SANTA Fil EXPEDITION.\\nJune, 1841. Many difficulties were encountered, and delaya\\noccurred from the yery start. Tlie gnides were not well ac-\\nquainted with the route, and, after wandering about for\\nsome time, finally mistook the Wichita for Eed River, aud\\nbecame bewildered in the Wichita mountains. Provisions\\ngave out, water was scarce, and the Indians troublesome, oc-\\ncasionally stampeding their horses, and picking off strag-\\nglers.\\n21. On the 11th of August Messrs. Howland, Diiker, and\\nRosenberg were sent forward to procure supplies. They\\nwere taken prisoners by the Mexicans, and two of them sub-\\nsequently shot for attempting, as was alleged, to make their\\nescape. On the 10th of September the advance party reached\\nthe settlement of Anton Chico, on the Galinas, a tributary\\nof the Rio Grande. Here a supply of provisions was obtained.\\nOn the 14th Captain Lewis, with Kendall, Van Ness, and\\nsome others, started for San Miguel. They had heard that the\\nfirst party sent forward had been arrested, but did not doubt\\nthat when the authorities were assured of the pacific objects\\nof the expedition, they would be favorably received. In this\\nthey were disappointed.\\n22. The second party shared the fate of the first, and even\\nKendall, who had a passport from the Mexican Consul at\\nNew Orleans, fared no better than the rest. All were dis-\\narmed and thrown into prison. Colonel Cooke, not knowing\\nthe fate of Kendall and his companions, also started for San\\nMiguel. When near the village of Anton Chico, Cooke\\nfound himself suddenly surrounded by about five hundred\\nMexican soldiers under an officer named Salezar. As Cooke\\nsaw Captain Lewis in the company, he supposed all was\\n21. What occmred August 11 How were Howland and his companion!* treated\\nbv the Mexican!* When did the advance party reach Anton Chico y\\n22. What became of the second party sent forward How was Colonel Cooke\\ncai)lu ed", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "ITS FAILURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SUFFERINGS OF PRISONERS. 125\\nriglil until he was invited to give np his arms, as he was as-\\nsured all traders were required to do before entering Santa\\nFe. Then, when too late to escape, he discovered that Cap-\\ntain Lewis was a traitor, and that he and his men had been\\nbetrayed\\n23. General McLeod and his party were still at the Laguna\\nColorado, some thirty or forty miles distant. Here he was\\nmet by Governor Armijo and a Mexican army. McLeod\\nliad but a few men fit for service; their horses had nearly\\nall perished, or been stolen by the Indians many of the\\nsoldiers had thrown away their guns, being too weak to\\ncarry them and, under the promise of good treatment, the\\nTexans surrendered as prisoners. These unfortunate men,\\nafter being disarmed and plundered, were tied in companies\\nof four and six, and marched first to San Miguel, then to\\nSanta Fe, and finally to the city of Mexico, and confined in\\nthe prisons of St. Jago, Puebla, and Perote, where they lan-\\nguished for nearly two years. In the spring of 1842 the\\nmost of them were released, though Seiior Navarro was con-\\nfined in the castle of San Juan de Ulloa until the revolution\\nof 1844, when he, too, was set at liberty.*\\n24. Financially, the administration of Lamar was not a\\nsuccess, though his most bitter opponents never accused\\neither the President, or the members of liis cabinet, of dis-\\nhonesty. The public credit was low when he commenced\\nhis administration, and continued rapidly to decline. The\\ncurrency of the country (called red hacks, fi-om the color of\\nKendall assii^ned several reasons for the failure of the Santa F6 expedition.\\n1st. It started too late in the season. 2d. There was an insufficient supply of food,\\nand of teams to haul mercliandisc. 3d. They failed to get the Lipan Indians for\\nguides. 4th. The distance was mucli greater than it was thou ;lit to be. 5th. The\\nIndians were troublesome. 6th. Arriving there, divided and dispirited, tiiey were the\\nvictims oltieason.\\n23. Where was McLeod with the main army? Why did he surrender How\\njpere they treated\\n24. In what condition was the public credit", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 NATIONAL FINANCES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOUSTON S SECOND TERM.\\nthe paper upon which it Avas printed) was, at the close of the\\npresidential term, hardly worth ten cents on tlie dollar.\\nNumerous military campaigns had interrupted the indus-\\ntrial pursuits of the people and interfered with commerce,\\nNominally, the expenditure for the year 1841 amounted to\\n$1,176,288. It is true this was in currency, but the receipts,\\nalso in currency, had fallen off nearly fifty per cent, in one\\nyear, showing that the finances of the country were in a de-\\nplorable condition.\\n25. The public debt, at the close of 1841, was not accu-\\nrately known, but it was supposed to amount to about eight\\nmillion dollars. Part of this debt was created during the\\nrevolution in 1836, a part of it was due for the new naval\\nvessels, and it had been largely increaKsed in fitting out the\\nSanta Fe expedition.\\nSECTION III.\\nHouston s second administration. raids of vasquez\\nand woll. rexmoval of seat of government. the\\nmier expedition. the navy. regulators and mod-\\nERATORS.\\n1. At the election held in 1841 Sam Houston was elected\\nPresident, and Edward Burleson, Vice-President. The in-\\nauguration took place December 13th. President Houston\\nenforced a rigid economy, dispensing with all unnecessary\\nofficers, and usiug all practicable means to improve the na-\\ntional credit. Congress, however, failed to provide for the\\nclose collection of the taxes, and most of the goods con-\\n25. What was the amonnt of the public debt\\nSection III,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was elected President in 1841 What steps did Houston\\ntake to improve the finances", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "RAIDS OF VASqUEZ AND WOLL. 137\\nsumed in the eastern part of the State were smuggled acrosa\\nthe Sabine. The currency, however, gradually improved.\\n2. To keep up the shadow of a claim upon Texas, the\\nMexican Government sent small military parties into the\\ncountry, though with no intention or expectation of perma-\\nnent occupancy. Early in 1842, General Vasquez, with\\nabout seven hundred men, paid a hasty visit to San Anto-\\nnio, reaching that city on the 7th of March. Colonel Hays,\\nwith his company of rangers, retired to the Guadalupe River.\\nVasquez, after a short stay in tliat city, in which he remod-\\nelled the city government, appointing alcaldes and other\\nMexican officers, returned again to the Rio Grande, taking\\nwith liim such citizens as chose to leave. About the same\\ntime Refugio and Goliad were temporarily occupied by small\\nparties of Mexicans.\\n3. In September a still more formidable invasion took\\nplace under General Adrian Woll, who entered San Antonio\\nwith about two thousand men. The District Court was in\\nsession at the time, and so complete was the surprise, that\\nWoll captured Judge Hutchinson, and a number of members\\nof the court. On the Guadalupe River, Colonels Hays and\\nCaldwell collected troops to meet the invaders. Woll vSent\\nout a party towards Cibolo Creek. The Texans, under Cald-\\nwell, met this force on the Salado, six miles from San Anto-\\nnio. A severe battle was fought, in which the Mexicans\\nwere defeated, losing some sixty killed and as many wound-\\ned. The Texans had one killed and nine wounded. After\\nthe fight the Mexicans retreated to the city.\\n4. The Mexicans, in returning to San Antonio, fell in\\n2. For what purpose did Mexico fend parties of soldiers into Texas? Who en-\\ntcrec San Antonio early in 1841\\n3. What Mexican general took possession of San Antonio in September t Which\\nparty was defecated in the battle of Salado\\n4. Give the particulars of Dawson s defeat.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 SEA T OF GO VEliNMENT REMO VED.\\nwitli Captain Dawson s company of fifty-three men, from\\nFayette County. After severe figliting, tlie Texans, finding\\nfcliemselves surrounded by overwhelming numbers, hoisted a\\nwhite flag. It was fired upon. They then renewed the\\nfight with desperate valor. Thirty-six of them were left\\ndead upon the field. A few escaped, and the lives of a few\\nwho surrendered were spared. After this fight, Woll imme-\\ndiately commenced his retreat, and soon re-crossed the Eio\\nGrande.\\n5. Immediately after tlieVasquez raid, President Hous-\\nton, with the ofiicers of his cabinet, removed to the city of\\nHouston. Soon afterward he issued a proclamation con-\\nvening Congress in extra session, at that place, on the\\n27th of June.*\\n6. In the fall the President convened Congress in extra\\nsession at Washington. A number of the members from the\\nWest refused to go to the place designated, and it was some\\nweeks before a quorum was obtained.\\n7. Many in Texas were anxious to invade Mexico in rettil-\\niation for the raids of Vasquez and Woll. Several squads of\\nsoldiers made their w^ay to San Antonio with a view of or-\\nganizing for a march across the Kio Grande. These soldiers\\ngenerally desired that Vice-President Burleson should lead\\nthem, but President Houston appointed General Alexander\\nSomervell to the command. He was late in arriving at\\nheadquarters, and rather tardy in his movements. This in-\\ncreased the dissatisfaction, and many abandoned the army.\\n*The citizens of Austin, exasperated at this abandonment of their city, or-\\nganized a military company and an archive committee. The books and papers bft\\nlonging to the various offices were seized, placed in boxes, and securely guarded.\\nThe Commissioner of the General Land Office had access to the papers of his depart-\\nment, and during this period some business was transacted in that office.\\n5, To what place did the President and cabinet remove?\\n6, Where did Congress convene in the fall\\ny. Why did the Texans wish to invade Mexico Who was appointed om\\nmander?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "MOVEMENTS FOR THE INVASION OF MEXICO. 129\\nSomervell left the Medina for the Rio Grande on the 25th\\nof November, 1842. For some reasons, never properly ex-\\nplained, he deflected from the main route of travel, and soon\\nfound himself in flat, boggy prairies, in which it was almost\\nimpossible to proceed.\\n8. He reached Laredo on the 8th of December, and took\\npossession of the place without opposition. After a few days\\nrest, the army was again in motion but instead of crossing\\ninto Mexico, turned down tlie river on the Texas side. A\\nnight was spent in a dense thicket. To test the fidelity of\\nthe troops, the general required them all to obligate them-\\nselves to obey orders. Out of seven hundred men, five hun-\\ndred agreed to the obligation, and the other two hundred\\nv^ere permitted to return to their homes under the command\\nof Colonel Bennett.\\n9. Somervell then marched down the river to a point op-\\nposite Guerrero, wlien Colonel Hays, with his company,\\ncrossed into Mexico. On the morning of December 16th\\nthe whole army crossed, and took possession of the town.\\nColonel Canalis withdrawing on the approach of the Texans.\\nThe next day Somervell s army re-crossed the river into\\nTexas, and on the 19th, to the astonishment of the troops,\\nan order was issued for them to return to the Nueces River,\\nwhere they would be disbanded. About two hundred of tlie\\nmen returned with Somervell, while three hundred remained\\non the Rio Grande, and reorganized by electing Colonel\\n\\\\Villiam S. Fisher to tlie command. Mier was selected as\\nthe point of attack. Boats were secured, a portion of the\\ntroops embarked and descended under the command ot\\n8. When did Somervell reach Laredo How did he test the fidelity of his troops\\nHow many lef c\\n9. To what point did he then march? What order was issied December 19?\\nHow many relumed Who was elected to command those who rsiaa^acd? What\\ntown did Fisher prepare to take\\n6*", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "130 TEXAN8 ENTER MIER\u00e2\u0080\u0094SURRENI^ER TO AMPUBIA,\\nThomas J. Green, while Colonel Fisher, with the main body;\\nmarched down the river.\\n10. On the 21st of December a small detachment of Tex-\\nans entered the town, and made a demand for provisions and\\nclothing, taking the alcalde as a hostage until the supplies\\nshould be furnished. The Texans waited three days in camp\\non the river for their stores. In the meantime General Am-\\npudia, with an army of twenty-two hundred men, had en-\\ntered the place, and of coarse would not permit supplies to\\nbe furnislied the Texans. Colonel Fisher prepared to ad-\\nvance. The hostile armies met on the Alcantra Creek, a\\nshort distance from the city. A severe fight ensued, in\\nwhich the Mexicans were worsted, and in the darkness re-\\ntreated to the town. The fight continued during the night\\nof the 25th, the Texans steadily advancing toward the main\\nplaza.\\n11. About noon, on the 26th, Ampudia hoisted a white\\nflag for a parley. In the fight the Texans had lost sixteen\\nkilled and twenty-five wounded. Among the latter was\\nColonel Fisher, who was weak from the loss of blood. The\\nMexican loss was much greater. Still, Ampudia had a vastly\\nsuperior force to the Texans. The white flag was a success-\\nful ruse upon the part of the Mexicans. Colonel Fisher, hav-\\ning been severely wounded, was unable to command longer,\\nand perhaps thought it best to surrender but before any\\ngeneral understanding was had among the Texans, a few in-\\ndividuals, and then squads of four and five, under promise\\nof good treatment, marched over to the Mexican lines, and\\nlaid down their arms. This process Avent on until the few\\nwho were left had no alternative but to surrender as prison-\\n10. What demand wa^ made What Mexican general entered the town Giv\u00c2\u00ab\\nthe particulars of the fight on Christmas day.\\n11. Who hoisted the white flag Which party had sustained the greatest loss\\nWhat was the effect of l.oisting the white flag? How were the priiioners treated?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "FATE OF THE PEISONEES. 131\\ners of war. They did so under the promise from Ampudia\\nthat they should remain on the Rio Grande. But those able\\nto travel were immediately started on foot for the city of\\nMexico.\\n12. At Salado, one hundred miles south of Saltillo, on the\\n11th of February, 1843, the main body of these prisonera\\nrose upon the guard and made their escape. The men, how-\\never, failed to act in concert, and, instead of remaining to-\\ngether and hurrying back to the Rio Grande, separated into\\nsmall squads aiid straggled off into the mountains, where,\\nafter suffering incredible hardships from thirst and hunger,\\nthe most of them were recaptured and taken back to Salado.\\nHere, on the 24th of March, by order of Santa Anna, every\\ntenth man was shot. There were one hundred and seventy-\\nsix of them. One hundred and fifty-nine white beans and\\nseventeen black ones were placed in a box, and the men\\nmarched up and ordered to draw. Those drawing the black\\nbeans were immediately shot. The survivors were taken to\\nPerote and other Mexican prisons. A few died occasion-\\nally one made his escape, and a few others were released at\\nthe solicitation of friends. Finally, on the 16th of Septem-\\nber, 1844, just after the death of his wife, Santa Anna or-\\ndered them all set at liberty. The number released was one\\nhundred and four.\\n13. In 1841 the Texas navy was in the service of the revo-\\nlutionary government of Yucatan, but that government hav-\\ning failed to furnish the necessary funds to keep the vessels\\nin commission, the most of them repaired to New Orleans.\\nHere Commodore Moore expended considerable sums in re-\\nfitting them and getting ready for a cruise. In August,\\n1842, the schooner San Antonio was dispatched to Yuca-\\n12, What took place at Salado? Did they succeed in reaching Texas Hov\\nmany were shot at Salado What became of the survivor:^\\n1 3. How was the navy employed in 1841 What became of the San Antonio", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132 THE NAVT.\\ntan for supplies. She was lost in a storm, and all on boara\\nperished.\\n14. The spring of 1842 passed away, and the navy still re-\\nmained idle. President Houston expected the vessels would\\nsail, in July, to the coast of Mexico, to enforce a blockade.\\nAs Commodore Moore failed to get to sea, he was ordered to\\nbring his ships to Galveston, and to report in person to tho\\nSecretary of the Navy, at Washington. The commodore,\\nhowever, alleged that he had expended his private means in\\nrefitting the ships, and declined either to bring them to Gal-\\nveston or to report in person at Washington.\\n15. In January, 1843, Congress secretly passed an act for\\nthe sale of the navy, and President Houston immediately\\nsent two commissioners to seize the vessels and sell them.\\nThe commodore declined to deliver them up, but agreed to\\nsail for Galveston, taking Colonel Morgan, one of the com-\\nmissioners, on board. When the ships Wliartoii and\\nAustin arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi, they re-\\nceived such information as induced Colonel Morgan to as-\\nsent to a change of course and a cruise on the coast of Yu-\\ncatan. As soon as this was known to President Houston, he\\nissued a proclamation suspending Commodore Moore from\\ncommand, and ordei ing the ships to Galveston. When this\\nproclamation reached the commodore it was promptly\\nobeyed, and the vessels entered Galveston harbor in July.\\nIn the fall steps were taken looking to a sale of the navy\\nunder the Act of Congress, but the people protested against\\nit, and the sale was not made. The act requiring a sale was\\nrepealed in February, 1844. The steamship Zavalla was\\nwrecked in a storm while in the harbor at Galveston.\\n14. How did the President wish the navy employed What order was sent to\\nCommodore Moore Did he obey it\\n15. What act passed Congress in January, 1843? Were the ships delivered up\\nFrom what coast did they sail What proclamation did Houston issue When did\\nthe ships arrive at Galveston?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "INDIAN TREATY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE 8NIVELT EXPEDITION. 133\\n16. There was comparative quiet upon the fi-ontier, but\\nthere were occasional Indian forays. In the fall of 1842,\\nwhile many of the citizens of Austin were at a camp-meeting\\nnear Webberville, the Coraanches, on Sunday morning,\\ndaslicd into the city and carried off two children of Mrs.\\nSimpson the girl, fourteen years old, was killed about six\\nmiles from Austin. The little boy was subsequently re-\\nclaimed at one of the Indian agencies. In September, 1843,\\nthe representatives of eight tribes met at Bird s Fort, on the\\nTrinity, and entered into a treaty.\\n17. The route followed by traders going from St. Louis to\\nSanta Fe, passed through Texas. It was ascertained, early\\nin the winter of 1843, that a caravan of Mexican merchants,\\nwith a large quantity of goods, would pass along this trail.\\nSome Texans were anxious to secure so rich a prize, and\\nPresident Houston commissioned Colonel Jacob Snively to\\nraise a company of three hundred men for this purpose.\\nThe men were to equip themselves, operate only on Texas\\nsoil, to make their captures only in honorable warfare, and\\ndeposit one-half the spoil taken in the Texas treasury.\\n18. On the 27th of April Colonel Snively, with one hun-\\ndred and eighty men, left his camp at Georgetown, near\\nDennison, on Eed Eiver, and reached the route of the cara-\\nvan, near the Arkansas Eiver, on the 27th of May. Whilo\\nwaiting for the expected train, some of the men became\\nrestless, and finally insubordinate. Seventy-five of them\\nselected Captain Chandler as a leader, and, June 29 Lh,\\nstarted homeward.\\n19. Soon after the departure of Chandler and his party,\\n16. What Indians visited Austin in J842?\\n1 7. Wliat route followed by traders passed through Texas What was tlie object\\nof the Snively expedition?\\n18. When did Snively leave his camp on Red River? What occurred May 27\\n19. What United States officer arrested Snively and his men? How did Cookf\\ntreat the Texans When did they reach Bird s Fort", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "JU ARMISTICE BETWEEN TEXAS AND MEXICO.\\nSiiively s command was snrrounded by a company cf\\nUnited States dragoons under Captain Philip St. George\\nCooke. Cooke contended that Snively and his party were in\\nthe territory of the United States. The Texans were dis-\\narmed. Captain Cooke gave them their choice either to go\\nV;iider an escort to St. Louis, or return to Texas. About fifty\\ncliose to go to St. Louis, the others preferred returning to\\ntheir homes. Cooke gave this party guns and a supply of\\nammunition, with which to protect themselves. After some\\nskirmishing with Indians, Snively s men overtook the party\\nunder Chandler, and all reached Bird s Fort on the 6th of\\nAngust.\\n20. Among the prisoners taken by Woll, in San Antonio,\\nwas the former Lieutenant-Governor, J. W. Eobinson.\\nWhile in prison, Eobinson wrote to Santa Anna suggesting\\npossible terms for an adjustment of the diflftculties between\\nMexico and Texas. The result of the correspondence was\\nthat Eobinson was released and ^ent home with propositions\\nfrom Santa Anna to Mr. Houston. As this document spoke\\nof Texas as a province of Mexico, it was, of course, generally\\nrepudiated by the people of Texas.\\n21. There was now, in the United States, a growing sen-\\ntiment in favor of annexation. This the British minister in\\nMexico saw, and wished to counteract. Great Britain de-\\nsired to see peace between Texas and Mexico. The French\\nminister also interested himself in the negotiation. After\\nconsiderable discussion, an armistice between Mexico and\\nTexas was proclaimed on the 13th of June, 1843, to continue\\nuntil due notice of an intention to resume hostilities\\n(should such intention thereafter be entertained by either\\n20. What distinguished Texan had been taken prisoner by WoU? For what pur-\\npose was RobinFon released and sent home?\\n21. What was the state of feeling in the United States? What was the wish of\\nGreat Britaiu When was the armistice proclaimed", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "REOULATOnS AND MODERATORS. 135\\nparty) should be formally announced through Her Britannic\\nMajesty s Charge d^ Affaires at the respective governments.\\nThis measure relieved Texas from all fear of an invasion,\\nand from the burden and excitement consequent upon\\ngetting up military expeditions.\\n22. George W. Hockley and Samuel M. Williams were ap-\\npointed commissioners on the part of Texas to meet com-\\nmissioners appointed by Santa Anna to agree upon terms of\\npeace. The commissioners met at Sabinas. Seiiors Lande-\\nras and Jaunequi bad been appointed on the part of Mexico.\\nThe negotiation was brought to a hasty termination by the\\nprospect of annexation. The commissioners, however, signed\\nan agreement on the 18th of February, 1844. This was re-\\npudiated silently by the Texas government, as, in the docu-\\nment, Texas was still spoken of as a department of Mexico.\\n23. In some counties of Eastern Texas resolutions were\\npassed, at popular meetings, denouncing the payment of cus-\\ntoms. A party arose in the Redlands calling themselves\\nRegulators. This party took upon itself the arrest and pun-\\nishment of criminals witliout the warrant of law. This\\nhigh-handed measure led to the formation of another party\\nstyled Moderators. Excitement rose so high between them\\nthat, at one time, it was supposed a thousand men were in\\narms. In Harrison county an armed mob prevented the\\nholding of the district court. In 1844, after many lives had\\nbeen sacrificed. President Houston instructed General\\nJames Smith to call out the militia. Peace was gradually\\nrestored, though the effects of this feud continued for some\\ntime.*\\nAccording to Yoaknra, Wat Moorman was captain of the Regulators, and John\\n22. Who were the commissioners sent by Texas to negotiate a treaty Why did\\nTexas reject the agreement\\n23. To what did the people of East Texas object For what purpose was th\u00c2\u00ab\\nparty of the Regulators formed The Moderators How was peace finally rev\\nBtored", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136 JONES S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FOREIGN MEL ATIONS.\\nSECTION IV.\\nJones s administration foreign relations. fI\\nnances of the country. annexation of texas to\\nthe united states.\\n1. At the election held September 2d, 1844, Anson Jonea\\nwas elected President, and Kenneth L. Anderson, Vice-Pres-\\nident. The inauguration took place on the 9th of Decem-\\nber. Jones had filled the office of Secretary of State during\\nthe whole of the preceding administration, and was thor-\\noughly acquainted with all the details of the executive\\ndepartment.\\n2. At no period since the settlement of Texas did the fron-\\ntier suffer so little from Indian depredations as during Jones s\\nadministration. Even the Comanches sent in a deputation\\nof chiefs, and entered into a treaty of peace.\\n3. It was a difficult and delicate task to maintain amica-\\nble relations with England, France, and other European\\npowers while agitating the great measure of annexation.\\nThis was, however, happily done, notwithstanding the jeal-\\nousy of those powers toward each other, and toward the\\nUnited States.*\\nM. Bradley of the Moderators. In the summer of 1844, ju?t after a congregation\\nhad been dismissed, Moorman killed Bradly at the door ol the church in San Aui;;u8-\\ntine, and, a few years later, Moorman was killed in a ferry boat by a Dr. Burns,\\nwhile crossing the Sabine River.\\nPresident Jones, in his aiitol)io2:raphy, intimates that the most serious em-\\nbarras^ment of his administration rrew out of an attempt of Mr. Doneli*on, Uni-\\nted States Minister, Ex-Governor Yell, of Arkansas, Hon. C. H, VVicklifte, of Ken-\\ntucky, and Commodore Stockton, seconded by some zealous Texans, to precipitate a\\nwar with Mexico. General Sherman, of the Texas militia, was to command the land\\nforces, while Commodore Stockton, with tlie United States navy, promised to aid In\\na descent upon Matamoras. President Jones foresaw that a war with Mexico migUI\\nSection IV,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was elected President in 1844?\\n*2 What was the condition of the frontier?\\n3. What delicate task devolved upon the President f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "FINANCES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ANNEXATION TO THE UNITED STATES. 137\\ni. Ill relation to the finances of this period, President\\nJones says: There was not a single defalcation, nor a dol-\\nlar lost; the expenses of the government were brought\\nwithin its receipts, and no debts incnrred; the excliequera\\n(currency) rose to par; Texas passed from a paper to a me-\\ntallic CLirrency and after defraying the expenses of an extra\\nsession of Congress, and of a convention, repairing the pub-\\nlic buildings, and removing the government to Austin, there\\nwas a surplus in the treasury sufficient to support the State\\ngovernment for two years.\\n5. By the terms of the treaty of annexation, the navy of\\nTexas was to be transferred to the United States, and its\\nofficers incorporated in the navy of that government. The\\nvessels so transferred were the ship Austin, the brigs Whar-\\nton and Archer, and the schooner San Bernard.\\n6. The great question of this administration was that of\\nannexation to the United States. In 1836 that govern-\\nment had declined to take Texas, as tlie ability of the lat-\\nter to maintain its independence was considered donbtful.\\nThe question was again introduced into the United States\\nSenate by Mr. Calhoun, in iVpril, 1844. That body, by a\\nvote of thirty-five to sixteen rejected the measure the second\\ntime. After this second rejection, Mr. Van Zandt, the Texas\\nminister at Washington, formally withdrew the proposi-\\ntion. This was under instruction from the Texas State\\nDepartment,\\n7. About this time the course of Mr. Elliott, the British\\nreenlt from annexation, and he determined that ?reat measure should not he placed\\nin jeopardy by a premature conflict brought on in Texas. By his policy he main-\\ntained peace until after annexation, win n the Pacific coast witnessed the hrroism\\nof Commodore Stockton, and General Taylor, instead of General Sherman, led tho\\nforces against Matamoras.\\n4. In what condition were the finances?\\n5. What vessels were transferred to the navy of the United States?\\n6. What was the great question of Jones s administration\\n7. What was the wish of Great Britain What question entered into the prest", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138 ANNEXATION CONSUMMATEj).\\nminister to Texas, showed that Great Britain was very anx-\\nious to obtain a controlling influence over the Republic.\\nFrance, too, was eagerly watching the progress of events.\\nThese movements awakened a profound interest in the\\nUnited States, and the Texas question entered largely into\\nthe Presidential election in 1844. Mr. Polk, the annexation\\ncandidate, was elected. But it was still doubtful whether a\\nsufficient vote eould be secured to carry the measure in the\\nform of a treaty. It was therefore proposed to accomplish\\nthe object by a simple joint-resolution of Congress. This\\npassed on the 1st of March, and received the signature of\\nPresident Tyler, as one of the last acts of his administra-\\ntion.\\n8. President Jones convened an extra session of Congress\\non the 16th of June, 1845. That body promptly passed a\\nbill assenting to annexation in the form in which it had\\npassed the United States Congress. He had previously\\nordered an election of delegates to a convention to finally\\ndecide the question of annexation, and form a State Consti-\\ntution.\\n9. The convention met in Austin on the 4th of July, 1845,\\nand on the same day passed the annexation bill. This, with\\nthe new constitution, was submitted to a vote of the people,\\nOctober 13th. The measure was ratified almost unani-\\nmously. On the third Monday in December, a general elec-\\ntion was held for State officers and members of the legisla-\\nture. That body assembled in Austin, and on the 19th of\\nFebruary, 1846, Anson Jones, the last President of the Re-\\npublic of Texas, handed over the executive authority to J.\\ndential election m 1844 When did the annexation reeolution pass the United\\nStates Congret 8\\n8. When did the Congress of Texas absent to this bill\\n9. When did the Texan convention pass the annexation bill f On what day did\\nPresident Jones surrender the executive department to Governor Henderson v", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "TEXAS A STATE OF THE UNION. Wd\\nPinckney Henderson, first governor of the State. Oe\\nthe 29tli of December, 1845, President Polk signed the\\nbill extending the laws of the United States over Texas;\\nand the same day on whicli Governor Henderson was inaug-\\nurated, the postal service of the Union was extended over\\nthe State, and the custom houses and other public property\\nof the late Eepublic relinquished to the United States.\\nThus annexation was consummated, and the Lone Star,\\nthe emblem of the youngest born of Republics, was merged\\nin the constellation of the American Union.\\nCHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nFOURTH PERIOD.\\nWhen was Houston inaugnrated President October 22, 1836. Lamar P Decern*\\nbet 10, 1838.\\nWhen did Austin become the seat of government In 1839.\\nWhen were the Cherokees expelled from East Texas? Tn the summer of 1839\\nWhat occurred in 1840? The Comanches descended to the coast, burning Victori*\\nand Linnville, but were totally defeated in the battle of Plumb Creek, August 12.\\nAt what time did the Santa Fe expedition start? June 20, 1841\\nWhen was Houston inaugurated the second time? December 13, 2***l\\nWhat was the date of Vazquez s raid March 5, 1842.\\nWhat was the date of Woll s raid September 11, 1842.\\nWhen was the battle of Mier fought December 25, 1842.\\nWhen was Jones inaugurated President? December 9, 1844.\\nWhen did the Convention of Texas accept annexation July 4, ViOb.\\nWhen was annexation consummated February 19, 1846.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "140\\nHENDERSON S ADMINISTRATION.\\nPERIOD V.\\nTEXAS A STATE OF THE UNION.\\nFrom 1846 to 1875,\\nSECTION I.\\nHE^DERSOKS ADMINISTRATIOIT. WAR WITH MEXICO.\\nBATTLES OF PALO ALTO AND RESACA DE LA PALM A.\\n1. Texas, having been admitted as a State of the Union,\\nwas no longer compelled to maintain a navy, a corps\\nof diplomatic agents, or a postal system. The legislature\\naddressed itself to the passage of such laws as were necessary\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the first governor J. Piiickney Henderson. From\\nwhat burden was the State relieved Mention some of the acts of the Lcgi!*lature.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH MEXICO. 141\\nto preserve public order and develop the resources of the\\ncountry. The land office was continued in operation, and\\nprovision made for establishing a penitentiary. Twenty-\\nnine new counties were created, and two congressional and\\neight judicial districts formed.\\n2. When the bill for annexation passed the United States\\nCongress, Almonte, the Mexican Minister at Washington,\\nentered his protest against it, demanded his passports, and\\nthus cut off all diplomatic intercourse between the two na-\\ntions. During the pendency of the question, the United\\nStates had kept two regiments of cavalry and one of infan-\\ntry, as an army of observation, near the Sabine river. On\\nthe 26th of June, 1845, this force, under General Taylor,\\nsailed from New Orleans to Corpus Christi, and there es-\\ntablished headquarters.\\n3. About the same time, G-eneral Twiggs took a regiment\\nacross Texas by land. In March, 1846, Taylor s army\\nstarted for the Rio Grande. The first fighting of the war\\nwas done by Captain James Gillespie, of the Texas Rangers,\\nwho captured the town of Laredo, before joining Taylor at\\nthe mouth of the Rio Grande. The American army gained\\nthe battle of Palo Alto on the Stli of May, and that of\\nResaca de la Palma on tlie 9th, after which it crossed the\\nRio Grande into Mexico. Governor Henderson, who was\\nauthorized by the legislature to command the Texans mus-\\ntered into the service of the United States, was appointed\\nby General Taylor a brigadier-general of volunteers. During\\nhis absence Lieutenant-Governor Horton filled the office of\\nGovernor.\\n2* Against what did the Mexican Minister at Washington enter hi-s protest f\\nWhy had the United States kept troops on the Sabine When did Taylor sail for\\nCorpus Christi\\n3. What General passed through Texas by land? When did Taylor start for the\\nRio Grande Give the date of the battle of Palo Alto. Of Resaca de la Palma.\\nWho commanded the Texans", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "142 WOOD S ADMINISTRATIOir.\\nSECTION 11.\\nv r\\nWOOD S ADMINISTRATION THE PUBLIC DEBT. SANTA FB\\nCONTROVERSY.\\n1. The settlement of the public debt began to engage the\\nserious attention of the legislature. Nominally it amounted\\nto over $11,000,000. Eeduced to its equitable value, it was\\n$5,528,195. Wliile the creditors were clamorous for their\\npay, they felt that it was well secured, as the whole public\\ndomain was pledged for its liquidation.\\n2. The frontier was harrassed by Indian raids and\\nthough the legislature had made no provision for its de-\\nfence. Governor Wood mustered a few companies of rangers\\ninto the service of the State.\\n3. Texas claimed the Rio Grande river as her southwestern\\nand western boundary. This included a portion of New\\nMexico, the same territory that had been ceded to the United\\nStates in the treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo, and which Gen-\\neral Kearney had taken possession of in 1846. A territorial\\ngovernment had for some time been established there.\\n4. In 1847 Governor Henderson, in his message, callod\\nthe attention of the Legislature to tlie claim of Texas to\\nSanta Fe. In 1848 the Legislature passed a bill extending\\nthe laws of Texas over the disputed territory, and Judge\\nBeard was sent out to organize a District Court. When he\\narrived, finding it impracticable to hold a Texas Court, he\\nSection II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the second governor? George T. Wood. Whai\\nsubject engaged pul)lic attention?\\n2. What was the condition of the frontier\\n3. What (lid Texas claim as her western boundary What did this include\\n4. Who had previously called attention to this subject What bill was passed to\\n1848?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "SANTA Fk CONTROVERSY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BELUS ADMINIS N 143\\ncommenced the practice of law before the courts already es-\\ntablislied. For this the Legislature suspejided him from\\noffice, and threatened him with impeachment. Governor\\nWood thought Texas should take forcible possession of New\\nMexico, and asked that the whole military power of the\\nState be placed at his disposal for tliis purpose.\\n5. In the mean time, under instructions from Washing-\\nton, Colonel Munroe, commander at Santa Fe, ordered an\\nelection, and a tei ritorial delegate was sent to Congress.\\nThis increased the excitement in Texas. It was contended\\nthat, if the delegate from New Mexico was admitted to his\\nseat, our Congressmen sliould at once retire and if the\\nGovernment at Washington insisted on retaining possession\\nof Santa Fe, Texas should withdraw from the Union and\\nresume her nationality. Governor Wood remonstrated with\\nPresident Taylor against the course of the United States.\\nTo this the President made no reply. This question was\\nstill unsettled when Governor Wood s official term expired.\\nSECTION III.\\nBKLL S ADMINISTRATIOIS SALE OF SAJ^TA FE TO THS\\nUNITED STATES.\\n1. The first subject that engaged the attention of Gover-\\nnor Bell related to Santa Fe; while Fillmore, having become\\npresident, declared that if the Texans attempted to exercise\\n5 What officer was in command in Santa Fe What election was ordered T\\nDid the Texans object?\\nSection III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the third governor P. Hansborongh Bell. What\\nqnestion first engaged his attention For what purpose was the Legislature con-\\nvened in 1850?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144 SALE OF SANTA F TO THE UNITED STATES.\\nany authority in New Mexico they would be treated as in-\\ntruders. Governor Bell, in 1850, convened the Legislature\\nin extra session to consider this subject. In his message he\\nadvised the military occupation of Santa Fe, but suggested\\nthat Texas might be willing to sell the vacant land there\\nprovided the territory was still left under the jurisdiction o!\\nour State. This question agitated the whole nation, and\\nthreatened, at one time, to create a serious disturbance.\\nThe Southern States generally joledged a support to the\\nclaim of Texas.\\n2. As a compromise measure, Colonel Benton introduced\\na bill into the United States Senate proposing to pay Texas\\n$15,000,000 for Santa Fe, and, out of the remainder of the\\nState, to form two we^w States. This proposition was modi-\\nfied by the Pearce bill, which finally became a law. This\\nleft the question of the division of Texas entirely with her\\nown people. The United States agreed to pay $10,000,000\\nfor Santa Fe, one-half to be retained in the United States\\ntreasury to liquidate the public debt of the Republic of\\nTexas.\\n3. In Texas, Pearce s bill was at first opposed by leading\\njournals and politicians. They objected to it because it im-\\nplied a distrust of the good fiiith of the State in dealing\\nwith her own creditors. The question was submitted to a\\npopular vote, and, after a full discussion, the people, with\\nsingular unanimity, sanctioned the measure. After this ex-\\npression of the popular will, the Legislature accepted the\\nproposition.*\\nAs this definitely settled the north-western boundary of the State, we give\\nthe section fixins; said boundary: The State of Texas will agree that her boundary\\non the north shall commence at the point at which the meridian of one hundred de-\\nprees west from Greenwich is intersected by the parallel of thirty-s-ix degrees thirty\\nmiLutes nortu latiiude, and shall run from said point due west to the meridian o(\\n2. Give Mr. Benton s proposition. Mr. Pearce s bill.\\n3. Why was Pearce s bill at first opposed in Texas? Was it finally adopted?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "PEASE S ADM1NI8TRA TION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROGRESS. 1 45\\n4. Heretofore the State had used the old buildings belong-\\ning to the republic. A portion of the money derived from\\nthe sale of Santa Fe was expended in building a new capi\u00c2\u00ab\\ntx)l, land office, and treasury building.\\nSECTION IV.\\npease s ADMINISTRATIOl!^. PROGRESS. SCHOOL FUND.\\nPUBLIC DEBT PAID. STATE AID TO RAILROADS.\\n1. The period of Governor Pease s administration (1853 to\\n1857) was one of rapid progress and great prosperity. A\\nnew and improved criminal code and code of criminal pro-\\ncedure were adopted; two millions in United States bonds\\nwere set apart for a school fund; laws were passed for the\\nestablishment of asylums for lunatics, for the blind, the deaf\\nand dumb, and for orphans, and one hundred thousand acres\\nof land given to each. All, except the last, went into oper-\\nation during Pease s official term.\\n2. It appearing that tlie $5,000,000 reserve in the United\\nStates treasury was not sufficient to pay the principal and\\ninterest of the public debt of Texas, Congress, in February,\\n1855, passed a bill approi^riating $2,750,000 in addition to\\nthe $10,000,000 previously paid for Santa Fe. Every cred-\\nitor of the old Republic of Texas was soon equitably paid.\\none hundred and three decrees west from Greenwich; thence her boundary shall run\\n^ne south to the thirt} -pecnnd degree of north latitude; thence on the said parallel\\nof thirty-two degrees north latitude to the Rio Bravo del Norte, and thence, with tho\\ncbiinnel of said river, to the Gulf of Mexico.\\n4. How did the State use part of the money for which Santa Fe was sold\\nSection IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, Who was the fourth governor of Texas? Elisha M. Pease.\\nWhat was the condition of the State What amount was set apart for a echool\\nfund What asylums founded\\n2. What was the sum finally paid by the United States for Santa Fe", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146 THREE POLITICAL PARTIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CART WAR.\\n3. Oil the recommendation of the Governor the Legishitur\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\npassed a general railroad law, granting sixteen sections of\\nland for each mile of completed road, and loaning to railway\\ncompanies 16,000 per mile from the school fund, taking a\\nfirst mortgage upon the roads as security.\\n4. Heretofore elections in Texas had depended, almost en-\\ntirely, upon the personal popularity of candidates. The\\nDemocratic party had introduced Texas into the Union, and\\nthe mass of the people belonged to the Democracy. In 1854\\nthe Know-Nothing party was organized. General Houston\\ncommitted himself, for a time, to this organization, and, in\\n1855, L. D. Evans was elected to Congress upon this ticket.\\nBut the excitement growing out of the Kansas-Nebraska\\nbill introduced into the United States Senate by Mr. Doug-\\nlass, in 1853, soon diverted public attention from all other\\nquestions. Three great political parties sprung into exist-\\nence: a Free-Soil party, a Conservative or Union party, and\\na States-Rights Democratic party. Pease, the Democratic\\ncandidate, was re-elected governor in 1855.\\n5. Many slaves had escaped from Texas into Mexico. It\\nwas thought a portion of the Mexican population in Western\\nTexas aided in their escape. Public meetings were held in\\nGonzales, Austin, and other places, at which planters were\\nadvised not to employ Mexican laborers. The Mexicans,\\nhowever, continued to come into the State, and many of them\\nwere employed is teamsters in transporting goods from the\\nseaports to the interior. This produced an excitement in\\nGoliad and Karnes counties. The Mexican trains were as-\\nBailed by bands of armed men, and, in some instances, goods\\n3* Give the provisions for the railroad law.\\n4. Wliat political party introduced Texas into the Union Wliat par .y arose in\\nISSl Who w^as elected governor in 1855\\n5\u00c2\u00ab Of what were some of the Mexican? in the west suspected What caused the\\ncart war", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "RUNNELS ADMINISTRATION 147\\nwere destroyed and the drivers killed. After visiting San\\nAntonio and inquiring into the facts in reference to the\\nCart War, as it was called, Governor Pease called out a\\ncompany of seventy-five men to protect the cartmen. Peace\\nwas thus restored.\\n6. The interest on the $5,000,000 United States bonds ac-\\ncumulating in the treasury furnished means to defray the\\nexpenses of tlie State government, and the Legislature re-\\nmitted to the several counties the taxes from 1851 to 1857.\\nMost of the counties expended this money in building\\ncourt-houses and jails.\\n7. The people of Texas generally disapproved the vote\\ngiven by Senator Houston on the Kansas-Nebraska bill. It\\nwas evident that he would not be re-elected to the Senate,\\nand he became a candidate for Governor. H. R. Runnels,\\nthe regular Democratic nominee, was elected by a majority\\nof 8,924 in a total vote of 56,180.\\nSECTION V.\\nRUN N ELS ADMINISTRATIOif. NORTHERK BOUNDABY\\nLIJTE DEFINED. INDIAN RESERVATIONS, ETC. TROUBLE\\nFROM CORTINA. EVIDENCES OF PROGRESS.\\n1. A part of the northern boundary line of Texas, on\\nRed River, had never been accurately defined. In 1857\\nCongress appropriated $80,000 to defray the expense of\\nmarking this line, and Major Emory of the army was sent\\n6. By what means were the expenses of the State government defrayed? Fof\\nhow many years were Stare taxes relinquished to the counties?\\nSection V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, Who was the fifth governor? Hardin R. Runnels. Whal\\nboundary line was marked", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "148 NORTHERN BOUNDARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN RESERVATIONS.\\nto make the survey. At the 99^ west longitude, near the\\ncorner of Wilbarger and Wichita counties, Pease river enters\\nthe main Red river. Major Emory at first contended that\\nPease river should constitute the line, but at the remon-\\nstrance of the Texas commissioner, finally consented to ex-\\ntend Texas to the North Fork of Red river. This left a\\nlarge and valuable scope of country in the State.\\n2. In 1854 the Legislature placed temporarily under the\\ncontrol of the United States two tracts of land upon which\\nIndians, claiming a domicil in the State, might be located.\\nBoth of these reservations were on the Brazos river, in\\nYoung land district. One contained four, and the other\\neight leagues. Under the management of Major Neighbors,\\nthe agent, large numbers of Oomanches were collected at\\nthe upper Reserve, and remnants of the Oaddoes, Tonka was,\\nWacoes, and other tribes at the other.\\n3. The Report for 1858 represented these Indians as doing\\nwell, and as rapidly acquiring the habits of civilized life.\\nAt the lower Reserve there was a school with fifty pupils,\\nsix hundred acres of land were in cultivation, and the In-\\ndians had a good supply of horses, cattle, hogs, etc. While\\nsome of the white settlers lived on friendly terms with these\\nIndians, others were constantly involved in difficulties with\\nthem. The country around the Reservations was susceptible\\nof settlement, and it soon became manifest that the Indians\\nmust be removed.\\n4. At the request of the citizens of the surrounding coun-\\ntry the United States Government promised that they should\\nbe transferred to the Indian territory north of Red river\\n2. Where did the Legislature provide reservations for Indians\\n3* What was the condition of the reserve Indians in 1858 Why was it necessary\\nthat the Indians should bo removed\\n4. To what point did the government promise to take them What occurred\\nearly in 1859 On May 3 When were they finally remcved", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "INDIAN TROUBLES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CORTINA. 149\\nThis not being promptly done, a party of about twenty\\nwhites attacked a small band of Indians, killing seven.\\nAmong those killed was an influential chief, whose boast\\nwas that he had ever been faithful to the whites. This was\\nin December, 1858. Early in 1859 hundreds oF citizens as-\\nsembled at Stephensville, and threatened forcibly to expel\\nthe Indians. Governor Runnels, anxious to prevent blood-\\nshed, and believing the government would in due time re-\\nmove them, issued a proclamation requesting the citizens to\\ndisband, and refrain from all unlawful interference with the\\nReserves. For a time this quieted the excitement; but the\\ngovernment failing to redeem its promise, a considerable\\nnumber of citizens, on tlie 3d of May, attacked the upper\\nReserve, killing fifteen Indians. Finally, in August, 1859,\\nMajor George H. Thomas, of the United States Army, re-\\nmoved these Indians across Red river, and placed them in\\ntlie Wichita agency.\\n5. In the early part of 1858, Colonel John S. Ford, with a\\ncompany of Texas Rangers, penetrated the Indian country,\\nand had a severe fight on the Canadian river, killing some\\nseventy of the savages. Soon after Ford returned. Major\\nEarl Van Dorn, with a company of dragoons, went on a\\nscouting expedition into the Indian range. When near the\\nWichita village he had a severe fight, killing flfty-six In-\\ndians. The Major was himself wounded, and had one of his\\nlieutenants killed in this fight.\\n6. During 1859 there were some disturbances upon the\\nRio Grande frontier. On the 1st of October, Juan N. Cor-\\ntina, a partisan Mexican leader, crossed the river and took\\nmilitary possession of the city of Brownsville. He was con-\\nfronted by Ford of the Rangers, and Heintzleman of the\\n5. Give the particulars of Ford s expedition in 1858. Of Van Dora s.\\n6. Who created a disturbance on the Rio Grande in 1859? Of what citY did\\nCortina talje possession", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "150 PROGRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HO USTON S ADMINISTRATION.\\nUniied States Army, and after some skirmishing, driven\\nback into Mexico. Subsequently to this, Cortina captured\\none of the Eio Grande steamers, and committed other\\noffenses.\\n7. Finally, Colonel Robert E. Lee, who had been assigned\\nto the command on the Rio Grande, threatened that if Cor-\\ntina did not cease his depredations he would send a sufficient\\nmilitary force to capture and punish the guerrilla chieftain\\nwherever found. This threat had the effect to restore\\nquiet.\\n8. During Governor Runnel s administration Texas con-\\ntinued to prosper. There was a rapid increase of population\\nand wealth. Various companies were engaged in improving\\nthe navigation of her bays and rivers railroads made satis-\\nfactory progress; and schools and churches multiplied\\nthrouo:hout the State. Runnels received the Democratic\\nnomination for re-election. Houston again ran as an inde-\\npendent candidate, receiving out of 64,027 votes cast, a\\nmajority of 8,770.\\nSECTION VI.\\nHOUSTOK S ADMII^ISTRATION FRONTIER PROTECTIOIT. PO-\\nLITICAL EXCITEMENT. THE CONVENTION. SECESSION.\\n1. Perhaps, to divert attention from the intense sectional\\nexcitement at home. Governor Houston, in his inaugural\\nmessage, advocated tlie establishment of a protectorate\\nover Mexico, a measure he had previously proposed in the\\n7, Who finally restored quiet on that frontier\\n8. Mention some evidences of prosperity.\\nSection VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the sixth governor? Sam Honston. What did\\nHouston recommend in his inaugural?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "FRONTIER PROTECTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EXCITEMENT. 151\\nUnited States Senate. Soon after his inaugnration, he sent\\ntwo commissioners to the Rio Grande to inqnire into the\\nstate of affairs on that frontier, but public attention, was\\nsoon engrossed by more important events, and Mexico and\\nthe Rio Grande frontier, were, for the time being, losl\\nsight of.\\n2. The year I860, was one of feverish excitement in Texas.\\nThe Indians were more daring and barbarous tlian ever be-\\nfore. Tiie Legislature authorized the Governor to call out\\na regiment of Rangers for frontier protection. Nine com-\\npiinies were mustered into service, under the command of\\nColonel M. T. Johnson, but no adequate appropriation had\\nbeen made for their support, and they were soon disbanded.\\nThe Governor then authorized the formation of minute\\ncompanies in frontier counties, which were to be furnished\\nwith arms by the State, and ready on short notice to pursue\\nthe savages. They received pay only for the time actually\\nemployed in scouting.\\n3. During the summer many houses vv^ere burned in Tex-\\nas, believed to have been the work of incendiaries. The air\\nwas rife with rumored attempts at poisoning and assassina-\\ntion. It was generally believed that there would be an out-\\nbreak among the negroes on the day of the general election\\nin August. The election, however, passed off without any\\nextraordinary disturbance. The election of Mr. Lincoln, as\\nPresident, and the action of some of the Southern States,\\nintensified the agitation in Texas.\\n4. Governor Houston was known to be opposed to seces-\\nsion. He addressed a circular letter to the Governors of\\nother Southern States, proposing a consultation for joint\\n2. What can you say of the year 1860\\n3* What occnrred in the summer?\\n4. Wliat course did Houston recommeud to governors of other Southern States!\\nWlien did the Legislature convene", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "152 STATE GONVENTION -^SEGESSION.\\naction. This met wita no response. On the 17th of De-\\ncember, he issued a proclamation convening the Legislature\\non the 21st of January. By common consent, the people,\\non the 8th of January, elected delegates to a State conven-\\ntion.\\n5. The Governor, in his message to the Legislature, strong-\\nly advocated what were called the Tennessee Resolutions,\\nwhich looked to a cooperation with the border States. But\\na large majority of the members of the Legislature were for\\nsecession, and that body promptly recognized the convention\\nwhich met in Austin, January 2Sth, 1861, and which, on\\nthe 1st of February, by a vote of one hundred and sixty- six\\nto seven, passed the ordinance of secession, subject to ratifi-\\ncation or rejection by the people. The vote was taken on\\nthe 23d of February, thirty-nine thousand four hundred and\\nfifteen voting for, and thirteen thousand eight hundred and\\nforty-one against the measure. Immediately after the elec-\\ntion the convention re-assembled, and on March 14th all\\nofficers of the State were required to take an oath to sup-\\nport the new Confederacy, which had been formed at Mont-\\ngomery, Alabama. Governor Houston protested against this\\nact, and he and Major Cave, Secretary of State, declined to\\ntake the oath, and were displaced from office, Lieutenant\\nGovernor Clark being installed Governor. All other State\\nofficers, on taking an oath to the Confederacy, continued in\\ntheir respective positions.\\n5\u00c2\u00bb Wliat resolutions did Houston recommend Wlien did the Convention meet?\\nWhen pas3 Secession ordinance? WTiat was required March 14 Did Hoaston tak\\nIbe oath", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CLARK S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WAR MEASURES, 153\\nSECTION VIL\\nClark s .ADMiisriSTRATioiT. war measures. texas ports\\nBLOCKADED.\\n1. The public mind was engrossed with preparations for a\\ngigantic war. The Legislature authorized the issuing of\\nfive hundred thousand dollars in State bonds. In April,\\nGovernor Clark divided the State into eight military dis-\\ntricts, for camps of instruction. Soon afterwards he formed\\nthree others and in August he appointed thirty-two brig-\\nadier generals of the militia. By the l t of August, Texas\\nhad ten thousand men in the Confederate army and by the\\n7th of November, the number had increased to fifteen thous-\\nand. In the meantime, Texans were prohibited from paying\\ndebts due in the North, and all commerce ceased, except\\nthrough blockade running.\\n2. When the war broke out, there were about twenty-five\\nhundred United States soldiers guarding the frontier of Tex-\\nas, consisting of twenty-two companies of infantry, ten of\\ncavalry, and five of artillery. One of the first measures\\nadopted by the newly instituted government, looked to the\\ncapture of these troops, and the possession of the public\\nproperty.\\n3. On tlie 16th of February, General Twiggs surren\\ndered to the Texas Commissioners, the arsenal and army\\nstores in San Antonio, estimated at one million two hun-\\ndred and twenty-nine thousand five hundred dolhirs. In\\nSection VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, Who was the- seventh governor? Edward Clark. What\\nsubject enjjrossed public attention?\\n2* How many United States .\u00c2\u00aboldiers were on the Texas frontier?\\n3. When was the public property in San Antonio surrender td Under what\\nstipulations?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 TEXAS PORTS BLOCKADED.\\nBurrenderiiig the troops, General Twiggs stipulated that offi-\\ncers should retain their side arms, and all should be permit*\\nted to proceed to the coast, and embark for the North in\\nFederal transports. The United States sent the transport\\nsteamer Star of the West to remove these soldiers. The ves-\\nsel was captured April 17th, off Pass Cavallo, by Colonel\\nEarl Van Dorn. No Federal transport reaching Indianola,\\nthe officers chartered a couple of schooners, upon which the\\nsoldiers were embarked. These schooners, containing four\\nhundred and fifty men, under Major Sibley, were surround-\\ned and captured by Van Dorn, in Matagorda Bay, April 24th.\\nOn the 9th of May, Van Dorn also captured, near San An-\\ntonio, three hundred and sixty-six United States soldiers,\\nwho were making their way to the coast from the frontier.\\n4. The various military posts on the lower Rio Grande,\\nsurrendered to Colonel John S. Ford. Colonel William C.\\nYoung collected a company, crossed Red river, and captured\\nFort Arbuckle in the Indian territory. Major Emory, the\\ncommander, retreating to Kansas. On the 26th of July,\\nColonel John R. Baylor, with a small force, took possession\\nof the town of Mesilla, and on the 1st of August issued his\\nproclamation as Governor of Arizona.\\n5. On the 2d of July, Galveston was blockaded by Fed-\\neral gun-boats, and soon afterwards all the ports of Texas\\nwere similarly closed. These gun-boats captured many mer-\\nchant vessels engaged in blockade running. On the 3d of\\nAugust, the schooner Dart, running within range of the\\nforts on Galveston island, was fired upon. Captain Aldeu,\\nof the blockading fleet, returned the fire, killing one man on\\nthe Island.\\n4. To whom were the military posts on the Rio Grande Baixendered Who cap\\ncured Fort Arbuckle? Who took possessjion of Mesilla?\\n6. When was Galveston blockaded", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "L UBBOGK S ABMmiSTRA TION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROSPERITY. 155\\nSECTION VIII.\\nI UBBOCK S ADMI^qTSTRATIOl^. TEXAS PROSPEROUS. CON-\\nFEDERATES EVACUATE GALVESTON MAGRUDER RECAP-\\nTURES THE CITY. DEFENCE OF SABINE PASS.\\n1. The year 1861 was favorable for crops, and provisions\\nwere abundant. Large quantities of cloth were mainrfac-\\ntiired. Cotton, transported to the Rio Grande, found a\\nready sale, and returning teams brought back such supplies\\nas were not produced at home. Salt was procured from the\\nsalt lagoons on the coast, and upon the whole, the people of\\nthe State were in a prosperous condition.\\n2. Thp Legislature constituted the Governor, Comptroller,\\nand State Treasurer, a Military Board, to purchase cotton\\nfor export, and to import such supplies as were needed in\\nthe State. Before the close of Governor Lubbock s admin,\\nistration, it was estimated that Texas had ninety thousand\\nmen in the Confederate army, while the men at home, not\\nsubject to conscription, were enrolled as State troops. In\\n1863 the Legislature appropriated six hundred thousand\\ndollars for soldiers families, eight hundred thousand dollars\\nfor frontier protection, and two million dollars for hospitals.\\n3. In the fall of 1861, General Sibley, with a brigade of\\nthree regiments, left San Antonio for the Rio Grande. He\\narrived at Fort Bliss on the 16th of December, and pro-\\nclaimed the Confederate laws over the Texas side of the val-\\nSection VIII. 1. Who was the eighth governor? Francis R. Lubbock.\\nTor what was 1861 favorable Where was cotton taken for sale Where was salt\\nprocured\\n2. Who constituted the State military board Hovr many men had Texas in the\\nConfederate army\\n3. When did the Arizona brigade start for the Rio Grande Mention the throe\\noattles fought.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "156 WAR OPERATIONS AT OALVESTON.\\nley of the Rio Grande. On tlie 21st of February, 1862, the\\nbattle of Val Verde was fought, the battle of Glorietta on\\nthe 27th of March, and the battle of Peratta on the 23d of\\nApril. After this, finding it not practicable to remain in tha\\ndistant region, the brigade returned to Texas.\\n4. May 17th, 1862, Commodore Eagle of the Federal Navy,\\ndemanded possession of Galveston. It was not surrend-\\nered. On the 4th of October the demand was repeated, and\\nfour days given for the removal of women and children.\\nThe Confederates withdrew to Virginia Point, six miles dis-\\ntant, spiking such guns as they could not remove. The Fed-\\neralists landed two hundred and sixty men of the 42d Mas-\\nsachusetts, who occupied one of the wharves. In November,\\nGeneral Magruder, the commander in Texas, called for five\\nthousand iState troops for the defence of the coast. The\\nnew levies, added to the Arizona brigade, furnished Magru-\\nder with a large force, and he at once commenced preparing\\nfor the recapture of Galveston. Tliere were five Federal\\ngun-boats in the harbor and channel.\\n5. About midnight, December 31st, a division of Magru-\\nder s army silently entered the city, and was posted at prop-\\ner strategic points. A little later, two bayou steamboats,\\nwhich had been barricaded with cotton, moved down to aid\\nin the attack. After a short engagement, the Harriet Lane,\\nlying at the wharf, was boarded by the assailants and cap-\\ntured, after her commander and first lieutenant had been\\nslain.\\n6. The Westfield, the flag-ship of Commodore Renshaw,\\nwas aground. To prevent her from falling into the hands oi\\n4. What occurred May 17, 1862 When was the demand repeated f When did\\nMagruder assume command in Texas For what did he at once commence prepara-\\ntions\\n5* When did the attack take place Give the particulais of tho fight.\\n6. What became of the Westfield", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "SABINE PASS\u00e2\u0080\u0094MURRA H S ADMINISTRATION. 157\\nthe Confederates, she was blown up, and by a premature ex-\\nplosion, the Commodore and fifteen men lost their lives.\\nThe Federal troops on the Island surrendered, and the othei\\ngun-boats left the harbor.\\n7. The next engagement on the coast of Texas was at\\nSabine Pass. K small fort had been erected to guard the\\nPass, which was garrisoned by only forty-one men. This\\nsmall company successfully resisted an attempted invasion\\nunder General Franklin, and captured the steamer Clifton\\nand the gun-boat Sachem, gaining one of the most surpris-\\ning yictories of the war.\\nSECTION IX.\\nMURRAH S ADMIN ISTRATI0N. COTTON BUREAU. FEDERALS\\nAT BROWN SVILLE. FIGHT WITH THE KICKAPOOS. DIS-\\nBANDING OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY. GENERAL GRAN-\\nGER IN COMMAND.\\n1. Texas continued to make overwhelming crops. It was\\nestimated that the cotton crop for 1863 amounted to\\n300,000 bales, about half the amount raised in all the\\nConfederate States. The Military Board at Austin was re-\\norganized, and, with the Police Court of each county, au-\\nthorized to export cotton and import supplies. Six hundred\\nthousand yards of cloth from the penitentiary, and all the\\nsurplus thread of that institution, were reserved from sale\\nexcept to soldiers and their families.\\n2. There was also organized at Houston, the military\\n7. Give the particulars of the fight at Sabine Pass.\\nSection IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the ninth governor Pendleton Hurrah. Whatwat\\nthe amount of the cotton crop\\n2. For what purpose w%8 tlie cotton bureau organized f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "158 COTTON B UREA U\u00e2\u0080\u0094BRO WNSVILLE.\\nheadquarters, a ConfederMte Cotton Bureau, with autliority\\nto impress cotton for the use of the army. When the\\nplanter gave up one half of his cotton, he obtaiued a permit\\nto export the other half. The Cotton Bureau, which was\\norganized in December, 1863, had, by the middle of May,\\nrealized the sum of $151,490, specie, for cotton sold, uo i\\ncounting some $70,000 lost by oue of its agents, by a rob-\\nbery near Clinton, DeWitt county. Soon after this robbery^\\nthe operations of the bureau were suspended.\\n3. On the day Governor Murrah was inaugurated, 5th\\nNovember, 1863, General Bee evacuated Brownsville, re-\\ntreating before a large Federal army under General Banks,\\nwho advanced along the coast, reaching Aransas Pass on the\\n17th of November, and Pass Cavallo, November 30th.\\nMajor Ireland, in command, evacuated Fort Esperanza on\\nthe advance of the Federals. The Union troops occupied\\nIndianola, December 13th, and Lavaca, December 2Gth.\\n4. On the night of December 29th, the company of Cap-\\ntain Eugely, of Matagorda county, attempted to pass in\\nsmall boats from the main land to the Peninsula they en-\\ncountered a severe norther, in which fourteen of the men\\nperished with cold.\\n5. On the 13th of March, 1864, the Federals evacuated\\nMatagorda Bay. A garrison, however, was left at Browns-\\nville, on the Rio Grande. The last battle of the war waa\\nfought near the old Palo Alto battle-ground. May 13th,\\n1865.\\n6. On Christmas day, 1864, a force of about four hundred\\nfrontier soldiers and militia left camp McCord, on the Colo-\\n3* When did General Bee evacuate Brownsville When did the Federals reacll\\nAransas? Pass Cavallo Indianola? Wiien did they occupy Lavaca?\\n4. What misfortune happened to Riigely s company?\\nWTien did the Federals leave Matai, orda bay\\n6. Give the incidents of the Kickapoo fight.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "FIGHT WITH KICKAPOOS. 159\\nrudo, on an Indian scout. On Dove Creek, a tributary of\\nthe North Concho, a body of Kickapoo Indians was discov-\\nered on the 8th of January, 1865. Their camp was in a\\ndense thicket, and there were no means of ascertaining their\\nnumbers. A desperate fight ensued, in which the soldiers\\ndisplayed great heroism, frequently charging into the\\nthicket. At night the assailants withdrew, having lost\\nseventeen killed and twenty-five wounded. It was intended\\nthe next morning to renew the fight, but a cold rain ren-\\ndering it impracticable to do so, they returned to camp Colo-\\nrado, and reported having killed fifty-three Indians, includ-\\ning two women and two children.*\\n7. In the summer of 1864, General E. Kirby Smith was\\nill command of the trans-Mississippi Department, and Gen-\\neral J. G. Walker in Texas. Nothing, however, of great\\nimportance occurred in this Department, as the most of the\\nFederals had been withdrawn to cooperate with Sherman in\\nhis march to the sea, or with Grant, who was drawing his\\nlines around Richmond. Lee surrendered on the 9th of\\nApril, 1865, Joseph E. Johnston on the 26th of the same\\nmonth, and Taylor on the 6th of May.\\n8. On the 25th of May, Governor Murrah issued three\\nproclamations: one commanding civil officers to preserve\\npublic property; another convening an extra session of the\\nLegislature, July 6tli and a third ordering an election, June\\n19th, for delegates to a convention. The last two were set\\naside by the Federal commander.\\nThe Kickapoos, on their arrival at Piedras Negras, gave a report of th .a\\nBght, which may interest the reader. They said about one tliou^^and of thera were\\npa\u00c2\u00ab.sin;r throngh an uninhabited portion of Texas to their new home;? in Mexico,\\nwhen they were attacked by a body of Texans, and had fourteen of their warriora\\nkilled and eight wounded. The Kickapoos gave a great deal of trouble to the inhab-\\nitants along the Rio Grande, until 1874-5, when the agents of the United States con-\\nveyed them again to their former homes.\\n7. Who was in command in Texas in 1864\\n8. What proclamation did Governor Murrah issue, May 25 f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "160 PUBLIC PROPERTY SEIZED.\\n9. On the 23d of May, the soldiers in Galveston, Houston,\\nand other places,, threw off the control of their officers.\\nThey took possession of the public property, guns, ammu-\\nnition, clothing, and all kinds of army stores, and large\\npackages of Confederate money were scattered profusely\\nthrough the streets, every one taking what he could carry\\naway. At Navasota, either through carelessness or design,\\na lighted match was throAvn upon a pile of powder, and an\\nexi)losion followed by which eight lives were lost, several\\nbuildings burned, and nearly all the windows in the town\\nbroken. The damage amounted to $70,000.\\n10. At first private property was respected, but as the\\nspirit of lav/lessness spread throughout the State, teams re-\\nturning from the West with goods were seized, and in some\\ninstances stores were entered. At Austin, among otiier arti-\\ncles distributed, were 50,000 pairs of cotton and woolen\\ncards. On the 11th of June the State Treasury was broken\\nopen and robbed. At Brownsville, the soldiers of Bene-\\nvedes s command compelled the Onstom-house officers to\\npay them off in specie. The citizens of Huntsville, hearing\\nthat the Penitentiary was to be plundered, organized a\\nstrong guard and protected it, confining the prisoners in\\ntheir cells until the danger passed.\\n11. On the oOth of May, Generals Smith and Magrudei\\nwent on board a Federal vessel in Galveston harbor and\\nformally surrendered the trans-Mississippi Department. On\\nthe 19th of June, General Granger, United States Army, ar-\\nrived in Galveston and assumed command. He announced\\n9. When did the soldiers throw oflE the control of their officers? How Avae the\\npublic property disposed of Wliat happened at Navasota\\n1 0. Was private property respected What hapj ened at Austin At Hunts-\\nville?\\n11. When was the trans-Mississippi department formally surrendered? Wha\\nassumed command June 19", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "00 VERNOn UAMIL TON\u00e2\u0080\u0094RECONSTR UGTION. 1 6 1\\nthe emancipation of slaves in Texas, and suspended all\\nlegislative enactments inconsistent with the laws of the\\nUnited States.\\nSECTION X.\\nHamilton s administration. first reconstruction.\\nconvention of 1866.\\n1. On the 17th of June, President Johnson appointed\\nAndrew J. Hamilton Provisional Grovernor of Texas. Gov-\\nernor Hamilton arrived in Galveston on the 21st of July,\\nand on the 25th issued a proclamation announcing his ap-\\npointment, and assuming the duties of his office. In this\\nhe foreshadowed the policy to be pursued in restoring the\\nState to the Union. The freedmen were advised to remain\\nwith their former masters and gather the growing crop, re-\\nceiving a reasonable compensation for their labor. A good\\ncrop was -raised, cotton bore an unusually high price, and\\nthe year was one of financial prosperity. As soon as practi-\\ncable, the civil officers of the State were filled by those be-\\nlieved to be loyal to the government, and persons were\\nappointed in the various counties to administer the amnesty\\noath prescribed by President Johnson.\\n2. On the 15th of November, Governor Hamilton issued\\nhis proclamation for an election to be held January 8th,\\n1866, for delegates to a State Convention. For the first time\\nin the history of Texas, voters were required to be registered.\\nBy direction of President Johnson, this convention was to\\nbe chosen by tliat portion of the people of Texas who were\\nSection X. 1. Who was the tenth governor? Andrew J. Hamiltoii. What\\nadvice did Hamilton give the freedmen\\n2. When was the election lield for delegates to a convention", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "it52 CONVENTION OF 1866\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GOV. THROCKMORTON.\\nloyal to the United States, and none others. The numbei\\nof delegates was to be equal to tlie number of members of\\nthe House of Eepresentatives. The Governor invited the\\npe)ple cordially to engage in the work of reconstructing\\nlocal government.\\n3. The Convention met on the 10th of February, 1866,\\ncompleted its work, and adjourned on the 2d of April. On\\nthe 4th of June the people voted on the adoption of the Con-\\nstitution, and elected State ofl cers and members of the Leg-\\nislature. The Constitution was adopted by a vote of forty-\\neight thousand five hundred and nineteen; seven thousand\\nseven hundred and nineteen voting against its adoption.\\nThe Legislature met on the 9th of August, and on the 13th,\\nGovernor Hamilton relinquished the executive department\\nof the State to his successor, J. W. Throckmorton.\\nSECTION XL\\nTHROCKMORTON S ADMINISTRATION INDIAN DEPREDA-\\nTIONS. GOVERNMENT IN TEXAS PROVISIONAL.- -THROCK-\\nMORTON REMOVED BY GENERAL SHERIDAN.\\n1. The Legislature which was in session when Governor\\nThrockmorton was inaugurated (August 13th, 1866), elected\\nUnited States Senators, divided the State into four districts,\\nand ordered an election for Congressmen. It also adopted\\nsuch measures as were deemed necessary for the complete\\nrestoration of the civil law.\\n2. The frontier had suffered fearfully from Indian depre-\\n3. When did the convention meet? When did the Legislature meet?\\nSection XI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 Who was the eleventh governor James W. Throckmortoa\\nMention some of the acts of the Lesislature.\\n2. What was the condition of the frontier 1", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "INDIAN DEPREDA TIONS\u00e2\u0080\u009400 TNT PRO VISIONAL. 1 G3\\ndations. A committee of the Legislature reported that within\\ntwo 3^ears from the close of the war, one hundred and sixty-\\ntwo persons had been killed by Indians, twenty-four wound-\\ned, and forty-three carried into captivity. Of this number,\\ntwenty-nine were reclaimed. On the Indian and Rio Grande\\nfrontier, between thirty and forty thousand head of cattle\\nand horses had been stolen. The Legislature passed a law\\nfor organizing three battallions of State troops for frontier\\nprotection but, as the Federal commander objected, they\\nwere never called into service.\\n3. Governor Throckmorton entered zealously upon the\\nduties of his office. He was an original Union man, and in\\nthe convention of 1861, voted against secession. It was\\nthought he would be entirely acceptable to the authorities at\\nWashington. But, whatever may have been the feeling per-\\nsonally towards the Governor, many of the acts of the Legis-\\nlature were severely criticised and, on the 2d of March,\\n1867, Congress passed a law reducing Louisiana and Texas\\nto the condition of territories, declaring their present gov-\\nernments provisional and under the control of the com-\\nmander of the Fifth Military District.\\n4. On the 15th of April, under instructions from General\\nSheridan, General Griffin issued an order forbidding all civil\\nelections in Texas. On the 17th he ordered Judges to put\\nolored men upon juries and on the same day established\\nfifteen registration districts, corresponding with the judicial\\ndistricts of the State.\\n5. Finally, on the 30th of July, General Sheridan issued\\nan order removing Governor Throckmorton, and appointing\\nE. M. Pease in his place.\\n3. How had Governor Throckmorton voted on the question of secession? What\\nact passed Congre-s, March 2, 1867?\\n4. When were elections prohihitedin Texas\\n5* When was Throckmorton removed?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "164 PEASmS ADMINISTBATION\\nSECTION XII.\\npease s ADMINISTRATIOi? SECOl^D RECOJ^STRUCTIOK.\\nCON^VENTION- OF 1868-9.\\n1. Under the reconstruction law tlie Governor was merely\\nan adviser of the Military Commander, who alone was\\nresponsible for the administration of the government, and\\nwhose orders gave validity to laws, interpreted them, or\\nset them aside.\\n2. Soon after General Sheridan removed Governor Throck-\\nmorton, he was himself removed to another department by\\nPresident Johnson, and General Griffin assumed command.\\nGeneral Griffin died with yellow fever, and was succeeded,\\nfor a short time, by General Mower. On the 29th of Novem-\\nber General Hancock was assigned to the Fifth Military\\nDistrict. During the short period in which he was in com-\\nmand, military officers were prohibited from interfering with\\nthe civil authorities. He also disapproved the secret in-\\nstructions which bad been issued by General Griffin to\\nRegistrars, instructions that prevented the registration of\\npersons who had held minor offices before the war, and after-\\nwards voluntarily joined the Confederate army. Except for\\na short period in the spring of 1869, when General Canby\\nwas in command, General Reynolds was the commander in\\nTexas during nearly the whole of Pease s administration.\\n3. In the fall of 1867 there was, under military orders, a\\ngeneral registration of voters. This included the colored\\nSection XII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the twelfth governor? Elisha M. Pease? What\\nwas the position of the governor\\n2* Who were the success*ive military commanders of the fifth district f Who\\ncommanded in Texas during the most of Pease s administration\\n3 When were the freedmen permitted to register When was the election held i", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CONVENTION OF 1868-9- 165\\npeople. There were registered 56,678 white, and 47,581\\ncolored voters. About 25,000 whites were not registered,\\neither through indifference or from disfranchisement. At\\nthe election held February 10th to 14th, 44,689 votes were\\ncast for a Convention, and 11,440 against it. If those vot-\\ning in the negative had refrained from voting the measure\\nwould have failed, as the law required that, to call the Con-\\nvention, a majority of those registered must vote on the\\nquestion.\\n4. The Convention met on the 1st of June, and, after a\\nthree months session, took a recess until the 7th of Decem-\\nber, when it sat for two months longer. After its work was\\nabout completed, a number of members left, a quorum could\\nnot be obtained, and General Canby, then in command, ar-\\nranged the constitution and journals for publication.\\n5. The election, which had been fixed by the Convention\\nfor July, was deferred, by order of President Grant, to the\\n30th November and three following days. Governor Pease\\ntendered his resignation, which was accepted September 30,\\n1869, and, for three months, an Adjutant in cliarge of civil\\naffairs performed the duties pertaining to the office of Gov-\\nernor of Texas. Edmund J. Davis was elected Governor.\\nSECTION XIII.\\nDAVIS S ADMINISTRATION. SENATORS AND REPRESENTA-\\nTIVES ADMITTED TO CONGRESS. VARIOUS LEGISLATIVE\\nACTS. INCREASE OF POPULATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GENERAL ELECTION\\nOF 1873.\\n1. As soon as the returns of the election reached Austin^\\n4. When did the convention meet\\n5. When was the general election held\\nSection XIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was the thirteenth govemer? Edmund .J. Davis.\\nW^hen did Davis enter upon his office", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "16G DA VIS S ADMINISTRA TION.\\nGenertil Reynolds appointed General Davis, Governor. lie\\nreached Austin and entered upon his executive duties Janu^\\nary 18, 1870.\\n2. By order of General Reynolds the Legislature convened\\non the 8th of February. As a condition precedent to the\\nrestoration of Texas to the Union, the law of Congress re-\\nquired that the Legislature should ratify the Xlllth, XlVth,\\nand XVtli amendments to the Constitution of the United\\nStates. After ratifying these amendments and electing\\nUnited States Senators, the Legislature adjourned February\\n24th.\\n3. On the 30th of March the bill accepting the Constitu-\\ntion of Texas passed Congress and received the signature of\\nPresident Grant, when the Texas Senators and Representa-\\ntives were admitted to their seats; and, on the 16th of April,\\nr,neral Reynolds relinquished all jurisdiction over the civil\\naffairs of Texas, thus restoring the supremacy of civil\\nlaw.\\n4. On the 26th of April the Legislature again assembled\\nin what was denominated a called session, and continued\\nin session until the 15th of August. For frontier protection,\\nthe Governor was authorized to call out twenty companies\\nof rangers^ and to sell bonds of the State to defray tlie ex-\\npense. He was also authorized to organize a State police of\\nabout two hundred and sixty officers and men, of which the\\nAdjutant-General was, ex officio, the chief. The Legislature\\nfurther invested the Executive with authority, in certain\\ncases, to suspend the writ of habeas corptis j and, under this\\nauthority, martial law was, in three instances, declared\\nduring his administration.\\n2. When did the Legislature meet? What bills were passed\\n3. When did the bill pass Congress accepting the Constitution of Texas When\\ndid Reynolds relinquish control of civil affairs\\n4. When did the Legislature again meet Mention some of its acts.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "VAEIO US LEOISLA TIVE AGT8\u00e2\u0080\u0094IMMIQRA TION. 1 6\\n5. A homestead bill, as required by the Constitution, be-\\ncame a law during this session. To heads of families desti-\\ntute of land, one hundred and sixty acres were given, and\\neighty acres to single men.\\n6. On the 10th of January, 1871, the Legislature re-assem-\\nbled. Among the more important laws enacted was one au-\\ntliorizing counties and cities to grant subsidies to A^orks of\\ninternal improvement. Another prohibited the carrying of\\ndeadly weapons, except in counties exposed to Indian raids.\\nProvision was also made for a Bureau of Immigration, and\\nfor the establishment of Public Free Schools.\\n7. At the general election held in November, 1872, the\\nDemocratic party elected all the Congressmen to which the\\nState was entitled, and a majority of both brandies of the\\nState Legislature.\\n8. The Superintendent of Immigration estimated that\\nduring the year 1872 ninety-one thousand six hundred immi-\\ngrants landed in Texas, amounting to ten per cent, of our\\nwhole population.\\n9. The Legislature met the 14th of January, 1873. The\\ntone of the Governor s messnge was conciliatory. After the\\norganization Mr. Flanagan, a Republican, resigned the presi-\\ndency of the Senate, to which he had been elected at the\\nprevious session, and Mr. Pickett, a Democrat, was chosen in\\nhis place. All parties manifested a disposition to repeal or\\nchange obnoxious laws, reduce public expenses, and improve\\nthe finances of the State. The law creating a State police,\\nand one authorizing the Governor to proclaim martial law,\\n5. How ranch land did the homestead bill give the head of a family\\n6. Mention some of the more important legislative acts.\\n7. Which party triumphed at the election in 1872\\n8. How many immigrants entered Texas in 1872?\\n9. When did the thirteenth Legislature meet? What disposition was manifested\\nby all parties", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "168 GENERAL ELECTION OF 1873,\\nwere repealed; while the election law and the school law\\nwere materially modified.\\n10. The next general election took place on the 2d of De-\\ncember, 1873, the democrats electing State officers. Congress-\\nmen, and a majority of both branches of tlie Legislature.\\nAfter the election a case was brought before the Supreme\\nCourt on a writ of habeas corpus, in which the constitution-\\nality of the election law was incidentally involved. The\\ncourt decided the law unconstitutional, and Governor Davis,\\non the 12th of January, 1874, issued a proclamation for-\\nbidding the assembling of the Legislature. On the 13th the*\\ntwo houses met and organized. The Governor, however, re-\\nfused to recognize them.\\n11. On the night of the 13tli the lower story of the capitol\\nbuilding, including the offices of the Governor and Secretary\\nof State, was guarded by colored soldiers under command of\\nthe Adjutant-General, while the upper story, comprising the\\nhalls of the two houses,, was occupied by the Sergeants-at-\\nArms with a large number of deputies, including a military\\ncompany. Serious fears were entertained of a collision, but,\\nfortunately, no blood was shed. President Grant, who had\\nbeen appealed to, declined to interfere, and, under a protest,\\nthe Secretary ol State permitted a committee of the Legisla-\\nture to take from his office the returns of the late election.\\nThe votes were counted, and Richard Coke and E. B. Hub-\\nbard, the newly-elected Governor and Lieutenant-Governor,\\nwere duly installed.\\n10. When did the general election take place? Which party triumphed What\\nquestion was brought before ihe Supreme Court What proclamation did Davia\\nissue?\\n11. How was the capitol occupied on the night of January 13 How were the\\nreturns of the election procured", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "COKE S ADMINISTRATION. 169\\nSECTION XIV.\\ncoke s ADMINISTRATION SUPREME COURT RE-ORGANIZED\\nCONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION PROVIDED FOR. PRO-\\nGRESS OF THE STATE IN POPULATION. AGRICULTURAL\\nPRODUCTS, LIVE STOCK, AGGREGATE WEALTH, ETC.\\n1. Under the amended Constitution the Supreme Court\\nwas re-organized with five Justices instead of three, and the\\nLegislature directed that its sessions should be held alter-\\nnately at Austin, Galveston, and Tyler.\\n2. At the second session of the fourteenth Legislature, in\\nMarch, 1875, provision was made for calling a Constitutional\\nConvention. The convention met on the 6th of September.\\nAt a general election held February 15, 1876, the new Con-\\nstitution was adopted, and Mr. Coke was re-elected Governor\\nfor a term of two years. His second inauguration took\\nplace April 22d, 1876.\\n3. A few figures will serve to illustrate the progress of the\\nState during this period. The exact population in 1846\\nis unknown. In 1847 there were reported 100,508 whites,\\nand 35,073 slaves. In 1870 the United States census gives\\nthe population of Texas at 567,700 whites, and 253,475\\ncolored. The present population is largely over a million.\\nIn 1846 the corn crop was about 3,000,000 bushels; in 1874\\nSection XIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 Who was the fourteenth governor of Texas Richard\\nCoke,\\n2. When did the Constitutional Convention meet, and who was elected gov-\\nernor under the new Constitution? When was he inaugurated\\n3. What will illustrate the progress of the State? What was the population of\\nTexas in 1847? In 1870? Com crop of 1846 Of 1874? Cotton crop of 1846 Of\\n1874? Number of liorsea and mules in 1846 In 1873? Number of cattle in 1846 f\\nIn 1873 Assessed value of property in 1846 In 1873", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "170 PBOGRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094BAILROADS.\\n30,000,000. In 1846 about 80,000 bales of cotton were pro-\\nduced; in 1874 the crop was near 500,000 bales. In 1846\\nthere were 35,648 horses and mules; the Comptroller s re-\\nport for 1873 placed the number at 718,247, valued at $21,-\\n605,546. In 1 846 the number of cattle was 382,783 in 1\u00c2\u00a3 73\\nover 3,000,000, valued at $14,361,518. In 1846 the assessed\\nvalue of all property in the State amounted to $34,391,175\\nin 1864 the amount reached $358,101,886 (including\\n200,000 slaves, valued at $100,000,000). As a result of the\\nwar, in 1866 the assessed value of property had fallen to\\n$122,749,123 but, in 1873, the aggj-egate amount assessed\\nwas $241,841,860. In 1846 there were thirty-six organized\\ncounties. There are now one hundred and forty-seven\\norganized, and twenty-seven unorganized, counties.\\n4. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado railway was\\ncommenced at Harrisburg in 1852, and completed to Eich-\\nmond in 1855. The Houston and Texas Central was com-\\nmenced in 1853.\\n5. On the 1st of February, 1860, trains crossed the bridge\\nconnecting Galveston with the main land, opening up rail-\\nway communication between Houston and Galveston. In\\n1859 the Texas Pacific was built from Shreveport, Louisiana,\\nto Marshall, Texas, and the next year a road was opened\\nfrom Lavaca to Victoria. The Texas and New Orleans road\\nwas commenced at Houston in 1859, and completed to\\nOrange, one hundred and eight miles, in 1861. The two\\nroads last mentioned suspended after the war.\\n6. At the close of the civil war the following roads were in\\noperation Galveston, Houston and Henderson, fifty miles\\n4, When was the B. B. B. and C. Hallway commenced TheH. and T. Central\\n6\u00c2\u00ab When did trains lirst cross the Galveston bridge\\n6. How many miles of railway were in operation at the close of the war? When\\nwa^^ th\u00c2\u00ab International chartered? What controversy arose between this company\\nand the State?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "EXTENSION OF RAILROADS. 171\\nthe Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado, from Harrisburg\\nto Alley ton, eighty miles; the Houston and Texas Central,\\nfrom Houston to Millican, eighty miles the western branch,\\nfrom Hempstead to Breiiham, twenty-two miles; and the\\nSouthern Pacific, from Shreveporfc to Marshall, forty-one\\nmiles in all, two hundred and seventy-two miles. In 1870\\nthe Legislature chartered the International Company to\\nconstruct a road diagonally across the State from Ked River\\nto the Eio Grande. To this company the State agreed to\\nissue bonds at the rate of $10,000 per mile. The road was\\ncommenced at Hearne, and, when fifty miles were com-\\npleted, the Governor signed the bonds for $500,000 due the\\ncompany. To these bonds the Comptroller refused his sig-\\nnature. Suit was brought, and, in 1874, the Supreme Court\\ndecided that it had no jurisdiction in the case.\\n7. In March, 1875, the Legislature passed a bill substitut-\\ning twenty sections of land per mile instead of the bonds,\\nand exempting the land and the property of the comjiany\\nfrom taxation for twenty-five years. This compromise was\\nacc(^pted by the company. Pending this controversy the\\nroad had been extended, in 1873, to Longview, one hundred\\nand seventy-two miles the Tyler branch, built from Troupe\\nto Mineola, forty-four miles and the road extended across\\nthe Brazos, from Hearne to Rockdale, thirty miles.\\n8. In 1871 the Houston and Texas Central extended ita\\nwestern branch to Austin, and completed the Waco Tap\\nroad; and, in 1873, its main trunk line formed a junction\\nwith the Missouri, Kansas and Texas road, at Red river,\\nopening railroad communication with St. Louis. In August,\\n1813, the Texas and Pacific reached Dallas. In January,\\n1874, the trans-continental branch of this road was opened\\n7. How was this settled\\n8. When did the railroad reach Austin When was communication opened witfc\\nSt. Louis?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "172 OTHER INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.\\nfrom Marshall to Texarkana, forming a junction with the\\nCairo and Fulton road. A section of this road was also built\\nfrom Sherman to BrooksLon.\\n9. The Houston and Great Northern Eoad was commenced\\nat Houston in 1871, and completed the next year to Pales-\\ntine, with a short branch to Huntsville. In 1874 it waa\\nextended from Houston southwest to Columbia.\\n10. In 18?3 the road from Columbus westward, under the\\nname of the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Road,\\nwas built to Shulenberg, and in 1875 to Kingsbury.\\n11. The Gulf, West Texas and Pacific Road, was built\\nfrom Indianola to Victoria in 1872, and to Cuero in 1873.\\n12. The Rio Grande Railway was built from Point Isabel\\nto Brownsville in 1873. During the year 1873 four hundred\\nand eighty-five miles of railroad were built in Texas. AVe\\nnow have in operation iu our State (1876) about sixteen\\nhundred miles of railway.\\n13. A telegraph line was opened between Galveston and\\nHouston, January 24, 1860. The wires were gradually ex-\\ntended, and now all the principal cities are connected by\\ntelegraph. In March, 1875, Congress appropriated $88,000\\nfor a telegraph line along the frontier, connecting all the\\nmilitary posts. This line was completed in 1876.\\n14. In 1854 a canal was opened connecting Galveston Bay\\nwith the Brazos river and the same year an outlet was\\nopened for Old Caney Creek into Matagorda Bay. In 1856,\\nthe Legislature made liberal appropriations for the impi ove-\\n9\u00c2\u00bb Give the commencement and progress of tlie H. and G. N. road.\\n10\u00c2\u00bb Progress of the road from Columbus westward.\\n11. When was the road built from Indianola to Cuero\\n12. What points are connected by the Rio Grande road\\n13. When was telegraphic communication opened between Galveston and\\nHouston\\n1 4. When was Galveston bay connected with the Brazos river What approprl\\nfttions were made in 1856 When was the ship channel opened to Corpus Ctrieii f", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "GENERAL CONDITION OF TEXAS IN 1876. 173\\nmeiu of Texas rivers and bays. Individuals and counties\\nadded to these sums but the succeeding dry years rendered\\nmost of our rivers unfit for navigation. In 1874 a ship\\nchannel was opened from Aransas Pass to Coi-pus Christi.\\n15. In 1869-70 the Houston Ship Channel Company com-\\nmenced work at Morgan s Point and at Eed-fish bar. In\\n1874 this work was transferred to Charles Morgan, who\\nagreed to open a channel nine feet deep to the neighborhood\\nof Houston Congress, in 1874, and again, 1875, appropri-\\nated small sums for the improvement of Eed-fish bar and\\nGalveston bay and harbor.\\n1 6. Texas enjoys internal peace and prosperity, society is\\nimproving, schools and churches are multiplying, and a\\nceaseless and swelling tide of immigration is flowing in upon\\nus. J he future is hopeful. With the rapid increase of\\npopulation and wealth, and tlie development of onr agricul-\\ntural and mineral resources, may we not hope to see Texas\\nrise to the first rank among the States of the American\\nUnion\\n15* When was work commenced at Morgan s point\\n10a What is vAld of the condition of Texas, and its promise for the fattm*", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "174 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nCHEONOLOGICAL EEVIEW QUESTIOJ^S.\\nFIFTH PERIOD.\\nWhen was Henderson inaugurated governor February 16, 1846.\\nWhen was Wood inaugurated December 21, 1847.\\nWhen, Bell December 21, 1849,\\nWhen did Texas sell Santa Fe In 1850.\\nAt what price $10,000,000 but the United States finally paid $12,750,000, llqql\u00c2\u00ab\\ndating the entire debt of Texas.\\nWhen was Pease inaugurated December 21, 1853.\\nWhen, Runnels December 21, 1857.\\nWhen, Sam Houston December 21, 1859.\\nDate of ordinance of secession February 1, 1861.\\nWhen did Clark become governor? March 16, 1861.\\nWhen, Lubbock November 7, 1861.\\nDate of battle of Galveston. January 1, 1863.\\nDate of battle of Sabine Pass. September 8, 1863.\\nDate of Hurrah s inauguration. November 5, 1863.\\nWhen did the Confederate soldiers in Texas disband May 23, 188J.\\nWhen did Hamilton become governor July 25, 1865. Throckmorton? Aiisaf\\nJ3, 1866.\\nWhen was Throckmorton removed July 30, 1867.\\nWho was then appointed governor? E. M. Pease.\\nWhen did Davis become governor? January 18, 1870.\\nDate of Coke s inauguration January 13, 1874.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHANGES IN STATE CONSTITUTION. 175\\nPERIOD VI.\\nTEN YEARS PROGRESS.\\nFkom 1876 TO 1885.\\nSECTION I.\\nCHANGES 11^ STATE CO^-STITUTIOK. SUCCESSION^ OF GOVERN\\nORS. STATE LEGISLATURES.\\n1. The close of the great Civil War left the civil institu-\\ntions and administration of the State government in an un-\\nsettled and unsatisfactory condition. The Government was\\npartly civil and partly military. During the ten years from\\n1866 to 1875, no less than three conventions were held for\\nmodifying our State Constitution.\\n2. The changes introduced into our fundamental law by\\nthe Constitution of 1869 were material and radical. The\\ngreat bulk of the tax-paying voters of the State were dis-\\nfranchised because of their participation in the war between\\nthe States, and had no voice in the formation of that Consti-\\ntution. It declared secession a heresy, and gave the Gov-\\nernor power to declare martial law in any county of the\\nState, and suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. It also pro-\\nvided that the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts\\nSection I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. In what condition was the State Government after the close of\\nthe war In ten years* how many Constitutional conventions were held\\n2. Did these conventions materially change our fundamental laws Mention some\\nof the features of the Constitution of 1869-of the Constitution of 1875.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "176 SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS.\\nshould be appointed by the Governor. The constitution of\\n1875 withdrew these extraordinary powers from the Gov-\\nernor declared that the judges of the Supreme and Dis-\\ntrict Courts should be elected by the people limited the\\nprivileges of corporations, and protected the public domain\\nand lands belonging to public schools.\\nS. Judges of the Supreme Court and of the Court of Ap-\\npeals hold office six years. Senators and Judges of District\\nCourts four years. The Governor, members of the House\\nof Representatives, and all other State and county officers\\nhold office two years.\\n4. Richard Coke was the second time inaugurated Gov-\\nernor, April 22, 1876. Soon after his inauguration he was\\nelected to the United States Senate, and on the first of De-\\ncember following, he resigned the executive office, and the\\nLieutenant-Governor, Richard B. Hubbard, became Gov-\\nernor. Mr. Hubbard was the fourteenth Governor, since the\\nannexation of Texas, and he held office during the years\\n1877 and 1878.\\n5. Oran M. Roberts was the fifteenth Governor, and held\\noffice during two teims, including the years 1879, 1880,\\n1881, and 1882. His first inauguration took place January\\n21, 1879.\\n6. The sixteenth Governor was John Ireland, inaugurated\\nJanuary 17, 1883 and inaugurated the second time Janu-\\nary 19, 1885. His official term included the years 1883,\\n1884, 1885 and 1886.\\n3. For what length of time is the Governor elected? Senators? Justices of the\\nSupreme Court Other judges? Other officers\\n4r. Wh} did Colie resign the office of Governor Who was the fourteenth Gov-\\nernor When was he inaugurated\\n5. Who was the fifteenth Governor? When was he inaugurated? How many\\nterms did he fill the office?\\n6. Who was the sixteenth Governor W^hen inaugurated How many terms did\\nhe fill the office", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "ST A TE LEGISLA TUBES. 1 77\\n7. The leading historical incidents will be considered in\\nthe following pages these events will be presented under\\ntopical heads.\\n8. The State Legislature is composed of two Houses, and\\nholds biennial sessions but may be called together in extra\\nsession, whenever the Governor thinks it necessary. In ex-\\ntra sessions it can only consider such topics as the Governor\\nrecommends. The Senate is composed of thirty-one Sena-\\ntors, and can never have a greater number. The present\\nHouse of Representatives has one hundred and six members,\\nand without a change in the organic law can never exceed\\none hundred and fifty.\\n9. The XVth Legislature 1876-78. When Hubbard be-\\ncame Governor, Wells Thompson was elected President of\\nthe Senate, and thus became Lieutenant-Governor. Thomas\\nR. Bonner was Speaker of the House of Representatives.\\n10. XVIth Legislature 1879-1880. Joseph D. Sayers\\nwas Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate John\\nH. Cochran Speaker of the House of Representatives. This\\nLegislature provided for a high court, denominated Com-\\nmissioners of Appeals, and adopted a new civil code, penal\\ncode, and code of criminal procedure, prepared by a ])yq-\\nviously appointed commission of learned lawyers.\\n11. XVnth Legislature 1881\u00e2\u0080\u00941882. Leonidas J. Story,\\nLieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate George\\n7. How will the leading events of the ten years progress be presented\\n8 Wliat two bodies constitute the State Legislature Of how many members is the\\nSenate composed Tlie House\\n9. Who was President of the Senate during the XVth Legislature Who Speaker\\nof the House\\n10. Who was Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate of the XVIth\\nLegislature Speaker of the House What was one of the principal acts of the\\nXVIth Legislature\\n11. Who were the officers of the XYIIth Legislature During what years?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "178 STATE DEBT.\\nE. Reeves, Speaker of the House. An extra session was\\nheld, commencing April 0, 1882.\\n12. XVIIIth Legislature 1883\u00e2\u0080\u00941884. Marion Martin,\\nLieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate 0. R.\\nGibson, Speaker of the House convened in extra session,\\nJanuary 8, 1884.\\n13. XlXth Legislature 1885\u00e2\u0080\u00941886. Met in regular\\nsession, January 13, 1885; Barnett Gibbs, Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor, President of the Senate L. L. Foster, Speaker of\\nthe House.\\nSECTION n.\\nSTATE DEBT. STATE FINANCES.\\n1. When Coke was inaugurated Governor in 1874, the\\ndebt of the State, for wbich bonds had been issued, amounted\\nto $3,425,328. Other claims were presented and new\\nobligations incurred, so that in 1875 the bonded debt was\\n^5,551,337. In 1876 it amounted to 16,067,836.\\n2. When Hubbard became Governor, in 1877, the debt was\\n$6,116,634. The next year, 1878, it was reduced to 15,121,-\\n911.\\n3. When Roberts was inaugurated the debt was 15,014,-\\n620. In 1881 it was reduced to $4,755,620 in 1882, to\\n$4,487,030.\\n4. When Ireland was inaugurated, in 1883, the debt was\\n13. Who was President of the Senate during the XVIIIth Legislatui-e Speaker\\nof the House\\n13. When did the XlXth Legislature meet? Who was Lieutenant-Governor?\\nWho Speaker of the House\\nSection II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What was the amount of the honded debt of tlie State when\\nCoke hecanie Governor\\n8. How much under Iluhhard s administration\\n3. How much under Rol)erts\\n4. How much under Ireland s? What was the public debt on August 31, 1884", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "ST A TE FINANCES. 179\\n$4,119,898. On August 31, 1884, the whole debt amounted\\nto ouly $4,119,899.\\n5. The condition of the finances of the State, as pre-\\nsented in the figures representing the State debt, excited\\nthe profound solicitude of Governor Coke and his successors.\\nIn his message to the XVth Legislature, Governor Coke\\nrecommends various measures 1. The refunding of the\\nState debt at a lower rate of interest 2. A revision of the\\ntax-laws so as to include in assessments a vast amount of\\nproperty which had heretofore escaped taxation.\\n6. These measures were carried forward during Hub-\\nbard s administration, so that there was a manifest improve-\\nment in the State finances, and the State was no longer\\ncompelled to sell bonds to pay current expenses.\\n7. When Governor Roberts was inaugurated, he distinctly\\nannounced that his policy would be to pay as you go, and\\nto reduce the expenses of the Government so that the in-\\ncome from taxation- should cover them. The Legislature\\nagain appropriated one-fourth of the general revenue for\\nthe support of public free schools, and he, on the 23d of\\nApril, 1(S79, vetoed certain items in the appropriation bill.\\n8. The items thus vetoed were 1. that making an appro-\\npriation for the support of the public free schools 2. that\\nsetting apart a sum to pay the interest on the public debt\\n3. the amount appropriated for a sinking fund.\\n9. At the extra session of the Legislature in June, 1881,\\na bill was passed reducing the proportion of the revenue ap-\\npropriated to free schools from one-fourth to one-sixth pro-\\n5. What was the financial condition What measures did the Governor recom-\\nmend\\n6. W^hen were tliese measures carried into effect?\\n7 W^ho introduced the pay-as-you-go policy\\n8. What items did Governor Roberts veto in the appropriation hill\\n9. What measures did the Legislature adopt to reduce expenses", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "180 S^^^ TE FIJVA NCES.\\nvision was made for paying the interest on the public debt,\\nand reducing expenses in almost every branch of the public\\nservice.\\n10. Taxable values increased rapidly the country con-\\ntinued in every respect to grow in prosperity under Coke s\\nadministration the tax-laws were revised and so improved\\nthat little property escaped taxation, and there was a hand-\\nsome increase in the revenues. Ail State bonds bearinar a\\nhigh rate of interest were called in, and bonds of a lower\\nrate substituted and at the close of Governor Eoberts term,\\naside from the bonded debt, all legitimate expenses of the\\nGovernment had been met, and a considerable suri^lus was\\nleft in the treasury.\\n11. The state of the treasury warranting sucli expenditure.\\nGovernor Roberts, in his Message, January, 11, 1881, recom-\\nmended an enlargement and improvement of the State asy-\\nlums, especially that for the lunatics. Liberal approi3riations\\nwere accordingly made and by subsequent legislation the\\ntax-laws were modified, and the State-tax reduced from forty\\ncents on the one hundred dollars to thirty cents. And by\\nthe Constitution this reduced county taxes in the same pro-\\nportion.\\n12. The charitable institutions of the State being\\nwholly inadequate for the admission of those who were, un-\\nder the law% entitled to be cared for by the State, and many\\nlunatics being confined in the county jails, Governor Ireland\\nrecommended the enlargement of all these institutes, and\\nespecially the erection of a new asylum for the insane. The\\n10. How were the tax laws improved What was the condition of the Treasury\\nWhat was the condition of the conntr}-^\\n1 1 What did the Governor advise in reference to the State asylums What change\\nwas made in the rate of taxation\\n13. What did Governor Ireland recommend concerning State Institutions W^hat\\ndid Uie Legislature do What effect did this action have on the Treasury surpUis", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "WEALTH AND POPULA TION. 181\\nLegislature carried out this recommendation, and by addi-\\ntions to the institutes for the Deaf and Dumb, Blind and\\nInsane, and by the erection of a new Asylum for the Insane,\\nat Terrill, completely exhausted the surplus revenue in the\\ntreasury.\\n13. During Governor Ireland s first term the tax for gen-\\neral revenue was reduced to 1 7i cents on the hundred dol-\\nlars, and the school tax raised to V2^ cents on the hundred\\ndollars, thus giving the public schools 5 cents more than for-\\nmer tax levies, and at the same time reducing the aggregate\\ntax 2i cents on the hundred dollars.\\nSECTION III.\\nWEALTH AKD POPULATION. OUR PUBLIC LANDS. PUBLIC\\nFREE SCHOOLS.\\n1. In 1874 the aggregate wealth of the State was two\\nhundred and forty-four millions five hundred and ten thou-\\nsand nine hundred and seventy-nine dollars, and in 1884 it\\nwas six hundred and three millions sixty thousand nine\\nhundred and fifty-seven dollars.\\n2. In 1870 the population of the State was eight hundred\\nand eighteen thousand five hundred and seventy-nine, and\\nin 1880 one million five hundred and ninety-two thousand\\nfive hundred and seventy-four.\\n3. During the period of reconstruction our public domain\\nwas in a measure withdrawn from the market. Sales were\\nmade only in small tracts, and to actual settlers.\\n13. What is said of taxes lor public schools and the reduction of taxes for general\\nrevenue purposes\\nSection III. 1. What was the aggregate wealth of the State in 1874 In 1884\\n3. What the population in 1870 In 1880\\n3. What restrictions were placed upon the sale of land just after the war", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "182 OUR PUBLIC LANDS.\\n4. The XVIIth Legislature so modified these liiws as to\\nopen nearly the entire public domain to purchasers. The\\nfrontier being safe from Indian depredations, in an incredi-\\nbly short period of time nearly all the vacant land in the State\\nwas covered by certificates, and passed into the hands of pri-\\nvate parties and moneyed corporations.\\n5. In the report of the Commissioner of the General Land\\nOffice, for the year ending August 31, 1884, he showed that\\nthe State had issued certificates for 6,74:5,7 ^3 acres in excess\\nof public domain, exclusive of the area of inland bays.\\nMany of these certificates are unlocated.\\n6. Heretofore the unappropriated public domain, and the\\nland set apart for public schools, and for the university and\\nState asylums, had afforded free range for stock of every\\ndescription.\\n7. But after so large a proportion of the land had passed\\ninto the possession of private parties and corporations under\\nthe laws passed by the XVIIth Legislature, those parties\\nproceeded to inclose them with wire fences. These pastures\\nvaried in size from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands\\nof acres.\\n8. Within these inclosures were thousands of acres of land\\nbelonging to the public free schools and State institutions,\\nfrom which the State derived no income.\\n9. Serious evils resulted from these immense pastures\\n1. In some instances small tracts of land belonging to other\\nparties were inclosed, and thus rendered comparatively\\nworthless 2. Public highways were obstructed 3. Out-\\n4. What change was made in the law by the XVIIth Legislature\\n5. What was the effect of this law Is tiiere any public land now to dispose of\\n6 How had the public domain been used\\n7. What did the purchasers of large tracts of land do\\n8. What other lands were inclosed\\n9. What evils resulted from these large pastures", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "OUR PUBLIC LANDS. 133\\nside herds of cattle, sheep and horses were excluded from\\ntheir usual watering-places.\\n10. The XVIIIth Legislature (April, 1883) passed a bill\\ncreating a Land Board composed of the Governor and other\\nheads of departments, with authority, under certain restric-\\ntions, to sell or lease the land belonging to the State institu-\\ntions and pubhc schools.\\n11. These evils flowing out of the Land policy pursued\\nby the XVlIth and previous legislatures were not patiently\\nborne. Parties who felt themselves aggrieved and wronged\\nresorted to violence, and in many instances cut and destroyed\\nthe pasture fences.\\n12. To remedy these evils the Legislature (January,\\n1884), called in extra session for the purpose by Gov. Ireland,\\npassed laws in accordance with the Governor s recommen-\\ndation 1. Giving redress to private parties wliose lands\\nwere inclosed without their consent 2. Opening and keep-\\ning open public roads 3. Compelling the owuers of pastures\\nto erect gates every three miles in the line of their fences\\n4. Making it a felony to cut pasture fences.\\n13. The enactment and enforcement of these laws soon\\nrestored quiet to the country.\\n14. The Constitution directed the Legislature To estab-\\nlish and make provision for the support and maintenance of\\nan efficient system of free public schools.\\n15. The Constitution further provided that the permanent\\n10 What is said of the Land Board\\n1 1 How did aggrieved parties seek redress\\n13. What remedies did the Legislature provide 1. For private parties 2. For\\npublic roads 3. For passways through the pastures 4. For protecting the past-\\nures\\n1 3 What -was, the effect of these laws\\n14-. What is the duty of the Legislature in reference to free schools\\n15. How was the school fund o be invested", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "184 PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS.\\nschool fund should be invested in bonds of the State or of\\nthe United States, and that the money derived from the\\nsale of school lands should be set aside for a permanent\\nfund, and invested in a similar manner.\\n16. As these bonds yielded a very low rate of interest, and\\nas there v^^as a large amount of the school money lying un-\\nproductive in the treasury, in 1883 an amendment was made\\nto the Constitution, on the recommendation of Governor\\nIreland, authorizing the investment of this money in county\\nbonds.\\n17. In one month after the adoption of this amendment,\\n1710,529 had been withdrawn from the treasury, and inter-\\nest-bearing county bonds substituted in its place. As money\\nbelonging to the school fund comes in, other bonds are\\nbought.\\n18. Besides the permanent fund thus invested, there has\\nbeen set apart for school purposes 32,716,101 acres of public\\nland. Of this amount there had been sold, in 1884, 3,037,-\\n804 acres, and leased about 2,000,000 acres. The money\\nderived from the lease of these lands becomes a part of the\\navailable school fund.\\n19. Other funds for the support of schools are derived\\nfrom 1. An annual poll tax 2. One-fourth of the occu-\\npation taxes 3. A general tax on values 4. Special taxes\\nvoted by the property holders of school districts and cities.\\n20. The general school system is administered by the\\n16 How may it now bo invested\\n17. Wore the counties willing to sell their bonds?\\n1 8. How much land has been set apart for our public free schools How much of\\nthis has been sold How much leased\\n19. From what other sources is the school fund derived\\n30. To whom is the administration of our State system of public schools commit-\\nted Who manage the schools in counties In cities By what Lei:islatiire was the\\noffice of Superintendent created V On whose recommendation Who was the first\\nSuperintendent i", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "STATE INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING. 185\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction, from whose decisions\\nappeals lie to the State Board of Education. In the counties,\\nthe County Judge, and in cities, the Maj^or and Aldermen,\\nor Boards of Trustees elected by the people, are the chief\\nschool officers. The office of Superintendent was created by\\nthe XVIIIth Legislature, on the recommendation of B.\\nM. Baker, who was at that time Secretary of the Board of\\nEducation. Governor Ireland appointed Mr. Baker Super-\\nintendent in May, 1884. In November, 1884, he was\\nelected to the same office by the people for a term of two\\nyears.\\nSECTION IV.\\nSTATE II^^STITUTIONS OF LEARKIN^G. CHARITABLE IN^STI-\\nTUTIONS. PEI^ITEi^TIARIES.\\n1. Agricultural and Mechanical College. This institu-\\ntion, near Bryan, was the first put in operation under the\\ncontrol of the State. It owes its existence to a donation\\nfrom the United States Congress of 180,000 acres of land\\nscrip, which was sold in 1871 for $156,000.\\n2. The State procured a tract of 2,200 acres of land, and\\nappropriated money for the erection of suitable buildings.\\nThe Constitution makes this college a bi anch of the State\\nUniversity.\\n3. The second institution inaugurated under the auspices\\nof the State was the Sam Houston Normal Institute, at\\nHuntsville. Here a certain number of students, selected\\nfrom different parts of the State, receive gratuitous instruc-\\nSectioii IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 To what does the Agricultural and Mechanical College owe its\\norigin VVhere is it located\\ni. Of what is it a branch\\n3. What is the ohject of the Sam Houston Normal Institute", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "186 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.\\ntion, to prepare themselves for teaching. A limited num-\\nber also have their board paid by the State. This Institute\\nhas heretofore received from the Peabody fund $G,000 an-\\nnually.\\n4. The Prairie View Normal School, near Hempstead, is\\na similar institution, supported by the State to educate\\ncolored teachers for colored schools. A limited number of\\ncolored pupils have their board paid by the State at this In-\\nstitute.\\n5. There are also Summer Normal Institutes held for\\nthe instruction of teachers, in different parts of the State.\\nThese are supported altogether by the State.\\n6. The Constitution required the Legislature, as soon as\\npracticable, to establish and provide for the maintenance of\\na State University for the jjromotion of literature and the\\narts and sciences.\\n7. The bill for the establishment of this University passed\\ntlie Legislature in March, 1881, and was approved by Gov-\\nernor Eoberts. At a popular election in September following,\\nthe Literary and Law Departments were located at Austin,\\nand the Medical Department at Galveston.\\n8. A beautiful design for University Buildings having\\nbeen selected, in the years 1882 and 1883 the west wing was\\nerected on a hill long known as College Hill, in the north-\\nern part of the city of Austin. The faculty was appointed by\\nthe board of Eegents, and the University opened for the re-\\nception of students, September 15, 1883.\\n4. Of the Prairie View school\\n5. How are the summer normal institutes supported?\\nC. What duty did the Constitution impose on the Legislature?\\n7. When was the law passed for its establishment Where were the literary and\\nlaw departments located The medical department\\n8. When was the institution opened for students", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "PENITENTIARIES. 187\\n9. The State has four charitable institutions under its\\nsupervision and support.\\n10. Two of these are for persons of unsound mind one,\\nbeautifully located, supplied with buildings admirably\\nadapted for the purpose of the Institution, is situated about\\nthree miles north of the city of Austin. Buildings for a\\nsecond Asylum have been erected at Terrell. Governor\\nIreland especially recommended the establishment of this\\nAsylum.\\n11. An Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been in opera-\\ntion for twenty-seven years. It is located on the west side of\\nthe Colorado Eiver, in full view of the city of Austin. A State\\nprinting-office has been established in this asylum, of which\\nthe inmates are the compositors.\\n12. The Asylum for the Blind is located in the north-east-\\nern suburbs of Austin.\\nIn his message to the XlXth Legislature, Governor\\nIreland speaks in terms of highest commendation of the\\nmanagement of all these State charities.\\n13. During the period under review, the Peniten-\\ntiary at Huntsville has. been enlarged to three times its\\nformer capacity, and further provision made for utilizing the\\nlabor of the convicts in profitable employments.\\n14. A second Penitentiary has been put in operation\\nat Rusk, Cherokee County, and buildings erected for various\\nmanufactories, especially in iron.\\n15. In 1883, there were reported over 2,600 convicts\\n9. How many charitable institutions has the State?\\n10. Wiiat can be ^aid of the lunatic asylums? Where is the new one situated\\n11. What can be said of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum\\n1:3. Of the Asylum for the Blind Of the management of these State charities\\n13. W^hat is said of the Huntsville Penitentiary\\n14. Of that at Rusk? What industries are provided for there\\n15. How many can be accommodated in the walls of the penitentiaries Are the\\npenitentiaries now an expense to the State", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "188 STATE CAPITOL.\\nin the State, of whom not more than about sixteen hun-\\ndred could be accommodated in the two institutions.\\nDuring the year 1884, the labor of the convicts paid the\\nexpenses of the two penitentiaries. The most profitable\\nlabor was that of convicts hired outside of the walls.\\n16. While there is a constant increase in the number\\nconvicted of crimes in our courts, and sentenced to the\\npenitentiaries, the percentage of crime to population is\\non the decrease, and not greater than that of other States\\nand countries.\\nSECTION V.\\nSTATE CAPITOL. RAILROADS. COKCLUSION.\\n1. The State-house, erected in 1852 at the head of Con-\\ngress Avenue, was destroyed by fire on the 6th of November,\\n1881.\\n2. In 1882 a building was erected on Congress Avenue to\\nbe used as a temporary capitol.\\n3. But previous to this, in 1875 the Constitutional Con-\\nvention had set apart 3,000,000 acres of public land for the\\nerection of a new capitol.\\n4. Work was commenced upon the foundation in 1883,\\nand had progressed so far that, on the 2d of March, 1885,\\nthe corner-stone was laid with im^DOsing ceremonies.\\n5. The edifice will be of the best material, with granite\\n16. What is said of the number of convictions for crime Of the percentage of\\ncrime to population\\nSection V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. When was the old State House burned\\nJ8. When a temporary one erected\\n3. What provision had the Constitution of 1875 made for a new State House\\n4. When was the corner-stone of the new structure laid\\n5. Describe the new State House", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS. 189\\nwater-table and columns, and, according to the plan, will rise\\nthree stories above the basement, the dome reaching a height\\nof 311 feet its greatest length 560 feet its width 288. It\\nwall contain in all fifty-one rooms, affording accommodation\\nfor both branches of the Legislature, for the higher courts,\\nfor executive offices, committee rooms, etc. etc. Two ele-\\nvators afford convenient access to the upper stories.\\n6. In 1874 there were about fifteen hundred miles of\\nrailway in operation in Texas, and but one road connecting\\nour State with the great North-west.\\n7. In 1885, there are over six thousand miles of railway,\\nthe lines penetrating almost every section of the State, con-\\nnecting Texas with the Northern, Eastern, and Western\\nStates. Two roads cross the entire State from east to west,\\nleading to California, and three roads point to the city of\\nMexico, crossing the Rio Grande at El Paso, Eagle Pass,\\nand Laredo, connecting the most important centers of trade\\nand population in the United States with those of our sister\\nrepublic.\\n8. A general railroad law fixes the price of passenger fare\\non all roads at three cents per mile. The roads favor im-\\nmigration by carrying immigrants at about one cent ^^er\\nmile.\\n9. Co:n^clusiok. (1.) During the period under review,\\nthe wealth and population of the State have more than\\ndoubled.\\n6 How many miles of railways in Texas in 1874\\n7. How many ruacls in 1885 How many forming Eastern and Northern connec-\\ntions How many with the Pacific Coa^t How many roads cross the Rio Grande\\n8. What is the price of railway fare per mile What the general fare for intro-\\nducing immigrants\\n9. What is said (1) Of the increase in wealth and population? (2) Of the im^\\nprovement in the educational system (3) Of our live stock and agricultural prod-\\nucts? (4) Of our State asylums (5) Of our increased railway facilities (6) In\\ngeneral of the improvement in our State?", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "190 CONCLUSION.\\n(2.) A State University and State Normal schools haye\\nbeen established, and our free school system greatly improved.\\n(3.) Our live stock and agricultural products have in-\\ncreased more than a hundred-fold.\\n(4.) Our asylums have been enlarged and improved.\\n(5.) Our railway facilities have been increased more than\\nfour fold, connecting Texas with all parts of the United\\nStates, and a large portion of Mexico.\\n(6.) In general, there is great improvement in all the\\ninstitutions of civil society, and in the administration of the\\nlaws.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION\\nor THB\\nSTATE OF TEXAS.\\nADOPTED BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION CONVENED At\\nAUSTIN, SEPTEMBEK 6, 1875, AND KATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE,\\nFEBRUARY 15, 1876.\\nPREAMBLE.\\nHumbly invoking the bleesing of Almighty God, the people of the State\\nof Texas do ordain and establish this Constitution.\\nARTICLE L\\nBILL OF RIGHTS.\\nThat the general, great, and essential piineiples of liberty and free gov-\\nernment may be recognized and established, we declare\\nSection 1, Texas is a free and independent State, subject only to the\\nConstitution of the United States; and the maintenance of our free insti-\\ntutio7i3 and the perpetuity of the Union depend upon the preservation of\\nthe right of local self-government unimpaired to all the States.\\nSec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free govern-\\nments are founded on their authority, and Instituted for their benefit.\\nThn faith of tlie people of Texas stands pledged to the preservation of a\\nrepublican form of government, and, subject to this limitation only, they\\nhavc at all times the inalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their gov-\\nernment in such manner as they may think expedient.\\nSec. 3. All free men, when they form a social compact, have equal rights,\\nand no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emolu-\\nments, or privileges, but in consideration of public services.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSec. 4. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any\\noffice, or public trust, in this State nor shall any one be excluded from\\nholding office on account of his religious seutimcuts, provided he acknowl-\\nedge the existence of a Supreme Being.\\nSec. 5. No person shall be disqualified to give evidence in any of the\\ncourts of this State on account of his religious opinions, or for the want of\\nany religious belief, but all oaths or affirmations shall be administered in\\nthe mode most binding upon the conscience, and shall be taken subject to\\nthe pains and penalties of perjury.\\nSec. 6. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty\\nGod according to the dictates of their own consciences. No man shall be\\ncompelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain\\nany ministry, against his consent. No human authority ought, in any case\\nwhatever, to control or interfere with the rights of conscience in matters\\nof religion, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious\\nsociety or mode of worship. But it sball be the duty of the Legislature to\\npass such laws as may be necessary to protect equally every religious\\ndenomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public wor*\\nship.\\nSec. 7. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for\\nthe benefit of any sect, or religious society, theological or religious semi-\\nnary nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such\\npurposes.\\nSec. 8. Every person shall be at liberty to speak, wi-ite, or publish his\\nopinions on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege;\\nand no law shall ever be passed curtailing the liberty of speech or of the\\npress. In prosecutions for tlie publication of papers investigating the con-\\nduct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is\\nproper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence.\\nAnd in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the right to determine\\nthe law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases.\\nSec. 9. The people shall be secure, in their persons, houses, papers, and\\npossessions, from all unreasonable seizures or searches, and no warrant to\\neearch any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue witliout\\ndescribing them as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported\\nby oath or affirmation.\\nSec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a speeJy\\npublic trial by an impartial jury. He shall have the right to demand the\\nnature and cause of the accusation agamst him, and to have a copy thereof.\\nHe shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself. He shall have\\nthe right of being heard by himself or counsel, or both shall be confronted", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 193\\n\\\\/ith the witnesses against him, and shall have compulsory process for\\nobtaining witnesses in his favor. And no person shall be held to answer\\nfor a criminal offence, unless on indictment of a Grand Jury, except in\\ncases in which the punishment is by fine or imprisonment otherwise than in\\nthe penitentiary, in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the army\\nor navy, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public\\ndanger.\\nSrc. 11. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for\\ncapital offences, when the proof is evident but this provision shall not be\\n60 construed as to prevent bail after indictment found, upon examination\\nof the evidence in such manner as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 12. The writ of habeas corpus is a writ of right, and shall never be\\nsuspended. The Legislature shall enact laws to render the remedy speedy\\nand effectual.\\nSec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,\\nnor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. All courts shall be open, and\\nevery person, for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or reputa-\\ntion shall have remedy by due course of law.\\nSec. 14. No person, for the same offence, shall be twice put in jeopardy\\nof life or liberty nor shall a person be a^ain put upon trial for the same\\noffence after a verdict of not guilty in a court of competent jurisdiction.\\nSec. 15. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. The Legisla-\\nture shall pass such laws as may be needed to regulate the same, and to\\nmaintain its purity and efficiency.\\nSec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or any law\\nimpairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made.\\nSec. 17. No person s property shall be taken, damaged, or destroyed for\\nor applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless\\nby the consent of such person and, when taken, except for tlie use of the\\ntitate, such compensation shall be first made, or secured by a deposit of\\nmoney and no irrevocable or uncontrollable grant of special privileges or\\nImmunities shall be made but all privileges and franchises granted by the\\nLegislature, or created under its authority, shall be subject to the control\\nthereof.\\nSec. 18. No person shall ever be imprisoned for debt.\\nSec. 19. No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, prop-\\nerty, privileges, or immunities, or in any manner disfrancliised, except by\\nthe due course of the law of the land.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "194 CONSTITUTION OF TEE\\nSec. 20. No person shall be outlawed nor shall any person be tran\u00c2\u00bb\\nported out of the State for any offence committed within the same.\\nSec. 21. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture oi\\nestate and the estates of those who destroy their own lives shall descend\\nor vest as in case of natural death.\\nSec. 22, Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war\\nagainst it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort and no\\nperson shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two -syit-\\nnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.\\nSec. 23. Every citizen shall have the right to keep and bear arms in the\\nlawful defence of himself or the State but the Legislature shall have\\npower by law to regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent\\ncrime.\\nSec. 24. The military shall at all times be subordinate to the civil au-\\nthority.\\nSec. 25. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in the house of\\nany citizen without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a\\nmanner prescribed by law.\\nSec. 36. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free\\ngovernment, and shall never be allowed nor shall the law of primogeniture\\nor entailments ever be in force in this State.\\nSec. 27. The citizens shall have the right, in a peaceable manner, to\\nassemble together for their common good, and apply to those invested with\\nthe power of government for redress of grievances or other purposes, by\\npetition, address, or remonstrance.\\nSec. 28. No power of suspending laws in this State shall be exercised\\nexcept by the Legislature.\\nSec. 29. To guard against transgressions of the high powers herein dele-\\ngated, we declare that everything in this Bill of Rights is excepted out\\nof the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate,\\nand all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void.\\nARTICLE IL\\nTHE POWERS OP GOVERNMENT.\\nSection 1. The powers of the goveniment of the State of Texas shall be\\ndivided into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to\\na separate body of magistracy, to wit Those which are legislative to one,\\nthose which are executive to another, and tliose which ar\u00c2\u00bb 4icial to an-", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 195\\nother and no person, or collection of persons, being of one of these\\ndepartments, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the\\nothers, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.\\nARTICLE III.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPAKTMENT.\\nSec! riON 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate\\nand House of Representatives, which together shall be styled The Legis-\\nlature of the State of Texas.\\nSec. 2. The Senate shall consist of thirty-one members, and shall never\\nbe increased above this number. The House of Representatives shall con-\\nsist of ninety-three members until the first apportionment after the adop-\\ntion of tills Constitution, when, or at any apportionment thereafter, the\\nnumber of Representatives may be increased by the Legislature, upon the\\nratio of not more than one Representative for every fifteen thousand inhab-\\nitants provided^ the number of Representatives shall never exceed one\\nhundred and Miy.\\nSec. 3. The Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the\\nterm of four years but a new Senate shall be chosen after every apportion-\\nment, and the Senators elected after each apportionment shall be divitled\\nby lot into two classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be\\nvacated at the expiration of the first two years, and those of the second\\nclass at the expiration of four years, so that one-half of the Senators shall\\nbe chosen biennially thereafter.\\nSec. 4. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by\\nthe qualified electors, and their term of office shall be two years from tho\\nday of their election.\\nSec. 5. The Legislature shall meet every two years, at such time as may\\nbe provided by law, and at other times, when convened by the Governor.\\nSec. 6. No person shall be a Senator, unless he be a citizer of the United\\nStates, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of .t.g State, and\\nshall have been a resident of this State five years next preceding his elec-\\ntion, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which hesLall be\\nchosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-six years.\\nSec. 7. No person shall be a Representative, unless he be a citizen of the\\nUnited States, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of this\\nState, and shall have been a resident of this State two yeais next preceding\\nhis election, the last year thereof a resident of the district for whicli he\\nBhall be chosen, and shall liave attained the age of twenty-one years", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "lOG CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSec. 8. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications and election\\nof its own members but contested elections shall be determined in such\\nmanner as shall be provided by law.\\nSec. 9. The Senate shall, at the beginning and close of each session, and\\nat such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members President\\npro tempore^ who shall perform the duties of the Lieutenant-Governor in\\nary case of absence or disability of that officer, and whenever the said office\\nof Lieutenant-Governor shall be vacant. The House of Representatives\\nshall, when it first assembles, organize temporarily, and thereupon proceed\\nto tlie election of a Speaker from its own members and each House shall\\nchoose its other officers.\\nSec. 10. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do busi-\\nness, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the\\nattendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties\\nas eacli House may provide.\\nSec. 11. Each House may determine the rules of its own proceedings,\\npunish members for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two-\\nthirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence.\\nSec. 12. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish\\nthe same and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any\\nquestion sliall, at the desire of any three luembers present, be entered on\\nthe journals.\\nSec. IB. When vacancies occur in either House, the Governor, or the\\nperson exercising tiie power of the Governor, shall issue writs of elcctiou\\nto fill such vacancies and should the Governor fail to issue a writ of elec-\\ntion to fill any such vacancy within twenty days after it occurs, the return-\\ning ofiicer of the district in which such vacancy may have happened shall\\nbe authorized to order an election for that purpose.\\nSec. 14. Senators and Representatives shall, except in cases of treason,\\nfelony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session\\nof the Legislature, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing\\none day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place at\\nwhich the Legislature is convened.\\nSec. 15. Each House may punish, by imprisonment, during its sessions,\\nany person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly conduct in its\\npresence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings provided, such imprison-\\nment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight liours.\\nSec. 16. The sessions of each House shall be open, exneptthe Senate,\\nwhen in executive session.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 197\\nSec. 17. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn\\nfor more than three days, nor to any other place than that where the Legis-\\nlature may be sitting.\\nSec. 18. No Senator or Representative sliall, during the term for which\\nhe may be elected, be eligible to any civil office of profit under this State\\nwhich shall have been created or the emoluments of which may have been\\nIncreased during such term no member of either House shall, during tlie\\nterm for which he is elected, be eligible to any office or place, the appoint-\\nment to which may be made, in whole or in part, by either brancli of the\\nLegislature and no member of either House shall vote for any other mem-\\nber for any office whatever^wliich may be filled by a vote of the Legisla-\\nture, except in snch cases as are in this Constitution provided. Nor shall\\nany member of the Legislature be interested, either directly or indirectly,\\nin any contract with the State, or any county thereof, authorized by any\\nlaw passed during the term for which he shall have been elected.\\nSec. 19. No judge of any court. Secretary of State, Attorney-General,\\nclerk of any court of record, or any person holding a lucrative office under\\nthe United States, or this State, or any foreign government, shall, during\\nthe term for which he is elected or appointed, be eligible to tlie Legislature.\\nSec. 20. No person who at any time may have been a collector of taxes,\\nor who may have been otherwise entrusted with public money, shall be\\neligible to the Legislature, or to any office of profit or trust under the State\\ngovernment, until he shall have obtained a discharge for the amount of such\\ncollections, or for all public moneys with which he may have been entrusted.\\nSec. 21. No member shall be questioned in any other place for words\\nspoken in debate in either House.\\nSec. 22. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure\\nor bill, proposed, or pending before the Legislature, shall disclose the fact\\nto the House of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon.\\nSec. 23. If any Sena1*or or Representative remove his residence from the\\ndistrict or county for which he was elected, his office shall thereby become\\nvacant, and the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Section 13 of this Article.\\nSec, 24. The members of the Legislature shall receive from the public\\ntreasury such compensation for their services as may, from time to time,\\nbe provided by law, not exceeding five dollars per day for the first sixty days\\nof each session; and after that not xceeding two dollars per day for the\\nremainder of the session; except the first session held under this consti-\\ntution, when they may receive not exceeding four dollars per day foj* the\\nfirst ninety days, and after that not exceeding two dollars per day for the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2emainder of the session. In addition to the per diem the members of each\\nJouse shall be entitled to mileage in going to and returning from the seat", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "108 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nof government, which mileage shall not exceed five dollars for every twenty\\nfive miles, the distance to be computed by the nearest and most direct route\\nof travel by land, regardless of railways or water routes and the Comptrol-\\nler of the State shall prepare and preserve a table of distances to each\\ncounty seat now or hereafter to be established, and by such table the mile-\\nage of each member shall be paid; but no member sliall be entitled to\\nuiileige for any extra session that may be called within one day after the\\niijournment of a regular or called session.\\nSec. 25. The State shall be divided into senatorial districts of conti i uou9\\nterritory, according to the number of qualified electors, as nearly as may be,\\nand each district shall be entitled to elect onelienator, and no single county\\nshall be entitled to more than one Senator.\\nSec. 26. The members of the House of Representatives shall be appor-\\ntioned among the several counties, according to the number of population\\nin each, as nearly as may be, on a ratio obtained by dividing the population\\nof the State, as ascertained by the most recent United States census, by the\\nnumber of members of which the House is composed; provided, that when-\\never a single county has suflScient population to be entitled to a Represent-\\native, such county shall be formed into a separate representative district, and\\nwhen two or more counties are required to make up the ratio of represen-\\ntation, such counties shall be contiguous to each other and when any one\\ncounty has more than sufficient population to be entitled to one or more\\nRepresentatives, such Representative or Representatives shall be appor-\\ntioned to such county, and for any surplus of population it may be joined\\nin a representative district with anj other contiguous county or counties.\\nSec. 27. Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be general\\nthroughout the State, and shall be regulated by law.\\nSec. 28. The Legislature shall, at its first session after the publication of\\neach United States decennial census, apportion the State into senatoria\\nand representative districts, agreeably to the provisions of Sections 25 and\\n26 of this Article and until the next decennial census, when the first ap-\\nportioi\\\\ment shall be made by the Legislature, the State shallll be and it is\\nhereby divided into senatorial and representative districts, as provided by\\nan ordinance of the Convention on that subject.\\nproceedings.\\nSec. 29, The enacting clause of all laws shall be, Be it enacted by the\\nLegislature of the State of Texas.\\nSec. 30. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so\\namended in its passage through either House as to change its original pur-\\npose.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 199\\nSec. 31. Bills may originate in either House, and when passed by such\\nHouse, may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other.\\nSec. 32. No bill shall have the force of law until it has been read on three\\nseveral days in each House, and free discussion allow(*d thereon; but iu\\ncases of imperative public necessity (which necessity shall be stated in a\\npreamble, or in the body of the bill), four-fifths of the House in which the\\nbill may be pending may suspend this rule, the yeas and nays being takea\\non the question of suspension, and entered upon the journals.\\nSec. 33. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Rep-\\nresentatives, but the Senate may amend or reject them as other bills.\\nSec. 34. After a bill has been considered and defeated by either House of\\nthe Legislature, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into\\na law during the same session. After a resolution has been acted on and\\ndefeated, no resolution containing the same substance shall be considered\\nat the same session.\\nSec. 35. No bill (except general appropriation bills, which may embrace\\nthe various subjects and accounts for and on account of which moneys are\\nappropriated) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be expressed\\nin its title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not\\nbe expressed in the title, such act shall bo void only as to so much thereof\\nas shall not be so expressed.\\nSec. 36, No law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title but\\nin such case the act revived or the section or sections amended shall be re-\\ncnaetcd and published at length.\\nSec. 37. No bill shall be considered, unless it has been first referred to a\\ncommittee and reported thereon and no bill shall be passed which has not\\nbeen presented and referred to and reported from a committee at least\\nthree days before the final adjournment of the Legislature.\\nSec. 38. The presiding officer of each House shall, in the presence of the\\nHouse over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by\\nthe Legislature, after their titles have been publicly read before signing;\\nand the fact of signing shall be entered on the journals.\\nSec. 39. No law passed by the Legislature, except the general appropria-\\ntion act, shall take effect or go into force until ninety days after the ad-\\njournment of the session at which it was enacted, unless in case of an\\nemergency, which emergency must be expressed in a preamble or in the\\nbody of the act, the Legislature shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the\\nmembers elected to each House, otherwise direct said vote to bo taken by\\nyeas and nays, and entered upon the journals.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "200 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSec. 40. When the Legislature shall be convened in special session, tlier?\\nBhall be no legislation upon subjects other than those designated in the\\nproclamation of the Governor calling such session, or presented to them by\\nthe jovernor and no such session shall be of longer duration than thirty\\ndays.\\nSec. 41. In all elections by the Senate and House of Representatives,\\njointly or separately, the vote shall be given viva voce, except in the election\\not their officers.\\nREQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS\\nSec. 42. The Legislature shall pass such laws as may be necessary to\\ncarry into effect the provisions of this Constitution.\\nSec. 43. The first session of the Legislature under this Constitution shall\\nprovide for revising, digesting, and publishing the laws, civil and criminal;\\nand a like revision, digest, and publication may be made every ten years\\nthereafter provided, that in the adoption of and giving effect to any such\\ndigest or revision, the Legislature shall not be limited by Sections 35 and 36\\nof this Article.\\nSec. 44. Tlie Legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all\\nofficers, servants, agents, and public contractors, not provided for in this\\nConstitution, but shall not grant extra compensation to any officer, agent,\\nservant, or public contractors, after such public service shall have been per-\\nformed or contract entered into for the performance of the same; nor grant,\\nby appropriation or otherwise, au} amount of money out of the treasury of\\nthe State, to any individual, on a claim, real or pretended, when the same\\nshall not have been provided for by pre-existing law; nor employ any one\\nin the name of the State unless authorized by pre-existing law.\\nSec. 45. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall\\nbe vested in the courts, to be exercised in such manner as shall be provided\\nby law and the Legislature shall pass laws for that purpose.\\nSec. 46. The Legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of\\nthis Constitution, enact effective vagrant laws.\\nSec. 47. The Legislature shall pass laws prohibiting the establishment\\nof lotteries and gift enterprises, in this State, as well as the sale of tickets\\nin lotteries, gift enterprises, or other evasions involving the lottery princi-\\nple, established or existing in other States.\\nSec. 48. The Legislature shall not have the right to levy taxes or impose\\nburdens upon the people, except to raise revenue sufficient for the econom-\\nical administration of the government, in which may be included the fol-\\nlowing purposes", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 201\\nThe payment of all interest upon the bonded debt of the State\\nThe erection and repairs of public buildinofs\\nThe benefit of the sinking fund, whicli shall not be moi e than two per\\ncentum of the public debt; and for the payment of the present floating\\ndebt of the State, including matured bonds for the payment of which the\\nsinking fund is inadequate\\nThe support of public schools, in which shall be included colleges and\\nuniversities established by the State and the maintenance and support of\\nthe Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas\\nThe payment of the cost of assessing and collecting the revenue and\\nthe payment of all officers, agents, and employees of the State government,\\nand all incidental expenses connected therewith\\nThe support of the Blind Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the\\nInsane Asylum, the State Cemetery, and the public grounds of the State\\nThe enforcement of quarantine regulations on the coast of Texas\\nThe protection of the frontier.\\nSec. 49, No debt shall l)e created by or on behalf of the State, except to\\nsupply casual deficiencies of the revenue, repel invasion, suppress insurrec-\\ntion, defend the State in war, or pay existing debt and the debt created to\\nsupply deficiencies in the revenue shall never exceed in the aggregate at\\na.ny one time two hundred thousand dollars.\\nSec. 50. The Legislature shall have no power to give or to lend, or to au-\\nthorize the giving or lending, of the credit of the State in aid of, or to any\\nperson, association, or corporation, whether municipal or other; or to pledge\\nthe credit of the State in any manner whatsoever, for the payment of the\\nliabilities, present or prospective, of any individual, association of individu-\\nals, muYki^al or other corporation whatsoever.\\nSec. 51. The Legislature shall have no power to make any grant, or au-\\nthorize the making of any grant, of public money to any individual, associ-\\nation of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever jjrovidedy\\nthat this shall not be so construed as to prevent the grant of aid in case of\\npublic calamity.\\nSec. 52, The Legislature shall have no power to authorize any county,\\ncity, town, or other political corporation, or subdivision of the State, to\\nlend its credit or to grant public money or thing of value, in aid of or to\\nany individual, association, or corporation whatsoever; or to become a\\nBtockholder in such corporation, association, or company.\\nSec. 53. The Legisla-ture shall have no power to grant, or to authorize\\nany county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensation, fee, or\\nallowance to a public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service haa\\nbeen rendered, or a contract has been entered into, and performed in whole", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nor in part; nor pay, nor authorize the payment of, any claim created against\\nany county or municipality of the State, under any agreement or contract,\\nmade witliout authority of law.\\nSec. 54. The Legislature shall have no power to release or alienate any\\nlien held by the State upon any railroad, or in anywise change the tenor or\\nmeaning, or pass any act explanatory thereof; but the same shall be on-\\nforced in accordance with the original terms upon which it was acquired.\\nSec. 55. The Legislature shall have no power to release or extinguish,\\nor to authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the in-\\ndebtedness, liability, or obligation of any incorporation or individual to this\\nState, or to any county, or other municipal corporation therein.\\nSec. 56. The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this\\nConstitution, pass any local or special law, authorizing\\nThe creation, extension, or impairing of liens;\\nRegulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards, or school districts;\\nChanging the name of persons or places changing the venue in civil or\\ncriminal cases\\nAuthorizing the laying out, opening, altering, or maintaining of roads,\\nhighways, streets, or alleys;\\nRelating to ferries and l)ridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge compa-\\nnies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boun-\\ndaries between this and any other State\\nVacating roads, town plats, streets, or alleys\\nRelating to cemeteries, graveyards, or public grounds not of the State;\\nAuthorizing the adoption or legitimation of children\\nLocating or changing county seats\\nIncorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing their charters\\nFor the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the\\nplaces of voting\\nGranting divorces\\nCreating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers, in coun-\\nties, cities, towns, election, or school districts\\nChanging the law of descent or succession\\nRegulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evi-\\ndence in any judicial proceeding or enquiry before courts, justices of the\\npeace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, or other tribunals, or providing\\nor clianging methods for the collecti(m of debts, or the enforcing of judge-\\nments, or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate\\nRegulating the fees, or extending the powers and duties of aldermen,\\njustices of tlie peace, magistrates, or constables\\nRegulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing\\nof school-houses, and the raising of money for such purposes", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 203\\nFixing the rate of interest\\nAffecting the estates of minors, or persons under disability\\nRemitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, and refunding moneys legally\\npaid into the treasiny\\nExempting property from taxation\\nRegulating labor, trade, mining, and manufacturing;\\nDeclaring any named person of age\\nExtending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or other\\nwise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from the due performance\\nof his official duties, or his securities from liability\\nGiving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds;\\nSummoning or impanelling grand or petit juries\\nFor limitation of civil or criminal actions\\nFor incorporating niilroads or other work of internal improvements\\nAnd in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no\\nlocal or special law shall be enacted provided, that nothing herein contained\\nehall be construed to prohibit the Legislature from passing special laws for\\nthe preservation of the game and fish of this State in certain localities.\\nSec. 57. No local or special law shall be passed, unless notice of the in-\\ntention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where\\nthe matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state\\nthe substance of the contemplated law, and shall be published at least thirty\\ndays prior to the introduction into the Legislature of such bill, and in the\\nmanner to be provided by law. The evidence of such notice having been\\npublished shall be exhibited in the Legislature before such act shall be\\npassed.\\nSec. 58. The Legislature shall hold its sessions at the city of Austin,\\nWhich is hereby declared to be the Seat of Government.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nEXECUTIVE de:\u00c2\u00bbartment.\\nSection 1. The Executive Department of tlie State shall consist of a\\nGovernor, who shall be the chief Executive Officer of the State, a Lieuten-\\nant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Treas-\\nTirer, Commissioner of the General Laud Office, and Attorney-General.\\nSec. 2. All the above officers of the Executive Department (except Sec-\\nre^.ary of State) shall be elected by the quulitied voters of the State ai the\\ntime and places of election for members of the Legislature.\\nSec. 3. The returns of every election for said Executive Officers, until\\notherwise provided by law, shall be made out, sealed up, and transmitted\\nby the returning officers prescribed by law, to the seat of government, df-", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "^04 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nrected to the Secretary of State, who shall deliver the same to the Speakei\\nof the House of Representatives, as soon as the Speaker shall be chosen\\nand the said Speaker shall, during the tirst week of the session of the\\nLegislature, open and publish them in the presence of both Houses of the\\nLegislature. The person, voted for at said election, having the highest\\nnumber of votes for each of said offices respectively, and being constitu-\\ntionally eligible, shall be declared by the Speaker, under sanction of the\\nLegislature, to be elected to said office. But if two or more persons shall\\nhave the highest and an equal number of votes for either of said offices, one\\nof them shall be immediately chosen to such office by joint vote of both\\nHouses of the Legislature. Contested elections for either of said offices\\nshall be determined by both Houses of the Legislature in joint session.\\nSec. 4. The Governor shall be installed on the first Tuesday after the or-\\nganization of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and shall\\nliold his office for the term of two years, or until his successor shall be duly\\ninstalled. He shall be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United\\nStates, and shall have resided in this State at least five years immediately\\npreceding his election.\\nSec. 5. He shall, at stated times, receive as compensation for his services\\nan annual salary of four thousand dollars, and no more, and shall have the\\nuse and occupation of the Governor s mansion, fixtures, and furniture.\\nSec. 6. During the time he holds the office of Governor he shall not hold\\nany other office, civil, military, or corporate nor shall he practice any pro-\\nfession, and receive compensation, reward, fee, or the promise thereof, for\\nthe same; nor receive any salary, reward, or compensation, or the promise\\nthereof, from any person or corporation, for any service rendered or perform-\\ned during the time he is Governor, or to be thereafter rendered or performed.\\nSec. 7. Pie shall be commander-in-chief of the military forces of the\\nState, except when they are called into actual service of the United States.\\nHe shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws of the\\nState, to suppress insurrections, repel invasions, and protect the frontier\\nfrom hostile incursions by Indians or other predatory bands.\\nSec. 8. The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the\\nLegislature at the seat of government, or at a different place in case that\\nshould be in possession of the public enemy, or in case of the prevalence of\\ndisease thereat. His proclamation therefor shall state specifically the pur-\\npose for which the Legislature is convened.\\nSec. 9. The Governor shall, at the commencement of each session of the\\nLegislature, and at the close of his term of office, give to the Legislature\\nInformation, by message, of the condition of the State and he shall recom-\\nmend to the Legislature such measures as he may deem expedient. He", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 205\\nshall account to the Legislature for all public moneys received and paid\\nout by him from any fund subject to his order, with vouchers and shall\\naccompany his message with a statement of the same. And at the com-\\nmencement of each regular session he shall present estimates of the amount\\nof money required to be raised by taxation for all purposes.\\nSec. 10. He shall cause the laws to be faithfully executed and shall\\nconduct, in person, or in such manner as shall be prcscrilied by law, all in-\\ntercourse and business of the State with other States and with the United\\nStates.\\nSec, 11. In all criminal cases, except treason and impeachment, he shall\\nhave power, after conviction, to grant reprieves, commutations of punish-\\nment, and pardons and, under such rules as the Legislature may prescribe,\\nhe shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures. With the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate, he may grant pardons in cases of treason, and to this\\nend he may respite a sentence therefor, until the close of the succeeding\\nsession of the Legislature provided^ that in all cases of remissions of fines\\nand forfeitures, or grants of reprieve, commutation of punishment, or par-\\ndon, he shall file in the oflUcc of the Secretary of State his reasons therefor.\\nSec. 12. All vacancies in State or district offices, except members of the\\nLegislature, shall be filled, unless otherwise provided by law, by appoint-\\nment of the Governor, which appointment, if made during its session, shall\\nbe with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate present. If\\nmade during the recess of the Senate, the said appointee, or some othei\\nperson to fill such vacancy, shall be nominated to the Senate during the\\nfirst ten days of its session. If rejected, said office shall immediately be-\\ncome vacant, and the Governor shall, without delay, make further nomina-\\ntions, until a confirmation takes place. But should there be no confirma-\\ntion during the session of the Senate, the Governor shall not thereafter ap-\\npoint any person to fill such vacancy who has been rejected by the Senate\\nbut may appoint some other person to fill the vacancy until the next session\\nof the Senate, or until the regular election to said office, should it sooner\\noccur. Appointments to vacancies in offices elective by the people shall\\nonly continue until the first general election thereafter.\\nSec. IB. During the session of the Legislature the Governor shall reside\\nwhere its sessions are held, and at all other times at the seat of government,\\nexcept when, by act of the Legislature, he may be required or authorized\\nto reside elsewhere.\\nSec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed both Houses of the Legisla-\\nture shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve he\\nBhall sign it but if he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections,\\nto the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the objectiona", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "20G CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nat laro^e upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon*\\nsideration, two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall\\nbe sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise it shall\\nbe reconsidered and, if approved by two-thirds of the members of that\\nHouse, it shall become a law but in such cases the votes of both Houses\\nshall be determined I)y yeas and nays, and the names of the membeis voting\\nfor and against the bill shall be entered on tlie journal of each House re-\\nspectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor with his ob-\\njections witliin ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre-\\nsented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed\\nit, unless the Legislature, by its adjournment, prevent its return in which\\ncase it shall be a law, unless he shall file the same, with his objections, in\\nthe office of the Secretary of State, and give notice tliereof by public proc-\\nlamation within twenty days after such adjournment. If any bill presented\\nto the Governor contains several items of appropriation, he may object to\\none or more of such items, and approve the other portion of the bill. In\\nsuch case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement\\nof the items to which he objects, and no item so objected to shall take\\neffect. If the Legislature be in session he shall transmit to the House in\\nwhich the bill originated a copy of such statement, and the items objected\\nto shall be separately considered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of\\nsuch items be approved by two-thirds of the members present of each\\nHouse, the same shall be part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of\\nthe Governor. If any such bill, containing several items of appropriation,\\nnot having been presented to the Governor ten days (Sundays excepted)\\nprior to adjournment, be in the hands of the Governor at the time of ad-\\njournment, he shall have twenty days from such adjournment within which\\nto file objections to any items thereof and make proclamation of the same,\\nand such item or items shall not take effect.\\nSec. 15. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of both\\nHouses of the Legislature may be necessary, except on questions of adjourn-\\nment, shall be presented to the Governor, and, before it shall take effect,\\nshall be approved by him or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by both\\nHouses and all the rules, provisions, and limitations shall apply thereto as\\nprescribed in the last preceding section in the case of a bill.\\nSec. 16. There shall also be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall be chosen\\nat every election for Governor by the same electors, in the same manner,\\ncontinue in office the same time, and possess the same qualifications. The\\nelectors shall distinguish for whom they vote as Goveinor and for whom aa\\nLieutenant-Governor. The Lieutenant-Governor shall by virtue of his office\\nbe president of the Senate, and shall have, when in Committee of the Whole,\\na right to debate and vote on all questions and when the Senate is equally\\ndivided, to give the casting vote. In case of the death, resignation, removal", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 207\\nfrom office, inability, or refusal of the Governor to serve, or of his impeach\\nment or absence from the State, theLieutenant Governor shall exercise the\\npowers and authority appertuinini^ to the office of Governor until another\\nbe chosen at the periodical election, and be duly qualified or until the\\nGovernor impeached, absent, or disabled, shall be acquitted, return, or his\\ndisability be removed.\\nSec. 17. 11, during the vacancy in the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-\\nGovernor should die, resi ;n, refuse to serve, or be removed from office, or\\nbe unable to serve, or if he shall be impeached or absent from the State,\\nthe pi-esident of the Senate, for the time being, shall, in like manner, ad-\\nminister the government until he shall be superseded by a Governor or\\nLieutenant-Governor, The Lieutenant-Governor shall, while he acts as\\npresident of the Senate, receive for his services the same compensation and\\nmileage which shall be allowed to the members of the Senate, and no more;\\nand during the time he administers the government, as Governor, he shall\\nreceive in like manner the same compensation which the Governor would\\nhave received had he been employed in the duties of his office, and no more.\\nThe president, for the time being, of the Senate, shall, during the time he\\nadministers the government, receive in like manner the same compensation\\nwhich the Governor would have received had he been employed in the\\nduties of his office.\\nSec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor or president of the Senate succeeding\\nto the office of Governor shall, during the entire term to which he may\\nsucceed, be under all the restrictions and inhibitions Imposed in this Con-\\nstitution on the Governor.\\nSec. 19. There shall be a Seal of the State, which shall be kept by the\\nSecretary of State, and used by him officially under the direction of the\\nGovernor. The Seal of the State shall be a star of five points, encircled by\\nolive and live-oak branches, and the words, The State of Texas.\\nSec. 20. All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the\\nState of Texas, sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and at-\\ntested by the Secretary of State.\\nSec. 21. There shall be a Secretary of State, who shall be appointed by\\nthe Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and\\nwho shall continue in office during the term of service of the Governor.\\nHe shall authenticate the publication of the laws, and keep a fair regis-\\nter of all official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when\\nrequired, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers relative thereto,\\nbefore the Legislature, or either House thereof, and shall perform such\\nother duties as may be required of him by law. He shall receive for hia\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2evvices an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and no more.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "208 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSec. 22. The Attorney-General shall hold his office for two years and\\nUntil his successor is duly qualified. He shall represent the State in all suita\\nand pleas in the Supreme Court of the State in which the State may be a\\nparty, and shall especially enquire into the charter rights of all private cor-\\nporations, and from time to time, in the name of the State, take such action\\nin the courts as may be proper and necessary to prevent any private corpo*\\nration from exercising any power or demanding or collecting any species cf\\ntaxes, tolls, freight, or wharfage, not authorized by law. He shall, when-\\never sufficient cause exists, seek a judicial forfeiture of such charters, un-\\nless otherwise expressly directed by law, and give legal advice in writing to\\nthe Governor and other executive officers, when requested by them, and\\nperform such other duties as may be required by law. He shall reside at\\nthe seat of government during his continuance in office. He shall receive\\nfor his services an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and no more,\\nbesides such fees as may be prescribed by law provided^ that the fees\\nwhicli he may receive shall not amount to more than two thousand dollars\\nannually.\\nSec. 23. The Comptroller of Public Accounts, the Treasurer, and the Com-\\nmissioner of the General Land Office shall each hold office for the term of\\ntwo years, and until his successor is qualified receive an annual salary of\\ntwo thousand and five hundred dollars, and no more reside at the capital\\nof the State during his continuance in office and perform such duties as\\nare or may be required of him by law. They and the Secretary of State\\nshall not receive to their own use any fees, costs, or perquisites of office.\\nAll fees that maybe payable by law for any service performed by any officer\\nspecified in this section, or in his office, shall be paid, Avhen received, into\\nthe State treasury.\\nSec. 24. An account shall be kept by the officers of the executive depart-\\nment, and by all officers and managers of State institutions, of all moneys\\nand choses in action received and disbursed or otherwise disposed of by\\nthem, severally, from all sources, and for every service performed and a\\nsemi-annual report thereof shall be made to the Governor under oath. The\\nGovernor may, at any time, require information in writing from any and all\\nof said officers or managers, upon any subject relating to the duties, condi-\\ntion, management, and expenses of their respective offices and institutions,\\nwhich information shall be required by the Governor under oath, and the\\nGovernor may also inspect their books, accounts, vouchers, and public funds\\nand any officer or manager who, at any time, shall wilfully make a false\\nreport or give false information, shall be guilty of perjury, and so adjudged\\nand punished accordingly, and removed from office.\\nSec. 25. The Legislature shall pass efficient laws facilitating the investi-\\ngation of breaches of trust and duty by all custodians of public funds, and.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 209\\nproviding for their suspension from office on reasonable cause shown, and\\nfor the appointment of temporary incumbents of tlieir offices during such\\nBuspension.\\nSec. 26, The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of two-thirda\\nof the Senate, shall appoint a convenient number of notaries public for\\neach county, who shall perform such duties as now are or may be pre\u00c2\u00ab\\nscribed by law.\\nARTICLE V.\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\nSection 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one\\nSupreme Court, in a Court of Appeals, in Distiict Courts, in County Courts,\\nin Commissioners Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, and in such\\nother courts as may be established by law. The Legislature may establish\\nCriminal District Courts, with such jurisdiction as it may prescribe, but no\\nsuch court shall be established unless the district includes a city containing\\nat least thirty thousand Inhabitants, as ascertained by tlie census of the\\nUnited States or other official census provided^ such town or city shall\\nsupport said Criminal District Courts when established. The Criminal Dis-\\ntrict Court of Galveston and Harris counties shall continue with the district,\\njurisdiction, and organization now existing by law, until otherwise provided\\nby law.\\nSec. 2. Tlie Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two Asso-\\nciate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concur-\\nrence of two judges shall be necessary to the decision of a case. No person\\neliall be eligible to the office of Chief Justice or Associate Justice of the Su-\\npreme Court unless he be at the time of his election a citizen of the United\\nStates and of this State, and unless he shall have attained the age of thirty-\\nyears, and shall have been a practising lawyer or a judge of a court in this\\nState, or such lawyer and judge together, at least seven years. Said Chief\\nJustice and Associate Justices shall be elected hy the qualified voters of the\\nState at a general election, shall hold their offices for six years, and shall\\neach receive an annual salary of not more than three thousand live hundred\\nand fifty dollars. In case of a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice or Asso-\\nciate Justice of the Supreme Court, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until\\nthe next general election for State officers, and at such general election the\\nvacaney for the unexpired term shall be filled by election by the qualified\\nvoters of the State.\\nSec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which\\nshall be co-extensive with the limits of the State but shall only extend to\\ncivil cases of which the District Courts have original or appellate jurisdic-\\ntion. Appeals may be allowed from interlocutory judgments of the Dia-\\n9", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "210 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\ntrict Courts, in such cases and under such regulations as may be provided\\nby law. The Supreme Court and the judges thereof shall have power to\\nissue, under sucli regulations as may be prescribed by law, the writ oi man-\\ndamus^ and all other writs necessary to enforce the jurisdiction of said court.\\nTlie Supreme Court shall have power, upon affidavit or otherwise, as by the\\ncoart may be thought proper, to ascertain such matters of fact as may be\\nnecessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court\\nBhall sit fcr the transaction of business from the first Mondoy in October\\nuntil the last Saturday of June of every year, at the seat of government,\\nand at not more than two other places in the State.\\nSec. 4. The Supreme Court shall appoint a clerk for each place at which\\nit may sit, and each of said clerks shall give bond in such manner as is now\\nor may hereafter be required by law; shall hold his office for four years,\\nand shall be subject to lemoval by said court for good cause entered of\\nrecord on the minutes of said court.\\nSec. 5. The Court of Appeals shall consist of three judges, any two of\\nwhom may constitute a quorum, and a concurrence of two judges shall be\\nnecessary to a decision of said couit. I hey shall be elected by the qualified\\nvoters of the State at a general election. They shall be citizens of the\\nUnited States and of this State shall have arrived at the age of thirty\\nyears at the time of election each shall have been a practising lawyer, or\\na judge of a court in this State, or such lawyer and judge together, for at\\nleast seven years. Said judges shall hold their offices for a term of six\\nyears, and each of them shall receive an annual salary of three thousand\\nfive hundred and fifty dollars, which shall not be increased or diminished\\nduring their term of office.\\nSec. 6. The Court of Appeals shall have appellate jurisdiction co-exten-\\nsive with the limits of the State in all criminal cases, of whatever grade,\\nand in all civil cases, unless hereafter otherwise provided by law, of which\\nthe County Courts have original or appellate jurisdiction. In civil cases its\\nopinions shall not be published unless the publication of such opinions be\\nrequired by law. The Court of Appeals and the judges thereof shall have\\npower to is?ue the writ of habeas corpus; and under such regulations as\\nmay be prescribed by law, issue such writs as may be necessar} to enforce\\nIts own jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals shall have power, upon affida-\\nvits, or otherwise, as by the court may be thought proper, to ascertain such\\nmutters of fact as mny be necessary to the exercise of its jurisdiction. Tht\\nCourt of Appeals shall sit for the transaction of business from the first\\nMonday of October until the last Saturday of June of every year, at the\\ncapital, and at not more than two other places in the State, at which the\\nSupreme Court shall hold its sessions. The court shall appoint a clerk for\\neach place at which it may sit, and each of said clerks shall give bond in", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 211\\nsuch manner as is now or may hereafter be required by law shall hold his\\noffice for four years, and shall be subject to removal by the said court for\\ngood cause, entered of record ou the minutes of said court.\\nSec. 7. The State shall be divided into twenty-six judicial districts,\\nwhich maybe increased or diminished by the Legislature. For each distiict\\nth ire shall be elected, by the qualified voters thereof, at a general election\\nfo members of the Legislature, a judge, who shall be at least twenty-five\\nyears \u00c2\u00a9f age, shall be a citizen of the United States, shall have been a prac-\\ntising attorney or a judge of a court in this State for the period of four\\nyears, and shall have resided in the district in which he is elected for two\\nyears naxt before his election shall reside in his district during his term of\\noffice shall hold his office for the term of four years shall receive an\\nannual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, which shall not be increased\\nor diminished during his term of service and shall hold the regular terms\\nof court-at one place in each county in the district twice in each year, in\\nsuch manner as may be prescribed by law. The Legislature shall have\\npower by general act to authorize the holding of special terms, when nec-\\nessary, and to provide for holding more than two terms of the court in any\\ncounty, for the dispatch of business; and shall provide for the holding of\\nDistrict Courts when the judge thereof is absent, or is from any cause dis-\\nabled or disqualified from presiding.\\nSec. 8. The District Court shall have original jurisdiction in criminal\\ncases of the grade of felony of all suits in behalf of the State to recover\\npenalties, forfeitures, and escheats of all cases of divorce in cases of\\nmisdemeanors involving official misconduct of all suits to recover damages\\nfor slander or defamation of character; of all suits for the trial of title to\\nland, and for the enforcement of liens thereon of all suits for trial of right\\nto property levied on by virtue of any writ of execution, sequestration, or\\nattachment, when the property levied on shall be equal to or exceed in\\nvalue five hundred dollars; and of all suits, complaints, or pleas whatever,\\nwithout regard to any distinction between law and equity, when the matter\\nIn controversy shall be valued at, or amount to five hundred dollars, exclu-\\nsive of interest; and the said courts and the judges thereof shall have\\npower to issue writs of habeas coi^pus in felony cases, mandamu.-^, injunction,\\ncertiorari, and all writs necessary to enforce their jurisdiction. The District\\nCourts shall have appellate jurisdiction and general control in probate\\nmatters over the County Court established in each county for appointing\\nguardians, granting letters testamentary and of administration, for settling\\nthe accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians, and for the trans-\\naction of business appertaining to estates; and original jurisdiction and\\ngeneral control over executors, administrators, guardians, and minors,\\nunder such regulations as may be prescribed by the Legislature. All cases\\nnow pending in the Supreme Court, of wiiich the Court of Appeals has", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "212 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nappellate jurisdiction under the provisions of this Article, shall, ns soon ai\\npracticable after the establishment of said Court of Appeals, be certified,\\nand the records transmitted to the Court of Appeals, and sliail be decided\\nby such Court of Appeals as if the same had been originally appealed to\\nsuch court.\\nSec. 9. There shall be a clerk for the District Court of each county, who\\nshall be elected by the qualified voters for the State and count} officers,\\nand who shall hold his office for two years, subject to removal by informa-\\ntion, or by indictment of a grand jury, and conviction by a petit jur} In\\ncase of vacancy the judge of tlie District Court shall have the power to ap-\\npoint a clerk, who shall hold until the office can be filled by election.\\nSec. 10. In the trial of all causes in the District Courts, the plaintiff or\\ndefendant shall, upon application made in open court, have the right of trial\\nby jury; but no jury shall be impanelled in any civil case unless demanded\\nby a party to the case, and a jury fee be paid by the party demanding a jury,\\nfor such sum, and with such exceptions as may be prescribed by the Legis-\\nlature.\\nSec. 11. No judge shall sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or\\nwhere either of the parties may be connected with him by affinity or con-\\nsanguinity, within such degree as may be prescribed by law, or where he shall\\nhave been counsel in the case. When the Supreme Court, or the Appellate\\nCourt, or any two of the members of either, shall be thus disqualified to\\nhear and determine any case or cases in said court, the same shall be certified\\nto the Governor of the State, who shall immediately commission the\\nrequisite number of persons learned in the law, for the trial and determina-\\ntion of said cause or causes. When a judge of the District Court is dis-\\nqualified by any of the causes above stated, the parties may, by consent,\\nappoint a proper person to try said case or, upon their failing to do so, a\\ncompetent person may be appointed to try the same in the county where il\\nis pending, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. And the District\\nJudges may exchange districts, or hold courts for each other, when they\\nmay deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law. The dis-\\nqualification of judges of inferior tribunals shall be remedied, and vacan-\\ncies in their offices shall be filled, as prescribed by law.\\nSec. 13. All judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District\\nCourts shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace through-\\nout the State. The style of all writs and process shall be The State ol\\nTexas. All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the au-\\nthority of The State of Texas, and conclude against the peace and\\ndignity of the State.\\nSec. 13. Grand and petit juries in the District Courts shall be composed", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 213\\nof twelve men; but nine members of a .^rand jury shall be a quorum to\\ntransact bu.siness and present bills. In trials of civil cases, and in trials of\\ncriminal cases below the orade of felony, in the District Courts, nine mem-\\nbers of the jury, concurring, may render a verdict, but when the verdict\\nshall be rendeied by less than the wliole number, it shall be signed by\\nevary member of the jury concurring in it. When, pending the trial of any\\ncase, one or more jurors not exceeding three, may die, or be disabled from\\niitting, tlie remainder of the jury shall have ll e power to render the ver-\\ndict provided^ that tlie Legislature may change or modify the rule author-\\nizing less than the wnole number of the jury to render a verdict\\nSec. 14. The Judicial Districts in tl^s State and the time of holding tlie\\ncoLiits therein are fixed by ordinance forming part of this Constitution,\\nuntil otherwise provided by law.\\nSec, 15. There shall be established in each county in this State a County\\nCourt, which shall be a court of record and there shall be elected in each\\ncounty, by the qualified voters, a County Judiie, who shall be well informed\\nin the law of the State shall be a conservator of the peace, and shall hold\\nhis office for two years, and until his successor shall be elected and quali-\\nfied. He shall receive as a compensation for his services sucli fees and\\nperquisites as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 16. The County Court shall have original jurisdiction in all misde-\\nmeanors, of which exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to the Jus-\\ntice s Court, as the same are now or may be hereafter prescribed by law,\\nand when the fine to be imposed shall exceed two hundred dollars; and\\nthey shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil cases when the\\nmatter in controversy shall exceed in value two hundred dollars, and not\\nexceed five hundred dollars, exclusive of interest and concurrent jurisdic-\\ntion with the District Courts, when tlie matter in controversy shall exceed\\nfive hundred and not exceed one thousand dollars, exclusive of interest;\\nbut shall not have jurisdiction of suits for the recovery of land. They shall\\nhave appellate jurisdiction in cases, civil and criminal, of which Justice s\\nCourts have original jurisdiction, but of such civil cases only when the\\njudgment of the court appealed from shall exceed twenty dollars, exclu-\\nsive of costs, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. In all\\nappeals from Justice s Courts, there shall be a trial de novo in the County\\nCourt, and when the judgment rendered or fine imposed by the County\\nCourt shall not exceed one hundred dollars such trial shall be final but if\\nthe judgment rendered or fine imposed shall exceed one hundred dollars,\\nas well as in all cases, civil and criminal, of whicli the County Court has ex-\\nclusive or concurrent original jurisdiction, an appeal shall lie to the Court\\nof Appeals, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. The\\nCounty Courts shall have the general jurisdiction of a Probate Court.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nIhey shall probate wills, appoint guardians of minors, idiots, lunatics,\\npersons non compos mentis, and common drunkards, grant letters testament-\\narj and of administration, settle iiccounts of executors, administrators,\\nand guardiauf., transact all business appertaining to the estates of deceased\\npersons, minors, idiots, lunatics, persons non compos mentis, and common\\ndrunkards, including the settlement, partition, and distribution of estates\\nof deceased persons, and to apprentice minors, as provided by law. And\\nthe County Courts, or judges thereof, shall have power to issue writs of\\nmandamus, injunction, and all other writs necessary to the enforcement of\\nthe jurisdiction of said courts and to issue writs of habeas corpus m cases\\nwhere the offence charged is within the jurisdiction of the County Court, or\\nany otiier court or tribunal inferior to said court. The County Court shall\\nnot have criminal jurisdiction in any county where there is a Criminal Dis-\\ntrict Court, unless expressly conferred bylaw and in such counties appeals\\nfrom Justice s Courts and other inferior courts and tribunals, in criminal\\ncases, shall be to the Criminal District Courts, under such regulations as\\nmay be prescribed by law, and in all such cases an appeal shall lie from such\\nDistrict Courts to the Court of Appeals. Any case pending in tlie County\\nCourt, which the County Judge may be disqualified to try, sliall be trans-\\nferred to the Disti ict Court of tlie same county for trial and where tlierc\\nexists any cause disqualifying the County Judge for the trial of a cause of\\nwhich the County Court has jurisdiction, the District Court of sucli county\\nshall have original jurisdiction of such cause.\\nSec. 17. The County Court shall hold a term for civil business at least\\nonce in every two months, and shall dispose of probate business, either in\\nterm-time or vacation, as may be provided by law and said court shall\\nhold a term for criminal business once in every month, as may be provided\\nby law. Prosecutions may be commenced in said court by information\\nfiled by the County Attorney, or by aflldavit, as may be provided by law.\\nGrand juries impanelled in tlie District Courts shall Inquire into misde-\\nmeanors, and all indictments therefor returned into the District Courts\\nshall forthwith be certified to the County Courts, or other inferior courts\\nhaving jurisdiction to try them, for trial; and if sucli indictment be quashed\\nIn the County or other infeiior court, the person charged shall not be dis-\\ncharged if there is probable cause of guilt, but may be held by such court\\nor magistrate to answer an information or affidavit. A jury in tlie County\\nCourt shall consist of six men; but no jury shall be impanelled to try a\\ncivil case, unless demanded by one of the parties, who shall pay such jury\\nfee therefor, in advance, as may be prescribed by law, unless he makes\\naffidavit tiiat lie is unable to pay the same.\\nSrc. 18. Each organized county in the State, now or heieafter existing,\\nshall be divided from time to time, for the convenience of the people, into\\nprecincts, not less than four and not more than eight. The present County", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "r\\nSTATE OF TEXAS. 215\\nCourts shall make the first division. Subsequent divisions shall be made\\nby the Commissioners Court, provided for by this Constitution, In each\\nsuch precinct there shall be elected, at each biennial election, one Justice of\\nthe Peace and one Constable, each of whom shall hold his office for two\\nyears, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified; provided^ that\\nin any precinct in which there may be a city of eight thousand or more in-\\nhabitants, there shall be elected two Justices of the Peace. Each countj\\nshall in like maimer be divided into four commissioners precincts, in each\\nof wliich there shall be elected, by the qualified voters thereof, one County\\nCommissioner, who shall hold his office for two years, and until his succes-\\nsor shall be elected and qualified. The County Commissioners so chosen,\\nwitli the County Judge, as presiding officer, shall compose the County\\nCommissioners Court, which shall exercise such powers and jurisdiction\\nover all county business as is conferred by this Constitution and the laws\\nof this State, or as may be hereafter prescribed.\\nSec. 19. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in criminal matters\\nof all cases where the penalty or fine to be imposed by law may not be more\\nthan for two hundred dollars, and in civil matters of all cases where the\\namount in controversy is two liundred dollars or less, exclusive of interest,\\nof which exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to the District or\\nCounty Courts; and such other jurisdiction, criminal and civil, as may be\\nprovided by law, under such regulations as may be prescriljed by law and\\nappeals to the County Courts shall be allowed in all cases decided in Jus-\\ntice s Courts where the judgment is for more than twenty dollars exclusive\\nof costs, and in all criminal cases, under such regulations as may be pre-\\nscribed by law. And the Justices of the Peace shall be ex-officio notaries\\npublic and they shall hold their courts at such times and places as may be\\nprovided by law.\\nSec. 20. There shall be elected for each county, by the qualified voters, a\\nCounty Clerk, who shall hold his office for two years, who shall be Clerk of\\nthe County and Commissioners Courts and Recorder of the county, whose\\nduties, perquisites, and fees of office shall be prescribed by the Legislature,\\nand a vacancy in whose office shall be filled by the Commissioners Court,\\nuntil the next general election for county and State officers provided, that\\nin counties having a population of less than eight thousand persons there\\nmay be an election of a single clerk, who shall perform the duties of Dis-\\ntrict and County Clerk.\\nSec. 21. A County Attorney, for counties in which there is not a resident\\nCriminal District Attorney, shall be elected by the qualified voters of each\\ncounty, who shall be commissioned by the Governor, and hold his office for\\nthe term of two years. In case of vacancy, the Commissioners Court of\\nthe county shall have power to appoint a County Attorney until the next", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "216 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\ngeneral election. The County Attorneys shall represent the State m al.\\ncases in the District and inferior courts in their respective counties but if\\nany county shall be included in a district in wliich there shall be a Distric*\\nAttorney, the respective duties of District Attorneys and County Attorneys\\nshall in such counties be reguluted by the Legislature. The Legislature\\nmay provide for the election of District Attorneys in such districts as may\\nbe deemed necessary, and make provision for the compensation of District\\nAttorneys and County Attorneys provided. District Attorneys shall receive\\nan annual salary of five hundred dollars, to be paid by the State, and such\\nfees, commissions, and perquisites as may be provided by law. County At-\\ntorneys shall receive as compensation only such fees, commissions, and\\nperquisites as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 22. The Legislature shall have power, by local or general law, to\\nincrease, diminish, or change the civil and criminal jurisdiction of County\\nCourts and in cases of any such change of jurisdiction the Legislature\\nshall also conform the jurisdiction of the other courts to such change.\\nSec. 23. There shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county a\\nSheriff, who shall hold his ofiice for the term of two years, whose duties,\\nand perquisites, and fees of office, shall be prescribed by the Legislature,\\nand vacancies in whose office shall be filled by the Commissioners Court\\nuntil the next general election for county or State officers.\\nSec. 24. County Judges, County Attorneys, Clerks of the District and\\nCounty Courts, Justices of the Peace, Constables, and other county officers,\\nmay be removed by the Judges of tlie District Courts for incompetency,\\nofficial misconduct, habitual drunkenness, or other causes defined by low,\\nupon the cause therefor being set forth in writing, and the finding of its\\ntruth by a jury.\\nSec. 25. Tlie Supreme Court shall liave power to make rules and regu-\\nlations for the government of said court, and the other courts of the State^\\nto regulate proceedings and expedite the dispatch of business therein.\\nSec. 26 The State shall have no right of appeal in criminal cases.\\nSec. 27. The Legislature shall, at its first session, provide for the transfer\\nof all business, civil and criminal, pending in District Courts, over which\\njurisdiction is given by this Constitution to the County Courts, or other\\ninferior courts, to such County or infeiior courts, and for the trial or dis-\\nposition of all such causes by such County or other inferior courts.\\nSec. 28. Vacancies in the office of judges in the Supreme Court, of the\\nCourt of Appeals, and District Court, shall be filled by the Governor until\\nthe next succeeding general election and vacancies in the office of County\\nJudge, and Justices of the Peace, shall be filled by the Commissioners\\nCourt, until the next general election for such offices.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 217\\nARTICLE VI.\\nSDFFKAGE,\\nSection 1. The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote\\nIn this State, to wit\\nFirst. Persons under twenty-ona years of age.\\nSecond. Idiots and lunatics.\\nThird. All paupers supported by any county.\\nFourth. All persons convicted of any felony, subject to such exceptions\\nas the Legislature may make.\\nFiftli. All soldiers, marines, and seamen employed in the service of the\\narmy or navy of the United States.\\nSec. 2. Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifica-\\ntions, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall\\nbe a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State\\none year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the dis-\\ntrict or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified\\nelector and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the\\nforegoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have\\ndeclared his intention to become a citizen of the United States in accordance\\nwith the Federal Naturalization Laws, and shall have resided in this State one\\nyear next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in\\nwhich he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector and all\\nelectors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence provided, that\\nelectors living in any unorganized county may vote at any election precinct\\nin the county to which such county is attached for judicial purposes.\\nSec. 3. All qualified electors of the State, as herein described, who sliall\\nhave resided for six months immediately preceding an election within the\\nlimits of any city or corporate town, shall liave the right to vote for Mayor\\nand all other elective oflftcers but in all elections to determine expenditure\\nof money or assumption of debt, only those shall be qualified to vote who\\npay taxes on property in said city or incorporated town provided, that no\\npoll tax for the payment of debts thus incurred shall be levied upon the\\npersons debarred from voting in relation thereto.\\nSec. 4. In all elections by the people the vote shall be by ballot, and the\\nLegislature shall provide for the numbering of tickets, and make such\\nother regulations as may be necessary to detect and punish fraud, and pre-\\nserve the purity of the ballot box but no law shall ever be enacted requir-\\ning a registration of the voters of this State.\\nSec. 5. Voters shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the\\npeace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and io\\ngoing to and returning therefrom.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "218 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nARTICLE Vn.\\nEDUCATION. THE PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS.\\nSection 1. A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the pres-\\nervation of the liberties and rights of the people, it shall be the duty ol\\ntlie Legislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for\\nthe support and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools.\\nSec. 2. All funds, lands, and other property heretofore set apart and\\nappropriated for the support of public schools all the alternate sections\\nof land reserved by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may\\nhereafter be made to railroads, or other corpoi-ations, of any nature what-\\nsoever one-half of the public domain of the State and all sums of money\\nthat may come to the State from the sale of any portion of the same, shall\\nconstitute a perpetual school fund.\\nSec. 3. There shall be set apart annually not more than one-fourth of the\\ngeneral revenue of the State, and a poll tax of one dollar on all male inhab-\\nitants in this State between tlie ages of twenty-one and sixty years, for the\\nbenefit of the public free schools.\\nSec. 4. The land herein set apart to the public free school fund shall be\\nsold under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may be\\nprescribed by law and the Legislature shall not have power to grant any\\nrelief to the purchasers thereof. The Comptroller shall invest the proceeds\\nof such sales, and of those heretofore made, as may be directed by the\\nBoard of Education herein provided for, in the bonds of this State, if thf\\nsame can be obtained, otherwise in United States bonds and the United\\nStates bonds now belonging to said fund shall likewise be invested in State\\nbonds, if the same can be obtained on terms advantageous to the school\\nfund.\\nSec. 5. Tlie principal of all bonds, and other funds, and the principal\\narising from the sale of the lands hereinbefore set apart for said school\\nfund, shall be the permanent school fund and all the interest derivable\\ntherefrom, and the taxes herein authorized and levied, shall be the available\\nschool fund, which shall be applied annually to the support of the public\\nfree schools. And no law shall ever be enacted appropriating any part of\\nthe permanent or available school fund to any other purpose whatever nor\\nshall the same or any part thereof ever be appropriated to, or used for the\\nsupport of any sectarian school; and the available school fund herein pro-\\nvided shall be distributed to the several counties according to their scholas-\\ntic population, and applied in manner as may be provided by law.\\nSec. 6. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties\\nof this State for education or schools, are of right the property of said", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS, 219\\ncounties respectively to which they were granted, and title thereto is vested\\nIn said counties, and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be avail-\\nable against the title of any county. Each county may sell or dispose of its\\nands in whole or in part, in manner to be provided by the Commissioners\\nCourt of the county. Actual settlers residing on said lands shall be pro-\\ntected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their set-\\ntlement, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, at the price fixed by\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aid court, which price shall not include the value of existing impiovomenta\\nmade thereon by such settlers. Said lands and the proceeds thereof, when\\nsold, shall be held by said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of public\\nschools therein-; said proceeds to be invested in bonds of the State of\\nTexas, or of the United States, and only the interest thereon to be used and\\nexpended annually.\\nSec. 7. Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored chil-\\ndren, and impartial provision shall be made for both.\\nSec. 8. The Governor, Comptroller, and Secretary of State shaU consti-\\ntute a Board of Education, who shall distribute said funds to the several\\ncounties, and perform such other duties concerning public schools as may\\nbe prescribed by law.\\nASYLUMS.\\nSec. 9. All lands heretofore granted for the benefit of the Lunatic, Blind,\\nDeaf and Dumb, and Orphan Asylums, together with such donations as\\nmay have been or may hereafter be made to either of them, respectively,\\nas indicated in the several grants, are hereby set apart to provide a perma-\\nnent fund for the support, maintenance, and improvement of said asylums.\\nAnd the Legislature may provide for the sale of the lands and investment\\nof the proceeds in manner as provided for the sale and investment of school\\nlands in Section 4 of this Article.\\nUNIVERSITY.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature shall, as soon as practicable, establish, organize,\\nand provide for the maintenance, support, and direction of a university of\\nthe first class, to be located by a vote of the people of this State, and styled\\nThe University of Texas, for the promotion of literature, and the arts\\nand sciences, including an agricultural and mechanical department.\\nSlc. 11. In order to enable the Legislature to perform the duties set forth\\nIn th^ foregoing section, it is hereby declared that all lands and other prop-\\nerty heretofore set apart and appropriated for the establishment and main-\\ntenance of The University of Texas, together with all the proceeds ol\\nsales of the same, heretofore made or hereafter to be made, and all ^;ra?its,\\ndonations, and appropriations that may hereafter be made by the State i", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "220 CONSTITUTION OF TEE\\nTexas, or from any otliei source, shall constitute and become a permauenl\\nupiversity fund. And the same as realized and received into the Treasury\\nof the State (together with such sums, belonging to the fund, as may now\\nbe in the Treasury), sliall be invested in bonds of the State of Texas, if the\\nsame can be obtained, if not, then in United States bonds and the interest\\naccruing thereon shall be subject to appropriation by the Legislature to\\nftccomplish the purpose declared in the foregoing section jorovitied, that\\none-tenth of the alternate sections of the lands granted to railroads, reserved\\nby the State, which were set apart and appropriated to the establishment of\\nThe University of Texas, by an act of the Legislature of February 11,\\n1858, entitled An act to establisli The University of Texas, shall not\\nbe included in or constitute a part of the permanent university fund.\\nSec. 12. The land herein set apart to the university fund shall be sold\\nunder such regulations, at such times, and on such terms, as may be pro-\\nvided by law and the Legislature shall provide for the prompt collection,\\nat maturity, of all debts due on account of university lands, heretofore\\nsold, or that may hereafter be sold, and shall in neither event have the\\npower to grant relief to the purchasers.\\nSec. 13. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, established\\nby au act of the Legislature, passed April 17, 1871, located in the county of\\nBrazos, is liereby made and constituted a branch of the University of Texas,\\nfor instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and tlie natural sciences\\nconnected therewith. And the Legislature shall, at its next session, make\\nan appropriation, not to exceed forty thousand dollars, for the construction\\nand completion of the buildings and improvements, and for providing the\\nfurniture necessary to put said college in immediate and successful opera-\\ntion.\\nSec. 14. The Legislature shall also, when deemed practicable, establish\\nand provide for the maintenance of a college or branch university for the\\ninstruction of the colored youths of the State, to be located by a vote of the\\npeople provided, that no tax shall be levied, and no money appropriated\\nout of the general revenue, either for this purpose or for the establishment\\nand erection of ihe buildings of the University of Texas.\\nSec. 15. In addition to the lands heretofore granted to the University of\\nTexas, there is hereby set apart and appropriated, for the endowment,\\nmaintenance, and support of said University and its branches, one million\\nres of the unappropriated public domain of the State, to be designated\\nand surveyed as may be provided by law -and said lands shall be sold\\nunder the same regulations, and the proceeds invested in the same manner\\nas is provided for the sale and investment of the permanent University\\nfund and the Legislature shall not have power to grant any relief to the\\npurchasers of said lands.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 221\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nTAXATION AND REVENUE.\\nSection 1. Taxation shall be equal and uniform. All property in thii\\nState, whether owned by natural persons or corporations, other than mu*\\nnicipal, shall be taxed in proportion to its value, which shall be ascertained\\nas may be provided by law. The Legislature may impose a poll tax. It\\nmay also impose occupation taxes, both upon natural persons and upon cor-\\nporations, other than municipal, doing any business in this State. It may\\ntax incomes of both natural persons and corporations, other than mu-\\nnicipal, except that persons engaged in mechanical and agricultural\\npursuits shall never be required to pay an occupation tax provided^\\nthat two hundred and fifty dollars worth of household and kitchen\\nfurniture, belonging to each family in this State, shall be exempt from tax-\\nation and provided further, that the occupation tax levied by any county,\\ncity, or town, for any year, on persons or corporations pursuing any pro-\\nfession or business, shall not exceed one-half of the tax levied by tlie State\\nfor the same period on such profession or business.\\nSec. 2. All occupation taxes shall be equal and uniform upon the same\\nclass of subjects within the limits of the authority levying the tax but the\\nLegislature may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property\\nused for public purposes; actual places of religious worship; places of\\nburial not held for private or corporate protit; all buildings used exclusive-\\nly and owned by persons or associations of persons for school purposes\\n(and tlie necessary furniture of all schools), and institutions of purely pub-\\nlie charity and all laws exempting property from taxation other than the\\nproperty above mentioned, shall be void.\\nSec. 3. Taxes shall be levied and collected by general laws and for pub-\\nlic purposes only.\\nSec. 4. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not\\nbe surrendered or suspended by act of the Legislature, by any contract or\\ngrant to which the State shall be a party.\\nSec. 5. All property of railroad companies, of whatever description, lying\\nor being within the limits of any city or incorporated town within this State,\\nshall bear its proportionate sliare of municipal taxation and if any such\\nproperty shall not have been heretofore rendered, the authorities of the\\ncity or town within which it lies shall have power to require its rendition,\\nand collect the usual municipal tax thereon, as on other property lying\\nwithin said municipality.\\nSec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of\\nspecific appropriations made by law nor shall any appropriation of monev", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "222 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nbe made for a longer term than two years, except b\\\\ the first Legislature to as\\nsemble under tliis Constitution, which may make the necessary appropriations\\nto carry on the government until the assemblage of the Sixteenth Legislature.\\nSec. 7. Tlie Legislature shall not have power to borrow, or in any mau\\nner divert from its purpose any special fund that may, or ought to, corae\\ninto the treasury and shall make it penal for any person or persons to\\nborrow, withhold, or in any manner to divert from its purpose any special\\nfund, or any part thereof.\\nSec. 8. All property of railroad companies shall be assessed, and the\\ntaxes collected in the several counties in which said property is situated,\\nincluding so much of the road- bed and fixtures as shall be in each county.\\nThe rolling stock may be assessed in gross in the county where the principal\\nofiice of the company is located, and the county tax paid upon it shall be\\napportioned by the Comptroller, in proportion to the distance such road\\nmay run through any such county, among the several counties through\\nwhich the road passes, as a part of their tax assets.\\nSec. 9. The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay\\nthe public debt, shall never exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dollara\\nvaluation, and no county, city, or town shall levy more than one-half of said\\nState tax, except for the payment of debts already incurred, and for the erec-\\ntion of public buildings, not to exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dol-\\nlars in any one year, and except as in this Constitution is otherwise provided.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature shall have no power to release the inhabitants\\nof, or property in, any county, city, or town from the payment of taxes\\nlevied for State or county purposes, unless in case of great public calamity\\nin any such county, city, or town, when such release may be made by a vote\\nof two-thirds of each House of the Legislature.\\nSec. 11. All property, whether owned by persons or corporations, shall\\nbe assessed for taxation, and the taxes paid in the county where situated,\\nbut the Legislature n)ay, by a two-thirds vote, authorize the payment of\\ntaxes of non-residents of counties to be made at the office of the Comptrol-\\nler of Public Accounts. And all lands and other property not rendered for\\ntaxation by the owner thereof shall be assessed at its fair value by tb3\\nproper oflflcer.\\nSec. 12. All property subject to taxation in, and owned by residents of\\nunorganized counties, shall be assessed and the taxes thereon paid in the\\ncounties to which such unorganized counties shall be atta.ched for judicial\\npurposes; and lands lying in and owned by non-residents of unorganized\\ncounties, and lands lying in the territory, not laid off into counties, shall be\\nassessed and the taxes thereon collected at the office of the Comptroller of\\nthe State.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": ".STATE OF TEXAS. 223\\nSec. 13. Provision shall be made by the first Legislature for the speedy\\nsale of a sufficient portion of all lands and otlier property for tlie taxes due\\nthereon, and every year thereafter for the sale of all lands and other prop-\\nerty upon which the taxes have not been paid, and the deed of conveyance\\nto the purchaser for all lands and other property tlius sold shall be held to\\nrest a good and perfect title in tlie purchaser thereof, subject to be im-\\npeached only for actual fraud provided, that the former owner shall, within\\ntwo years from date of purchaser s deed, liave the riglit to redeem the land\\nupon the payment of double the amount of money paid for the land.\\nSec. 14. There shall be elected by the qualified electors of each county,\\nat the same time and under the same law regulating the election of State\\nand county officers, an assessor of taxes, who sliall hold his office for two\\nyears, and until his successor is elected and qualified.\\nSec. 15. The annual assessment made upon landed property shall be a\\nspecial lien tliereon, and all property, both real and personal, belonging to\\nany delinquent taxpayer, shall be liable to seizure and sale for the payment\\nof all the taxes and penalties due by such delinquent and such property\\nmay be sold for tlie payment of tlie taxes and penalties due by such delin^\\nquent, under such regulations as the Legislature may provide.\\nSec. 16. The sheriff of each county, in addition to his other duties, shall\\nbe the collector of taxes therefor. But in counties having ten tliousand\\niihabitants, to be determined by the last preceding census of the United\\nStates, a collector of taxes shall be elected to hold office for two years, and\\nuntil his successor shall be elected and qualified.\\nSec. 17. The specification of the objects and subjects of taxation shall\\nnot deprive the Legislature of the power to require other subjects or ob-\\njects to be taxed in such manner as may be consistent with the principles of\\ntaxation fixed in this Constitution.\\nSeo, 1^ The Legislature shall provide for equalizing, as near as maybe,\\nthe valuation of all property subject to or rendered for taxation (the County\\nCommissioner s Court to constitute a board of equalization) and may also\\nprovide for the classification of all lands, with reference to their value iu\\nthe several counties.\\nARTICLE IX.\\nCOUNTIES.\\nSection 1. The Legislature shall have power to create counties for th\u00c2\u00ab\\nconvenience of the people, subject to the following provisions\\nFirst. In the territory of the State exterior to all counties now es Isting,\\nno new counties shall be created with a less area than nine hundred squara", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "224 CONSTITUTION OF TEE\\nmiles, in a square form, unless prevented by pre-existing boundary lines.\\nShould tlie State lines render this impracticable in border counties, the area\\nmay be less. The territory referred to may, at any time, in wliole or in\\npart, be divided into counties in advance of population, and attached, for\\njudicial and land-surveying purposes, to the most convenient organized\\ncounty or counties.\\niSecond. Witliin the territory of any county or counties now existing, no\\nnew county sludl be created with a less area tlian seven liundred square\\nmiles, nor sliall an} such county now existing be reduced to a less area\\nthan seven hundred square miles. No new counties shall be created so as\\nto approacli nearer than twelve miles of the county seat of any county from\\nwhich it may, in whole or in part, be taken. Counties of a less area tiiau\\nnine hundred, but of seven hundred or more square miles, within counties\\nnow existing, may be created by a two-thirds vote of each House of the\\nLegislature, taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals. Any\\ncounty now existing may be reduced to an area of not less than seven hun-\\ndred square miles, by a like two-thirds vote. When any part of a county is\\nstricken off and attached to or created into another county, the part stricken\\noff shall be holden for and obliged to pay its proportion of all the liabilities\\nthen existing of the county from which it was taken, in such manner as\\nmay be prescribed by law.\\nThird. No part of any existing county shall be detached from it and\\nattached to another existing county until the proposition for such change\\nshall have been submitted, in such nianm-r as may be provided by law, to\\na vote of the electors of both counties, and shall have leceived a majority\\nof tliose voting on the question in each.\\nCOUNTY SEATS.\\nSec. 3. The Leuislature shall pass laws regulating the manner of remov-\\ning county seats, but no county seat situated witliin five miles of the geo-\\ngi aphical centre of the county shall be removed, except by a vote of two-\\nthirds of all the electors voting on the subject. A majority of such electors,\\nhowever, voting at such election, may remove a county seat from a point\\nmore than five miles from the geographical centre of the county to a point\\nwithin five miles of such centre, in cither case the centre to be determined\\nby a certificate from the Commissioner of the General Land Ofllice.\\nARTICLE X.\\nRAILROADS.\\nSbction 1. Any railroad corporation or association, organized under the\\nlaw for the purpose, shall have the right to construct and operate a railroad\\nbetween any points within this State, and to connect at the State line with", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 225\\nrailroads of other States. Every railroad company shall have the richt,\\nvrith its roa\u00c2\u00abl, to intersect, connect with, or cross any other railroad and\\nshall receive and transport each the other s passengers, tonnage, and cars,\\nlOiided or empty, without delay or discrimination, under such regulations\\nc shall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 2. Railronds heretofore constructed, or that may hereafter be con-\\nstructed in this State, are hereby declared public highways, and railroad\\ncompanies common carriers. The Legislature shall pass laws to correct\\nftbusts and prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in tlie rates of\\nfreight and passenger tariffs on the different railroads in this State and\\nshall from time to time pass laws establishing reasonable maximum rates\\nof charges for the ti-ansportation of passengers and freight on said railroads,\\nand enforce all such laws by adequate penalties.\\nSkc. B. Every railroad or other corporation, organized or doing business\\nin this State under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a\\npublic office or place in tliis State for the transaction of its business, where\\ntransfers of stock shall be made, and where shall be kept, for inspection\\nby the stockholders of such corporations, books, in which shall be recorded\\nthe amount of capital stock subscribed, the names of the owners of the\\nstock, the amounts owned by them respectively, the amount of stock paid,\\nand by whom, the transfer of said stock, with the date of the transfer, the\\namount of its assets and liabilities, and the names and places of residence\\nof its officers. The directors of every railroad company shall hold one\\nmeeting annually in this State, public notice of which shall be given thirty\\ndays previously, and the president or superintendent shall report annually,\\nunder oath, to the Comptroller or Governor, their acts and doings, which\\nreport shall include such matters relating to railroads as may be prescribed\\nby law. The Legislatuie shall pass laws enforcing by suitable penalties the\\nprovisions of this section.\\nSec. 4. The rolling stock and all other movable property belonging to\\nany railroad company or corporation in this State shall be considered per-\\nsonal property, and its real and personal i)roperty, or any part thereof, shall\\nbe liable to execution and sale in the same manner as the property of indi-\\nviduals and the Legislature shall pass no laws exempting any such prop-\\nerty from execution and sale.\\nSec. 5. No railroad or other corporation, or the lessees, purchasers, or\\nmanagers of any railroad corporation, shall consolidate the stock, property,\\nor franchises of such corporation with, or lease or purchase the works or\\nfranchises of, or in any way control any railroad corporation owning or\\nhaving under its control a parallel or competing line nor shall any officer\\nof such railroad corporation act as an officer of any other railroad corpora-\\ntion owning or having the control of a parallel or competing line.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "226 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSec. 6. No railroad company orjj^anized under the laws of this State shall\\nconsolidate by private or judicial sale or otherwise with any railroad com-\\npany organized under the laws of any other State or of the United States.\\nSec. 7. No law shall be passed by the Legislature grantini^ the right to\\nconstruct and operate a street railroad within any city, town, or village, or\\nupon any public highway, without first acquiring the consent of the local\\nauthorities having control of the street or highway proposed to be occu-\\npied by such street railroad.\\nSec. 8. No railroad corporation in existence at the time of the adoption\\nof this Constitution shall have the benefit of any future legislation, except\\non condition of complete acceptance of all the provisions of this Constitu-\\ntion applicable to railroads.\\nSec. 9. No railroad hereafter constructed in this State shall pass within a\\ndistance of three miles of any count} seat without passing through the\\nsame, and establishing and maintaining a depot therein, unless prevented\\nby natural obstacles, such as stieams, hills, or mountains; provided, such\\ntown or its citizens shall grant the right of way through its limits, and suf-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jcient ground for ordinary depot purposes.\\nARTICLE XL\\nmunicipal corporations.\\nSection 1. The several counties of this State are hereby recognized aa\\nlegal subdivisions of the State.\\nSec. 2. The construction of jails, court-houses, and bridges, and the es-\\ntablishment of county poor-houses and farms, and the laying out, construc-\\ntion, and repairing of county roads shall be provided for by general laws.\\nSec. 3. No county, city, or other municipal corporation shall hereafter be-\\ncome a subscriber to the capital of any private corporation or association,\\nor make any appropriation or donation to the same, or in anywise loan its\\ncredit: but this shall not be construed to in any way affect any obligation\\nheretofore undertaken pursuant to law.\\nSec. 4. Cities and towns having a population of ten thousand inhabitants\\nor less, may be chartered alone by general law. They may levy, assess,\\nand collect an annual tax to defray the current expenses of their local gov-\\nernment, but such tax sliall never exceed, for any one year, one-fourth of\\none per cent., and shall be collectable only in current money. And all\\nlicense and occupation tax levied, and all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and\\nother dues accruing to cities and towns shall be collectable only in current\\nmoney.\\ni", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 227\\nSec. 5. Cities having more than ten thousand inhabitants may have theil\\ncliarters granted or amended by special act of the Legislature, and may\\nlevy, assess, and collect such taxes as may be authorized by law, but no\\ntax for any purpose shall ever be lawful, for any one year, which shall ex-\\nceed two and one-half per cent, of the taxable property of such city and\\nno debt shall ever be created by any city, unless at the same time provision\\nbe made to assess and collect annually a sufficient sum to pay the intere t\\nthereon and create a sinking fund of at least two per -cent, thereon.\\nSec, 6. Counties, cities, and towns are authorized, in such mode as may\\nnow or may hereafter be provided by law, to levy, assess, and collect the\\ntaxes necessary to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund to satisfy\\nany indebtedness heretofore legally made and undertaken but all such\\ntaxes shall be assessed and collected separately from that levied, assessed,\\nand collected for current expenses of municipal government, and shall\\nwhen levied specify in the act of levying the purpose therefor and such\\ntaxes may be paid in the coupons, bonds, or other indebtedness for the pay-\\nment of which such tax may have been levied.\\nSec. 7. All counties and cities bordering on the coast of the Gulf of\\nMexico are hereby authorized, upon a vote of two-thirds of the taxpayers\\ntherein (to be ascertained as may be provided by law) to levy and collect\\nsuch tax for construction of sea walls, breakwaters or sanitary purposes,\\nas may be authorized by law, and may create a debt for such works and\\nissue bonds in evidence thereof. But no debt for any purpose shall ever be\\nincurred in any manner by any city or county, unless provision is made at\\nthe time of creating the same, for levying and collecting a sufficient tax to\\npay the interest thereon and provide at least two percent, as a sinking\\nfund and the condemnation of the right of way for the erection of such\\nworks shall be fully provided for.\\nSec. 8. The counties and cities on the Gulf coast being subject to ca-\\nlamitous overflows, and a very large proportion of the general revenue\\nbeing derived from those otherwise prosperous localities, the Legislature la\\nespecially authorized to aid by donation of such portion of the public do-\\nmain as may be deemed proper, and in such mode as may be provided by\\nlaw, the construction of sea walls, or breakwaters, such aid to be propor-\\ntioned to the extent and value of the works constructed, or to be con-\\nstructed, in any locality.\\nSec. 9. The property of counties, cities, and towns owned and held only\\nfor public purposes, such as public buildings and the sites therefor, fire\\nengines and the furniture thereof, and all property used or intended for\\nextinguishing fires, public grounds, and all other property devoted exclu-\\nsively to the use and benefit of the public, shall be exempt from forced sale\\nauu from taxation provided, nothing herein shall prevent the enforcement", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "228 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\noi the vendor s lien, the mechanic s or builder s lieu, or other liens now\\nexisting.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature may constitute any city or town a separate and\\nindependent school district. And when the citizens of any city or town\\nhave a charter, authorizing the city authorities to levy and collect a tax for\\nthe support and maintenance of a public institution of learning, such tax\\nmay hereafter be levied and collected, if, at any election held for that pur-\\npose, two-thirds of the taxpayers of such city or town shall vote for such\\ntax.\\nARTICLE Xa.\\nPRIVATE CORPOHATIONS.\\nSection 1. No private corporations shall be created except by general\\nlaws.\\nSec. 2. General laws shall be enacted providing for the creation of pri*\\nvate corporations, and shall therein provide fully for the adequate protec-\\ntion of the public and of the individual stockholders.\\nSec. 3. The right to authorize and regulate freights, tolls, wharfage, or\\nfares levied and collected or proposed to be levied and collected by indi-\\nviduals, companies, or corporations, for the use of highways, landings,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wharves, bridges, and ferries, devoted to public use, has never been and\\nshall never be relinquished or abandoned by the State, but shall always be\\nunder legislative control and depend upon legislative authority.\\nSec. 4. The first Legislature assembled after the adoption of this Consti-\\ntution shall provide a mode of procedure by the Attorney-General and\\nDistrict or County Attorneys, in the name and behalf of the State, to pre-\\nvent and punish the demanding and receiving or collection of any and all\\ncharges as freight, wharfage, fares, or tolls, for the use of property de-\\nvoted to the public, unless the same shall have been specially authorized\\nby law.\\nSec. 5. All laws granting the right to demand and collect freights, farce,\\ntolls, or wharfage shall at all times be subject to amendment, modification,\\nor repeal by the Legislature.\\nSec. 6. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money paid,\\nlabor done, or property actually received, and all fictitious increase of stock\\nor indebtedness shall be void.\\nSec. 7. Notliing in this Article shall be construed to divest or affect\\nrights guaranteed by any existing grant or statute of this State, or of the\\ntiepublic of Texas.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 229\\nARTICLE XIII.\\nSPANISH AND MEXICAN LAND TITLES.\\nSection 1. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, which have here-\\ntofore accrued to the Republic and State of Texas, under their constitutions\\nand laws, shall accrue to the State under this Constitution; and the Legis-\\nlature shall provide a method for determinini!^ what lands have been for-\\nfeited, and for iving effect to escheats and all sucli riglits of forfeiture\\nand escheats to the State shall, ipso facto, inure to the protection of the in-\\nnocent holders of junior titles, as provided in Sections 2, 3, and 4 of thia\\nArticle.\\nSec. 2. Any claim of title or right to land in Texas, issued prior to the\\nloth day of November, 1835, not duly recorded in the county where the\\nland was situated at the time of such recoi-d, or not duly archived in the\\nGeneral Land Office, or not in the actual possession of the grantee thereof,\\nor some person claiming under him, prior to the accruing of junior title\\nthereto from the sovereignty of the soil, under circumstances reasonably\\ncalculated to give notice to said junior grantee, has never had, and shall\\nnot have, standing or effect against such junior title, or color of title, ac-\\nquired without such or actual notice of such prior claim of title or right\\nand no condition annexed to such grants, not archived, or recorded, or oc-\\ncupied as aforesaid, has been, or ever shall be released or waived, but actual\\nperformance of all such conditions shall be proved by the person or persons\\nclaiming under such title or claim of right in order to maintain action\\nthereon, and the holder of such junior title, or color of title, shall have all\\nthe rights of the Government which have heretofore existed, or now exist,\\narising from the non-performance of all such conditions.\\nSec. 3. Non-payment of taxes on any claim of title to land, dated prior\\nto the 13th day of November, 1835, not recorded or archived, as provided\\nIn Section 2, by the person or persons so claiming, or those under whom he\\nor they so claim, from that date up to the date of the adoption of this Con-\\nstitution, shall be held to be a presumption that the right thereto has re-\\nverted to the State, and that said claim is a stnle demand, which presump-\\ntion shall only be rebutted by payment of all taxes on said lands. State,\\nccunty, and city or town, to be assessed on the fair value of such lands by\\nthe Comptroller, and paid to him, without commutation or deduction for\\nany part of the above period.\\nSec. 4. No claim of title or right to land, which issued prior to the 13th\\nday of November, 1835, which has not been duly recorded in the county\\nwhere the land was situated at the time of such record, or which has not\\nbeen duly archived in the General Land Office, shall ever hereafter be de-\\nposited in the General Land Office, or recorded in this State, or delineated", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "230 COirSTlTUTION OF THE\\non the maps, or used as evidence in any of the courts of this State, and the\\nsame are stale chiiins but this shall not affect such rights or presumptions\\nas arise from actual possession. By the words, duly recorded, as used\\nin Sections 2 and 4 of this Article, it is meant that such claim of title or\\nrl \u00c2\u00bbht to land shall have been recorded in the proper office, and that mere\\nerrors in the certificate of registration, or informality, not affecting the\\nfairness and good faith of the holder thereof, with wliich the record was\\nmade, shall not be held to vitiate such record.\\nSec. 5. All claims, locations, surveys, grants, and titles, of any kind,\\nwhich are declared null and void by the Constitution of the Republic or\\nState of Texas, are, and the same shall remain forever, null and void.\\nSec. 6. The Legislature shall pass stringent laws for the detection and\\nconviction of all forgers of land titles, and may make such appropriations\\nof money for that purpose as may be necessary.\\nSec. 7. Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this Article shall not be so construed\\nas to set aside or repeal any law or laws of the Republic or State of Texas,\\nreleasing the claimants of head rights of colonists of a league of land, or\\nless, from compliance with the conditions on which their grants were\\nmade.\\nARTICLE XIV.\\nPUBLIC LANDS AND LAND OFFICE.\\nSection 1. There shall be one General Land Office in the State, which\\nshall be at the seat of government, where all land titles which have emana-\\nted or may hereafter emanate from the State shall be registered, except\\nthose titles the registration of which may be prohibited by this Constitu-\\ntion. It shall be the duty of the Legislature at the earliest practicable\\ntime to make the Land Office self-sustaining, and from time to time the\\nLegislature may establish such subordinate offices as may be deemijd\\nnecessary.\\nSec 2. All unsatisfied genuine land certificates barred by Section 4, Arti-\\ncle 10, of the Constitution of 1869, by reason of the holders or owners there-\\nof failing to have them surveyed and returned to the Land Office by the\\nfirst day of January, 1875, are hereby revived. All unsatisfied genuine land\\ncertificates now in existence shall be surveyed and returned to the General\\nLand Office within five years after the adoption of this Constitution, or be\\nforever barred; and all genuine land certificates hereafter issued by the\\nState shall be surveyed and returned to the General Land Office within five\\nyears after issuance, or be forever barred provided^ that all genuine land\\ncertificates heretofore or hereafter issued shall be located, surveyed, or\\npatented only upon vacant and unappropriated public domain, and not\\nupon any land titled or equitably owned under color of title from the sover-", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 231\\nelgnty of the State, evidence of the appropriation of whicli is on the county\\nrecords or in the General Land Office or when tlie appropriation is evi-\\ndenced by the occupation of the owner, or of some person holding for him.\\nSec. 3. The Legislature shall have no power to grant any of the lands of\\nthis State to any railway company except upon the following restriction*\\nand conditions\\nFirst. That there shall never be granted to any sucli corporation moio\\ntlxan sixteen sections to the mile, and no reservation of any part of the\\npublic domain for the purpose of satisfying sucli grant shall ever be made.\\nSecond. Tliat no land certificate shall be issued to such company until\\nthey have equipped, constructed, and in running order at least ten miles of\\nroad and on the failure of such company to comply with the terms of its\\ncharter, or to alienate its land at a period to be fixed by law, in no event to\\nexceed twelve years from the issuance of the patent, all said land shall be\\nforfeited to the State and become a portion of the public domain, and liable\\nto location and- surve} The Legislature shall pass general laws onl} to\\ngive effect to the provisions of this Section.\\nSec. 4. No certificate for laud shall be sold at the Land Office except to\\nactual settlers upon the same, and in lots not to exceed one hundred and\\nsixty acres.\\nSec. 5. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to railway companies,\\nwhere the charter or law of the State required or shall hereafter require\\ntheir alienation within a certain period, on pain of forfeiture, or is silent on\\nthe subject of forfeiture, and which lands have not been or shall not here-\\nafter be alienated, in conformity with the terms of their charters, and the\\nlaws under which the grants were made, are hereby declared forfeited to\\nthe State and subject to pre-emption, location, and survey, as otlier vacant\\nlands. All lands heretofore granted to said railroad companies, to which no\\nforfeiture was attached on their failure to alienate, are not included in the\\nforegoing clause but in all such last-named cases it shall be the duty ol the\\nAttorney-General, in every instance where alienations have been or here-\\nafter maj be made, to inquire into the same, and if such alienation has been\\nmade in fraud of the rights of the State, and is colorable only, the real and\\nbeneficial interest beinir still in such corporation, to institute legal proceed-\\nings in the county where the seat of government is situated, to forfeit such\\nlands to the State, and if such alienation be judicially ascertained to bfl\\nfraudulent and colorable as aforesaid, such lands shall be forfeited to the\\nSlate and becon::e a part of the vacant public domain, liable to pre-emption,\\nlocation, and survey.\\nSec. 6. To every head of a family without a homestead there shall be do-\\nnated one hundred and sixty acres of public land, upon condition that he\\nwill select and locate said land, and occupy the same three years, and pay", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "232 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nthe office fees due thereon. To all single men of eighteen years of age and\\nupwards shall be donated eighty acres of public land, upon the terms and\\nconditions pre^fcribed for heads of families.\\nSec. 7. The State of Texas hereby releases to the owner or owners of the\\nsc ii all mines and minerals that may be on the same, subject to taxation as\\nOvher property.\\nSec. 8. Persons residing between the Nueces river and the Rio Grande,\\nand owning grants for lands which emanated from the government of\\nSjiain, or that of Mexico, which grants have been recognized and validated\\nby the State, by acts of tlie Legislature, approved February 10, 1853, August\\n15, 1870, and other acts, and who have been prevented from complyingwith\\nthe requirements of said acts by the unsettled condition of the country,\\nshall be allowed until the first day of January, 1880, to complete their sur-\\nveys, and the plats thereof, and to return their field-notes to the General\\nLand Office and all claimants failing to do so shall be forever barred pro-\\nvided^ nothing in this section shall be so construed as to validate any titles\\nnot already valid, or to interfere with the rights of third persons.\\nARTICLE XV.\\nIMPEACHMENT.\\nSection 1. The power of impeachment shall be vested in the House of\\nRepresentatives.\\nSec. 3. Impeachment of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Attorney-\\nGeneral, Treasurer, Commissioner of the General Land Office, Comptroller,\\nand the Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District Court,\\nshall be tried by the Senate.\\nSec. 3. When the Senate is sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the Sen-\\nators shall be on oath, or affirmation, impartially to try the party im-\\np \\\\ached, and no person shall he convicted without the concurrence of two-\\nthirds of the Senators present.\\nSec. 4. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall extend only to removal\\nliom office, and disqualification from holding any office of honor, trust, or\\nprofit, under this State. A party convicted on impeachment shall also ba\\nsubject to indictment, trial, and punishment, according to law.\\nSec. 5. All officers against whom articles of impeachment may be pre-\\nferred shall be suspended from the exercise of the duties of their office,\\nduring the pendency of such impeachment. The Governor may make a\\nprovisional appointment to fill the vacancy occasioned by the suspensioa\\nof an officer, until the decision on the impeachment.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 233\\nSec. 6. Any Judge of the District Courts of the State who is incompetent\\nto discharge the duties of his office, or who shall be guilty of partiality, or\\noppression, or other official misconduct, or whose habits and conduct are\\nsuch as to render him unfit to hold such office, or who shall negligently fail\\nto perform his duties as judge, or who shall fail to execute in a reasonable\\nmeasure the business in his courts, may be removed by the Supreme Court.\\nThe Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to hear and determine the\\ncauses aforesaid when presented in writing upon the oaths, taken before some\\nJudge of a Court of Record, of not less than ten lawyers, practising in the\\ncourts held by such judge, and licensed to practise in the Supreme Court;\\nsaid presentment to be founded either upon the knowledge of the persona\\nmaking it or upon the written oaths as to the facts of creditable witnesses.\\nThe Supreme Court may issue all needful process and prescribe all needful\\nrules to give effect to tliis section. Causes of this kind shall have pre-\\ncedence and be tried as soon as practicable.\\nSec. 7. The Legislature shall provide by law for the trial and removal\\nfrom office of all officers of this State, the modes for which have not been\\nprovided in this Constitution.\\nADDKESS.\\nSec. 8. The Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District\\nCourts, shall be removed by the Governor on the address of two-thirds of\\neach House of the Legislature, for wilful neglect of duty, incompetency,\\nliabitnal drunkenness, oppression in office, or other reasonable cause wliich\\nshall not be sufficient ground for impeachment provided, however, that the\\ncause or causes for which such removal shall be required shall be stated at\\nlength in such address and entered on the journals of each House and pro-\\nvided further, that the cause or causes shall be notified to the judge so in-\\ntended to be removed, and he shall be admitted to a hearing in his own de-\\nfence before any vote for such address shall pass and in all such cases,\\nthe vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals oi\\neach House respectively.\\nARTICLE XVI.\\ngeneral provisions.\\nSection 1. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, before they enter\\nupon the duties of their offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation\\nI, do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully and im-\\npartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as\\naccording to the best of my skill and ability, agreeably to the Constitution\\nand laws of the United States and of this State and I do further solemnly\\nBwear (or affirm), that since the adoption of the Constitution of this State,\\nr beinir a citizen of this State, have not fought a duel with deadly weai)on8,", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0within this State nor out of it, nor have 1 sent or accepted a challenge to\\nfight a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as second in carry-\\ning a challenge, or aided, advised, or assisted any person thus offending.\\nAnd I furthermore solemnly swear (or affirm), that I have not directly\\nnor indirectly paid, offered, or promised to pay, contributed nor promised\\nto contribute any money, or valuable tliinij, or promised any public office\\nor employment, as a reward for the giving or withholding a vote at the\\nelection at which I was elected (or if the office is one of appointment, to\\nsecure my appointment). So help me God.\\nSec. 2. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and\\nfrom the right of suffrage, those who may have been or shall hereafter be\\nconvicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes. The privilege\\nof free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections, and pro-\\nhibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence therein from power,\\nbribery, tumult, or other improper practice.\\nSec. 3. The Legislature shall make provisions whereby persons convicted\\nof misdemeanors and committed to the county jails in default of payment\\nof fines and costs, shall be required to discharge such fines and costs by\\nmanual labor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 4. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this\\nConstitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a chal-\\nlenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out\\nof it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly assist in any manner those\\nthus offending, shall be deprived of the right of suffrage, or of holding any\\noffice of trust or profit under this State.\\nSec. 5. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office of\\nprofit or trust in this State, who shall Iiave been convicted of having given\\nor offered a bribe to procure his election or appointment.\\nSec. 6. No appropriation for private or individual purposes shall be made.\\nA regular statement, under oath, and an account of the receipts and expen-\\nditures of all public money shall be published annually, in such manner an\\nshall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 7. The Legislature shall, in no case, have power to issue Treasui7\\nWarrants, Treasury Notes, or paper of any description intended to cir-\\nculate as money.\\nSec. 8. Each county in the State may provide, in such manner as may be\\nprescribed by law, a manual-labor poorhouse and farm, for taking care of,\\nmanaging, employing, and supplying the wants of its indigent and poor in-\\nhabitants.\\nSec 9. Absence on business of the State, or of the United States, shall", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 235\\nnot forfeit a residence once obtained, so as to deprive any one of the right\\nof suffrage, or of being elected or appointed to any office, under the ex-\\nceptions contained in this Constitution.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature shall provide for deductions from the salanea\\nof public officers who may neglect the performance of any duty tlat may\\nbo assigned them by law.\\nSec. 11. The legal rate of interest shall not exceed eight per cent, per an-\\nILum, in the absence of any contract as to the rate of interest and by con-\\ntract parties may agree upon any rate not to exceed twelve per cent, per\\nannum. All interest charged above this last-named rate shall be deemed\\nusurious, and the Legislature shall, at its first session, provide appropriate\\npains and penalties to prevent and punish usur}\\nSec. 13. No member of Congress, nor person holding or exercising any\\noffice of profit or trust under the United States, or either of them, or under\\nany foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the Legislature, or hold\\nor exercise any office of profit or trust under tliis State.\\nSec. 13. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may\\nbe necessaiy and proper to decide differences by arbitration, when the par-\\nties shall elect that method of trial.\\nSec. 14. All civil officers shall reside within the State and all district oi\\ncounty officers within their districts or counties, and shall keep their offices\\nat such places as may be required by law and failure to comply with this\\ncondition shall vacate the office so held.\\nSec. 15. All property, both real and personal, of the wife, owned or\\nclaimed by her before marriage, and that acquired afteivvard by gift, devise,\\nor descent, shall be her separate property and laws shall be passed more\\nclearly defining the rights of the wife, in relation as well to her separate\\nproperty as that held in common with her husband. Laws shall also bp\\npassed providing for the registration of the wife s separate property.\\nSec. 16. No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, or ex-\\ntended with banking or discounting privileges.\\nSec. 17. All officers within tliis State shall continue to perform the dutiei\\nof their offices until their successors shall be duly qualified.\\nSec. 18. The rights of property and of action which have been acquired\\nunder the Constitution and laws of the Republic and State shall not be\\ndivested nor shall any rights or actions which have been divested, barred,\\nor declared null and void by the Constitution of the Republic and State, be\\nre-invested, renewed, or reinstated by this Constitution but the same shall\\nremain precisely iu the situation in which they were before the adoption of", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nthis Constitution, unless otlierwise herein provided and provided further,\\nthat no cause of action heretofore barred shall be revived.\\nSec. 19. The Legislature shall prescribe by law the qualilication ot grand\\nand petit jurors.\\nSec. 20. The Legislature shall, at its first session, enact a law whereby\\nthe qualified voters of any county, justice s precinct, town, or city, by a\\nmajority vote, from time to time, may determine whether the sale of intoxi-\\ncating liquors shall be prohibited within the prescribed limits.\\nSec. 21. All stationery and printing, except proclamations and such print-\\ning as may be done at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, paper, and fuel used in\\nthe legislative and other departments of the government, except the judi-\\ncial department, shall be furnished, and the printing and binding of the\\nlaws, journals, and department reports, and all other printing and binding,\\nand the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meetings\\nof the Legislature, and its committees, shall be performed under contract,\\nto be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum price,\\nand under such regulations as shall be presciibed by law. No member or\\nofficer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested\\nin such contracts and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval\\nof the Governor, Secretary of State, and Comptroller.\\nSec. 23. The Legislature shall have the power to pass such fence laws,\\napplical)le to any subdivision of the State, or counties, as may be needed to\\nmeet the wants of the people.\\nSec. 23. The Legislature may pass laws for the regulation of live stock\\nand the protection of stock raisers in the stock-raising portion of the State,\\nand exempt from the operation of such laws other portions, sections, or\\ncounties and shall have power to pass general and special laws for the\\ninspection of cattle, stock, and hides, and for the regulation of brands;\\nprovided, that any local law thus passed shall be submitted to the freehold-\\ners of the section to be affected thereby, and approved by them, before it\\nshall go into effect.\\nSec. 24. The Legislature shall make provision for laying out and working\\npublic roads, for the building of bridges, and for utilizing fines, forfeitures,\\nand convict labor to all these purposes.\\nSec. 25. That all drawbacks and rebatement of insurance, freight, trans-\\nportation, carriage, wharfage, storage, compressing, baling, repairing, or\\nfor any other kind of labor or service, of or to any cotton, grain, or any\\nother produce or article of commerce in this State, paid, or allowed, or con-\\ntracted for to any common carrier, shipper, merchant, commission mer-\\nchant, factor, agent, or middle-man of any kind, not the true and absolute", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 237\\nowner thereof, are forever prohibited, and it shall be the duty of the LegiS\\nlature to pass effective laws punishing- all persons in this State who pay,\\nreceive, or contract for or respecting*; the same.\\nSec. 26. Every person, corporation, or company that may cor.init a horai*\\ncide, through wilful act, or omission, or t ross neglect, shall be re5i)0usibk,\\nin exemplary damages, to the siuviving husband, widow, heirs of his orhef\\nbody, or such of them as there may be, without regard to any criminal j ro-\\nceediiig that may or may not be had in relation to the homicide.\\nSec. 27. In all elections to fill vacancies of oflSce in this State, it shall be\\nto fill the unexpired term only.\\nSec. 28. No current wages for personal service shall ever be subject to\\ngarnishment.\\nSec. 29. The Legislature shall provide by law for defining and punishing\\nbarratry.\\nSec. 30. The duration of all offices not fixed by this Constitution shall\\nnever exceed two years.\\nSec. 31. The Legislature may pass laws prescribing the qualifications of\\npractitioners of medicine in this State, and to punish persons for malprac-\\ntice, but no preference shall ever be given by law to any schools of medi-\\ncine.\\nSec. 32. The Legislature may provide by law for the establishment of a\\nBoard of Health and Vital Statistics, under such rules and regulations as it\\nmay deem pioper.\\nSec. 33. The accounting officers of this State shall neither draw nor pay\\na warrant upon the treasury in favor of any person for salary or compensa-\\ntion as agent, officer, or appointee, who holds at the same time any other\\noffice or position of honor, trust, or profit under this State or the United\\nStates, except as prescribed in this Constitution.\\nSec. 34. Tlie Legislature shall pass laws authorizing the Governor to\\nlease or sell to the government of tlie United States a sufficient quantity of\\nthe public domain of tlie State, necessar^-for the erection of forts, barracks,\\narsenals, and military stations, or camps, and for other needful militaiy\\npurposes and the action of the Governor therein shall be subject to the\\napproval of the Legislature.\\nSec. 35. The Legislature shall, at its first session, pass laws to protect\\nlaborers on public buildings, streets, roads, railroads, canals, and other\\nBimilar public works, against the failure of contractors and sub-contractors\\nto pay their current wages when due, and to make the corporation, com-\\npany, or individual for whose benefit the work is done, responsible for thei\\nultimate payment.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "238 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nSec. 36. The Legislature shall, at its first session, provide for the pay.\\nment, or funding, as they may deem best, of the amounts found to be justly\\ndue to the teachers in the public schools, by the State, for service rendered\\nprior to the tirst day of July, 1873, and for the payment by the school dis\u00c2\u00ab\\ntricts in the State of amounts justly due teachers of public schools by such\\ndistrict to January, 1876.\\nSec. 37. Mechanics, artisans, and material men, of every class, shall have\\na lien upon the buildings and articles made or repaired by them, for the\\nvalue of their labor done thereon, or material furnished therefor; and the\\nLegislature shall provide by law for the speedy and efficient enforcement of\\nsaid liens.\\nSec. 38. The Legislature may, at such time as the public interest may\\nrequire, provide for the office of Commissioner of Insurance, Statistics, and\\nHistory, whose term of office, duties, and salai-y shall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 39. The Legislature may, from time to time, make appropriations\\nfor preserving and perpetuating memorials of the history of Texas, by\\nmeans of monuments, statues, paintings, and documents of historical value.\\nSec. 40. No person shall hold or exercise, at the same time, more than\\none civil office of emolument, except that of Justice of the Peace, County\\nCommissioner, Notary Public, and Postmaster, unless otherwise specially\\nprovided herein.\\nSec. 41. Any person who shall, directly or indirectly, offer, give, or\\npromise any money or thing of value, testimonial, privilege, or personal\\nadvantage, to any executive or judicial officer or member of the Legisla-\\nture, to influence him in the performance of any of his public or official\\nduties, shall be guilty of bribery, and be punished in such manner as shall\\nbe provided by law. And any member of the Legislature, or executive or\\nudicial officer who shall solicit, demand, or receive, or consent to receive,\\ndirectly or indirectly, for himself or for another, from any company, cor-\\nporation, or person, any money, appointment, employment, testimonial,\\nreward, thing of value or employment, or of personal advantage or prom-\\nise thereof, for his vote or official influence, or for withholding the same,\\nor with any understanding, expressed or implied, that his vote or official\\naction shall be in any way influenced thereby, or who shall solicit, demand,\\nand receive any such money or other advantage, matter, or thing afdl esaid\\nfor another, as the consideration of his vote or official influence, in consid-\\neration of the payment or promise of such money, advantage, matter, or\\nthing to another, shall be held guilty of bribery, within the meaning of the\\nConstitution, and shall incur the disabilities provided for said offences.\\nWith a forfeiture of the office they may hold, and such other additionai\\nDunishment as is or shall be provided by law.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 239\\nSec. 42. The Legislature may establish an Inebriate Asylum for the cure\\ncf drunkenness and reform of inebriates.\\nSec. 43. No man or set of men shall ever be exempted, relieved, or dis-\\ncharged fiom the performance of any public duty or service imposed by\\ngeneral law, by any special law. Exemptions from the performance of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ucL public duty or service shall only be made by general law.\\nSec. 44. Tlie Legislature shall prescribe the duties and provide for the\\nelection by the qualified voters of each county in this State, of a County\\nTreasurer and a County Surveyor, wlio shall have an office at the county seat,\\nand hold their office for two years, and until their successors are qualified;\\nand shall have such compensation as may be provided by law.\\nSec, 45. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for collecting,\\narranging, and safely keeping such records, rolls, correspondence, and other\\ndocuments, civil and military, relating to the history of Texas, as may be\\nnow in the possession of parties willing to confide them to the care and\\npreservation of the State.\\nSec. 46. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing and disciplin-\\ning the militia of the State, in such manner as they shall deem expedient,\\nnot incompatible with the Constitution and laws of the United States.\\nSec. 47. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms shall not\\nbe compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service.\\nSec. 48. All laws and parts of laws now in force in the State of Texas,\\nwhich are not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, or to this\\nConstitution, shall continue and remain in force as the laws of this State,\\nuntil they expire by their own limitation or shall be amended or repealed by\\nthe Legislature.\\nSec. 49. The Legislature shall have power, and it shall be its duty, to\\nprotect by law from forced sale a certain portion of the personal property\\nof all heads of families, and also of unmarried adults, male and female.\\nSec. 50. The homestead of a family shall be, and Is hereby protected from\\nforced sale for the payment of all debts, except for the purchase-money\\nthereof, or a part of such purchase-money, the taxes due thereon, or for\\nvork and material used in constructing improvements thereon, and in this\\nlast case only when the work and material are contracted for in writing,\\nwith the consent of the wife, given in the same manner as is required in\\nmaking a sale and conveyance of the liomestead nor shall the owner, if a\\nmarried man, sell the homestead without the consent of the wife, given in\\nsuch manner as may be prescribed by law. No mortgage, trust deed, oi\\nother lien on the homestead shall ever be valid, except for the purchase-\\nmoney therefor, or improvements made thereon, as hereinbefore provided.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "240 CONSTITUTION OF THE\\nwhether such mortgage, or trust deed, or other lien shall have been created\\nby the husband alone, or together with his wife and all pretended sales ol\\nthe homestead involving any condition of defeasance shall be void.\\nSec. 51. The homestead, not in a town or city, shall consist of not\\nmore than two hundred acres of land, whicli may be in one or more parcels,\\nwith the improvements thereon the homestead in a city, town, or village\\nshall consist of lot, or lots, not to exceed in value five thousand dollars, at\\nthe time of their designation as the homestead, without reference to the\\nvalue of any improvements thereon provided^ that the same shall be used\\nfor the purpose of a home, or as a place to exercise the calling or business of\\nthe head of a family provided also, that any temporary renting of the home-\\nstead shall not change the character of the same, when no other homestead\\nhas been acquired.\\nSec. 52. On the death of the husband or wife, or both, the homestead\\nshall descend and vest in like manner as other real property of the deceased,\\nand shall be governed by the same laws of descent and distribution, but it\\nshall not be partitioned among the heirs of the deceased during the lifetime\\nof the surviving husband or wife, or so long as the survivor may elect to\\nuse or occupy the same as a homestead, or so long as the guardian of the\\nminor children of the deceased may be permitted, under the order of the\\nproper court having the jurisdiction, to use and occupy the same.\\nSec. 53. That no inconvenience may arise from the adoption of this Con-\\nstitution, it is declared that all process and writs of all kinds which have\\nbeen or may be issued and not returned or executed when this Constitution\\nis adopted, shall remain valid, and shall not be in any way affected by the\\nadoption of this Constitution.\\nSec. 54. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide lor the custody\\nand maintenance of indigent lunatics, at the expense of the State, under\\nsuch regulations and restrictions as the Legislature may prescribe.\\nSec. 55. The Legislature may provide annual pensions, not to exceed one\\nhundred and fifty dollars per annum, to surviving soldiers or volunteers, in\\nthe war between Texas and Mexico, from the commencement of the revo-\\nlution in 1835, until the 1st of January, 1837; and also to the surviving\\nsigners of the Declaration of Independence of Texas and to the survivini;\\nwidows continuing unmarried of such soldiers and signers provided, that\\nno such ])ension be granted except to those in indigent circumstances,\\nproof of which shall be made before the County Court of the county where\\nthe appliciuit resides, in such manner as may be provided by law.\\nSec. 56. The Legislature shall have no power to appropriate any of the\\npublic money for the establishment and maintenance of a bureau of immi\\ngration, or for any purpose of bringing immigrants to this State.", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "STATE OF TEXAS. 241\\nSec. 57. Three millions acres of the public domain are hereby appropri-\\nated and set apart for the purpose of erecting a new State capitol and other\\nnecessary public buildings at the seat of Government, said lands to be sold\\nunder the direction of the Legislature and the Legislature shall pass suit-\\nable laws to carry this section into effect.\\nARTICLE XVII.\\nMODE OP AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE.\\nSection 1. The Legislature, at any biennial session, by a vote of two-\\nthirds of all the members elected to eacb House, to be entered by yeas and\\nnays on the journals, may propose amendments to the Constitution, to be\\nvoted upon by the qualified electors for members of the Legislature, which\\nproposed amendments shall be duly published once a week for four weeks,\\ncommencing at least three months before an election, the time of which\\nBhall be specified by the Legislature, in one weekly newspaper of each\\ncounty, in which such a newspaper may be published and it shall be the\\nduty of the several returning oflScers of said election to open a poll for, and\\nmake returns to the Secretary of State, of the number of legal votes cast at\\nsaid election for and against said amendments and if more than one be\\nproposed, then the number of votes cast for and against each of them and\\nif it shall appear from said return that a majority of the votes cast have\\nbeen cast in favor of any amendment, the said amendment so receiving a\\nmajority of the votes cast shall become a part of this Constitution, and\\nproclamation shall be made by the Governor thereof.\\nDone by the delegates of the people of Texas, in Convention assembled,\\nIn the city of Austin, on this the twenty-fourth day of November, in th\u00c2\u00ab\\nj-ear ot our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.\\nIn testimony whereof we hereunto subscribe our names\\nEdward B. Pickett,\\nPresident of the Convention.\\nJiBiGH Chaxmers,\\nSecretary of the CouventioiL", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "AMENDMENTS\\nCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF TEXAS.\\nProposed hy the Legislature of tJie State convened at Austin, January\\n9, 1883, and ratified by the people, August 14, 1883, pursuant\\nto the ISth Article of the Constitution.\\nARTICLE V.\\nADDITIONAL. SECTION.\\nSection 29. The county court shall hold at least four terms for both civil\\nand criminal business annually, as may be provided by the Legislature, or\\nby the commissioners court of the county under authority of law, and such\\nother terms each year as may be fixed by the commissioners court pro-\\nvided, the commissioners court of any county having fixed the times and\\nnumber of terms of the county court, shall not change the same again until\\nthe expiration of one year. Said court shall dispose of probate business\\neither in term time or vacation, under such regulation as may be prescribed\\nby law. Prosecutions may be commenced in said courts in such manner as\\nis, or may be, provided by law, and a jury therein shall consist of six men.\\nUntil otherwise provided, the terms of the county court shall be held on\\nthe first Mondays in February, May, August and November, and may re-\\nmain in session three weeks.\\nARTICLE VIL\\nSECTIONS 3, 4 AND 6 AMENDED SO AS TO KEAD AS FOLLOWS\\nSection 3. One-fourth of the revenue derived from the State occupation\\ntaxes, and a poll tax of one dollar on every male inhabitant of this State be-", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 243\\ntween the ages of twenty-one and sixty years, shall be set apart annually\\nfor the benefit of the public free schools, and, in addition thei-feto, there\\nshall be levied and collected an annual ad valorem State tax of such an\\namount, not to exceed twenty cents on the one hundred dollars valuation,\\nas, with the available school fund arising from all other sources, will be suf-\\nficient to maintain and support the public free schools of this State for a\\nperiod of not less than six months in each year and the Legislature may\\nalso provide for the formation of school districts within all or any of the\\ncounties of this State, by general or special law, without the local notice\\nrequired in other cases of special legislation, and may authorize an addi-\\ntional annual ad valorem tax to be levied and collected within such school\\ndistricts for the further maintenance of public free schools and the erection\\nof school buildings therein provided that two-thirds of the qualified prop-\\nerty tax-paying voters of the district, voting at an election to be held for\\nthat purpose, shall vote such tax, not to exceed in any one year twenty\\ncents on the one hundred dollars valuation of property subject to taxation\\nin such district, but the limitation upon the amount of district tax herein\\nauthorized shall not apply to incorporated cities or towns constituting sep-\\narate and independent school districts.\\nSec. 4. The lands herein set apart to the public free school fund, shall\\nbe sold under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may\\nbe prescribed by law and the Legislature shall not have power to grant\\nany relief to purchasers thereof. The Comptroller shall invest the pro-\\nceeds of such sales and of those heretofore made, as may be directed by the\\nBoard of Education herein provided for, in the bonds of the United States,\\nthe State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other securities, and\\nunder such restrictions as maybe prescribed by law and the State shall be\\nresponsible for all investments.\\nSec. 6. All lands heretofore, or hereafter granted to the several coun-\\nties of this State for educational purposes, are of right the property of said\\ncounties respectively, to which they were granted, and title thereto is vested\\nin said counties, and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be\\navailable against the title of any county. Each county may sell or dispose\\nof its lands in whole or in part, in manner to be provided by the commis-\\nsioners court of the county. Actual settlers residing on said lands, shall\\nbe protected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their\\nsettlement, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, at the price fixed\\nby said court, which price shall not include the value of existing improve-\\nments made thereon by such settlers. Said lands, and the proceeds thereof,\\nwhen sold, shall be held by said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of\\npublic schools therein said proceeds to be invested in bonds of the United", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "244 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.\\nStates, the State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other secu-\\nrities and under such restrictions as may be prescribed by law; and the\\ncounties shall be responsible for all investments the interest thereon, and\\nother revenue, except the principal, shall be available fund.\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nSECTION 9 AMENDED SO AS TO READ AS FOLLOWS:\\nSection 9, The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to\\npay the public debt, and of the taxes provided for the benefit of public\\nfree schools, shall never exceed tliirty-five cents on the one hundred dollars\\nvaluation and no county, city or town shall levy more than twenty-five\\ncents for city or county purposes; and not to exceed fifteen cents, for roads\\nand bridges, on the one hundred dollars valuation, except for the payment\\nof debts incurred prior to the adoption of this amendment, and for the erec-\\ntion of public buildings, street, sewer and other permanent improvements,\\nnot to exceed twenty-five cents on the one hundred dollars valuation in any\\none year, and except as is in this Constitution otherwise provided.\\nIll Hi", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "k", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nODQliliSOSlba", "height": "3085", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyoftexasfr00thra_0256.jp2"}}