{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2013", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3289", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3289", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3289", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3289", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3289", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a377", "height": "3289", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "REMNANT OF THE OLD FOUT OF THE ALAMO.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "A\\nPictorial History\\n-OF-\\nT E X A S,\\nFrom the Earliest Visits of European\\nADVENTURERS, TO A. D. 1879.\\nEMBRACING THE PERIODS OF MISSIONS, COLONIZATION, THE REVOLFTION\\nTHE REPUBLIC, AND THE STATE; ALSO, A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIP-\\n-^riON OF THE COUNTRY; ITS RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, SOILS. MINEKALS\\nAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, LIVE STOCK, POPULATION, RE-\\nSOURCES. WEALTH, ETC.; TOGETHER WITH ITS INDIAN\\nTRIBES AND THEIR WARS, AND BIOGRAPHICAL\\nSKETCHES OF HUNDREDS OF ITS LEAD-\\nING HISTORICAL CHARACTERS.\\nALSO,-\\nA LIST OP THE COUNTIES, WITH HISTORICAL AND TOPICAL\\nNOTES. AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PUBLIC INSTI-\\nTUTIONS OF THE STATE, ASYLUMS, PENI-\\nTENTIARY, SCHOOLS, CHURCHES.\\nR^^ILROADS, ETC.\\nFIFTH EDITION, CAREFULLY REVISED,\\nBY REV. HOMER S. THRALL, A. M.\\nST. LOUIS, MO.\\nN. D. THOMPSON CO.\\n1879.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "r =5^^\\nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878,\\nBy homee s. thrall.\\nIn the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.", "height": "3305", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nAmong the newer States of our American Union, there is prob-\\nably no one about which so much has been written and published\\nas the State of Texas. In 1857, Frederick Law Olmsted publish-\\ned a volume of 516 pages, entitled A Journey Through Texas\\nor a Saddle-trip on the South-western Frontier. Mr. Olmsted\\nmentions thirty-three bound volumes on Texas, by more than\\nthirty authors. Seven of these were in two volumes each, making\\nan aggregate of forty separate books, many of them large octavos\\nof from four hundred to six hundred pages. Since that period\\nthe press has thrown off scores and even hundreds of publications\\nhistories, biographies, descriptive pamphlets, addresses, etc.\\nThese have been scattered broadcast over the country by immi-\\ngration agencies, railroad corporations, companies of land specu-\\nlators, and others. The question arises, then, whence the\\nnecessity of another work on Texas? Partly because previous\\nhistories have been toe brief in some particulars and too diffuse\\nin others. Many of the descriptive pamphlets have been too\\nhighly colored personal narratives too partial, and often de-\\nfective in details and the statistics too meagre and in some\\ninstances entirely unreliable. It needed another volume to give\\na complete history of the State down to the present time and to\\ncondense, and classify, and give in a reasonable space the past\\nhistory, present condition and prospective development of this,\\nthe great Empire State of the continent.\\nThe design of the author is to give in the present volume a", "height": "3305", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "iv. PREFACE.\\ntrue picture of Texas, its soil, its climate, its people and theii\\ninstitutions, its resources, its capabilities for sustaining a dense\\npopulation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a population to be counted by the million. We say\\na tme picture, so that the immigrant entering the State may learn\\nvhat part is best adapted to the business in which he proposes to\\nen ^age. To the hardy poor man who expects to make his living\\nby honest industry, and to raise his family where they will enjoy\\nthe advantages of good schools and churches, probably no portion\\nof the American continent oflfers such advantages as Texas.\\nHere labor is always in demand at remunerative price provisions\\nare cheap here is land for those who wish either to lease or\\npurchase tenement houses are furnished to farm laborers and\\na permanent home may be acquired upon accommodating terms.\\nA homestead once secured, the man soon finds himself in posses-\\nsion of teams and tools, of hogs and cattle, and is surrounded\\nwith home comforts.\\nIn the departments devoted to history special pains have been\\ntaken to give facts and dates, with such reflections as will enable\\nthe reader to understand the controversies in reference to the own-\\nership of the country, and the various questions which have from\\ntime to time agitated the people, producing, in some instances,\\nrevolutions, and changes in the form of government. These\\nevents are generally related in chronological order, though in\\nsome instances that order has been deviated from, to complete\\nthe narrative of one event before entering upon that of another.\\nIn the notes, the reader will find a complete list of the execu-\\ntives of the State, and the personnel of the various departments of\\nthe o-overnment also the votes at the principal popular elections,\\nshowing the steady increase in the number of electors.\\nIn the part devoted to the Indians may be found many inter-\\nesting particulars of the aboriginal inhabitants of our prairies,\\nand some thrilling incidents of frontier life and Indian warfare.\\nIt was not in accordance with the taste of the author to dwell\\niono- upon these harrowing scenes. Hapi)ily, such scenes now", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PEEFACE. V.\\nseldom occur, and we have good reason to believe that we shall\\nhear no more of these Indian raids, and the barbarities inflicted\\nupon the pioneers of civilization.\\nWe think the reader will find the biographical department\\nespecially rich in interest. Arranged in alphabetical order are\\nthe names of more than two hundred of the men who have fio-ured\\nconspicuously in Texas history. Space is accorded to each some-\\nwhat in proportion to his historical importance, though the\\nsketches of men still living are very brief, and mainly confined\\nto the mere facts connected with their pul)lic life.\\nThe historical notes and topographical descriptions of the counties\\nof the State, arranged in alphabetical order, are necessarily brief,\\nbut will give the reader a correct idea of their location, the char-\\nacter of the soil, and other particulars necessary for those seeking\\nhomes in the State.\\nIn the miscellaneous department may be found a vast amount\\nof information, condensed into a small compass an account of\\nour asylums, penitentiaries, educational institutions and churches\\nagricultural products and live stocks railways and commerce\\nstatistical tables of wealth and population, etc.\\nIn the preface to Thrall s School History of Texas issued\\nby the University Publishing Company of New York, in 1876,\\nthe author said The history of Texas possesses a peculiar in-\\nterest. The contests for the possession of the country the grand\\nold mission structures efected for the conversion of the natives\\nthe numerous changes of government, give to our history an air\\nof romance. In the summary of events in this volume, these\\ninteresting topics are only briefly noticed but it is to be hoped\\nthis recital will stimulate many to a more thorough investigation\\ninto the heroic period of our history. The present volume is\\nsent forth not to supersede the school history, but to supplement\\nand complement it. The former has its place and is adapted for\\nthe purpose for which it was prepared use in the school room\\nbut the teacher who, with that volume, introduces his pupils to an", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "VI. PREFACE,\\nacquaiutancc with the elementary history of Texas, will need this\\nto give the details and incidents in full which could not be incor-\\nporated in the smaller work.\\nIn conclusion, the author returns his sincere thanks to the very\\nlarge number of distinguished gentlemen too numerous to men-\\ntion who have given him encouragement and assistance in his\\nWork.\\nH. S. THRALL.\\nSan A_ntonio, Texas, November 26\\\\ 1878.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPART I.\\nOENEBAL DESCBIPTION OF THE COUKTRl.\\nCHAPTER I.\\n?AGE.\\nIJ^ame. Texas Claimed by both Spain and France. Boundaries. Area.\\nCharacteristics of the country. -17\\nCHAPTER II.\\nGeneral Divisions of the State.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ISorth Texas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 East Texas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Middle\\nTexas. West Texas. Northwest Texas. Southwest Texas. The\\nMineral Region.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Pan Handle, or Staked Plains. 23\\nCHAPTER III.\\nTexas Rivers. Their Names. \u00e2\u0080\u0094What Streams are Navigable.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Depth of\\nBars at Mouth. Inland Navigation. Water Supply. Artesian\\nWells. Water Power. bb\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Mountains. Altitude of Prominent Places. Minerals. Copper.\\nLead. Iron, Silver. Coal Guano Caves, etc. 65\\nPART 11.\\nTEXAS UNDEB SPANISH DOMIKATIOK,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1685\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1820.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nLanding of La Salle. Misfortunes. Fort Saint Louis. La Salle As-\\nsassinated on the Nechez River by his own Men. Fort Saint Louis in\\nRuins.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "Vlll. TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPAGE.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nDc Leon, Govemor of Monclova, in Texas. Founds Presidio, in 1690.\\nSucceeded by Domingo Teran. Saint Denis on the Rio Grande.\\nCorrespondence Between De Alarconne and La Harpe. Belisle on\\nthe Coast. Indian League. .-87\\nCHAPTER KT.\\nMission Establishments. First Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Missions in Alphabetical Order.\\nAdaes. Aes. Alamo. Concepcion. La Espada. Gua(ialui)e.\\nLa Bahia. La Trinidad. Loretto. Nacogdoches. Orquizaco.\\nRefugio. Rosario. San Fernandes. San Jose, San Saba. 92\\nCHAPTER lY.\\nColonists from the Canaries at San Antonio. Texas at the Opening of\\nthe Nineteenth Century. Nolan s expedition. Difficulties Between\\nSpain and the United States. War Imminent, but Averted by Mys-\\nterious Diplomacy. 102\\nCHAPTER V.\\nMagee s Expedition. Gutierres March to Goliad. Death of Magoo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDesperate Fiirhting. The Victorious Republicans on the way to San\\nAntonio, gain a Splendid Victory on the Rosillo Creek Shameful\\nMassacre of Spanish Ofllcers. Battle of Alasan. Republicans De-\\nfeated at the Battle of Medina. And the Royalists Avenge the Death\\nof their Brother Officers -112\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nThe Republicans at Galveston. Aury. Perry. Mina. Expedition to\\nSoto La Marina. Lafitte the Pirate. Long s Expedition. Dispersed\\nin East Texas. Rallies a Second Time at Galveston. Takes Goliad.\\nSent by the Spanish Republicans to the City of Mexico, where he is\\nMysteriously Mui dered. Mrs. Long Heroically Awaits his Return.\\nConclusion of the Period. 125\\nPART III.\\nCOLONIZATION UNDER JIEXTCAN DOMINATION, 1820\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1834.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nMexico Becomes a Republic. Plan of Iguala. Mexico Gains an Indis-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix.\\nPAGE,\\nputable Title to Texas. Colonization. Keene. Owen.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Moses Aus-\\ntin Obtains a Contract.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stephen F. Austin in Texas, Selects a\\nLocation for his Colony\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Austin Aided by Hawkins.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Schooner\\nLively Lost. Austin in the City of Mexico. 147\\nCHAPTER n.\\nColonization Law of 1823.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of 1824.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coahnila in 1825; and again\\nin 1832.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 San Felipe Laid Out; Land Office Opened. In 1824. Ed-\\nwards Grant and Fredonian Troubles at Nacogdoches. The Edv/ards\\nContract Annulled by Governor Blanco. 152\\nCHAPTER in.\\nOther Contracts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thorn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leftwich.\u00e2\u0080\u0094DeWitt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094DeLeon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Austin s\\nSecond Contract, and others from 1825 to 1830.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Settlement on Red\\nRiver.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the Southeast\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Galveston Bay Company.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the South-\\nwest. 165\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nCivil Administration \u00e2\u0080\u0094Governors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Land Commissioners.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alcaldes\\nDistricts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ayuntaniiento.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Political Chiefs of Departments.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nState Congress. Reflections on Colonization. Almonte in the Prov-\\nince.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Report Disturbing Elements.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Taxation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Slavery.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTexas Coveted by the United States. 169\\nCHAPTER V.\\nBustemente s Famous Decree.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Custom Houses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Garrisons Estab-\\nlished.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bradburn s Arbitrary Proceedings at Anahuac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Texans\\npronounce for Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fight at\\nVelasco. At Nacogdoches. Peace Prospects in 1832. 178\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nHostile legislation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Movement for a separation from Coahuila.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Con-\\nvention of 1833.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Austin sent as Commissioner to Mexico.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Santa\\nAnna deserts the Liberal Party.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coahuila in a State of Revolu-\\ntion. Austin in Prison. Santa Anna s Ultimatum to Texas. 187\\nPART IV.\\nTHE REVOLUTION\\nCHAPTER I.\\nSanta Anna developing his New Policy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Austin still a State Pxisoner.\\nCitizens Disarmed. Zacatccas resists the Usurper. Frauds in\\n3", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "X. TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPAGE.\\nCoahuila. The Legislature dispersed by Cos. Milam and Viesca\\nTaken Prisoners Republicans defeated at Zacatecas. Santa Anna\\nDictator. Parties in Texas. Captain Thompson and the Schooner\\nCorea. Proscribed Patriots. 197\\nCHAPTER II.\\nCommittees of Safety. Austin s Return. Candella at Goliad. Con-\\nflict at Gonzales Goliad Captured by the Texans. Austin in\\nCommand on the Guadalupe. The Consultation Provisional Gov-\\nernment Austin Marches towards San Antonio Battle of Concep-\\ncion. The Grass Fight. The Executive Couucil. 205\\nCHAPTER III.\\nA Navy Improvised. San Antonio Invested. Captured by the\\nTexans. Liberal Terms to the Vanquished. Breach between Gov-\\nernor Smith and his Council. Austin s Timely Advice. Convention\\nof 1836. Declares the Independence of Texas. Government Ad\\nInterim. Proposed Descent upon Matamoras. 219\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nSanta Anna s Texas Programme.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fall of the Alamo. Fate of its\\nBrave Garrison. Urrea in the South-west. Death of Grant, Mor-\\nris, etc. Ward and King at Refugio. Goliad Evacuated Battle of\\nColita. The Fcinnin 3fassacre. Reflections on the Conduct of the\\nCampaign. 238\\nCHAPTER V.\\nThe Mexican March towards San Jacinto. Houston s Retreat. Camps\\nin Mill Creek Bottom. The Mexicans meet with Resistance at San\\nFelipe, and Turn Down the River to Richmond. Both Armies Cross\\nthe Brazos. 255\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nThe hostile Armies Approach Each Otlier. Skirmish on the 20th.\\nBattle of San Jacinto, April 21. Houston s Ofiicial Report.\\nReflections. _.-_. 261\\nCHxVPTER VII.\\nPresident Burnet at Galveston. Retreat of Filisola. Treaty with\\nSanta Anna. Feeling in East Texas. Difficulties of the President\\nand His Cabinet. Attempt to Arrest the President. Another Mex-\\nican Invasion Threatened. Naval Operations. Mortit s Report on\\nTexas. Election. Meeting of Congress. Constitutional Govern-\\nment. 272", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi.\\nPART V.\\nTHE REPUBLIC, FROM 1837 TO 1846,\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAGE\\nHouston s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Congressional Proceedings.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Land Laws.\\nTlae Navy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Government lienioved to Houston or^j\\nCHAPTER n.\\nLamar s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trouble at Nacogdoches.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A New Navy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAustin Selected as the Permanent Capital.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New Colonies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Republic\\nof the Rio Grande.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Santa Fe Expedition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its Miscarriao e and the\\n-302\\nCHAPTER HI.\\nHouston s Second Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State of the Public Finances.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Raids\\nofVasquez and Woll.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Archive War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Somervell in the South-\\nwest.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mier Expedition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its Disasters.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Snively Expedition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSanta Anna s Proposal through Robinson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Navy. -319\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nJones Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Texas Prosperous.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Annexation Again Agi-\\ntated.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 England, France and the United States Interested. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Action of\\nthe Texas Congress.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Convention Accepts the Terms, July 4th,\\n1845.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vote of the People. 341\\nPART VI.\\nTEXAS AS A STATE, FROM 1847 TO 1879.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nHenderson s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Courts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Public Domain.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Texans in the\\nMexican War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Horton Acting Governor \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wood s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPublic Debt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Santa Fe Again.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bell s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United\\nStates Propose to Buy Santa Fe.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pearce s Boundary Bill.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Santa\\nFe Sold.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Disputes About Land in Peter s Colony. .357\\nCHAPTER II.\\nPease s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Debt of the Old Texas Republic scaled and\\nsettled.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mexican Cart War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Taxes Relinquished to Counties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPolitical Parties. Runnell s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Railroads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian\\nReservations.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cortina in Brownsville.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Houston s Administration.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Political Excitement.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cortina Again.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frontier Defence.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hous-\\nton s Message to the Legislature.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Secession Convention.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ordinance\\nPassed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Texas Unites with the Newly-formed Confederacy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hous-\\nton Deposed. 3(39", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "Xll. TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nPAGE,\\nClark s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SuiTciider of United States Property at San\\nAntonio, and in the South-west. Indians Hostile.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Warlike prepara-\\ntions on a Large Scale.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Bloclcade.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lubbock s Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe State Prosperous. Arizona Expedition. Federals take Posses-\\nsion of Galveston.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Magruder in ComiAand in Texas. Recapture of\\nGalveston by tlie Confederates. Federals Repulsed at Sabine Pass.\\nConscript Law. Martial Law. Cotton Orders. Houston on Mar-\\ntial Law. Murrah s Administi-ation. Fine Crops. Fedei-als in the\\nSouth-west.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fighting in Louisiana. Cotton Orders Again. Mur-\\nrah vs. Magruder. Confederate Armies Disband. 388\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nFirst Reconstruction. Hamilton s Administration. Registration of\\nLoyal Voters. Election. Convention. Hamilton s Message.\\nThrockmorton s Administration. Governments in the Southern\\nStates Declared Provisional, only. Sheridan s Order on Assuming\\n(Command. New Registration. Iron Clad Oath. Throckmorton\\nRemoved. Second Reconstruction Convention. Ab initio Contro-\\nversy. Suflfrage Bill. Protest of the Ab initios. Convention Dis-\\nsolved. Election. 409\\nCHAPTER V.\\nDavis Administration. Texas Delegates Admitted to Their Seats in\\nCongress. Martial Law Again. State Police. Frontier Protection.\\nThi eateued Collision at the Close of his Administration. Happily\\nAverted. Coke s Administi ation. Country Prosperous. Constitu-\\ntional Convention. Hubbard s Administration. Lawlessness Sup-\\npressed. 429\\nPART VII.\\nINDIANS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nThree Classes of Indians. 1. Pueblas. Indians who Cultivate the\\nSoil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2. Nassonites, Cennis, Caddos, Wacos, Intrusive Tribes. 3.\\nNomadic or Migratory Indians, that Live by Hunting Comauches,\\nApaches, Lipans, etc., etc. 445\\nCHAPTER II.\\nBattles in Chronological Order.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On Galveston Island, 1818-1821.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On\\nthe Colorado, 1822-1823.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Caranchuas Banished, 1825.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fights from", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii.\\nPAGE.\\n1826 to 1829.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bowie s Fight in 1831.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wilbarger Scalped in 1833.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOn Red Eiver in 1834. Parker s Fort Massacre in 1836. Mrs. Plum-\\nmer s Captivity. Cynthia Ann Parker s Captivity of Twenty-five\\nYears.- -----_..__.. 45j^\\nCHAPTER III.\\nIndian Affairs during the Republic. Fight in Robertson s Colony in\\n1837. Near San Antonio 1838. Battle Creek, in Navarro County.\\n^Attack on Morgan s and Marlin s Families, in 1839. Expulsion of\\nthe Cherokees. Bloody Wox-k in the Council House, San Antonio,\\n1840. Comanches Burn Victoria and Liunville, and are Defeated at\\nPlum Creek. Moore s Expedition to the Upper Colorado. From\\n1841 to 1847. Recovery of Miss Putnam, after a long Separation\\nfi om her Family. ----.-,-._ 457\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nJS umber of Indians in Texas at Annexation. Indian Reserves. Pros-\\nperous, but Soon Broken Up.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dove Creek Fight.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^calping of Mrs.\\nJ riend. ^Texas now Free from Indian Raids. 467\\nPART VIII.\\nBIOGRAPHIES.\\nA.\\nAllen, Ebenezer. Allen, Houston Family. Allen, John M. Almonte,\\nDon Juan N- Anderson, K. L. Archer, Branch T. Arredondo,\\nJoaquinde. Austin, Moses. Austin, Stephen Fuller Austin, J.\\nBrown. Austin, Henry. Austin, John. Austin, William T. 477\\nB.\\nBaker, Mosely. Barrett, D. C. Bastrop, Baron, P. N. Tut. Baylor,\\nE. B. Bean, Ellis P. Beaumont, Jefferson. Bee, Bernard E. Be-\\nlisle, Monseur De. Bell, Josiah H. Bell, P. Hansborough. Ben-\\nnett, Joseph H. Billingsly, Jesse. Bogart, Samuel A. Borden,\\nGail Jr. Borden, John P. Borden, Thomas H. Bowie, James.\\nBradburn. Juan Davis. Brenham, Dr. R. F. Briscoe, Andrew.\\nBrigham, Asa. Brown, Henry S. Brown, John. Bryan, Moses\\nAustin. Bryan, Guy M. Burleson, Edward. Burleson, Ed. Jr.\\nBurnet, David G. Burr, Aaron. Bustemente, Anastasio. 498\\nC.\\nCalder, R. J.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Caldwell, J.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Caldwell, M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Callahan, J. H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cameron,\\nEwin. Cameron, Dr. John. Carson, Samuel P. Castrillon, Gen-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPAGE.\\neral. Castro, Heni*y. Cazneau, William L. Chalmers, Dr. John\\nG. Chambers, Thomas Jefferson. Childress, George C. Cole, John\\nP. Coleman, Robert M. Chriesman, Horatio. Coke, Richard.\\nCollinsworth, James. Cook, William G. Cook, Lewis P. Cordero,\\nAntonio. Cortinas, Juan N.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cos, Martin Perfecto. Crockett,\\nDavid. 619\\nD.\\nDarnell, Nicholas H. Davenport, Samuel. Davis, Edmond J. Davis,\\nH. Clay. Dawson, Nicholas H. DeLeon, Martin. Dimitt, Philip.\\nDuval, John C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Duval, Thomas H. 529\\nE.\\nEdwai-ds, Hayden.-Edwards, Monroe. ElisondoDon,Y.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ellis. Rich-\\nard. Evans, Lemuel Dale. 531\\nF.\\nFannin, James W. Fields, Richard.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fields, William. Flores, Manu-\\nel.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fisher, S. Rhoads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ford, Dr. John S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Franklin, B. C. 532\\nG.\\nGaines, Jas. Galves, Don Jose Bernardo. Gates Family. Giddings,\\nGiles A. Giddings, J. D. Giddings, John James. Giddings,\\nGeorge H. Giddings, D. C. Gillespie, James. Gillespie, R. A.\\nGrant, Dr. James. Gray, William Fairfax. Gray, Peter W. Gray-\\nson, Peter W. Green, Tom. Green, Thomas Jefferson. Gregg,\\nJohn. Grimes, Jesse. Groce, Jared E. Gutierres, Bernardo. 540\\nH.\\nHall, Warren, D. C. Hall, C. K. Hamilton, James. Hamilton, Mor-\\ngan C. Hamilton, Andrew J. Hancock, John Handy, R. A.\\nHansford, John M. Hardeman, Baily. Hawkins, Charles. Haw-\\nkins, Joseph H. Hays, John C. Heard, Wm. J. E. Hemphill,\\nJohn. Henderson, J. Pinckney. Herrera, Simon De. Herrera,\\nJose Manuel. Hewitson, Dr. James. Highsmith, Samuel. Hill,\\nB. F.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hockley, George W. Horton, Albert C. Houston, Sam.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHoward, George T.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Howard, Volney E.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hubbard, Richard B\\nHunt, Memucan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hunter, Wm. L.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hunter, John Dunn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Huston,\\nFelix. 54\u00c2\u00bb\\nI.\\nIngram, Ira.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ingram, Seth.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Isbell, Wm. 570.\\nJ-\\nJack, Patrick C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jack, AVm. H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Johnson, Frank W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Johnson, Mo-\\nges.\u00e2\u0080\u0094johnson, M. T.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Johnston, Albert Sidney.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jones, Dr.\\nAnson.- Jones, Oliver.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jones, Randal.- Jordan, S. W. 570\\nK.\\nKarnes, Henry.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kaufman, David S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Keenan, Dr. C. G.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kemper,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS XV.\\nPAGE.\\nSamuel.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kendall, George Wilkins.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kerr, James.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kinney, H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nL.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kuykendall, Abner. g-.g\\nL.\\nLabadie, Dr. N. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lafitte, Jean.-Lallemand, General.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lamar,\\nMirabeau B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lasalle, Robert.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lathrop, J. T. K.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lester, John\\nS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lewis, Ira A.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lewis, Wm. P.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lipscomb, Abner S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Linn,\\nJ-J- 580\\nM.\\nManchaca, Antonio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Margil, Father.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Martin, TVylie.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Maverick,\\nSamuel A.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McCulloch, Benjamin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McHenry, John.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McFarland\\nThomas S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McKiuney, Collin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McKinney, Thomas F.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McLcod*\\nHugh.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Menefee, Wm.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mexia, Juan Antonio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Milam, Benjamin\\nR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Millard, Henry.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Miller, Dr. James B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mina, Xavier.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Moore,\\nCommodore E. 17.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Moore, Dr. Francis, Jr.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Moore, John H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mor-\\ngan, James.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Murrah, Pendleton. 5g7\\nN.\\nNavarro, Jose Antonio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Neighbors, R. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Neil, John C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Newell\\nJohn D. ---.._. _\\n596\\nO.\\nOdin, Bishop J. M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ochiltree, Wm. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Oldham, Wm. S.-Owen\\n-596\\nP.\\nPadilla, Juan Antonio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Parker, Isaac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Patrick, George M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pease,\\nElishaM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Parmer, Martin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Peebles, Dr. R. R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Perry, Henry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Per-\\nry, James F.-Pillsbury, Timothy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Potter, Robert\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Powers, James-\\nPutnam, Mitchell. eg-\\nR.\\nRains, Emory\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reagan, John H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Riley, James\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Roberts, Samuel A.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nRobertson, Sterling C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Robertson, Dr. Jerome B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Robinson,\\nJames W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Robinson, John C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Robinson, Joel W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Roman, Richard\\nRoss\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ross, Reuben\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Royall, R. R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Runnels. Hiram G.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Runnels,\\nHardin R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rusk, Thomas Jefferson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Russell, Wm. J. 599\\nS.\\nSanta Anna, Antonio Lopez de.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scurry, Richardson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scurry, Wil-\\nliam R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Seguin, Don Erasmo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Seguin, Juan N.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Shackleford, Dr.\\nJohn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Shaw, James.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sherman, Sidney.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith, Dr. Ashb el.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSmith, Ben. Fort.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith, Erasmus (Deaf.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith, Henry.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith,\\nJames.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Smith, Thomas I.-Smyth, George W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Somervell, Alexan-\\nder.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stapp, Dai-win M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sterne, Adolphus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stewart, Dr. C. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSutherland, George.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Swisher, James G. gjj", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "XVI. TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPAGE.\\nT.\\nTarrant, E. H Teel, Henry. Teran, J. Mier y.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Throckmorton, J.\\nW.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Toledo, Don Alvarez \u00e2\u0080\u0094Torry Family.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Travis, Wm. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTurner, Amasa. 625\\nV.\\nVanzant, Isaac. 629\\nV/.\\nWalker, Samuel H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Waller, Edwin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ward, Thomas William.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wat-\\nrou5, John C. Webb, James. Wharton, Wm. H. Wharton, John\\nA. White, S. Addison. Wilbarger Family. Williams, Augustus\\nW.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WiUiams, Robert H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Williams, Samuel M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Williamson, E.\\nM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wilson, James C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wilson, Robert.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wood, George T. 629\\nY.\\nYoakum, Henderson. Young, William C. 635\\nZ.\\nZapata, Antonio. Zavalla, Lorenzo de. 635\\nPART IX.\\nHISTOR Y\u00e2\u0080\u0094CO U2TTIE8.\\nContains a list of all the counties, alphabetically arranged; \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with his-\\ntorical notes, brief descriptions, etc., etc. 6^\\nPART X.\\nMISCELLAXEOUS ITEMS,\\nAlphhabetically arranged. Agricultural Products. Cotton, Com,\\nOats, Potatoes, Sugar and Molasses, Tobacco, Wheat, etc. Reports\\nfrom the Agricultural Department, Washington. Asylums. Blind,\\nDeaf and Dumb, Orphan, Lunatic. Buildings. Public, Capitol,\\nSupreme Court, Land Office, Treasury Building, Governor s House.\\nChurches, their History etc.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Catholic, Baptist, Christian, Episcopal,\\nMethodist Episcopal, South, and M. E. Church, Protestant Methodist,\\nAfrican Methodist, Presbyterian, Presbyterian Cumberland. Census\\nStatistics. Commerce. Debt, State Education, its history in the\\nState, Illiteracy, Scholastic Population, by Counties. Schools\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ag-\\nricultural College, etc. Live Stock. Cattle, Goats, Horses and\\nMules, Sheep. PEyiTEKTiARY Its history provision for a second.\\nPopulation at different Periods. Railroads History and Progress\\nof Railroads in the State their Stations. Statistics of Wealth at dif-\\nferent Periods, Assessed Value of Property, Taxes, ad valorem and\\nPoll in all the Counties, for 1877. Telegraph Lines. 7 2,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPage.\\nliE:M:S AXT OF THE OLD FORT OF THE ALAMO Frontispiece.\\nCOLOEADO EH-EE. :^L\\\\TAGOEDA COUXTT S\\nSCEXE OX THE CAXADLiX EH^EE 43\\nSCEXE OX BEAZOS EIVEE, XEAE MAET.rV 53\\nFEEEY, CO:SIAL Em:E 63\\nSCEXE OX THE MISSISSIPPI IX THE TIME OF LA SALLE 78\\nIXDLVXS S3\\nLA SALLE S MAP OF TEXAS S6\\nMISSIOX OF SAX JOSE 93\\nIXDIAX H0ESE:MEX 103\\nGYPEESS CEEEK. XEWTOX COL XTY 113\\nTEESLTT ERTIE, SCEXE XEAE LIBEETT 123\\nLAFITTE 133\\nTHE OLD COXCEPCIOX MISSION, XEAR SAX AXTOXIO 1 43\\nCATHEDEAL DE SAX FEEXAXDO 153\\nBOWEX S BEXD. SAX AXTOXIO EFVEE 163\\nSAXTA AX XA 173\\nFOET OX THE TTESTEEX BOEDER 1S3\\nSTEPHEX F. AUSTIX 193\\nMEXICAN S 203\\nSAM HOUSTOX 213\\nEDWARD BLTELESOX 223\\nELTN S OF THE SAX JOSE MISSIOX 233\\nGROTJSD PLAX OF THE ALAMO 240\\nSTOEMLN G OF THE ALA3I0 243\\nSCOI TIXG 253\\nHOUSTOX DICTATIXG OEDEES TO ADJL TAXT HOCKLEY 263\\nBATTLE GROrXD OF SAX JACIXTO 269\\nDA^TD G. BLTIXET 273\\nA :MEXICAX JACAL 2S3\\nOLD CAPITOL, HOUSTOX 293\\nMIEABEAU B. LAMAE .303", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "xviii. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPage\\nTHE TOWN OF SAN ANTONIO DE BEXAR. TEXAS, 1840 3l3\\nDAVID CROCKETT 323\\nURSULINE C0N\\\\T:NT, SAN ANTONIO 333\\nANSON J0NT:S 343\\nINDIAN WAR DANCE 353\\n^CENE NEAR FORT MASON 363\\n373\\nE. M. PEASE....\\nELLIS P. BEAN.\\nF. R. LUBBOCK\\n.383\\n.393\\nSTERLING C. ROBERTSON. ^03\\nCADDO CHIEF ^^3\\nPLACIDO, CHIEF TONKAWAS ^-3\\nEDMLT^D J. DAVIS ^33\\nCOMANCHE WARRIOR 443\\nA CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS 453\\nBATTLE CREEK FIGHT, NAVARRO COUNTY, 1838 463\\nTRADING WITH THE INDIANS 473\\nRICHARD COKE 483\\nRICHARD B. HUBBARD 493\\nHOUSTON ANT) SANTA ANNA 503\\nTOM GREEN 513\\nTHOS. F. McKINNEY 523\\nvJOHN CALDWELL 533\\nO. M. ROBERTS 543\\nTHOS. J. RUSK 553\\nSIDNEY SHERMAN 563\\n.THOS. WjVI. ward 573\\n1/ R. M. WILLIAMSON 583\\nHOUSTON PIERCED WITH AN ARROW 593\\nMONUMENT ERECTED TO THE HEROES OF THE ALAMO 603\\nPIONEER SUNDAY SCHOOL 6]3\\nCAPITOL AT AUSTIN, IN 1870 623\\nRUINS OF LAFITTE S FORT 633\\nCOURT HOUSE, PARIS 643\\nCOURT HOUSE, SHERMAN 653", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS. xix.\\nPage.\\nSCENE ON COMAL KIVEK 6G3\\nCOURT HOUSE, DALLAS 673\\nVIEW OF SAN ANTONIO, IN 1878 683\\nCOURT HOUSE, AUSTIN 693\\nMETHODIST CHURCH AND PARSONAGE, CORPUS CHRISTI 703\\nGOVERNOR S MANSION, AUSTIN 713\\nCOURT HOUSE, FORT WORTH 723\\niMASONIC TEMPLE AT PALESTINE, L G. N. R. R 733\\nVIEW OF AUSTIN FROM THE DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM 739\\nTEXAS MILITARY INSTITUTE, AUSTIN 745\\nOLEANDER GROVE, TEXAS 75I\\nLAND OFFICE OF TEXAS, AUSTIN 757\\nMARKET HOUSE, HOUSTON 763\\nVIEW OF SAN PEDRO SPRINGS, SAN ANTONIO 769\\nFORMER MILITARY HEADQUARTERS, SAN ANTONIO 775\\nCOMAL RIVER NEAR NEW BRAUNFELS 781\\nVIEW OF COMMERCE STREET, SAN ANTONIO 787\\nMASONIC HEADQUARTERS OF STATE, HOUSTON 793\\nPOST OFFICE, GALVESTON 799\\nCORNFIELD, BRAZOS BOTTOM, ROBERTSON COUNTY, I. G. N.\\nR 805\\nTREMONT STREET, GALVESTON 811\\nSTATE INSANE ASYLUM, AUSTIN 817\\nEPISCOPAL CHURCH, PALESTDO: 823\\nSPANISH FANDANGO 829\\nRAILROAD BRIDGE, BRAZOS RIVER NEAR HEARNE, I. G. N. R. R.835\\nARANSAS BAY \u00c2\u00a741\\nCOLORADO RIVER BRIDGE, AUSTIN, L G. N. R. R 847\\nBIRD S EYE VIEW OF HOUSTON 853-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PART I.\\nGeneral Description,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nNAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS CLAIMED BY SPAIN AND FRANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BOUNDARIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AREA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GENERAL\\nCHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRY.\\n/TV HE name of Texas was derived from an Indian tribe\\nJ- belonging to the great Caddo family. The country\\nnow known as Texas has, at various periods, borne dif-\\nferent names. In old m~aps that on the north is called\\nTexas, or New Phillipines while that farther to the\\nwest is marked as Coahuila or New Estremadura. For\\nmore than a century the territory was claimed both bv\\nFrance and Spain. The Spaniards were the first occu-\\npants. In 1522 De Narves traversed the country from\\nthe Rio Grande to Mobile. Again, in 1537, De Nisa vis-\\nited the Rio Grande, entering the village of Isleta, then\\ninhabited by Puebla Indians; and in 1540 Coronado\\ntook formal possession of the village, in the name of the\\nSpanish crown. Under the ministrations of the mission-\\naries, the inhabitants readily embraced the Christian\\nfaith. In 1585 another coixy^any of missionaries, under\\nEspejo, took possession of El Paso and Santa Fe.\\nThe claim of the French was based upon the landing\\nof LaSalle, with his colony, on the coast, in 1685. On\\nthe old French maps Texas is put down as a part of Lou-\\nisiana. The old Spanish maps, however, claimed it as", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nbelonging to ]^ew Spain. In those old maps, the differ-\\nent provinces of New Spain are marked as follows The\\neast line of JVew ]\\\\Iexico reaches to the Pecos River, in-\\ncluding part of the present counties of Tom Green and\\nCrockett. The Medina river is marked as the east line\\nof Coahuila, though a narrow strip attached to Texas ex-\\ntended to the mouth of the Rio Grande. In these old\\nmaps the Calcasieu is j^ut down as the boundary near the\\ncoast, and the Hondo, a tril)utary of Red River, near\\nJSTatchitoches, as the line between the possessions of the\\nFrench and Spanish crowns.*\\nThe ownership of Texas had not been fully settled,\\nwhen, in 1803, France sold Louisiana to the United\\nStates. The latter government wanted both Texas and\\nFlorida, neither of which Spain was willing to surrender.\\nFinally, in 1819, February 22, an agreement was entered\\ninto between John Quincy Adams, on the part of the\\nUnited States, and De Onis, on the part of Mexico, by\\nwhich Spain transferred Florida to the United States, and\\nthe latter gave up her claim to Texas. At the period of\\nthe Texas revolution the northern boundary was still un-\\ndetined; several large settlements on the south side of\\nRed river were claimed both by Arkansas and Texas.\\nIn a final adjustment in 1849, in which G.W. Smyth rep-\\nresented Texas, and J. W. Overton the United States,\\nthe most of this disputed territory, including portions of\\nBowie and Red River counties, were conceded to Texas,\\ny At the period of annexation the boundaries of the re-\\n*By a royal charter, dated Sept. 14, 1712, Louis XTV granted the whole\\nof l ouisiaiui to Anthony Crozat. Mr. Yoakum and other liistorians have\\nasserted that this grant inckided all the country to the Rio Grande where-\\nas the language of the charter included only the country watered by the\\nMississippi and its tributaries.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "BOUNDARIES AND AREA. 19\\npublic, as estimated by Mr. Smyth, the Commissioner of\\nthe G-eneral Land Office, were as follows\\nThe distance from the mouth of the Rio Grande along our coast\\nto the mouth of the Sabine 375 miles\\nFrom mouth of Sabine, by the river, to 32d parallel 299\\nUp Sabine river to Red river, due north 106\\nFrom point of intersection with Red river to 100th degree of long-\\nitude west g20\\nOn the meridian of 100th degree due north to Arkansas river 250\\nAlong Arkansas river to source of Rio Grande 640\\nEntire eastern and northern boundary 1 915 u\\nFrom source of Rio Grande to its mouth 2 240\\nMaking the entire boundary of the Republic 4 530\\nBy the sale of Santa Fe, in 1850, Texas parted with\\n98,360 square miles of territory; equal to 56,240,640\\nacres.\\nTexas is bounded on the south by the gulf of Mexico\\non the east by the Sabine river, up to the thirty-second\\nparallel of north latitude thence due north to Red river,\\nthence along said river to the meridian of one hundred\\ndegrees west from Grreenwich thence due north to the\\nintersection of parallel of thirty-six degrees, thirty min-\\nutes, north latitude thence due west to the meridian of\\none hundred and three degrees west from Greenwich\\ndue south to the thirty-second degree of north latitude\\nthence along said line to the Rio Grande (these lines\\nseparate Texas from Louisiana, Arkansas, the Indian\\nTerritory, and New Mexico.) thence down said Rio\\nGrande to its mouth, separating Texas from Mexico.\\nAccording to Disturnell s treaty mdp, published in 1850,\\nTexas had, after the sale of Santa Fe, 237,3 21 square\\nmiles of territory, equal to 151,885,440 acres. Later\\nestimates from our own land office give the State 268,684", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nsquare miles this exclusive of Greer county. It extends\\nfrom about twenty-five and one half degrees to thirty-six\\nand one half, north latitude, and from ninety-three and a\\nhalf to one hundred and seven degrees of longitude west\\nfrom Greenwich. Its greatest extent from north to south\\nis nearly one thousand miles, and it is but little less from\\neast to west.\\nTexas, thus situated on the Gulf of Mexico, stretches\\nhalf-way to the Pacific Ocean, in a climate where snows\\nare almost unknown, and lies right in the track along\\nwhich the vast commerce from the East to the West\\nmust ultimately flow. The great continental railway is\\ndestined inevitably to traverse this territory, and some of\\nits eastern termini must be at some of its seaports.\\nIn those portions of the State devoted to agriculture, a\\nlarge proportion of the land is susceptible of cultivation,\\nand immense bodies are as rich and fertile as can be found\\non the continent. This is true, not only of the alluvial bot-\\ntoms, but also of a considerable proportion of the prairie\\nlands of the interior.\\nWriters speak of the stock region of the sugar belt\\nof the cotton belt, and the wheat region but in truth\\nevery kind of stock, such as horses, mules, cattle, sheep,\\ngoats, hogs, etc., do well in all parts of the State, and can\\nbe raised with profit anywhere by giving the necessary\\nattention to them. Soof the soil products. Every arable\\nacre of ground in the State will produce corn, cotton,\\nsorghum, potatoes, Irish or sweet, peaches, grapes, etc.\\nSugar from the ribbon cane may be profitably cultivated\\nanywhere south of the thirtieth parallel of north latitude\\nand wheat, rye, oats, apples, etc., anywhere north of that\\nlatitude.\\nThe coast counties for a distance of fifty to one hun*\\ndred miles interior are quite level, but beyond, the coun-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE CLIMATE. 21\\ntry becomes rolling, with alternate gradual elevations and\\ndepressions, and this inequality of surface increases as we\\nproceed towards the northwest, until it finally becomes\\nhilly and then mountainous in some of the northwestern\\ncounties. In fact the whole of Texas is an inclined plane,\\nwith a gradual descent from the northern or western\\nboundary to the Gulf. Austin and San Antonio are six\\nhundred feet above the Gulf surface, and the country\\nfarther north is still more elevated. The highest of\\nthe mountains do not, however, exceed two thousand feet\\nabove their base.\\nIt seems to be a general impression with people abroad\\nthat Texas is unhealthy that the climate is excessively\\nhot and that foreigners especially run a great risk in\\ncoming to a State so far south. Nothing can be more re-\\nmote from the truth, as thousands of foreigners from all\\nparts of Europe can testify. The temperature in Texas\\nin the hottest days of summer is nearly always several\\ndegrees below the greatest heat at the JN orth, and while\\nmany deaths in most of the JSTorthern cities occur every\\nyear from sun stroke, there is not, perhaps, a well authen-\\nticated instance in Texas of a single death from this cause.\\nBut a comparison of the range of the thermometer there\\nand here removes all doubt on that subject. In winter\\nthe difference in temperature between Texas and the\\nNorthern States is still more manifest, the severity of\\nthe cold being many degrees greater there than here.\\nThe fact is established beyond doubt that Texas has the\\nmost uniform, equable and mild temperature of any State\\nin the Union, neither the heat or the cold being so exces-\\nsive, and, other things being equal, this exemption from\\nthe extremes of heat and cold is prima facie evidence of\\na more healthful climate. But this evidence is corrobor-\\nated by experience, for although certain diseases are prev-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nalent in many parts of Texas, yet the general health of\\nthe country is not surpassed, if equaled, by any other\\nState, while for salubrity of the climate all Western Tex-\\nas is proverbial. The whole sea coast, for more than a\\nhundred miles interior, is fanned by a most delightful and\\nhealth-giving breeze from the Grulf during all the sum-\\nmer months.\\nIt is true that in the heavily-timbered bottoms, and on\\nthe margins of the sluggish streams and lowlands, peo-\\nple are liable to chills and fevers and other malarial\\ndiseases but these generally yield readily to proper treat-\\nment. The interior, especially of Western Texas, is an-\\nnually visited by thousands of invalids seeking health\\nand those who come before disease has fastened itself too\\nfirmly upon the system are generally greatly benefitted.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nGENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE NORTH TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EAST TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MIDDLE TEX-\\nAS WEST TEXAS NORTHWEST TEXAS SOUTHWEST TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE MINERAL\\nREGION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE PAN HANDLE.\\ncET^OIl convenience in describing our great State, we\\n-L divide it into districts. I. North Texas. II. East\\nTexas. III. Middle Texas. lY. West Texas. V. North-\\nwest Texas. YI. Southwest Texas. YII. The Mineral\\nRegion. YIII. The Pan Handle or Staked Plains.\\nI. Northern Texas. This includes a double or triple\\ntier of counties on the south side of Red river, as far\\nwest as the counties of Wise, Montague, Erath, etc.,\\nsome thirty counties or more.\\nAn area of about twelve counties of the eastern part\\nof this division would more properly have been included\\nin the division of East Texas, as it much more nearly\\ncorresponds in all its characteristics with the entire body\\nof timbered country lying east of the Trinity than with\\nany part of the prairie to which this division attaches it.\\nThe two subdivisions can not be described together, as\\nthey are as different from each other as day from night in\\nevery characteristic.\\nThis eastern body of country, generally denominated\\nNortheastern Texas, is one of the most interesting and\\nimportant subdivisions of the State, whether considered\\nwith reference to its population, its capacities for agricul-\\ntural production, or its location with regard to the necessi-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nties of trade and travel, and the consequent construction\\nof thoroughfares. An imaginary irregular line drawn\\nfrom the town of Clarksville, in Red River county, through\\nthe northwest corners of Titus Wood, and Yan Zandt\\ncounties, and the southeast corner of Kaufman county to\\nthe south line of this division, will sufficiently indicate the\\nwestern or outside line of this subdivision.\\nAll east of this is a timbered country, and presents the\\nsame general features. The face of the country is rolling\\nand hilly. The soil is generally sandy, mixed with loam\\nin varying quantities in different localities, and productive\\nin porportion to such admixture. The exceptions to the\\nsandy soil are the ferruginous red soils, quite productive\\nwith plenty of rain the post-oak flats, and swamps along\\nthe streams, the latter two valueless for cultivation but\\ncovered with fine timber. The streams are sluffs-ish and\\ndiscolored, and the low bottom-lands which border them\\nare subject to overflow but many of them are covered\\nwith cane and various grasses, which afford fine shelter\\nand food for stock, especially horses, w^hich keep fat the\\nyear round without food or attention, but are liable to the\\ncontingent dangers of an overflow, in which numbers are\\nsometimes lost. The most productive lands lie between\\nthe sand-hills and the swamps, and frequently up to the\\nmargins of the smaller creeks, and are a kind of irregu-\\nlar second bottom. They will produce, the season being\\nfavorable, a bale of cotton or forty bushels of corn per\\nacre, while the upland sand-lands will produce about\\none half that amount, but are preferred by many on\\naccount of the greater case with which they can be culti-\\nvated, and the advantage they have in wet seasons. These\\nlands are in some places underlaid with a stiff clay at the\\ndepth of a foot, while in other places in the same field one\\nmay dig forty feet through sand alone.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "TOPOGRAPHY OF NORTHERN TEXAS. 25\\nThe timber of this section is very valuable, especially\\nthe pine, \\\\vhich abounds extensive steam saw-mills being\\nfound in the pineries of these counties, from which lum-\\nber is hauled on wagons more than two hundred miles\\nwestward to supply the constantly increasing wants of the\\nj^rairie section. The other timber is mostly post-oak,\\ninterspersed with hickory, black-jack, etc. The bottoms\\nabound in all kinds of oaks, ash, hackberry, and many\\nother kinds of timber.\\nWater in this section is abundant and generally good\\nentirely freestone. Springs, pure as crystal,are frequent,\\nbreaking out from the base or sides of the sand-hills, and\\ngood water can generally be obtained, by digging, at from\\ntwenty to thirty feet the exceptions to this being in the\\npost-oak flats, where good water is scarce, either above or\\nbelow the surface.\\nImmediately west of this imaginary line commences\\nthe great prairie region of Northern and Middle Texas.\\nThe divide, or water-shed between Red river and\\nthe Gulf of Mexico is distant from a half to forty miles\\nfrom the former. Along Red river is a border of a rather\\nrugged country from one half to twelve miles wide, mostly\\ncovered with timber, and abounding in springs of water\\nbut mostly with a thin sandy soil adapted to small farmers,\\nexcept the Red river bottoms, which are extensive and\\nexceedingly fertile, and subject to occasional overflows.\\nSouth of this fringe of timber, and with a northern front\\nof from Lamar to Clay County, (one hundred and fifty\\nmiles on an air-line,) inclining westward on its eastern\\nborder, as before laid down, lies the great prairie, extend-\\ning to the south line of this division, its unity broken only\\nby the timber borders along the streams and by the two\\nvery remarkable bodies of timber called The Cross\\nTimbers, which are worthy of a brief description.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe lower cross timber is a body of timbered country\\nembracing, at its northern extremity, the eastern half of\\nCooke county and western edge of Grayson, and being\\nabout fifteen miles wide. Running southward, it passes,\\ngradually becoming narrower, through the east parts of\\nDenton, Tarrant and Johnson, and west part of Hill\\ncounty, to the Brazos river at Fort Graham. This\\nbody of land is rolling and sandy, and assimilates very\\nnearly to the timbered section before described but this\\nis generally of a poorer soil than that, and abounds less\\nin springs and w ater as a rule. The timber is the same,\\nexcept there is no pine, and the growth is shorter as we\\ngo westward. The soil is adapted to the growth of corn,\\ncotton, sweet potatoes, etc., but not to small grains nor\\ngrasses, nor to stock raising, except in the eastern section.\\nThe uj^per cross timber begins on Red river, some\\nthirty miles above the lower, and is about the same width,\\nrunning south through the middle of Montague county,,\\nnear the south line of which it breaks up, the eastern\\nportion running through Wise and Parker counties, while\\nthe w^estern extends irregularly, and frequently in patches\\nand mots or small groves, through Jack, Young, Palo Pinto\\nand Erath, affording abundant timber (such as it is) to\\nthose counties. This timber is, on the uplands, almost\\nexclusively post-oak and black-jack, and is short and\\nscrubby. In the bottoms, pecan, ash, hackberry, cotton-\\nwood, etc., are common.\\nThe entire prairie east of the upper cross timber is a\\nbeautiful and very gently rolling country, scarcely broken\\nby rocks, stumps, gullies, or anything else which could\\nimpede or interfere with the progress of gang-plows,\\nreapers and mowers, or any other agricultural labor-\\nsaving machinery, whether propelled by steam or other\\npower. Indeed, the cultivation of wheat has for years been", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "TABLE LANDS AND MOUNTAINS. 27\\ndone by the use of such implements, propelled by horse or\\nox-power.\\nNear the south line of Montague and Clay counties\\ncommence the mountains, which though not so stuck\\nup as their distant relations, the Alleghany, Blue Ridge,\\nRocky Mountains, etc., w^hich hold their heads much\\nhigher, are still fully entitled to the appellation of mount-\\nains as, though only moderate hills in point of altitude,\\nthey are mountains in character, with rocky precipices\\nand ledges and spurs, and abounding in fhe necessary num-\\nber of wild beasts and rattlesnakes. Many of these\\nmountains are isolated mounds or cones, either perfect or\\ntruncated, rising from a base of table land, on which, in\\nmany places, travel by wagons is easy through the entire\\nrange to the level prairie on the other side. Some of these\\nhills and ridges are covered with timber, while others are\\nbald and bare. This range is from thirty to sixty miles\\nwide, and extends southwardly to near San Antonio, the\\ncities of Austin and New-Braunfels being on its eastern\\nborder and the rivers of San Marcos, Guadalui:)e and\\nSan Antonio break out from its base. But this is out of\\nour present latitude. Between these mountain ridges are\\nmany valleys of great fertility and beauty, some of them\\nlarge enough for farms of 640 acres, arable land, but\\nmost of them smaller. Much of the prairie adjacent\\nto this region is covered with stones, so as to render it\\nunfit for cultivation, but furnishes material for building\\nand fencing, which, in the absence of good timber, will\\nbe much used as the country is settled. These mountains,\\nfurther south, are covered with cedar in many places,\\nwhich is the most valuable fencing timber known. This\\nmountain country forms the w^estern line of settlement\\nalong its whole extent.\\nII. East Texas includes about twenty counties, lying", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nbetween the Trinity river and the State line on the east,\\nand extends from the southern boundary of Northern\\nTexas to the Gulf of Mexico. This is the great timber\\nregion of the State, Immense tracts are covered with the\\nfinest forests of pine, and other valuable timber growths.\\nThe counties bordering on the coast, and as far inland as\\nLiberty, are generally flat, and considerable portions of\\nthis region are prairie, and admirably adapted to stock\\nraising. Numerous rivers and creeks traverse all parts\\nof East Texas. Many of these are navigable, and furnish\\nmeans of transporting their lumber to market. Further\\ninland the surface becomes, first gently undulating, and\\nthen hilly but still heavily timbered, and possessing a\\nrich soil. During the early period in our history the red\\nlands, as they were called, in JNTacogdoches, San Augus-\\ntine and adjoining counties, were considered equal to any\\nin Texas.\\nIII. Middle Texas lies below Northern Texas, and\\nembraces all the territory to the Gulf between the Trin-\\nity and Colorado rivers. It has some twenty-five counties.\\nThis has been called the garden of Texas. For fertility,\\nthe alluvial bottom lands of the Brazos, the Colorado\\nand other rivers and creeks of this division, have been\\ncompared to the delta of the Nile. The coast region is\\nflat, and stretches out into broad and beautiful prairies,\\nintersected with a perfect net-work of creeks and\\nbayous, along which are skirts of valuable timber. In\\nthe tier of counties bordering on the Gulf is found the\\nbest land for the production of sugar in the State while\\nin the more rolling counties of the interior, cotton is the\\nstaple product. This district has the two large commer-\\ncial cities of Galveston and Houston, and Austin, the\\nState capital.\\nIV. West Texas. In common language, West Texas", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "GENEEAL DIVISIONS OF TEXAS. 29\\nincludes all west of the Colorado river but in this division\\nwe include the country between the Colorado at Austin\\non the north-east, and Bexar county on the south-west\\nand the Colorado and San Antonio rivers to the Gulf.\\nThis division has about twenty counties. It has Indianola\\nas a sea-port, and the old cities of Victoria, Goliad and\\nSan Antonio. The physical features are very similar to\\nthose of Middle Texas, already described.\\nV. K oeth-West Texas. This includes about forty\\ncounties lying north of Bexar, and extending to the\\nwestern line of Kimble county, and thence to the Red\\nriver, including the county of Greer, and all eastward to\\nNorth Texas. The general description of the western\\ndivision of Northern Texas answers as well for this\\ndivision. It is a region of vast extent, and inexhaust-\\nible, though as yet undeveloped resources, mineral and\\nagricultural. No portion of our great State is filling up\\nso rapidly, and no country on the globe offers greater\\ninducements to immigrants.\\nVI. South- w^EST Texas. This includes all the country\\nsouth of Crockett county, between the San Antonio and\\nRio Grande rivers, to the Gulf about twenty counties.\\nCorpus Christi and Brownsville are the principal cities.\\nThe following description of this division is taken from\\nthe Texas Almanac of 1868. It is from the pen of ex-\\nGovernor E. J. Davis, who was, for a number of years,\\njudge of the Brownsville district\\nA sketch of the history, climate, topography and pro-\\nductions of that part of the State termed South-western\\nTexas, being the country between the Rio Grande and\\nSan Antonio rivers, and south-east of the road from San\\nAntonio to Eagle Pass, on the Rio Grande, embracing\\nabout thirty thousand square miles, is what I propose to\\ngive you.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nIts history is not interesting. After the establishment\\nof San Antonio, (named Bexar by the Spaniards and\\nMexicans,) a great many years seem to have elapsed\\nbefore any permanent settlements were attempted in the\\ncountry between that port and the towns and garrisons of\\nthe Spaniards west of the Rio Grande. The first, I\\nbelieve, in point of time, was that of Barrego, who\\nshortly before the middle of last century planted a\\nstock-raising hacienda at the place called Dolores, on\\nthe Rio Grande, twenty-five miles below Laredo. He\\nreceived at this place from the King of Spain a large\\ngrant of lands, some seventy -five leagues. This hacienda\\nwas afterward destroyed.\\nIn the year 1757, the town of Laredo was founded.\\nThis place was a sort of Presidio, where the citizens\\nwere armed occupants of the soil, and it proved the only\\npermanent settlement of the Spaniards on the lower\\nRio Grande. After the establishment of Laredo, ranches\\nand haciendas were gradually extended over the country\\nbetween the T^ueces and Rio Grande, and during the first\\nquarter of this century very extensive herds of cattle and\\nhorses and flocks of sheep were pastured on and between\\nthose rivers. The remains of the stone buildings and the\\nwells and water-tanks are still to be seen. The troublous\\ntimes following the attempts of the Mexican people to sep-\\narate from Spain invited the savage tribes of the Xorth\\nwhich had been kept in better subjection under the system\\nadopted by old Spain than they have ever been since\\nto make raids upon the frontier settlements. The Texas\\nrevolution and subsequent border warfare gave the fin-\\nishing touch to this country, and when our troops, under\\nGeneral Taylor, marched from Corpus Christi to the Rio\\nGrande, in 1846, there was not an inhabitant to be found\\nbetween that river and the Nueces. It had the appear-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SOUTHWESTEEN TEXAS. 31\\n;tnce of a desert to the officers and soldiers of that army,\\nunused as they were to these treeless pampas. The herds\\nof cattle and horses, left to take care of themselves, had\\nbecome wild, and greatly increased, and mustangs,\\ngrazed over these plains in almost countless numbers.\\nIn the year 1850, the re-population of this country\\nfairly commenced. The mustangs were killed or\\ncaught and tamed, and this so-called desert has been\\nsteadily filling with a hardy and active race of stock-\\nraisers.\\nThe climate of this country is very similar to that of\\nthe same longitude as far north as Kansas and Colorado.\\nIt is decidedly an unfavorable climate for agriculture,\\nand unless some system can be devised for irrigation, the\\nmain dependence must always be upon the flocks and\\nherds. It is unseasonable, but this is not so much for\\nwant of rain, because, on taking the average fall of rain\\nfor a number of years through the district, it is shown\\nthat we have ample supplies for all purposes, could they\\ncome at the right time and in proper quantities. In the\\nusual planting season of the year, from the first of Jan-\\nuary to the end of May, we have our dry season. Often\\nit happens that scarcely enough rain falls during those\\nmonths to wet a pocket-handkerchief, w^hile, on the\\nother hand, the torrents that are let down on us durino:\\nthe other months will give us an average of twenty-five\\nto thirty inches of water throughout the year. When\\nit rains, it rains in this country sometimes with a\\nquantity and suddenness only equalled, I suppose, in the\\nmountains of California and JN evada. There are no\\nmountains, or even respectable hills, in Ts ueces county\\nyet several instances have occurred of a flood of water\\nrolling down a narrow ravine with such rapidity as to\\ntake off^ a flock of sheep, and in one instance the shepherd\\nwith it.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nIf it should ever be possible to utilize this wattrf in\\nsome, as yet, undiscovered way, this country would be the\\nfinest in the world. The climate, owing to the dryness of\\nthe winter and spring, is as healthy as could be desired.\\nPerhaj^s something may be done by making tanks on a\\nlarge scale, and thus collecting the surplus rains for use\\nin the dry seasons. One of these has been made by\\nHipolito Garcia, the owner of the Hacienda called Aren-\\ndado, in Zapata county. He has, by throwing a dam\\nacross a ravine, created quite an extensive lake, capable\\nnot only of supplying water for his thousands of cattle,\\nsheep and horses, but of being used for irrigating pur-\\nposes.\\nBut our wet and dry seasons are not distinctly defined,\\nnor are the rains equally distributed over the whole of\\nthis region. Sometimes general rains fall during the\\ndry season and on the other hand, it happens that we\\ndo not in the wet season have the usual share. It is also\\nnoticed that more rain falls in the neighborhood of the\\nSan Antonio valley, and near the Gulf coast. The rule\\nis, that less rain falls as you proceed north ajid west.\\nIn other respects, our climate is such as might be ex-\\npected in this latitude. While it is exceedingly hot on\\nthe Rio Grande, the thermometer in summer sometimes\\ngoing up to 110\u00c2\u00b0 or even 114** in the shade, still a\\nconstant strong breeze and invariably cool nights render\\nthe climate rather pleasant, even in the hottest part of\\nsummer. Near the coast, the heat is very much tem-\\npered by the Gulf, and at Corpus Christi or Brownsville^\\nthe heat rarely goes above 90\\nIn some respects the peculiarities of the surface of\\nthis district are singular. Near the mouth of the San\\nAntonio river, and thence down to Corpus Christi bay,,\\nwe have the usual low and fiat hog- wallow formation", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "TOPOGEAPHICAL PECULIARITIES. 33\\nwhich prevails generally along the coast of Texas, at\\nfrom ten to forty miles from salt water. At Corpus\\nChristi bay the high lands of the interior come down to\\nthe bay, and part of the town of this name is built upon\\na bluif near fifty feet above the water level. I believe\\nthis is the highest land anywhere on the Gulf coast within\\nthe territories of the United States. About twenty\\nmiles southwest of Corpus Christi commence the famous\\nsands which border the Laguna Madre down to the\\nSal Colorado. These sands are quite remarkable.\\nExtending in a northwesterly direction from the coast,\\nthey reach within twenty miles of the Rio Grande. They\\nlie across the country in a wedge shape, of which the\\nbase lies on the Laguna. In many places these sands\\nform bare hills, rising fifty to a hundred feet above the\\nsurrounding grassy plains and being of a light yellow\\ncolor, are landmarks of the country and visible at great\\ndistances. The sands have evidently been formed by\\nthe prevalent southeasterly winds, which have blown\\nthem across from Padre Island. Like similar formations\\nin England and other parts of the world, where history aids\\nthe observer in accounting for them, it is likely that they\\nconstantly progress inland under the influence of the\\nsouth-east wind, and will probably reach or cross the\\nRio Grande in course of time.\\nAfter we leave the sands, going towards the Rio\\nGrande, we come into the alluvial bottoms of that river.\\nThe Sal Colorado, which appears on the maps as a river,\\nis in reality an outlet of the Rio Grande during high\\nwater. The bottoms of this river are, on the west side,\\nfrom thirty to sixty miles wide as low down as Browns-\\nville. They decrease gradually up to Edinburgh, ninety\\nmiles from the coast, (in a straight line,) where the first\\nhills come to the river.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThis district, after leaving the coast-country j ust de-\\nscribed, becomes rolling and gradually hilly. On the\\nextreme north-west, it borders on the outlying hills or\\nmountains of the Staked Plain, (Llano Estacado,) but\\nwithin its limits there are no very high elevations, though\\nthe general level of the north-western part is nearly one\\nthousand feet above the sea. There is a distin ctly marked\\nrange of hills crossing the territory from north-east to\\nsouth-west, which deserves special notice, not only because\\nit presents an interesting natural feature of the country,\\nbut because of the indications of valuable minerals found\\nin the range, of which more will be said hereafter. This\\nrange commences in the western side of Karnes county,\\nat the place called Rocky. It passes across the JN ueces\\na short distance above Oakville, and strikes the Rio\\nGrande a few miles below Carriza, in Zapata county.\\nThe Zancajo hill (or mountain) in Duval county is\\npart of the range and in the southern part of that\\ncounty, and in Zaj)ata county, it presents quite a marked\\nfeature, and is called by the Mexicans La Sierra.\\nOn the Rio Grande, from the commencement of the\\nhills, the country is much more broken than anywhere\\neast of it. From Rio Grande City (Ringgold) up to Eagle\\nPass, as your road winds along the river, high mountains,\\nthe offshoots of the Sierra Madre of Mexico, are never\\nout of sight on the western horizon.\\nAs was said at the beginning, this is not an agricultural\\nregion. In nothing is the increasing dryness of the cli-\\nmate, as you j)roceed west and south, more noticeable than\\nin the growth of vegetation. The cy[:)rus, magnolia, dog-\\nwood, and other trees of a moist and temperate climate,\\ncommon in Eastern Texas, pretty much disappear on the\\nColorado. The pine reaches the river near Bastrop, and\\nthe cedar is seen on the hills north of San Antonio. But", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "i^ 3\\n|^^k*^^^^^/\\\\ ^m,3\\ni T:-\\n^S^ft\u00e2\u0080\u0094fc- ^^if J\u00c2\u00ab\\n^x\\n1 ::1:|^HP\\n,.-i3^^ .?rt^-r--.^,?^-.\\n1\\n.1\\n**c^- \u00c2\u00a35 T ^^Br^ i-^lfci\\n*^fe^||;|,\\ni\\ni\\\\\\nCOLORADO KIVER. MATAGORDA. COUNTY.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "ABUNDANT TIMBER GROWTH. 37\\nnone of these trees are found in the country I am describ-\\ning. Post-oaks and live-oaks are found between the San\\nAntonio and JS ueces rivers, and the latter is common in the\\nSands south of Corpus Christi, but they go no further\\nsouthwest. I believe the only trees on the Rio Grande\\nwhich are indigenous to Eastern Texas are the ash, elm,\\ncotton-wood and hackberry. The eastern man who goes\\nsouthwest will find another system of vegetation gradually\\nsupplanting that to which he has been accustomed. The\\nmesquite-tree, which in the desert can send its roots far\\ndown in search of moisture, with its bright pea-green\\nleaves, becomes a prominent feature of tlie landscape.\\nThe Spanish Bayonet, an endless variety of the cactus,\\nand a dozen or more species of scrubby, thorny shrubs,\\nknown under the general designation of chaparral\\nthe products of a climate of great droughts, form in many\\nparts an almost impenetrable jungle. On the Rio Grande\\ntlie ebony tree becomes common, and is a handsome tree\\nT^en full grown. There is also found a very ornamental\\nan graceful tree called the Tepajuaque, which is no-\\nwh found north of the Rio Grande valley.\\n^1 the trees and vegetation, and v en the native ani-\\nmals, Ijirds, and insects, seem especially adapted to a dry\\nclimate.\\nBut if this country is too dry for planting purposes we\\nare compeii sated in another way. Many years experience\\nhas shown (hat Texas is the best stot-k-raising State of the\\nUnion, and l f the same business this country is certainly\\nthe best part of Texas. The very dryness of the climate,\\nin preventing vhe growth of trees to shade the soil, ena-\\nbles fine and nutritious grasses to abound. It is the\\nparadise of horse^^j sheep, and catthe. I have spoken of\\nthe numbers of cattle and horses that formerly ran wild\\nunder the name of mustangs. There is little doubt\\n5", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthat the present numbers of tame animals are even greater\\nbut still there is room for more, and probably South-\\nwestern Texas will alone one day export a half-million\\nof beeves. Of the health and fecundity of the sheep, an\\ninstance within the knowledge of the writer will give a\\nfair idea. A friend living in Webb county commenced\\nraising sheep with two hundred and fifty ewes in the win-\\nter of 1854-55. In the year 1860 he sold out three\\nthousand head, the result of this flock. He folio wed. the\\nMexican plan of breeding twice a year.\\nIn so extensive a region it is reasonable to presume\\nthat valuable mines must exist. However, very little\\nscientific investigation has yet been made, and therefore\\nlittle is known of this perhaps less even than of other\\nregions not so near the centres of civilization.\\nOn the Rio G-mnde it is well known that several beds\\nof coal, of an inferior quality, exist, and have been worked.\\nIt is reported that extensive beds of coal (equal to cannei)\\nhave recently been discovered on the Nueces river. Tiie\\nlocality of these beds has not been divulged, but the\\nreport has it that they are situated at from one hundred\\nto one hundred and forty miles from Corpus Christi.\\nIn the range of hills called La Sierra, of which I\\nhave made mention, indications of silver and lead have\\nbeen found in several places. The writer ha? in his pos-\\nsession a very rich specimen of lead ore whicli was found.\\nin this range, about eighty miles from Corr)us Christi.\\nIf it should develop that there are indications of silver or\\nlead in sufficient quantities to pay for the v^orking, their\\nproximity to a sea-povt will be an important consideration.\\nI believe that neither silver nor lead h? anywhere else\\nwithin the United States been found so near the coast.\\nI suppose most people in Texas are ^tware of the great\\nnatural salt-works alon^g the margin of Corpus Christi bay", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. 39\\nand Laguna Madre. During the late war, Texas was\\naltogether supplied from here. The Laguna Madre (so\\ncalled by the Mexicans because of the many smaller lagu-\\nnas that open up into the interior from it,) as it will be seen\\nfrom the map, is a bay between Padre Island (so named\\nfrom El Padre Balli, who owned a rancho on it in ante-\\nTexas times) and the main-land. This laguna is about one\\nhundred and twenty miles long and from three to six\\nmiles broad, and very shallow, not averaging more than\\neighteen inches deep. In the spring and summer months\\nthe prevalent winds drive the water of the Gulf in a steady\\ncurrent up the laguna from south to north. Passing\\nover this long and shallow flat, under a burning sun, the\\nwater evaporates rapidly, and when it reaches the northern\\npart of the laguna, it is intensely salt. From the mother\\nlaguna the winds drive this salt water slowly up the\\ninnumerable smaller lagunas that make up from it into\\nthe main-land. These are generally from three to six\\ninches deep, and in many instances very broad. Here\\nthe evaporation continues, and during the dry weather of\\nspring and summer the salt crystalizes and settles on the\\nbottom in great abundance. Nature seems to have pro-\\nvided here, on her usual gigantic scale, works for the\\nmaking of salt by solar evaporation. The process, as\\nwill be perceived, is a good deal the same that men have\\nadopted on the coast of France, Key West, Turk s Island\\netc., to procure salt from the same source. The quantity\\nthat can be raked up in this locality during the summer\\nvaries according to the depth of fall rain. Some seasons\\nit will form about as fast as it can be raked, and the\\nquantity is only to be limited by the capacity for gathering\\nit. To speak within carefully considered bounds, I believe\\nthat in an average dry season ten milliotis of bushels can\\nbe collected within fifty miles of navigation on Corpus", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nChristi bay, and that it can, at present prices of labor, be\\nplaced on navigation at ten cents per bushel.\\nBesides these lagunas, there are some salt lakes and\\nponds between the JNTueces and Rio Grande, which are not\\nconnected with the Gulf. The most noted of these is the\\ncelebrated Sal del Rey, (Salt of the King, so called\\nbecause of the laws of Sj^ain giving salines to the king,)\\nin Hidalgo county, about thirty-five miles from the Rio\\nGrande, and sixty miles from Brownsville. The salt in\\nthis, and probably the other lakes of the sort, seems to\\ncome from the earth in springs. The Sal del Rey has\\nbeen a favorite resort of the Mexicans for salt. It has\\nfor several generations supplied the greater part ofJN^orth-\\nern Mexico with that article, and is apparently inexhausti-\\nble. The lake is about three miles in circumference.\\nVII. The Mineeal Region. The large scope of\\ncountry composed of the counties of Crockett, Tom Green,\\nPecos, Presidio, and El Paso, has been denominated the\\nmineral region of Texas though as yet its mineral wealth\\nlies undeveloped in the mines. We give a description of\\nthis with the following.\\nVIII. The Pan Handle, or Staked Plains, lies\\nnorth of Tom Green county and between JN^ew Mexico and\\nthe Indian Territory. The Legislature of 1875 laid out\\nand gave names to fifty-four counties in this region. In\\nthe early maps of North America, a vast region in the\\nheart of the continent w^as designated as the Great\\nAmerican Desert. That great desert has steadily\\nretreated before the advancing tide of population. The\\nsouthern rim of it reached Texas. It is conjectured that\\nin 1734, when the fathers from Santa Fe visited San Saba\\nto establish a fort and mission, they set up stakes, with\\nbuffalo heads on them, so that others might follow their\\nroute. This gave the name of Llano Estacado to the", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE PAN-HANDLE. 41\\nplateau crossed. In the map prepared for Yoakum s his-\\ntory of Texas, and published by Redfield in 1856, there is\\nthis note From the head waters of the Red Brazos\\nand Colorado rivers to the Rio Pecos is a desolate and\\nsterile plain from 100 to 200 miles in width, elevated\\nabout 4,500 feet above the Gulf of Mexico, without water\\nor timber and with a scanty vegetation. JN otwithstanding\\nthis is described as such an arid region, all the great rivers,\\nfrom the Canadian on the north to the Pecos and Rio\\nGrande on the south, have their sources in springs found in\\ncanons penetrating this plateau or from underground\\nstreams, from the same source, issuing out at the surface,\\nas at San Marcos, San Antonio and other points. Since\\nthe close of the Civil War this region of country has\\nbeen penetrated by buffalo hunters, and by parties of\\nsoldiers in pursuit of Indians. The best and most\\nreliable description yet given to the public is found in the\\nreport of Lieutenant-Colonel W. B. Shafter, who, in 1875\\nmade a pretty thorough reconnoissance of the hitherto\\nterra incognita. Colonel Shafter started from Fort Concho,\\nin Tom Green county, two hundred and fifteen miles north-\\nwest of San Antonio. We copy from his report\\nCommencing at Fort Concho, the valley of JN orth Con-\\ncho for sixty miles is well adapted to grazing, having suffi-\\ncient wood for all necessary purposes and good running\\nwater the entire distance.\\nRendlebrock s spring, twenty-five miles north of the\\nNorth Concho and sixty-five miles from the post, is a large\\nspring of running water, and in the country about it there\\nare large mesquite flats, well timbered, with plenty of grass,\\nand good shelter for stock in the winter.\\nThe wagon road to Fresh Fork of Brazos, via Rendle-\\nbrock s spring, leaves the North Concho forty-two miles\\nabove the post of Concho, crossing to the valleys running\\ninto the Colorado.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY or TEXAS.\\nFrom Rendlebrock s spring, to where the wagon road\\nstrikes the Fresh Fork of the Brazos, the country passed\\nthrough is slightly rolling, covered with excellent grass^\\nconsiderable mesquite timber of small growth, (from six\\nto twelve feet high), and having several streams and\\nsprings of good water, with one or two (the Brazos and\\nDouble Mountain Fork) salty at the point where crossed\\nby the road, though both are fresh near their heads.\\nThe canon of the Fresh Fork of the Brazos is nearly\\nfifty miles in length and from one-half to two and a half\\nmiles wide, through which flows a stream of excellent\\nwater the whole distance. After reaching the plains, the\\nwater is good for about twenty-five miles and then becomes\\nsalty at its junction with the Brazos. The grass in all\\nthe region of the country is excellent, and sufficient wood\\nfor fuel is easily obtained. I believe that corn could be\\ngrown the whole length of the canon without irrigation,\\nexcept in unusually dry seasons.\\nFrom about half way up the canon the road crosses to\\nthe head of Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos, which\\nflows through a canon similar to that of the Fresh Fork,\\nparallel with it and about thirty miles distant, and extends\\nabout the same distance into the plains.\\nThe country between these streams is high table land,\\nwith scarcely any timber and but few mesquite roots.\\nLarge circular depressions, filled with water for part of\\nthe year, occur frequently, and the whole country is cov-\\nered with luxuriant grass, affording pasturage for immense\\nherds of buflPalo, and would be sufficient to maintain\\nthousands of cattle and horses that could water, when the\\nrain-water holes dried up, in the Fresh and Double\\nMountain Forks of the Brazos.\\nFrom the head of Double Mountain Fork to Casa\\nAmarilla the distance is forty -two miles, almost due west,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SCENE ON CANADIAN RIVER, HUTCHINSON COUNTY.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "WHITE SAND HILLS. 45\\nthe country being similar in all respects to that just de-\\nscribed. Casa Amarilla is a large alkali and salt lake, of\\nfrom one-half to three-quarters of a mile in width and\\nabout three in length, situated in a depression of the\\nplains and draining the country for several miles in all\\ndirections. There are two dug springs at the base of the\\nbluff on the southern side, and about a half mile further\\nsouth, at the head of a ravine, a large tank of fresh water\\nthat I believe is fed from springs, as I could not perceive\\nany dimunition in it after using it for two days with my\\nwhole command. Six miles directly north of this lake\\nare some large pools of living water, with plenty of wood.\\nThis would be an excellent place for sheep or horses.\\nSix miles west of Casa Amarilla is a large alkali lake,\\ncircular in form, about three-fourths of a mile in diameter,\\nhaving some fine large springs in the bank, good grass,\\nbut no timber or roots. This lake is called by the Mexi-\\ncans Quemas, and is supposed to be very near the line\\nof Texas and New Mexico.\\nThe trail from Quemas to the Pecos (twenty miles\\nabove mouth of Azul, in !N ew Mexico) passes for about\\ntwenty miles over high table land, with occasional rain-\\nwater holes, then about twenty of deep sand, then forty-\\nseven of high hard prairie, without water but covered\\nwith luxuriant grass, then twenty of very heavy sand,\\nand about twenty of hard, high rolling country bordering\\nthe Pecos.\\nFrom this point, on the Pecos to Horsehead crossing,\\nthe distance is 157 miles, the wagon road keeping near\\nthe river. The country bordering on the Pecos for sev-\\neral miles has only tolerable grass, and the bluffs are\\ncovered with sharp flint rocks, with considerable small\\ngrowth of brush and Spanish daggers.\\nFrom Pecos Falls to lower end of White Sand Hills", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nthe distance is about twenty miles, a little east of north,\\none-half the distance hard prairie and the balance heavy\\nsand.\\nThe White Sand Hills consist of a range of low hills\\nof very white sand, without vegetation, and almost imj)ass-\\nable, excejit for horses at least double teams would be\\nrequired to draw lightly loaded wagons through them.\\nThey present, from the distance of a few miles, the ap-\\npearance of hills covered with snow. They extend north-\\nwest and southeast for about twenty-five miles and are\\nalmost five miles in width, the south end distant from the\\nPecos about twenty miles, the north end about forty at\\nthe nearest point. Water in almost unlimited quantity\\ncan be had by digging in the small depressions at the\\nbases of the hills at a depth of two to four feet.\\nI have twice visited these sand hills this summer, and\\nonce in 1871, and every time found considerable water on\\nthe surface. There are also quite large willows and\\nCottonwood trees growing in them, a sure indication of\\nliving water. The country east of the sand hills to\\nMustang and Sulphur Springs, distant sixty miles, is\\nhigh rolling prairie, covered with fine grass, has no known\\nliving water, but abundance during the rainy season, in\\nsmall lakes.\\nFrom the head of the ^N orth Concho two large wagon\\nroads into the plains have been made by my command,\\none going up the right-hand valley to Big Spring, thence\\nvia Sulphur Springs, Tobacco creek, and head of Colorado\\n(Moo-cho-ko-way) to Cuates and head of Double Moun-\\ntain Fork of Brazos the other takes the left hand valley\\nand goes via Mustang Springs to Five Wells, Laguna\\nSabinas and Laguna Cuates.\\nFrom Five Wells there are two wagon roads to Mon-\\nument Spring, in New JNIexico, and one from there to Dug", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "SULPHUR SPRINGS 47\\nSpring, twenty miles due south and thirty-two miles from\\nthe Pecos.\\nFrom head of ]N orth Concho to Big Spring the distance\\nis thirty miles, country hard rolling prairie, road hard.\\nBig Spring is a very large spring of excellent water, sit-\\nuated in a rocky gorge between two very high hills.\\nConsiderable mesquite timber in the vicinity, and plenty\\nof excellent stone for building.\\nSulphur Springs lies thirty miles nearly west from\\nBig Spring, country rolling, except five or six miles of\\nquite heavy sand, water excellent, and, as at Big Spring,\\nin inexhaustible quantities by any amount of stock that\\ncan be fed within reach of them. At this point the road\\nturns almost due north, and passes through a magnificent\\ngrazing country for twenty miles to Tobacco creek this\\nis a small stream of but few miles in length, rising in the\\nedge of the plains, near where the road strikes it, and\\nrunning nearly east. Two miles farther north is another\\nlarge branch, and from there on for twenty miles there\\nare several small running streams and springs, one of\\nthem being the head of the Colorado these streams\\nforming what is known as the Moo-cho-ko-way country.\\nThe water is excellent and inexhaustible considerable\\nmesquite timber sufficient for all necessary purposes of\\nsettlers, and stone convenient for building. All of the\\nvalleys through which streams flow can be irrigated to\\nsome extent. I do not think there is any doubt but corn\\ncould be raised without irrigation nearly every year. As\\na grazing country it is unsurpassed by any portion of\\nWestern Texas from the Gulf to New Mexico and Indian\\nTerritory.\\nFrom the head of Colorado to Laguna Cuates is thirty\\nmiles, over a high slightly rolling hard prairie covered\\nwith good grass, but very little wood above ground and", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nmesquite roots scarce. During the rainy season there are\\nmany large lakes of water _\\nLaf^una Cuates are two large very salt lakes situated\\nin a depression of the plains; they are, together, about\\nthree miles long and one and one-half wide. Near the\\nedcres of them are several springs of good water. At this\\npkce I dug two large holes in the bank, about twelve or\\nfifteen feet square, which soon filled to a depth of two or\\nthree feet. By digging I do not think there is any rea-\\nsonable limit to the water that could be obtained.\\nLaguna Blanco is a similar lake, eight miles east of\\nCuates, having also fresh water springs.\\nSix mUes south of Cuates are two lakes, separated but\\na few hundred yards, the one very salty and the other\\nfresh, both evidently never going dry.\\nAbout all these lakes there are great quantities of\\nmesquite roots, sufficient to furnish fuel for any population\\nthe country could support.\\nFrom Cuates to head of Double Mountain Fork the\\ndistance is thirty-two miles, nearly due north, countrj^\\nhigh hard rolling prairie.\\nTaking the left hand valley, two miles above head\\nwater on the North Concho, a large w^gon road leads due\\nwest, over rolling hard prairie, to Mustang Springs, dis-\\ntant fortv-two miles. Six and a half miles further west,\\nand on the wagon road, are several other springs. The\\nwater at both these places is in great abundance, hundreds\\nof buffalo watering at them daily, not exhausting them\\nPlenty of mesquite roots for fuel, and good grass and\\nshelter in ravines.\\nFrom Upper Mustang Springs to Five ells the\\ndistance is thirtv-four miles, northwest, over a high level\\nprairie, with numerous large sink holes, or ponds, filled\\nfor several months in the year with water.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "LAKES, SPKINGS AND WELLS. 49\\nThe Five Wells are situated in a ravine about one-\\neighth to one-half of a mile in width the length is not\\nknown. It was examined for several miles each way\\nwithout finding any other water, except a few small salt\\nlakes. These wells are within a few yards of each other,\\nare about six or eight feet deep and from four to ten feet\\nin diameter, with three to four feet of water. Watering\\nabout five hundred animals for three days did not, appar-\\nently, at all diminish the water grass excellent and\\nplenty of shelter for stock in ravines mesquite roots for\\nfuel not very large or abundant.\\nLaguna Sabinas, thirty-two miles due north from Five\\nwells, is an alkili or salt lake, nearly six miles long and\\nfour wide, with plenty of good water in numerous wells or\\nrather dug springs in a ravine at the north end, and\\nseveral large wells at the south end, of slightly brackish\\nwater but fit for use of men and animals. Water can be\\nfound by digging anywhere near the edge of the lake\\ngrass in vicinity excellent, and plenty of wood (roots).\\nFrom the north end of the lake are two large wagon\\nroads, one going nearly due east to head of Tobacco creek,\\ndistant thirty-five miles. About five miles of the road\\nheavy sand, the balance high hard prairie. The left hand\\nroad runs nearly northeast thirty-two miles to Laguna\\nCuates, high prairie and sand about equally distributed\\nat intervals of three or four miles. About the bluffs of\\nLaguna Sabinas are found a few small cedars stone for\\nbuilding in the bluffs.\\nFrom the Five Wells there are two wagon roads, one\\nrunning a little south of west, the other a little north, to\\nMonument Spring, in New Mexico, distant by the left\\nhand road sixty-three miles and by the right sixty-six\\nthe latter being the preferable route on account of less\\nsand and much better water. By the left hand road it is", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nall heavy sand, except three short stretches, of a couple of\\nmiles each, to an alkali lake, distant from Five Wells\\nthirty-six miles. This lake is situated in a depression of\\nthe prairie with hard ground all around it, extending sev-\\neral miles on the south and west water permanent and,\\nthouo;h quite strongly alkali, can be used from holes dug\\nin th e bank better water is obtained, though none of it\\nis good. Grass excellent and very luxuriant wood (roots)\\nin abundance. The lake is circular in form and one-eighth\\nof a mile in diameter. From this lake to Monument\\nSpring, distant twenty-seven miles, the country is rolling,\\nabout iialf hard prairie, the balance light sand.\\nBy the right hand road, going west from Five Wells,\\nthe distance to the first of Ward s wells is twenty-four\\nmiles, about sixteen of it heavy sand, the rest hard.\\nThese wells are situated in a ravine (from one-fourth to\\nthree-fourths of a mile in width) or narrow valley, ex-\\ntending northwest and southeast, through the centre of the\\nplains, for at least fifty miles, bordered on each side by\\nfrom one to three miles of hard prairie, making a strip of\\nprairie from two to six miles in width. There are about\\nfifty of these wells, in the first valley, in a space of one\\nand one-half miles. Wells are from four feet deep at the\\nwestern end to fifteen at the eastern, and having from two\\nto four feet of water, of excellent quality and affbrding\\nwater for several thousand horses or cattle. Grass ex-\\ncellent, and wood (roots) in abundance.\\nThree and one-half miles on the road, west of the first\\nwells, in a similar ravine which joins the long one, are\\nfound about twenty more wells, and two miles south, in a\\nthird ravine, are several more these last are off the road\\nabout a mile. This appears to have been a favorite resort\\nof Indians, as shown by deeply worn trails, old lodges and\\nheads of cattle. No sign of buffalo so far west as this,\\nthe line of sand from a few miles south of Quemas to", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "ABUNDANT WATER SUPPLY. 51\\nLaguna R-ico and Sabinas and thence through Five Wells\\nand Mustang Springs to head of Main Concho being their\\nwestern limit.\\nFrom the second spring, to Monument Spring, distant\\nthirty-seven miles, a little south of west, the road runs\\nmost of the way over rolling prairie, with about fifteen\\nmiles of not very heavy sand.\\nMonument Spring is so named from a monument I\\nhad built on a hill southwest and one and one-fourth miles\\ndistant from the spring. This monument is of nearly\\nwhite stone, about eight feet in diameter at the base, four\\nat the top, and seven and one-half feet high. It can be\\nseen for several miles in all directions.\\nMonument Spring is a very large spring of excellent\\nwater, furnishing enough for several thousand head of\\nhorses. The country to the north is, for fifty miles, hard\\nhigh prairie, to the south and west sandy grass, in all\\ndirections, of luxuriant growth, of the finest quality found\\non the plains wood abundant (roots) for fuel, and good\\nbuilding stone in the hills near by (limestone).\\nTwenty miles due south are Dug springs, three in\\nnumber, situated in a small valley of salty grass. The\\nwells are a few yards apart, about six feet deep and four\\nin diameter, having a depth of three or four feet of water\\nand furnishing enough for about one thousand horses per\\nday. My command, of about three hundred animals,\\nwatering all at one time soon exhausted the springs, but\\nin an hour or two they were full again. Plenty of wood\\nin this vicinity, and tolerable good grass close by within\\neasy grazing distance it was excellent.\\nFrom Dug springs to the Pecos the distance is about\\nthirty-two miles, one-half of the way heavy sand and the\\nrest hard rolling hills. There is no wagon road to the\\nPecos, but a very plain and deeply worn Indian trail,\\nrunning almost due west until near the Pecos, when it", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nturns southwest, striking that stream just above the\\nmouth of the Azul or Blue river, at a shallow, rock-bottom\\nCKOssing, where the water in ordinary stages is not over\\nfifteen inches deep.\\nFrom Mustang Springs to Centralia the distance is\\nfifty-four miles, without water on the trail of Lieutenant\\nGeddes, except one salt lake thirty-five miles north and\\ntwenty -five west of Central station. At this lake water\\nmight be found by digging. Southeast of Central station,\\nand eighteen miles from it, a fine spring of water, hitherto\\nunknown, was found by Lieutenant Geddes, which will,\\nundoubtedly, cause a change in the road across the plains\\nto the Pecos. From this spring to Howard s wells and\\nthe Pecos the country has never been scouted on the trail\\nfollowed by Lieutenant Geddes no other permanent water\\nwas found until he reached Howard s wells, on the San\\nAntonio road. From this point west to the Rio Grande\\nthe country is least known of any in this Department and\\nis the most difiicult to scout in, as it has, so far, been\\nfound impossible to take wagons along and from the\\ncountry being cut up by very deep and rocky ravines and\\nall the hills covered with a kind of miniature Spanish\\ndagger, making it very difficult and painful traveling for\\nhorses. There is, undoubtedly, plenty of water, and this\\ncountry has always been a favorite resort for the Apaches\\nand Lipans. Lieutenant Geddes discovered several good\\nsprings of water on his trail and reports that his command\\ndid not sufifer at all from want of water. My experience,\\nfather west and near the Rio Grande, was the same in the\\nfall of 1871, when I was, at no time, more than a half\\nday without water, either in springs or rock tanks.\\nThe various scouts have shown how easily the plains\\ncan be traversed, in almost any direction, and to all the\\nlarge watering places there are plain wagon roads that\\nwill show for years.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "SCENE ON BRAZOS RIVER. NEAR MARLIN.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTEXAS RITERS: THBIIR NAMES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WHAT STREAMS ARE NAVIGABI^B\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEPTH OF\\nbars; inland navigation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 water stjppLY artesian wbixs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 water\\nPOWER.\\n^EGI]S ]S i:N Gr at the northern, or northeastern bound-\\nJ-^ ary of the State, Red river. Big Cypress and Lake\\nSoda are navigable during the rainy seasons, and a\\nregular trade is carried on upon these withKew Orleans.\\nOn the old Spanish maps the Red river is called Naugdo-\\nches, from an Indian tribe on its banks.\\nThe Sabine is the eastern boundary of Texas from the\\nGulf of Mexico to the 32d parallel of latitude. It has at\\nits mouth a depth of from five to seven feet of water\\nbut such is the nature of the bottom that it could very\\neasily be deepened to a much greater depth, and this is\\nnow being done by the General Government. It is navi-\\ngable during portions of the year for a distanee of thre^\\nhundred miles from its mouth. It was called by the\\nSpaniards, Adaes, after an Indian tribe. In 1718, De\\nAlarconne, in his controversy with La Harpe, calls it Rio\\nde San Francisco de Sabinas. (Sabine means juniper\\ntree.)\\nThe Angelina and Neches rivers enter Sabine lake.\\nBoats ascend the former some 400 miles durino- the wet\\nseason and the latter about 250 to Thouvennin landing.\\nTrinity. The Indian name of this river was Arkokisa\\na corruption from Orquisaco, an Indian tribe, Lasalle", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncalled it the river of canoes, because he had to procure\\ncanoes from the Indians to cross the swollen stream. It\\nempties into Galveston bay, and has a depth of three feet\\nat its mouth. Steamboats have ascended it 900 miles to\\nDallas.\\nSan Jacinto (Hyacinth) river forms a junction with\\nBuffalo Bayou at Lynchburg, and empties into Galveston\\nbay. Buffalo Bayou is navigable to Houston, ninety\\nmiles from Galveston. In 1876, Red Fish and other bars\\nwere deepened, and boats drawing from six to eight feet,,\\nnow ascend the bayou to Clinton, six miles below Houston.\\nThe outer bar at Galveston has a depth of water vary-\\ning from ten to thirteen feet, which is being increased by\\na system of jetties made by gabions.\\nThe Brazos has from five to eight feet at its mouth.\\nBoats have ascended 600 miles to the falls, near Marlin.\\nIn 1854 a canal was cut from near the mouth of the river\\ninto Galveston bay. If tradition is to be credited, the\\nSpaniards gave the name of Colorado to this river but\\nthe names were interchanged. The Indians called it\\nTockonhono. In crossing this stream La Salle lost one\\nof his men, su23posed to have been seized by an alligator,,\\nand he gave it the name of Mali on.\\nThe San Bernard has a shallow entrance, but it is nav-\\nigable for twenty or thirty miles.\\nOld Caney Creek has been navigated some seventy\\nmiles. In 1864 a channel was opened from near its\\nmouth into Matagorda bay.\\nA bar at the mouth of the Colorado, and a raft in the\\nchannel, interfere with its navigation. In 1847, a steam-\\nboat built above the raft ascended the river 600 miles, to\\nthe falls above Austin. The Indian name was Pashohono.\\nTradition says a party of Spanish adventurers after nearly\\nperishing for water, came suddenly upon this stream and", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "NAVIGABLE RIVERS. 57\\ncalled it Brazos de Dios (Arm of Grod). La Salle called it\\nthe Kiver of Canes, from the quantity of cane upon its\\nbank. It flows into Matagorda bay.\\nThe Iv^avidad was called by LaSalle Prince s River, and\\nits confluent, River of Beeves (Lavaca, or Cow), is navi-\\ngable thirty miles to Texana. It empties through Lavaca\\nbay into Matagorda bay. Pass Cavallo is the outlet of\\nMatagorda bay, and has a depth on the bar of from eight\\nto eleven feet. Bellin s map, in 1750, gives eighteen feet\\non the bar, up to Dog Island.\\nThe Guadalupe river is shallow at its mouth, where it\\nenters Espiritu Santo bay. It has been navigated seventy\\nmiles to Victoria. In old maps this bears the name of\\nits principal afiiuent, the San Marcos. Its principal\\nwestern branch is the San Antonio, which is sometimes\\ncalled the Medina, one of its tributaries.\\nThe I^ueces (Nuts) river is navigable for small vessels\\nup to the neighborhood of San Patricio. Aransas Pass\\nhas a depth of from six to ten feet. In 1874 the Corpus\\nChristi ship channel was opened, permitting steam-ships\\nto reach the wharf at Corpus Christi.\\nThe Rio Grande, which forms the boundary between\\nTexas and Mexico, is navigable 500 miles to Comargo.\\nThis stream has three names. At Santa Fe it is called\\nthe Del JN orte and at Reinosa the Rio Bravo. There is\\na depth of from four to five feet at its mouth but the\\nprincipal shipping point is through the pass at Brazos St.\\nJago, which has a depth of from six to nine feet.\\nThe following estimate, made by a competent engineer,\\nshows with what ease and at how small a cost inland\\ncommunication might be opened along the entire coast of\\nTexas\\nFrom Rio Grande river into waters connected with\\nPoint Isabel, one mile solid digging from thence through\\n6", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe Laguna del Madre into Corpus Christi Bay, 100 miles\\nwith three feet depth of water from thence into Aransas\\nBay, sixteen miles, with an average depth of three feet\\nwater from thence to Matagorda Bay, forty-eight miles,\\ngood for six feet water thence through Matagorda Bay\\nto Caney Creek, forty-five miles, eight feet depth of water\\nfi om Caney Creek, seven miles solid digging, into San\\nBernard lake and river; from San Bernard river\\nto Brazos river, ten miles solid digging thence\\nthrough canal and West Bay into Galveston Bay,\\nthirty miles, with four feet depth of water thence\\nthrough Oalveston Bay and through East Bay to East\\nBay ba^^ou, with from six to nine feet water for twenty\\nmiles, and the last five miles three feet, water and soft\\nmud, making in all twenty -five miles from thence\\nthrough East Bay and Elm Bayous, ten miles thence\\nseventeen miles solid digging to Taylor s Bayou down\\nwhich to Sabine Lake, eight miles.\\nWater Supply. A good portion of Texas has an\\nabundance of springs and living streams of water and\\nin most places in the State good water can be obtained at\\na depth varying from fifteen to one hundred feet. But\\nin others where water can not be had by digging, or when\\nit is unsuitable for use, owing to mineral substances with\\nwhich it is impregnated, a water supply is secured by\\ntanks. A dam is thrown across a raA^ine having a mod-\\nerate fall, and the earth is scraped out down to the hard\\nclay. Large reservoirs are thus constructed, and filled\\nby the rains, which being protected from stock, furnish\\nan abundant supply of good fresh water.\\nArtesian Wells. The scarcity of water in W^estern-\\nTexas induced the United States Congress, in 1856, to\\nmake an appropriation of $100,000 for boring artesian\\nwells in the arid region between the JN^ueces and Bio", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "ARTESIAT WELIiS. 59\\nGrande rivers. Lieutenant John Pope was detailed to\\nexecute the work of boring. At one of the wells, good\\nwater was found at the depth of a little over two hundred\\nfeet but it did not rise to the surface. On the Pecos\\nriver a well was bored eleven hundred feet, but without\\nsuccess. At Corj^us Christi water flowed to the surface,\\nbut it was unsuitable for use. In 1858 a well was com-\\nmenced on the Capitol Hill, at Austin. At the depth of\\ntwelve hundred feet a weak stream rose to the surface and\\nflowed off*. Like the stream at Corpus Christi, this was so\\nimpregnated with mineral substances as to be useless.\\nIn 1873 some obstructions occurred and the water ceased\\nto flow. Ts ear Terrell, in Kaufman county, a number of\\nwells have been dug of only ordinary depth, and the water\\nrises to the surface. A few miles from Fort Worth a\\nwell was bored to the depth of four hundred and fifty feet\\nat which a great abundance of water was found, which\\nrose to within about twelve or fifteen feet of the surface.\\nThere is an artesian well near G-raham, Young county,\\nonly one hundred and ninety-seven feet deep. A bold\\nstream flows out from the top.\\nRains. As a general rule the more western counties of\\nthe State are most liable to suffer from drouth. But exj^eri-\\nence has shown that this objection is becoming less from\\nyear to year, as the country becomes more settled and\\nmore under cultivation. The prairie fires that formerly\\nso often swept over the western plains, destroying every\\nshrub and preventing the growth of timber, have become\\nfar less frequent and confined to comparatively narrow\\nlimits. Hence there are now thousands of acres in nearly\\nall the western counties growing up in mesquite and vari-\\nous kinds of timber, where a few years ago there was not\\na shrub to be seen. This growth of timber is believed to\\nbe one principal cause for the more regular falls of rain,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "60 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nfor in all parts of the world the growth of timber has long\\nbeen recognized to have this effect, and in many countries\\nthe growth of forest trees has been encouraged by govern-\\nment as a means to secure the more regular fall of rain.\\nTo this cause is generally attributed the fact that\\nthe counties on the San Antonio river, and others\\nin the west, are now far more exempt from drouths than\\nformerly; and it is now believed by many that the crops\\nthere are no more liable to suifer fi om too little rain than\\nthev are from too much in most of the States. In all other\\nparts of Texas the seasons of rain are much the same as\\nin other States, and crops are liable to as few casualties as\\nin any other part of the world. In one respect Texas\\nhas an advantage over any country we have seen, for a\\na general rule deep plowing and early planting will secure\\nfair crops in nearly all parts of the State with very little\\nrain, and sometimes with none at all. This advantage is\\nowing to the fact that our planting season commences a\\nmonth or two earlier than in other States on account of\\nour mild winter, and also to the fact that our soil has\\nnearly ever^ where a substratum of clay and is very\\nretentive of moisture with deep plowing.\\nWater Power. Comparatively little use has, as yet^\\nbeen made of the immense water power of Texas. It is\\ntrue that but few sites suitable for mills and machinery\\nare found on the sluggish streams in the low, flat country.\\nThere are some good locations on the head waters of the\\ntributaries of the Trinity and San Jacinto rivers. Mill-\\nsites mav be found in almost all the rollino counties of\\nTexas, where almost all of the small streams have them.\\nMany are found in Bell county, on the tributaries of Lit^\\ntie river, and at such springs as Salado. An article in\\nan old almanac describes the water power of West Texas\\nBeginning with the Colorado, we find it having a fall of", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "WATER POWER. 61\\nsix hundred and fifty feet from Austin to the coast. Be-\\ntween those points there are many places where its power\\nmay be made available by the judicious employment of\\ncapital. This is particularly the case at Columbus, where\\nthe river, at its aj)];)i oach to town, makes a bend, and after\\nrunning round several miles, returns to the lower part of\\nthe town, leaving a comparatively narrow neck between\\nthe two points. A suifable dam to turn the water into a\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acanal, would give a large fall at its entrance into the river.\\nAt some future time Columbus will be largely engaged\\nin profitable manufacturing. I am not familiar with the\\ntoj^ography of the river from that point to Austin, but\\nthe probability is that there are many other available\\nlocalities for machinery. From Austin to the head of the\\nriver, and its tributaries which flow through the moun-\\ntains, many admirable sites for machinery are found.\\nPassing west from the Colorado we come to the San\\nMarcos. It is formed by an immense spring at the town\\nof San Marcos, where the water gushes out of the moun-\\ntain from several springs, forming a volume constituting a\\nconsiderable river. JS ear the spring there is a fine site\\nfor machinery. The falls continue for fifteen or twenty\\nmiles, afibrding many fine mill sites.\\nFrom Gonzales, where the San Marcos enters into the\\n(xuadalupe, up to Seguin, there are several points on the\\nriver capable of being made available for machinery but\\nfrom Seguin up to the head of the river, and especially from\\nSeguin to New Braunfels, we have a magnificent water\\npower. At Seguin commences a series of falls of from two to\\nnine or ten feet perpendicular height. Between the two\\npoints, a distance of fifteen miles, there is a descent of eighty\\nfeet. Nearly all of these falls, which occur at intervals\\nof from one to three miles, may be utilized. At Braunfels,\\nwhere the Comal Spring issues from the mountain in a", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nvolume sufficient to form a considercible river, there is a\\nwater power easily commanded sufficient to make it a\\nsecond Lowell. From that point to the head of the river\\nthere is a large amount of fine and available water power.\\nStill further west we come to the San Antonio river,\\nanother permanent current stream abounding in valuable\\nmill and factory sites. Beginning at the town of Goliad,\\nthere is a fall or rapid, where Ihe river passes over a\\nrocky formation, presenting a fine site for machinery.\\nGoliad is forty or fifty miles from the coast. From that\\npoint to Colctfiel Skyles place, below the Conchester cross-\\ning of the river, in the upper part of Karnes county\\nthere are available points where the water power may be\\nused to advantage. From the lower part of Colonel\\nSkyles place to the Conchester crossing, a distance of\\nthree miles, there is a fall of about thirty feet. There are^\\nbesides some rapids, three several falls one perpendicu-\\nlar of six or eight feet the other two are sloj)es, and\\nwould require a low dam to control the waters, and are^\\none eight and the other eleven feet high. They are formed\\nby beds of sandstone of excellent quality. The stone is\\nin layers of convenient thickness for quarrying, and in\\ninexhaustible quantity. T^ature seems to have designed\\nthe locality for an immense manufacturing city. From\\nthat point to San Antonio there are various sites for ma-\\nchinery. Still further west, the head waters of the JN euces,\\nFrio and other streams rising in the mountains affiird\\nample power for large factories. These streams extend\\nto the Rio Grande.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "FERRY, COMAL RIVER.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nMOUNTAINS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AI.TITUDES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MINERALS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COPPER, LEAD, IRON, SILVER, COAL, ETC.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094GUANO IN BAT CAVES.\\nMOUIS TAINS. In the old maps a good many moun-\\ntains were laid down as the Tehuacana, in Lime-\\nstone county Colorado Mountains, above Austin; Gruada-\\nlupe Mountains, in Kerr county Pack Saddle and other\\npeaks, in Llano county and other elevations, dignified\\nwith the name of mountains. Later maps still mark some\\npeaks as mountains; as Double Mountain, at the northwest\\ncorner of Jones county the White Sand Hills, in Tom\\nGreen county Chenati and some other peaks, in Presidio\\ncounty and Eagle Mountains, in El Paso county. The\\nmountains of Texas, in a mountainous country, would be\\ncalled hills, though some of them rise to a respectable\\nheight.\\nThousands of invalids annually visit Texas for their\\nhealth. To such, the question of altitude is one of con-\\nsiderable importance and we give the altitudes of leading\\npoints in different parts of the State. But we will state,\\nthat even the flat, coast region is so swept by delightful\\nsea-breezes that it is pleasant and healthy. But as we\\npenetrate the interior, and gain a greater altitude, the\\natmosphere becomes more pure and stimulating. The\\nhighest spurs of what is called the Guadalupe range are\\nabout 5,000 feet above the sea level.\\nRed river, at the mouth of the Big Wichita, has an", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "(56 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nelevation of about 900 feet San Antonio, 600 feet Aus-\\ntin, 600 Castroville, 767 Fort Duncan, 800 Fort\\nLincoln, 900; Fort Inge, 845 Fort Clark, 1,000; Round\\nRock, 1,145 Fort Chadburn, 2,120; Phantom Hill, 2,300\\nFredricksburg 1,500 Valley of the Pecos 2,350 Jacks-\\nboro, 2,000; El Paso, 3,750; highest point on the San\\nAntonio and El Paso road, 5,765 Llano Estacada, about\\n2,400 Fort Worth 629 Dallas 481 feet.\\nMiNEEALS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 So far, the geological surveys of Texas\\nhave been very meager and superficial. The office of\\nState Geologist was created in 1858. In 1859, B. F.\\nShumard commenced operations, as State Geologist but\\nwas superseded in that ofBce the next year by Dr. Francis\\nMoore, Jr., who had hardly commenced field-work when\\nthe war broke up his operations. John W. Glenn held\\nthe oface for a short time in 1873 and S. B.Buckley, in\\n1874. The following summary is from the pen of Prof.\\nA. R. Rossler, who was assistant geologist under Dr.\\nShumard\\nCopper Copper, covering as it does a large area of\\ncountry, is almost inexhaustible, and will afford a vast,\\nfund of wealth for generations to come. A large portion\\nof the counties of Archer, Wichita, Clay, Haskell, Terri-\\ntory of Bexar, counties of Pecos and Presidio extending\\nto the Rio Grande\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is filled with immense hills of copper\\nore, some of which has been thoroughly tested and will\\nyield on the average 55.44 per cent, of metal though\\nsome particular localities have produced specimens even as\\nrich as 68 per cent., containing, besides, some silver,\\noxide of iron, etc.\\nThe first intelligence I received of the existence of this\\nunexampled deposit of copper ore, was through M. D.\\nBullion, of Hunt county, Texas, who sent me a small\\npiece of this ore in an envelope, for examination, with the", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "VALUABLE COPPER DEPOSITS. 67\\nremark, If this stuif is of any account, I can load up five\\nhundred wagons, without digging, from a 320-acre tract/\\nUpon examination, I found it to be a highly interesting\\nspecimen of copper glance, (nearly a pure sulphuret),\\ncontaining 55.44 per cent, of metal. Its geological con-\\nnections are of the highest interest and proved that this\\nmetalliferous tract is a portion of the Permian formation,\\nwhich stretches from Kansas down into Texas, and is the\\nonly example of this formation in the United States\\nIn 1870, after traversing the cretaceous and carbon-\\niferous series northward of Weatherford, Parker county,\\nI was very agreeably surprised by a grand panorama of\\noutcroj^ping of this formation. This system (Permian),\\nis extensively developed in Russia, between the Ural\\nMountains and the river Volga, in the north of England,\\nand also in Germany, where it is mined for its treasures\\nof copper, silver, nickel and cobalt ores. In Texas the\\nore is found on the hillsides and also on the surface, dvina:\\nno trouble for mining or drainage. Four persons in ten\\nhours took out six thousand pounds, averaging sixty per\\ncent. Coal, timber, limestone, soapstone, and all the\\nrequisites for building furnaces and smelting ores are in\\nthe vicinity, and the projected line of the Southern Pacific\\nrailroad passes over the locality. At present, mining\\noperations cannot be safely prosecuted, owing to the prox-\\nimity of bands of prowling Indians.\\nThe hills which I have traced throughout Archer,\\nWichita, Haskell and Clay counties, are nearly barren\\ntowering above the most beautiful and fertile Mesquite\\nprairies, fringed by the finely timbered bottoms of the\\ntributaries of Red River, and are exceedingly picturesque.\\nExplorations of the copper veins, over the summits\\nand sides of the hills, justify the conclusion that within\\nthe extent of one degree of longitude along the Little", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "0g HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWichita River, hardly a tract of 160 acres could be found\\nwithout large accumulations of ore upon the surface.\\nThe vein lodes are parallel with the strata, but there is\\nsufficient evidence that they partake of the nature of\\ntrue veins.\\nManganese, Cobalt, Nickel and Bismuth.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leads\\nof manganese, cobalt, nickle and bismuth are often met\\nwith The copper ore contains only 25 per cent of im-\\npurities, is far superior to the ferro sulphuret of copper\\nor copper pyrites generally worked for in England and\\nin native copper ore as found at Lake Superior. It is\\neasily smelted, and the strata in which it is found is more\\neasily excavated than any other in which copper ores\\noccur.\\nLead and Silver.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 These two metals are always as-\\nsociated together in this State. The calciferous sandrock\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094which is the lead-bearing rock of Missouri\u00e2\u0080\u0094 abounds\\nin Texas, and the varieties found in it here are carbonate\\nof lead, sulphuret of lead and molybdate of lead. The\\nformer two always contain such large quantities of silver\\nas to be considered silver ore. A sample from a three\\nfeet vein in Llano county, gave a yield of 286 ounces of\\nsilver and 74.45 per cent. lead. It is -the carbonate ot\\nlead in combination with the sulphuret, and owing to the\\nlarge percentage of the former will be very easily reduced.\\nThe indications are very favorable for a very large quan-\\ntity and excellent quality of ore. At present, lands in\\nthis section of the State are of very little value notwith-\\nstanding the abundance of minerals and timber. With a\\nwell developed mining industry established here, no other\\ncountry could compete with this region, so far as regards\\nfuel, construction timber and materials for building and\\nsustaining a railroad. There are about 10,000 acres of\\nvacant land, and the lands already located can be had tor\\na trifle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the rocks of which are silver and gold bearing.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "IMMENSE lEON DEPOSITS. 69\\nThe examination of shafts to a depth of fifty feet, chisel\\nand drill marks, and other mimistakable evidences, leave\\nno doubt that the Spaniards formerly worked these mines,\\nand remains of the ore worked, show it to have been very\\nrich.\\nIeon. The iron deposits of ]N orthwestern Texas are of\\nthe most remarkable character, equalling in extent and\\nrichness those of Sweden, Missouri, New Jersey and New\\nYork. They include almost every variety magnetic,\\nspathic, specular and hematite ores. The largest deposits\\nof magnetic iron ores occur in Mason, Llano and more\\nWestern counties. Immense loose masses of ore lie\\nscattered over the surface, which have been U2:)heaved by\\nigneous agencies from unknown depths below. Most of\\nthese are in true veins. As no true metallic vein has ever\\nbeen traced downward to its termination, the supply is\\ninexhaustible. The analysis of an average specimen gave\\n96.890 per cent, of per-oxide of iron, with 2.818 per cent,\\nof isoluble silicious substances proving it to be a mag-\\nnetic oxide, which will yield 74.93 pounds of metallic iron\\nto 100 pounds of ore.\\nThe prevailing rocks are red feldspathic granite, gneiss,\\nquartz, talcose and chloritic shists. Granite ridge sur-\\nrounds the deposits, and veins of quartz traverse it in all\\ndirections. The limestone of the palezoic and cretaceous\\nrocks are in the immediate vicinity, from which materials\\nfor flux can be easily obtained. A most remarkable de-\\nvelopment of hematite and limonite occurs on the w^aters\\nof Red Kiver. It is found in regular layers of from fifty\\nto sixty feet in thickness. Associated with these ores are\\nvarious oxides of iron, suitable for pigments of red,\\nyellow and brown colors distributed, forming regular\\nlayers of several feet in thickness. The largest amount\\nis on vacant lands subject to location by certificates.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nCoal. The coal-bearing rocks of Texas occupy an\\narea of not less than 6,000 square miles, embracing the\\ncounties of Young, Jack, Palo Pinto, Eastland, Brown,\\nComanche, Callahan, Coleman, and extending to the Ter-\\nritory of Bexar. The rocks contain the characteristics\\nbelonging to the coal measures of Missouri and other\\nWestern States. In general aj^pearance, this coal resem-\\nbles that from Belleville, Illinois. The analysis gives,\\nfixed carbon, 52 per cent.; volatile matter, 36 per cent.;\\nashes, 3 per cent.\\nThis coal cokes with a great flame, without changing\\nits form, and the development of this valuable mineral is\\ndestined to be of the greatest importance to the State.\\nAntheacite Coal, lighter and more brittle than the\\nanthracites of Pennsylvania, has been found in various\\nparts of the State, but I had no opportunity to visit the\\nlocalities.\\nLignites, Tertiary, and other coals of more recent\\norigin, occuj^y an area of some 10,000 square miles in\\nconnection with the true coal formation on many points\\nof the Rio Grande, in Webb, x\\\\tascosa and Frio counties.\\nThey are mostly soft, sulphurous and ashy, but superior\\nto German brown coals.\\nAsphaltum. Asphaltum has been found in Hardin,\\nTravis, Burnet, Llano and many counties on Red River.\\nThe earth for some distance around certain acid springs\\nis charged with it, and may be employed for the purpose\\nof illumination. For pavements, roofing and other uses,\\nthis material is too well known to require further mention.\\nGypsum. In the northwestern portion of the State\\nis the largest deposit of gypsum known to exist in the\\nworld, spreading over two hundred miles on the upper\\nRed River and its tributaries. This will be of great\\nvalue as a fertilizer. Some of the specimens are as trans-\\nparent as the purest glass, easily split into thin layers.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE FAMOUS BAT CAVE. 71\\nSalt. There are a great many salt springs and salt\\nlakes in this formation. Salt is manufactured in the\\ngreat laboratory of Nature by solar evaporation. The\\nmost important locality producing almost an inexhaustible\\namount of salt, is Sal Del Rey, the greatest Salt Lake in\\nHidalgo county, and at the Horsehead crossing on Pecos\\nRiver, Pecos county. The salt here is ready formed, and\\nneed only be shoveled up and taken to market. The\\nwater is so strongly impregnated that the human body\\ncannot be made to sink in it. The salt is very pure and\\nfit for table use, without refining.\\nPetroleum springs occur over a space of about fifty\\nsquare yards, in Hardin county, and it is highly probable\\nthat larger supplies may be obtained by boring. The\\nsurface indications are certainly as favorable as those of\\nthe now famous oil wells of Pennsylvania and northern\\nOhio, prior to the discovery by deep boring. Extensive\\nquarries of marble, roofing slate, grindstone, soapstone\\nand asbestos, with a large class of metallic substances\\nusually present in highly metalliferous regions such as\\nalum, cobalt, nickel, manganese, arsenic, etc. are-\\nabundant.\\nGuano. It is only a short time since this important\\narticle of commerce has been discovered in Texas and\\nthough only a few caves have been examined, there can\\nbe no question but there is an inexhaustible supply of\\nguano concealed in our mountain caves. One has been\\nfound in Bexar county, twenty miles northeast of San\\nAntonio, containing many acres forty feet under ground,\\nwith an unknown depth of Guano. Another immense\\ndeposit exists in a cave eight miles south-west of Bandera;\\nand another in Williamson county, three miles from\\nGeorgetown. There can be no doubt that a thorough\\ngeological survey of our State will develop inexhaustible\\nmines of wealth.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe following is from a newspaper published in the\\ncounty in which the cave mentioned is located\\nThe Uvalde Umpire describes the famous bat cave\\nin that county, and the operations of the Texas Gruano\\nCompany, formed about nine months or one year ago, by\\nMr, Huertzall, of Galveston, for the removal of the\\nguano. The Umpire says\\nThe company have been making very satisfactory\\nheadway, removing from three to ten tons each day, which\\nthey immediately ship to Galveston, thence to Scotland,\\nwhere use is made of it for different purposes, but princi-\\npally in the manufacture of ammonia and other medicals.\\nThe mountains where the bat cave is situated are about\\ntwenty miles north of Uvalde. Near the top of one of the\\nhighest in the range are the several openings of the cave.\\nThese entrances are facing north, the largest being about\\nfifty feet in width, and twenty in height, the others being\\nsmaller, decreasing to a size not large enough to allow a\\nman to get through. The cave increases in dimensions\\ninside, and extends a considerable distance beyond where\\nthe workmen are engaged removing the guano, at a\\npoint 450 or 500 feet from the entrance. There is a tram-\\nway constructed upon which are run cars or carts, with\\na carrying capacity of about one ton each. The motive\\npower is a jack, run by the same engine used in the\\noperations of drying. The drying operation is a very\\ningenious construction, originated by Mr. Huertzall. It\\nis an iron cylinder about 3 1-2 feet in diameter, resting\\nupon a stone foundation, and directly beneath it is placed\\nthe fire in this cylinder runs a shaft to which are at-\\ntached a number of small arms or paddles. The revolving\\nof this shaft and paddles causes the guano to pass entirely\\nthrough the cylinder, after which it is sufficiently dry to\\npack for shipment. It is expected that an improvement", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "BATS INNUMERABLE. 73\\nwill be made in all the machinery used, so as to enable\\nthem to prepare 20 or 30 tons per day for shipment. It\\nis supposed that the amount of guano in this cave is so\\ngreat that, at the present rate of removing it, it will be\\nyears before the more accessible portions of it are re-\\nmoved. It would be utterly impossible for one to make\\neven a fairly correct estimate of the number of bats inhab-\\niting the cave but that an idea may be given, we would\\nstate that for more than three hours they were passing\\nout in a flock or continual flying procession, occupying\\nthe entire width of the openings of the entrance.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "PART II.\\nTexas Under Spanish\\nDomination.\\nFROM 1685 TO 1820.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nXANDING OF LA SALLE MISFORTUXES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FORT ST. LOUIS, ON THE LAVACA\\nRIVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LA SALLE ASSASSINATED ON THE NECHES RIVER BY HIS OWN MEN-\\nFORT ST. LOUIS IN RUINS.\\nCA)LTH0UGH Spanish adventurers had, during the\\nlatter part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,\\npassed through the interior of Texas, historians usually\\nbegin its history with the landing of the French under\\nLa Salle, on its soil, in the year 1685. After having\\ndescended the great river of the continent, and having\\nplanted the standard of France at its mouth, La Salle\\nreturned to France to procure the men and means for\\nplanting a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi in order\\nto open a new route for commerce between France and\\nher Canadian colonies. He was successful in his applica-\\ntion at the court of Louis XIV. The king granted all\\nthat the great discoverer desired, and in a manner suitable\\nto the importance of the enterprise and the dignity and\\nmunificence of the greatest of French kings. A commis-\\nsion was issued, giving him authority to establish colonies\\nin Louisiana, and placing him in command of the expedi-\\ntion. A squadron of four vessels was provided and\\nfurnished by the king. The Joil, a frigate of thirty-six\\nguns the Belle, of six guns, a present from the king to\\nLa Salle the Amiable, a shij of some two hundred tons\\nburden and a small vessel, the St. Francis, carrying\\nmunitions. Beaujeau, who commanded the Joil, was also\\ncommander or sailing master of the squadron, but under", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "SCEXE OX THE MISSISSIPPI\\nIn the time of La Salle.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "INDIAN DIFFICULTIES. 79\\nthe direction of La Salle, except in the business of\\nnavigating the ships at sea, until they should arrive in\\nAmerica. There vere seven missionaries, one hundred\\nsoldiers, thirty volunteers, and mechanics, girls, etc.,\\nmaking about three hundred in alL Among these were\\ntwo nephews of La Salle.\\nThe squadron sailed from Rochelle, July 24, 1684.\\nDisputes arose between La Salle and his naval commander\\non the outward voyage, which was a tedious one. The\\nSt. Francis was captured by the Spaniards. Land was\\ndiscovered on the 26th of December, which they supposed\\nto be the coast of Florida, and this induced them to\\nchange their course to the south-west. La Salle had\\nmiscalculated the latitude of the mouth of the river, and\\nhad been driven too far wesi* by the winds. According to\\nJoutel, the historian of the expedition, a landing was first\\neffected near Corpus Christi, early in January, 1685.\\nBecoming satisfied that they had passed the mouth of\\nthe river, they re-embarked, and sailed uj) the coast,\\nmaking an occasional landing, until February 13, (says\\nJoutel other accounts say 18th,) w^hen the Belle crossed\\nthe bar at Pass Cavallo, into a bay named by them San\\nBernardo since Matagorda. On the 20th, the Amiable\\nw^as lost in tr^dng to enter the harbor. Two temporary\\ncamps were established one on ^Matagorda Island, near\\nthe present light-house, and the other on the main-land,\\nup towards Indianola. At first the Indians were friendly\\nand hospitable, but difficulties arose between some of the\\nprivates and inferior officers and the Indians, and on the\\n5th of March, Ory and Desloges were killed by them.\\nAfter landing, the lYaval Commander became more and\\nmore quarrelsome, and finally, in a pet, sailed with the\\nAmiable for France, taking with him her crew, and a\\nxjonsiderable portion of the ammunition and supplies", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "80 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nintended for the colony. La Salle was thus left with but\\none small vessel, the Belle, and in the summer she was-\\nsent across the bay ^on an excursion, and was lost near\\nDog Island. This left the colony without the means of\\nleaving the country by water. They crossed the bay to\\nsecure a better location for a permanent fort, and entered\\na river, which, from the number of buffaloes on the\\nbanks, they named Las Veches, or river of Beeves.\\n(Joutel calls the buffaloes wild cattle, and the deer wild\\ngoats.) The summer was occupied in erecting the nec-\\nessary buildings, and removing the stores to the new\\nfort at Dimitt s Point on the Lavaca River with occas-\\ninal excursions in various directions, in hopes of finding\\nthe great river. The company now consisted of about\\n180 j^ersons.\\nIn January, 1686, leaving Joutel in charge of the fort.\\nLa Salle, with twenty companions, started upon an\\nexcursion to hunt for the Mississippi River. He traveled\\nas far as the Brazos River, where he had the misfortune\\nto lose one of his men, who was either drowned or de-\\nvoured by an alligator. Becoming satisfied that he was\\nentirely too far to the west, he returned to the fort, having\\nlost five of his men.\\nWhile in Canada, La Salle had in his service a faithful\\nlieutenant, De Tonti, the iron-handed. (He had lost one\\nof his hands in battle, and had substituted one of iron.)\\nDe Tonti had been instructed by La Salle to descend the\\nMississippi River to the mouth of the Arkansas, and\\nestablish a fort, and collect supplies for the colony he was\\nbringing out from France.\\nBelieving that his lieutenant would be found at the\\ndesignated place, La Salle, about the last of April, with\\ntwenty companions, started, intending to discover the\\nriver at the point occupied by his faithful De Tonti. The", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE AND HIS COMPANIONS. 81\\nstreams were swollen, and progress was difficult, but he\\nfinally reached the villages of the friendly Xassonite\\nand Cennis Indians, on the Trinity and Neches Rivers.\\nWhile camped on the latter stream, he and his nephew\\nwere prostrated by a fever. When they had sufficiently\\nrecovered to resume their journey, they found that the\\nimprovident hunters had nearly exhausted their ammu-\\nnition, and it would be necessary to return to their fort\\nfor a fresh supply. Between deaths and desertions, La\\nSalle now had but eight of the twenty men with whom\\nhe started. These, with five horses procured from the\\nIndians, reached the fort in August. They found the\\nnumber in the fort also greatly reduced, so that there\\nwere now but thirty-four remaining alive.\\nAgain, on the 12th of January, 1687, La Salle, with\\nseventeen companions, started to the northeast. This\\ntime he took Joutel, leaving the fort with seventeen per-\\nsons, including seven women, in charge of Sieur Barbier,\\nwho had just married one of the maidens brought out\\nfrom France. In giving dates and the route of travel,\\nwe follow the journal of Joutel, though he tells us that\\nhe is not certain as to many of them. On Joutel s map\\nthere is a place laid down, called Bucon, about where the\\nTexana and Victoria road crosses the Lavaca River.\\nThis is the point where La Salle camped on the night he\\nleft the fort. The next day they crossed a plain two\\nleagues, to the Prince s (Navidad) River this they found\\nswollen, and for two days traveled up its west bank. On\\nthe third day, by felling a tree, they succeeded in crossing\\ntheir baggage. On Skull Creek they found an Indian\\nvillage (probably Tonkawas) the French called it Habe-\\nmos. On the 21st they crossed the river of Canes,\\n(Colorado, about Eagle Lake). Heavy rains delayed\\nthem, and they crossed the river of Sand Banks, (San", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nBernard) on the 26th. On Joutel s map are laid down\\nsuccessively, though under French names, Skull\\nCreek, New Year s Creek, the Maligne, or Brazos River\\nthe Eure (San Jacinto), River of Canoes, so called because\\nin his former voyage, La Salle had to procure canoes to\\ncross it (the Trinity), the Neches, the Angelina and the\\nSabine. The streams between the San Bernard and Red\\nRivers are marked as having unknown mouths. In La\\nSalle s first trip he had buried some provisions near his\\ncamp on the JSTeches River. These were found, but in a\\ncondition unfit for use, and they halted for a few days to\\nprocure a fresh supply. A j)arty was sent out to kill\\nnaeat. Some of the party had previously manifested a\\nquarrelsome and insubordinate disposition. The leader\\nof this party was Duhaut, who had persuaded Heins, a\\nformer buccaneer, Liotot and two others to join him in\\nthe conspiracy. It so happened that the five conspirators\\nwere out with the party killing and drying meat. They\\nhad a special spite towards Moragnet, La Salle s nephew.\\nLa Salle dispatched his nephew and two others to the\\ncamp for dried meat. Duhaut and Moragnet quarreled\\nabout some nice bits of meat, which the hunters claimed\\nas a special perquisite, and Duhaut determined upon re-\\nvenge. That night, while the most of the men were\\nasleep, Duhaut, Hiens and Liotot, with their axes, killed\\nMoragnet and his friend Saget, and La Salle s faithful\\nhunter, JSTika, who had followed him from Canada. The\\nconspirators next resolved upon the death of La Salle,\\nand an opportunity to execute their purpose was soon\\nafibrded. He, uneasy at the long absence of his nephew,\\nwith Father Ansatase, the priest, and two Indians for\\nguides, went to hunt the party, and after a few miles\\ntravel he found the bloody cravat of Saget, and saw\\nbuzzards flying in the air. He concluded the hunters\\nwere not far distant, and fired his gun. The conspirators", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "INDIANS.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 85\\nheard it and supposed it was La Salle. Duhaut and\\nL Archeveque, seeing La Salle approaching the place\\nwhere they were, stopped, and Diihaut hid himself in the\\ngrass. Just as La Salle inquired of the other where his\\nnephew was, Duhaut, from his concealment, shot the\\ngreat captain in the head. He fell in the arms of the\\nfaithful j)riest he never spoke, but pressed the father s\\nhand in token of recognition, and expired. The good\\nfather, with his own hands, dug his grave and erected\\nover it a rude cross. The chief conspirators did not long\\nsurvive. Duhaut was shot by Hiens, and Liotot by\\nRutel, a Frenchman who had been lost during La Salle s\\nfirst journey, and had now rejoined his companions.\\nJoutel, who succeeded to the command, with six compan-\\nions, after some delay, resumed their journey. Crossing\\nRed River, June 16th, and pursuing their journey, they\\nwere gratified, on the 20th of July, by the sight of the\\nFrench flag, floating over the fort erected by the faithful\\nDe Tonti at the mouth of the Arkansas River.\\nSoon after the departure of La Salle s party from Fort\\nSaint Louis, that place, so weakened, fell before the blood-\\nthirsty Caranchuas,* though it is said that De Leon the\\nJacob Grollet and John L Archeveque, who were subsequently taken from\\namong the Indians by De Leon, gave the following account of the destruc-\\ntion of the fort. The Indiai^ referred to were another band of Caran-\\nchuas, or possibly a band of the Lipans, from the west. The two French-\\nmen made in substance to the Governor the following statement: That\\nwhile the Indians in the vicinity of the fort appeared to be friendly with the\\nFrench, and they had no reason to suspect any bad Intentions or treachery\\nfrom them, and at a time when the French were scattered about the bay\\nconstructing their fort, wliich they had named Saint Louis, and engaged in\\nother peaceable pursuits, tliey were surprised and assailed by a large body of\\nIndians, who had been watching thoni for some time, and all were killed\\nexcent five, wlio only owed their salvation to the promptitude of their llight\\n\u00c2\u00abo V friendly Asiuais.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nnext year found a few of the survivors among the Indians,\\nand restored them to their countrymen.\\nThe following map, from the journal of Joutel, indi-\\ncates the portions of the State traversed by the French\\nJG84-IG8S", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nOE LEON GOVERNOR OP MONCLOVA, IN TEXAS-FOUNDS PRESIDIO ON THK\\nRIO GRANDE IN 1690\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SUCCEEDED BY DOMINGO TERAN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ST. DENIS ON THE\\nRIO GRANDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN D ALARCONNE AND LA HARPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBELISLE ON THE COAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN LEAGUE.\\n)t(hIS expedition into Texas by the French was soon\\nJ- known in Mexico. The Count of Monclova became\\nviceroy in JS ovember 17, 1686, and one of the first acts\\nof the new administration was to take measures to\\ndislodge the colony of La Salle. A military post was\\nestablished in the interior, named for the new viceroy,\\nMonclova, and Captain Alonzo De Leon was appointed\\nto the command, with the title of Grovernor of Coaquila,\\n(afterwards spelled generally Coahuila). After settling\\naifairs to his satisfaction, at Monclova, De Leon started\\nto dislodge the French from their post on the Lavaca\\nriver. With one hundred men he left Monclova in the\\nspring of 1689, and arrived at the ruins of the old fort,\\nApril 22d. He penetrated the country as far as the\\nvillages of the Cenis Indians, and recovered a few of the\\ncolonists of La Salle, and humanely returned most of\\nthem to their own country. Having been informed of\\nthe murder of La Salle, and that one or two of the con-\\nspirators were still among the Indians, he captured\\nthem, and they were condemned to the mines for life. In\\n1690 De Leon again visited Texas. He founded the\\nmission of San Juan Bautista, on the Rio Grande, at", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nPresidio, and projected the mission of San Francisco,\\nnear the old fort of La Salle.\\nIn 1691 he was superseded in the command by\\nDomingo Teran, who became very much interested in\\nTexas, and traversed the country as far as Red river.\\nHe projected quite a number of settlements and missions\\nbut his plans were frustrated by the hostility of the\\nIndians.\\nIn 1712, Louis XIV, of France, granted to Anthony\\nCrozat, September 14th, the Louisiana country, watered\\nby the Mississippi and its tributaries. Two years later,\\nCrozat, who was a merchant, sent Huechereau St. Denis\\non a trading expedition to the Rio Grande. When St.\\nDenis returned through Texas, the Spaniards sent Domin-\\ngo Ramon, with a few soldiers and friars, to establish\\nmissions.\\nIn 1718, war was declared between France and Spain.\\nEarly in the spring of 1719, St. Denis and La Harpe\\ncollected a small force and invaded Texas, driving the\\nSpaniards from the mission establishments in the east,\\nand i: enetrated the country as far as San Antonio. Here\\nthey were met by the new governor, the Marquis De\\nAguayo, who had nearly five hundred soldiers, and was\\nprepared to maintain Spanish authority in the province.\\nSt. Denis retired to Natchitoches but La Harpe\\nremained among friendly Indians, on the JNTeches river.\\nIn the meantime, De Aguayo had been superseded by\\nDon Martin D Alarconne, as Governor of Texas. When\\nD Alarconne learned that La Harpe was in the Indian\\nvillage, he addressed him the following note\\nMonsieur I am very sensible of the j)oliteness\\nthat M. De Bienville and yourself had the goodness to\\nshow to me. The orders I have received from the king,\\nmy master, are, to maintain a good understanding with", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "OFFICIAL COKRESPONDENCE. 89\\nthe French of Louisiana my own inclinations lead me\\nequally to afford them all the services that depend upon\\nme. But I am compelled to say, that your arrival at the\\nNassonite village surprises me much. Your governor\\ncould not be ignorant that the post you occupy belongs to\\nmy Government, and that all the lands west of the\\nNassonites depend upon New Mexico. I counsel you to\\nadvise M. De Bienville of this, or you will force me to\\noblige you to abandon lands that the French have no\\nright to occupy. I have the honor to be, etc.,\\nDe Alarconne.\\nTrinity River, May 20, 1719.\\nTo this the French commander sent the following\\nreply\\nMonsieur: The order from his Catholic majesty, to\\nmaintain a good understanding with the French of\\nLouisiana, and the kind intentions you have yourself\\nexpressed towards them, accord but little with your\\nproceedings. Permit me to inform you that M.\\nDe Bienville is perfectly informed of the limits of his\\nGovernment, and is very certain that the post of the\\nNassonites depends not upon the dominions of his Catho-\\nlic Majesty. He knows, also, that the province of Las\\nTekas (Texas), of which you say you are Governor, is a\\npart of Louisiana. M. de La Salle took possession in\\n1685, in the name of his most Christian Majesty and\\nsince the above epoch, possession has been renewed from\\ntime to time. Respecting the post of the Nassonites, T\\ncannot comprehend by what right you pretend that it\\nforms a part of New Mexico. I beg leave to represent\\nto you, that Don Antonio De Minor, who discovered New\\nMexico in 1683, never penetrated east of the province,\\nor the Rio Bravo. It was the French who first made", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "^0 ^IISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nalliance with the savage tribes in this region and it is\\nnatural to conclude that a river that flows into the Missis-\\nsippi, and the land it waters, belongs to the king my\\nmaster. If you will do me the pleasure to come into this\\nquarter, I will convince you I hold a post I know how to\\ndefend. I have the honor to be, etc.,\\nDe La Haepe.\\nNassonite, July 8, 1719.\\nThe above correspondence gives the gist of the contro-\\nversy between France and Spain in reference to the\\nownership of Texas. It happened, fortunately for the\\nFrench, that during the same year in which the above\\ncorrespondence took place, D Alarconne, not having been\\nre-inforced, as he requested, so that he could exj^el the\\nFrench from East Texas, resigned his office and returned\\nto Mexico. And the same year, another comj)any of\\nFrench, under Mons. Belisle, in sailing for the mouth of\\nthe Mississippi, landed, as La Salle had done before them,\\nin Matagorda Bay. (See Belisle). Belisle having thus\\nformed an acquaintance with Texas, and a league with\\nsome of the civilized Indian tribes, was sent back in 1721,\\nby the enterprising De Bienville, to plant a French colony\\non the waters of Matagorda Bay. After a feeble effort to\\nmaintain a settlement, the project was abandoned, and\\nwith it the French claim to Texas.\\nIn 1768, France transferred her Louisiana possessions\\nto Spain but in 1800, Spain retroceded the country to\\nFrance and in 1803, Bonaparte sold it to the United\\nStates. After the latter Government obtained posses-\\nsion, the claim to a part of Texas was again revived under\\nthe right acquired by its occupancy by La Salle.\\nWhile these disputes were pending, the settlements of\\nihe French in Louisiana, and of all the Spaniards in", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "DEFEAT OF THE NATCHEZ. 91\\nTexas, were threatened with utter extermination by a\\nformidable Indian league, in 1729. The numerous and\\npowerful tribe of Natchez, in conjunction with kindred\\ntribes in Louisiana, succeeded in enlisting the Comanches\\nand Apaches in the attempt to drive from the country at\\nonce, both the Spaniards in Texas and the French in\\nLouisiana. Fortunately this plot was disclosed to Saint\\nDenis by some of his friends among the Indians. He\\nimmediately mustered a small force and entered the ter-\\nritory of the Natchez and defeated them before they had\\ntime to rally for a fight. At San Antonio, Governor\\nBustillos was engaged in introducing and settling the\\nnew families from the Canary Islands, and the Indians\\nwere troublesome and defiant until 1732, when he\\norganized a military expedition and entered their territo-\\nries and chastised them.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nMISSION ESTABLISHMENTS FIRST MASS MISSIONS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER\\nADAES, AES, ALAMO, CONCP:PCION, LA ESPADA, GUADALUPE, LA BAHIA, LA TRIN-\\nIDAD, LORETTO, NACOGDOCHES, ORQUIZACO, REFUGIO, ROSARIO, SAN FERNAN-\\nDES, SAN JOSE, SAN SABA.\\n/TV HE period in which the Spaniards occupied Texas\\n-L 1690 to the- Mexican Revolution in 1820 has been\\nnot inappropriately called The Mission Period. The\\ndiscovery of the American Continent opened to the crowded\\npopulation of Europe a new door for enterprise and\\nthey were not slow in entering it. The adventurers who\\nfirst visited this country had two objects in view. The\\nfirst was to add to the dominions of their respective sov-\\nreigns and the second, to extend the Christian religion.\\nThe establishment of missions accomplished both these\\npurposes possession of the country was secured, and\\nprovision made for the conversion of the aborigines.\\nOur knowledge of the history of these grand old struct-\\nures in Texas, is very meager but we give in a condensed\\nform all the facts accessible.\\nIn 1690, Alonzo He Leon, as we have seen, when on\\nhis route to Texas, founded on the Rio Grande the Mission\\nand then the Presidio of San Juan Bautista. Having\\narrived in the neighborhood of La Salle s abandoned\\nfort, he projected a mission to be called San Francisco,\\nafter the founder of the order of Saint Francis. The first\\nmass was celebrated by the fathers accompanying De\\nLeon, on the 25th of May, 1690. The misaiou was never\\nbuilt.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3300", "width": "1981", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "spa:nish missions. 95\\nIn 1691, says Mayer, page 218, the province of\\nAsinais, or Texas, as it was called by the Spaniards, was\\nsettled by some emigrants, and visited by fourteen Span-\\nish monks, who were anxious to devote themselves to the\\nconversion of the Indians, and a garrison and mission\\nwere at that tune estabhshed/ The location of this\\nestabhshment can now hardly be identified. The Indians\\nwere troublesome, andfrequent removalstook place. We\\nquote again from Mayer: Alarconne, the Governor,\\nearly in 1718, crossed the Medina, \\\\\\\\ath a large number\\nof soldiers, settlers and mechanics and founded the to^vn\\nof Bexar, with the fortress of San Antonio, and the\\nmission of San Antonio Yalero. This was not the fii st\\nsettlement of the neighborhood, as Margil and Saint\\nDenis found a considerable population there in 1714.\\nBexar was so named for the Duke of Bexar, then Vice-\\nroy. Alarconne, saysMayer, pushedontothecountry\\nof the Cennis Indians, where having strengthened the\\nmissionary force, he crossed the river Adaes, which he\\ncalled the Rio de San Francisco de Sabinas, and laid the\\nfoimdation of a fortress withm a short distance of the\\nFrench fort at ;N atchitoches, named by him the Presidio\\nde San Miguel Arcange de Lmares de Adaes. These\\nestabhshments were reinforced dm ing the next year, and\\nanother stronghold was erected on the Orquisacas,\\n(probably the Trinity or San Jacmto)\\nThese Texas missions were conducted by monks of the\\norder of Samt Francis, from the colleges of Quaretero\\nand of Zacatecas. In the west, locations were selected\\ncapable of u-rigation. Large ti-acts of land were given\\ntothemission, and as soon as practicable substantial stone\\nbuildings were erected. Among those builduigs was,\\nfirst, a chapel for worship, which also answered for a\\nfortress in case of danger. A considerable area was\\n8", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ninclosed with a stone wall, and buildings erected for the\\naccommodation of the priests, the soldiers, and such\\ndomestics as might be necessary to cultivate gardens and\\nattend to the domestic animals. The task assumed by\\nthe missionaries was not a light one. Father Marat, in\\n1712, complained that it was necessary first to trans-\\nform these Indians into men, and afterwards to labor to\\nmake them Christians.\\nIt is difficult to fix accurately either the location or\\ndate of these early establishments. The buildings first\\nerected were frequently temporary and removals often\\ntook place. Then, one projected a mission, and some one\\nelse established it. New invocations and new names\\nwere also given. For convenience, we will name the prin-\\ncipal missions in alphabetical order.\\nAdaes Our Lady Del Pilar [of the Baptismal Font of\\nParish). As we have seen, Mayer attributes the founda-\\ntion of this mission to De Alarconne. Other authorities\\nascribe its foundation to Ramon, in the time between 1715\\nand 1718. It was erected into a Presidio in 1781.\\nBesides holding the country against the French, its\\nobject was to convert the Adaes, a small band of Caddo\\nIndians. It was never very prosperous as a mission.\\nMonsieur De Pages, who visited it in 1768, describes it\\nas then consisting of forty houses besides the church.\\nIn 1790 it was entirely broken up, and the few Christian\\nIndians transferred to San Antonio, and a labor of land\\nknown as the Labor de Los Adaenis assigned them,\\nnear the church of the Alamo. In 1805, when Bishop\\nFeliciana Maria visited the Sabine in company- w; th\\nGovernor Cordero, he baptized two hundred neophytes in\\nthe old church. That was probably the last time it v as\\nused for worship.\\nAes Our Lady de Los Dolores, was established in", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE ALAMO. 97\\n1716, or 1717, for a small tribe of Indians near San\\nAgustine on Aes or Ayish Bayou. It was broken up in\\n1772 and a few Indians removed to San Antonio.\\nThe Alamo. The most important of these missions is\\nthat of Alamo this has been not inaptly called the\\nThermopylae of Texas, as here Travis and his heroic band\\nre-enacted the part performed by the brave Spartans\\nnearly twenty-three centuries before. The name and\\nlocation of this mission were frequently changed it was\\ncommenced on the Rio Grande in 1700, under the name\\nof San Francisco Solano in 1703 it was removed to a\\nplace called San Ildephonso in 1710 it was transferred\\nback to the Rio Grrande about the year 1716 or 1718,\\nprobably at the suggestion of Father Margill, it was\\nremoved to San Antonio and located at the San Pedro\\nSprings under the name of San Antonio de Valero, from\\nSaint Anthony of Padua and the Duke of Valero, then\\nViceroy of Mexico in 1732 it was moved to the Military\\nTlaza in the city, and in 1744 transferred across the river\\nto its present location, when it took the name of Alamo\\nPoplar Church. The corner stone of the building was laid\\nwith the usual ceremonies, May 8th, 1744 a slab in the\\nfront wall bears date 1757 it ceased to be used as a par-\\nish church in 1793.\\nMission Concepcion la Purissima de Acuna. Im-\\nmaculate Concepcion de Acuna^ from Juan de Acuna,\\nMarquis of Casa Fuerta, Viceroy in 1722 this, in a\\ntolerably good state of preservation, is situated on the left\\nbank of the river about two miles below the city. The\\nfoundation stone was laid March 5th, 1731, by Captain\\nPerez and Father Bergara it was never very prosperous,\\n.and had been discontinued as a mission parish when\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0visited by Pike in 1807.\\nEspada San Francisco de La Espada. Mission of", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSaint Francis of the sword intimating that those who\\nfounded this establishment belonged to the church mili-\\ntant, who had to wield the literal, as well as the spiritual\\nsword. It was first located on the Medina River, but.\\nowing to the frequent attacks of the Apaches, for greater-\\nsecurity it was removed to the San Antonio. This was in\\n1731 it was completed in 1750. Portions of the walls\\nand the sword-shaped tower are still standing.\\nGuadalupe Victoria; Our Lady of in Victoria\\ncounty, was probably projected by Ramon, in 1714. Its\\nobject was to found a Presidio, and open ditches for the\\nirrigation of the river valley. Extensive ruins still remain\\nin what is called Mission Valley.\\nLa Bah I a Del Espiritu Santo (Mission of the bay\\nof the Holy Spirit) at Groliad, was commenced about the\\nyear 1718, though the place was visited by De Leon in\\n1687. Domingo Teran, who founded so many of the\\nTexas missions, projected this. Bishop Odin is authority\\nfor the statement that the mission on the east side of the\\nriver, and since known as Aranama, was the original\\nEspiritu Santo Mission, while that on the west side was\\ncalled La Bahia. The former was for the Aranama In-\\ndians, while the latter was for the Caranchuas. The old\\nGoliad Mission Church is still used.\\nLa Trinidad. It is supposed that this mission was\\nprojected, and the foundation laid, in 1691, by Governor\\nTeran and the party of monks that entered the country\\nwith him that year. This mission possibly gave its name\\nto the Trinity River. It was situated a little below the\\ntown of Alabama. Owing to trouble with the Indians and\\nthe overflow of the river, the establishment was soon aban-\\ndoned for one near Nacogdoches.\\nLoRETTO, Our Lady Of. A mission by this name was\\nprojected by Ramon, upon the San Bernardo (Matagorda)\\nBay, about 1721. The enterprise was soon abandoned.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "SPANISH MISSIONS.\\n99\\nl^ACOGBOCK-ES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Our Lady The foundation of this\\nmission was laid by Ramon, July 9, 1716, but in conse-\\nquence of the disturbances between the French and\\nSpanish, the Indians were, in 1772, transferred to San\\nAntonio. A small garrison was, however, generally kept\\nat the place, to watch the movements of the French at\\nNatchitoches. In 1778, was laid the foundation of a\\nstone house, for the garrison, which still stands.\\nOrquizacco\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (9/^r Lady was established for the\\nbenefit of a small tribe of Indians of that name, on the\\nSan Jacinto river founded in 1715 or 1716, and aban-\\ndoned in 1772, and the Indians removed to San Antonio.\\nRefugio Our Lady of, was founded in the town of\\nthe same name, in 1790 or 1791. This was the last estab-\\nlishment of the kind undertaken by the Franciscans in\\nTexas.\\nRosARio\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About 1730, a mission of this name was\\nstarted a few miles from Goliad.\\nSan Fernandes. Was not exactly a mission, but a\\nparish church built in San Antonio, or San Fernandes,\\nin 1732. In 1868 it was rebuilt as a cathedral a portion\\nof the old walls in the rear of the new building forms\\nthe sacristy of the present church, occupied by the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Spanish-speaking population of San Antonio.\\nSan Jose de Aguayo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From Aguayo, governor of\\nTexas in 1720. This, on the right bank of the river about\\nfour miles below San Antonio, was commenced in 1718\\nand completed in 1771; it was the most elegant and\\nbeautiful of all the Texas Missions. A celebrated artist\\nby the name of Huicar was sent out from Spain, who\\nspent years in carving the statues and other ornamental\\nwork of this building. About ten years ago the dome and\\nportions of the arched roof fell in vandal hands have\\ndefaced the statue of the Virgin Mother and Child, and", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthat of Saint Gregory and other figures, and beautifulljr\\ncarved work in the front. After the secularization of the\\nTexas Missions in 1703, by Pedro de Nava, this mission\\nwas discontinued and the land distributed to the Indians.\\nThe next year there were reported, Christian Indians,\\nmen 27, women 26, boys 11, girls 14, widows 6, totaj 84\\nPagans, men 6, women 5, 1 boy and 3 girls, total 15 in\\nall 99. This church w^as visited by Lieutenant Pike in\\n1807 at that time it had hardly enough Indians to per-\\nform household duties. It soon afterwards ceased to be\\noccupied as a place of worship. Standing in solitary\\ngrandeur upon a beautiful plateau, it is annually visited\\nby thousands who can but admire this monument of the\\nzeal and enterprise of the Franciscan fathers of the last\\ncentury.\\nSan Juan Capistran.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Is about six miles below San\\nAntonio, on the east side of the river. It was established\\nin 1731, but was never very prosperous and is now in\\nruins. The ruins, however, speak volumes for the skill\\nof the architect who designed and the laborers who\\nerected the edifice.\\nSan Saba.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This mission, located in Menard county,,\\non the river to which it gave its name, was founded in\\n1734, by a company of fathers from Santa Fe. The\\nmission was doing well, and the fathers were encour-\\naged to hope for the speedy Christianization of the-\\nnumerous and war-like tribes of Comanches, who main-\\ntained friendly relations with the ecclesiastics. But in\\n1752, a silver mine, called Las Almagres, w^as discovered\\nin the neighborhood of the fort. This drew to the place\\na number of miners and adventurers, some of whom\\nquarreled with the Indians, and at a time when the few\\nsoldiers were absent from the fort. The exasperated\\nsavages fell upon the defenseless missionaries and put", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT RUINS. 101\\nthem all to death, not sparing even the domestics. This\\nwas a sad blow and an ungrateful return for the self-\\nsacrificing labors of the fathers.\\nBesides the establishments we have mentioned, other\\nruins are found in various parts of the State but even\\nthe names of these old missions are now unknown. At\\nthe head of a canon of the Nueces river in Edwards\\ncounty, thirty-five miles from Uvalde, there is a large\\nstone building, with many evidences of its having been\\nonce occupied. The missionaries probably shared the\\nsame fate with their brethren at San Saba. This was in\\nthe territory occupied by the Apaches. Eight miles\\nbelow these old ruins, in the valley of the Nueces, in\\nUvalde county, there is another old establishment in\\nruins, and others in difi erent places some of which had\\nbeen so far completed as to give evidence of having been\\noccupied, while others were destroyed by the Indians\\nbefore completion.\\nIn 1794, Don Pedro de Nava, then Governor of Texas,\\nsecularized all the missions in the province, thus transfer-\\nring their control from the monastic orders to the secular\\ndergy.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nCOLONISTS FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS ARRIVE AT SAN ANTONIO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAi AT\\nTHE OPENING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NOLAN S EXPEDITION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DIF-\\nFICULTIES BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WAR IMMINENT-\\nAVERTED BY MYSTERIOUS DIPLOMACY.\\n)t(hE first attempt to introduce colonists into Texas\\n-L was made by the Marquis of Casa Fuerta. Before\\nhe became viceroy, he had visited Texas and formed a\\nhigh opinion of the capabilities of the country. Mainly\\nthrough his influence the king was induced to defray,\\nfrom the royal treasury, the expense of transporting fam-\\nilies to the new settlement on the San Antonio river. If\\nMr. Kennedy is correct in his statement, these were pretty\\nexpensive colonists. It took $72,000 to bring sixteen\\nfamilies from the Canary Islands to Texas. Among the\\nfamilies who then came were those of Rodrigues, Mancha-\\nca, Atoche, Delgado, Arocha, Travyosa, Cavalla, Mueto\\nand Flores. The Navarros were from Corsica Veramen-\\ndis and probably the Seguins and La Garzas, from\\nMexico. The village took the name of San Fernandes,\\nfrom Ferdinand III of Spain.\\nOpening of the Nineteenth Century. As we have\\nseen, the zealous Franciscans were heroically engaged in\\nthe good work of Christianizing the Indians. The large\\nnumber of magnificent buildings and ruins, still scattered\\nthrough Texas, are perpetual monuments of their zeal\\nand fidelity. But they were not remarkably successful.\\nThe Indians often proved intractable and internecine", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "Nolan s expedition. 105\\nwars diminished their numbers. After the lapse of a\\ncentury, comparatively few of the mission establishments\\ncould boast a permanent population, and the vast region\\nnow known as Texas was comparatively an uninhabited\\nwilderness. San Antonio then contained a population of\\nabout 3,000 and Groliad and Nacogdoches as many more.\\nTexas had no sea port and no legitimate commerce, though\\nher bays were occasionally visited by the Buccaneers.\\nNor was there any overland commerce. Almonte esti-\\nmated that there were, at that time, possibly 100,000\\ncattle and 40,000 horses in the province.\\nAn American family had occasionally ventured into\\nEast Texas. James Gaines, a relative of General Gaines,\\nof the United States Army, had opened a ferry at the\\nprincipal crossing of the Sabine River. Robert Barr and\\nSamuel Davenport had settled on the Neches River, and\\ntaken the oaths as subjects of the Spanish crown.\\nNolan s Expedition. In 1797, Philip Nolan, an Irish-\\nman by birth, entered Texas to procure a supply of cavalry\\nhorses for the army of General Wilkinson, then in the\\nMississippi Territory. This was with the consent of the\\nSpanish authorities. Having a letter from Baron Caron-\\ndelet. Governor of Louisiana, Nolan had no difficulty in\\nprocuring his horses. He was a careful observer and drew\\nan accurate map of the country. Ostensibly for the same\\npurpose, Nolan again visited Texas in the year 1800.\\nThe Spaniards were becoming suspicious of the Americans,\\nand Manuel Gayoso, who had succeeded Carondelet as\\nGovernor of Louisiana, wrote to De Nava, commander of\\nthe eastern internal provinces, that Nolan was a dangerous\\ncharacter, who, in conjunction with Wilkinson, was plot-\\nting against the interests of Spain, and advised his arrest.\\nThe commandant at Nacogdoches was accordingly\\ninstructed to watch Nolan and not permit him to enter", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe province. But he passed higher up the country, and\\nentered by way of Red River. He had with him fourteen\\nAmericans, five Spaniards and one negro servant (some\\naccounts say two). When this party arrived in the\\nneighborhood of the Tehuacana Hills, in what is now\\nLimestone county, they halted and erected a block-house,\\nand built pens, and prepared to capture mustangs.\\nMusquis, the Spanish commander at Nacogdoches,\\nordered to capture Nolan s party, left his post on the 4th\\nof March, 1801, with sixty-eight regular soldiers, and\\nthirty-two volunteers. He crossed the Trinity on the\\n11th, and guided by Indian spies, reached the neighbor-\\nhood of Nolan s camp on the 20th. He had a small\\ncannon, which was so planted as to bear directly upon the\\nblock-house. Two of the Mexicans in Nolan s ranks\\ndeserted to the enemy, one of them carrying off Nolan s,\\nrifle. Before this, two of the Americans having learned\\nthat Nolan intended to make war upon the Spaniards,\\nabandoned the party and reported Nolan s design to the\\nauthorities at Nacogdoches. A short conference was held\\nbetween the two commanders, when Nolan retired to his\\nblock house and prepared to fight. He was killed by the\\nfirst discharge of the enemy s cannon. Bean succeeded\\nto the command, and kept up the fight for several hours.\\nFinally, the little party surrendered as prisoners of war,\\nunder the promise of good treatment, and of bemg\\nliberated at Nacogdoches and sent to the United States.\\nInstead of being released and sent home from Nacogdo-\\nches, they were put in irons and sent to San Antonio,.the\\nfirst Americans seen in that city. From the latter city\\nthey were marched across the Rio Grande, and kept in\\nprison many weary years. Three made their escape\\none died in prison, and after they had been six years\\nprisoners, an order came from the King of Spain, to have", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "SPANISH HOSTILITY.\\n107\\nevery fifth man hung. The order was, to execute only\\nthose taken in arms against the royal authority. Three\\nof the men were not in the house during the fight.\\nThere were but nine left, and the humane judge decided\\nthat only one should be executed. The nine agreed to\\nthrow dice, the one throwing the lowest number to be the\\nvictim. The lot fell on Ephraim Blackburn, who threw\\nbut four, and he was immediately executed. The survi-\\nvors were sentenced to ten years hard labor. Bean was\\nthe only one who ever revisited his native land. (See\\nBean).\\nAmong the Spaniards there was a growing hostility ex-\\nhibited towards the Americans. The policy of their\\ngovernment was exclusive. Philip II. had declared that\\nnothing but Spanish commerce should float on the Gulf\\nof Mexico, and on the land absolute non-intercourse\\nwas proclaimed. Salcedo, the commander at Monterey,\\nsaid if he had the power he would stop even the birds\\nfrom flying across the Sabine. By a tacit understanding,,\\nthe Aroyo Hondo, a tributary of Red River about half\\nway from the Sabine to Natchitoches, had been recognized\\nas the boundary between the Spanish and French pos-\\nsessions, though the old Spanish maps extend their\\nterritory to the Calcasieu River. Between the United\\nStates and Spain there were other unsettled questions\\nbesides those relating to boundaries. After the purchase\\nof Louisiana, the former revived the claim which France\\nhad asserted to Texas.\\nWe need not enumerate the other irritating, unsettled\\nquestions. In his message, at the opening of Congress,\\nin December, 1806, President Jeflerson said With\\nSpain our negotiations for a settlement of difliculties\\nhave not had a satisfactory issue. As a precautionary\\nr ^asure, Mr. Jefi erson had ordered Major Porter, of the", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\narmy, to take possession of the old French post at Natchi-\\ntoches. Soon afterward the Spaniards threw a force across\\nthe Sabine into the okl Spanish post and mission of Adaes.\\nAbout the same time the Spaniards began concentrating\\ntroops on the right bank of the Sabine. Early in the\\nspring the garrison at Natchitoches was reinforced by the\\narrival of Lieutenant Kingsbury from Fort Adams, with\\nfour field pieces, and three companies of infantry. Early\\nin June, Generals Herrera and Cordero, with twelve hun-\\ndred veteran Spanish soldiers, reached Nacogdoches,\\nwhereupon Governor Claiborn called out the militia of\\nLouisiana, and General Wilkinson hastened towards the\\nSabine with all the available forces from New Orleans.\\nNegotiations had failed the two powerful nations were\\nconcentrating their armies prepared to fight the com-\\nmanders were defiant, and both nations were waiting in\\nanxious solicitude for the commencement of hostilities.\\nAnd now occurred, on the banks of the Sabine, without\\nthe interposition of any civilian, one of the most important\\nand most mysterious diplomatic adjustments that this\\ncontinent has witnessed. Herrera and Wilkinson met in\\nsecret council. It was conjectured, apparently, not with-\\nout reason, that Wilkinson was cognizant of the move-\\nments of Aaron Burr further that he had promised\\nBurr his aid. Two secret messengers of Burr were said\\nto be in Wilkinson s headquarters. The two generals\\nmet, and instead of provoking each other to battle, entered\\ninto the treaty of the neutral ground. They agreed\\nthat a narrow strip of country between the Arroyo Hondo\\nand the Sabine should be respected as neutral and\\noccupied by neither government until a definite treaty\\nfixed, permanently, the boundary between the two nations.\\nThe next morning the following order was issued by\\nWilkinson", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "termination of the campaign. 109\\nMorning Order, East Bank of Sabine,\\nNovember 6th, 1806. j\\nHis excellency, General Herrera, the military chief\\nimmediately opposed to this corps, having agreed to\\nwithdraw his troops to JS acogdoches, and to prohibit their\\nre-crossing the Sabine River pending the negotiations\\nbetween the United States and Spain, the objects of this\\nexpedition are accomplished, and the camp will be, of\\ncourse, evacuated to-morrow or next day, and Colonel\\nGushing will lead the troops to Natchitoches.\\nSigned,\\nWalter Burling, Aid-de-Campr\\nThis sudden termination of the campaign was not\\nsatisfactory to the American soldiers There was a\\nsuspicion that General Wilkinson had acted dishonestly,\\nin reference to the project of Burr. It was impossible,\\nsays Monette, for him to divest hiriiself of the suspicion\\nthat settled over him that he had extorted money from\\nthe Spanish Governor by exciting his fears as to the\\npowerful invasion contemplated by Burr, and which could\\nbe arrested only by the most energetic intervention of\\nthe American commander-in-chief, with the whole of the\\narmy and means at his disposal. His troops retired\\nindignantly from the Sabine, many of them fully\\nconvinced that they had been robbed of their anticipated\\nlaurels by the cupidity of their commander, who had\\nentered into dishonorable negotiations, and that money,\\nand not the sword, had terminated the campaign.\\nIt was boldly asserted at the time, and has-been often\\nrepeated, though an investigation failed to verify the\\nassertion, that Herrera agreed to give Wilkinson $300,000\\nfor his influence in defeating the scheme of Burr and\\nfurther that $120,000 was paid at the time, having been", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ntransported from San Antonio on mules. Ten days later,\\nBurling was dispatched to Mexico on a secret mission\\nrumor said it was to receive the other $180,000.\\nThe scenes which followed the retreat from the Sabine,\\nwhen viewed from our present stand-point, have a\\nstrangely ludicrous asj^ect. The reader will please\\nremember that, at this time, about the only force under\\nthe control of Burr was a few score of men and boys\\nencamj^ed on Blennerhassett s Island, near Parkersburg,\\nWest Virginia and that the arms of this company\\nconsisted, mostly in implements of husbandry and that\\nthey w^ere preparing to descend the river in flat boats,\\n.and oj)en a new plantation for Burr and his unsuspecting,\\nbut dishonored friend, Blennerhassett, on the lands\\npurchased from Baron de Bastrop by Burr.\\nOn arriving at New Orleans, Wilkinson commenced\\nthe most vigorous preparations for defending the city\\nagainst Burr. He prepared a flotilla to meet the flat-\\nboats of the latter up near Vicksburg and dispatched\\nLieutenant Swan to Jamaica to detach the commanders of\\nthe British navy at that station from the Burr movement.\\nHe put the forts near JNTew Orleans in a thorough state of\\ndefence, and supplied them with a great quantity of am-\\nmunition and munitions of war. He called out the militia\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of Louisiana and Mississippi and proclaimed martial\\nlaw. He arrested and held in military custody every one\\nsuspected of sympathy with Burr and especially every\\nstranger from Ohw^ where Burr was supposed to have\\nunbounded influence. The whole country was patrolled\\nby Wilkinson s guards, and every one who could not give\\na satisfactory account of himself was thrust into prison.\\nA true and life-like description of these scenes must be\\nreserved for the pen of some future Cervantes. Albeit,\\nWilkinson was not another knight of La Mancha. He", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "ARREST OF AARON BURR. Ill\\nliad been in actual war had proved himself a brave and\\ngallant soldier nor was he carried away with groundless\\nfears. His views were clear, and his mind well-poised.\\nAll this bluster was not to defeat Burr but to affect De\\nNava at Monterey and his royal master in the halls of the\\nMontezumas. It was useless. The viceroy refused to\\nlisten to Burling, and referred him, for the payment of\\nthe money, to theintendant at Vera Cruz, for which place\\nhe ordered him immediately to depart. Upon his arrival\\nthere, the intendant refused to furnish him wdth anything\\nbut a guard, and ordered him to take passage immediately\\nfor New Orleans. The arrest of Burr, and the return of\\nBurling^ produced a wonderfully tranquilizing effect, not\\nonly upon the commander, but also upon the New Orleans\\npublic. (SeeBurr, Wilkinson and Herrera, in biography.)", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nMAGEE S expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BERNARDO GUTjiERRES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MARCH TO GOLIAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATH OP\\nMaGEE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DESPERATE FIGHTING THE VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS, ON THE\\nWAY TO SAN ANTONIO, GAIN A SPLENDID VICTORY AT THK ROSILLO CREEK\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094SHAMEFUL MASSACRE OP SPANISH OFFICERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BATTLE OF ALASAN\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nREPUBLICANS DEFEATED AT THE BATTLE OP MEDINA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WHEN THE ROYAL-\\nISTS AVENGE THE DEATH OP THEIR BROTHER OFFICERS.\\n/Tv HE neutral ground became the favorite resort of a\\nJ- band of lawless freebooters, who lived by depredating\\nupon caravans o It was an important part of the duty\\nof the soldiers stationed at Natchitoches to protect trav-\\nellers and traders in passing through this dangerous\\nterritory. Lieutenant Augustus W. Magee, a graduate\\nof West Point, was one of the officers employed in this\\nwork. At this time, the Republicans in Mexico had been\\ndefeated and many of them driven into exile. Bernardo\\nGutierres, who had been engaged with Hidalgo in the\\nrevolutionary movements in Mexico, had taken refuge at\\n^Natchitoches. In long interviews between ^lagee and\\nGutierres, the former conceived the idea of reviving the\\nproject of Burr rescuing Texas from Spanish domina-\\ntion, and organizing a republic. He enlisted a number\\nof the leading heroes of the neutral ground, who, with\\ntheir followers, were ready for any enterprise that prom-\\nised excitement and booty. With the assistance of John\\nM Farland and Samuel Davenport, who had been Indian\\nagents, an alliance was formed with some of the Indian\\ntribes in the neighborhood. Bernardo secured the co-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CYPRESS CREEK, NEWTON COUNTY", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "magee s expedition. 115\\noperation of the Spanish Republicans in the East. A\\nconsiderable force was thus assembled, ready to enter\\nthe province. As they confidently expected the assist-\\nance of the Mexicans in the West, it was thought best to\\ngive Bernardo the nominal command, though all recog-\\nnized Magee as the real leader. The staft* officers were\\nKemper, Perry, Ross, Slocum and Dr. Forsyth. The\\ncaptains were, Gaines, Lucket, Orr, M Kim, Taylor, etc.\\nThere was, at that time, a strong prejudice against the\\nnative Spaniards, hitherto the governing class. These\\nwere called, in derision, Grachupins. One of the rally-\\ning cries of the newly-organized party was, Death to the\\nGachupins They assumed the name of The Repub-\\nlican Army of the North.\\nAbout the middle of June, Bernardo, with the advance\\nparty, numbering 158 men, crossed the Sabine, and had\\na skirmish with the Spanish guard, near the bank of the\\nriver. Two of the Republicans were killed, and three\\nwounded but the Sj^aniards were driven in disorder to\\nNacogdoches, and evacuated that place on the arrival of\\nGrutierres.\\nIn the meantime, Magee had resigned his commission\\nin the U. S. Army, visited New Orleans, and, with the\\nhelp of Davenport, succeeded in collecting a good supply\\nof munitions of war. To secure enlistments, each soldier\\nwas promised $40 per month, and a league of land.\\nThere is a great discrepancy in statements as to the\\nnumber in the Republican army when it was reorganized\\non the banks of the Trinity river. Yoakum, following\\nM Kim, makes the number nearly eight hundred while\\nM Lean, who was in the expedition, fixes the number at\\nthree hundred. We have chosen the smaller as the more\\nprobable number. At the Trinity, the party was re=\\ninforced by two additional companies, under Captains\\n9", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nScott and M Farland. When they took up the line of\\nmarch for the West, their supplies were ten or twelve\\nbeeves, and tifteen mules, loaded wdth flour and military\\nstores.\\nThey crossed the Brazos in October, and arrived at\\nGoliad on the 7th of JN ovember. The Mexican garrison,\\ninstead of offering resistance, joined the Republican ranks.\\nA few days later. Governor Salcedo and General Herrera\\narrived with trooj^s from San Antonio. Herrera had a\\nsmall park of artillery, and having placed his guns in\\nposition, on the 20th of IN^ovember made a furious assault\\nupon the town. This was gallantly met by the Repub-\\nlicans. After some further unsuccessful attempts to\\ntake the place by assault, the Spaniards contented them-\\nselves with merely keeping up the siege. The Republi-\\ncans occasionally sallied out for provisions. In one of\\nthese was fought the battle of the White Cow, as they\\nwere after a cow of that color for food. In one of these\\nskirmishes the Rej^ublicans lost a few of their horses.\\nThey had not calculated on the possibility of being closely\\nconfined in a little fort, and a number of them, including\\nCaptains Davenport and Scott, resigned and returned to\\ntheir homes on the Sabine. Most of the new Sj^anish\\nrecruits deserted, and about the first of February, 1813,\\nMagee died of consumption.\\nAfter the death of Magee, Samuel Kemper was elected\\ncommander of the Americans. Bernardo still held the\\nnominal command of the whole. On the 10th of Februa-\\nry, the Spanish made another desiderate attack upon the\\nbeleaguered garrison and at one time succeeded in\\ngetting into the town. But the Rei^ublicans had posses-\\nsion of the old Mission. From this they dashed out, and\\nin a hand-to-hand fight drove the Royalists from the\\nplace. In this fight, the Republicans had eight killed", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "SPANISH FAILURE. 117\\n.and thirty wounded. The Sj^aniards lost 100 killed.\\n(This number is given in the account of Col. M Lean,\\nlate of San Antonio, who was in the fight. Yoakum\\nplaces the loss of the Sj)aniards at 200).\\nAfter this failure, the Sj)aniards raised the siege and\\nretired to San Antonio. They were soon followed by the\\nexultant Republicans. This was on the 16th of March.\\nTheir force now consisted of 270 Americans, 200 Mexi-\\ncans and 30 Coshattie Indians. On the route they were\\nreinforced by Captain M Farland with 300 Lipan and\\nTonkawa Indians. (These are the figures given by Hall\\nand M Lean; Yoakum, following M Kim, makes the\\nnumber of Americans 800. The probability is, that men\\nwere constantly arriving and departing, and the numbers\\nwere never very accurately known).\\nSalcedo and Herrera prepared to meet the foe outside\\nof the city. They sent out all of their available force to\\na thicket on the Rosillo creek, nine miles below the\\ntown. They had a park of artillery, but the Republi-\\ncans, anticipating an attack, marched in the order of\\nbattle, and when the Royalists opened fire upon them,\\nreturned it so effectually, and charged so vigorous^\\nupon the thicket, that the Spaniards soon left the field\\nand retreated in disorder to the city. It is said the officer\\nin immediate command was so mortified that he killed\\nhimself rather than return in disgrace. In history this\\nis known as the battle of Rosalis, or Rosalio, and there\\nis great confusion among writers as to the place and the\\nparticulars of the fight. The time, too, ranges from the\\n1st of March to the 4th of April and as to numbers\\nengaged, the Spaniards are variously, estimated at from\\n1500 to 2500, while the number of the Republicans\\nranges from 500 to 1200.\\nOn the 2d of April, according to Spanish authority, the", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nRepublicans entered this city. Seventeen prisoners^\\nfound in the Alamo, were released, who at once joined\\nthe ranks of their deliverers. The j)ublic stores, arms,\\nprovisions and military chest, furnished a grateful sup-\\nply to the needy adventurers in the Republican army.\\nEach soldier, besides his wages, received a gratuity of\\nfifteen dollars, a suit of clothes, and an order for two\\nhorses or mules out of the public caballada. The Indians\\nwere supplied with two dollars worth of vermillion,\\ntogether with presents to the value of one hundred and\\nthirty dollars, and sent away rejoicing. The Mexican\\nsoldiers were paroled, and the officers reserved for a sad\\nand horrible fate.\\nAfter arriving in San Antonio, Gutierres was among\\nhis own countrymen, and began to exercise a real as well\\nas a nominal authority. He organized a governing junta\\ncomposed of some of the leading Republicans in the city.\\nCaptain Delgado, to avenge the death of his father,\\ninduced the junta to pass a secret decree for the execu-^\\ntion, by drum-head court martial of all the Spanish\\nofficers held as prisoners of war. He well knew the\\nAmericans would never sanction such an act of barbar-\\nity, and the prisoners were marched out of the city under\\npretence of sending them to the coast to be forwarded to\\n^ew Orleans. When near the Rosillo battle ground, by\\norder of Delgado, who had them in charge, they were\\nhalted, stripped and their throats cut. The late Col. J.\\nA. Navarro gives the following account of this slaughter\\nSome of the assassins, (Delgado s company), with brutal\\nirony, whetted their knives upon the soles of their shoes\\nin the presence of their victims. The day following the\\nassassination, I myself saw this band of murderers, led\\nby their commander, Antonio Delgado, halt in front of\\nthe government buildings I myself heard them inform", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "EXECUTION OF PRISONERS. 119\\nBernardo Gutierres that the fourteen victims had been\\nput to death. The following list comprises the victims\\nSpaniards Manuel de Salcedo, Governor Simon de\\nHerrera, Governor of New Leon Geronimo Herrera,\\nLieutenant Colonel Juan de Echeverria, Captain Jose\\nGroscochia, Captain Francisco Pereira, Captain Jose\\nMateos, Captain; Juan Ignatio Arambido, Captain;\\nGregorio Amado, Lieutenant; Antonio Lopez, citizen,\\nMexicans Miguel de Arebs, Captain Louis, his son,\\nLieutenant; Francisco, his son, Ensign; Juan Caso,\\nLieutenant.\\nThe execution of these prisoners of war was so dis-\\npleasing to the Americans that Kemper, Ross, Hall and\\na number of others left in disgust and returned to the\\nUnited States. Those who remained elected Perry as\\ntheir commander. But these soldiers, intoxicated with\\ntheir success, indulged in various unsoldierly excesses in\\nthe city, but they were not long permitted to remain idle.\\nEarly in June another Spanish army appeared in the\\nneighborhood, under the command of Don y Elisondo.\\nSo unexpected was the approach of this new army, that a\\ncompany of Republicans, out grazing their horses, were\\ncaptured and Elisondo might then have marched without\\nopposition into the city, but he halted on the heights of\\nthex\\\\lasan and commenced throwing up rude breast- works.\\nHe sent in a friendly message to the citizens, advising\\nthem to surrender to the royal arms. As an inducement\\nto this, he proposed to parol all the Americans, and per-\\nmit them to depart to their homes. He probably thought\\nthis the safest way to dispose of men who, in battle,\\nmight prove dangerous foes. But these brave men had\\nno idea of leaving the city as paroled prisoners without a\\nfight. The Mexicans, who at first were disposed to sub-\\nmit to Elisondo, changed their minds when he demanded", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nseventeen of the leading citizens as prisoners. They-\\nprobably conjectured that these men were to be put to\\ndeath to avenge the murder of Herrera and his compan-\\nions. While they amused Elisondo with the hopes of a\\nbloodless triumph, they rallied their disorganized bands,\\nand, under the leadership of Grutierres, Perry and\\nManchaca, silently, on the night of June 4th, (McLean\\nsays June 8th,) marched out to attack the unsuspecting\\nSpaniards. It was near daybreak when they assaulted\\nElisondo s fortifications. They succeeded in entering his\\nworks, and tore down the Spanish flag, and unfurled their\\nown tri-color in its place. The Spaniards rallied and\\nretook the breast- works. For four hours the battle raged\\nwith great fury, but finally the Royalists were driven\\nfroixi the field with a loss of about three hundred killed\\nand as many wounded. The Republicans had five killed\\nand thirty wounded.\\nAfter this fight Gutierres left San Antonio and retired\\nwith his family to the Sabine. He was succeeded in the\\ncommand by the famous General Toledo. Toledo\\nre-organized the civil administration, and did all in his\\npower to reduce the army to a state of discipline, no easy\\ntask with such a class of adventurers. He well knew\\nthat the Royalists would not surrender a city of such im-\\nportance as San Antonio without another efibrt for its\\nrecovery.\\nThe next general sent to capture the city was\\nArredondo, commander of the eastern internal provinces,\\nat Monterey. The new commander, with his army of\\nabout four thousand men, halted on the Medina river,,\\nsouthwest of the city, and threw up fortifications. He-\\narranged them in the shape of a horizontal h with the\\nopen end towards the city. To meet this force Perry had\\nabout three hundred Americans, and Toledo and Man-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CRUELTY OF THE SPANISH COMMANDER. 121\\nchaca about six hundred Mexicans. On the march to the\\nbattle-iield, Perry, according to McLean, was joined by his\\nold commander, Kemper, in company with Judge Bullock\\nand six or eight other Americans. The battle was fought\\nAugust 18th. The Republicans were rushing forward\\nwith great impetuosity, when Toledo saw that they were\\nentering into the trap set by Arredondo, and ordered a\\nhalt. The men, not understanding the reason for the\\norder, continued to press on. They displayed a heroic\\ncourage, and would probably have won the day, but in\\nthe midst of the fight, Musquis, one of the captains in\\ntheir ranks, deserted with his whole company to the\\nenemy. Thus deserted and betrayed, these brave men\\nwere finally thrown into disorder and compelled to retreat.\\nThe retreat soon became a rout. The fugitives fled to-\\nwards the Sabine, and were hotly pursued by their\\nrelentless foes. The pursuing party was cavalry, under\\nthe command of Elisondo, still chafing under his recent\\ndefeat. All who fell into his hands were incontinently\\nbutchered. Seventy or eighty of these unfortunate men\\nwere overtaken at the Spanish Blufi*, on the Trinity River.\\nThey were marched to an island of timber, at the junc-\\ntion of the San Antonio and La Bahia roads, where a deep\\ntrench was dug for a grave, across which a piece of tim-\\nber was placed. After tying the prisoners, ten at a time,\\nthey were placed on this piece of timber and shot, their\\nbodies falling into the trench. Among the victims of this\\nbutchery were Colonel Manchaca and Captain Antonio\\nDelgado.\\nTwo days after the battle, says Mr. Yoakum, Gen-\\nArredondo, having his wagon loaded with wounded and\\ndying, marched in triumph into San Antonio. Here\\ncommenced a scene of barbarity which that place had\\nnever before witnessed. Seven hundred of the peaceable", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncitizens were seized and imprisoned. Three hundred of\\nthem were confined during the night of the 20th of\\nAugust in one house, and during the night eighteen of\\nthem died of suffocation. From day to day others were\\nshot without any form of trial. The cruelty of the\\nSpanish commander went even further. He had a prison\\nfor females. It was tauntingly called the Quinta. Here\\nwere imprisoned five hundred of the wives, daughters\\nand other female relatives of the patriots and for being\\nsuch, they were compelled daily to convert twenty-four\\nbushels of Indian corn into the Mexican cakes called\\ntortillas^ for Arredondo s army. After thus having satis-\\nfied his appetite for blood and revenge, the Royalist\\ncommander found an opportunity, about the 1st of Sep-\\ntember, to collect and bury the bones of Salcedo and his\\nstaff. By this time Elisondo had returned from the\\nTrinity, driving before him on foot the widows and\\norphans of those he had there slain. The property of\\nthe patriots was all confiscated.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "^W \\\\[i\\nW^l/^-\\nTKLNITY RIVER, SCENE NEAR LIBERTY", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE REPUBLICANS AT GALVESTON AURY, PKRRY, MINA EXPEDITION TO SOTO\\nLA MARINA LAFITTE, THE PIRATE LONG S EXPEDITION DISPERSED AND\\nDRIVEN FROM EAST TEXAS, LONG RALLIES A SECOND TIME AT GALVESTON\\nTAKES GOLIAD IS SENT BY THE SPANISH REPUBLICANS TO THE CITY OF\\nMEXICO WHERE HE IS MYSTERIOUSLY MURDERED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MRS. LONG HEROICALLY\\nAWAITS HIS RETURN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONCLUSION OF THE PERIOD.*\\n/TV HOUGH the Republicans had been totally defeated\\n-L in Texas, a new organization, under Morelos, had\\ntaken place in Mexico. One of the measures adopted by\\nthe new party included the occupancy of the coast of Texas\\none of the most important 23oints on which was the island\\nand harbor of Galveston. Here a glance at the earlier\\nhistory of this locality may not be amiss.\\nWe think it more than probable that La Salle, in\\nhunting for the mouth of the Mississippi River, visited\\nGalveston in 1685-6.\\nIt is likely that the next visitant to the island were the\\nirregular seamen, the buccaneers and fillibusters, who, in\\nthe latter part of the eighteenth and the beginning of the\\nnineteenth centuries, preyed upon Spanish commerce in\\nthe Gulf of Mexico.f\\nSketches of most of the men mentioned in this chapter will be\\nfound in their appropriate place in our Biographical section.\\nt Buccaneer was derived from bucan, dried meat, as these men lived\\nprincipally upon dried meat and fisli. In the map of Joutel there is a place\\non tlie Lavaca River, marked as Bucan, because there tlie French killed\\nbuffaloes and dried the flesli. As to the Avord fiUibuster, DeQuincy sa3^s\\nThis word is constantly spelt by our own and the American journals as\\nfillibustiers ox fiUibuUeros; but the word of nearly two centuries back, anions^\\nthe old original race of sea robbers, French and English, that made irregu-\\nlar war upon the Spanish shipping and maritime towns, wasy?/i^Mrf/ r.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nGalveston aflforded a good harbor and a safe retreat\\nto this class of famous freebooters, and was with\\nthem a favorite place of resort.\\nOn old maps the island has various names. On the\\nmap in the possession of the Galveston Historical Society,,\\nit is called San Louis, the name said to have been given_\\nby La Salle. On that map, Matagorda Peninsula is\\nmarked as Islede Calabras\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Snake Island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a name often\\napplied in other maps to Galveston. On another old\\nmap the eastern end of the island is called Punta de Cal-\\nabras, from its fancied resemblance to the head of a snake..\\nThe name by which the island is now called was from the\\nCount de Galves, a governor of Louisiana under Spanish\\nrule, and afterwards Viceroy of Mexico. While the\\nSpaniards never conceded that the French had any claim\\nto Galveston, yet when Louisiana was under Spanish\\ndominion, Galveston was reckoned a part of Louisiana.\\nIt was during this period that we find the present name\\nfirst used. Gayarre, in his history of Louisiana, in giving\\nthe population of the dififerent parishes for the year\\n1788, gives the population of Galveston as 268.\\nThe first attempt to occupy the island by any recognized\\ngovernment was by the struggling Republicans of MexicO\\nduring the period of her Revolution. Don Jose Manuel\\nHerrera was the minister of the Mexican patriots to the\\nUnited States. He spent most of his time in New Orleans,,\\nwhere he became thoroughly informed of the advantages,\\nof Galveston as a naval station for the Republicans, and\\nhe took measures to occupy it. He sailed to the island\\non the 1st of September, 1816, taking with him Commo-\\ndore Louis de Aury with a squadron of twelve or fifteen\\nsmall vessels. Aury was of French origin, but had been\\nan officer in the navy of New Granada, stationed at Car-\\nthagena. He had the reputation of a brave, skillful and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "XAVIER MINA. 127\\nhumane officer. On the 12th of September a meeting was\\nheld on the island, and a government organized. Aury\\nwas chosen civil and military governor of Texas and\\nGalveston island. He took the oath of iidelity to the\\nRepublic of Mexico the several branches of public ad-\\nministration were arranged the Republican flag raised,\\nand Galveston declared a port of entry of the Mexican\\nRepublic. The vessels of Aury were at once dispatched\\nto prey upon Spanish commerce and they were so\\nsuccessful that they soon almost banished the Spanish\\nflag from that Gulf which Philip II. had threatened to\\nconvert into a Sj^anish lake.\\nOn the 24th of JN ovember, the party on the island was\\nreinforced by the arrival of Xavier Mina, with about 200\\nmen and a few ships. Mina was a native of Navarre. In\\n1808 he abandoned his studies in the University of Sara-\\ngossa, and became a guerrilla chieftain against the\\nFrench. He won distinction, and acquired the title of\\nCaptain General of Navarre and Upper Arragon. Having\\nbeen captured and imprisoned, he succeeded in making his\\nescape, and sought refuge in England. He found friends\\namong some of the English nobility, and a special friend in\\nGen. Scott, of the United States army, then in London.\\nHe at first intended to attempt the conquest of Florida,\\nin conjunction with Toledo but Toledo having deserted\\nto the Spaniards, Mina sailed for Galveston, intending\\nfrom this point to make a descent upon the coast of\\nMexico. Mina threw up a mud fort west of the point\\noccupied by Aury, and active preparations were made\\nfor his contemplated expedition to Mexico.\\nWhile Aury and Mina were occupying the island,\\nPerry had taken possession of Bolivar Point with about\\n100 men. That enterprising oflicer, after escaping from\\nthe disastrous battle of Medina, in 1813, had returned to", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nLouisiana, and at once commenced his preparations for\\nanother campaign against Mexico, While several of his\\nassociates were indicted in the United States District\\nCourt for a violation of the neutrality laws. Perry\\nescaped, by fixing his encampment west of the Sabine.\\nThis comparatively large number of men was well\\nsupplied with provisions and other necessaries by the\\ncaptures of Aury s privateers. Avowedly, they only\\ndepredated upon Spanish commerce but, unfortunately,\\nAury had taken into his service some men of desperate\\ncharacter, who made captures of a ny vessels found in the\\nGulf. Among the captures were a number of slavers\\nand the slaves were smuggled into Louisiana, in viola-\\ntion of the laws of the United States, which denounced\\nthe slave-trade as piracy. This induced the Collector of\\nCustoms of New Orleans to write to Mr. Crawford, the\\nSecretary of the Treasury, at Washington, as follows I\\ndeem it my duty to state that the most shameful viola-\\ntions of the slave act, as well as our own revenue laws,\\ncontinue to be practiced with impunity by a motley mix-\\nture of freebooters and smugglers at Galveston, under\\nthe Mexican flag, being, in fact, the re-establishment of\\nthe Barrataria band, somewhat more out of the reach of\\njustice. The establishment was recently made there by\\na Commodore Aury, with a few small schooners from Aux\\nCayes, manned in a great measure with refugees from\\nBarrataria, and mulattoes. Another letter to the\\nTreasury Department says of Aury that his principal\\ndependence for men was upon one hundred and thirty\\nbrigand negroes, a set of desperate and bloody dogs.\\nAfter the fall of Napoleon, Generals Lalleman and Ricaud\\nof his staff, with about one hundred ofiicers, entered\\nTexas, ascended the Trinity River and erected a fort,\\nintending to cultivate the vine. Not succeeding to their", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "SLAVE TRADERS. 129\\nsatisfaction, some of these officers enlisted in the service\\nof Aury. Notwithstanding the efforts of the New Orleans\\ncustom officers to break up the slave trade at Galveston,\\nit was still carried on, as the ships of Aury often captured\\nslavers. The customary price of the negroes was one dollar\\nper pound. Among the most noted of the slave traders,\\nwere the three brothers by the name of Bowie, John J., Re-\\nzm, and James, the hero of the Alamo. In 1818-19, the lat-\\nter was conveying a lot of seventy negroes up to Alexandria\\nwhen they made their escape. He followed them to the\\nColorado River, but was unable to re-capture them.\\nThey probably fell in with the Indians and found protec-\\ntion. And this may account for the fact that in Western\\nTexas an Indian is occasionally found of decided African\\nfeatures and color. Debow s Review is authority for the\\nstatement that the three Bowies made $65,000 in their\\nspeculations in negroes.\\nThe forces at Galveston consisted of those of Aury, who\\nenjoyed the title of civil and military Governor, with\\nbetween three hundred and four hundred men Mina\\nwith two hundred more, and Perry wdth about one hun-\\ndred on Bolivar Point. Each commander was independ-\\nent, and somewhat jealous of the others. Perry and\\nMina wished to invade Mexico but to this Aury objected,\\nbeincr content to maintain himself at Galveston. In\\nMarch, 1817, one of the privateers brought word of the\\ndefenseless condition of the town of Soto La Marina,\\nabout sixty miles up the Santander river, and Aury\\nconsented to assist in its capture. The expedition sailed\\nfrom Galveston on the 15th of April Yoakum says on\\nthe 6th. The expedition turned out disastrously. After\\nlanding and taking possession of the town, the three com-\\nmanders disagreed, and in disgust, Aury, with the boats,\\nsailed for the Texas coast. Finding Galveston Island", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\noccupied by Lafitte, he landed at Matagorda, but soon\\nafterward abandoned the Texas coast. Perry, believing\\nthe force left too small to effect anything, with about fifty\\ncompanions, started back to Texas by land, a distance of\\nfive hundred miles through an enemy s country. He\\nreached Goliad in safety and might have passed on into\\nthe United States, but he determined to capture the small\\ngarrison at that place. While negotiating for the posses-\\nsion of the town, a troop of cavalry sent in pursuit by\\nArrendado arrived, and he was thus attacked in front and\\nrear. After fighting until his men were all killed. Perry\\nfell by his ow^n hand at least that is the common report.\\nIt is not impossible that he and a portion of his men\\nshared the fate which befell the heroic Fannin at the same\\npoint, twenty years later.\\nMina, after having been abandoned by his companions,\\ngained some splendid victories. On the 8th of June he\\ngained one at Valley de Mais. At Peotillos, on the 17th,\\nhe defeated an army of 1,700, but lost sixty of his own.\\nOn the 18th he captured a garrison of three hundred men\\nat Real de Rinos. But his force w^as gradually w^asted\\naway by continual fighting, and the Rej^ublicans of the\\ncountry, did not, as he expected, rally to his standard.\\nHe was finally overpow^ered at Venadito on the 27th of\\nSeptember, and shot at Remedies, by order of the Vice-\\nroy Apodaca, November 11, 1817.\\nWhen the expedition left for Soto La Marina, there\\nwere some thirty or forty persons left on the island.\\nSome of these had formerly been associated with Lafitte.\\nSix of the most influential of those remaining met on\\nboard the schooner Carmalita, belonging to Bartholo-\\nmew Lafou, late of JNTew Orleans, and organized a govern-\\nment. L. Derieux w^as appointed Governor John\\nDucoino, Judge of Admiralty Richard Espaonol,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "LAFITTE ASSUMES COMMAND. 131\\nNotary Public and Secretary A. Pirenneau, Major du\\nPlace, and Roiisselin, Collector. Some others having\\narrived on the 20th, another meeting of about twenty\\nj^ersons was held on the schooner Jupiter for ratifying\\nthe new government. At this meeting Lafou was\\nSecretary, and Jean Jannet w^as aj^jDointed Marine Com-\\nmandant. This organization was professedly in the\\ninterest of the Republican party in Mexico. But\\nunquestionably their main object was the plunder of\\nSpanish commerce in the Gulf of Mexico.\\nIt was probably as late as September, 1817, when\\nLafitte reached the island and assumed command. Jean\\nLafitte was a Frenchman by birth, the eldest of three\\nbrothers, who all became seafaring men. Visiting South\\nAmerica, he at Carthagena fitted out a privateer, and\\ncommenced his semi-piratical career. In a visit to\\nCharleston, South Carolina, he became involved in a love\\naffair, and had a quarrel with a rival, whom he killed in\\na duel. About the. year 1811, he took possession of the\\nisland of Grande Terre, afterward Barrataria, on the\\ncoast of Louisiana. They so preyed upon commerce,\\nand demoralized the trade of New Orleans, that\\nthe Governor of Louisiana ordered them to disperse.\\nAs they paid no attention to his order. Governor Claiborne\\noffered a reward of $500 for the head of Lafitte. Lafitte,\\nnot to be outdone in that species of generosity, returned the\\ncompliment by offering a reward of $15,000 for the head\\nof the Governor. The Barrataria establishment was\\nbroken up in June, 1814, by Commodore Patterson of\\nthe United States navy. Durins; the war with Great\\nBritain the British Government proffered Lafitte a com-\\nmission as post captain in the British navy but while\\nthe pirate chief had not decided what course to pursue.\\nBean landed at the island, having embarked in one of", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nLafitte s vessels on the coast of Mexico. As Bean knew\\nGreneral Jackson well, Lafitte concluded to accompany the\\nlatter through the swamps to New Orleans, to Jackson s\\nheadquarters. By enlisting in Jackson s army, and\\nfighting bravely in the great battle of January 8th, Lafitte\\nwon the confidence of Jackson, who secured for him a full\\npardon from President Madison. But at the close of the\\nwar he returned to his former haunts on the gulf, and\\nre-commenced his piracies. When he arrived in Galves-\\nton he was in the prime of life, a well-formed and hand-\\nsome man, about six feet and two inches in height,\\nstrongly built, with large hazel eyes, black hair, and\\ngenerally wore a mustache, dressed in a green uniform\\nand an otter-skin cap. He was kind to his men, but a\\nborn commander. To strangers visiting the island, he\\nexhibited a princely hospitality. He at once rebuilt the\\nvillage formerly occupied by Aury, and called it Cam-\\npeachy. His own house was the most conspicuous in the\\nvillage and was painted red. The village was towards\\nthe east end of the island a location since- known as\\nSacarac, fi om the timber landed there. The Americans,\\nsays Littell s Living Age, call timber ships, sacaraps.\\nLafitte bore a commission from the Republican party\\nin Mexico, as Governor of Texas his men gave him the\\ntitle of Lord of Galveston, w^here he exercised almost\\nabsolute authority. Among his more conspicuous lieu-\\ntenants, Latham was an Englishman Jim Campbell,\\nChurchill, Franks, Roach, Lambert, Brown and Francis\\nwere Americans. The two last named were hung by\\nLafitte for depredating on American commerce. Marotte,\\nJean Batista, Rio-Martin, Pluche, Girol and Felix were\\nFrenchmen, who had probably entered Texas with Lalle-\\nmand. Some of the men had their wives, or females\\nclaimed as such Lafitte had a Creole mistress, and there", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF THE THREE TREES. 135\\nwere occasional balls and other festive scenes in which\\nthis mixed multitude participated. Lafitte s favorite ship\\nwas the Pride, a foretopsail schooner, captured from\\nthe slavers. She mounted fourteen guns, and was always\\naccompanied by two felluccas, and an armed boat, the\\nCalebra. These buccaneers sometimes quarreled among\\nthemselves. On one occasion, Jim Campbell charged\\nMarotte with concealing a box of gold watches taken in\\none of their prizes. When Lafitte was informed of the\\ntheft, he took up the quarrel, and when Marotte gave\\nhim an impertinent answer, a challenge passed between\\nthem. The two were preparing for a duel, when Marotte\\nconfessed the theft. Lafitte so far pardoned him as to\\nspare his life, but expelled him from the island, thus\\nillustrating the honor among that class of men. On\\nanother occasion, the crew of the Pride were preparing\\nfor a mutiny. Lafitte, who was surrounded with inform-\\ners, was notified of the intended mutiny, and was so\\nthoroughly prepared, that at the first sign of an outbreak,\\nhe killed five or six of the men, and reduced the others\\nto subjection.\\nIn 1819, James Gaines visited the island in the interest\\nof General Long, in the hope of enlisting the co-operation\\nof the pirate-chief in Long s expedition but Lafitte,\\nwarned by the fate of Mina and Perry, while he expressed\\na sympathy with Long, did not join his enterprise. It\\nwas while Gaines was on the island that the battle of the\\nThree Trees was fought. Some of Lafitte s men had\\ntaken forcible possession of a Caranchua squaw, and the\\nIndians, for revenge, killed some of the buccaneers. It\\nwas said a party of 300 of them were encamped near the\\nThree Trees. Lafitte marched against them with two\\npieces of artillery and 200 men. Fighting continued for\\ntwo or three days, when the Indians, after suffering severe\\n10", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nloss, abandoned the island. While Gaines was enjoying\\nthe generous hospitality of the island chief, some rich\\nSpanish prizes were brought into j^ort, and the doub-\\nloons were as plentiful as biscuits. As an illustration\\nof how little was known of the location of Galveston island,\\nwe may state that Long had also dispatched Randal Jones\\nto intercede with Lafitte. But Jones went via the Brazos\\nRiver, supposing that the island was at the mouth of that\\nstream. Jones was at the mouth of the Navasot, prepar-\\ning to descend, when the party was attacked by the Mex-\\nicans. Lafitte s men, in spite of his remonstrances, dep-\\nredated upon the commerce of the United States, and that\\ngovernment sent Lieutenant Kearney with the brig Enter-\\nprise, to break up the piratical establishment. Lafitte\\nremonstrated but when he found that Kearney was in\\nearnest, he discharged most of his men and taking\\nLieutenant Cochran and about sixty men on the Pride,\\nhe bade a final adieu to the coast. Lafitte died at Sisal,\\nYucatan, in 1824. Cochran afterwards entered the\\nMexican navy, and rose to the rank of Commodore.\\nLong s Expedition. Dr. James Long was a native of\\nTennessee in 1812, was a surgeon in Jackson s army\\nafter the close of the war, married Miss Jane Wilkinson,\\nresigned his position in the army and became a planter.\\nIn 1819, he was active in getting up a public meeting in\\nNatchez, for revolutionizing Texas and Americanizing\\nthe province, and subscribed liberally to the scheme. It\\nwas then expected that Gen. Adair, of Kentucky, would\\nlead the expedition but that gentleman declined, and\\nLong was selected as commander. With seventy-five\\nmen, Long left Natchez, June 17th. Recruits continued\\nto arrive, so that by the time he reached Nacogdoches,\\nLong found himself at the head of about three hundred\\nmen. At that place he organized what he called a legis-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "long s expedition. 137\\nlative council, consisting of Horatio Bigelow, (who started\\na newspaper, the first in Texas), Hamlin Cook, Stephen\\nBarker, Jno. Sibley, Samuel Davenport, John C. Burnett,\\nJ. Child, (afterward on the Supreme Bench in Missis-\\nsijopi), Bernardo Gutierres, and Pedro Procillo. The\\nindependence of the country was proclaimed, and steps\\ntaken to survey and dispose of the public lands. During\\nthe month of July, Mrs. Long reached Nacogdoches,\\nhaving left her two children with her sister, Mrs. Calvitt,\\nat Alexandria, (the youngest child died soon after having\\nbeen left). Mrs. Long traveled on horseback, in company\\nwith Randal Jones.\\nGeneral Long, evidently, did not anticipate serious\\nOpposition on the part of the Sj^anish authorities. He\\nwished to occupy a large scope of country, and hoped to\\nestablish an extensive and lucrative trade. With this\\nview, he scattered his small force from Red river to Gal-\\nveston bay, entirely too much for mutual support. On\\nthe 20th of July, Major Cook was sent to Pecan Point, to\\nsecure the co-operation of the citizens. Maj. Smith, who\\nentered the country by water, was stationed with forty\\nmen at the Coshattie village, on the Trinity river. David\\nLong, with another company, was sent to the Robinson\\ncrossing of the Trinity Captain Johnson, to the falls of\\nthe Brazos, and Captain Walker to the mouth of the\\nNavasoto river at Washington.\\nLong deemed it of great importance to secure the\\nassistance of Lafitte, and sent first James Gaines to\\nGalveston, and then started for the same place himself.\\nWhen he reached the Coshattie village, he heard of the\\napproach of the Spanish army, under Colonel Perez, and\\nat once dispatched couriers to the various companies, to\\nconcentrate at that point. His wife also sent him w^ord\\nthat, owing to the drunkenness of Major Cook, who had", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nreturned from Pecan Point and assumed command, the\\nsoldiers at Nacogdoches were very much demoralized.\\nIt was now too late to remedy the blunder of scattering\\nhis small force. On the 11th of October, Caj^tain John-\\nson was surprised at the falls of the Brazos, and himself\\nand ten of his men captured. The Mexicans reached the\\nmouth of the Navasoto on the 15th, when Walker, with\\nhis small company, hastily retreated towards the Coshat-\\ntie village, leaving their baggage to the enemy. The\\nfort on the Trinity was next attacked, and David Long,\\nbrother of the General, was killed, When news of these\\ndisasters reach Nacogdoches, a panic seized the popula-\\ntion, and all fled towards the Sabine for safety. Long\\nreached the place just after it had been evacuated. He\\nhad sent word to his wife to retire to the house of a mutual\\nfriend for safety. When the General reached the house\\nhe found it deserted. Fortunately, both himself and\\nwife safely reached the American side of the Sabine.\\nThe party at the Coshattie village retreated down the\\nTrinity in boats to Bolivar Point.\\nLong, undaunted in spirit, hastened through the\\nswamps, recrossed the Sabine, and joined his few remain-\\ning followers at Bolivar Point. To secure assistance, in\\nan open boat he made his way along the coast to New\\nOrleans. There he met with encouragement from General\\nRipley and other old friends. He also met Pelacios and\\nMilam, who were preparing for a descent upon Vera\\nCruz. Having secured some recruits and munitions of\\nwar, he returned to the Texas coast, reaching Galveston\\nthe very day that Lafitte, in his favorite ship, the Pride,\\nsailed out of the harbor for the last time. Gen. Long s-\\nobject was the occupancy of Texas, and the establishment\\nof a government over the country. He did not contem-\\nplate an invasion of the country west of the Nueces,,\\nwhich was then the western boundary of the province.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "REPUBLIC OF MEXICO. 139\\nLong s first object was the capture of Goliad, so that\\nhe could have some claim to the control of the country.\\nDuring the summer of 1821, with fifty-two men, in an\\nopen boat of Captain Williams, and with two pirogues, he\\nstarted down the coast, towards Goliad.\\nLong landed at Muskeet Point, and on approaching\\nGoliad, the small garrison retired, and he took peaceable\\npossession. In the meantime, Mexico had revolutionized\\nand become Republican and three days after Long took\\npossession of the town, three hundred cavalry, belonging\\nto the Republic of Mexico, appeared at the place. It\\nseemed incongruous to fight, and Long w^as persuaded to\\nlay down his arms, and enter into peaceable relations with\\nthe new comers. After being disarmed, Long s men were\\ntreated very much like prisoners of war. The General\\nw^as sent forward, under a guard, to Laredo, where his\\nsoldiers, after a few weeks, joined him. At Monterey,\\nthey were kept eight months, when Long was again sent\\nforward and his companions saw no more of him. After\\nreaching the city of Mexico, at the solicitation of Joel R.\\nPoinsett, American Minister, Long was liberated. A few\\ndays afterward, when stepping into an office to transact\\nsome business, he w^as shot dead by a soldier. The motive\\nfor this act of barbarity has never been disclosed. Some,\\nwithout any sufficient apparent grounds, have surmised\\nthat Pelacios, dreading the influence of Long in Texas,\\nwhere he was to be the Governor, had the brave General\\nput out of the way. After Long had left his men, they\\nwere sent to Saltillo, where they were joined by Milam,\\nwho had been betrayed and arrested by Pelacios. When\\nthey reached the city of Mexico, they were first drafted\\n*Yoaknm gives Lon^ a much lars^er force; but the numbers here\\nput down were furnished by John M ilenry, one of the party, -vrho still\\nlives in Victoria county.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ninto the Republican army, but afterward, at the solicita-\\ntion of Mr. Poinsett, released and sent to J^orfolk,\\nYirginia, in the United States ship John Adams.\\nMrs. Long had been left at Bolivar Point, with her\\nchild and a negro girl, with a few men to guard the fort.\\nThe men became impatient at Long s delay their stock\\nof provisions was low, and they threatened to leave the\\nheroic woman in her lonely fort on the beach. She remon-\\nstrated You may all leave me, said she, but I will\\nnever go from hence. My husband said he would soon\\nreturn. If I die, he will at least see my bones, and\\nknow that I, at least, was faithful to him. In spite of\\nthis pathetic appeal, her guard left her with her child\\nand negress. Her provisions gave out and she suffered\\nintensely during the winter of 1821-22. To add to her\\ncritical situation, during this trying time, another child\\nwas born, which, however, did not live long. When the\\nCaranchuas threatened to attack her fort, she fired the\\ncannon and kept them off. In the spring of 1822 a ves-\\nsel, having some of Austin s colonists, entered the harbor\\nof Galveston. From them she learned the sad fate of her\\nhusband. Subsequently, she kept a hotel in Brazoria..\\nFrom that point she went to Richmond, and opened a\\nplantation on which she still lives. For more than sixty\\nyears she has borne the name of her cherished and\\nhonored husband, and will carry it to the grave.\\nConclusion of this Period. We have now reached\\nthe close of the period of Spanish domination in Texas.\\nAs in all the provinces of Spanish America, the govern-\\nment was strictly personal, and liberal or despotic, as the\\nwhim or caprice of the commanding officers might dictate.\\nThe highest military officer, next to the viceroy, was the\\nintendant. Texas was at the beginning of the present", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "NAMES OF GOVEENOKS. 141\\ncentury attached to the intendancy of San Luis Potosi.\\nThis officer was also called the commander of the eastern\\ninternal provinces. His headquarters were at San Luis\\nPotosi, Monterey, or at Monclova. In 1801-11, Nemicio\\nSalcedo was the commander. From 1812 to the close of\\nthe period, Joaquin Arredondo.\\nFrom 1691 to 1725, Texas was united with Coahuila\\nand the following persons filled the office of governor\\n1691, Domingo Teran; 1714, DonGaspardo de Anaya;\\n1718, Don Martin De Alarconne 1720, Marquis of San\\nMiguel de Aguayo 1723, Fernando Perez de Almazan.\\nAfter this, Texas had a separate G-overnor, whose head-\\nquarters were at San Antonio. In 1725, Melchior de\\nMadiavilia y Arcona, was governor 1731, Juan Antonio\\nBustillos y Cavallos 1734, Manuel de Sandoval 1736,\\nCarlos de Franquis 1738, Prudencia de Oribio de Bas-\\nterra 1740, Justo Boneo 1756, Jacinto de Barrios y\\nJaurequi; 1762, Antonio de Martos y JS avarrete;\\n1770, Juan Maria, Baron de Riperda; 1778, Domingo\\nCabello Rafael Pacheco 1790, Manuel Munoz 1803,\\nJuan Bautista el Guazabel 1806, Antonio Cordero\\n1810, Manuel de Salcedo 1813, Christoval Dominguez\\n1818, Antonio Martinez.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE OLD CONCEPCION MISSION, NEAR SAN ANTONIO.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "PART III.\\nColonization\\nUNDER\\nMexican Domination,\\nFROM 1820 TO 1834.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nMEXICO BECOMES A REPUBLIC PLAN OF IGUALA MEXICO GAINS AN INDISPUTA-\\nBLE TITLE TO TEXAS, IN 1819 COLONIZATION SCHEMES KEENE OWEN MOSES\\nAUSTIN OBTAINS A CONTRACT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DIES STEPHEN F. AUSTIN SELECTS A LOCA-\\nTION IN TEXAS FOR HIS COLONY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN AIDED BY HAWKINS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCHOONER\\nLIVELY LOST AUSTIN IN THE CITY OF MEXICO.\\nWE do not propose to take our readers into the laby-\\nrinths of Mexican politics, or even to record the\\noft-recurring revolutions of that unhappy country. But\\nTexas was under Mexican domination, and of course was\\nmore or less affected by all the changes of government and\\nthis was the period in which Mexico threw off her depend-\\nence upon Spain and took her position among the indej^end-\\nent nations of the earth. Hidalgo was the first to unfurl\\nthe Republican banner in Mexico. This was in 1812 and\\nthough he failed, Morelos and others kept up the organiza-\\ntion of a party, struggling for deliverance from the Spanish\\nyoke. Spain herself was now j^assing through the trying\\nordeal of a change of dynasty, and the Republicans thought\\nit a favorable moment to strike for Mexican independence.\\nFortunately, Agustin Iturbide, the ablest of the loyalist gen-\\nerals, gave in his adhesion to the movement. At the sugges-\\ntion of Iturbide, a conference was held with Guerrero and\\nother Republican leaders at Iguala, a small town about sixty\\nmiles from Mexico, on the road to Acapulco. The result of\\nthis interview was the Plan of Iguala, proclaimed Feb-\\nruary 24, 1821. This plan was somewhat modified after\\nthe arrival of O Donohue, the newly-appointed Viceroy,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nbut in fact, the Plan of Iguala terminated the Spanish\\ndominion in Mexico.\\nAnother change favorable to the settlement of Texas had\\ntaken place. For more than a century the country had\\nbeen in dispute, claimed by both France and Spain and\\nafter France sold Louisiana to the United States, that\\ngovernment had revived the claim of France. The United\\nStates also wanted Florida. The ministers plenipotentiary\\nof the countries met. Spain was represented by De Onis,\\nand the United States by John Quincy Adams. A treaty\\nw^as entered into February 22, 1819, by which Spain sold\\nFlorida to the United States, and the latter relinquished\\nall claim to Texas.\\nWhen the United States achieved her independence, she\\nproffered a home to immigrants from all parts of the world.\\nHer unexampled prosperity had its influence upon her\\nsouthern neighbors. Even before the independence of\\nMexico, her rulers began to entertain projects for the colon-\\nization of unsettled portions of the country. To Edmund\\nKeene, the English statesman, was given the right to settle\\nwith colonists 21,000 square leagues of the best land in\\nTexas. This project failed. The next to apply for a colo-\\nniEation grant was Robert Owen, the Socialist and Com-\\nmunist, who wished, in this wilderness, to test the practi-\\ncability of his Socialistic system. But as none but\\nRoman Catholics were tolerated in Spanish America,\\nthis application was, of course, unsuccessful and New\\nHarmony, Indiana, witnessed the failure of Owen s exper-\\niment.\\nThe survivors of the ill-fated expeditions of Magee and\\nLong had given glowing descriptions of Texas and the\\nliberal disposition of the Mexican authorities made it a\\nfavorable time for planting colonies of Anglo-Americans in\\nthis inviting field. Moses Austin, a citizen of Missouri,\\nwho had moved into that country when it belonged to Spain,\\nresolved to become the founder of a Texas colony. To", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "PROJECTS FOR COLONIZATION. 149\\nmake the necessary preparations, he visited San Antonio,\\nthe capital of the province. He was at first coldly received\\nby Governor Martinez, and even ordered to leave the\\nj)rovince under pain of arrest. While crossing the plaza,\\nafter leaving the governor s office, Austin fortunately met\\nBaron de Bastrop, with whom he had previously formed\\nan acquaintance. Bastrop, who was one of the Alcaldes of\\nthe municipality, at once espoused the cause of Austin and\\nthrough his influence, the governor was induced to give\\nthe colonial project his sanction. With the aid of De Bas-\\ntrop, Austin succeeded in getting the signatures of all the\\nofficials of the city to his application, which was forwarded\\nto Arrendondo, the commander of the eastern internal\\nprovinces. Not doubting the success of his application,\\nAustin returned to Missouri to make arrangements to\\nintroduce his colonists. He was much exposed, and suffered\\nmany hardships in his return journey he reached home in\\nfeeble health, and soon afterward died, leaving an injunc-\\ntion for his son, Stephen Fuller Austin, to carry forward\\nhis plans.\\nWhile the elder Austin was in Mexico, his son Stephen\\nwas in New Orleans, maturing plans for co-operation with\\nhis father in his Texas scheme. Arredondo readily gave\\nhis assent to the colonial project of Austin, and Messrs.\\nVeramendi and Seguin, two prominent citizens of San\\nAntonio, were appointed commissioners to meet Austin at\\nNatchitoches, and introduce him into his future colony.\\nStephen Austin, having heard, at New Orleans, of the\\narrival of these commissioners in East Texas, started to\\nmeet them. On his way he heard of the death of his\\nfather, and that the whole enterprise now rested upon him-\\nself. The commissioners had no hesitation in recognizing\\nthe authority of the younger Austin, who at once prepared\\nto enter the province. It was late in the summer when,\\nthey reached San Antonio. Austin was cordially received", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "150 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nby Grovernor Martinez, and his gentlemanly manners made\\na most favorable impression upon all the officers in the city.\\nAfter inspecting the country, he selected for occupancy the\\nrich lands of the Colorado and Brazos rivers, and returned\\nto Louisiana to bring in his first colonists. On reaching\\nJSTew Orleans he secured some pecuniary assistance from\\nJoseph H. Hawkins, Esq., a former schoolmate at Transyl-\\nvania University. The schooner Lively was purchased,\\nand laden with supplies for the Texas colony. She sailed\\nfrom New Orleans, for the mouth of the Colorado River,\\nNovember 20th, 1821, and was never heard of afterward.\\nOn the day the Lively sailed from New Orleans, Austin\\nstarted by land for Texas. At Nacogdoches he was joined\\nby ten companions, and the party reached the bank of the\\nBrazos December 31st. The next morning they crossed\\nover, and named the stream found on the west side\\nof the river, New Year s Creek. As Austin passed\\nthrough Nacogdoches, he left some blank permits for colon-\\nists, and an agent to fill up the blanks. There were some\\nconditions in this first contract not incorporated in the\\nsubsequent laws. The colonists must profess the Roman\\nCatholic faith must be citizens of Louisiana; must take an\\noath of allegiance to Ferdinand VII, and pledge themselves\\nto protect and defend the institutions of the Spanish mon-\\narchy and must bring certificates of good moral character.\\nThe printed form before us was granted to the Grates family,\\nand is the property of the venerable Amos Gates, of\\nWashington county. It bears date Nacogdoches, December\\n27, 1821, and was signed by Austin as civil and military\\ncommander of the colony forming on the Brazos and\\nColorado rivers, in the province of Texas, under the\\ngovernment of New Spain. In this permit it is stated that\\neach man shall receive 640 acres of land his wife 320 and\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acach child 160 acres. To the master was given eighty acres\\nfor each slave introduced. Austin was to incur all the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "PERILOUS JOURNEY. 151\\nexpense of procuring a patent, and the colonists were to pay\\nhim twelve and a half cents an acre for their land.*\\nAustin hastened to the coast to meet the Lively. For\\nthree months he waited and watched, but hearing no tidings\\nof the vessel, he finally gave it up for lost, and with his\\nbrother, John Brown Austin, he went to San Antonio.\\nThere he learned that it would be necessary for him to visit\\nthe city of Mexico, to secure the sanction of the newly inaug-\\nurated Republican Grovernment. Though he had made no\\npreparation for such a trip, he committed the management\\nof his colony to Josiah H. Bell, and started upon the long\\nand perilous journey.\\nThis pay for land refers only to the first colonists. Under subsequent\\ncontracts the colonists themselves paid the Government dues, and the empres-\\nario received his pay in premium lands. It was a section of land 640 acres,\\nthat Austin petitioned for, for each family. The commandant misunderstood\\nhim, thinking he wished a sitio, an amount equal to a small county. He told\\nAustin that that was too much; but he would give each one a league, and the\\nimpresario of course agreed to that proposition, as it was so much better than\\nhe had asked but after all it was hard on the colonists. They could have paid\\ntwelve and a half cents an acre for a section of land, bi;t when it came to pay-\\ning that price for a league, it was more money than a poor man could readily\\ncommaud.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nCOLONIZATION LAWS-LAW OP 1823-OF 1824-OP COAHUILA IN 1825, AN\u00c2\u00a9 AflAHf IN\\n1832\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SAN FELIPE LAID OUT AND LAND OFFICE OPENED IN 1824\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EDWARDS GRAN\\nAND FREDONIAN TROUBLES AT NACOGDOCHES-THE EDWARDS CONTRACT AN.\\nNULLED BY GOA ^ERNOR BLANCO.\\nC(UCH was the unsettled state of Mexican affairs that it\\nbecame necessary for Austin to remain for a whole year\\nat the capital, before a government sufficiently stable was\\nformed for him to effect the object of his mission. In the\\nmeantime, he had thoroughly studied the language and\\ninstitutions of the country, and formed the acquaintance of\\nits leading citizens. He had given special attention to the\\nsubject of colonization and it is believed the laws enacted\\nat that and subsequent periods on the subject, were drawn\\nat his suggestion. As these colonization laws are of great\\ninterest, we give a synopsis of the more important ones.\\n1. The Colonization Law of 1823, by the Mexican Empire.\\nThis guaranteed the protection of liberty, property, and civil rights to\\nall foreigners professing the Roman Catholic apostolic religion. It prom-\\nised the distribution of the lands to them, recognizing the general right of\\nany one to contract with the government for the introduction and settle-\\nment in the country of at least two hundred families. These contractors\\nwere called empresarios, and for the introduction and establishment of each\\ntwo hundred families the empresario was entitled to receive from the gov-\\nernment a title to three haciendas and two labors of land; but he was\\nobligated to populate and cultivate them within twelve years from the date\\nof concession, under pain of losing all rights of property therein. The\\npremium was never to exceed nine haciendas and six labors, and the pro-\\nprietor was, at the end of twenty years, to alienate two-thirds of the land\\nso acquired. The colonists themselves so introduced were entitled to\u00e2\u0080\u0094 if\\n*This sjTiopsis wae prepared for the Texas Almanac of 186S, by N. C.\\nRaymond.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CATHEDRAL DE SAN FERNANDO.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "COLONIZATION LAWS. 155\\ntheir occupation was that of farming not less than one labor (177 7-10\\nacres if engaged in the pursuit of stock-raising, not less than one silio\\n(league, 4,488 English acres) of land. This quantity, however, might be\\naugmented by the government itself, or by its authorities, if specially\\nauthorized/ agreeably to the conditions and circumstances of the colonists.\\nThere were a number of other provisions in the law by which the terms\\nand conditions were liable to be varied, both as to the conti actor and the\\ncolonist.\\n2. The National Colonization Law of 1824.\\nThis law made it the duty of the legislatux es of the several Mexican\\nStates to form colonization laws, or regulations for their respective States,\\nsubject, however, to the paramount authority, the constitutional act, general\\nconstitution, and the regulations established by the act under consideration.\\nBy this law was forbidden the colonization of any lands within twenty\\nleagues of the limits of any foreign nation, or within ten leagues of the\\ncoasts, without the j^^ ^vious approbation of the general government. The\\ngeneral Congress was estopped until the year 1840 from prohibiting the\\nentrance of any foreigner as a colonist, unless imperious circumstances\\nshould require it, with respect to the individuals of a particular nation.\\nMexican citizens as emj^resarios were preferred in the distribution of lauds.\\nWe insert Article 12 in full:\\nIt shall not be pei*mitted to unite in the same hands with the right of\\nproperty more than one league square of land suitable for irrigation, four\\nsquare leagues in superficies of arable land without the facilities of irri-\\ngation, and six square leagues in superficies of grazing land.\\nHere is the origin of what are commonly knowii in Texas as the eleven\\nleague claims.\\nThis law guarantees the contracts whtch the empresarios make with\\nthe families which they bring at their own expense, provided they are not\\ncontrary to the laws. In accordance with this law and the subsequent\\nlaws passed under its authority, the territories of Mexico, Texas being\\nthen an Integral j)art were colonized.\\n3. The Colonization Law of Coahuila ajd Texas of 1825.\\nWe introduce the preamble of this law in order to show more fully the\\nanimus of its enactment\\nDecree No. 16. The Constituent Congress of the free, independent and\\nsovereign State of Coahuila and Texas, desiring by every possible means\\nto augment the population of its territory, promote the cultivation of its\\nfertile lands, the raising and multiplication of stock, and the progress of\\nthe arts and connncrce and being governed by the constitutional act,\\nthe federal constitution, and the basis established by the national decree of\\nthe general Congress No. 72, (the national colonization law of 1824,) have\\nthought proper to deci ee the following law of colonization.\\nThis law invited all foreigners who had come to any of the Mexican\\nterritories under the law of 1824, to settle in Coahuila and Texas, and pre-\\nscribed the manner in which thoy, or those then within the State, should\\navail themselves of the opportunity presented of acquiring laud under the\\n11", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nlaw. The empresario conti*acts authorized by the national decree No. 72\\nwere recognized as well as its other provisions the inchoate rights accruing\\nunder it being more particularly regulated by immaterial conditions and\\nprescriptions of fcrm in their perfection. The settlers were required as an\\nacknowledgment to pay to the State for each sitio of pasture land thirty\\ndollars, two dollars and a half for each labor without the facility of irriga-\\ntion, and three dollars and a half for each one that can be irrigated, and so\\non proportionably, according to the quantity and quality of the land dis-\\ntributed. Here is the origin of the payment of what is commonly known\\nas government dues, which is still required by the State of Texas upon a\\ncertain class of land certificates.\\nWe introduce articles 45 and 46 o* this law by way of incidental infor-\\nmation upon two other subjects\\nArt. 45. The government, in accord with the respective ordinary eccle-\\nsiastics, will take care to provide the new settlements with the competent\\nnumber of pastors, and, in accord with the same authority, shall propose\\nto the Legislature for its approbation the salary which the said pastors are\\nto receive, which shall be i:)aid by the new settlers.\\nArt. 46. The new settlers, as regards the introduction of slaves, shall\\nsubject themselves to the existing laws and those which may hereafter be\\nestablished on the subject.\\nInstructions were issued in 1827 by the executive department of the\\nState of Coahuila and Texas, to the commissioners for the partition of lands\\namong the colonists who had established, or who might establish themselves\\nunder this law. These instructions were merely directory as to the duty of\\nthe commissioners in their official capacity.*\\n4. The Colonization Law of 1832, passed by the Congress of Coa-\\nhuila AND Texas, which Repealed the Law of 1825.\\nThis law, without changing the policy which seems to have controlled\\nthe government in the acquisition of population through her schemes of\\ncolonization, prescribed more definitely than any previous law the manner\\nTo the above we will add, that in the instructions to land commissioners,\\nthey were required to lay out towns on four league tracts, with water and\\ntimber to which all the population had access and an equal right streets to be\\nbroad\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to cross each other at right angles and suitable plazas were designated,\\nto be forever set apart to the public use for court-houses, churches, schools, etc.\\nAll mines, salt lakes, etc., were reserved from location, and were to be access-\\nible to the public luider certain restrictions. The wisdom of this is seen in tlie\\nresult of permitting the salt mines in El Paso County to become private prop-\\nert Again, no one man could acquire a title to more than eleven leagues of\\njand, and before the expiration of twenty yeax s must alienate two-thirds of it.\\nWe have no restriction now, and as a result we read of cattle kings and qneeiis.\\nfencing in royal domains. As an illustration Forty-seven persons owiytwo-\\nthirds of the land of Xneces County. W. K(^nnedy owns 186. 2SG acres, valued\\nfor taxation at \u00c2\u00a794,943; and Richard King owns 188,435, assessed at $130,127.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "INDUCEMENTS TO IMMIGRANTS. 157\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of final consummation of rights to land in Texas, though the quantity\\no-ranted by it to the colonists was neither increased nor diminished, with\\nthe exception of the quantity to single men, who became entitled by its\\nprovisions to one-fourth of a league, (1,107 acres). There was no limitation\\nas to the colonists. They might be introduced from any country, though\\nthe object seems to have been to settle Texas with Americans.\\nThe sale of lands to 3fexicans was authorized in quantities not to exceed\\neleven leagues, upon certain conditions, to-wit: The introduction of stock,\\nthe payment of part of the valuation into the treasury, etc., etc. The price\\nvaried from fifteen dollars to two hundred dollars per league.\\nAll rights to land in Texas previous to the declaration of her independ-\\nence in March, 1836, were therefore acquired under the authority of these\\nstatutory enactments, or by virtue of the authority of the Spanish Govern-\\nment before the independence of Mexico, or by authority of the Mexican\\nGovernment afterward, each exercising the right of eminent domain.\\nAs an inducement to immigrants, a provision was inserted\\nin the law, exempting all colonists from taxes, tithes, etc.,\\nfor six years. In Austin s jDermit, as we have seen,\\nmasters were encouraged to bring their slaves but in acts\\nof subsequent legislation slavery was discouraged, the sale\\nof slaves prohibited in the province, and all children of\\n.slave parents declared free at fourteen years of age.\\nNotwithstanding Austin s long absence from Texas, his\\ncolony continue^:! to fill up, though there were some fears\\nthat he would fail with the new government. As a prelim-\\niniiry measure, Austin had opened a farm on Red river,\\nw^here a large amount of provisions were raised for his\\ncolonists on their way to the Brazos. A good many who\\nhad started for the colony, stopj)ed on Red river until they\\nshould learn the result of his mission to the city of Mexico.\\nWhen that was announced, these families hurried forward.\\nHis first contract for three hundred w^as soon filled. Finally\\nAustin succeeded in placing the colonization laws in such\\na shape that he could safely return to his colony.\\nOn his way back he, at Monterey, met a most flattering\\nreception from General Le Garcia, commander of the\\neastern internal provinces. Le Garcia directed him to lay\\nout a town for the residence of the public officials, and to\\ncall it San Felipe de Austin. What was still more import-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nant for the interests of the rising colony, Baron de Bastrop\\nwas appointed commissioner to issue titles to the immi-\\ngrants. The town was laid out and the land office opened\\nin July, 1824. Owing to the rambling disj)osition of the\\ncolonists, they had scattered from the San Jacinto on the\\neast, to the JNTavidad on the west, and from the gulf coast\\nup to the old San Antonio and Nacogdoches road. Ferries\\nhad been established at the principal crossings of the\\nrivers, farms opened, stores accumulated, and the colonists\\nwere becoming comfortably fixed to live.\\nEdwards Grant. In Mexico Austin met a number of\\ngentlemen seeking empresario contracts and among them\\nGeneral James Wilkinson and Hayden Edwards. Owing\\nto jDrevious transactions wath the Spanish authorities, they\\nwere a little reluctant to grant the request of the former\\ncommander on the Sabine, but Mr. Edwards was a man of\\nculture and wealth, and readily obtained his request. His\\ngrant was under the general colonization law, which Austin\\nhad succeeded in getting through Congress. Edwards^\\ncontract was for eight hundred families, to be settled in\\nthe neighborhood of Nacogdoches. It bore date Aj^ril 18,\\n1825. The location proved exceedingl}^ unfortunate.\\nNacogdoches had been settled a long time by a roving and\\nmigratory class of people, some of whom had obtained an\\nunenviable notoriety as heroes of the neutral ground.\\nThere, too, a prejudice had grown up between the Anglo-\\nAmerican and Mexican citizens. When the families\\nintroduced by Edwards selected their headright land and\\ncommenced improving, some older claimant would appear\\nand lay claim to his home. The courts were ajipealed to,\\nbut the Alcaldes had been elected by Mexican voters, and\\ninvariably decided in favor of their constituents. Indeed,\\nthe first serious ditficulty grew out of an election for\\nAlcalde. Chaplin, the son-in-law of Edwards, received\\nthe largest number of votes, but Xorris, the candidate voted\\nfor by the Mexicans, was counted in. Some Mexicans of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Edward s grant. 159\\nvery disreputable character, were engaged in forging old\\nland titles. Of this Edwards complained to the political\\nchief, Saucedo, but he obtained no satisfaction. We give\\nan instance from Yoakum Before Edwards had made\\nhis contract, a man by the name of Tramel had emigrated\\nfrom Pecan Point to ]S acogdoches. After he had reached\\nthe latter place, he learned from the Alcalde that that\\nfunctionary had received orders from Governor Trespela-\\ncios to place some one at the crossing of the Trinity to keep\\na ferry on the old San Antonio road. Tramel agreed to\\noccupy the post, and with the order of the Alcalde, removed\\nto the ferry and settled himself. He subsequently sold out\\nto another person, who still kept up the ferry. Ignatius\\nSertuche, a Mexican, and the only surviving inhabitant of\\nthe old town of Spanish Bluff, below the old ferry, was\\nstarving, together with his family. The occupant of the\\nferry invited him to move up to the crossing, and he would\\nsupply his family with food. Sertuche, finding the situa-\\ntion pleasant and profitable, managed to dispossess the\\noccupant. The facts being made known to Edwards, he\\ntook steps to repossess the true occupant. This was all\\nrepeated to the political chief, and Sertuche was again\\nplaced at the ferry. The only reason given by Saucedo for\\nthis arbitrary act w^as, that Sertuche was a Mexican, and\\nentitled to the preference. Yoakum adds: In several\\nother instances, these invidious distinctions were made, and\\nAmericans who had come into the country and wrought\\nimprovements, were compelled to give place to Mexican\\nfavorites of Sepulvida and JN orris, the Alcaldes during the\\nyears 1825-26. The Americans, says Foote, who was\\nan intimate friend of Edwards, were dispossessed of\\ntheir homes, fined and imprisoned.\\nDuring the summer of 1826, Hayden Edwards visited\\nthe United States to bring on more colonists. In his\\nabsence his brother, Benj. F. Edwards, had charge of the\\ncolony. Learning that serious charges had been forwarded", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "160 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nto Governor Blanco, aifecting his brother, Benjamiiv\\nEdwards wrote to the Governor, denouncing the charges i^v\\nj^retty severe terms. In answer to this epistle, Blanco, o?v\\nthe 20th of October, sent a reply of which the following is\\na translation of the concluding paragraph In view o\\\\\\nsuch proceedings, by which the conduct of Hayden Edwards\\nis well attested, /lave decreed the annidment of his contracty\\nand his expidsion from the territory of the Republic, in\\ndischarge of the supreme orders with which I am invested.\\nHe has lost the confidence of the Government, which is-\\nsuspicious of his fidelity besides it is not prudent to admit,\\nthose who begin by dictating law^s as sovereigns. If to you\\nor your constituent, these measures are unwelcome nd\\nprejudicial, you can apply to the Suj)reme Government;,\\nbut you will first evacuate the country, both yourself and\\nHavden Edwards for which j^urj^ose I this day repeat my\\norders to that dei^artment in the execution of which, as\\nthey w^ill expel all evil-doers, so they will extend full protec-\\ntion to those of worth, probity and useful skill, that have\\nsettled therein, and are submissive to the laws and consti\\ntuted authorities. This is signed Blanco, and certified by\\nJuan Antonio Padilla, Secretary of State.\\nWhen this executive decree reached Nacogdoches,,\\nHavden Edwards had returned. He had expended several\\nthousand dollars in bringing colonists to the country, and\\nof course felt chagrined at this arbitrary and illegal\\nproceeding. Some of his colonists, too, had expended\\nconsiderable sums in rendering their homes comfortable\\nAnd notwithstanding the statement in the decree, that\\ncitizens would be protected in their rights, the old Mexicans\\ntrumped up claims to all the improved lands and Norris,\\nthe Alcalde, issued orders to put them in possession, while\\nJames Gaines, his father-in-law, had organized a company\\nof re ulators to enforce their fraudulent claims.\\nThe Indians also, who had settled in the neighborhood,,\\nunder the provisions of the colonization law, were dissatis-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE FREDONIANS. 161\\niied, as no provision had been made to give them titles to\\ntheir hind. The most influential chiefs of these tribes\\nwere Richard Fields and John Dunn Hunter, both half-\\nbreeds. Under the excitement of the moment, the Edwards\\nparty entered into a league with the dissatisfied Indians,\\nforming an alliance offensive and defensive. They first\\ndeclared their independence of the United Mexican Nation,\\nand next divided the territory of Texas between them, giving\\nthe Indians in the country, and to enter the territory, all\\nthe country north of a point a little above Nacogdoches,\\nand westward to the Rio Grande; and the whites, the\\ncoast of Texas. Slavery was to be established in both.\\nThis was duly signed on the 20th of December. The follow-\\ning names were appended to this declaration Hayden\\nEdwards and Harmon B. Mayo, on the part of the Amer-\\nicans, and Richard Fields and John Dunn Hunter, on the\\npart of the Indians. The allied parties assumed the name\\nof Fredonians^ and proceeded at once to organize a legisla-\\ntive committee, composed of the following members:\\nAmericans Martin Parmer, President Hayden Edwards,\\nF. B. Ligon, John Sprow, B. F. Thompson, Joseph A.\\nHuber, B. W. Edwards and H. B. Mayo. Indians\\nRichard Fields, John Dunn Hunter, Ne-Ko-Lake, John\\nBags and Kurtoke. Learning that Col. Bean, the Mexican\\nIndian agent, at Fort Teran, was preparing to resist their\\nmovements, the Fredonians took posession of the old stone\\nhouse at JSTacogdoches. Bean, however, awaited the arrival\\nof reinforcements from San Antonio. One of the first acts\\nof the legislative body was to depose the Alcalde Norris.\\nNorris hastily collected a few friends, and on the 4th of\\nJanuary, 1827, entered the town and took a position behind\\nsome other buildings. Here they were attacked by about\\ntwenty Americans and Indians from the fort, and driven\\noff, with a loss of one killed and several wounded After\\nthis action, B. W. Edwards was elected commander of the\\nFredonians.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe Fredonians had miscalculated the spirit of Austin s\\ncolonists. They exj^ected, from them, a hearty co-operation.\\nIn this, they were sadly disappointed. Again, they had\\nbeen deceived as to the feelings among the Indians.\\nTrue, Fields and Hunter were faithful to their treaty, but\\nBean had detached the great body of the tribe from the\\nalliance, and the result was, that both the faithful half-\\nbreeds were assassinated by the Indians whose welfare they\\nwere laboring to promote. When news of the organization\\nof the Edwards party reached Bexar, Saucedo dispatched\\nColonel Mateo Ahumada with 200 soldiers, to suppress the\\ninsurrectionists. At San Felipe he was reinforced by a\\ncompany of Austin s colonists. Seeing the hopelessness of\\nmaintaining the Fredonian cause against such odds, Major\\nEdwards and his party retired across the Sabine.\\nAhumada, on reaching Nacogdoches, took possession of\\nthe place, and captured a few of Edwards partizans. It was\\nfortunate for them, that Colonel Austin was along other-\\nwise they would have shared the usual fate of prisoners,\\ncaptured by the Mexican soldiers. As it was, they were at\\nAustin s solicitation released. This clemency, so unexj^ected,\\nbrought to Ahumada a letter from B. W. Edwards, of which\\nthe following is an extract Your kind, your friendly and\\ngenerous deportment towards my fi iends and fellow soldiers,\\nwhile prisoners of yours, entitles you and the officers under\\nyour command to the expression of my thanks, and has\\ninsured to you and them a distinction in our hearts, that\\nwill ever separate you from the rest of your countrymen\\nwho have oppressed us. (See sketches of Edwards, Fields,\\nHunter, etc.)*", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "BOWEN S BEND. SAN ANTONIO RIVER.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nOTHER CONTRACTS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THORN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LEFTWICH\u00e2\u0080\u0094DE WITT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DE LEON\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN S SECOND CON-\\nTRACT, AND OTHERS FROM 1825 TO 1830\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SETTLKMENT ON RED RIVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IN THE\\nSOUTH-EAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GALVESTON BAY COMPANY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IN THE SOUTH-WEST.\\n/TV HE prosperity of Austin s colony, and the favorable\\n-A. provisions of the general colonization law, induced a\\nnumber of persons to apply for empresario grants. On the\\n15th of April, 1824, three applications were filed for con-\\ntracts. Frost Thorn proposed to introduce 400 families\\nRobert Leftwich, 800 and Green DeWitt, 400. And on\\nthe 27th of April, S. F. Austin took an additional contract\\nfor the introduction of 500 families. October 6th, Martin\\nDeLeon took a contract for forty-one families.\\nIn 1826 January 12th, Benjamin R. Milam took a con-\\ntract for 200 families March 9th, Arthur G. Wabell took\\na contract for 400 families May 27th, Stephen J. Wilson\\nfor 200 December 22d, Joseph Vehelin Co., for 300\\nDecember 22d, David G. Burnet, for 300.\\n1826 November 14th, John L. Woodbury, for 200.\\n1827\u00e2\u0080\u0094 May 21st, John Cameron took a contract for 100\\nfamilies; and on the 20th of November, S. F. Austin added\\n100 families to his j^revious contracts.\\n1828. February 9th, John Cameron took a second\\ncontract for 299 families February 23d, Exter Wilson,\\nfor 100 families; November 17th, Joseph Vehelin Co.,\\nfor 100 additional families.\\n1829\u00e2\u0080\u0094 February 6th, John Dominguez, for 200 families\\nMarch 12th, Lorenzo de Zavalla for 500 families and\\nApril 30th, Martin DeLeon for 150 additional.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nIn 1830, Thomas J. Chambers and J. A. PadiHa took a\\ncontract, February 12th, for introducing 800 families.\\nThe granting of so many contracts proves conclusively\\nthat the legally constituted authorities were anxious to see\\nTexas settled. The boundaries of these grants were not\\nvery accurately defined and some of the empresarios failed\\nto even make an effort to introduce their quota of immi-\\ngrants. Austin, alone, succeeded in nearly filling all his\\ncontracts, introducing more families than all the other\\nempresarios. His later contracts authorized him to settle a\\ncolony above the old San Antonio road, on the east side of\\nthe Colorado River and also on the littoral coast leagues^\\nthat had been previously reserved from location. The\\nLeftwich grant was also in the jurisdiction of the Brazo\\ndepartment. Leftwich had brought out a few families, when\\nhe returned to Tennessee to make arrangements to complete\\nhis work, where he died. A company called the Xashville\\nCompany was organized, and Sterling C. Roberston and\\nAlexander Thomson came out with some families to settle\\nthe colony. Robertson had difficulty with some of the\\nMexican officials at Nacogdoches, and in 1831, the authori-\\nties revoked the privileges of the Nashville Company, and\\nthe same territory was assigned to Austin Williams.\\nMr. Robertson, visited Saltillo in 1834 and procured a\\nrenewal of his contract, and was successful in settling his\\ncolony. (See Robertson, S. C.)\\nThere were three contracts in the upper part of the juris-\\ndiction of Nacogdoches Filisolas Milam s and Wabell s.\\nMilam, in conjunction with Wabell, introduced a number\\nof families who became permanent settlers, on the south side\\nof Red River. The Federal Congress had given him a\\nheadright league, which in consequence of his invaluable\\nservices to the Republican cause had been increased to\\neleven leagues. Milam located his land, and started a ranch,\\nbut unfortunately he went too far to the east, and when the\\nboundary line was run, found his land in Miller county^", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "WALL STREET SPECULATION. 167\\nArkansas. He abandoned that location for one farther\\nwest.\\nHigher up on Red River, and outside of any regular\\njurisdiction, were the grants of Cameron, Exter Wilson\\nand Woodbury. At an early period one of these English\\ncompanies sent a party of surveyors across from Santa Fe,,\\nto survey and sectionize the land preparatory to settlement.\\nThe party established an initial point on the Brazos River,,\\nand started north, surveying and marking off the land on\\neach side of their ba^e line. But the Indians were found\\nhostile, and when the surveyors reached the Canadian River\\nand the Wichita Mountains, they were finally driven off, and\\nthe colonists never came to occupy the land.\\nThe contracts of Burnet, Vehelin, and Zavalla, in the\\nlower part of the municipality of Nacogdoches, passed into-\\nthe hands of some ]N ew York capitalists, who, in the lan-\\nguage of Burnet, converted it into a Wall-street speculation.\\nIt is possible the purchasers did not fully understand the\\nprivileges and restrictions of empresarios. At any rate\\nthey formed the Galveston Bay Company, and issued\\nscrip for 6,210,300 acres of land. The scrip was worthless\\nin Texas, where every immigrant was entitled to a league\\nof land but in N ew York it sold for from one to two cents\\nan acre. It is said this company expended $50,000 in\\npreparations to settle their colony. They selected the town\\nof Anahuac for their headquarters. When Bradburn\\nbecome commander at Anahuac, and exercised his despotism,\\nthe population fled, and the bubble of the Galveston Bay\\nCompany exploded.\\nThree of the grants were in the jurisdiction of Goliad\\nDeLeon s, Powers and McMullin McGloine s. ^^Ir.\\nDeLeon was already in his colony, having established a\\nranch at Victoria, on the Guadalupe River. The colonists\\nintroduced by McMullin MeGloine were mostly Irish, and\\nsettled on the Nueces River, forming the county of San\\nPatricio. Powers introduced a few families on the bay of\\nCopano.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nDeWitt s colony was in the Bexar jurisdiction. This\\ngrant was on the Gruadalupe River, and formed the nucleus\\nof DeWitt and Gonzales counties.\\nMilam s second grant was on the San Marcos River.\\nBeale was interested with him, and the contract was sold to\\nthe Baring Brothers of London.\\nThe accompanying map will give a tolerably accurate\\nidea of the location of the different colonies, the old thor-\\noughfares, the location of different towns, rivers, etc., and\\nthe three departments into which Texas was divided in\\n1834.\\nBeside these colonies in the province of Texas, of which\\nthe Nueces was then the western boundary, in 1833-4, an\\nEnglish colony was attempted on a creek named Las\\nMoras, and a village laid out, ominously named Dolores.\\nThe English immigrants, unused to a frontier life, did not\\nlong remain in the dolorous settlement.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "I\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\nlO\\n1 1\\n12\\n13\\nEmpresario Grants,\\nFelisola s Grant.\\nBurnet s\\nVehlin s\\nZavalla s\\nAustin s Colony.\\nRobertson s Grant.\\nS. F, Austin s\\nMilam s\\nDeWitt\\nDeLeon s\\nBexar District\\nMcMullin McGloire s Grant\\nPower s", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3352", "width": "2576", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "Pecan Pt.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nCIVIL ADMINISTRATION GOVERNORS LAND COMMISSIONERS ALCALDES DISTRICTS\\nAYUNTAMIENTOS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 POLITICAL CHIEFS OF DKPARTMENTS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE CONGRESS-\\nREFLECTIONS ON COLONIZATION ALMONTE IN THE PROVINCE HIS REPflRT\\nDISTURBING ELEMENTS TAXATION SLAVERY TEXAS COVETED BY THE UNITED\\nSTATES.\\nftAyIXG- given a list of the colonial grants, and brief\\nnotes of the progress of settlements, we will now turn\\nour attention to the civil administration of the country.\\nUnder Mexican rule the government was personal. The\\nGovernor was appointed by, and responsible to, the federal\\nexecutive still subordinate, however, to the military\\ncommander at Monterey. The following is a list of the\\nGovernors of the province In 1822, Trespelacios 1823,\\nLuciana Le Garcia. Up to this time Texas was a province\\nby itself, and the Governor resided at San Antonio. By\\nthe Constitution of 1824, Texas was temporarily attached\\nto Coahuila, and Saltillo became the capital. In 1825,\\nRafael Gonzales was Governor 1826, Victor Blanco 1828,\\nJose Maria Viesca 1831, Jose Maria Letona 1834,\\nFrancisco Vidauri y Villasenor. The military command-\\ners at Monterey were, in 1820, Anastasio Bustamente in\\n1822, Phillip Le Garcia 1830, Mier y Teran.\\nIn Austin s colony, the people enjoyed all their rights\\nand privileges for a number of years, without molestation.\\nFor six years they were exempt from taxation the govern-\\nment gave them a liberal grant of land, and those dissatis-\\nfied with their first locations were permitted to changed\\nAustin exercised the functions of civil and militar} ruler,\\nand up to 1828, those of Superior Judge. Samuel M.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWilliams, the secretary of the colony, and the various\\nsurveyors and the land commissioners aiforded to the\\ncolonists every facility for locating and securing titles to\\ntheir land.\\nUnder the general colonization law, the land commis-\\nsioner was an important functionary. He not only issued\\nland titles, but established ferries, organized new Alcaldes\\ndistricts, and inducted the new officers laid out towns,\\nand in conjunction with the empresario, exercised a general\\nsuj^er vision over the colonies.\\nUnder Spanish rule, San Antonio, Nacogdoches and\\nGoliad had enjoyed the rank of Presidios, or county\\nseats. In 1822, during Austin s absence in Mexico, two\\nAlcaldes districts, those of the Brazos and the Colorado,\\nwere formed in his colony. These had increased to seven\\nin 1827. In 1828 all the Alcaldes in a municipality met\\nthree times a year and held a general court, called an Ayun-\\ntamiento.\\nTexas, from its great distance from Saltillo, was practically\\nwithout a governor and on the first of February, 1826, the\\noffice of political chief was created and Manuel de Saucedo\\nappointed to the office. The chief received a salary of ^800\\na 3 ear and was invested with both civil and military\\npower. He could, at will, suspend the functions of civil\\nofficers arrest persons suspected of treasonable designs\\nand call out and command the militia. Saucedo was suc-\\nceeded by Ramon Musquis. In 1834, two Departments\\nThe following were the principal Land Commissioners in the colonies In\\nAustin s colony in 1824, Baron de Bastrop 1828. Gasper Flores at Nacogdoches\\nin 1829, Juan Antonio Padilla, and in 1832, Francisco Maderio.,;At a later peri-\\nod, George W. Smyth. Before any connnissioner was appointed, the Alcaldes\\nissued titles that the courts duly recognized and at a later period the Alcaldes\\natljbertygranted titles. Ferdinand De Leon was commissioner for De Leon s\\ncolony Jose Antonio Navarro for Bexar district, and for Milam s colony on\\nthe San Marcos Kiver; Jesus Vidauri for Power Hewitson s colony Charles\\nS. Taylor for Zavalla and Vehelin s colony; George A. Nixon, for Burnet s,\\nand W^illiam H. Steele, for Robertson s colony. In Austin s later contracts, he\\nwas empowered to issue titles in the absence of a commissiouer.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "LAND COMMISSIONEES. 171\\nwere formed, Bexar and ^N acogdoches the line separating\\nthem was the dividing ridge between the San Jacinto and\\nTrinity rivers. John Seguin was chief at Bexar, and\\nHenry Ruiz at Nacogdoches. The next year the department\\nof the Brazos was formed, and Henry Smit*h and James B.\\nMiller were each for a time, political chiefs, at San Felipe.\\nWhen three departments were formed, a law was enacted\\nproviding for a Supreme Court, and for a District Court in\\neach department. Thomas J. Chambers was appointed\\njudge of the former, but never organized his court. David\\nG.Burnet, judge of the Brazos district, was the only one\\nwho ever held a court.\\nDuring this period ^he law-making power was lodged in\\na representative body called the Congress of Coahuila and\\nTexas. The members were not elected directly by the\\npeople, but by electors chosen for that purpose. Popular\\nelections were always held on Sunday. To be eligible to a\\nseat in Congress, the candidate, if not a native, must have\\nresided eight years in the country and must have an\\nincome of $1,000, or be worth $8,000.\\nBy her population, Texas ought to have had four dele-\\ngates in this body but the law gave her but two, and it is\\nquestionable if she ever had more than one member at a\\ntime. The action of Congress was frequently inimical to\\nTexas, especially one of its last acts, a fraudulent sale of\\nabout four hundred leagues of Texas land.\\nReflections on Texas Colonization. The history of\\nfrontier expansion in the United States show^s that it is no\\neasy task. In Texas the difficulties were very great. It\\nwas remote from other settlements in a foreio-n countrv.\\nwith a government and institutions entirely different from\\nthose of the North and the country was pre-occupied by\\nIndians. Considering all these circumstances, the success\\nThe following were Texas members of this Congress Baron De Bastroj).\\nJose Antonio Navarro, Erasmo Seguin, Stephen F. Austin, James B. Miller,\\nOliver Jones, and Jose Antonio Vasques.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nof Austin and others in introducing Anglo-American colon-\\nists, was wonderful. If we inquire into the grounds of\\nthis success, we shall find it in the character of the men.\\nThey were brave, hardy, industrious men, self-helpful and\\nself-reliant. They asked no favors of the government, and\\nthat government let them severely alone. Their stout arms\\ncultivated their farms and protected their homes from the\\nincursions of the savages. Volumes might be written,\\ndetailing instances of individual bravery of hardshijDS\\ncheerfully endured by old and young, male and female\\ncolonists.\\nIn 1834, Santa Anna sent his trusted lieutenant,\\nAlmonte, to examine Texas and report upon its progress.\\nThis report furnishes the most reliatle data we have of the\\nwealth and population at that time. Kennedy says of this\\nreport\\nThe statistics of Almonte form the proudest testimonial to the labors\\nof those feai less and persevering- spirits who first rendered the golden--\\nglebe of Texas tributary to the enjoyments of civilized man.\\nWe give some extracts from Almonte s report\\nIn 1806 the department of Bexar contained two municipalities; San\\nAntonio, with a population of 5,000 souls, and Goliad with 1,400 total 6,400.\\nIn 1834 there were four municipalities, with the following population\\nrespectively San Antonio, 2,400 Goliad, 700 Victoria, 300 San Patricio,\\n600 total 4,000. Deducting 600 for the municipality of San Patricio, an\\nIrish settlement, the Mexican population had declined from 6,400 to 3,400\\nbetween 1806 and 1834. The department of the Brazos, (Austin s and De-\\nWitt s colonies) have the following municipalities: San Felipe, 2.500;\\nColumbia, 2,100; Matagorda, 1,400; Gonzales, 900; Mina, 1,100\u00e2\u0080\u0094 total\\n8,000; 1,000 of whom are negroes.\\nLet the reader observe that while the Mexican popula-\\ntion of Bexar district had fallen off nearly one-half, the\\nAnglo-American population had grown from nothing in\\n1820, to 7,000, exclusive of the negroes.\\nThe department of Nacogdoches contains four municipalities and four\\ntowns. Nacogdoches has a population of 3,500; San Augustine, 2,500;\\nLiberty, 1,000; Jonesburg. 2,000; the town of Anahuac, 50 Bevil, 140;\\nTerau 10; Tenaha, 100\u00e2\u0080\u0094 total 9,000, of whom 1,000 are negroes.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "SANTA ANNA.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "DISTUKBING ELEMENTS. 175\\nAfmonte estimates that the department of the Brazos had\\n25,000, and that of Nacogdoches 50,000 head of cattle. The\\namount of the whole trade of Texas for the year 1834, he\\nestimates as follows\\nDEPARTMEKTS. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. TOTAL.\\nBexar 40,000 20,000 60,000\\nBrazos 325,(i00 275,000 600,000\\nNacogdoches 265.000 205,000 470,000\\nContraband trade by water.. 270,000 1,400,000\\nMr. Almonte estimated the whole population in 1834, at\\n36,300 of whom 21,000 were civilized and 15,300 Indians.\\nOf the latter, 10,800 were represented as hostile and 4,500\\nfriendly. Mr. Kennedy suggests that Almonte s estimate\\nwas too low, and that the Anglo-American population at\\nthat time amounted to 30,000, exclusive of the negroes.\\nDisTUKBiNG Elements.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One of the most difficult ques-\\ntions to adjust between the government and its people is\\nthat of Taxation how the government is to be sustained\\nwith the least pressure upon the pockets of the people.\\nColonists entering Texas were permitted to introduce all\\nfamily supplies, and agricultural and mechanical imple-\\nments free of duty, and for six years no taxes were to be\\npaid. From the foundation of Austin s colony, up to\\n1830-31, Texas had been free from custom houses and tax\\ncollectors. This exemption of so large a portion of the\\nState impoverished the treasury at Saltillo so that many\\noffices remained vacant because there was no money to pay\\nthe salaries. Every available resource was resorted to to\\nincrease the revenue even the cock-pits were taxed for the\\nsupport of the government. The Texans enjoyed their\\nexemption and appreciated it. It is, perhaps, due to truth,\\nto state that they were not anxious to see assessors and\\ncollectors of taxes. In 1828, Mr. Austin had advised the\\nAyuntamiento of San Felipe to assess a tax to build a jail\\nbut that body had refrained from exercising such an unwel-\\ncome authority. The period when many of the colonists\\nrj", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwere by law exempt from taxation had now expirect, and\\nin 1830 the government took steps to collect taxes. This\\nwas not unreasonable, and the people would not have\\nobjected but for the means adopted to enforce the collec-\\ntion. With the revenue officers came armed bands of\\nsoldiers, under officers clothed with dictatorial powers\\npowers which the liberty-loving Anglo-Americans dis-\\ntrusted. To collect reasonable, legitimate taxes, such\\ntroops were unnecessar3^\\nThe subject of negro slavery furnished another irritating\\nquestion. In his first contract, Austin was authorized to\\nintroduce slaves, and even to give their masters an addi-\\ntional tract of land for each one so introduced. This,\\nhowever, was contrary to the general j^olicy of Mexico, and\\nthe Constitution of Coahuila and Texas, promulgated March\\n11th, 1827, abolished slavery in the State. Through the\\ninfluence of Austin, this was so far modified in its applica-\\ntion to his colonists, that negroes were still introduced,\\nunder the name of Peons; the most of them having been\\npassed through the custom-house at Xew Orleans, so\\nthat their masters, if they found it necessary to do so,\\ncould re- convey them to the United States. Almonte,\\nwho says these negroes were introduced under special\\narrangements, [Convenios particulares) estimates that\\nin 1834 there were 2,000 in the province. There\\nwere probably twice that number. When Guerrero, in\\n1829, was invested with absolute }X)wer, he abolished\\nslavery. The next year. President Bustemente prohibited\\nthe further introduction of slaves. These decrees did not\\nset the negroes free, or arrest their introduction into the\\ncolony. Indeed, a few African negroes had been smuggled\\nin. This induced the Convention of 1833 to pass a resolu-\\ntion stron2:iy denouncino- the African slave trade. ^lany\\nof Austin s colonists were from the Southern States of the\\nAmerican Union, and the more wealthy had brought their\\nhouse servants and agricultural laborers with them and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "FUTILE ATTEMPTS TO PURCHASE. 177\\nthey were exceedingly jealous of any interference with their\\ndomestic institutions.\\nThese irritating questions were not all on one side. The\\nsteps taken by the Fredonians at Nacogdoches had excited\\nthe suspicions of the Mexicans. Though they reposed\\nunbounded confidence in Austin, they distrusted some of\\nhis colonists especially those who called and controlled\\npublic meetings, in which the measures of the government\\nwere freely commented on.\\nAgain, the United States had manifested an undue solic-\\nitude to gain possession of our fair province. Although\\nthe treaty negotiated by John Quincy Adams and De Onis,\\nin 1819, had conceded Texas to Spain, when Mr. Adams\\nbecame President, in March, 1825, one of the first acts of\\nhis administration was, through Mr. Clay, Secretary of\\nState, to instruct the American Minister in Mexico to pro-\\ncure the re-transfer of Texas to the United States. Two\\nyears later this proposition was repeated, when Mr. Poin-\\nsett was authorized to offer a million of dollars for the\\ncountry as far as the Rio Grande, or a half million for that\\neast of the Colorado river. These offers were rejected, and\\nafter General Jackson became President, Mr. Van Buren,\\nSecretary of State, renewed them this time proffering four\\nmillions of dollars for the territory east of the dividing\\nline between the waters of the Rio Grande and the Nueces.\\nIf that could not be obtained, a proportionate sum was to\\nbe offered for the territory east of the Lavaca, or Colorado,\\nor the Brazos rivers. None of these offiers were for a\\nmoment entertained by the Mexican government. As\\nmost of the colonists in Texas were from the United States,\\nthe Mexicans were suspicious that they wished to return\\nto their allegiance to that government, even if it required\\nthe transfer of the country which they had settled.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER y.\\nbustembnte s famous decree\u00e2\u0080\u0094 custom houses\u00e2\u0080\u0094 garrisons established\\nbradburn s arbitrary proceedings at anahuac the texans pronounce\\nfor santa anna and the constitution of 1824 fight at velasco at nacog-\\ndoches\u00e2\u0080\u0094 peace prospects in 1832.\\nIT was evidently the intention of Bustemente to thor-\\noughly Mexicanize the population of Texas. On the 6th\\nof April, 1830, he issued a decree prohibiting any further\\nimmigration into Texas from the United States. This was\\nfollowed by another, and still more odious one, directing that\\nMexican co?ivicts should be transported to Texas, thus\\nvirtually converting the province into a penal colony. Teran,\\nan uncompromising centralist, was appointed commander of\\nthe eastern internal provinces. Custom houses were to be\\nestablished at San Antonio, Nacogdoches, Copano, Velasco\\nand Anahuac, at the head of Galveston Bay.\\nTo effect the complete subjugation of the colonists, about\\na thousand soldiers were sent to the province, and distributed\\nat such points as their services might be needed. These\\nsoldiers were many of them discharged convicts, and\\nenlisted vagabonds, and were to be supported by the money\\ncollected from customs, and by taxation. Their officers\\nwere of the same stripe with Bustemente and Teran, and\\nwere supposed to be willing to carry out the measures of\\ntheir superiors. Piedras was the ranking officer, and had\\nthe largest force. He Avas at Nacogdoches, apparently, to\\nprevent any further immigration from the United States\\nand when Alexander Thomson arrived with a number of\\nfamilies for Robertson s colony, he interposed every obstacle\\nin the way of the further progress of these families. Pie-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "AN INDIGNATION MEETING. 179\\ndras had 320 men Bradburn, at Anahuac, 150 Ugarte-\\nchea, at Velasco, 120 Bean a still smaller force at Fort\\nTeran, on the Neches and there were companies at San\\nAntonio and Goliad. Bradbnrn was the first to manifest a\\ndirectly hostile spirit. His arbitrary acts are thus summar-\\nized in a pamphlet published in 1832, by T. J. Chambers\\nHe introduced martial law for the citizens he took from\\nthem their proj)erty without their consent and without\\nconsideration he had many of them arrested and impris-\\noned in the fort of Anahuac and his troops, who were\\nguilty of robbery and stealing, were by him protected from\\npunishment. To specify a little more minutely, his\\narbitrary acts He, in 1831, arrested Madero, the commis-\\nsioner sent to issue land titles to the colonists on the Trinity.\\nIt was said Madero was giving titles to those prohibited from\\nentering Texas by the decree of April 6th. Again, he\\nabolished the municipality established by Madero at Liberty,\\nin the midst of a population, and erected one at Anahuac, a\\ntown laid out by Teran, when he visited Texas in 1830.\\nBut Bradburn found it difficult to thwart the will of the\\npeople The officers he appointed to constitute the Ayunta-\\nmiento, left Anahuac, and sought refuge in Austin s colony.\\nAgain, by the joint act of Bradburn and Ugartechea, all the\\nports of Texas, except Anahuac, were closed to commerce.\\nThis was intended to concentrate all business at Bradburn s\\nheadquarters. But Anahuac was outside of Austin s\\ncolony, and was inaccessible to vessels drawing over six feet\\nof water. This was a severe blow to the citizens of the\\nBrazos, who carried on a larger trade by water than all the\\nrest of Texas. xln indignation meeting, says Burnet,\\nwas promptly held at Brazoria, and Dr. Branch T. Archer\\nand George B. McKinstr}^ were appointed a committee to\\nwait on Colonel Bradburn, the senior officer, and demand\\nthe abrogation of the order. Bradburn equivocated, and\\nrequired time to consult his superior. General Teran, then\\nat Tampico. The committee were not to be cajoled they", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ndemanded an instant revocation and it was granted. It\\nwas probable, therefore, that the injurious order was based\\non the sole authority of the two subalterns.\\nBradburn ajDpears to have taken a delight in annoying\\nthe Texans. Having failed in his attempt to close all the\\nports in Austin s colony, he next essayed to set the negro\\nslaves free, and proclaimed himself their special guardian,\\nprotecting those who threw themselves into his fort.\\nAmong the negroes who there sought refuge were some from\\nLouisiana. These were demanded on the authority of a\\nrequisition from the Governor of that Commonwealth.\\nBradburn refused to surrender them, alleging that they had\\nenlisted as soldiers in the Mexican army. His next act of\\nop2H ession was to send a file of soldiers and arrest and\\nimprison certain citizens among them Patrick C. Jack,\\nWilliam B. Travis, Monroe Edwards and others and\\nthough there were no formal charges against them, he\\nthreatened to send them to Vera Cruz for trial. Tidings of\\nthese outrages flew through the country, producing the most\\nprofound alarm and indignation. IS umbers flocked towar ds\\nAnahuac, both from the Brazos and the Trinity rivers.\\nThey met, to the number of about sixty, and effected a mill\\ntary organization Frank W. Johnson being elected first,,\\nand Warren D. C. Hall second in command. When ap-\\nproaching Anahuac, a small party of Bradburn s soldiers\\nwere encountered and made prisoners. This was early in\\nJune. A deputation of the citizens was sent to Anahuac,.\\nto intercede for the release of the prisoners. At first this\\nfailed, and when a collision between the citizens and soldiers\\nseemed inevitable, a liberal Mexican officer. Colonel Souverin,\\n23roffered his services as mediator. The Texans then had\\nnineteen of Bradburn s soldiers, and Bradburn had seven-\\nteen citizens under arrest. At the instance of Souverin, it\\nwas agreed that the Texans should release their prisoners-\\nimmediately, and that Bradburn would discharge the citi-\\nzens under arrest on the following morning. The soldiers", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "SAXTA ANNA. 181\\nwere released and sent into the fort. But Bradburn, having\\nheard of the approach of Piedras from JVacogdoches,\\nviohited his j^lighted faith and kept his prisoners. The\\ncitizens then resolved, at all hazards, to take the fort, and\\ndispatched John Austin and William J. Russel to Brazoria\\nfor a cannon.\\nAt this juncture of affairs, news arrived that Santa Anna\\nhad 23ronounced against Bustemente, and in favor of the\\nabrogated constitution of 1824. On the 13th of June, 1832,\\na meeting of about one hundred citizens was held at Taylor\\nWhite s, on Turtle Bayou. This meeting declared for\\nthe new movement of Santa Anna, looking upon him as the\\nrepresentative of Republicanism and popular liberty. No\\ndoubt the influence of Santa Anna s agent, Souverin, was\\nfelt at this meeting.\\nAt this juncture, and while the Texans were waiting for\\nthe return of Austin with the cannon, Piedras, with a part\\nof his command and a band of Cherokee Indians, arrived\\nin the neighborhood. He sent an officer to the Texas camp,\\nto know their object. Commissioners were appointed to\\nconfer with him, and an accommodation was soon had.\\nPiedras proved himself a gentleman. Bradburn was\\nrelieved from command, and sent to New Orleans and the\\nprisoners in the fort unconditionally released.\\nAs we have stated, Captain John Austin was sent from\\nAnahuac to Brazoria for a cannon to assist in the capture\\nof Bradburn s fort. Although the difficulties there had\\nbeen adjusted, that was not known on the Brazos. Brazoria\\ncounty was the most wealthy and populous in the province,\\ni: roducing more cotton and carrying on a more extensive\\ntrade than all the other districts. Bradburn s order,\\nclosing their port, had rendered them justly indignant, and\\nat a meeting in the town of Brazoria as early as May 11th,\\na proposition to capture the fort of Velasco had failed by\\nonly one vote. Ugartechea, the commander, had, however,\\npromised to remain neutral in the contest with Bradburn,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "182 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand had thus rendered himself popular with the people.\\nBut when Austin asked permission to transfer the cannon\\nfrom the town of Brazoria, and by his fort, in a vessel,\\nTJgartechea refused. Austin at once called for volunteers to\\ncapture Velasco and its garrison. One hundred and twelve\\nmen responded to this call. The fort was garrisoned by\\n125 soldiers, and j)rotected by artillery. At Brazoria,\\nAustin placed his cannon, with a few men, on a small\\nsail vessel under command of Captain William J. Russell,\\nand started it down the river, while most of the men went\\nby land. The vessel moored near the bank, within easy\\nrange of the fort. Arrived at the mouth of the river.\\nCaptain ustin separated his men into two companies,\\ncommanding one himself, and placing the others under\\nCapt. Henry S. Brown. The latter took a position near\\nthe beach, where he was partially protected by a pile of\\ndrift wood. Under cover of darkness, Captain Austin,\\ncarrying plank with which to erect j)alisades, advanced\\nvery near the fort and threw up temporary breastworks.\\nAbout midnight, June 25th, the battle commenced, and\\ncontinued till daylight, when a shower of rain damaged\\nthe ammunition of the Texans. The breastworks not\\naffording sufficient protection, Austin changed his position.\\nIn the meantime, every Mexican whose head appeared\\nabove the parapet was picked off by the riflemen. When\\nTJgartechea found it difficult to induce his men longer to\\nmount the parapet to fire his gun, he boldly mounted it\\nhimself, and stretched him self up to his full height. The\\nTexans were so struck with this exhibition of personal\\nheroism, that they spared his life. In a short time after-\\nward, a white flag was hoisted and the fort surrendered.\\nIn this engagement the Mexicans lost 35 killed and 15 wounded. Loss of\\nthe Texans, 8 killed and 27 wounded. Among the killed was Aylott C. Buck-\\nner, a noted Indian fighter from Buckner s Creek, on the Colorado. The mate\\nof the vessel was Idlled, while hing in his berth. He was a poor man, and a\\nnon-combatant, and the planters raised a subscription for the benefit of his\\nfamil.y. Among the Texans wounded was Henry Suiifh. afterwards Governor.\\nJames P. Caldwell, Edwin Waller, and Kobert H. Williams, who lost an e^t,.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": ":^4 r\\nFORT ON THE WESTERN BORDER.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "WARLIKE COMMOTIONS ENDED. 185\\nDuring the month of July, succeeding these events,\\nColonel Jose Antonio Mexia, one of Santa Anna s officers,\\narrived with four vessels at the mouth of the Brazos,\\nbringing with him our member of Congress, Stephen F.\\nAustin. The object of Mexia s visit was to place Texas in\\nthorough accord with the new Republican departure of Santa\\nAnna. At the same time, the political chief of the department,\\nDon Ramon Musquez, visited San Felipe. At a session of\\nthe Ayuntamiento, after a full canvassing of the subject, that\\nbody, while denouncing the tyrannical and illegal acts of\\nColonel Bradburn, solemnly declared their adherence to\\nthe principles of the Republican party headed by Santa\\nAnna, and disclaimed having in view any other object than\\nto contribute in sustaining the constitution, and the true\\ndignity and decorum of the national flag. This satisfied\\nMexia, and he returned to Matamoras but before his de-\\nparture he addressed a letter to Piedras, inviting him to\\njoin the Republican party.\\nThough Colonel Piedras had acted nobly at Anahuac, he\\nwas a monarchist, and in principle opposed to Republican-\\nism, and he utterly refused to adhere to the party of Santa\\nAnna. At a public meeting of the citizens of JN^acogdoches,\\na committee, consisting of Isaac W. Burton, Philip A.\\nSublett and Henry W. Augustin, was appointed to confer\\nwith him. He still j^roved obstinate, and the citizens then\\nproceeded to organize a military company for his capture.\\nThe first conflict took place near the old stone house which,\\nafter a severe fight, was captured by Captain Bradley and\\nLieutenant Looney. A body of Mexican cavalry, sent to\\nrecover the house, was repulsed with severe loss in this en-\\ncounter. Don Engarnacion Chirino, Alcalde of the town,\\nwho had warmly espoused the Republican cause, was killed.\\nAt nightfall Piedras threw his ammunition into wells, and\\nleft the place, retreating to the west. The next day a party\\nof Texans intercepted the retreating foe at the Angelina\\nRiver. At the water s edge the Texans fired, and killed", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nLieutenant Marcos, the officer in command of the advance\\nparty. Piedras knew that most of his men sympathized\\nwith the Republicans, and to avoid the effusion of bloody\\nturned over the command to Major Medina, who, with his-\\nmen, at once pronounced for Santa Anna. In this engage-\\nment the Mexicans lost about forty killed, and a like num-\\nber wounded. The loss of the Texans, three killed and five-\\nwounded.\\nThe three most important garrisons sent to Texas by\\norder of Bustemente had now been disposed of. Both\\nsoldiers and citizens harmonized in the movement inaugu-\\nrated by Santa Anna for the restoration of the constitu-\\ntion of 1824. There was no longer any use for soldiers in\\nTexas, and Colonel Souverin, who had become commander at\\nAnahuac, collected the men formerly composing the\\ncommands of Bradburn, Ugartechea and Piedras, and\\nsailed for Tampico, to assist in the revolution against Buste-\\nmente.\\nThus ended, says Edwards, the warlike commotions-\\nof these colonies. On the 2d of September, 1832, just as-\\nthe inhabitants were informed that their greatest arch-\\nenemy, General Teran, and his troops, on their way from\\nMexico to Matamoras, had been surrounded by the Liberal\\nforces of General Montezuma and that too, on the identical\\nplain where the injudicious Iturbide lost his life Teran,\\nhaving determined within himself neither to unite with the-\\nLiberals nor submit to them as a prisoner, retired to a\\nprivate place and fell on his own sword appearing, to those\\nwho found him still alive, as inexorable in the hour of death\\nas he was uncompromising in political life. Texas, says\\nBurnet, now breathed one enthusiastic feeling of admira-\\ntion for Santa Anna as the undoubted hero and main support\\nof the Federation, an opinion which subsequent events-\\nmaterially modified.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER YI.\\nHOSTILE LEGISLATIOX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MOVKMKN T FOR A SEPARATION FROM COAHUILA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONVEN-\\nTION OF 1S33\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSriN SENT AS COMMISSIONER TO MEXICO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA ANNA DESKRT\\nTHE LIBERAL PA KTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ii EVOLUTION IN COAHUILA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN IN PRISON\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA.\\nANNA S ULTIMATUM TO TEXAS.\\nIN April, 1832, the Legislature at Saltillo, doubtless by\\nthe direction of Bustemente, repealed the liberal gen-\\neral colonization law, and promulgated another, based upon\\nthe decree of April 6th, 1830, excluding Americans from\\nthe State. By the new law, none but Mexicans could\\nbecome empresas. But the influence of the Texas delegation\\nwas so far felt, that a law was enacted creating new munic-\\nipalities, and allowing the people to elect their officers.\\nWhen Texas was, in 1824, attached to Coahuila, it was-\\nunderstood that the arrangement was only temporary, and\\nas soon as Texas had a sufficient population, it was to be\\nerected into a State of the Mexican Federation. Her\\npopulation was now equal to that of the smaller States.\\nHer people were in perfect accord with the Government\\nunder Santa Anna, and it was thought the time was favora-\\nble for a dissolution of its unnatural connections with its\\ntrans-Rio Grande sister. In October, 1832. a number of\\nleading citizens held a consultation at San FelijDe, and\\nadvised the election of delegates to meet and form a consti-\\ntution for a separate State.\\nIn this movement the people of Bexar perfectly harmonized with those of\\nAustin s colony. A meiuorial was sent fortli from San Antonio mining the\\nmeasure, signed by Jose de La Garza. Angel Xavarro, Jose Casiano, flannel\\nXimenes, Juan Angel Seguin, Jose M. Sembrano, and Ignatio Arocha. At\\nBrazoria, a public meeting of those favoring the separation Avas called,\\nand presided over by Henry Smith. Among those participating\\nwere L. Rainey. S. Bowen, C. D. Sayre, A. G. Miles. J. Calvit, Sterling Mc-\\nNeil. Dr. Council, J. II. Polly. J. W. Cloud, P. Smith. P. R. Splane. Oliver\\nJones, Dr. Parrott and David Raudun.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe election for delegates was held in March, 1833, and\\nthe Convention met in San Felipe in April following.\\nWilliam H. Wharton was elected President and Thomas\\nHastings, Secretary. We have no means of knowing the\\nexact number of delegates, as their proceedings were never\\npublished, and were probably lost when San Felipe was\\nburned in 1836. Among the more important committees,\\nSam Houston was chairman of the one to draft a Constitu-\\ntion, and David C. Burnet of the one to draw up a memorial\\nto the General Government. The Constitution may be\\nfound in Edwards history. It is Republican in form, and\\nsecures the right of trial by jury, and is very much like\\nthe constitutions of the States of the North American\\nUnion, with modifications to adapt it to the situation of the\\nMexican Federation. The memorial prepared by Burnet\\nmay be found in Yoakum s history. It is a long and very\\nable document. We copy a paragraph relating to the\\nevils of a continued connection with Coahuila\\nThiit coujunction was in its origin unnatural and constrained, and the\\nlonger it is continued, the more disastrous it will prove. The two territo-\\nries are disjunct in all their prominent respective relations. In point of\\nlocality, they approximate only by a strip of sterile and useless territory,\\nwhich must long remain a comparative wilderness, and present many\\nserious embarrassments to that facility of intercoui se which should always\\nexist between the seat of government and its remote population. In respect\\nto commerce and its varions intricate relations, there is no community of\\ninterests between them. In point of climate and natural productions, the\\ntwo territories are equally dissimilar. Coahuila is a pastoral and a mining\\ncountry, and Texas is characteristically an agricultural district.\\nFor these and many ether reasons, the memorialists pray\\nthat T^xas may be erected into a separate State. Three\\ncommissioners were selected to proceed to the city of\\nMexico, to lay the Constitution and Memorial before the\\nConixress and the executive authorities of the nation.\\nStephen F. Austin was the only one who undertook the\\njourney.\\nImmediately after the adjournment of the Convention,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "AUSTIN IN PRISON. 189\\nAustin started for the city of Mexico to fulfill the objects of\\nhis mission (See Austin.) He found Farias, the Vice-\\nPresident, occupying the place of Santa Anna, who had\\nretired to his hacienda to mature his plans for abandon-\\ning the Republicans, forming an alliance with the Church\\nparty, and overthrowing the Constitution and establishing\\na central despotism. Though Austin failed in his main\\npurpose, he succeeded in having modified the (Oppressive\\nedicts of Bustemente against Americans. After several\\nmonths delay, and inefi^ectual attempts to secure a separate\\ngovernment, he finally started home; was arrested at\\nSaltillo, and taken back to the city and thrown into prison,\\nwhere he languished for nearly two years part of the time\\ndeprived of the light of day and of the use of books and\\npapers.\\nTexas was comparatively quiet during the early months\\nof 1834 but Coahuila was in a state of revolution. The\\nLegislature had transferred the seat of government from\\nSaltillo to Monclova. To this the inhabitants of the former\\ncity objected, and on the 10th of July, pronounced against\\nthe State government and elected Jose Maria Goribar,\\nGrovernor. The Ayuntamiento of Monclova, in conjunc-\\ntion with some members of the Legislature, elected Juan\\nJose Elguezabal, Governor. The rival parties were pre-\\nparing for w^r, when commissioners from each met and\\nagreed to refer the question in dispute to Santa Anna, who\\nordered a new election,\\nSanta Anna now began to give serious attention to the\\nsituation in Texas. On the 5th of October, 1834, he con-\\nvoked a meeting to consider the Texas question. It was\\nNo complete list of the members of the Convention of 1833 can be found.\\nWe subjoin a partial list: Stephen F. Austin. David G. Burnet, Sam Houston^\\nW. n. Wharton, Henry Smith, Ira R. Lewis, Oliver Jones, Gail Borden, Jr.,\\nR. M. Williamson, Jesse Grimes, F. Bingham, James Kerr, Jared E. Groce,\\nJohn D. Newell, R. R. Royall, George Sutherland, and Eli Mercer. The com-\\nmissioners sent to Mexico were, besides Austin, J. B. Miller, William M.\\nWliarton, or, as Kennedy says, Erasmo Seguin, in place of Wliarton.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "190 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncomposed of his four Secretaries of State, the three repre-\\nsentatives from Coahuila in the Federal Congress, three of\\nhis confidential generals, Lorenzo de Zavalla and Stephen\\nF. Austin. The latter strenuously urged the separation of\\nTexas from Coahuila. This was bitterly opposed by Victor\\nBlanco and the other members from Coahuila. After a\\nthree hours discussion, Santa Anna resolved\\n1. That he would meditate maturely the decree repealing the 11th\\narticle of the law of the 6th of April, 1830, and, if no objections were pre-\\nsented, he would give it his sanction.\\n2. That a corps, composed of cavalry, infantry, and artillery, four\\nthousand strong, should be stationed at Bexar for the protection of the\\ncoast and frontier of the country, to be under the command of General\\nMexia.\\n3. That proper steps should be taken to have regular mails, and to\\nremove all obstacles to the agricultural and other industries of the inhab-\\nitants, who are viewed with the greatest regard.\\n4. That Texas must necessarily remain united with Coahuila, because\\nit had uot the elements warranting a separation nor would it be con-\\nvenient. And although it might be allowed to form a Territory, if the\\ninhabitants called for it, yet, the dismembering of a State was unknown to\\nthe Mexican laws, and he would be at a loss how to proceed.\\nThe above conditions, especially the second and fourth,\\nwere hard on Texas. What a large force and how strangely\\nlocated to protect either the coast or the frontier And\\nthen the objection to dismembering a State was puerile,\\nas the union of Coahuila with Texas was conceded to be\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2only temporary. However, Austin appears to have con-\\nfided in the President s professions of friendship, and\\nalthough he was still held in durance vile, wrote on the\\n2d of- December, after the settlement had been effected\\nbetween the contending factions in Coahuila All is\\nchano-ed since October of last year. Then there was no\\nlocal government in Texas now there is, and the most of\\nyour evils have been remedied, so that it is now important\\nto promote union with all the State, and keep down all\\nkinds of excitement. All is oroum well. The President,\\nOeneral Santa Anna, has solemnly and publicly declared", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CIVIL LIBERTY. 191\\nthat he will sustain the federal representative system, as it\\nnow exists, and he will be sustained by all parties.\\nThe Texans generally failed to view so favorably the\\nplans of the aspiring President, and doubted his profes-\\nsions of attachment to a representative government. The\\nreal purpose of Santa Anna was soon disclosed. Of this\\npurpose, and its results to Texas, we will treat hereafter.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "PART IV\\nThe Revolution.\\nFROM 1835 TO 1836.\\nVi", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\n.-SANTA ANNA DEVELOPING HIS NEW POLICY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN STILL A STATE PRISONER-\\nCITIZENS DISARMED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ZACATECAS RESISTS THE USURPER FRAUDS INCOaHUILA\\nLEGISLATURE DISPERSED BY COS MILAM AND VIESCA TAKEN PRISONERS\\nRKPUBLICANS defeated AT ZACATECAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA ANNA DICTATOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARTIES IN\\nTEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094CAPTAIN THOMPSON AND THE CORREO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROSCRIBED PATRIOTS.\\nVIEWED from a material stand-point, the infant\\nsettlements in Texas were, at the commencement of\\nthe revolutionary period, in a most prosperous and encour-\\naging state. The colonists had found what they sought\\ndelightful homes in a most desirable country. Population\\nwas steadily on the increase herds of cattle and horses\\nwere multiplying cotton, sugar, corn, etc., were produced\\nwith little cultivation, in the greatest quantities. With\\nsuch an abundance of the necessaries, and even the luxuries\\nof life, the planters were contented and happy. But the\\nprospect, so pleasing to contemplate, was overhung with\\ndark and portentous clouds in the political horizon. In\\nMexico, Santa Anna had resumed the reins of government,\\nand was gradually developing his plans for the overthrow\\nof the Republic and the establishment of a centralized\\ndespotism. He was ambitious, unscrupulous, and whimsi-\\ncal. He had betra^^ed and abandoned the party that\\nelevated him to the presidency, and was now in full accord\\nwith the aristocratic and church party a party against\\nwhich he had been contending all his previous life. He\\nhad somewhat mitigated the rigors of Austin s imprison-\\nment, but kept him in confinoment. He still held out\\nhopes to Austin, that his petition in reference to Texas\\nmight ultimately be granted. But Austin was ignorant of", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe charges under which he had been arrested, and had\\nvainly sought a tribunal comj^etent to take cognizance of\\nhis case.\\nAmong the concessions to Texas, was an additional dele-\\ngate in the legislature of the joint State. But owing to the\\nrevolution in Coahuila, this proA^ed of no advantage. In\\nthe elections in the fall of 1834, the Centralist party, now\\nheaded by Santa Anna, was everywhere triumphant,\\nexcept in Zacatecas, and Coahuila and Texas. At the\\nmeeting of Congress, Zacatecas was declared in a state of\\nrebellion and to secure perfect quiet, an act was passed\\nreducino; the number of militia to one soldier for each five\\nhundred inhabitants, and disarming the remainder.\\nCongress also claimed the power to modify, at will, the\\nConstitution of 1824, under which they were elected. These\\nacts of usurpation not only justified, but demanded resist-\\nance on the part of the real Republicans of the nation.\\nZacatecas prepared to resist, and the legislature of Coahu-\\nila 2)rotested.\\nAt the -election held in pursuance of the award of Santa\\nAnna, Augustin Yiesca was elected governor, and Ramon\\nMusquiz vice-governor of the State. One of the first acts-\\nof the newly-convened Legislature was the fraudulent and\\nunwarranted sale of 400 leagues of Texas land. But this\\nact, passed March 14, by the Legislature, was abrogated by\\nthe National Congress on the 25th of April following. The\\nact was fraudulent, and its abrogation unconstitutional.\\nThis note on the successive occupants of the executive chair, is from a\\nsketch of this period, written by Judge Burnet, and found in tlie Texas Ahnanac\\nof 1849: Tlie last decree bearing the signature of Governor Vilhisenor is\\ndated July 3, 1834. The next, without date, is signed by J. A. Tijerina. Pres-\\nident of the Administrative Coiuicil. Next in order, Xo. 25)2, March\\n12. 1835, is subscribed by Jose M. Gantu. who appears as governor ad interim^\\nbut soon retires behind the curtain aiul decree Xo. 295 introduces one B(^r-\\nego. whose signature indicates his lieing governor pro tern He figures-\\nonward to decree No. 299, of April 14, when Augustin Viesca appears in his\\nofficial robes.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "liEVOLUTIOXARY MOYEMEJN^TS. 199\\nScarcely had Vies c a assumed the gubernatorial reins\\nat Monclova, when the deputies from Saltillo withdrew,\\nand after Mexican fashion, pronounced against the new\\ngovernment. In this they were encouraged by the com-\\nmanding general, Cos, the brother-in-law of Santa Anna,\\nwho was at once invested with civil, as well as military\\nauthority. Cos hastily dispersed the Legislature in session\\nat Monclova. Yiesca, at first, determined to remove the\\nexecutive archives to San Antonio, and had traveled one\\nday in this direction, when he changed his mind and\\nresolved to submit to Santa Anna. Arriving at Monclova,\\nhe again changed his mind, and started for Texas in compa-\\nny with B. R. Milam and John Cameron. The party was\\novertaken and captured by the soldiers of Cos, and all\\nstarted for safe-keeping to the castle of San Juan de Ulloa;\\nbut fortunately all, at different times and places, made their\\nescape and reached Texas in safety.\\nIn April, Santa Anna, at the head of an army of nearly\\nfive thousand men, started toward Zacatecas to reduce thai\\nKepublican State to submission. Governor Francisco\\nOarcia was a pure Republican and a civilian of considerable\\nexperience, but with no military reputation. With troops\\nin number about equal to those under Santa Anna, he\\nmarched out of the city and occupied the Guadalupe i:4ains.\\nHere, on the morning of May 11th, was fought a most bloody\\nand, to the Republicans, a most disastrous battle. Two\\nthousand of their number were killed or wounded, and the\\nremainder taken prisoners. v\\nThe situation was briefly this The governor was a\\nprisoner and the Legislature had been dispersed by the\\nmiltary under General Cos, who assumed dictatorial powers,-\\nsubordinate only to his master, Santa Anna. At the\\nFederal capital, the Congress had been dissolved; the\\nconstitution overthrown; the civil power annihilated; and\\nit only needed the Plan of Toluca, formally proclaimed\\nAugust 8th, clothing the President with unlimited power", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand the decree of the despot, October 3d, suspending the-\\nfunctions of all State Legislatures, to complete the revolu-\\ntion in Mexico.\\nWhile the people of Texas were thus left with scarcely a.\\nsemblance of civil government, they held no allegiance to the^\\nmilitary despotism which had superseded the constitutional\\nauthorities in Mexico. The j^olitical chiefs and Alcaldes\\nstill exercised their functions but the laws and precedents\\nby which they were guided were of Sj^anish origin, and\\nilly accorded with the principles of civil liberty prevalent\\namong the Anglo-American colonists. Mostly farmers, they\\nwere naturally averse to any warlike measures that could\\nbe honorably averted. A few were for submission to Santa\\nAnna. Others were for quietly awaiting the return of\\nAustin, who, as late as March 10th, wrote The territorial\\nquestion is now dead. The advocates of that measure are\\nnow strongly in favor of a State government, and the subject\\nis before Congress. A call has been made upon the Pres-\\nident for information on the subject, and I am assured the-\\nPresident will make his communication in a few days, and\\nthat it will be decidedly in favor of Texas and the State.\\nStill another small but active party favored an immediate\\ndeclaration of Texan independence. R. M. Williamson, one\\nof the leaders of the war party, in a famous address, on the\\n4th of July, declared that, Our country, our liberty, our\\nlives are all involved in the present contest between the\\nState and the military.\\nWhile Santa Anna was deluding Austin and the Texans\\nwith promises of ^\\\\\\\\m^^ /avoidable attention to their demands,\\nhe was making active preparations .for the military occu-\\npancy of the province. In July Gen. Ugartechea, with\\nabout 500 men, landed on Lavaca Bay, and proceeded at\\nonce to San Antonio. His purpose was still ostensibly to\\ncollect the revenue. He sent Captain Tenorio with twenty\\nmen to Anahuac, to take chnrge of the custom-house. The\\nTexans justly complained of the enormous dues demanded^", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "THOMPSON U^FIT FOR HIS POSITION. 201\\nand a company, under W. B. Travis, who was still smart-\\ning under his former treatment, surrounded Tenorio, and\\ndisarmed him and his soldiers. This high-handed act was\\nseverely condemned by the Ayuntamiento of Liberty, and\\nthat of San Felij^e, after investigating the aflfair, released\\nTenorio and his men, and restored their arms and papers.\\nAn exaggerated account of these proceedings, says\\nKennedy, having reached General Cos, he dispatched Cap-\\ntain Thompson, a naturalized citizen of Mexico, in the war\\nschooner Correo, to Galveston, to inquire into the circum-\\nstances of the affair, and report as soon as possible the\\nresult of his investigation, at Matamoras. Thompson proved\\nhimself altogether unfit for his mission. Instead of institu-\\nting an inquiry into the facts of the alleged outrage, he\\nassumed the character of a blustering dictator, exceeded his\\norders, and under the pretext of protecting the revenue,\\nattacked and captured a vessel in the Texas trade. This\\nhad the effect of irritating the public mind against both\\nThompson and the government, and the former having\\ncontinued to linger on the Texas coast, the San Felij^e, a\\nmerchant vessel, commanded by Captain Hurd, captured\\nthe Correo, and sent it and its commander to New Orleans,\\nunder a charge of piracy.\\nOn reporting to Ugartechea, at San Antonio, Tenorio w^as\\nsent back to the Brazos on a still more ungracious errand.\\nLorenzo de Zavalla, after having been sent into honorable\\nexile, as Minister to France, had, when he heard of the\\ndespotic proceedings of Santa Anna, his former trusted\\nfriend, sought refuge in Texas. Santa Anna dreaded the\\ninfluence of so stern a Republican, and ordered his imme-\\ndiate arrest. On the 24th of July, Tenorio presented this\\norder to Wylie Martin, acting political chief of the Brazos.\\nMartin, under some pretext, declined to undertake the arrest.\\nSoon afterwards another order came from headquarters,\\nordering the arrest of R. M. Williamson, W. B. Travis,\\nSamuel M. Williams, Mosely Baker, F. W. Johnson, and", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nJohn H. Moore and a subsequent order included the names\\nof J. M. Carravahal and Juan Zembrano. The two hist\\nnamed being Mexican citizens of San Antonio, were seized,\\nand sent into INfexico. No officer could he found to attempt\\nto take the others The last order was dated September 3d.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "MEXICANS.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nCOMMITTEES OF SAFETY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN S RETURN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CANDELLE AT GOLIAD CONFLICT AT\\nGONZALES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GOLIAD CAPTURED BY THE TEXANS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN IN COMMAND ON THE\\nGUADALUPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE CONSULTATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN MARCHES\\nTOWARDS SAN ANTONIO^BATTLEOF CONCEPCION THE GRASS FIGHT THE EXECU-\\nTIVE COUNCIL.\\nSELF-RELIANT people, whose interests and liberties\\nare imperilled, will not long lack the means necessary\\nfor concert in action. Texas was threatened with invasion by\\na government to which it had a right to look for protection.\\nAgain, the Indians were more or less troublesome. A 2: arty\\nof merchants, transporting goods westward a few miles\\nfrom Gonzales, was surrounded by a band of hostile Lipans,\\nand the merchants and teamsters killed, and the goods\\ntaken. Ostensibly to provide for protection against these\\nsavages, committees of safety were organized in different\\nmunicipalities. It was the business of these committees to\\ncollect and disseminate information to secure arms and\\nammunition, and in case of necessity, to call out and drill\\nthe militia.\\nIt was thought advisable to have a Central Committee,\\nto give direction to public affairs, and on the 17th of July,\\ndelegates from some of the adjacent municipalities met at\\nWe have not the names composing all these connnittees. The first organ-\\nized was at Bastrop. The members were J. W. Bunton, S. Wolfinbarger, 1). C\\nBarrett JohnMcGehee, B. Manlove and Ed Burleson. At San Felipe, R. M.\\nWilliamson, was chairman. There was a large committee at Brazoria Jolm A.\\nW harton, W. D. C. Hall, Henry Smith, Silas Dinsmore. James F. Perry, John\\nG. MiXeill, Robert II. W^illiams, William li. Jack, F. A Bingham, John Ilodge,\\nWade H. Bynum, Branch T. Archer, William T. Austin. P. Bertrand and Isaac\\nTinsley. At Nacogdoches, Sam Houston, Thomas J. Rusk, Frost Thorn and\\nothers composed the committee.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSan Felipe, and organized what was called an Administra-\\ntive Council.*\\nAmong other acts, this Council sent Messrs. Barrett and\\nGritton on a mission of peace to Ugartechea at San Antonio.\\nThe mission was abortive. The idea of a general Consul-\\ntation, to be composed of delegates from all the municipal-\\nities was still discussed. ZavaUa had w^armly advocated\\nsuch a meeting and while the subject was as yet undecided,\\nStephen F. Austin returned to his colony. His return was\\nhailed with delight, and he was at once installed chairman\\nof the San Felipe Council. Austin, however, was chagrined\\nto tind Texas in so disorganized a condition. I had fully\\nhoped, said he, to have found Texas at peace and in\\ntranquility but regret to find it in commotion all disor-\\nganized, all in anarchy, and threatened with immediate\\nhostilities. In a speech on the 8th of September, at Bra-\\nzoria, he declared in favor of their constitutional rights,.\\nand the peace and security of Texas also for a general\\nConsultation of the j)eople. The term Consultation was used,\\nbecause Ugartechea had especially objected to the word\\nConvention, as savoring too much of revolution. The\\nelection w^as held on the 3d of October.\\nNotwithstanding Santa Anna s active preparations for\\nwar, he still professed to have very pacific views in refer-\\nence to Texas. He had verbally and expressly authorized\\nCol. Austin to say to the people that he w^as their friend,\\nthat he wished for their prosperity, and would do all he\\ncould to promote it and that in the new Constitution he\\nwould use his influence to give to the people of Texas a\\nspecial organization suited to their education, habits and\\nsituation.\\nThe following delegates constituted this Council From Columbia J. A.\\nWharton, James F. PeiTy, Sterling M Neill, James Knight and Josiah II.\\nBell. From Austin A. Somervell, John Ilice Jones, Wjlie Martin. Jesse\\nBartlett and C. B. Stewart- From Mina\u00e2\u0080\u0094 D. C. Barrett. R. M. Williamson.\\nWylie Martin, S. F. Austin and R. R. Royall were, at difterent times,\\nchairmen of this body, and A. Huston and C. B. Stewart were secretaries.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CANDELLE AT GOLIAD. 207\\nThe treatment which the Texans received, in that por-\\ntion of the State occupied by Santa Anna s troops, did not\\nexactly correspond with these professions of peace and\\ngood-will. We have seen that Ugartechea had arrested\\ntwo staunch Republican citizens of San Antonio, and had\\nsent them to Monterey and the efforts he was putting\\nf6rth to arrest Zavalla and others. At Gohad, Colonel jS icho-\\nlas Candelle, the commander, signalized the commencement\\nof his barbarous reign, by imprisoning the Alcalde and\\nextorting from the Admmistradorn forced loan of five thou-\\nsand dollars, under the penalty of being sent on foot tO\\nBexar in ten hours. He also stripped the town of arms,\\npressed the people into the ranks as soldiers, and gave\\nnotice that troops w^ould be quartered upon the citizens\\nfive to a family and should be supported by them.\\nIn pursuance of the general plan to disarm all citizens,,\\nUgartechea sent Captain Castenado, with about 150 men,,\\nto seize a small cannon which had been given to the corpo-\\nration of Gonzales for protection against the Indians. The\\ncitizens, unwilling to part wdth the gun, organized and\\nprepared to resist, by force, the demand of Castenado. The\\nferry boats were removed to the east side of the river, and\\na guard, under Captain Albert Martin, stationed on the\\nriver bank to prevent the crossing of the Mexican soldier?.\\nThe first demand was made on the 29th of September.\\nCaptain Martin then had but eighteen men, but in a day\\nor two the number had increased to 168. A military\\norganization took place John H. Moore being elected\\nColonel, and J. W. E. Wallace, Lieutenant-Colonel. Cas-\\ntenado was in camp about half a mile from the ferry, and\\nMoore determined to cross the river with the cannon and\\ncompel him to retreat. During a fog on the morning of\\nOctober 2d, the Mexicans took a position on a high mound,\\nprepared for defense. The officers of the two parties met\\nand failed to come to an agreement, though Castenado\\nprofessed himself a Republican and unwilling to fight the", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nTexans. The Texans, however, with the brass piece,\\nadvanced for an attack, and discharged their gun. The\\nMexicans hastily retreated to Bexar.\\nThe news of the conflict at Gonzales roused a warlike\\nspirit throughout the country. Captain George Collins-\\nworth, of Matagorda, raised a company for the capture of\\nthe Mexican garrison at Goliad. The night this compam^\\nreached the neighborhood of the town, they fortunately fell\\nin with the celebrated Benjamin R. Milam, who had escaped\\nfrom the guard at Monterey, and was making his way\\nback to Texas. Reinforced by so valuable a recruit, an\\nattack was at once determined upon. As there had been\\nno formal declaration of war, the garrison w^as not antici-\\npating an attack, and were wholly unprepared for it. The\\nTexans numbered only forty-eight men. They first attacked\\nthe quarters of Lieutenant-Colonel Sandoval, the command-\\nant. The sentinel on duty fired his piece, and was imme-\\ndiately shot down. The door of Sandoval s room was\\nbroken open with axes and he was taken prisoner. As the\\nresult of the capture, the Texans took about twenty-five\\nprisoners, three hundred stand of arms, and military stores\\nto the value of $10,000. The place was left in command of\\nCaptain Phillip Dimit. Goliad was captured October\\n8th. Three weeks later, Captain Westover captured, after\\nsome fighting, the Mexican fort at Lipantitlan, on the\\nNueces river.\\nThe men who, at the first call to arms, had rushed to\\nGonzales, had effected no permanent organization, and\\nwere unprepared for a regular campaign. They recognized\\nno civil authority, and had no leader who commanded\\ngeneral confidence. Under these circumstances, messen-\\ngers went from Gonzales to San Felipe, with a request that\\nColonel Austin should be sent to the command. His\\nservices were not especially required in the Council, and\\nthat body gave its consent to his departure. He arrived\\nat Gonzales on the 11th of October, and was selected as\\nthe commander by the soldiers in camp.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED. 209\\nOctober 16th was the day fixed for the meeting of the\\nt ynsultation but on that day there were but thirty-one\\ndelegates present, and an adjournment was moved to ^K o-\\nvember 1st. It was the 3d of the month before a quorum\\nappeared, when the body w^as organized by electing Branch\\nT. Archer, President, and P. B. Dexter, Secretary. The\\nnext day R. R. Royall, chairman of the Administrative\\nCouncil, turned over all the papers and documents in his\\npoiisession, and that council ceased its functions. A few of\\nthe members w^ere for an immediate declaration of inde-\\npendence; but a majority thought it advisable to remain\\nunder the Constitution of 1824.\\nOn the 5th of JS ovember, the following preamble and\\nresolutions were adopted\\nWhereas, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and other military\\nchieftains, have by force of arms overthrown the Federal institutions of\\nMexico and dissolved the social compact which existed between Texas and\\nother members of the Mexican Confederacy; now the good people of\\nTexas, availing themselves of their natural rights,\\nDo solemnly declare I. That they have taken up arms in defence of their\\nrights and liberties which are threatened by encroachments of military des-\\npots, and in defence of the Republican institutions of the Constitution of\\nMexico of 1824.\\n2. That Texas is no longer morally or civilly bound by the compact of\\nthe union. Yet, stimulated by the generosity and sympathy common to a\\nfree people, they offer their support and assistance to such members of the\\nMexican Confederacy as will take up arms against military despotism.\\n3. They do not acknowledge that the present authorities of the nominal\\nMexican Repubiio have the right to govern within the limits of Texas.\\n4. That they will not cease to carry on war against said authorities while\\ntheir troops are within the limits of Texas.\\n5. They hold it to be their right, during the disorganization of the Fed-\\neral system and the reign of despotism, to withdraw from the union and\\nestablish an independent government, or adopt such measures as they may\\ndeem best calculated to protect their rights and liberties but they will con-\\ntinue faithful to the Mexican government so long as that nation is governed\\nby the con\u00c2\u00ab;titution and laws that were formed for the government of the\\npolitical association.\\n6. That Texas is responsible for the expenses of her armies now in the\\nfield.\\n7. That the public faith of Texas is pledged for the payment of all debts\\ncontracted by her agents.\\n8. That she will reward by donations in land, all who volunteer their\\nservices in her present struggle, and receive them as citizens.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "210 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n9. These declarations we solemnly avow to the world, and call God to\\nwitness their truth and sincerity; and invoke defeat and disgrace upon our\\niieads, should we prove guilty of duplicity.\\nOn the 12th an ordinance passed creating a provisional\\ngovernment, and an Executive Council, to be composed of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0one member from each municipality. Henry Smith was\\nelected Governor, James W. KobinsonXieutenant-Governor\\n.and Sam Houston, commander of the army to be raised.\\nThe Consultation adjourned on the 14th of November; after\\nselecting S. F. Austin, Branch T. Archer and William H.\\nWharton as Commissioners to the United States.\\nThe following is a list of members of the Consultation\\nMunicipality of Austin William Menifee, Wily Martin, Thomas Barnett,\\nHandall Jones and Jesse Burnham; of B evil (afterwards Jasjyer) John\\nBevil, Wyatt Hanks, Thomas Holmes, S. H. Everett and John H. Blount;\\nof San Augustine A. Huston, Jacob Garrett, William N. Sigler, A. E. C.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Johnson, Henry Augustine, Alexander Horton and A. G. Kellogg of Har-\\nrisburg Lorenzo de Zavala, Clement C. Dyer, William P- Harris, M. W.\\nSmith, John W. Moore and David B. Macomb of Matagorda Ira R. Lew-\\nis, R. R. Royall, Charles Wilson and John D. Newell; of Viesca {after-\\nwards Milam) J. G. W- Pierson, J. L Hood, Samuel T. Allen, A. G. Perry,\\nJ. W. Parker and Alexander Thomson of Nacogdoches William Whita-\\nker, Sam Houston, Daniel Parker, James W. Robinson and N. Robins; of\\nColumbia {afterwards Brazoria) Jol)n A. Wharton, Henry Smith, Edwin\\nWaller and J. S. D. Byrom of Liberty\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reury Millard, J. B. Wood, A.\\nB. Harden and George M. Patrick; of Jlina {afterwards Bastrop) D. C.\\nBarrett, Robert M. Williamson and James S. Lester; of Washington Asa\\nMitchell, Elijah Collard, Jesse Grimes, Philip Coe and Asa Hoxie; of Gon-\\nzales William S. Fisher, J. D. Clements, George W. Davis, Benjamin Fu-\\niua, James Hodges and William W. Arrington of Tenehaw {afterwards\\nShelby) Martin Parmer; of Jefferson Claiborne West.\\nThe following named persons were at ditterent times members of the Gen-\\neral Council from the several Municipalities:\\nAustin Wily Martin, Thomas Barnett, and Randall Jones; Colorado\\nWilliam Menifee and Jesse Burnham San Augustine A. Huston and A. E.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2C Johnson; Nacogdoches Daniel Parker; Washington Jesse Grimes,\\nAsa Mitchell, Asa Hoxie, Philip Coe and Elijah Collard; Milam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. G.\\nPerry and Alexander Thomson Liberty Henry Millard; Shelby Martin\\nParmer and James B. Tucker Gonzales J. D. Clements; Bastrop D. C.\\nBarrett andBartlettSinis; 2Iatagorda R. R. Royall, Charles Wilson and I.\\nR. Lewis; Hurrisburg William P. Harris; Brazoria John A.Wharton\\nand Edwin Waller; Jasper Wyatt Hanks; Jefferson Claiborne West and\\nO. A. Patillo; Victoria J. A. Padiila and John J. Linn; liefugio James", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "THE FLAG OF TEXAS. 211\\nIn September, G-eneral Cos, with 500 additional soldiers,\\nlanded at Pass Cavallo and marched immediately to San\\nAntonio, superseding General Ugartechea, who was dis-\\npatched to the Rio Grande for reinforcements.\\nAustin, after reaching Gonzales, and effecting a thorough\\nreorganization of the volunteers, started for San Antonio,\\nwith the intention of capturing that stronghold of the\\nenemy and key to Texas. He reached the Mission La\\nEspada, nine miles below the city, on the 20th, where he\\nremained a few days, resting and recruiting his men.* On\\nthe 27th, he detached the companies of Fannin and Bowie,\\nconsisting of ninety- two men, to ascend the river and, if\\nPower and John Malone; Goliad Ira Westovcr; San Patricio Lewis\\nAyers and John McMullen Jackson James Kerr; Sabine J. S. Lane.\\nThe following were also oflScers of the Provisional Government:\\nSeci etaj ies of the Coimcil P. B. Dexter and E. M. Pease; Secretaries\\nof the Governor Charles B. Stewart and Edward B. Wood Treasurer\\nJoshua Fletcher; Auditor John W. Moody; Comptroller H. C. Hudson;\\nPost JIaster-Gene7 al\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J ohu R.Jones.\\nThe following account of the Flag of Texas, is from an address of Hon.\\nOuy M. Bryan, before the Texas Veteran Association, in 1873. Travis and\\nthe men of Alamo died fighting for the Mexican flag of 1^524, as they had\\nnot heard of the Declaration of Independence. The Lone Star emblem was\\na fortunate accident. A half century since overcoats were ornamented with\\nlarge brass buttons. It happened that the buttons on the coat of Governor\\nSmith had the impress of a five-pointed star. For want of a seal, one of\\nthese buttons was cut off and used\\nThe first Lone Star flag that I can find account of was made at Ilarris-\\nburgh in this county, and presented to the company of Captain Andrew\\nRobinson, m 1835. The Lone Star was white, five pointed, and set in\\nground of red.\\nThe Georgia battalion flag was azure, lone star, five points, in white\\nfield. This flag was raised as national flag on the walls of Goliad by Fan-\\nnin when he heard of the Declaration of Independence. National flag\\nadopted by President Burnet, at Harrisburg, 9th of April, 183G, for navul\\nservice\u00e2\u0080\u0094 union blue, star central, and thirteen stripes, alternate red and\\nwhite. December lUth, 1836, Congress adopted national flag\u00e2\u0080\u0094 azure ground,\\nwith large golden star central, combined with flag adopted by President\\nBurnet. This was amended by act, January 25th, 1839, that made the per-\\nmanent flag blue perpendicular stripe, width one-third of the whole, white\\nstar, five points in the centre, and the two horizontal stripes of equal breadth,\\nupper white and lower red.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\npracticable, select a more suitable camping place. Fannin\\nspent that night in a bend of the San Antonio river, near\\nthe Conce2: cion Mission, about one mile and a half below\\nthe city, on the east side of the river. This movement\\nwas, of course, well known in the city; and no doubt Cos\\ncongratulated himself with the thought that he would easily\\ncaj)ture this reconnoitering party. The next morning,\\nOct. 28th, was foggy and favored his design. But the\\nTexans had chosen a favorable position for defense. The\\nriver was skirted with timber, with a narrow second bank,\\nconsiderably lowe r thnn the level prairie. Around this\\ndei^ression of the surface, there was a bluff from six to\\nten feet high. The command was divided into two parties,\\neach one taking a position along the skirt of timber on the\\nupper and lower sides of the bend, having the open plain\\nin front of them. It was naturally a strong position, the\\nriver and timber being in the rear of each division, with\\nthis natural parapet to fall behind in case of an attack.\\nThis, however, the Texans did not expect, and some of\\ntheir number had ascended to the roof of the Mission, to\\nobtain a clear view, as soon as possible after daylight, and\\nwere thus cut off from their companions during the fight.\\nDurmg the dense fog, a considerable force of cavalry and\\ninfantry, with one cannon, had marched out from the city\\nand surrounded the Texans on three sides. The fight com-\\nmenced about eight o clock, the Mexican line presenting a\\ncontinual sheet of flame. The Texans fired more cautiously\\nand with more deadly effect. Their rifles picked off the\\ngunners from the enemy s cannon. Three times the Mex-\\nicans sounded the charge, but in vain the Texans hurled\\nthem back, and remained masters of the field. Sixteen\\ndead bodies were found near the abandoned cannon, which\\nhad been discharged but five times. In this, the first real\\nengagement of our Revolution the Texans lost one Rich-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Xs^v.-v.N-.S,.^, -i^X\\nSAM. HOUSTON.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "EESIGNATION OF BOWIE. 215\\narcl Andrews killed. As rejDorted by the Texans, the\\nMexican loss was about sixty killed.\\nOn the 31st of October, Austin moved up about a half a\\nmile above, on the Alamo ditch, near the old mill and the\\nnext day, near the powder house, one mile east of the city.\\nHe then had about one thousand men in camp. But as\\nthey were but illy provided with arms and munitions of\\nwar, and without cannon, he was but poorly ^^repared to\\nattack a still larger force, in a strongly fortified city. His\\nlong confinement had enfeebled his system, and he was\\ndestitute of experience as a military commander. The\\nTexans in camp were characteristically independent, and\\ncommented somewhat freely on the plans of the commander.\\nBowie resigned his position as an officer, and others volun-\\nteered any amount of good advice. Austin in the mean time\\ndispatched a messenger for the cannon at Gronzales, to be\\nused in an assault on the place.\\nAs an illustration of the difficulties which beset the\\ncommander, it may not be improper to state that on the\\n13th of I^ovember, the day after General Houston was\\nelected commander of the army lo be raised not the volun-\\nteers in the field, who had chosen Austin as their General\\nHouston wrote a confidential letter to Fannin, in which he\\nsaid The army without means ought never to have\\npassed the Guadalupe without the proper munitions of\\nwar to reduce San Antonio. Therefore the error cannot be\\nin falling back to an eligible position. In another sen-\\ntence, Houston advised the retreat to La Bahia and\\nGonzales.\\nOn the 2d of November, a full meeting of the commis-\\nAs General Austin has been reflected upon, for separating his men so near\\nthe enemy, it is but justice to state that his order to Bowie was, to Select a\\nsecure position to encamp the army to-night; and report with as little delay\\nas possible, to give time to the army to march and take up its position before\\nnight. [Signed] S. F. Austin.\\nBy order of P. W. Grayson, Aid-de-Campy\\nDated Oct. 27.\\n14", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nsioned officers had decided, with but one dissenting voice,\\nagainst an attempt to take the city by storm and Austin\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was endeavoring to enforce a siege. On the 14th, Cos, to\\nlessen the consumption of forage in the city, started some\\nthree hundred of his cavahy horses to the Rio Grande.\\nAustin sent out Travis, with about fort}^ men, who over-\\ntook and captured the horses and brought them into the\\nTexan camp. Tired of the inactive life around the city,\\nmany of the Texans had gone home, so that by this time\\nthere were only about six hundred men in camp.\\nOn the 26th of November, Cos sent out a party of men to\\ncut grass for his horses. As this party was returning to\\nthe city, they were discovered by the Texans and a hun-\\ndred men, rallying under Bowie, dashed forward to give\\nthem battle. Others followed. Simultaneously with the\\nmarch of the Texans, a company, with two pieces of\\nartillery, started from the city and a running fight took\\nplace, in which the Mexicans were reported to have lost\\nfifty killed and several wounded. Two days after this\\nGrass Fight, General Austin resigned the command of\\nthe army to fulfill his mission to the United States and\\nwas succeeded by Edward Burleson, chosen by the volun-\\nteers in his stead.\\nWhat we have denominated the Executive Council, is,\\nin the ordinance creating it, called General Council, and\\nKennedy calls it a Legislative Council. The third\\narticle of the ordinance declares that the duties of the\\nGeneral Council shall be to devise ways and means to\\nadvise and assist the Governor in the discharge of his func\\ntions. They shall pass no laws except such as, in their\\nopinion, the emergency of the country requires, etc. This\\nexception invested them with unlimited power; pro-\\nsdded an emergency demanded the exercise of such j^ower.\\nAmong the first doings of this body, was the establishment\\nof a General Post-ofiice, and a tariff of duties on imported\\nmerchandise. Six ports of entry were created, Sabine, Gal-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "LOAN NEGOTIATED. 217\\nveston, Brazos, Matagorda, Lavaca and Copano. They\\nestimated the annual cotton crop at 60,000 bales, and fixed\\nthe export duty at one and a quarter cent a pound and a\\ntonnage duty, which, they supposed would amount to about\\nas much more. They levied a duty on imports of from fif-\\nteen to thirty per cejitum. Had there been no interruption\\nof trade, and no extraordinary expenses, the sums derived\\nfrom export and imj^ort duties, and that on tonnage, would\\nhave gone far toward supporting the expense of administer-\\ning the government. But this was prospective and, to\\nmeet the present necessities, Messrs. Austin, Archer and\\nWharton, the Commissioners to the United States, were\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0emjDowered to negotiate a loan of $1,000,000, in bonds of\\n^1.000 each.\\nA law of the Legislature of 1834, had provided for the\\naj)pointment of a first and second judge for each munici-\\nj)ality, but as none had been ajDpointed, the Council\\nproceeded to do so, on the 16th of JN ovember. The courts\\nwere directed to proceed under the provision of the common\\nlaw of England.\\nThe commander-in-chief was authorized to acce23t the\\nservices of 5,000 volunteers, and 1,200 regulars. During\\nThe following judges were appointed Viesca, (Milam,) Joseph L.\\nHood and John Martin Liberty, William Hardin and Henry W. Farley\\nBrazoria, L. C. Munson and Eobert Mills; Washington, James Hall and\\nHughMcGafiin; Gonzales, Andrew Ponton and Charles Lockhart; Mina,\\n(Bastrop,) Sinclar Gervis and Thomas Kinney Nacogdoches, John Forbes\\nand Kadford Berry Sau Augustine, John G. Love and W. N. Siglier Har-\\nrisburg, T. H. League and Nathaniel Lynch Bevil, (Jasper,) George W,\\nSmyth and Joseph Mott Tenahaw, (Shelby,) Emory Rains and James Ens-\\nlish; Jeffei son, Chichester Chaplain and William T. Hatton; Victoria,\\nPlacido Benevedes and Francisco Cardinas; Goliad, Ene Vasques and\\nRobert Galon; Bexar, John N. Seguin and Miguel Arceufega; Refugio,\\nMartin Power and Martin Lawler; Austin, George Ewiugaud Gail Borden;\\nMatagorda, Charles Wilson and Thomas Duke.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "218 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe months of November and December the Council elected\\na full corps of officers.\\nFor the regulars, the Council elected one Majoi -General, one Adjutant-\\nGeneral, two Colonels, three Lieutenant-Colonels, three Majors, one Second\\nMajor, twenty-six Captains, fifty-six Lieutenants. For the volunteers,\\none Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, one Major, two Captains, and two\\nLieutenants. But without being too specific including all arms of the\\nservice infantry, cavalry, artillery, and rangers, there were one hundred\\nand fifteen oflScei s not Including Major-General Chambers and his staff\\nof reserves. But few of those actually in the army were elected. On the\\nday of the attack on San Antonio Sublett was elected Colonel over Burle-\\nson and Johnson, the commander at San Antonio, was afterward elected\\nMajor, to fill a vacancy. Notwithstanding this formidable array of oflBlcers,\\nthe ranks filled up but slowly. A report presented to the Convention,\\nMarch 10, 1836, stated that there were at Goliad 30 infantry pi-ivates\\nand 30 cavalry at Bexar. Besides these. Captain Turner had reported with\\na, company of 56 meu; and Captain Teel with forty men.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nA NAVY TTVTPROVISED^SAN ANTONIO INVESTED CAPTURED BY THE TEXANS\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLIBERAL TERMS TO THE VANQUISHED BREACH BETWEEN GOVERNOR SMITH AND\\nHIS COUNCIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN S TIMELY ADVICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONVENTION OF 1836 DECLARES THE\\nINDEPENDENCE OP TEXAS GOVERNMENT AD INTERIM PROPOSED DESCENT UPON\\nMATAMORAS.\\nC)\\nROVISIOIS was also made for the oro:anization of a\\nnavy. Two vessels, the William Robbins and the\\nInvincible, were purchased of Messrs. M Kinney and Wil-\\nliams, of Quintana. The Mexicans had two vessels of war\\nthreatening the Texas coast the Bravo and the Monte-\\nzuma. These vessels greatly interrupted trade. During\\nthe month of November, Messrs. Peter Kerr, J. M. Carrav-\\najal and Fernando DeLeon, of Victoria, started from New\\nOrleans with goods, including some ammunition for the\\nGovernment at San Felipe. The vessel was captured by\\nthe Bravo and run on the beach, near Pass Cavallo. The\\nBravo was afterward driven off by a norther, when Cap-\\ntain Hurd, of the William Robbins, took possession of the\\nvessel and turned her over to Captain S. Rhodes Fisher,\\nwith a crew from Matagorda. The Matagorda crew\\nclaimed salvage on the vessel, and this produced some dis-\\ncussion in the Council. Governor Smith, says Yoakum,\\nbeing duly advised of these proceedings, took occasion in\\na special message to reprehend them severely.\\nOn the 6th of November, 1835, General Mexia, who had\\nbefore figured as a Republican leader in Mexico and Texas,\\nsailed from New Orleans, with Commodore Hawkins, in\\nthe schooner Mary Jane, with about one hundred and\\nthirty men, for the capture of Tampico. The men were\\ndeceived, and until they were on the coast in sight of\\nTampico, most of them suj)j)osed they were sailing for", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nTexas. The expedition was unfortunate. Twenty-eight of\\nthem were captured; condemned by a drum-head court\\nmartial, and shot. (See Mexia.)\\nWe will now return to the army under General Burleson,\\nencamped before San Antonio. The men were but poorly\\nprovided to maintain a siege. Many had gone home, though\\nothers were constantly arriving. Still, the number had\\nfallen off nearly one half. At one time there were about\\nfourteen hundred men in camps, though all were not regu-\\nlarly organized into military comj)anies. There were, on the\\nfirst of December, six hundred in the ranks of General\\nBurleson while Cos had a much larger force in the city,\\noccupying a strongly fortified position, and was daily\\nexj^ecting 500 additional troops under General Ugartechea.\\nThese troops arrived in time to participate in the defence of\\nthe city. Cos had put the place in a thorough state for\\ndefence. The old fortress of the Alamo, on the east side of\\nthe river, had been repaired, and fortified with cannon. The\\nmain plaza, on the west side of the river, was also fortified.\\nThe streets entering it were barricaded and protected with\\nartillery. The narrow streets, lined with stone and adobe\\nhouses, afforded ample shelter, and admirable positions for its\\nMexican defenders. Under these circumstances, many of\\nBurleson s officers were in favor of abandoning the siege.\\nOn the 2d of December, a council of war was held at the Tex-\\nan headquarters, at which an assault was determined upon.\\nWith this view, says Burnet, the army was paraded, and\\nafter a stirring address from Colonel William H. Jack, a\\ncall was made for volunteers. Four hundred and fifty men^\\nincluding the Xew Orleans Grays, advanced to the front\\nand enrolled their names.* It was decided to make the\\nThere -were two companies of the New Orleans Grays R. C. Norris\\nwas major, and William G. Cooke and Breese were captains. They\\nwere raised in New Orleans by Col. Christy and Adolphus Sterne. Among-\\nthe men were Thomas William Ward, Martin K. Snell, Thomas S. Lubbock,\\nHenry S. Fi her, William L. Hunter, Johh D. McLeod, and others, less\\ndistinguished in our history. See map of Texas, 1834.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "CAPTURE OF SAX ANTONIO. 221\\nattack the next morning, December 3d, in three divisions.\\nThe old mill a half mile above the town was to be the place\\nof rendezvous, from which the assailants were to advance\\nalong three parallel streets, entering the plaza from the\\nncrth riores, Acequia and Soledad. Colonel J. C. Neil\\nwas directed to make a ruse^ by opening fire on the Alamo,\\nwith artillery. During the ensuing night, the scouts\\nreported that a man had been seen going from the camp to\\nthe town. This induced a suspicion that the enemy had\\nbeen apprised of the intended assault. Many now regarded\\nthe project as utterly hopeless, and threatened to leave unless\\nit was abandoned. Under these circumstances. Colonel Bur-\\nleson contermanded the order for the assault, and thought\\nof falling back on Groliad. On the same evening three\\ncitizens, Messrs. Maverick, Holmes and J. W. Smith, who\\nhad been held in duress in the town, were released by Gen-\\neral Cos and arrived in camp. They gave minute and\\nencouraging information relative to the garrison, their\\ndefences and police. On the next day, Colonel Milam\\nsuo-o-ested to Burleson, to seize the new enthusiasm excited\\nby these representations, and storm the place without\\ndelay. Burleson gave a cheerful assent, and authorized\\nMilam to set about the daring enterprise. Milam promptly\\nstepped forward in front of Burleson s tent, waved his hat\\nwith a joyous ringing hitzzah, and announced that he was\\nffoino; into San Antonio, and called for A^olunteers to go with\\nhim. The response was direct and cordial, and upwards of\\nfour hundred men formed in line, and enrolled their names.\\nThe residue agreed to remain and give an outside support,\\nwhich was indispensable. As before agreed upon, the old\\nmill was the place of rendezvous and 2 o clock a. m., the\\nhour of meeting while Colonel Neil was to make a feint\\nupon the Alamo, on the east side of the river. At the\\nappointed time, only three hundred men were on hand with\\ntwo field pieces, a twelve and a six-pounder. In consequence\\nof the diminished numbers, the assailants formed in only\\ntwo divisions, entering Acequia and Soledad streets.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWe cannot do better than to give our readers the official\\nrej^orts of General Burleson and Colonel Johnson, of the\\ncapture of the city, and the surrender of General Cos\\nHead-Quarters, Volunteer Army,\\nBexar, December 1-i, 1835.\\nTo HIS Excellency, the Provisional Governor of Texas\\nSir: I have the satislaction to inclose a copy of Colonel Johnson s\\naccount of the storming and surrender of San Antonio de Bexar, to which\\nI have little to add that can in any way increase the lustre of this brilliant\\nachievement to the federal arms of tlie volunteer army under my com-\\nmand; and which will, I trust, prove the downfall of the last position of\\nmilitary despotism on our soil of freedom.\\nAt three o clock on the morning of the 5th instant. Colonel Niel, with a\\npiece of artillery, protected by Captain Eoberts and his company, was sent\\nacross the river to attack, at five o clock, the Alamo, on the north side, to\\ndraw the attention of the enemy from the advance of the divisions which\\nhad to attack the suburbs of the town, under Colonels Milam and John-\\nson. This service was effected to my entire satisfaction; and the party\\nreturned to camp at niue o clock a. m.\\nOn the advance of the attacking divisions, I formed all the reserve, with\\nthe exception of the guai-d necessary to protect the camp, at the old mill\\nposition, and held myself in readiness to advance, in case of necessity, to\\nassist when required and shortly afterwards passed into the suburbs to\\nreconnoiter, where I found all going on prosperously, and I etired with the\\nreserve to the camp. Several parties were sent out mounted, under Cap-\\ntains Cheshire, Coleman and Eoberts, to scour the country and endeavor to\\nintercept Ugartechea, who was expected, and ultimately forced an entry,\\nwith reinforcements for General Cos. Captains Cheshire, Sutherland and\\nLewis, with their companies, were sent in as reinforcements to Colonel\\nJohnson, during the period of attack; and Captains Splann and Ruth and\\nLieutenant Borden, with their companies, together with Lieutenant-\\nColonels Somerville and Sublett, were kept in readiness for further assist-\\nance^ if required. On the evening of the 8th, a party from the Alamo, of\\nabout fifty men, passed up in front of our camp and opened a brisk tire, but\\nwithout effect. They were soon obliged to retire precipitately, by opening\\na six-pounder on them, connnanded by Captain Hunnings, by sending a\\nparty across the river, and by the advance of Captain Bradley s company,\\nwho were stationed above.\\nOn the morning of the 9th, in consequence of advice from Colonel John-\\nson, of a flag of truce having been sent in, to intimate a desire to capitulate,\\nI proceeded to town, and by two o clock a.m., of the lOtli, a treaty was\\nfinally concluded by the commissioners appointed, to which I acceded\\nimmediately, deeming the terms highly favorable, considering the strong\\nposition and large force of the enemy, which could not be less than thirteen\\nhundred eftective men one thousand one hundred and five having left\\nthis morning with General Cos, besides three companies and several small", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "OFFICIAL REPORTS. 225\\nparties which separated from him in consequence of the fourth article of\\nthe treaty.\\nIn addition to a copy of the treaty (marlved No. 1) I inclose a list (No.\\n2) of all the valuable property ceded to us by virtue of the capitulation.\\nGeneral Cos left this morning for the mission of San Jose, and to-morrow\\ncommences his march to the Rio Grande, after complying with all that\\nhad been stipulated.\\nI can not conclude this dispatch without expressing, in the warmest\\nterms, my entire approbation of every officer and soldier in the army, and\\nparticularly those who so gallantly volunteered to storm the town, which I\\nhave the honor to command, and to say that their bravery and zeal on the\\npresent occasion merit the warmest eulogies which can confer, and\\nthe gratitude of their country. The gallant leader of the storming party.\\nColonel Benjamin R. Milam, fell gloriously on the third day, and his\\nmemory will be dear to Texas as long as there exists a grateful heart to\\nfeel, or a friend of liberty to lament his worth. His place was most ably\\nfilled by Colonel F. W. Johnson, Adjutant-General of the army, whose\\ncoolness and prudence, united with daring bravery, could alone have\\nbrought matters to so successful an end, with so very small a loss, against\\nso superior a force, and such strong fortifications. To his shining merits\\non this occasion I bore ocular testimony during the five days action\\nI have also to contribute my praise to Major Bennet, Quartermaster-\\nGeneral, for the diligence and success with which he supplied both armies\\nduring the siege and storm.\\nThese dispatches, with a list of killed and wounded, will be handed to\\nyour Excellency by my first aid-de-camp, Colonel William T. Austin, who\\nwas present as a volunteer during the five days storm, and whose con-\\nduct on this and every other occasion merits my warmest praise.\\nTo-morrow I leave the garrison and town under command of Colonel\\nJohnson, with a sufficient number of men and officers to sustain the same,\\nin case of attack, until assisted from the colonies; so that your Excellency\\nmay consider our conquest as sufficiently secured against every attempt of\\nthe enemy. The rest of the army will retire to their homes.\\nI have the honor to be your Excellency s obedient servant,\\nEDWARD BURLESON,\\nCommander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army.\\nGen. Burleson, Commandek-in-Chief op the Federal Volunteer Army\\nOF Texas\\nSir: I have the honor to acquaint you, that on the morning of the 5th\\ninstant, the volunteers for storming the city of Bexar, possessed by the\\ntroops of General Cos, entered the suburbs in two divisions, under the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2command of Colonel Benjamin R. Milam the first division, under his\\nimmediate command, aided by Major R. C. Morris, and the second, under\\nmy command, aided by Colonels Grant and Austin, and AdjutantBristow.\\nThe first division, consisting of tiie companies of Captains York, Patton,\\nLlewellyn, Crane, English and Landruni, with two picc(!^ and lil tepn fuvtil-\\nlerymen, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Franks, took possession of Che", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "226 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nhouse of Don Antonio de la Garza. The second division, composed of the\\ncompanies of Captains Cooke, Swisher, Edwards, Alley, Duncan, Peacock,\\nBreece and Placido Benavidos, took possession of the house of Berrimendi.\\nThe last division was exposed for a short time to a very heavy fire of yrape\\nand musketry from the whole of the enemy s line of fortification, until the\\nguns of the first division opened their fire, when the enemy s attention was\\ndirected to both divisions. At 7 o clock a heavy cannonading from the\\ntown was seconded by a well-directed fire from the Alamo, which for a\\ntime prevented the possibility of covering our lines, or effecting a sale\\ncommunication between the two divisions. In consequence of the twelve-\\npounder having been dismounted, and the want of proper cover for the\\nother gun, little execution was done by our artillery during the day. We\\nwere, therefore, reduced to a close and well directed fire from our rifles,\\nwhich, notwithstanding the advantageous position of the enemy, obliged,\\nthem to slacken their fire, and several times to abandon their artillery\\nwithin the range of our shot. Our loss during this day was one private\\nkilled, one Colonel and one First-Lieutenant severely wounded one Colonel\\nslightly, three privates dangerously, six severely, and three slightly.\\nDuring the whole of the night the two divisions were occupied in strength-\\nening their positions, opening trenches, and eflectinga safe communicaiion,\\nalthough exposed to a heavy cross fire from the enemy, which slacKcned.\\ntoward morning. I may I emark that the want of proper tools rendered\\nthis undertaking doubly arduous, At daylight of the 6th, the enemy were\\nobserved to have occupied the tops of the houses in our front, where,,\\nunder the cover of breastworks, they opened through loop holes a very\\nbrisk fire of small-arms on our whole line, followed by a steady cannonading\\nfrom the town, in front, and the Alamo on the left flank, with few inter-\\nruptions during the day. A detachment of Captain Crane s company,\\nunder Lieutenant AV. McDonald, followed by othei-s, gallantly possessed\\nthemselves, under a severe fire, of the house to the right, and in advance\\nof the first division, which considerably extended our line; while th6 rest\\nof the army was occupied in returning the enemy s fire and strengthening\\nour trenches, which enabled our artillery to do some execution, and com-\\nplete a safe communication from right to left.\\nOur loss this day amounted to three privates severely wounded, and two-\\nslightly. During the night the fire from the enemy was inconsiderable,\\nand our people were occupied in making and filling sand-bags, and other-\\nwise strengthening our lines. At daylight on the 7th, it was discovered\\nthat the enemy had, during the night previous, opened a trench on the\\nAhuno side of the river, and on the left flank, as well as strengthening\\ntheir battery on the cross street leading to the Alamo. From the first they\\nopojied a brisk fire of small-arms; from the last a heavy cannonade, as\\nwell as small-arms, which was kept up until eleven o clock, when they\\nwere silenced by our superior fire. About twelve o clock, Henry Cams,\\nof (Captain York s company, exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy,\\ngallantly advanced to a house in front of the first division, and with a\\ncrowbar forced an entrance, into which the whole of the company imme-\\ndiatelv followed him, and made a secure lodgment. In the evening, th", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CAPTURE OF SAN ANTONIO. 227\\nenemy renewed a heavy fire from all the positions which could bear upon\\nus; and at halt-past three o clock, as our gallant commander, Colonel\\nMilam, was passing into the yard of my position, he received a rifle-shot in\\nthe head, which caused his instant death an irreparable loss at so critical a.\\nmoment. Our casualties, otherwise, were only two privates slightly\\nwounded.\\nAt a meeting of otficers, held at seven o clock, I was invested with the\\nchief command, and Major Morris as my second. At ten o clock p. m., Cap-\\ntains Llewellyn, English, Crane andLandrum, with their respective compa-\\nnies, forced their way into and took possession of the house of Don J.\\nAntonio Navarro, an advanced and important position close to the square.\\nThe fire of the enemy was interrupted and slack during the night, and Lhe\\nweather exceedingly cold and wet.\\nThe morning of the 8th continued cold and wet, and but little firing on\\neither side. At nine o clock the same companies who took possession of\\nDon J. Antonio Navarro s house, aided by a detachment of the Greys, ad-\\nvanced and occupied Zarabrano s Row, leading to the square, without any\\naccident. The brave conduct, on this occasion, of AYiiliam Graham, of\\nCooke s company of Greys, merits mention. A heavy fire of artillery and\\nsmall arms was opened on this position by the enemy, who disputed every\\ninch of ground, and, after suffering a severe loss in officers and men, were\\nobliged to retire from room to room, until last they evacuated the whole\\nhouse. During this time our men were reinforced by a detachment from\\nYork s company, under command of Lieutenant Gill.\\nThe cannonading from the camp was exceedingly heavy from all quarters\\nduring the day, but did no essential damage.\\nOur loss consisted of one captain seriously wounded, and two privates\\nseverely. At seven o clock r. m., the party in Zambrano s Row were re-\\ninforced by Captains Swisher, Alley, Edwards and Duncan, and their\\nrespective companies.\\nThis evening we had undoubted information of the arrival of a strong\\nreinforcement to the enemy, under Colonel Ugartechea. At 10^ o clock p.\\nM., Captains Cooke and Patton, with the company of New Orleans Greys\\nand a company of Brazoria volunteers, forced their way into the priest s\\nhouse in the square, although exposed to the fire of a battery of three guns\\nand a large body of musketeers.\\nBefore this, however, the division was reinforced from the reserve by\\nCaptains Cheshire, Lewis and Sutherland, with their companies.\\nImmediately after we got possession of the priest s house, the enemy\\nopened a furious cannonade from all their batteries, accompanied by inces-\\nsant volleys of small arms, against every house in our possession and every\\npart of our lines, which continued unceasingly until 6^ o clock a. m., of the\\n8tli, when they sent a flag of truce, with an intimation that they desired to\\ncapitulate. Commissioners were immediately named by both parties, and\\nherewith I accompany you a copy of the terms agreed upon.\\nOur loss in this night-attack consisted in one man only Belden, of the\\nGreys, dangerously wounded while in the act of spiking a cannon.\\nTo attempt to give you a faint idea of the intrepid conduct of the gallant", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncitizens who formed the division under my command, during the whole\\nperiod of attack, would be a task of no common nature, and far above the\\npower of my pen. All behaved with the bravery peculiar to freemen, and\\nwith a decision becoming the sacred cause of Liberty.\\nTo signalize every individual act of gallantry, where no individual was\\nfound wanting to himself or to his country, would be a useless and endless\\neffort. Every man has merited my warmest approbation, and deserves his\\ncountry s gratitude.\\nThe memory of Colonel B. R. Milam, the leader of this daring and suc-\\ncessful attack, deserves to be cherished by every patriotic bosom in Texas.\\nI feel indebted to the able assistance of Colonel Grant, (severely wounded\\nthe first day,) Colonel Austin, Majors Morris and Moore, Adjutant Bristow,\\nLieutenant-Colonel Franks, of the artillery, and every captain names\\nalready given who entered with either division, from the moruing of the\\n5th until the day of capitulation.\\nDr. Cameron s conduct, during the siege and treaty of capitulation, mer-\\nits particular mention. The guides, Erastus Smith, Noi wich, Ai*nold and\\nJohn W. Smith, performed important service and I cannot conclude with-\\nout expressing my thanks to the reserve under your command for such\\nassistance as could be afforded me during our most critical movements.\\nThe period put to our present war by the fall of San Antonio de Bexar\\nwill, I trust, be attended with all the happy results to Texas which hei\\nwarmest friends could desire.\\nI have the honor to subscribe myself your most obedient servant,\\nF. W. JOHNSTON, Col. Com g.\\nA true copy from the original.\\nWilliam T. Austin, Aid-de-Camp.\\nCAPITULATION ENTERED INTO BY GENERAL MARTIN PERFECTO DE COS, OF THE\\nPERMANENT TROOPS, AND GENERAL EDWARD BURLESON, OF THE COLONIAL\\nTROOPS OF TEXAS.\\nBeing desirous of preventing the further effusion of blood and the ravages\\nof civil war, have agreed on the following stipulations:\\n1st. That General Cos and his officers retire with their arms and private\\nproperty into the interior of the republic under parole of honor; and that\\nthey will not in any way oppose the re-establishment of the federal constitu-\\ntion of 182-i.\\n2d. That the one hundred infintry lately arrived with the convicts, the\\nremnant of the battalion of Morelos, and the cavalry, retire with the Gen-\\neral, taking their arms, and ten rounds of cartridges for their muskets.\\n3d. That the General take the convicts brought iu by Colonel Ugartechea\\nbeyond the Kio Grande.\\n4th. That it is discretionary with the troops to follow their General,\\nremain, or go to such point as they may deem proper; but iu case they\\nshould all or any of them separate, they are to have their arms, etc.\\n5th. That all the public property, money, arms, and munitions of war, be\\ninventoried and delivered to General Burleson.\\n6th. That all private property be restored to its proper owners.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "CAPITULATION ENTERED INTO. 229\\n7th. That three officers of each army be appointed to make out the inven-\\ntory and see that the terms of capitulation be carried into effect.\\n8th. That three officers on the part of General Cos remain for the purpose\\nof delivering over the said property, stores, etc.\\n9th. That General Cos with his force, for the present, occupy the Alamo,\\nand General Burleson with his force occupy the town of Bexar, and that\\nthe soldiers of neither party pass to the other, armed.\\n10th. General Cos shall, within six days from the date hereof, remove liis\\nforce from the garrison he now occupies.\\n11th. In addition to the arras before mentioned. General Cos shall be per-\\nmitted to take with his force a 4-pounder and ten pounds of powder aud\\nball.\\n12th, The officers appointed to make the inventory and delivery of the\\nstores, etc., shall enter upon the duties to which they have been appointed\\nforthwith.\\n13th. The citizens shall be protected in their persons and property.\\n14:th. General Burleson will furnish General Cos with such provisions as\\ncan be obtained, necessary for his troops to the Rio Grande, at the ordinary\\nprice of the country.\\nloth. The sick and wounded of General Cos army, together with a sur-\\ngeon and attendants, are permitted to remain.\\n16th. No person, either citizen or soldier, to be molested on account of\\nhis political opinions hitherto expressed.\\n17th. That duplicates of this capitulation be made out in Castillian and\\nEnglish, and signed by the commissioner appointed, aud ratified by the\\ncommanders of both Armies.\\n18th. The prisoners of both armies, up to this day, shall be put at liberty.\\nThe commissionei s, Jose Juan Sanchez, Adjutant-Inspector; Don Ramon\\nMusquiz, and Lieutenant Francisco Rada, and Interpreter Don Miguel\\nArciuiega, appointed by the Commandant and Inspector, General Martin\\nPerfecto de Cos, in connection with Col. F. W. Johnston, Major R. C.\\nMorris, and Captain J. C. Swisher, and Interpreter John Cameron,\\nappointed on the part of General Edward Burleson, after a long and serious\\ndiscussion, adopted the eighteen preceding articles, reserving their ratifica-\\ntion by the Generals of both armies.\\nIn virtue of which, we have signed this instrument, in the city of Bexar,\\non the 11th of December, 1835.\\nJose Juan Sanchez, F. W. Johnson,\\nRamon Musquiz, Robert C. Morris,\\nJ. Francisco de Rada, James G. Swisher,\\nMiguel Arcinega, Interpreter, John Cameron, Interpreter.\\nI consent to, and will observe, the above article.\\nMARTIN PERFECTO DE COS,\\nRatified and approved.\\nEDWARD BURLESON,\\nCommander-in-Chief Volunteer Army.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWhile the army in the field was achieving this splendid\\ntriumph, the Council at San Felipe was engaged in legisla-\\ntion. It was composed of thirteen members too many for\\nprompt executive action, and entirely too few for a legislative\\nbody. Its duties and powers w^ere not clearly defined, and\\nit was soon manifest that it was composed of inharmonious\\nmaterials. It is possible that Governor Smith was jealous\\nof his prerogatives, and that the Council infringed u23on his\\nlegitimate authority. At any rate it beame evident that the\\nCrovernor and his Council could not harmonize. On the\\n10th of December, the Council passed a bill calling a Gen-\\neral Convention. Governor Smith vetoed it because it\\nallowed the municipality of Bexar four delegates, and\\npermitted all Mexicans to vote. The first objection was\\noverruled, and the second obviated by declaring that all\\nAmericans might vote, and such Mexicans as were opposed\\nto a centralized government. The election was ordered for\\nFebruary 1st, 1836.\\nThe breach between the Governor and the Council con-\\ntinued to widen, and after a long and bitter personal con-\\ntroversy, finally, on the lltli of January, 1836, the Council,\\nby a unanimous vote, deposed the Governor, preferred\\nformal charges against him, and installed Lieutenant Gov-\\nernor Robinson. The Governor issued a proclamation\\ndissolving the Council, and retained the Archives, and\\ncontinued to exercise the functions of his office. General\\nHouston and some other officers recognized Governor\\nSmith, and the Council, which continued to hold its sessions,\\nrecognized Governor Robinson. A week after the deposi-\\ntion of Governor Smith, the Council failed for want of a\\nquorum. On the 8th of February a quorum was present,\\nand again on the 15th. On the 16th it adjourned to meet\\nin the town of Washington, on the 22d of February, but a\\nquorum never again met.\\nWhile the Governor and his intractable Council were\\nwrangling over questions of privilege and authority, the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "GENERAL AUSTIN S COMMUNICATION. 231\\npeople were canvassing the great question of Texan inde-\\npendence.\\nOn the last of T^ovember, Stephen F. Austin, having\\nresigned the command of the army, reported to the Council\\nat San Felipe, preparatory to starting to the United States\\nas Commissioner. On the question of the relation of Texas\\nto the Mexican government, General Austin said\\nIt may be out of place to speak of myself in such a communication as\\nthis, but I deem it right to say that I have faithfully labored for ye.irs to\\nunite Texas permanently to the Mexican Confederation, by separating its\\nlocal government and internal administration, so far as practicable, from\\nevery other part of Mexico, and placing it in the hands of the people of\\nTexas, who are certainly best acquainted with their local wants, and could\\nbest harmonize in legislation for them. There was but one way to effect\\nthis union, with any hope of permanency or harmony, which was by erect-\\ning Texas into a State of the Mexican Confederation. Sound policy, and\\nthe true interest of the Mexican Republic, evidently required that this\\nshould be done.\\nThe people of Texas desired it; and if proofs were wanting (but they\\nare not) of their fidelity to their obligation as Mexican citizens, this effort\\nto erect Texas into a State affords one which is conclusive to every man of\\njudgment who knows anything about this country; for all such are con-\\nvinced that Texas could not, and would not, remain united to Mexico with-\\nout the right of self-government as a separate State.\\nIn another portion of his communication, Austin says:\\nAt the time of the former elections, the people did not, and could not,\\nfully understand their true situation for it was not known then, to a cer-\\ntainty, what changes would take place in Mexico; what kind of government\\nwould be established or what course would be pursued towards Texas. It\\nwas only known then that the Central party was in power; that all its\\nmeasures tended to the destruction of the Federal system, and that prepa-\\nrations were making to invade Texas.\\nBut, at the present time, the people know that the government is\\nchanged\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that Centralism is established by the decree of the Sd of October\\nlast, and that they are threatened with annihilation. In short, the whole\\n*A8 early as July 19th, 1835, a meeting of citizens was held on the Navidad,\\nin Jackson County, James Kerr, Chairman, and Samuel Rogers, Secretary,\\nwhich declared for independence. And on the 20th of December, the\\ntroops, under Captain Dimmit, and the citizens of Goliad, passed similar\\nresolutions, and the people in the different portions of the province\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2expressed their acquiescence.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\npicture is now clearly before their view, and they see the dangers that are\\nhanging over them. Can these dangers be averted by a provisional organ-\\nization, which is based upon a declaration that is equivocal, liable to difier-\\nent constructions? Does not the situation of the country require a more\\nfixed and stable state of things? In short, is it not necessary that Texas\\nshould now say in plain, and positive, and unequivocal language, what is\\nthe position she occupies, and will occupy and can such a declaration be\\nmade without a new and direct resort to the people, by calling, as speedily\\nas possible, a convention, with plenary power, based upon the principle of\\nequal representation, in proportion to the population?\\nThese are questions of the most vital importance. I respectfully sub-\\nmit them to the calm deliberation of the Provisional Government, in the\\nfull confidence that all the attention will be given to the subject which its\\nimportance demands.\\nWithout expressing any individual opinion of my own, as to the time\\nor day when the new election ought to take place, wliich would, perhaps,\\nbe indecorous in such a communication as this; the object of which is to\\nlay the facts before the Provisional Government, I deem it my duty to say,\\nthat so far as I could judge of the opinions and wishes of the citizens Who\\nwere in the volunteer army when I left them on the 25th ult., they were in\\nfavor of an immediate election of a Convention with plenary power.\\nIn the above report, General Austin used very cautious\\nlanguage, and though he declared for a Convention with\\nplenary powers, he did not explicitly commit himself to a\\ndeclaration of independence. He, perhaps, then thought\\nsuch a declaration premature. But after his arrival in New\\nOrleans, he received additional information from Mexico,\\nand found that, in order to secure the loan so necessary for\\nTexas, a declaration of independence must be immediately\\nput forth. And he accordingly wrote to the Provisional\\nGovernment, advocating such a declaration.\\nThe general election was held on the 1st of February,\\n1836, and the Convention met on the 1st of March, 1836.\\nIts official journal opens thus: Convention of all the\\npeople of Texas, through their delegates elect.\\nOn motion of Mr. Geo. C. Childress, Mr. James Collings-\\nworth, of Brazoria, was called to the chair, and Wm. A.\\nFaris appointed secretary /r^ tern. After the roll of mem-\\nbers was completed, on motion of Mr. Robert Potter, the\\nConvention proceeded to elect a president, when Stephen", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "KUINS OF THE SAN JOSE MISSION.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 235\\nH. Everitt, of Jasper, nominated Richard Ellis, of Red\\nRiver, who was unanimously elected. H. S. Kimble was\\nelected secretary E. M. Pease, assistant secretary Iram\\nPalmer, sergeant at arms John A. Hizer, doorkeeper, and\\nM. Saul, engrossing clerk.\\nMr. George C. Childress offered the following\\nResolved, That the president appoint a committee, to consist of five dele-\\ngates, to draft a Declaration of Independence.\\nAdopted. Whereupon the president appointed as the\\ncommittee, Mr. Geo. C. Childress, of Collin, James Gaines,\\nof Sabine, Edward Conrad, of Refugio, Collin McKinney,\\nof Red River, and Bailey Hardeman, of Matagorda.\\nOn the second day, March 2d, Mr. Robert Potter\\nmoved the appointment of a committee of one from each\\nmunicipality, to draft a constitution for the (contemplated)\\nRepublic of Texas, which was carried, and Messrs. Martin\\nParmer, chairman Robert Potter, Chas. B. Stewart, Edwin\\nWaller, Jesse Grimes, Robert M. Coleman, John Fisher,\\nJohn W. Bunton, James Gaines, Lorenzo de Zavala,\\nStephen H. Everitt, Bailey Hardeman, Elijah Stapp, Wil-\\nliam C. Crawford, Claiborne West, James Power, Jose\\nAntonio Navarro, Collin McKinney, William Menifee,\\nWilliam Motley and Michael B. Menard were appointed\\nthe committee.\\nOn the same day, March 2d, Mr. Childress, chairman of\\nthe committee, reported the draft of a Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. Mr. Houston moved that the report be received\\nby the Convention, which was done. Gen. Sam Houston\\nintroduced the following resolution\\nResolved, That the Declaration of Independence, reported by the commit-\\ntee, be adopted, that the same be engrossed and signed by the delegates of\\nthis Convention.\\nAnd the question being put, the resolution was unan-\\nimously adopted.\\n15", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAfter the Declaration of Independence, the Convention*\\nwas engaged until the 15th in j^reparing the Constitution.\\nOn the 17th of March the Constitution was adopted, and\\na Government, ad interi7n^ inaugurated, with David G.\\nBurnet, President Lorenzo De Zavalla, Vice-President,\\nand Sam Houston, Commander-in-Chief of the army in the\\nfield. The news of the stirring events in the west, prob-\\nably hastened the adjournment of the Convention and\\nsoon afterward the President and his Cabinet removed\\nfrom Washington to Harrisburg.f\\nThe Convention was composed of the following members\\nMunicipality of Austin Charles B. Stewart and Thomas Barnett; of\\nBrazoria James Collingsworth, Edwin Waller, Asa Brigham and J. S. D.\\nByrom; q/ -Beo-Y/?* Francis Ruis, J. Antonio Navarro, Jesse B. Badgett\\nand William Motley of CoZor\u00c2\u00ab^o\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Menifee and William D. Lacey\\nof Go7izales\u00e2\u0080\u0094John Fisher and Matthew Caldwell of Nacogdoches John\\nS. Roberts, Robert Potter, Charles S. Taylor and Thomas J. Rusk; oj\\nHefagio James Power and Sam Houston; of Shelby Martin Parmer and\\nSidney O. Pennington; of Sabine James Gaines and William Clark, Jr.\\nof Harrisburg Loi enzo de Zavala and Andrew Briscoe; of Jasper\\nGeorge W. Smyth and S. H. Everett; of Jackson Elijah Stapp; ofjeffer^\\nson Claiborne West and William B. Scates of Liberty M. B. Menard, A.\\nB. Harden and J. B. Wood; of Bastrop John W. Bunton, Thomas J.\\nGazley and Robert M. Coleman; of Milam Sterling C.Robertson and\\nGeorge C. Childress; of Matagorda Bailey Hardeman and S. Rhodes\\nFisher; of San Patricio John Turner and John W. Bower; of Washing-\\nton Benjamin B. Goodrich, James G. Swisher, George W. Barnett and\\nJesse Grimes; of San Augustine E. O. Legrand and Stephen W. Blount;\\nof lied River Robert Hamilton, Collin McKinney, A. H. Latimer, Samuel\\nP. Carson, Richard Ellis and William C. Crawford; of Goliad David\\nThomas and Edward Conrad.\\nfThe following were the principal oflSLcers in President Burnet s Cabinet,\\nappointed at the organization of the Government: Samuel P. Carson,\\nSecretary of State; Tiiomas J. Rusk, Secretary of War; Bailey Harde-\\nman, Secretary of the Treasury; Robert Potter Secretary of the Nuvy;\\nDavid Thomas, Attorney-General. During this Government, which con-\\ntinued until the 22d of October, 1836, there were many changes, and the\\nfollowing named persons were, for a time, members of the Cabinet, viz:\\nJames Collingsworth and Wm. H. J:ick, Secretaries of State M. B. Lamar,\\nF. A= Sawyer, A. Somervell ami Jolin A. Wharton, Secretaries of AVar;\\nPeter W. Grayson, Attorney-General Bernard E. Bee, Secretary of the\\nTreasury John R. Jones, Post-Master General. The following persons\\nwere also in oflSce under the Government ad interim: Asa Brigham,\\nAuditor; H. C. Hudson, Comptroller; Benjamin C Franklin, Judge for\\nthe District of Brazos.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "MILITARY OPERATIONS. 237\\nWe will now return to military operations. After the\\ncapture of San Antonio, many of the soldiers in Burleson s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2command, especially the Texans, returned to their homes.\\nOthers, encouraged by the success of the first essay at\\narms, were anxious for other enterprises. Captain Dim-\\nmit, at Groliad, was, perhaps, the first to suggest the cap-\\nture of Matamoras, on the right bank of the lower Rio\\nGrande. This was cordially seconded by Colonel Grant,\\nwho had assisted in the capture of San Antonio, and who\\nhad large landed possessions in Coahuila, and was a mem-\\nber of the Legislature dispersed by Cos. Johnson, Fannin\\nand many others, were ready to enlist in the projected enter-\\nprise. The Executive Council, acting independently of the\\nGovernor, authorized Fannin to act as agent in getting uj) and\\ncommanding a force for the capture of Matamoras and,\\nat the same time gave similar authority to Johnson and\\nGrant, and for the same purjDose. Not to be outdone in\\nsuch a movement, Governor Smith ordered General Hous-\\nton to establish his headquarters in the west, and prej^are\\nfor a descent upon the same place. Grant and Johnson en-\\nlisted many of the men who had come with the JN ew Or-\\nleans Grays, and with such horses and munitions of war\\nas could be collected around San Antonio, started for the\\nsouth-west. They found Fannin in command at Goliad,\\nand proceeded to the Nueces river, and Grant, with a party,\\nwent still further, to secure horses for Fannin s command.\\nWhen Houston reached Goliad and learned of the oro-ani-\\nzation of these independent expeditions, he gave up all\\npretensions to the command, and was elected a member of\\nthe Convention from Refugio. Dimmit, at Houston s sug-\\ngestion, retired to Victoria. Neil, who succeeded Johnson\\nat San Antonio, had left that place in command of W^m,\\nB. Travis.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nAANTA anna s TEXAS PROGRAMME\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FALL OF THE ALAMO, AND FATE OF ITS BRAVE\\nGARRISON URRKA IN THE SOUTH-WEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATH OF GRANT, MORRIS, C WARD\\nAND KING AT REFUGIO GOLIAD EVACUATED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BATTLE (JF COLITA THE FANNIN\\nMASSACRE -REFLECTIONS ON THE CONDUCT OF THE CAMPAIGN.\\n/^N the 11th of May, 1835, Santa Anna gained a decisive\\nvictory over Governor Garcia, near Zacatecas, com-\\npleting the total destruction of the Republican party in\\nMexico. Texas was now the only State in which his au-\\nthority was disputed and that able general immediately\\ncommenced his preparations for the subjugation of Texas.\\nHe proposed to send two columns into the province. Gen-\\neral Urrea was ordered to Matamoras, to take one division\\nalong the coast to Goliad, Victoria, c., while the Presi-\\ndent-General, himself with the main division, was to enter\\nthe province via Presidio, and thence to San Antonio, San\\nFelipe, et cetera. Toward the last of January, 1836, Santa\\nAnna reached Saltillo, and Guerrero, by the middle of\\nFebruary. From this place he wrote to Senior Tornel,\\nMinister of War, giving the outlines of his programme in\\nreference to Texas. It was to drive from the province all\\nwho had taken part in the revolution, together with all the\\nforeigners who lived near the sea coast, or the borders of\\nthe United States to remove far into the interior those\\nwho had not taken part in the war to vacate all lands\\nand grants of land owned by non-residents to remove from\\nTexas all who had come to the province, and were not en-\\ntered as colonists under Mexican rules to divide among\\nthe officers and soldiers of the army the best lands, pro-\\nvided they would occupy them to permit no Anglo- Amer-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "THE ALAMO AND ITS ARMAMENT. 239\\nican to settle in Texas to sell the remaining vacant lands\\nat one dollar per acre, allowing those speaking the French\\nlanguage to purchase five million acres, those speaking\\nEnglish the same, and those speaking the Spanish without\\nlimit to satisfy the claims of civilized Indians to make\\nthe Texans pay the expense of the war and to liberate\\nand to declare free the negroes introduced into the colony.\\nTo cut off from Texas the hope of aid from the United\\nStates, Tornel issued a general order to all commanders, to\\ntreat all foreigners (meaning volunteers from the United\\nStates), as pirates. This order was subsequently plead in\\njustification of the massacre of the garrison of the Alamo,\\nand of Fannin s men at Goliad.\\nOn the 22d of February, a portion of the invading army\\nreached the Alazan creek, a little west of the city of San\\nAntonio, when Colonel Travis, with 145 efi^ective men, re-\\ntired to the fortress of the Alamo, on the East side of the\\nriver.\\nThe Alamo and its Armament. The main chapel is\\n75x62 feet walls of solid masonry, four feet thick and\\ntwenty-two and a half feet high then roofless. It fronts\\nto the west toward the city, one-half a mile distant. From\\nthe northwest corner a wall extended fifty feet to the con-\\nvent building, now occupied by the Quartermaster s De-\\npartment. The convent was a two-story building, with a\\nflat roof 186x18 feet. From the northeast corner of the\\nchapel a wall extended 186 feet north thence 102 feet west\\nto the convent, inclosing the convent yard. From the\\nsouthwest corner of the chapel a strongly built stockade\\nextended 75 feet to a building called the prison. The\\nprison was one story, 115x17 feet, and joined a part of the\\nsouth wall of the main Alamo plaza, of which the convent\\nformed a part of the east wall, and some low buildings,\\nused as barracks, formed a part of the west wall. The\\nmain plaza, inclosed with walls, was 154x54 yards. The\\ndififerent inclosures occupied between two and three acres", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "240\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nample accommodations for 1000 men. The outer walls\\nwere two and a half feet thick and eight feet high, though,\\nas they were planned against the Indians, the fortress was\\ndestitute of salient and dominant points in case of a bom-\\nbardment. A ditch, used for irrigation, passed immedi-\\nately in the rear of the church, another touched the north-\\nwest angle of the main square.\\nIts Armament. Three heavy guns were planted upon\\nthe walls of the church one pointed north, toward the old\\nmill one west, toward the city, and one south, toward the\\nL I ISI T m\\nGROUND PLAN OF THE ALAMO.\\nA. Chapel of tlie Fortress.\\nB. Upper window.\\nC. Front door of the Church.\\nD. A wall 50 feet long, connectinj^ Church ^vith the long Bart-ack. E E.\\nF. A low stone barrack, 114 feet long, and 17 wide.\\nG, H, I and K. Rooms built against thd west barrier, and demolished\\nwith it.\\nL. Barrier wall trom G to 8 feet high and 2^/ thick.\\nM. Gate of tlie area.\\nn n. Doors of liouses opening upon area.\\n0. A wall from 5 to 6 feet high, and 2^4^ thick, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\\\\\iiich inclosed -a\\nsmaller area east of the long barrack and north of the church.\\nP. An upper loom in the south-east angle of said barrack.\\nQ. A breach in the north harrier.\\nR. An intreneliment running from the south-west angle- of the chapel to\\nthe gate.\\nS. Represents a f orie cochere, or wide passage througlf the centre of the\\nhouse F, withi)nt one roouj t\\\\n eHch side. The dotted Hues repre-\\nsent a projecting stockade which covered a four-gun battery in front\\nof the outer do9r.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "SIEGE UE THE ALAMO. 241\\nvillao-e of Lavilleta. Two guns protected the stockade be-\\ntween the church and the prison two protected the prison,\\nand an eighteen-pounder was planted at the south-west\\nano-le of the main square. A twelve-pound carronade pro-\\ntected the centre of the west wall, and an eight-pounder\\nwas planted upon the north-west angle. Two guns were\\nplanted on the north wall of the plaza in all fourteen in\\nposition. Over the church floated the flag of the Provis-\\nional Grovernment of Texas, the Mexican tri-color, with the\\nnumerals 1824 in place of the eagle in the white stripe.\\nThe Siege. First day, February 23. Travis secured\\neighty bushels of corn and twenty or thirty beeves. About\\nnoon Santa Anna arrived in person, and sent a summons\\nto the Texans to surrender. It was answered by a cannon\\nshot.\\nSecond day. Mexicans bombarded the fort without ef-\\nfect. Travis sent out couriers to Goliad and to Washing-\\nino-ton for reinforcements. In his dispatches he said: I\\nshall never surrender or retreat.\\nThird day. Santa Anna removed his headquarters\\nacross the river, and made a personal reconnoissance. The\\nTexans opened their batteries, killing two Mexicans and\\nwounding six others. Late at night some of the Texans\\nsallied out and burned some wooden buildings, behind\\nwhich the Mexicans had taken a position.\\nFourth day. The Mexicans made an unsuccessful at-\\ntempt to cut off the garrison from water. At night the\\nTexans burned some buildings north of the walls.\\nSixth day.- Travis sent out John N. Seguin and a corp-\\noral to hurry up reinforcements from Groliad.\\nEighth day, March 1st. Thirty-two citizen soldiers of\\nGronzales entered the fort. In the afternoon a twelve-pound\\nshot from the fort struck the house occupied by Santa\\nAnna.\\nTenth day. Colonel Bonham, who had been sent to Gro-\\nliad for reinforcements,- re-entered the fortress. Travis", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ndispatched a courier to the Convention. He wrote I am\\nstill here and well-to-do, with one hundred and forty-five\\nmen. I have held this place ten days against a force vari-\\nously estimated at from 1500 to 6000, and I shall continue\\nto hold it till I get relief from my countrymen, or I will\\nperish in its defense. We have had a shower of cannon\\nballs continually falling among us the whole time, yet none\\nof us have fallen. We have been miraculously preserved.\\nWe are completely surrounded by the enemy,\\nwho have batteries in Bexar, only 400 yards to the west\\none at Lavilleta, 300 yards south at the Powder House,\\n1000 yards east by south on the ditch, 800 yards north-\\neast, and at the old mill, 800 yards north. Travis now\\ndespaired of succor, and according to an account published\\nin 1860 by a Mr. Rose, announced to his companions their\\ndesperate situation. After declaring his determination to\\nsell his life as dearly as possible, and drawing a line with\\nhis sword, Travis exhorted all who were willing to fight\\nwith him to form on the line. With one exception, all fell\\ninto the ranks, and even Bowie, who was dying with the\\nconsumption, had his cot carried to the line. The man\\nwho declined to enter the ranks, that night made his es-\\ncape. [This tale is incredible, since he reported large pools\\nof blood in the ditch, close to the wall, when no Mexican\\nhad then approached within rifle shot.]\\n.Eleventh day. The Mexicans continued to bombard the\\nfort. The Texans, being short of amnmnititm, seldom\\nfired. In the evening Santa Anna called a council of offi-\\ncers, and in spite of the remonstrance of some of his gen-\\nerals, resolved to storm the fortress. His orders were pre-\\npared very carefully, and given with great minuteness.\\nThere were to be four columns of attack, led by his most\\nexperienced generals. Each column was supplied with\\naxes, crowbars and scaling ladders. His entire cavalry\\nforce was paraded in the rear, to prevent the desertion of\\nhis own troops, and to intercept any Texans who might\\nattempt to escape.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "STORMING OF THE ALAMO.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "THE FALL OF THE ALAMO. 245\\nThe Fall.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sunday March 6. A little after midnight,\\nthe different divisions of the Mexican army silently march-\\ned to their assigned positions. At -four o clock the bugle\\nsounded, and the whole line advanced to the final assault.\\nSanta Anna, with all the bands, was behind an adobe house,\\nabout 500 yards south of the church. The Texans were\\nready, and, according to Filisola, poured upon the ad-\\nvancing columns a shower of grape and musket and rifle\\nballs. Twice the assailants reeled and fell back in dis-\\nmay. Rallied again by the heroic Castrellon (who fell at\\nSan Jacinto), they approached the walls the third time.\\nWe again quote from Filisola The columns of the west-\\nern and eastern attacks meeting with some difficulty in\\nreaching the tops of small houses forming the wall of the\\nfort, did, by a simultaneous movement, to the right and to\\nthe left, swing northward until the three columns formed\\none dense mass, which, under the guidance of their officers,\\nfinally succeeded in efifecting an entrance into the enclosed\\nyard. About the same time the column on the south made\\na breach in the wall and captured one of the guns. This\\ngun, the eighteen-pounder, was immediately turned upon\\nthe convent, to which some of the Texans had retreated.\\nThe carronade on the center of the west wall was still\\nmanned by the Texans, and did fearful execution upon the\\nMexicans who had ventured into the yard. But the feeble\\ngarrison could not long hold out against such overwhelm-\\nina: numbers. Travis fell early in the action, shot with a\\nrifle ball in the head. After being shot he had sufficient\\nstrength to kill a Mexican who attempted to spear him.\\nThe bodies of most of the Texans were found in the build-\\ning, where a hand-to-hand fight took place. The body of\\nCrockett, however, was in the yard, with a number of\\nMexicans lying near him. Bowie was slain in his bed,\\nthouo-h it is said he killed two or three of the Mexicans\\nwith his pistol as they broke into his room. The church\\nwas the last place entered by the foe. It had been agreed", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthat when further resistance seemed useless, any surviving-\\nTexan should bl(nv up the magazine. Major Evans was\\napplying the torch when he was killed in time to prevent\\nthe ex2: losion. It was reported that two or three Texans,\\nfound in a room, appealed in vain for quarter. The\\nsacrifice was complete. Every soldier had fallen in defense*\\nof the fort.\\nThree non-combatanis were spared a negro servant of\\nCol. Travis, and Mrs. Alsbury and Mrs. Dickinson. Lieut-\\nenant Dickinson, with a child on his back, leaped from an\\nupper window in the east end of the church but their life-\\nless bodies fell to the ground riddled with bullets. One\\nhundred and eighty bodies of the Texans were collected\\ntogether in a pile and partially burned. Well-informed\\nTexans put the loss of the Mexicans at twice that number.\\nThe official report of the Mexican Adjutant General left in\\ncommand at San Antonio, puts their loss at 60 killed and\\n251 wounded. On the 25 th of February, 1837, the bones\\nof their victims were collected by Col. John JV. Seguin,\\nthen in command at the place, and decently and honorably\\ninterred.\\nSimultaneously with the advance of Santa Anna, General\\nXJrrea had proceeded along the Texas coast, reaching San\\nPatricio on the 28th of February. It seems incredible that\\nthe Texans should have been kept in ignorance of this\\nmovement; but so it jvas. Major Morris, Dr. Grant and\\nabout forty Texans were out hunting horses, when Urrea s\\nparty passed, them undiscovered. Colonel F. W. Johnson\\nand a few others were in the village of San Patricio when\\nthe Mexicans reached the neighborhood. The Mexican\\ncitizens had notice of the approach of Urrea, and were told\\nto keep lights burning in their houses, so that their friends\\nmight know them. It so happened that Colonel Johnson\\nwas writing until a late hour, and before his light was extin-\\niruished, learned that the town was in the possession of\\nIFrrea, and he and four companions Messrs. Tone, Beck,\\nToler and Miller made their escape.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "MEXICAN INVASION. 247\\nColonel Grant, witli about forty men, liad been absent\\nsome ten clays on a scout for horses. They had followed a\\nparty of Mexicans to the Rio Grande, and secured a num\\nber of horses and some prisoners, and were returning to Col*\\nJohnson s headquarters at San Patricio. On the night in\\nwhich Urrea captured the town, Grant and his party\\ncamped on the Agua Dulce creek, twenty-six miles to the\\nsouth-west. From prisoners captured, the Mexicans\\nlearned that Grant s party were expected back, and Urrea\\nsent out a strong cavalry force for their capture. When\\nthey were discovered, Grant, Morris, Benevedes and Brown\\nwere riding considerably in advance of the cavallado of\\nhorses driven by their companions. At Grant s request,\\nBenevedes made his escape, and hastened to Goliad to give\\nFannin notice of the Mexican invasion. Grant and Morris\\nwere killed, and Brown taken a prisoner, by being las-\\nsoed. The other Texans were all killed. (See Brown, Grant,\\netc.)\\nColonel Fannin had been ordered first to Velasco, on\\nrecruiting service, and subsequently to the West, and\\ninvested with authority (as agent) to prepare for a descent\\nupon Matamoras. He was in command at Goliad, with\\nabout 400 men, mostly of the Georgia battalion, preparing\\nfor the expedition to the Rio Grande, when he heard of the\\ninvasion of the country by Santa Anna. Col. Bonham, from\\nSan Antonio, reached Goliad on the day that Urrea took\\nSan Patricio. Fannin at first resolved to go to the relief of\\nTravis in the Alamo. But his gun-carriage broke down,\\nand he lacked the means of transportation. During the\\ndelay caused by the accident, he heard of the advance of\\nUrrea and the capture of San Patricio. He then re-entered\\nGoliad, and put the place in a thorough state of defence. He\\nat once dispatched Captain King, with twenty-eight men, to\\nremove some families from Refugio. This was March 3d.\\nKing, instead of hastening back, as ordered, remained at\\nRefuo-io, and sent to Goliad for more troops, as he was", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "248 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nthreatened with an attack. To Fannin this delay was\\nvexatious, as he wished to fall back across the Guadalupe\\nriver, to which point he had been ordered by General\\nHouston. But he immediately sent Lieutenant-Colonel\\nWard with 112 men to King s relief. Before Ward reached\\nBefugio, King had been attacked by a party of cavalry.\\nThe enemy was repulsed with severe loss. Ward joined\\nKing in the old Mission on the evening of the 13th. That\\nnight they were attacked by a superior force of Mexicans,\\nwho w^ere again repulsed with heavy loss, and as they\\nretreated, they were pursued by the companies of Ward and\\nKing. In the darkness the two were separated. Ward\\nmade his way back to the Mission. King and his men\\nbecame bewildered, and finally got lost, and were the next\\nday captured and put to death by order of Urrea.\\nUnwilling to leave Ward and King, Fannin successively\\nsent four couriers to hurry them back to join him in the\\nretreat. These all fell into the hands of the Mexicans and\\nwere put to death. On the 16th of March Fannin was\\nreinforced by a company of twenty-eight cavahy, under\\nCaptain A. C. Horton. He j^repared for a retreat the same\\nday, and a portion of the cannon were thrown into the\\nriver but just at night, while Horton was out reconnoitering,\\nhe discovered a laro-e force of the enemv in the immediate\\nneighborhood. Apprehending an attack during the night,\\nthe cannon were hastily remounted, and preparations made\\nfor defence.\\nThe above is the common version of this unfortunate affiiir. Mr. S. T.\\nBrown, one of Ward s men, who escaped the massacre, gives a different\\naccount. He says, that, on the morning of the 16th, Ward and King differed\\nas to who should command, wlien King with forty-six men withdrew from\\nthe fort, and was captured and all his men shot. In the fight, three of\\nWard s men were wounded. As Ward had positive orders to fall back and\\njoin Fannin at Victoria, he supplied the wounded with water, and left them\\nin the Mission and fell back to the Guadalupe river; but before he reached\\nVictoria, the disastrous battle of Colota had been fought, and he and most\\nof his men were captured, and shared the fate of their companions under\\nFannin. The three wounded left in the Mission were taken out and shot, 8^ i\\nKefugio, with King s men.\\nI", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0264.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF COLITA. 249\\nBattle of Colita. The morning of the 17th was foggy,\\nand no enemy appearing in sight, about ten o clock the\\narmy evacuated the fort, and took up the line of march for\\nVictoria. After crossmg the Menawhila creek, about eight\\nmiles from Goliad, they halted to permit the oxen to graze.\\nThey had resumed the march and were within about two\\nmiles of the Colita creek, when a company of Urrea s\\ncavalry was discovered in front and a little to their left,\\nissuing from a point of timber. During the, morning fog\\nthe Mexicans had passed around and in front of Fannin to\\nintercept his march. Horton and his cavalry had gone\\nforward to make arrangements for crossing the river, and,\\nif possible, to secure reinforcements. They Avere unable to\\njoin their companions. The Texans halted and made hasty\\npreparations for a fight. A charge of Urrea s cavalry was\\ngallantly repulsed by Fannin s artillery, which also poured\\na deadh^ fire upon the Mexican infantry. In a second charge\\nthe Mexicans suffered a still heavier loss. The fi^ ht con-\\ntinned until dark, when the Mexicans retired out of gun-\\nshot, and the Texans improved the time throwing up tem-\\nporary breastworks. Fourteen of their number had been\\neither killed or mortally wounded. Sixty others, including\\nColonel Fannin, were wounded. Before daylight Urrea\\nreceived heavy reinforcements, including a park of artillery.\\nWith no adequate protection against the enemy s cannon\\nin an open prairie, without water, for which the w^ounded,\\nespecially, were suffering, surrounded by an enemy of five\\ntimes their number, the Texans were in a desperate condi-\\ntion. What could they do but surrender as prisoners of\\nwar A white fla^g was raised and the following terms of\\nsurrender agreed upon 1. That the Texans should be treated\\nas prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized\\nnations. 2. That private property sRouJd be respected and\\nrestored, but the side arms of the officers should be given up.\\n3. The men should be sent to Copano, and thence in eight\\ndays to the United States, or as soon as vessels could be pro-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0265.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncured to take them. 4. The officers should be paroled and\\nreturned to the United States in like manner.\\nThe prisoners were taken back to Goliad and confined in\\nthe old Mission. They were joined b}^ the men captured\\nwith Ward on the 25th. All were cheerful in the prospect\\nof a speedy liberation. While they were enlivening their\\nprison on the evening of the 26th in singing Home, Sweet\\nHome, an order arrived from Santa Anna for their imme-\\ndiate execution\\nThe Massacre. On the morning of the 27th Palm\\nSunday without warning, and under the pretext that they\\nwere starting to be sent home, the privates w^ere marched\\nout first, in four companies, strongly guarded. They were\\ntaken in different directions, so that no two were close\\ntogether, and when a short distance from the walls of the\\nmission, the four divisions were halted and shot The most\\nwere instantly killed some, who were only wounded, were\\ndispatched with sabres, and a few, by lying still and feigning\\ndeath until dark, escaped. The officers and the wounded\\nwere still in the fort, and heard the firing and the shrieks\\nof the wounded and dying. They, too, were immediately\\nmarshalled in line and marched out to meet the fate of their\\ncompanions. Fannin was the last to suffer. (See Fannin\\nand Shackleford.)\\nIn subsequent years, Santa Anna pleaded the obstinancy of\\nTravis, and their stubborn resistance, after all resistance\\nwas useless, as an excuse for putting the last man of the\\nbrave garrison of the Alamo to the sword. But for the\\nhorrible massacre of Fannin s men, he offered no excuse\\nReports do not agree as to the exact number put to death. Foote makes\\nthe number 330. The names of most of the victims may be found in the\\nTexas Almanac for the year 1860. According to that statement, the whole\\nnumber killed was 385. Ei ht physicians and attendants were spared, and\\ntwenty-seven of those marched out to be slaughtered made their escape.\\nMajor Miller, with eighty volunteers, had just landed at Copano to join the\\nTexas army but his men were without arms, and were uot included in the\\norder for execution.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0266.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "DISASTROUS DISAGREEMENTS. 251\\nnone could be offered. It was a cold-blooded, deliberate\\nmurder of prisoners of war, and should stamp its perpe-\\ntrators with eternal infamy.\\nAfter the splendid achievement of the raw militia of\\nTexas in the capture of the strongly-fortified city of Bexar,\\ndefended by more than twice their number of veteran Mex-\\nican regulars, it is painful in the extreme, to record the\\ndisasters of the opening campaign of 1836. It seems useless\\nnow to speculate as to the cause or causes of those disas-\\nters, which threatened the destruction of the Texas army.\\nIn General Houston s last speech in the United States Sen-\\nate, he reviews these events, and lays a large share of the\\nblame on Colonel Fannin, who, disregarding the orders of\\nthe commander-in-chief, became, by countenance of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Council, a candidate for commander of the volunteers. In\\nthat speech, great injustice is done to Fannin, who had been\\nappointed by the Lieutenant- Grovernor and Council, and\\nwho implored orders from Houston himself, or from the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Council, but whose only order was from Governor Robinson,\\nTo make no retrograde movement. As we have stated,\\nHouston still recognized Smith as governor, and by virtue\\nof his authority, had ordered Colonel Neil to evacuate San\\nAntonio, and Captain Dimmitt to evacuate Goliad. These\\nofficers obeyed Houston, taking such men as chose to fol-\\nlow their lead and Neil fell back to Gonzales, and Dimmitt\\nto Victoria. But at the same time, Travis, acting under\\nthe authority of the Council, remained in command at San\\nAntonio, and Fannin took command at Goliad. But this is\\nnot all, nor even the worst. At San Antonio, Bowie con-\\ntended for the right to command over Travis, by virtue of\\nhis longer service, if not superior rank and so sharp was\\nthe contest, that Crockett, after reaching the city, threat-\\nened, with his company, to leave immediately, if the two\\ncommanders did not come to terms. Soon afterward,\\nBowie was taken seriously ill, and this left Travis in com-\\nmand of such troops as chose to submit to his authority.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0267.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAgain, at Goliad, it was a question still unsettled, whether,\\nunder the Council, Fannin, or Grant, or Johnson was the\\nranking officer; a question not settled until Grant was\\nkilled, and Johnson compelled, with only four companions,\\nto escape for his life, from the cavalry of Urrea. And as\\nif to furnish a still further illustration of this miserable\\nstate of affairs, the two officers sent to Refugio quarreled,\\nseparated, and were both captured and shot by Urrea.\\nPossibly, by remaining together, they might have rejoined\\nFannin, and the result have been very different.\\nWe may admire the heroism of Fannin, who wrote lo\\nGovernor Robinson, that if he did not receive relief he\\nshould remain at his post, even if it cost the lives of him-\\nself and his men and the still more heroic declaration of\\nTravis, that he should never retreat or surrender but still\\nwe cannot but feel that the lives of these brave and patriotic\\nmen w^ere sacrificed to the miserable personal squabbles\\nprevailing in both the civil and military departments of the\\nProvisional Government.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0268.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "SCOUTING.\\nI", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0269.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0270.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nTHE MEXICAN MARCH TOWARDS SAN JACINTO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOUSTON S RETREAT CAMPS IN MILL\\nCREEK BOTTOM\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE MEXICANS MEET WITH RESISTANCE AT SAN FELIPE, AND TURN\\nDOWN THE RIVER TO RICHMOND BOTH ARMIES CROSS THE BRAZOS.\\n/TV HE length of time required to capture the small\\n-L garrison of the Alamo had been very vexatious to\\nthe President-General of Mexico, whose previous military\\nmovements had been conducted with great rapidity. But\\nhis victory was complete, and he now had leisure to plan for\\nfurther operations. On the 11th of March he ordered\\nGrenerals Sesma and Woll, with 675 infantry, 50 dragoons,\\ntwo six-pounders and eight days rations, to march for the\\ninterior, intending that they should go, via Columbus, San\\nFelipe and Harrisburg, to Ananuac. He also ordered about\\n400 men, with three guns, under Colonel Juan Morales, to\\nreinforce Urrea at Goliad. His plan contemplated the\\ninvasion of the province by three divisions. One, consisting\\nof about 750 men, under General Gaona, was to go via\\nBastrop and Washington to Nacogdoches the coast division\\nof 1,700 men, under Urrea, to advance via Victoria, Brazoria,\\nand Galveston to Ananuac and the central division, of\\nabout 4,000, under Filisola, was to follow the route taken\\nby Sesma. Santa Anna, when he heard of the capture of\\nFannin, thought the conquest of Texas was effected, and in\\nthe exuberance of his delight gave orders to his subordinates\\nto shoot all prisoners. He intended soon to return to his\\ncapital, and leave Filisola and Almonte to complete the\\nreorganization of the government of the conquered province.\\nBut having heard from Sesma that a considerable army,\\nunder Houston, was encamped on the east bank of the\\n16", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0271.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nColorado, he, at the solicitation of Almonte and Filisola,\\nconcluded to remain and complete his work.\\nOn the fourth day of the session of the Convention at San\\nFelipe, G-eneral Houston was re-elected commander-in-chief\\nof the forces in the field. Two days later, on the 6th, the\\nday the Alamo fell, Houston, with George W. Hockley,\\nchief of staff, and one or two companions, left Washington\\nfor the headquarters of the army at Gonzales, arriving there\\non the 11th. Mr. Yoakum says It was Houston s inten-\\ntion to combine the forces of Fannin and Xeil and march to\\nthe aid of Travis. But Houston, in his last senatorial\\nspeech, says he had anticipated that calamity (the fall of the\\nAlamo), and went to Gonzales, intending to fall back.\\nThere has been no little controversy as to the number of\\nmen at Gonzales when Houston arrived there. Mr. Yoakum\\nfixes the number at 374 other authorities make it twice as\\nlarge, though no thorough organization had been eftected.\\nAs our readers will remember, thirty-two of the citizen\\nsoldiers from Gonzales entered the Alamo during the siege.\\nThe night Houston reached the place, the sad tidings arrived\\nthat the Alamo had fallen and its brave defenders were all\\nkilled. This produced an indescribable scene of grief in\\nthe town, as a dozen women and a large number of children\\nhad lost their husbands and fathers. A terrible panic\\nensued. Twenty-five soldiers, says Houston, deserted that\\nnio-ht, and fleeing towards the Sabine, spread the news and\\nthe panic throughout the country.\\nHouston deemed a retreat inevitable, and securing the\\nwomen and children, the party took up the line of march\\nabout midnight, March 12th. As the rearguard left the\\ntown, the place was fired, without any orders. The Texans\\narrived at Peach creek the next day. Here they met a\\nreinforcement of 125 men but when the news of the mas-\\nsacre of Travis and his companions was told the new troops,\\ntwenty -five of them immediately left for their homes. The\\nTexans reached the Navidad on the 14th, and the Colorado,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0272.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "Houston s retreat. 257\\nat Burnham s, on the 17th, where the river was crossed\\nthe army now numbering about six hundred men. Descend-\\ning the stream, they encamped on the west bank, opposite\\nColumbus, until the 25th. In the mean time, the Mexican\\nadvance, under Sesma, had reached the right bank of the\\nriver. By the 26th, Houston s army had increased to\\nbetween twelve hundred and fifteen hundred men.\\nHouston has been severely censured for not making a\\nstand at that place. The river offered a good line of defence\\nand as soon as he resumed his retrograde movement, many\\nmen, whose families would be exposed, had to leave the\\narmy to secure their safety. In his last speech in the Sen-\\nate, he gives the reason for his retreat. When encamped\\non the Lavaca river, going west, he had dispatched Col.\\nWm. T. Austin to Velasco for artillery. The guns were\\nshipped up to Columbia, but owing to excessive rains, it\\nwas found impossible to transport them to army headquar-\\nters. Without artillery, and the soldiers depressed by the\\nsad fate of Travis and of Fannin, Houston thought it best\\nto fall back to the Brazos. When he reached the river at\\nSan Felipe, instead of crossing the stream and establishing\\na line of defense, he turned up across Mill creek, and\\nencamped, from the 29th of March until the 12th of April,\\nin the bottom.\\nMosely Baker, with a company of about one hundred\\nmen, was stationed on the east bank of the river, opposite\\nSan Felipe, to protect the ferry, and prevent the enemy from\\npassing the stream. At Richmond, Wylie Martin, with forty-\\nsix men, was guarding the two ferries. On the day that\\nHouston encamped on the west bank of the Brazos, Santa\\nAnna started the bulk of his army from San Antonio; the\\ncentral division following Sesma, and Gaona marching for\\nBastrop. The General himself did not leave the city until\\nthe last day of March, and arrived at Columbus on the 5th\\nof April. Leaving his heavy guns and most of the infantry\\nto follow, the President, with a division of cavalry, reached", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0273.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "258 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nthe neighborhood of San Felipe on the 7th, The town had\\nbeen burnt. Baker showed so determined a resistance, that\\nthe Mexicans deflected down the river, camping at Cole s\\non the 9th and 10th, and sending a foraging party to the\\nfine Mercer and Heard plantations, for provisions, sugar,\\netc. At Cole s a negro was captured and dispatched to\\nHouston, with an insolent message to the General, in which\\nSanta Anna told him that he knew where he was and as\\nsoon as he had cleaned out the land of thieves at Harris-\\nburg, he w^as coming back to smoke him Houston out.\\nThe negro delivered the message. On the 1 1th the Mexicans\\ncamped at Powell s, and reached Richmond on the 12th.\\nAlmonte, who knew the place, rode down to the lower ferry,\\nkept by Mr. Morton, and in good English announced that\\nthe Mexicans were approaching, and he wanted to make his\\nescape. The negro ferryman, deceived by the speech, took\\nthe boat over, and it was instantly seized by the Mexican\\nsoldiers. In the meantime, the Mexicans were firing their\\nguns at Captain Martin s company, at the upper ferry;\\nwhil^ others were crossing below. When Martin ascer-\\ntained the ruse that had been practiced, he immediately\\nstarted up the river to report to Houston.\\nHouston seized the steamer Yellowstone, that had entered\\nthe Brazos to carry out cotton and with this steamer, and\\na ferry boat, crossed the stream opposite Groce s on the\\nsame days April 12th and 16th that Santa Anna crossed\\nthe advance division of Mexicans at Richmond.\\nThe pertinent question recurs, why did Houston remain\\nso long in the bottom?\\nThis hiding of himself, and so long period of inaction,\\nhave been severely criticised. He had stepped, so to speak,\\nright out of the way of Santa Anna but did not ascend\\nthe river far enough to intercept Gaona, who would cross\\nat Washington or Tenoxticlan. Newell, in his history, says\\nthis was done for a secure position. If Houston wished to\\navoid a fight, this was a very secure position. In his Sen-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0274.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Houston s action criticised. 259\\natorial speech, the commander assigns another reason. He\\nsays that the reason he did not fall upon Santa Anna was,\\nthat excessive rains had so swollen the streams that it was\\nimpossible for him to emerge from his island camp in the\\nbottom. This is hardly satisfactory. Why did he go there\\nWhile he was in that camp, Santa Anna had traversed the\\nwhole distance from San Antonio to the Brazos, and finding\\nthe crossing opposed by a few determined men, under\\nMosely Baker and John N. Seguin, had gone down the\\nstream and crossed at Richmond. It is probable that the\\ntrue reason for this strange strategetical movement was\\nvery different from the one assigned one that he was never\\nwilling to avow.. In all his references to this trying period,\\nthe General complains of the insubordination of the sol-\\ndiers. He had ordered San Antonio evacuated. The order\\nwas not obeyed. Had ordered Fannin to evacuate Goliad.\\nThis was so tardily executed that his army was sacrificed.\\nIn the general army under Houston himself, men came and\\nwent, almost at will. He had the most unbounded confi-\\ndence in the personal courage of his men, every one of\\nwhom was a hero. But he feared that in a hard-contested\\nbattle, this personal heroism might bring on a spirit of inde-\\npendence that would be uncontrollable, and might result in\\ndisorder and defeat. During the period in which they\\nwere in the bottom, they were isolated and he had an oppor-\\ntunity to organize them, and establish his personal influ-\\nence and authority over them. At any rate he felt, when\\nhe crossed the river, that he could rely upon the obedience^\\nas well as the valor of his troops. He had taught them\\nthat obedience which is said to be the first duty of a\\nsoldier.\\nThe Fabian policy of General Houston was not generally\\napproved by the civillians. JN^or was there a cordial feel-\\ning between the commander of the army and the newly-\\ninaugurated President. Soon after the adjournment of the\\nConvention, the President and his Cabinet removed from", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0275.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWashington to Harrisburg, to be nearer the coast, and at\\na point where supplies for the army could be collected and\\nforwarded to headquarters. Houston severely condemned\\nthis movement, as increasing the excitement and panic in\\nthe country. President Burnet remained at Harrisburg\\nuntil the armies crossed the Brazos, when he descended the\\nbayou to Lynchburg to secure the safety of his family and\\nother families on the San Jacinto river. But before leav-\\ning Harrisburg, General Rusk, Secretary of War, was\\ndispatched to army headquarters to arrest the retrograde\\nmovement of the army. In an order to Houston, Burnet\\nrather curtly told the Greneral The enemy are laughing\\nyou to scorn. You must fight them. You must retreat no\\nfarther. The country expects you to fight. The salvation\\nof the country depends on your doing so. General Hous-\\nton s response to this executive missive was the Battle of\\nSan Jacinto.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0276.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE HOSTILE ARMIES APPROACH EACH OTHER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SKIRMISH ON THE 20TH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BATTLE OF\\nSAN JACINTO, APRIL 21ST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOUSTON S OEFICIAL REPORT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REFLECTIONS.\\n)t(hE Texans were without artillery but some friends\\nJ- in Cincinnati had procured a couple of guns named\\nthe Twin Sisters, and had shipped them to Texas as\\nhollow ware. These guns arrived at Galveston in due\\ntime and were shipped up to Harrisburg on the schooner\\nKosciusko, Captain Aaron Burns, and reached the army\\nat the Brazos. They made a telling report in the subse-\\nquent battle.\\nWhile encamped at Donoho s, three miles from the\\nriver, on the 15th, Captain Martin reached headquarters\\nand reported the crossing of the Mexicans at Richmond.\\nMr. Yoakum states that Martin s command being worn\\nout and exhausted with fatigue, was directed to conduct the\\nfamilies that were flying from the seat of war, to Bobbins\\nFerry on the Trinity. Other accounts state that Martin\\nwas so disgusted with the conduct of the campaign, espe-\\ncially in leaving so inadequate a force at Richmond, that\\nhe gave up his sword and absolutely refused to remain in\\nthe ranks. Other brave men took the route to the Trinity.\\nSuch were some of the difficulties of the commander in\\nthis trying period. However, he found a true friend and\\nsafe counsellor in Colonel Rusk, the Secretary of War, and\\nthe two cordially co-operated in the future conduct of the\\ncampaign. The prairies were boggy from recent rains,\\nand the streams swollen but, by great exertions, the\\nTexans reached Roberts, on the 16th Mrs. M Curley s, on\\nSpring creek, on the 17th, and the banks of Buffalo bayou,\\nopposite Harrisburg, on the 18th.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0277.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "2Q^ HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nOn the 15th of April, Santa Anna left the banks of\\nOyster creek, near Richmond, dining at Staitbrd s, and\\nreaching Harrisburg late that night. After two days\\nspent at that place, he went down to JN ew Washington for\\nfresh supplies. In their march the Mexicans had burned\\nHarrisburg and Stafford s gin-house and before leaving,\\nburnt New Washington. The Texans had burned Gon-\\nzales, San Felipe and the houses of Burnham and Dewees,\\non the Colorado.\\nWhile the Texans were at Harrisburg, an extraordinary\\nMexican courier with a mail, was captured by Deaf Smith.\\nFrom the dispatches from Filisola, the Texans learned that\\nSanta Anna was with the advance column, then at IN ew\\nWashington. This intelligence thrilled the Texans with\\ndelight. They felt sure that they could gain a victory over\\nthe very small force with the President General. The Tex-\\nans were paraded, and patriotic addresses delivered by\\nHouston and Rusk. The sick and baggage were left; the\\narmy crossed the bayou and hurried down to the mouth of\\nthe San Jacinto, w^here they expected to encounter the\\nenemy. Early on the morning of the 20th, they encamped\\non the right bank of the bayou, in a skirt of timber. Earlv\\nthat morning, Santa Anna had dispatched a boat-load of\\nprovisions, procured from Colonel Morgan s warehouse, up\\nto Lynchburg, for his own troops. The boat fell into the\\nhands of the Texans, and furnished a grateful supply to\\nmen who had been marching on short rations.\\nSanta Anna was preparing to leave New Washington\\nfor Anahuac, via Lynchburg. The place had been burned,\\nand about 9 o clock in the morning, his scouts arrived, and\\nreported the Texans already at the ferry, prepared to resist\\nhis further march to the East. This was a complete sur-\\nprise to the General. He considered the country already\\nsubjugated, and supposed the Texans would be careful to\\nkeep out of reach. He, however, ordered his men to parade", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0278.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HOUSTON DICTATING ORDERS TO ADJUTANT HOCKIjKT", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0279.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0280.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "OFFICIAL EEPORT. 265\\nand march in order of battle to the designated spot, where\\nhe encamped about the middle of the afternoon.\\nWe subjoin General Houston s official report of the battle\\nHeadquarters of the Army,\\nSan Jacinto, April 25, 1886.\\nTo His Excellency D. G. Burnet, President of the Republic of Texas\\nSir:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I regret extremel}^ that my situation since the battle of the 21st\\nhas been such as to prevent my rendering you my oflScial report of the\\nsame previous to this time.\\nI have the honor to inform you, that on the evening of the eighteenth\\ninstant, after a forced march of fifty-five miles, which was effected in two\\ndays and a half, the army arrived opposite Harrisburg. That evening a\\ncourier of the enemy was taken, from whom I learned that General Santa\\nAnna, with one division of his choice troops, had marched in the direction\\nof Lynch s Ferry, on the San Jacinto, buruiug Harrisburg as he passed\\ndown. The army was ordered to be in readiness to march early on the\\nThe official report of General Houston gives the best account of the\\nskirmish of the 20th, and also the most reliable account of the decisive battle.\\nA good deal of controversy has existed as to the destruction of Vince s\\nBridge on Simm s Bayou. Houston says it was cut down. Others say it\\nwas burned. It was probably burned, though Houston may have ordered\\nit cut down. Houston says it was by his order, and solely at his sugges-\\ntion. Other parties affirm that the suggestion originated with Deaf Smith.\\nThe parties burning the bridge were from Karnes cavalry company. They\\nwere Deaf Smi th, D. W. Rives, John Coker, Y. P. Alsbury, E. R. Rainwater,\\nJohn Garner and Moses Laphain. The burning of the bridge arrested the\\nprogress of many of the flying Mexicans, though a few succeeded in crossing\\nthe stream. Santa Anna, after reaching the bayou, turned down and spent the\\nnight in a thicket. The next day, some of Burleson s men were out hunting\\nthe fugitives, when one of them saw a deer on the prairie looking intently at\\nsome object in the tall grass. The man approached the spot and found lying\\non the grass a Mexican in commou garb, but discovered a gold button in\\nhis sleeves. He took him to his companions, who conducted him back to\\ncamp having no idea of the rank of their prisoner. He complained of his\\nfeet hurting him, and he was permitted to get on behind Joel W- Robinson\\nand ride into camp. As the company passed in, the Mexican prisoners\\nexclaimed, El Presidente. Inquiry was made of General Almonte, who\\nannounced that the one just brought in was no less a personage than Santa\\nAnna himself. He was conducted to Houston s camp, and his own officers\\nallowed to remain with him, and his personal liaggage restored. The com-\\npany who found him were James A. Sylves^r (a printer, who had been\\ntaken a prisoner at Harrisburg, when the town was entered by the Mox-\\ncaiis but who, being detailed to drive a cart, drove into the Texan camp,\\non the morning of the 20th,) Joel W. Robinson, A. H. Miles and David\\nCole.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0281.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2(^6 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nnext inornlug. The main body effected a crossing over Buffalo Bayou, be-\\nlow Harrisburgh, ou the inoniing of the 19th, having left the baggage, the\\nsick, and a sufficient camp guard, in the rear. We continued the march\\nthroughout the night, making but one halt in the prairie for a short time,\\nand without refreshment. At daylight we resumed the line of march, and\\nin a short distance our scouts encountered those of the enemy, and we\\nreceived infornuit ion that (;!eneral Santa Anna was at New Washington,\\nand would that day take up the line of march for Anahuac, crossing at\\nLynch s Ferry. The Texian army halted within half a mile of the ferry\\nin some timber, and were engaged in slaughtering beeves, when the ai my\\nof Santa Anna was discovered to be ajjproaching in battle array, having\\nbeen encamped at Clopper s Point, eight miles below. Disposition was\\nimmediately made of our forces, and prei)aration for his reception. He\\ntook a position with his Infimtry and Artillery in the centre, occupying an\\nisland of timber, his Cavalry covering the left flank. The Artillery, con-\\nsisting of one double-fortified medium brass twelve-pounder, then opened\\non our encampment. The Infantry in column advanced with the design of\\ncharging our lines, but were repulsed by a discharge of grape and canister\\nfrom our Artillery, consisting of two six-pounders. The enemy had occu-\\npied a piece of timber within rifle-shot of the left wing of our army, from\\nwhich an occasional interchange of small arms took place between the\\ntroops, until the enemy withdrew to a position on the bank of the San\\nJacinto, about three-quarters of a mile from our encampment, and com-\\nmenced fortification. A short time before sunset, our mounted men, about\\neighty-five in number, under the special connnand of Colonel Sherman,\\nmarched out for the purpose of reconnoitering the enemy. Whilst advanc-\\ning they received a volley from the left of the enemy s Infantry, and after\\na sharp rencontre with their Cavalry, in which ours acted extremely well,\\nand performed some feats of daring chivalry, they retired in good order,\\nhaving had two men severely Avounded and several horses killed. In the\\nmeantime the Infantry, under the command of Lieutenant-Colunel Millard,\\nand Colonel Burleson s regiment, with the Artillery, had marched out for\\nthe purpose of covering the retreat of the Cavalry if necessary. All then\\nfell back in good order to our encampment, about sunset, and remained\\nwithout any ostensible action until the 21st, at half-past three o clock,\\ntaking the first refreshment which they had enjoyed for two days. The\\nenemy in the meantime extended the right flauK of their Inlantry so as to\\noccupy the extreme point of a skirt of timber on the bank of the San\\nJacinto, and secured their left by a fortification about five feet high, con-\\nstructed of packs and baggage, leaving an opening in the centi-e of the breast-\\nwork, in which their Artillery was placed, their Cavalry upon their left\\nwing.\\nAbout nine o clock ou the morning of the 21st, the enemy were rein-\\nforced by iiiO choice troops, under the cofnmand of General Cos, increasing\\ntheir eflective force to upwards of 1500 men, whilst our aggregate force for\\nthe field numbered 783. At half-past three o clock, in the evening, I order-\\ned tlie officers of the Texian army to parade their respective commands,\\nhaving in the meantime ordered the bridge on the only road communicating\\nwith the Brazos, distant eight miles from our encampment, to be destroyed,.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0282.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "OFFICIAL REPORT. 267\\nthus cutting off all possibility Of escape. Our troops paraded with alacrity\\nand spirit, and were anxious for the contest. Their conscious disparity in\\nnumbers seemed only to increase their enthusiasm and confidence, and\\nheightened their anxiety for the conflict. Our situation afforded me an\\nopportunity of making the arrangements preparatory to the attack, with-\\nout exposing our designs to the enemy. The 1st Regiment, commanded by\\nColonel Burleson, was assigned the center. The 2d Regiment, under the\\ncommand of Colonel Sherman, formed the left wing of the army. The\\nArtillery, under the special command of Colonel George W. Hockley,\\nInspector General, was placed on the right of the 1st Regiment; and four\\ncompanies of Infantry, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Henry\\nMillard, sustained the Artillery upon the righl. Our Cavalry, 61 in num-\\nber, commanded by Colonel Mirabeau B. Lamar (whose gallant and daring\\nconduct on the previous day had attracted the admiration of his comrades,\\nand called him to that station), placed on our extreme right, completed our\\nline. Our Cavalry was first dispatched to the front of the enemy s left, for\\nthe purpose of attracting their notice, whilst an extensive island of timber\\nafforded us an opportunity of concentrating our forces and displaying from\\nthat point, agreeably to the previous design of the trooi s. Every evolution\\nwas performed with alacrity, the whole advancing rapidly in line, and\\nthrough an open prairie, without any protection whatever for our men.\\nThe Artillery advanced and took station within two hundred yards of the\\nenemy s breastwork, and commenced an effective fire with grape and can-\\nnister.\\nColonel Sherman, with his regiment, having commenced the action upon\\nour left wing, the whole line, at the center and on the right, advancing in\\ndouble quick time, rung the war cry, Remember the Alamo, received\\nthe enemy s fire, and advanced within point-blank shot before a piece was\\ndischarged from our lines. Our line advanced without a halt, until they\\nwere in possession of the woodland and the enemy s breastwork, the right\\nwing of Burleson s and the left of Millard s taking possion of the breast-\\nwork; our Artillery having gallantly charged up within seventy yards of\\nthe enemy s cannon, when it was taken by our troops. The conflict lasted\\nabout eighteen minutes from the time of close action until we were in pos-\\nsession of the enemy s encampment, taking one piece of cannon (loaded),\\nfour stand of colore, all their camp eqnipage, stores, and baggage. Our\\nCavalry had charged and routed that of the enemy up )n the right, and\\ngiven pursuit to the fugitives, which did not cease until they arrived at the\\nbridge wliich I have mentioned before\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Karnes, always among tlie\\nforemost in danger, commanding the pursuers. The conflict in the breast-\\nwork lasted but a few m)mcnts; many of the troops encountered hand to\\nhand, and not having the advantage of bayonets on our side, our riflemen\\nused their pieces as war clubs, breaking many of them off at the breech.\\nThe rout commenced at half-past four, and the pursuit by the main army\\ncontinued until twilight. A guard was then left in charge of the enemy s\\nencampment, and our army returned with their killed and wounded. In\\nthe battle, our loss was 2 killed, and 23 wounded, of whom mortally.\\nThe enemy s loss was 630 killed; among whona were 1 General otficor, 4\\nColoHels, 2 Lieutenant-Colonels, 5 Captains, 12 Lieutenants wounded, 208;", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0283.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nof which were 5 Colonels, 3 Lieutenant-Colonels, 2 Second Lieutenant-\\nColonels, 7 Captains,! Cadet; prisoners, 730; President-General Santa\\nAnna, General Cos, 4 Colonels, (Aids to General Santa Anna), and the\\nColonel of the Guerrero Battallion, are included in the number. General\\nSanta Anna was not taken until the 22d, and General Cos on yesterday,\\nvery few having escaped. About 600 muskets, 300 sabres, and 200 pistols,\\nhave been collected since the action; several hundred mules and hordes\\nwere taken, and near twelve thousand dollars in specie. For several days\\nprevious to the action, our troops were engaged in forced marches, exposed\\nto excessive rains, and the additional inconvenience of extremely bad roads,\\nilly supplied with rations and clothing; yet, amid every difficulty, they\\nbore up with cheerfulness and fortitude, and performed their marches with\\nspirit and alacrity. There was no murmuring.\\nPrevious to and during the action, my staff evinced every disposition to\\nbe useful, and were actively engaged in their duties. In the conflict, I am\\nassured that they demeaned themselves in such a manner as proved tliem\\nworthy members of the army of San Jacinto. Colonel T. J. Rusk, Secre-\\ntary of AVar, was on the field. For weeks his services had been higlily\\nbeneficial to the army in battle he was on the left wing, where Colonel\\nSherman s command first encountered and drove the enemy; he bore him-\\nself gallantly, and continued his efforts and activity, remaining with the\\npursuers until resistance ceased.\\nI have the honor of transmitting herewith a list of all the officers and\\nmen who were engaged in the action, which I respectfully request may be\\npublished, as an act of justice to the individuals. For the Commanding\\nGeneral to attempt discrimination as to the conduct of those who command-\\ned in the action, or those who were commanded, would be impossible.\\nOur success in the action is conclusive proof of their daring intrepidity and\\ncourage every officer and man proved himself worthy of the cause in\\nwhich he battled, while the triumph received a lustre from the humanity\\nwhich characterized their conduct after victory, and richly entitles them to\\nthe admiration and gratitude of their General. Nor should we withhold\\nthe tribute i)f our grateful thanks from that Being who rules the destinies\\nof nations, and has in the time of greatest need enabled us to arrest a pow-\\nerful invader whilst devastating our country.\\nI have the honor to be, with high consideration, your obedient servadt,\\nSam. Houston,\\nComma nder-in- Chief.\\nThe Texas campaign of 1836 furnishes one of the most\\ninteresting and remarkable chapters in American history.\\nThe population of the province amounted to only a little\\nover 30,000 that of Mexico to over 7,000,000. Texas\\ncould hardly be said to have an organized government. It\\nwas disturbed by divided counsels, and under the control\\nof distrusted leaders, and was destitute of money and credit,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0284.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "Plan of Battll.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0285.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand of quartermasters or commissary stores. The Gov-\\nernment of Mexico was a centralized despotism complete-\\nly controlled by the brave and experienced Santa Anna.\\nThe opening of the campaign was fearfully disastrous to\\nthe Texan cause. San Antonio and Groliad had been cap-\\ntured, and the massacre of all the men engaged in the\\ndefense of these posts furnished an index of the character\\nof Santa Anna; and it was such as might appall the\\nbravest, and dishearten the most hopeful. Successfully,\\nand without serious resistance, the victorious Mexicans\\nmarched from San Antonio and Goliad, to the extreme\\neastern borders of Austin s colony, crossing the Guadalupe,\\nthe Colorado, and the Brazos rivers, leaving the finest por-\\ntions of Texas without inhabitants, and its principal towns\\n.smouldering ruins.\\n]S otwitlistanding these disheartening events, a few brave\\nmen, under Houston, Sherman, Burleson, Rusk and other\\nheroic leaders, rallied around the flag of the Lone Star\\nRepublic, fully resolved to keep it afloat or perish beneath\\nits folds. By forced marches they threw themselves on the\\nflank of the foe, burned the bridge, and left themselves no\\nalternative but victory or death. The remark has often\\nbeen made that the soldiers of San Jacinto never jest about\\nthe events of that decisive day. The work was too serious.\\nThe fate of Texas and the Texans hung in too uncertain\\nbalance and then and there they resolved to decide it at\\nthe cost of their blood and lives. According to all human\\ncalculations their cause was all but hopeless. Santa Anna\\nhad the heavy battallions, the overwhelming numbers, the\\nveteran commanders and troops. To him the victory\\nought to have been easy. But his opponents, though few\\nin number, and but poorly supplied with the munitions of\\nwar, were simply invincible.\\nThe student of history is often led to the conclusion that\\na superintending Providence guides the afl^airs of nations.\\nIt w\\\\as manifestly the design of that Providence that Amer-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0286.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "REFLECTIONS. 271\\nican ideas, and institutions, and people, should possess and\\ndevelop the resources of this splendid country.\\nThough the numbers engaged in the battle of San Jacin-\\nto were insignificant when compared with other great bat-\\ntles, the result was important. It secured immediately\\nthe establishment of the Republic of Texas and ultimate-\\nly its annexation to the United States. Upon this follow-\\ned the war with Mexico, and the transfer of the vast inte-\\nrior region, from the Rio Grande to the Pacific ocean, from\\nthe Mexican to the American flag, thus changing the map\\nof North America.\\nAgain, without the acquisition of Texas it is hardly prob-\\nable the Southern States would have ventured upon the\\nexperiment of secession the result of which was the great\\ncivil war, and finally the emancipation of four millions of\\nslaves thus materially changing the whole labor system\\nof the South.\\nFor over a century Texas had been under Spanish and\\nMexican domination, and with the exception of colonists\\nintroduced mainly by American enterprise during the last\\ndecade, population had steadily diminished. Since that\\nperiod, in less than half a century our populution has in-\\ncreased from a few thousands, to two millions, with a cor-\\nresponding increase in wealth, commerce, products, and the\\nmeans of moral and intellectual culture. Who can doubt\\nthat a super-human wisdom and power guided the affairs\\nof Texas in that critical period of her history", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0287.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nPRESIDENT BURNET AT GALVESTON\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RETREAT OF FILISOLA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TREATY WITH SANTA\\nAXNA FEELING IN EAST TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DIFFICULTIES OF THE PRESIDENT AND HIS CABI-\\nNET ATTEMPT TO ARREST THE PRESIDENT ANOTHER MEXICAN INVASION THREAT-\\nENED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVAL OPERATIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MORTIT S REPORT ON TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ELECTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MEETING OP\\nCONGRESS^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.\\n(a) FTER leaving Harrisburg, President Burnet and Vice-\\nPresident Zavalla went to their homes near Lynch-\\nburg. The former put his family on a small boat, and was\\njust leaving l^ew Washington as a squad of Mexican cav-\\nalry under Almonte dashed into the place. Temporarily,\\nthe Executive Department was established at Galveston.\\nAs soon as the President heard that the army was on Buf-\\nfalo Bayou, he and Mr. Potter loaded some vessels with\\nsupplies and started them up to Harrisburg but the boats\\ngot aground, or met with other detention, so that they did\\nnot reach the army until after the battle. On the 23d of\\nApril, Burnet wrote to Colonel Rusk, suggesting that, if\\nnecessary, the army could fall back to Galveston, and make\\na final stand on that island. Four days later, but before\\nthe news of the victory had reached the island, Warren D.\\nC. Hall, Acting Secretary of War, addressed a similar\\nletter to General Houston. Cannon had been transported\\nfrom the Brazos and, under the supervision of Col. James\\nMorgan and Col. A. Huston, the island had been put in a\\ntolerable state for defense.\\nIt was six days before news of the battle reached Gal-\\nveston, and then President Burnet, and such members of\\nthe Government as were with him, hastened up to the bat-\\ntle-field, arriving there on the first of May. (See Calder,\\nR. J.)", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0288.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "RETREAT OF FILISOLA. 275\\nImmediately after the capture of Santa Anna, that officer\\nwrote to Filisola to countermarch to Bexar and await\\nfurther orders and to direct General Urrea to fall back to\\nthe Guadalupe at Victoria. Filisola immediately com-\\nmenced his retreat. He camped at Powel s, on the Ber-\\nnard, on the 25th, where he was joined by Gaona, who had\\npassed from the neighborhood of Burton down the Bernard,\\nand also by Urrea, from Brazoria. Filisola then had an\\narmy of over four thousand men. But his ammunition had\\nbeen injured, and he was not in a condition to fight, even\\nif he had not felt obliged to obey the orders of the captive\\nPresident-General.\\nAt Lynchburg, President Burnet reorganized his cabinet.\\nMr. Carson, Secretary of State, had been compelled to resign\\non account of declining health, and James Collinsworth took\\nhis place. David Thomas had been accidentally killed, and\\nPeter W Grayson became Attorney-General. General\\nHouston, who had been severely wounded in the battle,\\nresigned the command of the army to go to New Orleans\\nfor surgical aid, and Mr. Busk succeeded to the command,\\nand General Lamar became Secretary of War. Messrs.\\nZavalla, Potter and Hardeman were at their posts. For\\nbetter accommodations, on the 8th of May the President\\nand his Cabinet, and Santa Anna and staff, left Lynchburg\\nfor Velasco, which became the temporary seat of Govern-\\nment. There, on the 14th of May, a treaty was entered\\ninto between the President of Texas, and a majority of his\\nCabinet, and Santa Anna. Some of Mr. Burnet s Cabinet\\nwere opposed to the treaty, especially that provision by\\nwhich Santa Anna was to be released and sent home. Messrs.\\nBen. Fort Smith, and Henry Teal were sent with a copy of\\nthis treaty to Filisola for ratification. The Commissioners\\nfound the Mexican General at Goliad on the 26th of May.\\nThe treaty was examined, and Messrs. Tolsa and Amat, of\\nhis staff, ratified it on behalf of the Mexican army in the\\n17", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0289.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nfield. Filisola continued his retreat and crossed the Rio\\nGrrande in June.\\nThe following is Santa Anna s letter to Filisola, accompa-\\nnied by a copy of the public treaty\\nExcellent Sir: Annexed I send to your Excellency the Articles of the\\nAgreement entered into by me, with his Excellency David G. Burnet,\\nPresident of the Eepublic of Texas, for your information and fulfillment of\\nthe same to its full extent, in order that no complaints may arise tending to\\ncause a useless rupture. I expect to receive without any delay your Excel-\\nlency s answer by this same opportunity, and accept in the meantime my\\nconsideration and regard. God and Liberty\\nAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna.\\nTo His Excellency General of I ivision, Don Vicente Filisola.\\nArticles of an Agreement entered into, between his Excellency David\\nG. Burnet, President of the Republic of Texas, of the one part, and General\\nAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna, President, General-in-Chief of the Mexican\\narmy, of the other part.\\nArt. 1. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna agrees that he will not\\ntake up arms, nor will he exercise his influence to cause them to be taken up,\\nagainst the people of Texas during the present war of Independence.\\nArt. 2. All hostilities between the Mexican and Texau troops will cease\\nimmediately, both on land and water.\\nArt. 3. The Mexican troops will evacuate the Territory of Texas, passing\\nto the other side of the Rio Grande del Norte.\\nArt. 4. The Mexican army in its retreat shall not take the property of\\nany person without liis consent and just indemnification, using only such\\narticles as may be necessary for its subsistence in cases where the owner\\nmay not be present and remitting to the Commander of the Army of Texas,\\nor to the Commissioners to be appointed for the adjustment of such matters,\\nan account of the value of the property consumed, the place where taken,\\nand the name of the owner, if it can be ascertained.\\nArt. 6. That all private property, including cattle, horses, negro slaves,\\nor indentured persons, of whatever denomination, that may have been cap-\\ntured by any portion of the Mexican army, or may have taken refuge in the\\nsaid army since the commencement of the late invasion, shall be restored\\nto the Commander of the Texan army, or to such other persons as ma}- be\\nappointed by the Government of Texas to receive them.\\nArt. 6, The troojjs of both armies will refrain from coming into contact\\nwith each other, and to this end the Commander of the army of Texas will\\nbe careful not to approach within a shorter distance of the JNIexican army\\nthan five leagues.\\nArt. 7. The Mexican army shall not make any other delay on its march\\ntlian that which is necessary to take up their hospitals, baggage, etc., and to\\ncross the rivers: any delay not necessary to these purposes to be cousidei ed\\nan infraction of this agreement.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0290.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC TREATY. 277\\nArt. 8. By express, to be immediately dispatched, this agreement shall\\nbe sent to General Vicente Filisoia and to General T. J. Rusk, Commander\\nof the Texan army, in order that they may be apprised of its stipulations,\\nand to this end they will exchange engagements to comply with the same.\\nArt. 9. That all Texan prisoners now in possession of the Mexican army\\nor its authorities be forthwith released and furnished with free passports to\\nreturn to their homes, in consideration of which a corresponding number of\\nMexican prisoners, rank and file, now in possession of the Government of\\nTexas, shall be immediately released. The remainder of the Mexican\\nprisoners that continue in possession of the Government of Texas to be\\ntreated with due humanity any extraordinary comforts that may be fur-\\nnished them to be at the charge of the Government of Mexico\\nArt. 10. Genei-al Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna will be sent to Vera Cruz\\nas soon as it shall be deemed proper.\\nThe contracting parties sign this instrument for the above-mentioned pur-\\nposes, by duplicate, at the Port of Velasco, this Uth of May, 1836.\\nDavid G. Burnet,\\nAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna.\\nJames CoiiLiNswcBTH, Secretary of State.\\nBailey Hardeman, Secretary of the Treasury\\nP. W. Grayson, Attorney-General.\\nGoliad, 25th May, 1836.\\nExcellent Sir: When on the point of taking up my march with the\\narmy I have the honor to command, I received your Excellency s cr)mmu\\nnication announcing the agreements made by your Excellency with the\\nCommander of the Texian forces. Previous to the reception of those\\nagreements I was disposed to obey your prior orders, communicated to me\\nofiicially in fulfillment of them I was already on my march, and continued\\ntherein on this very day; nor shall there be any other delay than what may\\nbe absolutely necessary for transporting the sick, trains, stores, and muni-\\ntions of war, as is provided for in the treaty. Inasmuch as the said treaty\\nis duly drawn up, agreed to, and ratified by your Excellency, in the chai-acter\\nof President of the Republic, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army of\\nOperations, I cannot fail to obey it in all its parts, and have acted in con-\\nformity since the commencement. For I have scrupulously performed that\\npart respecting property, prisoners and payment of what has been furnished\\nto the army for its subsistence. Agreeably to the treaty aforesaid, I will\\nalso enter into arrangements with the Commander of the Texian forces for\\na mutual fulfillment of its stipulations and adjustment of claims which may\\narise. God and Liberty\\nVicente Filisola.\\nTo His Excellency, General Don Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Pres-\\nident of the Hepublic.\\nThe preceding is the public treaty. The secret one, as\\nfound in Yoakum, Vol. 2, iVppendix No. 5, page 528, is as\\nfollows", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0291.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "278 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSECRET AGREEMENT.\\nPort of Velasco, May 14th, 1836.\\nAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna, General-in-Chief of the Army of Opera-\\ntions, and President of the Republic of Mexico, before the Government\\nestablished in Texas, solemnly pledges himself to fulfill the stipulations\\ncontained in the following articles, so far as concerns himself:\\nArticle 1. He will not take up arms, nor cause them to be taken up,\\nagainst the people of Texas, during the present war for Independence.\\nArt. 2. He will give his orders that in the shortest time the Mexican\\ntroops may leave the Territory of Texas.\\nArt. 3. He will so prepare matters in the Cabinet of Mexico, that the\\nmission that may be sent thither by the Government of Texas may be well\\nreceived, and that by means of negotiations all differences may be settled,\\nand the Independence that has been declared by the Convention may be\\nacknowledged.\\nArt. 4. A treaty of comity, amity, and limits, will be established between\\nMexico and Texas, the territory of the latter not to extend beyond the Rio\\nBravo del Norte.\\nArt. 5. The present return of General Santa Anna to Vera Cruz being\\nindispensable for the purpose of effecting his solemn engagements, the Gov-\\nernment of Texas will provide for his immediate embtu kation for said port.\\nArt. 6. This instrument being obligatory on one part, as well as on the\\nother, will be signed in duplicate, remaining folded and sealed until the\\nnegotiations shall have been concluded, when it will be restored to His\\nExcellency, General Santa Anna no use of it to be made before that time,\\nunless there should be an infraction by either of the contracting parties.\\nAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna,\\nDavid G. Burnet.\\nJames Collinsworth, Secretary of State.\\nBailey Hardeman, Secretary of the Treasury.\\nP. W. Gratson, Attorney-General.\\nEast Texas had escaped actual invasion, though suffering\\nmuch from the exi:)ected arrival of Gaona, who was known\\nto be on the march for JN acogdoches. That portion of the\\nprovince had a considerable populiition of Mexicans, who,\\nowing to controversies about old land titles and claims, cher-\\nished no good feeling for their American neighbors. They\\nalso suspected the fidelity of the numerous bands of Indians\\nwho had squatted on land claimed by the Cherokees and\\ntheir associate bands. It was feared that any disaster to\\nthe Texans would be seized upon by these Indians, who\\nmight murder the settlers to secure their lands. Fortu-\\nnately, John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, arrived in Nacog-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0292.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "SANTA ANNA A PRISONER. 279\\ndoches early in April, with a small military company, which\\nafforded ample protection to families, whether remaining on\\nTexas soil, or crossing the Sabine river into Louisiana.\\nAlthough the great victory at San Jacinto had, for the\\ntime, banished Mexican soldiers from the soil of Te xas,\\nexcept as j^risoners of war, it still left many embarrassing\\nquestions for the solution of the Government ad interim.\\nThe army had moved to the west to see that the retreating\\nMexicans observed the provisions of the treaty. As the\\ntime expired for which they had severally enlisted, they\\nwere discharged but volunteers continued to arrive and\\nswell the ranks, until there were nearly two thousand men\\nin camps. But the country had been deserted by its inhab-\\nitants, and overrun by the Mexicans, and provisions were\\nexceedingly scarce. Under these circumstances the men\\nbecame dissatisfied and citizens had reason to complain that\\ntheir horses and cattle, and even their corn for bread and\\nfor seed, were taken by parties of soldiers, without officers,\\nwho were constantly passing through the western settlements.\\nAfter proceeding as far west as Goliad, and seeing the\\nMexicans safely out of the country. General Rusk collected\\nthe remains of the victims of the Fannin massacre, and had\\nthem decently interred. He then returned to the neighbor-\\nhood of Victoria.\\nThe most difficult and embarrassing question was the\\ndisposition to be made of the captive President of Mexico.\\nThe President and three members of his cabinet were for\\nreleasing him and sending him home according to the literal\\nterms of the treaty, which all parties had signed. But two\\nmembers were violently opposed to this, and wanted him\\ntried by a drum-head court-martial. The Texas schooner\\nInvincible, commanded by Captain J. Brown, was at Velasco,\\nand on the 1st of June, Santa Anna, Almonte, Munez, and\\nCaro were placed on board to be sent to Vera Cruz. Messrs.\\nZavilla and Hardeman were to go out as Commissioners, to\\nnegotiate a treaty with Mexico. The peojole, generally, dis-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0293.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "280 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\napproved this step. A public meeting was held, and\\nresolutions passed, demanding that the prisoners be brought\\nback on shore. To add to the difficulties, on the 2d of\\nJune a number of volunteers arrived from New Orleans,\\nunder T. Jeiferson Green, who threatened hostile demon-\\nstrations if the vessel was allowed to sail with the prisoners^\\nSuch was the excitement, that the President reluctantly\\nyielded to the clamor Santa Anna and his suite were dis-\\nembarked, and taken in charge by the military, and kept\\nin close confinement, until after the meeting of Congress.\\nDuring this excitement, every member of the Cabinet\\nthreatened to resign, and let the Government dissolve but\\nBurnet induced them to retain office until an election could\\nbe ordered.* In the meantime, the excitement had reached\\nthe army, and at a mass meeting of the soldiers a resolution\\nwas passed ordering Burnet s arrest. The first intimation\\nhe had of this state of feeling was the receipt of an angry\\nletter signed by a large number of the officers, from which\\nwe make a short extract\\nThe subject of General Santa Anna, we heard with indignation. That\\nthe proposition has been seriously debated by jou and your Cabinet as to-\\n^President Burnet gives this account of the feeling of his cabinet officers,,\\nduring this trying period ^The violent and dictatorial language of the\\narmy, the pragmatic and senseless denunciation of the newly arrived vol-\\nunteers, and the overheated anathemas of many citizens, all concentrated\\nin one portentous mass upon the members of the administration, and\\nespecially on myself, were well calculated to weary the patience of men\\nwho had rather consented to discharge the arduous duties, than courted\\nthe honors or emoluments of office. At the moment the tumult had reach-\\ned its acme of excitement, it was seriously proposed in Cabinet council to\\nmake a simultaneous surrender of the Government to the people, the foun-\\ntain of all political power. The proposition was, I believe, congenial with\\nthe individual feelings of every memljer present; but I resisted it, on the\\ngi ound that an abandonment at such a juncture, would throw Texas into\\nirretrievable anarchy and confusion. I felt, in common with my associates,\\nthe injustice and the cruelty of the denunciations against us but I also felt\\nthat the well-being of the country demanded a sacrifice of feeling; and I\\npreferred being abused for a season, to the abdication of my office and the\\njeopardizing of every hope of success in the great enterprise, the establish-\\nment of the independence of Texas, to which I had solemnly pledged my\\nutmost exertions.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0294.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "ATTEMPT TO ARREST BURNET. 281\\nthe policy of turning him loose, and that some of you propose his liberation.\\nThat we should suspect the purity of the motive which suggested such a\\npolicy, you must not doubt. It is well known by whom he was captured,\\nand at what risk, and we will not permit him to be liberated until a consti-\\ntutional Congress and President shall determine that it is expedient; and\\nshould he be liberated without the sanction of Congress, the army of citizen\\nsoldiers will again assume the privilege of putting down the enemies of\\nTexas.\\nThe excitement against Burnet rose to such a high pitch\\nthat, early in July, at a mass meeting of the soldiers in\\ncamp, a resolution was passed denouncing him and order-\\ning his arrest. Lieutenant-Colonel Millard, of the regulars,\\nwas deputed to proceed to Yelasco, take the President, and\\ncarry him to camp for trial. Millard took only a few men\\nwith him, and those were not of the most reliable charac-\\nter. It was intended to keep the object of their mission a\\nsecret but one of the men got drunk and betrayed them.\\nIt was further fortunate for Burnet that Millard found\\nMajor A. Turner, then in command of Galveston, at Velas-\\nco. As Turner was of the same regiment, Millard commu-\\nnicated to him the object of his visit, and requested Turner\\nto assist him in its accomplishment. Turner, who was a\\nwarm personal friend of the President, at once notified him\\nof the intended arrest. Of course Burnet was indignant,\\nand denied the authority of the army to interfere with the\\ncivil government.\\nIn the mean time, the report started by the drunken\\nsailor had gained a wide circulation, and produced a pro-\\nfound impression. It instantly cemented the hitherto\\ndiscordant members of the Cabinet; and as it spread\\nthroughout the adjacent settlements, roused the people to\\n*The order to Turner was very comprehensive. It read You are here-\\nby ordered to proceed (from Quintana), to Velasco, and arrest the person\\nof David G. Burnet; take into your possession the books and papers of his\\noflBce; and you will also take into your possession the books, papers and\\nrecords of the Secretaries of State, of War, and of the Treasury, and them\\nsafely keep, and report forthwith.\\n[Signed] H. Millakd.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0295.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "282 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe danger in which the civil government was placed. They\\nrushed to Velasco, determined to stand by the President,\\nand some of them contrived to send word to Millard, that\\nJudge Lynch was preparing to sit on his case. Millard\\nbecame alarmed, and he and his companions left in hot\\nhaste for the West.\\nAbout this time, news of a threatening character came\\nfrom Mexico. Messrs. Karnes and Teel, who had been sent\\nas commissioners to see that the terms of the treaty, in\\nreference to prisoners, were strictly complied with, had\\nbeen arrested, and detained at Matamoras. They there\\nfound Major Miller, who had been taken at Copano, just\\nbefore the Fannin Massacre. These prisoners sent word to\\nTexas that the Mexicans were making formidable prepara-\\ntions for a second invasion of Texas. When this informa-\\ntion reached General Rusk, he issued stringent orders,\\nrevoking all furloughs, and for recruiting the army. Pres-\\nident Burnet issued a proclamation for the enrollment of\\nthe militia and the increase of the army. It was evident\\nthat there were Mexican emissaries poisoning the minds of\\nthe Indians in East Texas and as most of these tribes were\\nimmigrants from the United States, General Gaines was\\nappealed to, to preserve the peace and he took efficient\\nsteps to do so.\\nThis threatened Mexican invasion was prevented by a\\nrevival of the efforts of the Federal party, now that Santa\\nAnna was a prisoner in Texas. When the Texans ascer-\\ntained that the Mexicans were not coming against them,\\npropositions for the conquest of Matamoras were revived,\\nand received the endorsement of the President and his\\nCabinet. But the absence of some of the vessels of the\\nnavy, which were expected to co-operate in the attack, frus-\\ntrated this project.\\nWe have already stated that during the Provisional\\nGovernment, the schooners Liberty and Invincible\\nhad been purchased for the navy. After the battle of San", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0296.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "A MEXICAN JACAL.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0297.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0298.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "NAVAL OPEEATIONS. 285\\nJacinto, the Liberty conveyed General Houston to Xew\\nOrleans, where, after lying at anchor for a considerable\\ntime, she was sold to defray her expenses. In April, 1836,\\nthe Invincible, commanded by Captain Jerry Brown, while\\non a cruise near Tampico, fell in with a Mexican war\\nschooner, the Montezuma, and brought her to action, which\\nlasted several hours, when the latter, in a disabled condi-\\ntion, was stranded in attempting to enter the port. The\\nInvincible was uninjured, and soon afterward captured the\\nAmerican brig Pocket, laden with stores for the Mexican\\narmy in Texas, and brought her into Galveston with a\\ngrateful supply for the victors of San Jacinto and their pris-\\noners of war.\\nAfter this valuable service, it was the intention of the\\ngovernment that the Invincible should convey Santa Anna\\nand suite, and Messrs. Zavalla and Hardeman, the Texas\\nCommissioners to negotiate a final treaty with Mexico, to\\nVera Cruz. But this was frustrated by the interference of\\nthe people. After another successful cruise on the Mex-\\nican coast, the vessel was ordered to K ew York to be refit-\\nted. Another vessel, the Brutus, Captain William Hurd,\\nhad also been procured. This vessel was absent, without\\norders, when the Texans were preparing for a descent\\nupon Matamoras and this frustrated their design, as they\\nrequired the vessel to transport troops and munitions of\\nwar to the mouth of the Rio Grande. She made her way\\nto New York.\\nDuring the summer, Major Isaac W. Burton, with a\\ncompany of mounted rangers, occupied the coast near\\nCopano. On the 2d of June, they succeeded in decoying\\non shore the boat belonging to a Mexican supply vessel,\\nthe Watchman, loaded with provisions for the Mexican\\narmy. She was captured, and while waiting for f^ivorable\\nwinds to sail to Velasco, two other supply vessels, the\\nComanche, and the Fanny Butler, appeared on the coast, and\\nwere captured and taken to Velasco. These captures", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0299.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "286 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\namounted to some twenty-five thousand dollars, and gave\\nBurton s men the name of Horse Marines.\\nAbout the first of June, President Burnet dispatched\\nMessrs. James Collins worth and Peter W. Grayson, as Com-\\nmissioners to the United States, to secure the recognition\\nof Texan independence, and establish diplomatic relations\\nbetween the two countries. Messrs. Austin, Archer and\\nWharton, the former Commissioners, after accomplishing\\nall in their power, returned to Texas, soon after the great\\nbattle which secured our independence. When Messrs.\\nCollinsworth and Grayson reached Washington, Congress\\nhad adjourned but President Jackson sent Henry M.\\nMorfit as Commissioner to inquire into the condition of\\nTexas, and report. Mr. Morfit s report estimated the pop-\\nulation at 52,670,\\nThe country was now com23aratively quiet, and all fears\\nof an invasion from Mexico had disappeared. On the 12th\\nof July, President Burnet issued a proclamation, prohibit-\\ning the impressment of private property for the use of the\\narmy, and or. the 14th he revoked all commissions held by\\npersons not actually in the army or navy.f\\nThe details of this report were as follows\\nAnglo-Aviericans, 30,000\\nMexicans: at San Antonio, 2,000; Nacogdoches, 800; La Bahia,\\n(Goliad) 500; Victoria, 120; San Patricio, 50, 3,470\\nIndians: Wacoes, 400; Towokonees, 200; Tonkowas, 800; Coshot-\\ntees,350; Alabauias, 250; Comanches, 2.000; Cadoes, 500; Lip-\\nans, 900; Small Bands, 800; to which add the civilized Indians,\\nCherokees, Kickapoos, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Pottawotamies,\\nDclawares and Shawnees, 8,000, 14,200\\nNegroes, 5,000\\nAggregate 52,670\\nj- This last brought the President into a controversy with General T. J.\\nChambers, who had been commissioned by the Executive Council as Major\\nGeneral of the reserves, and sent into the United States with a number of\\nstatr officers. General Chambers was still absent, and he complained that\\nthe proclamation of the President was intended to revoke his commission\\nand arrest his labors.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0300.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "MEETING OF CONGRESS. 287\\nOn the 23cl of July, the President issued his proclama-\\ntion for a general election, to take place on the first Monday\\nin September, for the election of President, Vice-President\\nand members of Congress, under the new Constitution;\\nwhich was also to be voted upon. He also ordered an elec-\\ntion to decide whether Texas was willing to be annexed to\\nthe United States. The Constitution was adopted by an\\nalmost unanimous vote and the vote was equally strong\\nfor annexation. Sam Houston was elected President, and\\nMirabeau B. Lamar, Vice-President,\\nCongress convened at Columbia, on the 3d of October.\\nPresident Burnet s message gave a truthful picture of the\\ncountry and offered valuable suggestions for Congress.\\nAccording to the reports accompanying the message, the\\naudited debt of the country then amounted to about $250,-\\n000 to which was to be added nearly a half million for\\narm}^ supplies, and over a half million due the army and\\nnavy making the total public debt about $1,250,000.\\nAmong the acts of Congress considered necessary to the\\ncomplete organization of Civil Grovernment, was one appoint-\\ning chief justices for the different counties, f\\nThe Constitution which had been adopted provided that\\nthe President elect should enter on the duties of his office\\non the second Monday in December next succeeding his\\nBy the proclamation, soldiers were especially authorized to open polls\\nat their various camps and vote. There were three candidates voted for\\nSam Houston received 4,374 votes; Henry Smith 743, and Stephen F.\\nAustin 587 total 5,704. Lamar had a majority of 2,(399.\\nt The following is a list of the original counties and their officers Austin,\\nThomas Barnnet; Brazoria, George B. McKinstry; Bexar, Joseph Baker;\\nSabine, Matthew Parker; Gonzales, B. D. McClure; Goliad, W. H. Mcln-\\ntire; Harrisburg, Andrew Briscoe; Jasper, Joseph Mott; Jefferson,\\nChichester Chap[)lin Liberty, D. P. Coats; Matagorda, Silas Diiisinore:\\nMina, Andrew Rabb; Nacogdoches, Charles S. Taylor; Red River, Robert\\nHamilton; Victoria, John McHenry; San Augustine, Wm. McFarland\\nShelby, George O. Lusk; Refugio, John Dunn; San Patricio, John Turner;\\nWashington, John P. Cole; Milam, Massilon Farley; Jackson, Patrick\\nUsher Colorado, Wm. Menifee.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0301.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "288 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nelection. But President Burnet and Vice-president Za val-\\nla were more than willing to lay aside their official robes,\\nand on the 22d of October, sent in their resignations. These\\nwere accepted, and Messrs. Houston and Lamar were duly\\ninaugurated. Thus closes our Revolutionary period; a\\nperiod that furnishes the darkest and brightest pages in\\nTexas history.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0302.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "PART V.\\nThe Republic.\\nPROM 1837 TO 1846.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0303.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0304.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nHOtrSTON S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONGRESSIONAL PROCEEDINGS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND LAWS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE\\nNAVY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GOVERNMENT REMOVED TO HOUSTON.\\n(iTOUSTON S First Administration. After having\\n-LJl been formally installed into his new office, and\\nhaving delivered his inaugural address, the new President\\npresented to the Speaker of the House his sword, the emblem\\nof the military authority with which he had been clothed,\\nand said It now becomes my duty to make a presenta-\\ntion of this sword, the emblem of my past office. I have\\nworn it with some humble pretensions in defence of my\\ncountry; and should the danger of my country again call\\nfor my services, I expect to resume it and respond to that\\ncall, if needful, with my blood and my life.\\nThe question of disposing of Santa Anna had not been\\nsettled when Houston came into office. The distinguished\\nprisoner, after being delivered over to Captain Patton, of\\nthe army, had been taken first to Columbia and then to\\nOrizaba, the residence of Dr. Phelps, a few miles up the\\nriver. On the 16th of August, the Pasaic, a strange\\nschooner, with an unusually large crew, arrived at Colum-\\nbia, under the command of a Spaniard, who went up to\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Orizaba and had an interview with Santa Anna. It was\\nThat speech and emblematic act were characteristic of President Houston,\\nand liave been noticed by all the historians. But inasmucli as he had relin-\\nquished the command of the annyoii tlie 5th of May, when he took his depart-\\nm e for New Orleans, and liad just been re-invested witli the command of\\nboth the army and navy, the propriety of this highly symbolic act is not very\\napparent.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0305.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "292 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nat once suspected that an attempt would be made to rescue\\nthe prisoner and convey him to sea on this vessel. For\\nfear an attempt of that kind would be made, Santa Anna\\nwas ironed and the guard doubled. This was done with-\\nout the sanction of President Burnet. When Congress met\\na resolution was passed requesting that the irons should be\\nremoved, and it was immediately done. But Congress\\nrefused to pass a bill to set him at liberty. However, soon\\nafter that body adjourned, President Houston assumed the\\nresponsibility of setting the prisoner free. Santa Anna\\nand Colonel Almonte, of his staff, and Colonels Bee and\\nPatton, of the Texas army, left the Brazos on the 22d of\\nDecember, and proceeded across the country on horseback\\nto the Mississippi River, where they took a steamer on\\ntheir w^ay to Washington City.\\nA radical change was effected in the judicial system of\\nthe country. Heretofore, no Supreme Court had been\\norganized. During the government ad interim^ one court with\\nadmiralty jurisdiction had been created andB. C. Franklin\\nappointed judge. The Republic was, at the session of the\\nfirst Congress, divided into four districts. The Supreme\\nCourt was formed by having one chief justice, while the\\ndistrict judges acted as associate justices in the higher court.\\nThese judges were elected by joint ballot of both houses of\\nCongress and held their offices for four years. Provision\\nwas also made for county and magistrate s courts.\\nThe financial question occupied a large share of attention.\\nAn ad valorem tax was placed upon property, and to raise\\na revenue by imposts an act was passed, December 20th,\\nimposing ad valorem duties of various rates, from one to\\niifty per cent., and a tonnage duty of |1.25 per ton. Other\\nacts authorized the President to borrow various amounts\\nbut, as he received no propositions which he deemed it\\nadvisable to accept, these brought no relief to the\\nexhausted treasury.\\nDestitute as the country was of available means, Congress", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0306.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "OLD CAPITOL. HOUSTON.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0307.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0308.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Houston s administration. 295\\nwas very liberal in its appropriations. On the 15th of\\nDecember, a bill passed appropriating $150,000 for the\\nuse of the navy; $700,000 for the army; and $150,000\\nfor the executive and civil departments. This bill still left\\nthe suj^port of the diplomatic agents of the government to\\nbe provided for.\\nAs General Rusk had taken a place in the Cabinet, the\\ncommand of the army was given to General Felix Pluston.\\nHuston reported to the Secretary of War on the 16th of\\nDecember, that the army consisted of about seven hundred\\nenlisted men for the period of the war, and eighty who had\\nsix months longer to serve. The troops had neither flour\\nnor bread beef-cattle were in abundance on the prairies,\\nbut they had no horses to drive them up. They had\\nlikewise a good supply of ammunition, but were without\\nflints. By resolution of the Congress, General James\\nHamilton, of South Carolina, was invited to take command\\nof the army but he respectfully declined the office.\\nIn the early part of 1837, Filisola was stationed on the\\nRio Grande to organize another expedition for the invasion\\nof Texas but fortunately the revolution under Moctezuma\\nfurnished employment for Mexican troops at home. Texas\\nbeing in no immediate danger of invasion from Mexico, by\\norder of Houston the soldiers were permitted to go home\\non furlough and the country was saved the expense of\\nkeeping so large a body of men unemployed in the field.\\nAs we have seen, one of the first acts of the Executive\\nCouncil at San Felipe in 1835, was to close the land office\\nand suspend the issuance of land titles. The new consti-\\ntution directed that the public land should be sectionized,\\ninstead of being laid off^ in leagues and labors, after the\\nSpanish land system. The old Texans, whose tracts were\\nin leagues, opposed the new plan, and it was not adopted-\\nCongress, however, passed a general land law, requiring\\nthe land office to be opened on the 1st of June, 1837, and\\nremain open six months for the special benefit of citizens\\n18", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0309.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "296 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwho had not obtained their huid under the colonization\\nlaws, and for volunteers who had served a term in the\\narmy. It further provided that every free white person,\\nhead of a family, who should arrive in the Republic from\\nand after January 1, 1837, should be entitled to 1,280 acres\\nof land, and every single free white man, 640 acres, to be\\nincreased to 1,280 acres in case of marriage but patents\\nnot to be granted till after they had been three years\\nresident. This bill was vetoed by the President, but\\npromptly passed over the veto by the constitutional ma-\\njority.\\nOn the 16th of December, a bill was passed to incorpo-\\nrate the Texas Railroad, IS avigation and Banking Com-\\npany, with a capital stock of five millions of dollars, to be\\nincreased if desirable to ten millions. This company was\\nauthorized to connect the waters of the Sabine and Rio\\nGrande rivers by means of internal navigation, with the\\nprivilege of constructing branch canals and branch railroads\\nin every direction, and to an unlimited extent and if the\\ncompany could have carried out their grand programme,\\nthe whole public domain of the State would have passed\\ninto their hands.\\nThe general land law, which was to have gone into opera-\\ntion June 1, 1837, was suspended first until October 1, and\\nwas subsequently indefinitely suspended. Finally, on the\\n14th of December, a general land law was adopted. Under\\nthis law a Commissioner of the general land office was\\nprovided for; also, a Board of Commissioners for each\\n*Mr. Gouge, in his fiscal history of Texas, says the whole amount of stock\\nwas subscribed by eight iudivi(hials and tirnis. and tliongh none of them paid\\nanything in, some made money out of the charter. One of the stockliohiers\\nsold out his interest to a gentleman of New York for thirty thousand dollars,\\nand received his pay in store goods. The successful salesman bought out rhe\\ninterest of another for ten thousand dollars, and another disposed of his\\ninterest for three leagues of land, which he subsequently sold for two dollars\\nand a half an acre.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0310.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "FRAUDS IN THE LAND OFFICE. 297\\ncounty, to take proof and issue headrights and a surveyor\\nfor each county, to survey, and make out and record field\\nnotes. These field notes, with the certificate, to be returned\\nto the General Land Office, examined, located on the map\\nof lands, and, if found correct, on vacant lands, a grant of\\npatent, signed by the President and countersigned by the\\nCommissioner, passing under both their seals, issues to the\\nparty in the name of the State. Should the party s claim\\nbe for military services, he obtained his warrant from the\\nWar ofiice, and proceeded to locate as a headright certifi-\\ncate. So, likewise, in regard to land scrip, the same course\\nwas to be pursued. By this bill, which was vetoed by the\\nPresident, and passed over the veto, the Land Office was to\\nbe opened for old settlers and soldiers on the first Thursday\\nin February, 1838, and for other parties, six months later.*\\nWhen Houston was inaugurated, the navy was in no\\ncondition to render valuable service to the Government,\\neither in protecting the coast or conducting offensive war-\\nfare. The Livincible and the Brutus were in Xew York for\\nrepairs, and would probably have shared the fate of the\\nUnder tliis law, fraudulent claims were successfully passed through the\\nformalities necessary to secure titles, and no little criticism was indulged in\\nas to its provisions. Anson Jones, who was a member of the SenatCj ^says\\nTlie law, though objectionable, was the best that could have been pa\u00c2\u00absed.\\nunder the circumstances, at that time, without conflicting \\\\vith equitable\\nrights that had grown up under former legislation. Everybody of\\nordinary sagacity knew there would be frauds committed the momeiit a\\nLand Office was opened in Texas. It took no prophet to tell that. It would\\nhave taken all the Prophets, and the Apostles to boot, to tell us how fr;iud\\nwas to be prevented in Texas land matters. The greatest fault, after all.\\nthat can be found with this bill is that it did not prevent perjury, for,\\naside from perjury, which no law can stop, few evils have grown out of it.\\nCommenting upon the same law, D. G. Burnet says: The acquisition of\\nland has ever constituted a too prominent feature in the Anglo-American\\nsettlement of Texas. Iniquitous frauds! have been resorted to in gratifica-\\ntion of this inordinate passion. It is difficult, by legislation, to circumscribe\\nthe chicane of land speculators. Their ingenious avidity will find means\\nto circumvent the most stringent enactments. Our readers will bear in\\nmind that these strictures were passed before the railroad system of Texas\\nhad been fully developed.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0311.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "298 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nLiberty, in New Orleans, and been sold to defray their\\nexpenses, but Henry Swartwout, the Collector of the Port,\\ngenerously stepped forward and furnished the means out of\\nhis private purse, to refit the ships, and prepare them for a\\ncruise. When they arrived in Galveston Captain H. L.\\nThompson was placed in command of the Invincible, and\\nCaptain I. D. Boylan of the Brutus. During the administra-\\ntion of President Burnet, another vessel, the Independence,\\nCaptain Charles E. Hawkins, commander, had been pur-\\nchased and put in commission. In 1837, Captain George\\nW. Wheelwright became commander of the Independence,\\nDuring the month of April, the Invincible and the Brutus,\\naccompanied by Hon. S. Rhodes Fisher, Secretary of the\\n^avj, started for a cruise in the Gulf of Mexico.\\nDuring this month, April, 1837, Yoakum, in his history\\nof Texas, pages 212 and 213, volume 2, says\\nThe appearance of the Mexican fleet in the Gulf was followed by some\\ndamage to Texas. The Champion, freighted with provisions, etc., for tlie\\narmy, was taken by the enemy; and also on the 12th of April the Jt/h s\\nCossar, whose cargo was valued at $30,000. President Houston had pre-\\nviously issued an order for the release of the Mexican prisoners; but,\\nlearning that those on board the captured vessels had been taken into Mat-\\namoras and confined, he revoked the order of release.\\nThis blockading navy of the enemy necessarily came in contact with the\\ncommerce of the United States, and the Mexican brig of war Urrea, having\\ncaptured some. American vessels and property, was taken by the United\\nStates sloop-of-war Natchez and sent into Pensacola as a pirate. On the\\n17th of April, the Texan schooner Independence, having a crew of thirty-one\\nmen, besides several passengers, among whom was William H. Wharton,\\non his return from his mission to the United States, Avas met about thirty\\nmiles from Velasco by two Mexican brigs-of-war, the Libertador, having\\nsixteen eighteen-pounders and one hundred and forty men, and the Vincednr\\ndel Alamo carrying six twelves and one long eightcen-pounder and one\\nhundred men. After a severe tight, in which the Texans behaved most\\ngallantly, the /;K/e/ eHrfertce was overpowered and taken into Brazos San-\\ntiago, Av hence the crew and passengers were transferred to Matanioras and\\nconfined. In this engagement, Captain Wheelwright, of the Independence,\\nwas severely wounded. The Texan navy, on leaving Galveston in May,\\nproceeded to the mouth of the Mississippi, but failing to find any of the\\nenemy there after a cruise of seven or eig-ht days, turned to the coast of\\nMexico. The Texans made some small prizes about the island of Mugeres,\\nand thence proceeded to Yucatan, where they cannonaded the town of Sisal", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0312.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "NAVAL AFFAIRS. 299\\nfor some three hours, but with little effect. The Texan schooner Invincible\\ntook and sent into port as a prize the Mexican schooner Obispo, of eighty\\ntons and the Brutus captured and sent in the schooner Telegraph. The\\nTexans also made repeated landings along the coast, and burnt eight or nine\\n\\\\owns. This, though sufficiently annoying to the enemy, and in accordance\\nwith their mode of warfare, has not been considered, in modern times, as\\nthe most humane way of conducting a war. Another vessel, the Eliza\\nRussel, of one hundred and eighty tons, belonging to English subjects,\\nwhich was taken by the Invincible off the Alicranes and brought into Gal-\\nveston, not being freighted with a contraband cargo, was afterwards properlj\\nrestored, with damages, by the Kepublic.\\nPage 216, volume 2, the same historian says\\nColonel John H. Wharton, desirous of making an effort to release his\\nbrother from the prison of Matamoras, obtained permission and a flag, and\\nproceeded with thirty Mexican prisoners to that town to make an exchange,\\nbut on landing he was made a prisoner and confined in a dungeon. After an\\nimprisonment of six days he made his escape and returned to Texas. In\\nthe meantime his brother, William H. Wharton, through the aid of the well-\\nknown Captain Thompson of the Mexican navy, also escaped and reached\\nhome. It was intended that Thompson should desert the enemy s service\\nand leave with him but Thompson s departure was precipitated by some\\ninformation given to the Mexican authorities, and he arrived in Texas before\\neither of the Whartons. This barbarous conduct on the part of the enemy\\ninduced the President of Texas to readmit the granting of letters of marque\\nand reprisal against them, which he had suspended on liis entrance into\\noffice.\\nOn the 25th of August, the Brut^is and the Invincible arrived off the\\nbar at Galveston, having in tow a Mexican armed schooner, which they had\\ncaptured near the banks of Campeachy. On the same evening the Brutus\\nand the prize entered the harbor, but the Invincible could not get in. On\\ntlie following morning the latter was attacked by two of the enemy s armed\\nbi igs. The Brutus, in attempting to go out to her aid, ran aground so the\\nInvincible was obliged to continue the unequal contest alone during the day;\\ntowards evening she attempted a retreat, but struck on the breakers near\\nthe south-east channel. The crew landed in safety, but during the night\\nthe vessel went to pieces. The Invincible was a favorite craft in the Texan\\nnavv, and her loss much regretted.\\nThe last remaining vessel of the old navy, the Brutus,\\nwas lost during the equinoctial gale of 1837, in the harbor\\nof Galveston at which time fourteen or fifteen vessels then\\nin port were destroyed or seriously injured, and nearly the\\nentire city flooded by the water of the bay in its exit before", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0313.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "300 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\na sudden norther, just after having been filled by a strong\\nsouth-east gale of several days continuance.\\nAfter a three-months laborious session at Columbia, the\\nfirst session of the Congress of Texas adjourned to meet at\\nthe newly laid out city of Houston, on the oth of May.\\nOn the 2d of March, 1837, the Congress of the United\\nStates passed the bill recognizing the independence of\\nTexas and during the next year commercial treaties were\\nnegotiated with France and Great Britain, though the latter\\ninsisted upon considering Texas as a part of the Mexican\\nRepublic.\\nNotwithstanding the Mexican invasion in 1836, and the\\nabsence of so many farmers in the army, the season was\\nfavorable, and good crops were made. The year 1837 was-\\nalso a good crop year. It was estimated that the cotton\\ncrop amounted to fifty thousand bales. A heavy tide of\\nimmigration was setting towards Texas, and a profitable\\ncommerce carried on at its principal seaports. There was\\nreirular steam communication with T^ew Orleans, and a fine\\nclass of sail vessels between New York and the Texas\\ncoast. Towns were multiplying with great rtipidity, and\\nthe prospect was encouraging for the future.\\nUnder the Constitution, the first President held office\\nonly two years though after the first term the Presidential\\nterm was three years. At the election held September 3d^\\n1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar was elected President, and David\\nG. Burnet Vice President.*\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6During the summer, two of the gentlemen most prominent as candidates\\nfor President took themselves out of the canvass by suicide. (See James\\nColliiisworth and Peter W. Grayson). Tiie following were the votes cast\\nat the election For President, Lamar, 6,995 for Robert Wilson, 252 total\\n7,247. For Vice President, D. G Burnet, 3,952; A. C. Hoi ton, 1,917:\\nJoseph Rowe, 1,215.\\nThe following were the principal officers during thi^ Presidential term:\\nS. F. Austin, R. A. Irwin, and J. Pinckney Henderson, Secretaries of\\nState; Thomas J. Rusk, AVilliam S.Fisher, Bernard E. Bee, George W.\\nHockley, Secret:iries of War; Henry Smith, Secretary of tiie Treasury; S.\\nRhodes Fisher, William M. Shepperd, Secretaries of the Navy; J. Pinckney", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0314.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "LIST OF OFFICERS. 301\\nHenderson, Peter W. Grayson, John Birdsall, A. S. Thurston, Attorney\\nGenerals; Robert Burr, Post Master General; E. M. Pease, Francis R.\\nLubbock, Comptrollers; John W. Moody, First Auditor J. G. Welshinger,\\nSecond Auditor; William G. Cooke, Stock Commissioner; William H.\\nWharton, Memucan Hunt, Anson Jones, Ministers to the United States J.\\nPinckney Henderson, Minister to Great Britain and France W F. Catlett,\\nSecretary of Leofation to the United States; George S. Mcintosh, Secretary\\nof Legation to Great Britain aud France.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0315.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nLAMAR S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TROUBLE AT NACOGDOCHES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A NEW NATT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUSTIN\\nSELECTED AS THE PERMANENT CAPITOL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NEW COLONIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REPUBLIC OP THE RIO\\nGRANDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA FE EXPEDITION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ITS MISCARRIAGE, AND THE CAUSES.\\nT amar s Administration. G-eneral Lamar was formal-\\n-L^ ly inaugurated on the 10th of December, 1838. The\\nceremonies occurred in front of the Capitol, Houston, in\\nthe presence of an immense concourse of people, who were\\ndelighted with the sentiments expressed by the incoming\\nExecutive. In his inaugural he said The character of\\nmy administration may be anticipated in the domestic\\nnature of our government and the peaceful habits of the\\npeople Looking upon agriculture, commerce, and the\\nuseful arts, as the true basis of all National strength and\\nglory, it will be my leading policy to awaken into vigorous\\nactivity the wealth, talent, and enterprise of the country\\nand, at the same time, to lay the foundation of those higher\\ninstitutions for moral and mental culture without which no\\ngovernment on democratic principles can prosper, nor the\\npeople long preserve their liberties.\\nThe President took ground against the annexation of\\nTexas to the United States, and in his regular message\\nstrongly advocated a National bank, and a system of pop-\\nular and liberal education. It was during his administra-\\ntion that Congress laid the foundation of our school fund,\\nby setting aside fifty leagues of land for a university, and\\nthree leagues for each county in the Republic.\\nIn the summer of 1838, a considerable number of the\\nMexican citizens of Nacogdoches Captain Antonio Man-\\nchaca, who visited them, said 125 and a few Biloxi Indians", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0316.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "MIBABEAU B. LAMAR.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0317.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0318.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "lamae s administration. 305\\nbeing dissatisfied with the government of Texas, went\\ninto camp on the Angelina river, without any very well\\ndefined purpose. On the assembling of a small military\\nforce these Mexicans dispersed. Some of them returned\\nto their homes but Yincente Cordova, the leader, lied\\nwestward with a few followers, and entered into a cor-\\nrespondence with Filisola, the Mexican commander on the\\nRio Grande. Early in 1839, Canalizo succeeded Filisola\\nin command at Matamoras. He immediately dispatched\\nManuel Flores to co-operate with Cordova in rousing the\\nprairie Indians to hostilities against the Texans. These\\nIndians were exhorted not to cease to harass the Texans\\nfor a single day to burn their habitations and lay waste\\ntheir fields and by rapid and well-concerted movements,\\nto draw their attention in every direction and the Indians\\nwere informed that Mexico would soon be in a condition to\\nre-establish her authority over Texas and then they should\\nhave their lands but assuring them that they need expect\\nnothing from these greedy adventurers for land, who wish-\\ned to deprive the Indians of the sun that warms and\\nvivifies them, and who would not cease to injure them while\\nthe grass grows and water runs. The Texans having\\nheard of Cordova s movements. General Burleson, in March,\\nraised a small company of volunteers, and found and defeat-\\ned him on the Guadalupe river, near Seguin. Cordova\\nescaped, but left his usual haunts, and Flores failed to find\\nhim. Flores went east, in hopes of finding Cordova, and\\nwhen near the present city of Austin he was discovered by\\nLieutenant James 0. Rice, with a party of Rangers. Flores\\nand two of his companions were killed, and his instructions\\ncaptured. This broke up the Indio-Mexican league, that\\nseriously threatened at one time to do much mischief t(^\\nthe country.\\nIn Xo^^mber, 1838, Congress passed a law for the crea-\\ntion of a new navy. Samuel M. Williams was appointed\\nby President Houston to make the purchase. A contract", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0319.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "306 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwas made with Frederick Dawson, of Baltimore, for one\\nship, two brio;s and three schooners. In March, 1839,\\nGeneral Hamilton, of South Carolina, purchased for the\\ngovernment the steamer Charleston, (afterward the Za val-\\nla). Mr. Dawson delivered, during the same year, the\\nschooners San Jacinto, San Bernard and San Antonio and\\nthe brigs Colorado and Dolphin, and the sloop of war\\nAustin.\\nThere being no demand for these ships on the Texas\\ncoast, they were placed in the service of the revolutionary\\ngovernment of Yucatan that government to defray all\\nexpenses, and render other compensation to Texas.\\nThere always had been a strong party opposed to the\\nlocation of the seat of government at the city of Houston\\nand by an act of Congress, approved January 14, 1839,\\ncommissioners were appointed to select another location.\\nThe village of Waterloo, on the Colorado, was chosen. It\\nwas sufficiently near the geographical center of the State\\nbut was then on the extreme frontier, and exposed to incur-\\nsions of the Comanche and other tribes of prairie Indians.\\nThe new site was appropriately named Austin.-\\\\ The city\\nThe following is a list of the vessels and their armament and officers,\\nas tliey left Galveston harbor on the 24th of Jnne, 1840, for the coast of\\nYncatan: Sloop Austin, 20 guns, Commodore E W.Moore; steamship\\nZavalla, 8 guns, Captain J. K. T. Lathrop; schooner San Jacinto, 5 guns,\\nLieutenant W. R. Postell; schooner San Bernard, 5 guns. Lieutenant W.\\nS. Williamson; schooner San Antonio, 5 guns. Lieutenant Alexander\\nMoore; and brig Dolphin, guns, Lieutenant John Rudd.\\nt Albert C. Horton, Lewis P. Cook, Isaac W. Burton, William Menifee\\nand J. Campbell, were the commissioners to select the location. Edwin\\nWaller was the agent to lay off the city and locate the different public\\nbuildings. Austin has had a severe struggle to retain the government.\\nGeneral Houston was bitterly opposed to the location and in 1842, removed\\nthe executive departments to Houston. This was in March. In October\\nthe President called an extra session of Congress in Washington where the\\ngovernment remained until July, 1845, when the Annexation Convention\\nasspm])Ied in Austin. It became the seat of government. In 1850, by a\\npopular vote, Austin was chosen the capital for twenty years. The places\\nvoted for were Austin, 7,674; Palestine, 1,854; Tehuacany, 1.143 and some\\nscattering. In 1872 it was perinanently located at the same place, Austin\\nreceiving G3,297 votes; Houston, 35,188; Waco, 12,776, and a few scattering.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0320.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "NEW COLONIES. 307\\nwas promptly laid out lots sold, and buildings erected for\\nthe accommodation of the various departments of the gov-\\nernment. These buildings were in such a state of prepara-\\ntion that by the first of October, the President and heads\\nof departments removed to the new capital.\\nTo induce a more rapid settlement of the Republic, Con-\\no-ress grave encouras^ement to the introduction of new\\ncolonies. In 1841-42, W. S. Peters took two contracts,\\neno-ao-ino: to introduce 800 families into the fine region of\\ncountry around Dallas. Fisher Miller took a contract\\nfor settling 600 families on the Upper Colorado and Llano\\nriA^ers C. F. Mercer, two contracts for settling 600 fam-\\nilies in the region of country above the Peters colony,\\ntowards Red river. A German Emigration Company set-\\ntled Comal and Gillespie counties and Henry Castro intro-\\nduced about 600 families into Western Texas, settling\\nCastroville in 1844 Quihi in 1845 Vandenburg in 1846,\\nand Dhanis in 1847.\\nWe have not attempted to keep our readers advised of\\nthe changes constantly taking place among our trans-Rio\\nGrande neighbors. But in 1839 a revolution occurred in\\nwhich not a few of the Texas soldiers participated. The\\ndisbanding of the army left many ready for any enterprise\\nthat promised excitement, and congenial employment. It\\nwas natural that the Republicans in Mexico should look to\\nTexas for sympathy and support. During the summer a\\nconsiderable number of Republicans assembled at Lipan-\\ntitlan, on the west side of the Nueces river. President\\nLamar issued a proclamation ordering them to disperse.\\nBut little attention was paid to the order. Among the\\nMexican leaders the most noted were General Lie. Antonio\\nCanalis and Colonels Jose Maria Gonzales and Zapata.\\nAmong the Americans the principal were Colonels S. AV.\\nJordan and Reuben Ross. The Republic of the Rio\\nGrande was formally proclaimed, and a military organiza-\\ntion effected. The force, including 180 Texans, amounted", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0321.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "308 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nto about 600 men. They left Lipantitlan on the 20th of\\nSeptember, and crossed the Rio Grande on the 30th. Their\\nfirst point of attack was Guerrero, three miles from the\\nriver, occupied by General Parbon, of the Centralist arm3^\\nParbon retreated, without offering to fight, to Alcantra,\\nnear Mier. Here he was overtaken by the Republicans on\\nthe 3d of October, when a severe battle was fought. Early\\nin the engagement the Indians and rancheros in Canalis\\nranks became demoralized, and the Texans had to bear the\\nbrunt of the battle. The Centralists, after losing about\\n150 of their men, retreated, leaving the Republicans masters\\nof the field. Their loss in killed was 14. After this\\nrecruits flocked to their standard, but Canalis, instead of\\navailing himself of the enthusiasm which this victory had\\nkindled, remained for two months inactive. Finally, on\\nthe 12th of December, he moved down the river with 1,000\\nmen, and laid siege to Matamoras. The siege was not very\\nvigorously prosecuted; but on the 15th a skirmish took\\nplace in which fifteen Centralists were killed. The city was\\nstrongly fortified and well garrisoned and provisioned. It\\nhad a garrison of 1,500 regulars, under General Canalize.\\nOn the 16th, Canalis, at a council of his officers, announced\\nhis intention to abandon the siege. This offended the\\nTexans, and Colonel Ross with about fifty of his men returned\\nto their homes.\\nCanalis retired towards Monterey. Arriving within six\\nmiles of that city, his troops found themselves suddenly con-\\nfronted by an army of 2,000, under General Arista. This was\\nDecember 24th. After some skirmishes and manojuvres, in\\nwhich the Texans thought Canalis exhibited a conspicuous\\nwant of generalship, the intriguing Arista succeeded in\\ndetaching a large number of the Mexicans from Canalis\\nranks to his own, where the pay was more certain. Jordan,\\nwith the Texans, and a few faithful Mexicans, retreated\\ntowards the Rio Grande, crossing that stream on the 7th\\nof January.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0322.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "SUSPICIOUS OPERATIONS. 309\\nCanalis, not at all disheartened, coll.ected a few of his\\nfollowers, and called a convention at Guerrero, January 28.\\nJordan rejoined him at Presidio, but not^ liking the pros-\\npect, remained only a few days. Arista, being fully posted\\nas to the movements of the Republicans, attacked and de-\\nfeated Canalis at Moralis, on the 15th of March. Canalis,\\nwith a portion of his men, escaped to Texas, and unfurled\\nthe banner of the Republic of the Rio Grande, at San Pa-\\ntricio. Here he was joined by Jordan, with 110 men;\\nWilliam S. Fisher, with 200 and John N. Seguin, with 100.\\nIncluding about 300 Rancheros, the whole force amounted\\nto 700.\\nFor some unaccountable reason. Colonel Jordan, with 260\\nmen, was dispatched, in advance of the main body, with\\ntwo Mexican officers for guides. With very little oppo-\\nsition, this comparatively small party occupied successively\\nthe towns of Guerrero, Mier, Comargo, Tula, Morallo, Li-\\nnares, and finally Victoria, the capital of the State of Tamau-\\nlipas. Jordan strongly suspected that his Mexican guides\\nwere seeking an opportunity to betray him and his men\\ninto the hands of the Centralists. This was nearly accom-\\nplished, near Saltillo, on the 23d of October. The Repub-\\nlicans were confronted by a Centralist army numbering over\\n1,000 men, with two nine-pounders, under the command of\\nVasques. As soon as the battle opened, the suspected offi-\\ncers deserted to the Centralists with their companies. The\\nTexans, however, maintained the fight, killing (by estima-\\ntion), 400 of the enemy. They lost of their number, five\\nkilled and seven wounded. Jordan and* his party returned\\nto Texas.\\nThe subsequent conduct of Canalis created a suspicion\\nthat, in dividing his force, and dividing the small party of\\nTexans, and sending Jordan into the interior without sup-\\nport, he acted in bad faith. A majority of the troops were\\nTexans, and he perhaps feared that should they succeed in\\ngaining important advantages, he would be displaced from", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0323.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "310 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe command, and one of the Texan officers promoted. At\\nany rate, after the departure of Jordan, though Canalis cross-\\ned the Rio Grande, he remained comparatively inactive, and\\nfinally, at Comargo, surrendered his entire force to Arista.\\nIt is to his credit that in the surrender he stipulated for the\\nlives and liberty of the Texans in his ranks. Thus ended\\nthe attempt to establish the Rej^ublic of the Rio G-rande.\\nBut this organization, for the time, gave emplo^ ment to the\\nMexican army under Arista, and so prevented an invasion\\nof Texas.\\nThe Texans claimed the Rio Grande as the southwestern\\nT^oundary of the Republic, but no attempt had as yet been\\nmade to extend the laws over that portion of Santa Fe\\nlying on the Texas side of the river. Between St. Louis\\nand the city of Santa Fe, a lucrative trade was springing\\nup, which the Texans were anxious to divert to their own\\ngulf ports. To open communication with that distant\\nregion, an expedition to Santa Fe was projected in 1841.\\nThe object of this expedition, as announced by President\\nLamar in his proclamation, was to have a friendly inter-\\nview with the authorities of the State, and if they were\\nwilling to come under the laws of Texas, arrangements\\nwould be entered into to extend our laws over that territo-\\nry; but if the people were averse- to this, he wished to\\nestablish friendly commercial relations with the people of\\nNew Mexico. For protection through the Indian country,\\na military organization was effected, and placed under com-\\nmand of General Hugh M Leod. It consisted of five com-\\npanies of mounted infantry, and one of artillery 270\\nsoldiers. The President sent Messrs. William G. Cooke,\\nR. F. Brenham, and Don J. A. Navarro, as commissioners,\\nwho were chari -ed to so conduct the neiiiotiations as to\\naccomplish the purposes of the Government in sending out\\nthe expedition. There were also about fifty traders, team-\\nsters and adventurers. The commander was instructed\\nnot to attempt a subjugation of the people by arms.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0324.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "KIOWA S ATTACK THE EXPEDITION. 311\\nThe expedition started from the neighborhood of G-eorge-\\ntown on Brushy, on the 20th of June, 1841. Many diffi-\\n3ulties were encountered, from the very start and from\\nLittle River, they sent back for more beef cattle. The\\nguides were not well acquainted with the route, and after\\nwandering about for some time, finally mistook the Wichita\\nfor Red river, and got lost in the Wichita mountains. Pro-\\nvisions gave out, water was scarce, the Indians trouble-\\nsome, horses were stolen, and occasionally men that strag-\\ngled oif from their companions were killed. On the 11th\\nof August, Messrs. Howland, Baker and Rosenbury were\\nsent forward to procure supplies. A few days later, the\\nmain party fell in with a large band of Kiowa Indians.\\nLieutenant Hull and four men being a short distance from\\nthe others, were attacked by these Indians, and after des-\\nperate fighting, in which a dozen Indians were killed, they\\nwere overpowered and slain. Lieutenant Hull had no less\\nthan thirty lance and arrow wounds. They were then on\\nthe Quintufue, a branch of the Palo Duro river. After\\nthis, a consultation of officers was held, and it was deter-\\nmined to divide the command, sending forward to the settle-\\nments for provisions. Those best able to travel, says\\nKendall, were detailed by Greneral M Leod to march in\\nadvance, and were placed under command of Captain Sut-\\nton, an excellent officer. The party consisted of eighty-seven\\nofficers and privates, with merchants, travellers, and servants\\nenouo-h to swell the number to ninetv-nine. Anion o- the\\nofficers were Captain Lewis, Lieutenants Lubbock, Munson,\\nBrown, and Sea v}^ the latter acting as Adjutant. Theciv-\\nillians were Colonel Cooke, Dr. Brenham, Major Howard,\\nMessrs. Van Ness, Fitzgerald, Frank Combs, and myself.\\nThis party left M Leod on the 31st of August, and arrived\\nat Anton Chico, a village on the Galinas, a tributary of the\\nRio Grrande, on the 10th of September. Here an ample\\nsupply of provisions were obtained, and on the 14th, Cap-\\ntain Lewis, with Kendall, Van Ness, and some others,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0325.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "312 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nstarted for San Miguel. They had heard that Howland and\\nhis companions had been taken prisoners, but did not doubt\\nthat when the authorities understood the peaceful objects\\nof the mission, all would be well. In this they were sadly\\nmistaken.\\nIt seems unaccountably strange, that the Texans, after\\nthe experience of 1836, should have acted with so little\\ncaution. Although they heard that the Governor was hos-\\ntile to their enterprise, no word was sent back either to\\nM Leod, or to the more advanced party at Anton Chico.\\nWhen Kendall and his party arrived at a small village\\ncalled Cuesta, they were met by a party of Mexicans, under\\nDon Salezar, a military officer. The men were disarmed,\\nand their papers and valuables taken from them, with the\\nassurance, however, that they would soon all be returned.\\nDisarmed and robbed, they were marched as prisoners into\\nSan Miguel. Howland and his party, for an attempt, or an\\nalleged attempt, to escape, were barbarously shot. In the\\nmeantime, it was observed that Lewis w^as becoming quite\\nintimate with the Mexican officers. The result was, that\\nLoAvis, one of their trusted officers, turned traitor, and plot-\\nted the capture of the party at Anton Chico, with Cooke,\\nand those with M Leod, who was then at the Laguna Colo-\\nrado, some forty miles distant. These unfortunate men,\\nafter being disarmed and plundered, were tied in compa-\\nnies of four and six, and marched first to San Miguel,\\nthence to Santa Fe, and finally to the city of Mexico, and\\nconfined in the prisons of St. Jago, Puebla, and Perote,\\nwhere they languished for nearly two years. A few, at the\\nsolicitation of influential friends, were released and among\\nthem, Kendall, the historian of the expedition. Senor\\nNavarro, however, being an object of special hostility, was\\nconfined in the castle of San Juan D Ulloa, until the revo-\\nlution of 1844, when he, too, was set at liberty. ]\\\\Ir. Ken-\\ndall gives the following reasons for the failure of the expe-\\ndition", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0326.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "1M\\n!li!!l.\\nlii\\nII\\nIi\\n1\\nlllilM", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0327.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0328.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "REASONS FOR THE FAILURE. 315\\nAnd what mistake had brought this sorrowful issue to our enterprise\\nIn as few words as possible, I will answer the question. In the iSrst place,\\nthe expedition began its march too late in the season by at least six weeks.\\nHad it left Austin on the first of May, the grass would have been much\\nbetter, and we should have had little difficulty in finding good water both\\nfor ourselves and our cattle. In the second place, we were disappointed\\nin obtaining a party of Lipan Indians for guides, and were consequently\\nobliged to take a route some three hundred miles out of our way, and in\\nmany places extremely difficult of travel. Thirdly, the Government of\\nTexas did not furnish wagons and oxen enough to transport the goods of\\nthe merchants, and this, as a matter of course, caused tedious delays.\\nFourthly, cattle enough on the hoof were not provided, even with the sec-\\nond supply sent by the commissioners from Little river. Again, the distance\\nwas vastly greater than we had anticipated, in our widest and wildest cal-\\nculations; owing to which circumstance, and an improvident waste of\\nprovisions while in the buflTalo range, we found ourselves upon scant allow-\\nance in the middle of our long journey\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a privation which weakened, dis-\\npirited and rendered the men unfit for duty. The Indians also annoyed us\\nmuch, by their harrassing and continual attempts to cut off small parties\\nand steal our horses. Finally, the character of the Governor of New Mex-\\nico, was far from being understood, and his power was underrated by all.\\nThe General s estimate of the views and feelings of the people of Santa Fe\\nand the vicinity, was perfectly correct; not a doubt can exist that they all\\nwere and are anxious to throw off the yoke of Armijo, and come under the\\nliberal institutions of Texas. But the Governor found us divided into\\nsmall parties, broken down by long marches and want of food; he discov-\\nered a traitor among us, too, and taking advantage of these circumstances,\\nhis course was plain and his conquest easy. Far different would have been\\nthe result, had the expedition reached the confines of New Mexico a month\\nearlier, and in a body. Then, with fresh horses, and a sufficiency of pro-\\nvisions for the men, the feelings of the inhabitants would have been differ-\\nent. The proclamation of General Lamar would have been distributed\\namong them the people would have had an opportunity to come over to\\nTexas without fear, and the feeble opposition Armijo could have made, and\\nI doubt whether he would have made any against the Texans in a body,\\ncould have been put down with ease. Had it been evident that a majority\\nof the inhabitants were satisfied under their present government, and un-\\nfriendly to a union with Texas, then the goods would have been sold and\\nthe force withdrawn at least, such was the tenor of the proclamation. No\\nattack would have been made upon the inhabitants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that was expressly\\nunderstood. But had Armijo seen fit to commence hostilities, his power in\\nNew Mexico would have been at an end. Fate decreed otherwise, a:id by\\na series of unforeseen and unfortunate circumstances, the expedition was\\nthrown into his hands.\\n19", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0329.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "316 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nDuring the year 1840, France and Belgium recognized\\nthe independence of Texas.\\nToward the Indian tribes, the policy of General Lamar\\nwas diametrically opposed to that of his predecessor. While\\nGeneral Houston sought to conciliate them with kind treat-\\nment, Lamar thought they should be excluded from our\\nterritory, and proposed, if necessary, to mark the bounda-\\nries of the Republic with the sword. There was then, as\\nthere has been ever since, a difference of opinion as to\\nwhich was the true policy.\\nFinancially, the administration of Mr. Lamar was not a\\nsuccess, though his most bitter opponent n?ver accused\\neither the President or the members of his cabinet of dis-\\nhonesty (and the same remark is true of all the Presidents\\nof the Republic and the members of their cabinets respect-\\nively). The public credit w^as low and declining when\\nLamar was inaugurated, and continued rapidly to grow\\nworse. Under the administration of Houston the salaries\\nof officers had been fixed exorbitantly high the President s\\nat $10,000, and the members of his cabinet at $3,500 each\\nand this at a period when the whole population was less\\nthan 50,000, and the ability of the Republic to maintain\\nits independence quite problematical. To add to the bur-\\ndens of the incoming administration, a new navy had been\\ncontracted for, and no means provided to defray the expense\\nof purchase. The revenue was small the annual expenses\\nenormous and it is not to be wondered at that treasury\\nnotes called red-backs, from the color of the paper upon\\nwhich they were printed should have declined, in the\\nthree years, from seventy cents to twenty cents or even less,\\non the dollar. Nominally, the expense of the Government\\nfor the year 1841 was $1,176,288. The public debt\\n*See Part VII for a sketch of the various Indian tribes, and their battle;:\\nwith the whites.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0332.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "OFFICERS OF THE REPUBLIC. 317\\nincreased during the three years from $1,877,525 to\\n17,300,000.\\nThe cares and responsibilities of office weighed heavily\\non President Lamar, and the severe strictures of political\\nopponents affected his deeply sensitive nature, and he\\napplied to Congress for permission to absent himself from\\nthe Republic. The request was granted, and during the\\nlast year the Government was administered by Vice-Pres-\\nident Burnet.f\\n*Mr. Gouge, in his Fiscal History, says the average amount of expenses\\nper annum, during Lamar s administration, was $1,618,405; while the aver-\\nage in the succeeding administration of Houston was only $170,361 and\\nadds, this diiference is owing in part only to the differences in tlie charac-\\nter of the men who presided over the Government. President Lamar, as a\\npaper-money man, was profuse on principle. He knew no limit on expend-\\niture but the limit of credit. President Houston, as somewhat of a hard-\\nmoney man, was more inclined to economy. But if Houston had been\\nChief Magistrate from 1839 to 1842, he could have restricted but in part\\nthe expenditures of those years. And if Lamar had succeeded liira, he\\nwould have been compelled, from the force of circumstances, to be, in some\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0degree, economical.\\nt During this Administration the following gentlemen filled various\\noffices, at home and abroad: Bernard E. Bee, James Webb, Abner S. Lips-\\ncomb, James S. Mayfield, Samuel A. Koberts, Secretaries of State; A.\\nSydney Johnston, Branch T. Archer, Secretaries of War; Richard (I. Dun-\\nlap, James H. Starr, J. G. Chalmers, Secretaries of the Treasury Memu-\\ncan Hunt and Louis P. Cooke, Secretaries of the Navy J. C. AVatrous,\\nJames Webb and F. A. Morris, Attorney Generals; Robert Burr, Edwin\\nWaller and John R. Jones, Post Master-Generals Asa Brigham and James\\nW. Simmons, Treasurers James W. Simmons and James B. Shaw, Comp\\ntrollers; Jown W. Moody and Charles Mason, First Auditors; MusgDve\\nEvans, Second Auditor; John P. Borden and Thomas William Ward, Com-\\nmissioners of General Land Office Thomas R. Stiff, Jackson Smith, Joseph\\nMoreland and Charles de Morse, Stock Commissioners; Richard G. Dun-\\nJap and Barnard E. Bee, Ministers to the Unit(?d States; James Hamilton,\\nMinister to Great Britain; William Henry Dangerfield and George S. Mc-\\nintosh, Ministers to France Bernard E. Bee and James Webb, Ministers\\nand Agents to Mexico M. Austin Bryan, Samuel A. Roberts and Nathaniel\\nAmory, Secretaries of Legation to the United States; George L. Hamrae-\\nken, Secretary of Legation to Mexico; James Hamilton, Commissioner to\\ntreat with Holland, Belgium, Great Britain and France; Samuel M. Wil-\\nliams, A. T. Burnley, James Hamilton and James Reiley, Loan Commis-\\nsioners.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0333.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "318 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAt the election held in September, 1841, Sam Houston\\nwas elected President, and Edward Burleson, Vice-Pres-\\nident.\\n*At this election there were 11,531 votes polled, of which Houston receiv-\\ned 7,915, and Burnet 3,616. For Vice President, Burleson received 6 141,.\\nand Memucan Hunt 4,336.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0334.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nHOUSTON S SECOND ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE OF THE PUBLIC FINANCES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RAIDS OF\\nVASQUEZ AND WOLL THE ARCHIVE WAR SOMERVELL IN THE SOUTHWEST THB\\nMIKR EXPEDITION,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ITS DISASTERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE SNIVELY EXPEDITION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA ANNA S\\nPROPOSALS THROUGH ROBINSON\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE NAVY.\\ni TOUSTO^ was, for the second time, inaugurated Presi-\\nli dent, December 13th, 1841. He found the Sixth\\nCongress then in session, diligently at work, introducing\\nmeasures of retrenchment and reform. From the first\\norganization of the Government, agents had been kept in\\nforeign countries, vainly endeavoring to effect a loan.\\nThis fantasy of an expected foreign loan had kept up\\nthe hopes of the Texans, when their own paper was worth\\nbut fifteen or twenty cents on the dollar. General James\\nHamilton, of South Carolina, was still in Europe, and\\nreported favorably as to the prospect of success. But\\nthe Texans had been so often sadly disappointed, that but\\nlittle reliance was placed upon his report and his efforts\\nfinally, fortunately for Texas, proved abortive. In Hous-\\nton s message to Congress, he said There is not a dollar\\nin the treasur3^ The nation is involved from ten to fifteen\\nmillions; we are not only without money, but without\\ncredit, and for want of punctuality, without character.\\nPatriotism, industry and enterprise are now our only\\nresources apart from our public domain, and the precarious\\nrevenues of the country. These remain our only hope, and\\nmust be improved, husbanded, and proj)erly emplo3 ed.\\nHe recommended, as the only practicable method of relief,\\nthe suspension of all attempts, at present, to pay off the\\nindebtedness and the issue of exchequer bills, not to exceed\\n$3o0,U00 in amount, to take the place of the old promissory", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0335.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "320 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nnotes, as a medium of exchange. He also recommended a\\nreduction of taxes and tiiat taxes and customs dues be\\ncollected in par funds. Congress reduced the taxes, but\\nfailed to require them to be paid in par funds. The old\\npromissory notes, now no longer receivable for public dues,\\nsoon lost a marketable value and ceased to circulate. For a\\nshort time the new issue was better but the public\\nfeared that, after a short trial, this paper would not jDay\\ntheir taxes, and it rapidly declined in value. These fears\\nwere realized. At an extra session of Congress, in June,\\n1842, a law was passed, requiring the collectors of customs,\\nsheriifs, clerks and postmasters, throughout the Ile2:)ublic,\\nto receive exchequer bills only at the current rates at which\\nsuch bills were sold in the market. Though this was well\\ncalculated to destroy confidence in the j^aper issues, even of\\nthe reform Congress, the small amount authorized to be\\nput in circulation prevented the exchequer bills from falling\\nso low in the market as the old red-backs. Many real\\nreforms were introduced. A rigid economy was practiced\\nin the various executive departments of the Government,\\nand in the management of Indian affairs and all unneces-\\nsary officers were dispensed with.*\\nThe following figures are taken from Gouge s Fiscal History. The first\\ncolumn shows the receipts for the year 184:1 the last year of the Lamar\\nadministration. The second column shows the receipts for the three years\\nof Houston s second term\\nLamar s\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1841. Houston s\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1842-44\\nFromcustoms $151,990 45 $360.177 46\\nDirect taxes 170,503 91 80,335 89\\nLicenses 42,686 37 16,503 60\\nLand and land dues 68,025 62\\nMiscellaneous 429 32 502 58\\nFrom the above it would appear as though the people very generally\\nabstained from paying taxes- While these could be paid in a currency worth\\nbut twenty-five cents on the dollar, they were paid, But when par funds\\nwere required, they went unpaid. The requirement of par funds was a\\nvery unpopular measure; and in some portions of the Republic it is\\nreported, meetin :s were hold, protesting against the execution of the law.\\nEven the revenue from customs wa materially diminished by the introduc-\\ntion of snuigglcd goods; especially in East Texas, along the line of the\\nSabine river.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0336.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "AREIVAL OF A LARGE ARMY. 321\\nIn 1836 the United States declined to annex Texas, partly\\nbecause the ability of the latter to maintain its independ-\\nence was somewhat ^problematical. Early in 1842, the\\nquestion began again to be agitated, both in Texas and the\\nUnited States. Six years had elapsed, and Mexico had\\nmade no serious attempt to recover her lost province.\\nXow, when the subject of annexing Texas to the United\\nStates began again to attract attention, to keep up the\\nshadow of a claim, the Mexican Government sent small mil-\\nitary parties into the country, though with no expectation of\\nj)ermanent occupancy. Unheralded and unexpected by the\\nTexans, on the 5th of March, 1842, General Rafael Yas-\\nquez appeared in the neighborhood of San Antonio, and\\nsent in a demand for the surrender of the city. After some\\nconsultation, Captain Jack Hays, with his small company\\nof rangers, retired to the Guadalupe river, and on the 5th\\nVasquez entered the city, promising to protect the persons\\nand property of the citizens. The city government was\\nremodeled after the Mexican st^de, alcaldes taking the place\\nof magistrates but after an occupancy of only two days, in\\nwhich the soldiers behaved remarkably well, the Mexicans\\nretreated again to the west side of the Rio Grande. About\\nthe same time, small parties of Mexican soldiers visited\\nRefugio and Goliad, but remained only a day or two, when\\nthey retired again to their own country.\\nIn September a still more formidable army arrived in\\nthe neighborhood, under the command of General Adrian\\nWoll. This raid was as unexpected as the other had been.\\nThe District Court was in session, and Woll captured Judge\\nHutchinson and the former Lieutenant-Governor, J. W.\\nRobinson, and a number of other lawyers and officers of\\nthe court, in all, fifty-three. This party behaved very well\\nin the city, protecting private property from plunder. It\\nwas on the 11th of September that Woll entered the city.\\nA considerable force of Texans had collected on the Salado,\\nsix miles east of the city. Woll went out to attack this", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0337.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "322 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nforce, and a battle was fought on the 17th. Colonel Cald-\\nwell, in the official report of the battle, says We com-\\nmenced fighting at eleven o clock. A hot fire was ke2: t up\\nuntil about one hour by sun, when the enemy retreated,\\nbearing off their dead on the ground, and very many dead\\nand wounded were taken from the field by their friends.\\nWe have a glorious band of Texan patriots, among whom\\nten only were wounded, and not one killed. As Woll was\\nretreating toward the city, he fell in with a company of\\nfifty-three Texans, from Fayette county, on its way to join\\nCaldwell. After nearly one-half of his men had fallen,\\nDawson raised a white flag; it was fired upon. Dawson\\nwas an old soldier, having been in the United States army,\\nand was a Lieutenant at the battle of San Jacinto, but see-\\ning tlie hopelessness of fighting such overwhelming num-\\nbers, he surrendered his pistol. Unarmed as he was, a\\nMexican lancer assaulted him. He wrenched the lance\\nfrom his opponent, and would have slain him, but was kill-\\ned by another Mexican soldier. Thirty-three of his men\\nw^ere killed in battle fifteen surrendered, five of whom\\nwere wounded, and two escaped unhurt. One of the latter,\\nHenry G. Wood, who had lost his father and brother in\\nthe fight, after giving up his arms, was assaulted by a lancer.\\nHe seized the lance, killed the Mexican with it, and mount-\\ned his horse and escaped. At daybreak on the morning\\nafter this battle, Woll left the city and started for the Rio\\nGrande. A misunderstanding among the Texans, as to who\\nwas entitled to the command, prevented a pursuit.\\nPresident Houston believed the archives of the Govern-\\nment, especially the records of the Land Office, unsafe at a\\npoint so exposed as the city of Austin. On the 5th of Feb-\\nruary, 1842, he sent a message to Congress, suggesting the\\npropriety of removing these archives to a place of greater\\nsecurity. Congress took no action on the subject and after\\nthe adjournment, President Houston paid a visit to Galves-\\nton. While in that city he heard of the raid of Yasquez,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0338.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "DAVID CROCKETT.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0339.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0340.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "THE ARCHIVE WAR. 325\\nand the Mexican occupancy of San Antonio. He immedi-\\nately directed the members of his Cabinet to meet him in\\nHouston. This abandonment of their frontier exasperated\\nthe people of Austin, and they determined to retain posses-\\nsion of the archiv^es. This produced what has been digni-\\nfied with the name of The Archive War. A vigilance\\ncommittee was formed, composed of the best citizens of the\\ncounty, who took possession of the Government books and\\npapers, boxed them up, and kept a constant guard over\\nthem. A committee was also formed at Bastrop, to patrol\\nthe roads, and permit no wagons with public property to\\npass down the country. An exception was made in favor\\nof the property of the French minister, who was permitted\\nto leave with whatever he chose to take with him. During\\nthe extra session of Congress, in June, the President again\\ncalled attention to this subject but no action was taken.\\nOn the 10th of December, President Houston ordered\\nCapt. Thomas I. Smith, to secretly muster a company of\\nmen, and secure the most necessary books and papers, and\\ntransport them to Washington, where Congress was to con-\\nvene in regular session. Smith, with twenty men, and\\nthree wagons, quietly entered Austin on the night of Decem-\\nber 30, and commenced loading. The visit was unantici-\\npated by the people of the city, but a volunteer company\\nsoon rallied, ujider Capt. Mark B. Lewis, procured a can-\\nnon at the arsenal, and fired upon the transportation party.\\nThe Land Office was hit, but no serious damage done. The\\nwagoners commenced a hasty retreat, taking, by Houston s\\norder, the road to Caldwell, to avoid the patrol at Bastrop.\\nThey reached Kinney s Fort, on Brushy creek, fifteen miles\\nfrom the city, when they camped. The next morning, when\\nthey prepared to start, they found Capt. Lewis with his\\ncannon planted directly in their front. After a parley, the\\nsame wagons carried their loads back to Austin, and no\\nother attempt was made for their removal. The commit-\\ntee preserved them, and when the Government returned to", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0341.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "326 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe capital, under Jones administration, they were surren-\\ndered to the proper officers. But during the absence of the\\nExecutive Department from Austin, Colonel Ward, the\\nCommissioner of the Land Office, returned to the city and\\nopened his office, and transacted such business as was deem-\\ned of importance to the public welfare.\\nThe Mexican raids under Vas(]^uez and Woll had awak-\\nened a martial spirit in Texas. Moreover, there were a\\ngood many Texans held as prisoners in Mexico, belonging\\nto the Santa Fe expedition, and taken by Woll in San Anto-\\nnio. It was the opinion of some of our leading men, that it\\nwould be good policy to organize an expedition for aggres-\\nsive warfare, with a view of taking Mexican citizens, to be\\nexchanged for the Texans detained as prisoners in Mexico.\\nUnder the influence of this new military enthusiasm, many\\ncompanies of soldiers made their way to San Antonio,\\nready to join the proposed expedition. These men wished\\nBurleson to command them but Somervell was a personal\\nfriend and favorite of the President, and was perhaps, as\\nBrigadier-General of the militia, entitled to the command.\\nAt any rate, he was directed to take charge of the expedi-\\ntion. When Somervell arrived at headquarters, he pro-\\nposed, in deference to the wishes of the men, to turn the\\ncommand over to General Burleson but the latter declined\\nthe responsibility. General Somervell was somewhat tardy\\nin his movements, and some of the men became dissatis-\\nfied and left for their homes. While camped on the\\nMedina, at a mass meeting of the men, Col. James R. Cook\\nwas requested to take command but, after some discus-\\nsion, the men consented to march under Somervell. They\\nleft the Medina on the 25th of November, for Laredo. For\\nsome unexplained reason, they deflected from the main\\nroute of travel, and soon found themselves on flat, boggy\\nprairies, where they made but slow progress. The com-\\nmand reached Laredo on the 8th of December, and took\\npossession of the place without opposition. The men", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0342.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "someevell s expedition. 327\\nexpected to cross the river, and pass down through the\\ntowns of Guerrero, Mier, Comargo and Reinoso, to Mata-\\nmoras but after a few days rest, they w^ere ordered to\\nmove down on the Texas side of the stream. The first\\nnight out was spent in a dense thicket. The next mornings\\nafter reaching water, the General, learning that there was\\ngreat dissatisfaction at his not crossing the river, assem-\\nbled the men, and assured them that he was willing to lead\\nthem into the enemy s land but at the same time, unac-\\ncountably announced that all who desired to do so, were at\\nliberty to return home. Out of the 700 men then in the\\nranks, about 200, wath Colonels Bennet and M Crocklin,.\\nleft the army.\\nThe next day, orders were given by General Somervell\\nto march for Guerrero. They were still in the dense chap-\\narral, and it took five days to make the distance that ought\\nto have been traveled over in two. When they reached the\\nRio Grande, six miles from the town, December 14th, Major\\nHays and Captain Bogart, and a few of the men, crossed\\nthe river, and the whole army crossed on the 15th. The\\nMexican officer in command, Colonel Canalis, retired on\\nthe approach of the Texans. The place was comparatively\\ndestitute of supplies, and on the 17th they recrossed to the\\nTexas side. Here, on the 19th, the following order wa\\nissued\\nOrder No. 64. The troops Deloiiging to the Southwestern army will\\nmarch at tea o clock this morning for the junction of the Rio Frio and the\\nNueces, thence to Ganzales, where they will be disbanded. By order of\\nBrigadier General Somervell.\\nJohn TiEMrHiLL,\\nActing Adjutant General.\\nThis order astounded the men, who were anxious to avenge\\nthe insults which the raids of Vasquez and Woll had in-\\nflicted upon Texas. To this day it is still a mystery why\\nthe General abandoned the aggressive movement undertaken\\nby order of the President. We copy the closing paragraph\\nof his report to the Secretary of War", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0343.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "328 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nIt was from no apprehension of the scarcity of stores of subsistance,\\nthat the army under my command was ordered to withdraw on the 10th\\nult. But h;iviii been eleven days on the river, and knowing the various\\npositions of bodies of the enemy s troops, I was satisfied that they were\\nconcentrating in such numbers as to render a longer stay an act of impru-\\ndence.\\nAbout three hundred of the men remained after General\\nSomervell lelt. Some of them were without horses, and all\\nwished to make a hostile demonstration before returning to\\ntheir homes. William S. Fisher was elected commander.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acompanies were organized under Captains Eastland, Cam-\\neron, R^^on and Pierson. They were near the river, and\\nboats were secured to transport the baggage down to a point\\nopposite to the town of Mier, their first objective point. A\\nguard was placed on the boats, under the command of T.\\nJefferson Green. All arrived safely at a point opposite to\\nthe town. On the 21st a detachment of Texans entered the\\ncity and made a demand for provisions and horses, taking\\n*It has been conjectured that President Houston never intended an aggres-\\nsive movement against Mexico, and that Somervell acted under secret\\norders, in disbanding his men. If the General had intended to make the\\nexpedition a thilure, he could not have done it more effectually than he\\ndid; but with the fatality that attended so many of the military enterprises\\nof Texas, General Somervell, instead of orderinf/ his men home, permitted\\na fraction of them to remain, and enter upon the d \u00c2\u00abastrous Mier expedi-\\ntion. Better material for an army was never collected in Texas, than tiiose\\nin the Southwestern army when it left San Antonio. We give a few of the\\nnames of those who returned with General S.\\nJohn Hemphill, Wm.G. Cooke, C.N. Winfield, John H. Herndon, M.\\nAustin Bryan, B. J. Gillaspie, James R. Cook, George T. Howard, E. S. C.\\nRobertson, Clark L. Owen, J. B. Robertson, Shelby McNeil, T. S. Lub-\\nbock, John P. Borden, Thomas Green, Memucan Hunt, Ben. McCulloch,\\nJackHays, P. Hansborough Bell, Bartlet Sims, Capt. Bogart, J. N. Mitch-\\nell, Capt. Lowery, Robert Smithers.\\nWe subjoin the names of a few of the Mier men\\nWilliam S. Fisher, Thomas J. Green, Wm. M. Eastland, Ewin Cameron,\\nClaudius H. Buster, Wm. Ryon, Harvey Sellers, Freeman Douglas, George\\nB. Crittenden, Dr. R. F. Brenham, F. M. Gibson, Pat. H. Lusk, Henry\\nJourney, G. W. Pilant, J. G. Peerson, Thomas W. Cox, John R. Baker, S.\\nH. Walker, James C. Wilson, Wm. A. Wallace, Chas. K. Reece, John\\nSliipman, W. P. Stapp, and many others worthy of mention. A failure in\\nan army with such material is botli humiliating and unaccountable.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0344.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "THE CONFLICT AT MIER. 329\\nthe Alcalde as a hostage, until the provisions were delivered\\nat their camp on the river. While the Texans were quietly\\nwaiting for the delivery of the supplies, Ampudia, with\\nabout 2,000 Mexican soldiers, took possession of the town,\\nand of course the provisions were not delivered. The\\nTexans were encamped on the Texas side of the stream, and\\nnot receiving their supplies, they, on the afternoon of\\nChristmas day, crossed the stream and started for the city.\\nThe troops of Ampudia were encountered on the Alcantra\\ncreek, near the city. The Mexicans were driven into the\\ntown, though still fighting. The Texans were then pressing\\ntheir way towards the main plaza. The Mexicans continued\\nto resist, firing from the tops of the flat-roofed houses. A\\nlittle after daylight Colonel Fisher was severely wounded.\\nEarly in the engagement five of the Texan scouts were taken\\nprisoners. During a temporary slack in the fire from the\\nassailants ranks, consequent upon the wounding of their\\ncommander, Ampudia sent Dr. Sennickson, one of the pris-\\noners, with a flag of truce. Up to that time the Texans\\nhad been completely victorious, and might possibly have\\ntaken the city had the fight not been intermitted. But the\\nMexicans outnumbered them five or six to one. Fisher,\\nweak from the loss of blood, and afi*ected by the use of\\npowerful stimulants, felt unable to continue the combat, and\\nadvised a surrender. Ampudia oflered most generous\\nterms. In the meantime, before any conclusion had been\\nreached, two or three old men, and then others, went over\\non the Mexican side and laid down their arms. As this\\nprocess went on, there were too few left for successful combat,\\nand all finally surrendered. The prisoners were to be\\ntreated with the consideration which is in accordance with\\nthe ma^cnanimous Mexican nation. The Texans had 265\\nmen engaged in the fight, of whom sixteen were killed and\\nabout twenty wounded. The wounded were left in charge\\nof Dr. Sennickson, and the others hurried towards the city\\nof Mexico. They reached Matamoras on the 9th of January,,", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0345.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "330 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nand Monterey on the 26th of January, 1843. Passing\\nSaltillo, they arrived at the Hacienda Sahido, February lOth,\\nwhere they resolved to make an attempt to regain their\\nliberty.\\nOn the morning of the 11th, the prisoners, after an early\\nbreakfast and while the most of the guard were at their\\nbreakfast, leaving but two sentinels on duty, Captains\\nCameron and S. H. Walker, in a careless manner, approached\\nthe sentinels. Cameron gave the signal agreed upon, Xuw,\\nboys, yve go it, and suddenly seized one and disarmed him,\\nwhile Walker disarmed the other. The Texans rushed out\\nof the inclosed area and supplied themselves with such\\nweapons as they could pick up. The guards rallied, and\\nfur a few minutes maintained a sharp conflict, but finally\\ngave w^ay, and the prisoners were free.\\nThe Texans started immediately for home, passing around\\nSaltillo on the 13th of February. The next night they\\nabandoned the road, and attempted to make their w^ay\\nthrough the mountains became bewildered and scattered,\\nand suffered for food and water. On the 18th most of\\nthem were recaptured. Of the 216 at Salado, eighteen\\nrefused to join in the attempt to escape, five were killed,\\nsixteen were lost in the mountains, and probably perished,\\nfour made their way back to Texas, and 173 were recap-\\ntured. On reaching Salado the second time, on the 24th of\\nMarch, an order was received from Santa Anna to shoot\\nevery tenth man. The men were paraded and required to\\ndraw a bean out of a box, containing 159 white and seventeen\\nblack beans. Those drawing the black beans were taken\\nout of the ranks and securely guarded. They asked to be\\nshot in front, but this poor boon w^as denied them. Such\\nas were Catholics accepted the services of a priest the\\nIn this conflict the Texans lost in killed, Dr. R. F. Brenham and Lieu-\\ntenant Fitzgerald, both of whom had been in the Santa Fe expedition, and\\nMessrs. Rice, Lyons, and Iliofffison. Wounded, Captain Baker, G. Wash\\nTrahern, Hancock, Harvey and Stansbury.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0346.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "A DEATH-LOTTERY 331\\nothers requested one of their number, Robert Dunham, a\\n2)ious member of the Methodist church, to pray for them.\\nHe knelt down and offered a most fervent prayer. Religious\\nservices having been concluded, the men were blindfolded\\nand tied, and made to sit down with their backs to their\\nexecutioners; when the word was given Fire! All were\\nkilled but young Shepherd, who, though still alive, feigned\\ndeath, and during the night crawled off. He was subse-\\nquently recaptured and shot\\nThe black beans had been placed on the top, and the offi-\\ncers required to draw first^ but most of them escaped. A\\nfew days later a positive order was received from Santa\\nAnna, to shoot Capt. Cameron. It was said that this order\\nwas given at the request of Canalis, who had a quarrel with\\nCameron when in the campaign of the Republic of the Rio\\nGrande. The survivors shared the fate of other prisoners\\nin the hands of the Mexicans. They were chained together,\\nimprisoned, put to work on roads and other public improve-\\nments, half fed, and subjected to various insults from dom-\\nineerino- officers. A number died some were released at\\nthe solicitation of influential friends, (Col. G-reen at the re-\\nquest of General Andrew Jackson). During Santa Anna s\\ndetention in Texas, he was for a considerable time at the\\nhome of Dr. Phelps, and remembered with -gratitude the\\nkindness of the family. He released Orlando Phelps, Dr.\\nPhelps son. First Ampudia, and then Santa Anna, took a\\nfancy to a mere lad by the name of Hill and young Hill s\\nfather and brother were released and the young man sent\\nto the best college in Mexico. He adopted the profession\\nof a mininsr eno-ineer, and is still a citizen of Mexico. Tii\\nSeptember, 1844, the wife of Santa Anna died. It has been\\nNames of the victims: Wm. M Eastland, Robert Dunham, L. L. Cash,\\nJames D. Cocke, Edward Este, a brother-in-law of D. G. Burnet; Rol)ert\\nHarris, Thomas L. James, Patrick Malioii, James Ogden, Charles Roberts,\\nWm. Rowan, J. L. Shepherd. J. M. N. Thomason, James H. Torrey, James\\nTurnbull, Henry Whaling and M. C. Wing.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0347.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "332 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nstated that on her death-bed she requested that the Texan\\nprisoners might be set at liberty. At any rate, during this\\nperiod of grief, the Mexican President released the 104\\nsurvivors of the ill-starred expedition.\\nA large strip of country belonging to Texas, situated\\nnorth of Red river, was uninhabited. Traders, in going*\\nfrom St. Louis to Santa Fe, passed through this uninhab-\\nited district. It was expected a large party of Mexican\\nmerchants, with valuable stocks of goods, would pass along\\nthis route early in the year 1843. Some adventurers in\\nTexas looked upon this party as belonging to our Mexican\\nenemies, and therefore subject to legitimate plunder; and\\nunder instructions of President Houston, the War Depart-\\nment authorized the organization of a military company\\nfor its caj^ture. The command of the expedition was given\\nto Colonel Jacob Snively, a member of the President s staffs\\nas Inspector-Greneral. Colonel S. was instructed to remain\\non Texas soil make his ca^^tures only in honorable warfare,\\nand deposit one-half the spoils in the Texas treasury. But\\nas the men were required to equip themselves, when they\\norganized for the march, the requisition to give the treas-\\nury one-half the spoils, w^as unanimously rejected. The\\nplace of rendezvous was on Red river, near where the town\\nof Dennison now stands. The command, numbering 180\\nmen, left that place on the 25th of April, and struck the\\nSanta Fe trail at the crossing of the Arkansas river, about\\nthe last of May.\\nSnively s party failed to meet with the caravan but, on\\nthe 20th of June, fell in with a company of Mexican sol-\\ndiers, sent to guard the train. In the fight which ensued,\\nseventeen Mexican soldiers were killed and about eic htv\\ntaken prisoners. The Texans obtained a good supjDly of\\nprovisions and horses. After this brilliant achievement,\\nthe men became dissatisfied and demoralized, and separated\\ninto two parties one party choosing Captain Chandler as\\ntheir leader.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0348.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "THE UllSULINE CONVENT, SAN ANTONIO.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0349.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0350.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "snively s surrender. 335\\nThe St. Louis papers having published an account of\\nSnively s departure from Red river, General Gaines sent\\n200 U. S. dragoons, under Captain Phillip St. George Cooke,\\nto protect the caravan. On the 30th of June, the dragoons\\ndiscovered Snively s camj), surrounded it, and under pre-\\ntence that it was on the soil of the United States, compelled\\nthe men to surrender and give up their arms. Cooke offered\\nto such of the Texans as preferred to go to St. Louis, an\\nescort to that city. A few accepted the offer; but the\\nmost of the men wished to return to their homes in Texas.\\nCooke furnished such as chose to return, a few guns to pro-\\ntect themselves against the Indians. Snively s party now\\nnumbered 107. Chandler and his men were still in the\\nneighborhood, and had escaped the dragoons. On the 2d\\nof July, the two parties united. On the 4th, they had a\\nskirmish with the Indians and another a few days latei\\nFinally, August 6th, the command reached Bird s Fort on\\nthe Trinity river, where the men were disbanded. Subse-\\nquent investigation proved that Snively was on Texas soil\\nwhen disarmed by Cooke, and after annexation, a paltry\\nsum was paid into the Texas treasury by the United States,\\nfor the arms taken at that time.\\nAfter examining the published accounts of this expedition, and two\\nsketches in manuscript, by persons connected with it, we still find it diffi-\\ncult to fix accurately the dates and the connection of the different incidents.\\nWe have just obtained a new sketch, by Colonel Hugh F. Young, of San\\nAntonio, who was with Snively from the organization to the breaking up\\nof the party. The account is interesting, but too long to be copied. The\\nfollowing are the leading points in this sketch: 1. The legal character of\\nthe party. It was authorized by President Houston, and regular instruc-\\ntions given by the Secretary of War. While Gen. Houston was Senator,\\nhe declared that the expedition was without authority. We have seenihe\\nletter of instruction, signed Sam Houston. 2. The object of the expedi-\\ntion was to make reprisals for the raids of Vasques and Woll. 3. Lieutenant\\nJames O. Rice was guide, and under his direction the company took the\\nold Coahuiia trail to the mouth of the Little Wichita river, where they\\nforded Red river, at a place where it is from 400 to 600 yards wide. They\\nthen passed through the Wichita mountains, crossing the south and north\\nforks of the Canadian river and the Cimarone, and struck the Arkansas river\\nabout twenty-five miles below the Fort Leavenworth and Santa Fe road.\\n20", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0351.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "336 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAmong the prisoners taken by Woll, in San Antonio,\\nwas the former Lieutenant-Governor J. W. Robinson.\\nFrom his prison, Robinson wrote to Santa Anna, suggest-\\ning possible terms for the adjustment of the difficulties\\nbetween Texas and Mexico. It is likely that this course\\nwas adopted by Robinson primarily to regain his personal\\nliberty. At any rate, he was released and sent home by\\nthe substitute President, with important letters to Mr.\\nHouston. Though the proposition brought by Robinson\\nwas distasteful to the Texans, as it contemplated Texas as\\nprovince of Mexico, it produced a good deal of discussion in\\nwhich the diplomatic agents of both Great Britain and\\nFrance participated and finally an armistice was agreed\\nupon and proclaimed, June 13th, 1843, To continue until\\ndue notice to resume hostilities, (should such intention\\nthereafter be entertained by either party) should be formal-\\nly announced through her Britanic Majesty s Charges\\nn Affaires, at their respective governments.\\nThe further discussion of the relations between the\\ncountries was carried on through Hon. William Kennedy,\\nthe British Consul at Galveston. Santa Anna complained\\nThey had travelled about 560 miles. 4. They reached that point one month\\ntoo early, and while lying idle in camps, the men became dissatisfied and\\ninsubordinate. 5. They ascertained that Governor Armijo, of New Mex-\\nico, was camped at the Cimarone spring, with about 1,000 Mexican soldiers,\\nto protect the train. 6. Snively s men encountered and completely defeated\\na large advance party of Armijo, after which the Governor ingloriously\\nretreated to Santa Fe. 7. Chandler and his followers abandoned Snively.\\n8. Those with Snively were forced to surrender to Cooke. Afterward.\\nSnively, with a part of his command, reunited with Chandler. The\\\\\\nobtained information that the train was en route, only a few days march\\ndistant. 9. Owing to a reluctance on the part of tlie main body to march\\nfor the train, Snively resigned, breaking his sword; when Warfield was\\nelected commander. The men seemed still unwilling to attempt to take\\nthe train, and dissolved, and in small parties started for home. They were\\nin Texas when disarmed by Cooke, and the U. S. Congress, in spite of the\\ndeclaration of Houston, that the command was unauthorized, finally\\npaid each man eighteen and a half dollars for each gun taken. During\\nthe encounters with the Indians, four men were killed: Messrs. Davis,\\nSimmons, Sharpe and Caldwell.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0352.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "PEACE NEGOTIATIONS. 337\\nthat Texas still held Mexican prisoners captured at San\\nJacinto. To this it was replied, that all those prisoners had\\nbeen set at liberty in 1837, and that all who chose to do so,\\nhad returned to Mexico. But to satisfy the demand, Houston\\nissued a proclamation, ordering all prisoners released, and\\ndirecting them to report to the camp of Colonel Jack Hays,\\nwhen transportation would be furnished them and an escort\\nto the headquarters of Greneral Woll, near Matanioras.\\nAnother subject of complaint was, that Mexican citizens\\nhad been killed in the Southwest. To this it w^as answered,\\nthat that portion of Texas was infested by banditti, who\\nclaimed either Texan or Mexican citizenship, as best served\\ntheir j)redatory excursions. To break up this nest of robbers-\\nthe whole Southwest was placed under martial law, under\\nGeneral Davis. Another subject of complaint was that the\\nSnively expedition had been sent to rob Mexican merchants.\\nTo this the President replied, that as soon as orders could\\nreach Colonel Snively, that party should be called home.\\nSanta Anna, on his part, agreed to release allTexans in\\nMexican prisons.\\nCommissioners were finally appointed, to meet and discuss\\nthe questions at issue between the two countries.*\\nThe Commissioners met on the 26th of September.\\nTheir instructions were To endeavor to establish a general\\narmistice between Texas and Mexico, to continue during\\nthe pendency of negotiations for a permanent peace, and\\nadjustment of the difficulties between the two countries, and\\nfor such further period as they could agree upon requiring\\nnotice to be given by either party disposed to resume hos-\\ntilities, to the other, through the British Minister resident\\nat the corresponding Court, six months previous to any act\\nof hostility to agree that the Government of Texas should\\n.appoint Commissioners, clothed with full powers, to meet at\\nGeorge W. Hockley and Samuel M. Williams were the Texas Commis-\\nsioners, and Messrs. Landeras and Jannequi the Commissioners ou the part\\nof Mexico. They met at Sabinas, ou the Ilio Grande.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0353.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "338 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe city of Mexico, to negotiate for the adjustment of all\\nexisting difficulties, and for the establishment of a perma-\\nnent peace. As the Texans were anxious to gain time,\\nthe Commissioners were in no hurry to conclude their\\nnegotiations. In the mean time, the question of annexa-\\ntion had assumed a prominence which threw all others in\\nthe shade but, finally, February 18th, 1844, a general\\narmistice was signed. This document was unsatisfactory\\nto the Texas Government, as it referred to Texas as a\\ndepartment of Mexico. It was quietly deposited, without\\naction, in the archives of the State Department.\\nDurino: Houston s administration a verv serious disturb-\\nance occurred in East Texas, between two hostile factions,\\nboth of whom defied the civil law, and carried on their\\noperations according to the code of Judge Lynch. These\\nparties were called Regulators, and Moderators. In\\nShelby, Harrison, and some other counties, nearly the entire\\npopulation was involved in this vendetta. Hostile parties\\ntraversed the country, committing many unlawful acts and\\nkilling those of the opposite faction. It was supposed that\\nat one time as many as a thousand menwere under arms, in\\ndefiance of the civil authorities. Finally, when the citizens\\nbegan to feel that all the interests of society were in jeop-\\nardy, President Houston directed General James Smith to\\ncall out the militia and quell the disturbance. The men\\nthen generally returned peacefully to their homes, but it\\nwas several years before entire peace was established be-\\ntween the leaders of the Moderators and Regulators.\\nWhen Houston came into office, the vessels constituting\\nthe Texas navy were on the coast of Yucatan, employed\\nby the revolutionary Government of that State. Having\\nreturned from that service, the vessels sailed into JSTew\\nOrleans for repairs. While the schooner San Antonio was\\nat anchor in the Mississippi river, a mutiny occurred on\\nboard. The officers had an intimation of the intended out-\\nbreak, and were prepared for it. Several of the mutineers", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0354.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "SECEET SALE OF THE NAVY. 339\\nwere condemned and hung at the yard arm. In August,\\n1842, the San Antonio, Caj^tain Brannan it is suj^posed,\\nby order of Commodore Moore, as the Government at\\nWashington gave no orders sailed for Yucatan, it was\\nsaid, to collect dues from the Government there. She was\\nnever heard of afterward and it is supposed she foundered\\nat sea and all on board perished.\\nThough President Houston was opposed to aggressive\\nwar against Mexico, he thought a blockade might be main-\\ntained by the Texas navy of the leading Mexican ports.\\nTlie blockade had been proclaimed soon after the vessels\\nreturned from Yucatan, but months passed and the ships\\nwere still at anchor in the Mississippi, or at Mobile. The\\nvessels were ordered to Galveston for instructions. The\\norder was disregarded and was repeated, and Commodore\\nMoore ordered to report in person to the Secretary of War.\\nHe failed to report. Moore claimed that he had invested\\nlargely of his personal means in refitting the ships, and was\\nunwilling to leave them. He expected soon to sail for\\nYucatan on a cruise. The navy being thus idle, and its\\ncommanding officers failing to obey the orders of the Secre-\\ntary of War, Houston sent a message to Congress, which\\nwas considered in secret session, and on the 16th of Janua-\\nr}^, 1843, an act was passed secretly, for the sale of the navy.\\nPresident Houston sent Colonels James Moro-an and Wm.\\nBryan to New Orleans as Commissioners, with imperative\\norders to take possession of the vessels and bring them to\\nGalveston. The Commodore declined to deliver them up\\nbut proposed to bring them home and started, with Colonel\\nMorgan with him on the vessel. When they arrived at the\\nmouth of the river with the Austin and the Wharton they\\nreceived such information as induced Colonel Morgan to\\nconsent to a cruise on the coast of Yucatan. When Houston\\nlearned that his Commissioner had gone on a cruise with\\nthe recalcitrant Commodore, he issued a proclamation sus-\\npending Moore from command, and ordering the ships", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0355.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "340 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ndirectly to Texas. This last act had the desired effect, and\\nsoon afterward the ships sailed into Galveston. When it\\nbecame known that Congress had 2: assed an act for the sale\\nof the navy, the people of Galveston were very much exas-\\nperated. Public meetings w^ere held, and strong protests\\n2)resented against giving up this arm of defence and persons\\nwere advised not to bid on the ships if offered for sale.\\nThe sale was not attempted, and the ensuing Congress\\nrepealed the law for its sale, February 5th, 1844.\\nThe steamship Za valla and the schooner San Bernard\\nwere wrecked in a storm at Galveston, in October, 1842.\\nBy the terms of the treaty of annexation, subsequently\\nagreed to, all the surviving vessels were transferred to the\\nnavy of the United States. The vessels so transferred\\nwere the sloo^^ Austin the brig Wharton (formerly the-\\nDolphin) the Archer, (formerly the Colorado) and the\\nschooner San Jacinto. It was provided that the officers of\\nthe navy in actual service should be transferred with their\\nshi2: s, and in the same rank. But for some reason, we\\nbelieve they were not received into the navy of the United\\nStates.\\nAt the election held September 2d, 1844, Anson Jones\\nw^as elected President, and Kenneth L. Anderson, Vice\\nPresident.\\n*The total vote was 12,752; of which Anson Jones received 7,037;\\nEdward Burleson 5^668, and there were forty-seven scattering.\\nThe following were the leading officers daring this administration:\\nAnson Jones, Secretary of State; George AY. Hockley and George ^Y. Hill,\\nSecretaries of War and Navy, (consolidated into one office) William Henry\\nDangerfield and James B. Miller, Secretaries of the Treasury; George W.\\nTerrill and Ebeiiezer Allen, Attorney Generals; Asa Brigham, Treasurer:\\nFrancis 11. Lubbock and James B. Shaw, Comptrollers; Charles Mason,\\nAuditor; John P. Borden and Thomas William Ward, Commissioners ot\\nthe General Land Office James Roiley, Isaac Van Zandt and J. Pickne\\nHenderson, Ministers to the United States; Ashbel Smith, Minister to\\nFrance; William Henry Dangerfield, INIiiiister iQ the Netherlands, Belgium\\nand the Hanse Towns; Charles H. Raymond, Secretary of Legation to the\\nUnited States.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0356.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nJONES ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS PROSPEROUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ANNEXATION AGAIN AGITATED-\\nENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE UNITED STATES INTERESTED ACTION OP THE TEXAS\\nCONGRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE CONVENTION ACCEPT THE TERMS, JULY 4, 1845\u00e2\u0080\u0094 VOTE OF THE\\nPEOPLE.\\nJones Administration. Messrs. Jones and Anderson\\nwere inaugurated December 9th, 1844. Dr. Jones had\\nbeen Secretary of State during the previous administration,\\nand was familiar with the business of the Executive Depart-\\nment, especially the relations with foreign governments.\\nIn many respects this was an auspicious era. The pros-\\npect of peace with Mexico gave a new stimulus to immi-\\ngration good crops had, in a great measure, relieved the\\nembarrassments of the people and taxes were promptly\\npaid.*\\nThe Indians were remarkably quiet, and there was less\\ndisturbance upon the frontier during this administration\\nthan at almost any other period in our history. The diffi-\\nculties in East Texas, between the Regulators and Mod-\\nerators, had subsided, and throughout the Republic there\\nw^as no interruption to the administration of civil and crim-\\ninal law. At the organization of the courts, in 1836, there\\nDuring the fourteen months of the Jones administration the receipts\\nfrom customs amounted to $340,506; from direct taxes $27,561; licenses,\\netc., over $17,000, making a total of $385,000 and that in par funds, as the\\nexchequers had appreciated until thej^ were equal to gold and silver; so\\nthat after defraying the expense of an extra session of Congress, and of\\nthe Annexation Convention, repairuig the old Government buildings at\\nAustin, and removing the Government back to that city, there was a surplus\\nin the treasury sufficient,- says Dr. Jones, to support the State Government\\nfor two years.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0357.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "342 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwere four districts. The number had now increased to\\nseven.\\nNegotiations for permanent peace, based upon the inde-\\npendence of Texas, were stiil carried forward, encouraged\\nby the liberal disposition of General Herrera, who was now\\nPresident of Mexico. England and France, says Dr. Jones,\\ninfluenced by the strongest desire to prevent annexation,\\nand insure the separate indeiDendence of Texas, conjointly\\nresolved upon a diplomatic act, in June, 1844, by which\\nthese powers guaranteed the indej^endence of Texas, on\\ncondition that she should not be annexed to the United\\nStates. A year or two earlier, this proposition would have\\nbeen hailed with delight by the citizens of Texas but now\\nthere was a prospect of annexation, and all other questions\\nwere lost sight of. This question had entered into the\\nPresidential canvass in the United States, and Mr. Polk,\\nthe annexation candidate, had been elected.\\nPresident Jones felt the embarrassment of the situation.\\nTexas was an independent power; and with her diplo-\\nmatic agents in foreign countries, it would be manifestly\\nimj^roper for the executive to display too great an anxiety\\nto merge the sovereignty of the country in that of another\\nespecially while leading nations were negotiating in its\\ninterest. This caution of the President was construed into\\nindifference, if not hostility to the great measure of annex-\\nation and he was condemned in unmeasured terms. He\\nThe following were Chief Justices of the Supi eme Court during the\\nRepublic: James Collinsworth, John Birdsall (by appointment of the\\nPresident), Thomas J. Rusk, and John Hemphill. Clerks of Supreme\\nCourt: William Fairfax Gray, a,nd Thomas Green. Judges of District\\nCourt: Shelby Corzine, Benjamin C. Franklin, R. M. Williamson, James\\nW. Robinson, Edward T. Branch, John T. Mills, Ezeldel W. Cullen, Henry\\nW. Fontaine, John Scott, Anthony B. Shelby, AYilliam J. Jones, John\\nHemphill, Richardson Scurry, John M. Hansford, R. E. B. Baylor, Anderson\\nHutchinson, George W. Terrill, Thomas Johnson, Patrick C Jack, Richard\\nMorris, William B. Ochiltree, AVilliam E. Joues, M. P. Norton, John B.\\nJones, R. T. AVheeler.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0358.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "ANSOX JONES.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0359.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0360.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "QUESTION OF ANNEXATION. 345\\nwas further annoyed by parties who were determined to\\ninvolve the country in a war with Mexico, even before the\\nmeasure of annexation was determined. Some of these\\nwere military officers of Texas others were emissaries from\\nthe United States.\\nThis question of annexation was one of sufficient histor-\\nical importance to claim our careful consideration. It has\\nbeen recklessly asserted that many of the leading citizens\\nof the province came into the country intending to revolu-\\ntionize it and transfer its allegiance from the Mexican to the\\nNorth American Republic and that Greneral Jackson was\\nprivy to this manoeuver and gave it his sanction. This\\nsupposition is not worthy of a moment s attention. The\\nmen who settled Texas were -true men, and when they\\nbecame citizens of Mexico, it was with the purpose of becom-\\ning loyal subjects of that Government. At the Convention\\nof 1833, of which Austin, Houston, Burnet and many other\\nleading Texans were members, a warm attachment was\\nexpressed for the Mexican constitution of 1824, and for the\\nPlan of Zavalla, which proposed to restore that constitu-\\ntion, and under which Santa Anna had been elected Pres-\\nident. Two years later, the members of the General\\nConsultation, at San Felipe, deliberately renewed their\\ndeclaration of fealty to that constitution. Not would the\\nproposition to declare Texas independent have been enter-\\ntained for a moment, had not Santa Anna overthrown the\\nconstitutional government, and dissolved the State legis-\\nlatures, and established a central military despotism\\nBut after Texas had declared her independence at Wash-\\nington,/ on the 2d of March, 1836, and had achieved it at\\nSan Jacinto a few weeks later, they awoke to the difficulties\\nof maintaining a separate nationality. The country was too\\nnew too sparsely populated too poor to maintain an expen-\\nDr. Jones mentions among those who wei O determined to bring on a\\nJ war, ex-Governor Yell, of Arkansas, and Wicklifle, of Kentucky; Com-\\nmodore Stockton, and Major A. J. Donaldson.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0361.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "346 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nsive government, with its judicial, executive and legislative\\ndepartments, its army and navy, and list of diplomatic\\nagents in foreign countries. To avoid such heavy expenses\\nand responsibilities, the people, in September, 1836, voted\\nin favor of annexing Texas to the United States but the\\nauthorities at Washington declined to accept the new State\\nand the question for several years was in abeyance.\\nDuring the administration of Mr. Tyler, the President\\nwithout a party, it was intimated that if Texas would\\nrenew her application for admission, it would be favorably\\nreceived. The Texan Minister again brought the subject\\nto the attention of the State Department, and Mr. Calhoun\\nintroduced a bill providing for the annexation of Texas, by\\ntreaty, to the United States. President Tyler had miscal-\\nculated the temper of the Senate. That body, by a vote of\\nthirty -five to sixteen, rejected the bill. After this snubbing\\nMr. Van Zandt, the Texas Minister, withdrew the applica-\\ntion. Nor w^as Texas so much concerned about the success\\nof the measure as she had formerly been. Through the\\nBritish and French Ministers in Mexico, negotiations w^ere\\nin progress, which finally secured the Mexican acknowledge-\\nment of our independence, with an English and French\\nguarantee.\\nThe politicians of the United States were anxious to keep\\nthe Texas question out of the Presidential canvass for 1844.\\nIt was universally supposed that Mr. Van Buren would be\\nthe Democratic candidate, and that Henry Clay would\\nbe nominated by the Whigs and both these gentlemen\\nannounced themselves opposed to annexation. On the part\\nof Van Buren this announcement was premature. When\\nthe Democratic Convention met, he was shelved, and Mr.\\nPolk nominated. A heated political canvass followed. It\\nwas asserted that England and France wished to get a foot-\\nhold on this continent, by gaining the control of Texas,\\ncontrary to the Monroe doctrine. It was further asserted", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0362.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "JOINT RESOLUTION FOR ANNEXATION. 347\\nthat Great Britain was plotting for the emancipation of the\\nslaves in Texas.\\nAlthough the people of the United States had, in the\\nPresidential election, declared for annexation, it was still\\ndoubtful whether a sufficient number of votes could be de-\\npended upon, in the Senate, to accomplish the measure by\\ntreaty, and a joint resolution was passed by both houses of\\nCongress, to annex Texas to the Union as a State. This\\nwas promptly signed by President Tyler, and transmitted\\nto Texas.\\nOn the fifth of May, President Jones issued his procla-\\nmation for the election of delegates to a general convention\\nof the people, to consider the proposition which had passed\\nthe United States Congress. The Texas Congress met in a\\nWe ought, perhaps, here to corect an error into which Mr. Yoakum wa\\nled. Speaking on this subject, he says, vohune 2, page 421: At the\\nsame time Texas was informed that Mr. Doyle, the British Charge\\nd Affaires, had been instructed to propose to Mexico a settlement of the\\ndifficulties with Texas, based upon the abolition of slavery in the latter.\\nOn the contrary, Anson Jones says, (Memoranda for 1850, page 52) The\\nsubject of domestic slavery, about which so much alarm existed in 1844-45,\\nwas never so much as mentioned or alluded to by the British Minister to\\nthe Government of Texas, except to disclaim, in most emphatic terms, any\\nintention on the part of England ever to interfere with it here.\\nIndeed, that constituted no part of the policy of that far-reaching nation.\\nHer Texas policy was to build up a power independent of the United States,\\nthat could raise cotton enough to supply the world. Dr. Ashbel Smith,\\nwho was Minister to England during Houston s Administration, and Secre-\\ntary of State under that of Jones, mentions another topic, (see page 47.\\nLecture before Galveston Historical Society). It was charged that both\\nHouston and Jones were plotting to sell Texas to an European power.\\nThat they were engaged in a deliberate conspiracy to sell Texas to England.\\nA conspiracy against Texas and against a broad Continental\\npolicy. Yet, all the while, up to the last moment of the incorporation of\\nTexas into the American Union, no European power ever even hinted at,\\nmuch less did any one propose, any political advantage or influence, or any\\npolitical relation whatever; nor sought any commercial facility which would\\nnot, on the same terms, be open to the world. It may seem aliunde the\\nrecord of Texas history, to vindicate the loyal honesty of European cabinets\\nin their dealings with Texas, but be pleased to bear in mind tliat the vindi-\\ncation of these cabinets is, at the same time, the vindication of tjie honored\\nchief officers of the Republic of Texas.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0363.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "348\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncalled session, at Washington, on the 16th of June, and\\npromptly gave its assent to the annexation resolutions.*\\nThe Convention met in the city of Austin, July 4th, and\\norganized by electing Thomas J. Rusk, President, and\\nJames H. Raymond, Secretary. A committee was appoint-\\ned to whom the message of the President and the annexa-\\ntion resolutions were referred. The following is the report\\nof that committee\\nCommittee Room, July 4th, 1845\\nHon. Thos. J. Rusk,\\nPresident of the Convention\\nThe committee to whom was referred the communication of his Excel-\\nlency the President of the Republic, together with the accompanying doc-\\numents, have had the same under consideration, and have instructed me to\\nreport the following Ordinance, and recommend its adoption by the Con-\\nvention.\\n[Signed] Abnkb S. Lipscomb,\\nChairman.\\nAN ORDINANCE.\\nWhereas, the Congress of the United States of America has passed resolu-\\ntions providing for the annexation of Texas to that Union, which resolu-\\ntions were oflFered by the President of the United States on the first day\\nof March, 1845 and\\nDuring the Republic there were nine Congresses elected. The first\\nheld two sessions: one at Columbia, and one at Houston. The second con-\\nvened before the regular time, and held an adjourned session, April 9th, 1838.\\nThe seventh held a called session in Houston and another in Washington,\\nand the regular session at the same place. The ninth Congress held a called\\nsession in Washington, in June, 1845. This was the last meeting of the\\nCongress of the Republic, as at that session annexation was assented to.\\nThe following table shows the time and officers of the regular sessions\\nSENATE.\\nHOUSE.\\nNo\\nTIME.\\nPKES T. PRO TEM.\\n6ECRETART.\\nSPEAKER.\\nCHIEF CLERK.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n8\\n9\\nOct. 3, 1836.\\nMay 2, 1837.\\nsept. 25, 1837.\\nNov. 1838.\\nNov. 11. 1839.\\nNov. 2, 1840.\\nNov. 6, 1841.\\nNov. 14, i842.\\nDec. 4, 1843\\nDec 2, 1844.\\nR Ellis.\\nJ. Grimes.\\nS. H. Everett.\\nS H Everett.\\nNo Presid t Elected.\\nA. Jones\\nJ A. Greer.\\nJ. A. Greer.\\nJ. A Greer.\\n.1 A Greer.\\nK. Scurry.\\nA. Robinson.\\nW. F. Gray.\\nJ. D M Leod.\\nJ D. M Leod.\\nJ. D M Leod.\\nA. C. M Farlan.\\nS. Z. iloyle.\\nrotn Green.\\nM E .Jewett.\\nI Ingram.\\nB.T Archer.\\n.Jo. Rowe.\\nJ. M Hansford.\\nD. S. Kaufman.\\nD. S. Kaufman.\\nK L. Anderson.\\nN. ir. Darnell.\\nR. Scurry\\nJ M Lewis.\\nW. A. Feris.\\nW. p Gray.\\n.J. H. Shreve.\\nJ. W. Eldridge.\\nT. W. Ward.\\nJ H Raymond.\\nJ H. Raymond.\\n.J. H. Raymond.\\nJ IT. Itavn ond.\\n.1 11 l{iiynii nd.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0364.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "ANNEXATION ORDINANCE. 349\\n^V^hereas, the President of the United States has submitted to T^xas the\\ntirst and second sections of the said resolution as the basis upon which\\nTexas may be admitted as one of the States of the said Union and\\nWhereas, the existing government of the Kepublic of Texas has assented\\nto the proposals thus made, the terms and conditions of which are as\\nfollow\\nJOINT RESOLUTION FOR ANNEXING TEXAS TO THE UNITED STATES.\\nResolved hy the Senate and House of Bepresentatives of the United\\nStates of America in Congress assembled, That Congress doth consent that,\\nthe territory properly included within, and rightfully belonging to, the\\nKepublic of Texas, may be erected into a new State, to be called the State\\nof Texas, with a republican form of goverment adopted by the people of\\nsaid Republic, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of\\nthe existing government, in order that the same may be admitted as one of\\nthe States of this Union.\\n2. And he it further resolved, That the foregoing consent of Congress is\\ngiven upon the following conditions, to-wit; First\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B xd. State to be formed\\nsubject to the adjustment by this Government of all questions of boundary\\nthat may arise with other goverments,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and the Constitution thereof, with,\\nthe proper evidence of its adoption by the people of said Eepublic of Texas,}\\nshall be transmitted to the President of the United States, to be laid before\\nCongress for its final action, on or before the first day of January, 1846.-\\nxSecoJzrf\u00e2\u0080\u0094 said State, when admitted into the Union, after ceding to the\\nUnited States all public edifices, fortifications, barracks, ports and harbors,\\nnavy and navy yards, docks, magazines and armaments, and all other\\nmeans pertaining to the public defence, belonging to the said Republic,\\nshall retain all the public funds, debts, taxes and dues of every kind which\\nmay belong to or be due and owing to the said Republic and shall also\\nretain all the vacant and unappropriated lands lying within its limits, to be\\napplied to the payment of the debts and liabilities of said Republic of\\nTexas, and the residue of said lands, after discharging said debts and lia-\\nbilities, to be disposed of as said State may direct but in no event are said\\ndebts and liabilities to become a charge upon the Government of the United\\nStates. Third new States of convenient size, not exceeding four in num-\\nber, in addition to said State of Texas, and having sufiicient population, 1\\nmay hereafter, by the consent of said State, be iormed out of the territory\\nthereof, which shall be entitled to admission under the provisions of the\\nFederal Constitution and such States as may be formed out of that portion\\nof said territory lying south of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes, north lati-\\ntude, commonly known as the Missouri Compromise Line, shall be admit-\\nted into the Union with or without slavery, as the people of each State ask-\\ning admission may desire; and in such State or States as shall be formed\\nout of said territory north of said Missouri Compromise Line, slavery or\\ninvoluntary servitude (except for crime), shall be prohibited.\\nNow, in order to manifest the assent of the people of this Republic ,as is\\nrequired in the above recited portions of said resolutions, wo, the Deputies\\nof tlie people of Texas in convention assembled, in their name and by their\\nauthority, do ordain and declare that we assent to, and accept the propo-", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0365.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "350 HISTORY OP TEXAS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sals, conditions and guarantees contained in the first and second sections of\\nthe Resolution of the Congress of the United States aforesaid.\\nMr. Mayfield moved the adoption of the Ordinance upon\\nwhich question the ayes and noes were taken, and stood as\\nfollows\\nAj es Messrs. President, Anderson, Armstrong of J., Armstrong of R.,\\nBaylor, Brashear, Brown, Burroughs, Caldwell, Caznean, Clark, Cuniiing-\\nliam, Cuney, Darnell, Davis, Evans, Everts, Forbes, Gage, Hemphill, Hen-\\nderson, Hicks, Hogg, Horton, Holland, Hunter, Irion, Jewett, Kinney,\\nLatimer of R. R., Latimer of L., Lewis, Love, Lumpkin, Lusk, Lipscomb,\\nMayfield, McGowan, M jSTeill, Miller, Moore, Navarro, Parker, Power.\\nRains, Runnels, Scott, Smyth, Standefer, Taylor, Van Zaudt, White, Wood,\\nWright and Young 55.\\nNo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Bache\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1.\\nThe only negative vote cast was by Richard Bache, a\\ngrandson of Benjamin Franklin, who represented Galves-\\nton.\\nOn the ensuing 10th of October, the people, by a nearly\\nunanimous vote, ratified the action of the convention.\\nDecember 2d, President Polk signed the bill extending the\\nlaws of the United States over Texas. These laws, and the\\nj^ostal service of the United States, went into operation in\\nTexas February 19th, 1840; and on^that day President\\nJones relinquished the Executive authority to J. Pinckney\\nHenderson, the newly-elected Governor. Thus was con-\\nsummated one of the most remarkable events in the civil\\nliistory of the world, in which a nation voluntarily surren-\\ndered its sovereignty.-j-\\nt The following is a list of the principal oflScers during Jones adminis-\\ntration Ashbel Smith and Ebenezer Allen, Secretaries of State George\\nW. nill and William G. Cooke, Secretaries of AYar and Navy, (one office)\\nWilliam B. Ochiltree and John A. Greer, Secretaries of the Treasury;\\nEbenezer Allen, Attorney General; ]\\\\Iosos Johnson, Troasui-er; James B.\\nShaw, Comptroller Thomas William Ward, Commissioner of the General\\nJtj-nid Offic- Charles Mason, Auditor; George W. Terrill and Ashbel\\nSniiih, Ministers to Great Britain, France and Spain; James Reiley and\\nDavid S. Kauffman, Ministers to the United States: William D. Lee, Sec-\\nret., rv of Legation.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0366.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "VOTE OT^ THE ORDINANCE. 351\\nAt the election held on the third Monday in December, for Governor,\\nc.. the following was the result of the vote: For Governor, J, P. Hender-\\nson, 7,853 Dr. J. P. Miller, 1,673 scattering, 32. For Lieutenant Governor,\\nAlbert C. Horton, 4,204 N. H. Darnell, 4,084.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0367.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0368.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": ";SDrAN WAR DANCE.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0369.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0370.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "PART VI.\\nTexas as a State.\\nFROM 1847 TO 1878.\\n21", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0371.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0372.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nHENDERSON S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COURTS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PUBLIC DOMAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXANS IN MEXICAN\\nWAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HORTOX ACTING GOVKRNOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WOOD S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PUBLIC DEBT-\\nSANTA FE, AGAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 bell s ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE UNITED STATES PROPOSE TO BUY\\nSANTA FE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PEARCE S BOUNDARY BILL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SANTA FE SOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISPUTES ABOUT LAND IN\\nPETER S COLONY.\\n/pHE other States of the American union, when they\\n-L became such, passed from a subordinate condition of\\ncolonies, or territories to the automatic condition of States\\nTexas on the contrary surrendered her nationality, and\\ntook, comparatively, a subordinate place as one of the\\nmembers of the great confederacy. But in doing this, she\\nwas relieved of the burden of maintaining an army, a navy,\\na postal system, and a corps of diplomatic agents in foreign\\ncountries. From this time our history becomes more cir-\\ncumscribed, and limited almost exclusively to our own\\nimmediate territory.\\nGovernor Henderson was inaugurated February 16th,\\n1846. The constitution which had been prepared by the\\nconvention of the previous year, and adopted by the people,\\n:fixed the Grovernor s term at two years, and invested him\\nwith the veto power, and provided for biennial sessions of\\nthe Legislature. The Supreme Court, having only appellate\\njurisdiction, was composed of one chief justice and two\\nassociates. The Legislature formed eight judicial districts.\\nThe justices of the supreme court and judges of district\\n-courts were to be nominated by the Governor, and confirmed\\nby a two-thirds vote of the Senate, and were to hold office\\nfor six years.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0373.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "358 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAt the last session of the Congress of the Republic,\\naccording to the report of the Commissioner of the General\\nLand Office, the total amount of the public domain subject\\nto location and unsurveyed, was 181,991,403 acres.*\\nPending the annexation negotiations, the United\\nStates had kept on the Sabine an army of observation, con-\\nsisting of two regiments of cavalry and one of infantry,\\nunder General Z. Taylor. On the 26th of June, 1845, this\\nforce, somewhat augmented, sailed from New Orleans and\\nestablished military headquarters at Corpus Christi.\\nWhen the annexation bill passed the United States Con-\\ngress, Mr. Almonte, the Mexican Minister at Washington,\\ndenounced the act and demanded his passports. War with\\nMexico was seen to be inevitable and the Legislature\\npassed a bill authorizing Governor Henderson to command\\nthe Texans who might be mustered into the service of the\\nUnited States. Soon after General Taylor reached Corpus.\\nChristi he was reinforced by the arrival of the regiment of\\nColonel Twiggs, who had passed through Texas by land.\\nTaylor had about 4,000 men with him then. This was\\nabout the middle of January. On the 8th of March, the\\nadvance division left Corpus Christi under Colonel Twiggs,\\nand Taylor s army reached the Arroyo Colorado, thirty miles\\nfrom Matamoras, on the 18th. On the 3d of ^Tay, the\\nMexicans bombarded Fort Brown. The battle of Palo\\nAlto was fought May 8th, and that of Resaca de La Palma\\non the 9th, after which the army left the territory of\\nTexas.\\nTotal amount of land issued by the various boards of land commissioners,\\n43,543,970 acres of which the committee appointed to detect fraudulent claims,\\nrecommended 19,212.200 acres as good, the others, fraudulent. Amount issued\\nby Department of War, as bounty and donation claims. 0,300.000. Total amount\\nof land scrip sold y the late Republic, 3GS.787 acres\u00e2\u0080\u0094 making the total legal\\nclaims issued by Texas 25,880,093 acres; wliile the claims reported fraudulent\\nwere 24.331.7G4 acres. Total amount issued by th(; ]SIcxican authorities, a con-\\nsiderable proportion of which is supposed to be fraudulent, 22,080,000 acres.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0374.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "Henderson s administration. 359\\nOn the 2d of May, Texas was called upon for two regi-\\nments of cavalry and two of infantry\\nDuring Governor Henderson s absence from the State,\\nthe executive office was administered by Lieutenant-Gover-\\nnor Hortonf\\nGeorge T. Wood was inaugurated governor and John A.\\nGreer lieutenant-governor, December 21st, 1847. For five\\nyears since the inauguration of General Houston for his\\nsecond term, the public debt had remained tn statu quo,\\nexcept the accumulated interest. The previous Legislature\\nhad recommended the sale of the public lands to the United\\nStates, and the scaling of the j^ublic debt. In a message\\nto the Legislature, December 29th, Governor Wood said\\nThe debt must be paid. The honor of the State must\\nstand without blemish. We can never expect to attain a\\nThe following officers from Texas served for a longer or shorter period J.\\nP. Henderson, Major General of volunteers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 gtaft M. B. Lamar, Ed. Burleson,\\nH. L. Kinnej^ and Ed. Clark. First regiment, J. C. Hays, Colonel; S. H.\\nWalker, Lieutenant-Colonel M. Chevalie, Major. Second regiment, A. S. John-\\nston, Colonel; E. McLane, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Wells, Major. Third\\nregiment, George T. Wood, Colonel; P. H. Bell, Lieutenant-Colonel, and C.\\nE. Cooper, Major. Ben. McCulloch was captain of a spy company. According\\nto Mansfield s Report, there were G,672 Texans mustered into the service 243\\nwere discharged from disability; 39 killed in battle; 2 died of their Avounds;\\nlis died of disease; 115 deserted, and the remainder served their time out.\\nAccording to a report from the Adjutant-GeneraVs office of Texas, Texas fur-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0nished 8.018 men for the Mexican war. The Texans distinguished themselves\\nin everj^ battle. General Taylor complimented them very highly for their\\nbravery, but is said to have found great difficulty in bringing them under the\\nstrict rules of military discipline.\\ntThe returns from the election came in very slowly, especially from the\\nWest, which voted strongly for Horton. When the Legislature met. it appeared\\nfrom the returns then in, that N. II. Darnell was elected Lieutenant Governoj.\\nand he was accordingly swoi-n in, and for a few days presided over the Senate.\\nSubsequent returns elected Horton, and Darnell promptly resigned. D. G.\\nBurnet was Secretary of State John W. Harris, Attorney General; Jas. B.\\nShaw, Comptroller; James H. Raymond. Treasurer; Thos. Wm. Ward, Com-\\nmissioner of the Land Ottice, and Wm.G. Cooke, Adjutant General. At the\\nelection held in 1847, for governor, there were 14.7G7 votes polled; of which\\nGeorge T. Wood received 7.154. Dr. J. B. Miller 5,10G, X. H. DarneU 1.276,\\nand scattering 1.221. For Lieutenant Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. A. Greer 4,890, E. H.\\nTarrant 3,5G7, Edwin Waller 2,979, and some scattering.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0375.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "OOU HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMgh and permanent prosperity until it is done and the\\nconsummation of a purpose so noble calls for united and\\nenergetic action. On the 20th of March, 1848, a law was\\npassed, the first section of which required all persons having\\nclaims against the late Republic to present them to the\\nauditor and comptroller of public accounts by the first of\\nJS^OA^ember, 1849. Another section required the auditor\\nand comptroller to classify all the claims presented under\\nthis act, reducing the same to the actual par value which\\nmay have been realized by the late Republic. In a\\nmessage to the Legislature in November, 1849, Grovernor\\nWood recommended that Texas creditors be paid in land\\nat fifty cents an acre. Such a law was passed, but very\\nfew creditors chose to take the land, and the debt was still\\nunsettled when Wood went out of office.\\nSince the disastrous failure of the Smta Fe expedition,\\nduring Lamar s administration, no attempt had been made\\nto extend the jurisdiction of Texas over that distant portion\\nof the State. In 1846 General Kearney had taken posses-\\nsion of Santa Fe in the name of the United States. In\\nthe treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 22d, 1848,\\nMexico had ceded that territory to the United States, and\\nColonel Munroe, of the U. S. Army, was in command there.\\nIn 1847, Governor Henderson had called the attention of\\nthe Legislature to our claim to Santa Fe and in 1848 a\\nbill passed the Legislature extending the laws of Texas\\nover that portion of JVew Mexico east of the Rio Grande\\nriver, and Judge Beard was sent there to hold District\\nCourt. Colonel Munroe paid no attention to the Texas\\nJudge, and proceeded to order an election of a territorial\\ndele2:ate to the United States Cono-ress. Gov. Wood\\nrequested the Legislature to put the whole military power\\nof the State under his control, that he might enforce the\\nclaim; but in a correspondence with the State Department\\nat Washington, he was notified that if Texas attempted a\\nforcible possession of Santa Fe, the Texans would be", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0376.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "bell s administration. 361\\ntreated as intruders. In the heat of the controversy, some\\nof our writers contended that if the delegate from New\\nMexico was admitted to his seat in Congress, the Texas\\ndelegates should withdraw, and the State resume her sepa-\\nrate nationality. This question, like that of the settlement\\nof the public debt, was left for the next administration.\\nAt the election in the fall of 1849, P. Hansborough Bell\\nwas elected Governor, and John A. Greer, re-elected\\nLieutenant-Governor, j-\\nP. Hansborough Bell was inaugurated Governor Decem-\\nber 21st, 1849, and held the office for two terms, having been\\nre-elected in 1851. At the period of his inauguration the\\nSanta Fe question occupied the attention of the peojDle, not\\nonly of Texas, but of the United States and at one time\\nthreatened to create a serious disturbance between the\\nNorthern and Southern States the latter generally taking\\nsides with Texas. This question became linked with that\\nother harrassing one, the payment of our public debt. Our\\ncreditors were becoming clamorous for a settlement; and\\nwere sending urgent petitions to Congress, assuming that\\nthe United States, by taking the customs revenue of the\\nlate Republic, had become responsible for the payment of\\nsuch debts as had been contracted on the faith of the\\nRepublic pledging the customs receipts for their liquida-\\ntion.\\nOn the 16th of January, 1850, Mr. Benton introduced\\ninto the United States Senate a bill providing, among other\\nthings, that if Texas would cede to the Unjted States a\\ncertain portion of territory, and relinquish all claim on the\\nOfficers of the executive department during Wood s administration\\nSecretary of State, W. D. Miller; Attorney Generals, J. W. Harris, H. P.\\nBrewster; Comptroller, James B. Shaw; Commissioner of Land Office,\\nThomas Wm. Ward; Adjutant-General, John D. Pitts; Auditor, J. M.\\nSwisher.\\nt In this election there were 21.715 votes cast. P. H. Bell received 10,310;\\nG. T. Wood. 8.764: J. T. Mills. 2.032. For Lieutenant-Governor, J. A. Greer,\\n10,599; J. W. Henderson, G,981 Johnson, 1,289.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0377.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "362 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nUnited States for liabilities of the debts of Texas, c.,\\nthe United States would pay to Texas the sum of fifteen\\nmillion dollars, in five Der cent, stocks, redeemable fourteen\\nyears after date.\\nOn the 29th of the same month, Mr. Clay introduced\\none of those compromise measures for which he was\\ndistinguished. This provided for settling several irritating-\\nquestions such as the admission of California the estab-\\nlishment of the boundary line between Texas and Mexico\\nthe abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia,\\nand the modification of the Fugitive Slave Act. The fourth\\nresolution of this bill was as follows\\nBesolved, That it be proposed to the State of Texas, that the United\\nStates will provide for the payment of all that portion of the legitimate\\nand bona fide public debt of that State, contracted prior to its annexation\\nto the United States, and for which the duties on foreign imports were\\npledged by the said State to its creditors, not exceeding the sum of\\nin consideration of the said duties so pledged being no longer applicable\\nto that object, after the said annexation, but having thenceforth become\\npayable to the United States; and upon the condition, also, that the said\\nState of Texas shall, by some solemn and authentic act of the Legislature,\\nor of a convention, relinquish to the United States any claim which it has\\nto any part of New Mexico.\\nCongress proceeded slowly with the settlement of this\\nperplexing question. y On the 5th of August, Mr. Pearce\\nintroduced what has since been denominated the Bound-\\nary Bill a bill that finally became a law. In the debate\\nupon this bill, the speakers generally disclaimed any right\\nwhich Texas legitimately had to the territory of Santa Fe.\\nThe following, from the speech of Mr. Moore, of Pennsylva-\\nnia, illustrates the general tone of the debate\\nAnd here let me say that, while I may, perhaps, be willing to vote for a\\nreasonable sum to Texas in the settlement of this question, not one dollar\\nof it would I vote as a remuneration for the territory which she thus claims\\nbut because I feel that, having annexed that State to this Union, and taken\\nall her means of revenue, we are, in a measure, at least equitably, if not\\nlegally, responsible for the debts due from her at that time, and for the\\nliquidation of which debts these revenues were pledged.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0378.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "SCENE NEAR FORT MASON.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0379.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0380.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "THE BOUNDARY BILL. 365\\nIn the discussion on this subject, it Wcis generally con-\\nceded that all the debts contracted by the late Republic\\nwere upon the faith of the revenue derived from customs,\\nand it became a question of some moment as to the amount\\nof said debts. According to Gouge s Fiscal History, the\\npublic debt of Texas, at different periods, was as follows\\nIn 1836, $267,534 in 1837, $1,090,984 in 1838, $1,886,525\\nin 1839, $3,102,083 in 1840, $5,485,502 in 1841, $7,704-\\n328 and in 1851, with accumulated interest, $12,436,991.\\nBut we have already stated that the Auditor and Comptrol-\\nler, under the direction of the Legislature, and with the\\nassistance of a Legislative committee, had scaled this debt to\\na sum supposed to be equal to the par value received by the\\nlate Republic. In his speech before the Senate, Mr. Pearce\\nfixes the equitable debt at a little less than $4,500,000.\\nOn the 9th of August, Mr. Pearce s bill w^as engrossed\\nfor a third reading, and finally passed the Senate by a vote\\nof thirty to twenty. And on the 4th of September, it\\npassed the House without amendment, by a vote of one\\nhundred and eight to ninety-seven. It may not be improper\\nto state that the creditors of Texas had marshalled in force\\nin the lobby at Washington, and were energetically at work\\nto secure the passage of the bill. For the benefit of our\\nreaders we go^j the act in full\\nAn Act proposing to the State of Texas the establishment of her north\\nern and western boundaries, the I elinquishment by the said State, of all\\nterritory claimed by iier exterior to said boundary, and all of her claims\\nupon the United States.\\nBe it enacted, etc That the following propositions be, and tlio\\nsame are hereby offered to tlie State of Texas, which, when agreed to by\\nthe said State, in an act passed by the General Assembly, shall be binding\\nand obligatory on the United States and upon the said State of Texas pro-\\nvided, that the said agreement by the said General Assembly shall be given\\non or before the first day of December, 1850.\\n1st. The Stale of Texas will agree that her boundary on the north shall\\ncommence at the point at which the meridian of one hundred degrees west\\nfrom Greenwich i-; intersected by the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty\\nminutes north latitude, and shall run from said \\\\)o u\\\\t due west to tlie meri-\\nlian of one hundred and three degrees west from Greenwich;\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thence her", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0381.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "366\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nboundai y shall run due south to the thirty- second degree of north latitude\\nthence on the said parallel of thirty-two degrees north latitude to the RiO\\nBravo del Norte, and thence with the channel of said river in the Gulf of\\nMexico.\\n2d. The State of Texas cedes to the United States all her claim to the\\nterritory exlorior to the limits and boundaries which she agrees to estab-\\nlish by the first article of this agreement.\\n8d. The State of Texas relinquishes all claim upon the United States for\\nliability for the debts of Texas, and for compensation or indemnity for the\\nsurrender to the United States of her ships, forts, arsenals, custom-houses,\\ncustom house revenue, arms and munitions of war, and public buildings,\\nwith their sites, which became the property of the United States at the time\\nof annexation.\\n4th. The United States, in consideration of said establishment of bounda-\\nry, cession of claims to territory, and relinquishment of claims, will pay to\\nthe State of Texas the sum of $10,000,000, in stock bearing five per cent,\\ninterest, and redeemable at the end of fourteen years; the interest payable\\nhalf-yearly at the Treasury of the United States.\\n5lh. Immediately after the President of the United States shall have been\\nfurnished with an authentic copy of the act of the General Assembly of\\nTexas accepting the propositions, he shall cause the stock to be issued in\\nfavor of the State of Texas, as provided for in the fourth article of agree-\\nment: provided, that not more than five millions of said stock shall be\\nissued until the creditors of the State, holding bonds and other certificales\\nof stock of Texas, for which duties on imports were specially pledged, shall\\nfirst file at the Treasury of the United States releases of all chums against\\nthe United States for or on account of said bonds or certificates, in such\\nforms as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and approved\\nby the President of the United States: provided, also, that nothing herein\\ncontained shall be construed to impair or qualify anything contained in the\\nthird article of the second section of the joint resolution for annexing Texas\\nto the United States, approved March 1st, 1845, either as regards the\\nnumber of States that may hereafter be formed out of the State of Texas, or\\notherwise.\\nThe Boundary Act was signed by the President on the\\n7th of September, and immediately communicated to the\\nExecutive of Texas, who convened the State Legislature in\\nextra session at Austin. During the Congressional discus-\\nsions on the bill, a violent opposition to the measure was\\ndisplayed in Texas, e^^pecially to that provision which\\nretained in the United States Treasury five millions of the\\nbonds until the Texas creditors Avere paid off. This seemed\\nto throw suspicion upon Texas, and to imply that she would\\nnot promptly pay her indebtedness, even if the United\\nStates furnished the means. Again, there was opposition", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0382.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "CONTROVERSY AND LITIGATION. 367\\nto parting with any of her territory. Moreover, a certain\\nclass of politicians denounced the measure, because, as they\\nasserted, the Federal Government assumed too imperious a\\ntone towards a sovereign State. But the act required an\\nunconditional assent, and gave but a few wrecks for consid-\\neration.\\nIn Governor Bell s message, he advised the military occu-\\npancy of Santa Fe but suggested that Texas might be\\nwilling to sell the vacant land there, provided the territory\\nwas still left under the jurisdiction of the State. But when\\nthe Leo-islature came to discuss the merits and demerits of\\nPearce s bill, the opposition finally yielded, and on the 2oth\\nof JS ovember a law was passed, accepting the propositions\\nmade by the United States in the bill after reciting the\\nprovisions of which it declares\\n1st. That the State of Texas hereby agrees to and accepts said proposi-\\ntions; and it is hereby declared that the State shall be bound by the terms\\nthereof, according to their true import and meaning.\\n2d. That the Governor of this State be, and lie is hereby requested to\\ncause a copy of this act, authenticated under the seal of the State, to be\\nfurnished to the President of the United States, by mail, as early as prac-\\nticable.\\nThe act was to take effect from and after its passage.\\nThere has been a great deal of controversy and no little\\nlitigation in Texas, growing out of what is called premium\\nlands, given to empresarios, and companies introducing\\nimmigrants under contracts. During Bell s administration\\na serious difficulty arose between the settlers and the agents\\nof the company that settled Peters colony. The company\\nclaimed immense tracts of lands which colonists had located\\nand improved. When Mr. Hedgecoxe, the agent of the\\ncompany, attempted to run off these premium lands, he was\\nIt will be seen that Texas sold 98,380 square miles, equal to 56,249,640\\nacres. Had Mr. Clay s bill passed, we should have lost much more, includ-\\ning all that portion of the staked plains included in the fifty odd counties\\nlaid off by the Legislature iu 1876.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0383.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "368 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ndriven off by the people who occupied them. This led to\\nan investigation, when it was discovered that the company\\nlaid claim to over a million of acres of land more than they\\nwere entitled to. Of course their claim was disallowed,\\nand the land saved to the boiia fide settlers.\\nx\\\\t the election held in the fall of 1853, Elisha M. Pease\\nwas elected Governor, and David C. Dickson. Lieutenant\\nGovernor.*\\n*Officers of Executive Department, during Bell s administration James\\nWebb and Thomas H. Duval, Secretaries of State A. J. Hamilton and Ebe-\\nnezer Allen, Attorneys-General; J. B. Shaw, Comptroller; J. H. Raymond,\\nTreasurer; George W. Smyth, Land Commissioner; C. L. Mason, John S.\\nGillett and Ben. Hill, Adjutants-General; and John M. Swisher, Aditor.\\nIn the election iu 1851, there were 28,300 votes cast for Governor, of\\nwhich P. n. Bell received 13,595; M. T. Johnson, 5,262; J. A. Greer,\\n4.061; B. H. Epperson, 2,971; T. J. Chambers, 2,320; and there were 100\\nscattering. For Lieutenant-Governor, J. W. Henderson, 9,659 Matt Ward,\\n7,788; Dr. C. G. Keenan, 5,740; and John S. Gillet, 2,614. For a short\\nperiod, Mr. Henderson filled the Executive Chair, just at the close of the\\nterm, Mr. Bell having gone to Washington to take his scat iu Congress, to\\nwhich he had been elected. At the election in 1853, 36,152 votes were cast\\nfor Governor, of which E. M. Pease received 13,091 Wm. B. Ochiltree,\\n9,178; George T. Wood, 6,983; Lemuel D. Evans, 4,677; T.J. Chambers,\\n2,449 John AV. Dancy, 315 and 459 scattering. For Lieutenant-Governor,\\nDavid C. Dickson, 14,215; Dr. J. B. Robertson, 6,868; Jared E. Kirby,\\n6,967; William C. Henry, 4,823; Richard A. Goode, 835.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0384.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nPEASE S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEBT OP THE OLD REPUBLIC SCALED AND SETTLED\\nMEXICAN CART WAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TAXES RELINQUISHED TO COUNTIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 POLITICAL PARTIES\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nRUNNELS ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RAILROADS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN RESERVATIONS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CORTINA IN\\nBROWNSVILLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HO USTON S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 POLITICAL EXCITEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CORTINA\\nAGAIN- FRONTIER DEFENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOUSTON S MESSAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE- SECES-\\nSION CONVENTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ORDINANCE PASSED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS UNITES WITH THE NEWLY-FORMED\\nCoNFEDEltACY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOUSTON DEPOSED.\\n;T7(lISHA M. pease was inaugurated Governor on\\nJt-^ December 21st, 1851 was re-elected in 1853, and held\\nthe office for four years. In his first message to the Legis-\\nlature, he recommended, as of the utmost importance, that\\nsuitable and permanent proyision be made for the support\\nof public schools and also for the establishment of a State\\nUniversity. He also advised the Legislature to make pro-\\nvision for the establishment of asylums for lunatics, for\\norphan^, for the education of the blind, and the deaf and\\ndumb. And, except the orphan asylum, all went into\\noperation during his official term.\\nIn the debate in Congress in 1850, on the bill for the\\npurchase of Santa Fe, Mr. Pearce, the author of the bill,\\nopposed the reserve of five million bonds in the L^nited\\nStates Treasury, as he said, Because, 1st, I do not wish the\\nUnited States to become a commissioner in bankruptcy for\\nTexas and, 2d, I do not wish to place Texas in the condi-\\ntion of appearing to be obliged to be placed in the hands\\nof a commissioner in bankruptcy.\\nIn the progress of events during the settlement, precisely\\nthat state of thino-s occurred. The creditors of Texas\\ndemanded better terms than the State law gave them and\\nthe United States intervened, and in a bill known as the", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0385.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "370\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nTexas Debt Bill, fixed a different scale for graduating that\\ndebt and settling ^yith the creditors of the old Republic*\\nThe scale fixed for j^aying the creditors of Texas, by the\\nlaw of February, 1845, was seventy-six and nine-tenths\\n?ents on the dollar. Three classes of debts, as scaled by\\nTexas, amounted to more than that while the others were\\nless.\\nBy an old law, the United States were under obligation to\\nrestrain their Indians from committing depredations on\\nSpanish subjects in Spanish territory. Under this law\\nTexas presented quite a bill for protecting herself against\\nthe incursions of Indians from the United States. This new\\nThe following table exhibits the sliding scale adopted under the State\\nIN BOKDS, TKEASUBY NOTES, C.\\nTen per cent. Bonds under Act June 7, 1837\\nTen per cent. IJonds, Swartout\\nTen per cent. IJonds for naval vessels, Dawson Debt\\nTen per cent. Bonds for naval vessels, Holford Debt\\nTen per cent. Bonds for loan of U. S. Hank\\nTen per cent. Bonds, Funding Act, February, 1840.\\nEight per cent. Bonds, Funding Act, February, 1840.\\nKight per cent Treasury Bonds, Act Februxry 5, 1840\\nTen per cent. Treasury Notes, Act June 7, 1837\\nTen per cent Treasury Notes, Act June 7, 1827\\nTreasury Notes without interest, Act June, 1830\\nFace Value,\\nScaled Value\\nprin int.\\nby the Tex-\\nto July 1,\\nas Law, per\\n1855\\ndollar.\\n$1,657,803\\n70 cents.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22H,291\\n1.00\\n1,211,000\\n50\\n411404\\n50\\n960,498\\n87 45-100\\n1,627,784\\n30 cents.\\n46,596\\n30\\n1,417,680\\n20\\n65,208\\n1.00\\n451.708\\n50\\n2,199,728\\n25\\nThe facetious Gouge, on the fiscal affairs of Texas, pronounced this law\\nan act of repudiation; but adds: Far be it from us to doubt or deny the\\nsovereign right of a sovereign State to cheat its creditors. This is an attri-\\nbute of sovereignty which the States have never surrendered. If scaling\\na public debt to its equitable value is repudiation, Texas followed the illus-\\ntrious example of some ofher elder sisters. The same funny writer pro-\\nposed to have a pig carved in marble and placed over the entrance to the\\nTexas Treasury, because, forsooth, a pig saved Texas from a financial\\nmeasure in which millions would have been sunk. It happened, says this\\nastute writer, in this wise: Mr. Bullock s pig ate the corn fed to Mr.\\nSaligny s horses. Mr. Saligny s servant killed the pig; Mr. Bullock chas-\\ntised the servant, and the honorable French Minister made it a matter of\\ncomplaint to the Government. The matter not being satisfactorily adjusted\\nMr. Saligny complained to his brother-in-law, Mr. Humann, the French\\nMinister of Finance; and the result was, the contemplated sale of Texas\\nTjonds to Messrs. Lafitte Co., of Paris, failed. But we have had enough\\nof Mr. Gouge and his Financial History of Texas.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0386.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "THE DEBT SCALED AND SETTLED. 371\\nTexas debt bill required the State to relinquish all claims on\\nthe United States for Indian depredations during the Repub-\\nlic, if the bill was accepted. In a speech of Senator Rusk,\\nmade in the Senate Juty 12th, 1854, he introduced a certified\\nstatement from Mr. Shaw, the Comptroller of Texas, show-\\ning that Texas had expended for protection of the frontier\\nagainst Indians during the Republic: ^3,815,011; in the\\nnew Texas debt bill, the United States proposed to add to\\nthe previous price paid for Santa Fe, two million seven\\nhundred and fifty thousand dollars. It was estimated that\\nthis sum, in addition to the five million bonds still in the\\ntreasury, would pay all the debts for which the United\\nStates had become resj)onsible paying each one, as per\\nagreement, seventy-six and nine-tenths cents on the dollar\\non their respective claims. In addition to which the State\\nmust relinquish its claim of nearly four millions of dollars,\\nfor protection of the frontier. This bill w^as very objectiona-\\nble to the Texans so much so that at the election when,\\nby proclamation of the Governor, the people were requested\\nto vote on it, of the 45,000 who voted, 11,609 were for\\naccepting the bill 13,818 against it, and the others did not\\nvote on it at all. Governor Pease, in his message to the\\nLegislature, says\\nThe amount of this debt, on the 1st of July, 1850, as acknowledged by\\nom- laws, was $4,43o,638.78. If we were to pay it with interest from the I ^t\\nof July, 1850, to the time of payment, (and I presume no one will contend\\nthat, if the United States and the creditors were to consent to its payment\\naccording to our own laws, we would be justified in refusing to pay the\\nsame rate of interest that the stock is drawing) we would have left out of\\nthe five millions the sum of $705,452.32.\\nIf we accede to this Act, we shall receive out of the five millions, the sum\\nof $179,163.93, after paying the creditors according to its provisions, and\\nalso paying to those creditors whose pro rata will be less than we owe\\nthem, the difference between what we admit to be due them and their pro\\nrata, so that in a pecuniary view we lose but $526,288.39 by accepting this\\nAct, instead of paying the debt in accordance with our own laws.\\nThe Legislature finally passed the bill; and under its\\nprovisions, every creditor of the old Republic filed a receipt", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0387.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "372 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nin full in the Treasury Department of the United States, and\\nreceived his pay. Texas was then out of debt and, as\\nshown by the report of the Comptroller, there was in the\\nState treasury, exclusive of the school fund, $1,592,742.\\nThe extensive frontier of Texas, almost entirely destitute\\nof population, afforded slaves an opportunity to make their\\nescape into Mexico and it was sup^^osed that the lower\\nclass of Mexicans aided them in their flight. While Texas\\nwas at peace, Mexico was convulsed with perpetually recur-\\nring revolutions, and not a few of the citizens of the former\\nRepublic sought a home in Texas. Many of this class had\\nbeen Peons indentured servants at home, and readily\\nassociated with the servile population of Texas some inter-\\nmarrying with negro women. It was thought this imper-\\nrilled the institution of slavery, and public meetings were\\nheld at Austin, Gonzales and other towns in Western\\nTexas, and resolutions adopted protesting against the\\nemployment of Mexican laborers. But South-western Texas\\nwas largely represented by Mexican citizens; and their\\ncountrymen from the other side of the Rio Grande contin-\\nued to seek employment in Texas. Many of them engaged\\nin transporting goods from the western seaports to the\\ninterior and as they lived very cheaply, and drove ox-\\ncarts, they could carry freight at lower prices than regular\\nAmerican freighters. The latter determined to break up\\nthe ox-cart business. Bands of armed men collected in\\nKarnes and Goliad and some other counties, and assailed\\nthe Mexican trains, in some instances killing the drivers\\nand driving off their oxen. Governor Pease, when informed\\nof this state of things, visited San Antonio, and after inquir-\\ninto the facts connected with The Cart War, called out a\\ncompany of seventy-five men, and put a stop to the unlaw-\\nful interference with the cart-men.\\nIn Governor Pease s message to the Legislature, at its\\nsession in the fall of 1855, he says", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0388.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "E. M. PEASE.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0389.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0390.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "EXTEACTS FKOM MESSAGE ON FINANCE. 375\\nTfc gives me no ordinary pleasure to welcome you to the Capita], and to\\ncoiioiuuilate you upon the present condition of the State. We are receiv-\\ni.ig lar^ e accessions to our wealth and population our citizens are in the\\n.iju\\\\ ment of a healthful season and an abundant harvest every branch of\\nI histry receives its liberal reward, and our inhabitants are prosperous\\nl lappy in a degree unexampled in our former history.\\nWe copy Other paragraphs from the same message, on\\nthe subject of finance\\nFor the last four years, as you are aware, the State taxes have been re-\\nlinquished to the counties, and the expenses of the government have been\\npaid from the bonds received from the United States government in the set-\\ntlement of our Northwest boundary.\\nTheamouatof these bonds now remaining in the Treasury is $1,575,-\\n000, and if we continue to rely upon them to meet the expenses of the gov-\\nernment, they will, with the interest accruing on them, pay these expenses\\nfor about eight 5 ears.\\nBut these bonds having been received as the consideration for our relin-\\nquishment of the right of soil and jurisdiction over a portion of the terri-\\ntory acquired by our revolution, ought not to be expended for temporary\\npurposes they ought rather to be husbanded and used for objects of public\\nutiUty, permanent in their character.\\nThe main reason a ^signed for relinquishing the State tax to the counties,\\nwas to enable them to build court-houses and jails. Those counties which\\nhave naade a judicious use of this tax are now supplied with these buildings,\\nand this reason can no longer be urged.\\nI am opposed to any future relinquishment of the State tax to the coun-\\nties, and think that it should be relied on to meet the ordinary expenses of\\nthe government; this course will probably tend to economy in these ex-\\npenses, for where the means for the support of a government are derived\\nfrom a direct tax upon the people, it will be found that they are more watch-\\nful to prevent lavish and improvident appropriations, and hold their officers\\nto a more rigid accountability.\\nIf we act upon these suggestions, we will still have to use a portion of\\nthese bonds to meet the outstanding appropriations for the years 1854 and\\n1855, and also for the appropriations for the year 1856, as the taxes assessed\\nfor that year will not be collected until 1857.\\nDuring Pease s administration, the principal offices in the executive\\ndepartment were tilled as follows Edward Clark, Secretary of State James\\nB.Shaw, Comptroller; James II. Raymond, Treasurer; Thomas J. Jen-\\nnings and James VVilley, Attorneys-General; Stephen Crosby, Land Com-\\nmissioner.\\nAt the election in 1855, there were 46,339 votes cast for Governor- of\\nwhich E. II. Pease received 26,336; David C. Dickson, 17,968; scattering,\\n1,036. For Lieutenant-Governor, Hardin K. Runnels received 21,073; W.\\n22", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0391.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "376 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nHardin R. Runnels was inaugurated Governor, December\\n21st, 1857. During that year a very severe drouth pre-\\nvailed in a considerable joortion of the State but popula-\\ntion and wealth continued to flow in from the older States,\\nand his administration includes a prosj^erous era in our\\nhistor3\\\\\\nThe Governor, in his message, complains of the slow\\nprogress of railroads, notwithstanding the immense land\\ndonations, and the loan of $6,000 per mile from the school\\nfund, for every mile of completed road. He advised the\\nLegislature to grant no more charters, and to hold the\\ncompanies already chartered to a rigid accountability.\\nG. W. Jowers, 17,817, and Andrew Neill, 4,300. At the election in 1857\\nthere were 56,180 votes polled; of which Hardin R. Runnels received 32,-\\n552, and Sam Houston 23,628. For Lieutenant-Governor, F. R. Lubbock,\\n33, 379 Jesse Grimes, 20,818, and F. Smith, 878.\\nIt was during Pease\\\\s administration that political parties were organ-\\nized in Texas. The State had been introduced into the Union under the\\nauspices of the Democrats, and the great mass of tlie people were of that\\nparty. The Constitution of 1845 was in accordance with the principles of\\nthe Democracy. Banks and banking were prohibited, and the State was\\nprohibited from taking stock in any corporation. At the election in 1853,\\nPease bad five or six competitors for the oflS^ce. Any one who chose to do\\nso, announced himself a candidate for any elective office and men were\\nelected on pei-sonal considerations. Sometimes an apparently frivolous\\ncircumstance affected the election. General Houston often remarked, in a\\njesting manner, that in a parenthesis he had made Lamar President. In\\nhis first draft of his official report of the battle of San Jacinto, he di(^ not\\nmention Lamar s name but when he came to revise it, lie threw in a par-\\nenthetical sentence, mentioning the heroic feat of Lamar, on the afternoon\\nof April 20th. On the contrary, Hendei son said that by the omission of\\nWood s name, in an official report of one of the battles of Mexico, he had\\nmade him his successor. Wood had behaved with distinguished gallantry,\\nand his men felt that he had been slighted in the report, and to compen-\\nsate him, elected liim Governor on his return from Mexico. In 1854, the\\nKnow-Nothing party was organized, and that party for a time had a large\\nnumber of lodges in Texas; in some counties electing local officers; and in\\n1855, returning L. D. Evans to Congress from the eastern district. Dr.\\nDickson, the Know-Nothing candidate against Pease, received some 4,000\\nmore votes than had ever before been given for Governor. But he lacked\\nstill several thousand of an election. After that campaign, the Know-\\nNothing party ceased to be a factor in Texas politics.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0392.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "LOCAL DISTURBANCES. 377\\nWhile there was general peace throughout the State,\\nthere were some local disturbances. The Indians who had\\nbeen collected upon the reservation in Young county, proved\\na source of irritation. They had stocks of horses and cattle\\nand the frontier settlers had similar stocks. The Indians\\nwere accused of committing depredations upon the property\\nof the whites quarrels followed, in which a number of the\\nIndians were killed. The result was they had to be re-\\nmoved from Texas. There was also trouble on the Rio\\nGrande. It was during this administration that Juan JN\\nCortina commenced his depredations on that frontier. He,\\non the 1st of October, took military possession of Browns-\\nville but was soon driven back into Mexico.\\nThe Know-Nothiiig party had but a brief career in Texas. It was a\\nsecret society, and secret political societies are conti-ary to the genius of our\\ninstitutions. It was said to have had tests of a religious character and that\\nis contrary to the American Constitution. Again, it was said to array one\\nrace against anotlier; and that, in Texas, which invited inhabitants of all\\nnationalities to become citizens, was unwise and impolitic. For the infor-\\nmation of those not familiar with the political controversies of our country,\\nit may be proper to remark, that for the admission of Missouri into the\\nUnion, Mr. Clay introduced one of his compromise measures, which declared\\nthat hereafter all States formed north of the line of thirty-six degrees,\\nthirty minutes, should exclude the institution of domestic slavery, but that\\nsouth of that degree slavery might be adopted or excluded. The compro-\\nmise measure introduced by Mr. Clay in 1850, provided that California\\nshould be admitted as a free State and that the Territories of Utah and\\nNew Mexico should be formed without any provision concerning slavery;\\nthat the slave trade should be prohibited in the District of Columbia; and\\nthat a fugitive slave law should be enacted, providing for the return to\\ntheir owners of slaves escaping to a free State.\\nWhat was called the Squatter Sovereignty doctrine, incorporated by Sen-\\nator Douglas into the Kansas-Nebraska bill, introduced into the United\\nStates Senate in December, 1854, virtually repealed the Missouri Com|)ro-\\nmise. It declared that tliat compromise, being inconsistent with th i\\nprinciples of non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and\\nTerritories, as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the\\nCompromise measures, is liereby declared inoperative and void, it beiiig the\\ntrue intent and meaning of this act, not to legislate slavery into any Terri-\\ntory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof\\nperfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own\\nway, subject only to the Constitution of the United States.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0393.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "378 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe operation of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, was not\\nas favorable to the South as its friends had anticipated. In\\nthe intense sectional excitement of the period, it became\\napparent that unless some action was taken by the united\\nSouth, Kansas would become a free State. Grovernor\\nRunnels called the attention of the Legislature to this\\nsubject. In accordance with the Governor s suggestion, the\\nLegislature, in February, 1858, passed a joint resolution\\non the subject. The preamble announced that a portion of\\nthe population of Kansas were determined by force to\\nexclude the citizens of the slaveholding States from a just\\nand peaceful participation in the use and enjoyment of the\\ncommon property and territory, c., and passed the follow-\\ning resolution\\nResolved, c., That the Governor of the State is hereby authorized to\\norder an election for seven delegates, to meet delegates appointed by the\\nother Southern States in convention, v^henever the Executives of a major-\\nity of the slaveholding States shall express the opinion that such convention\\nis necessary to preserve the equal rights of such States in the Union, and\\nadvise the Governor of this State that measures have been taken to meet\\nthose of Texas.\\nThe Grovernor was further authorized to call an extra\\nsession of the Legislature, if he deemed it necessary, to\\nUnder the Missouri Compromise, Nebraska and Kansas would have been\\nfree States. This bill gave the people of the South permission, if they\\nchose to do so, to enter them with their slaves, and was generally acceptable\\nto the South. Senator Houston voted against it, predicting that it would\\npractically exclude slavery, even from Kansas. That vote was condemned,\\nand he was left out of the Senatorial delegation.\\nWhen Texas was admitted into the Union, there were but two political\\nparties in the United States the Democrats and the Whigs. At the election\\nin 18^8 a new party, opposed to any more slave territory, put Mr. Van\\nBuren in the field as a candidate for the Presidency. General Taylor, the\\nWhig candidate, was elected, though Texas voted for Mr. Cass. By the\\ntime of the Presidential election in 1856, the Whig party had ceased to exist\\nhaving, in the North, been generally absorbed by the Kepublicau party,\\nwhich chose John C. Fremont for its Presidential candidate. Millard\\nFillmore was the candidate of the Whigs. Mr. Buchanan, the Democratic\\ncandidate, was elected.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0394.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "HOUSTON ELECTED GOVERNOR 379\\nconsider this subject, and even to make arrangements for\\na convention of the people, representing the sovereignty of\\nthe State.\\nAt the election held in the fall of 1859, Mr. Runnels was\\nthe regular Democratic nominee, and Sam Houston again\\nran as an Independent candidate.* Houston was elected. f\\nSam Plouston was inaugurated Governor, December 21st,\\n1859. It was a period of intense political excitement. The\\ngreat canvass was just opening which resulted the next\\nyear in the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of\\nthe United States. Houston had been elected over Mr.\\nRunnels, the regular nominee of the Democratic party in\\nTexas but he found himself not in harmony with the\\nLegislature. Fires, supposed to be incendiary, were of\\nfrequent occurrence. The Indians, after their removal from\\nthe reservation, had been more hostile and barbarous than\\never. On the Rio Grande frontier, Cortina was committing\\nfrequent depredations, sometimes crossing to the Texas side\\nand coimmitting murders and thefts. After sending two\\ncommissioners to the Rio Grande to obtain accurate infor-\\nmation, the Governor dispatched Major Forbes Britton to\\nWashington, to secure protection on that border. The\\nresult was an order from the War Department to Colonel\\nRobert E. Lee, then in command in Texas, to cross the\\nriver, if necessary, and break up Cortina s band. The\\nGovernor acted with equal promptness in his efforts to\\nprotect the frontier. Five days after his inauguration, he\\nordered Capt. W. C. Dalrymj)le to raise a company of sixty\\nmen for frontier protection. This was followed in a few\\ndays by similar orders to Captains Ed. Burleson, and John\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Executive officers during Runnels administration: T. S. Anderson,\\nSecretary of State; Clement R. Johns, Comptroller; C. H. Randolph,\\nTreasurer; F.M.White, Commissioner of Land Office; M. D. Graham,\\nAttorney-General.\\nt At the election, 64,027 votes were cast for Houston, 36,257 for Runnels\\n-27,500.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0395.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "380 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nC. Connor. In February, three other companies of twenty-\\nfive men each were called out, under Lieutenants White,\\nSalmon and Walker\\nThe frontier being still harassed, on the 9th of March,\\nthe Governor authorized the Chief Justice of each of the\\nfrontier counties to call out, at any time necessary, a com-\\n2)any of fifteen men and Captain Peter Tomlinson was\\nauthorized to raise a comj^any of forty-eight men to range\\nbetween the Frio and Rio Grande. Colonel M. T. Johnson\\norganized an expedition to pursue the Indians into their\\nown country. Later in the year. Captain L. S. Ross pur-\\nsued a party of savages that had been committing serious\\ndepredations in Palo Ponto and Jack counties, and severely\\n23unished them; recovering Cynthia Ann Parker, taken\\nprisoner at the Parker s Fort massacre in 1836.\\nThese disturbances did not, could not, divert attention\\nfrom the exciting scenes of the Presidential election of 1860.\\nHouston had addressed letters to the Governors of other\\nSouthern States, suggesting concerted action. He i^iet with\\nno favoraMe response. On the 17th of December he issued\\na proclamation, convening the Legislature in extra session,\\nJanuary 21st, 1861. In his message, referring to the subject,\\nhe says\\nTlie Executive feels as deeply as any of youi* honorable bodv, the neces-\\nsity for such action on the part of the slaveholding States as will secure to\\nthe fullest extent every right they possess. Self-preservation, if not a man-\\nly love of liberty inspired by our past history, prompts this determination.\\nBut he cannot feel that these dictate hasty and unconcerted action, nor can\\nhe reconcile to his mind tiie idea that our safety demands an immediate\\nseparation from the Government, ero we have stated our grievances or de-\\nmanded redress. A high resolve to maintain our constitutional rights, and\\nfailing to obtain them, to risk the perils of revolution, even as our failiers\\nrisked it, should, in my opinion, actuate every citizen of Texas; but we\\nshould remember that we owe duties and obligations to States having rights\\nin common with us, and whose institutions are the same as ours. No\\naggression can come upon us which will not be visited upon them, and\\nwhatever our action may be, it should be of that character which will bear\\nlis blameless to posterity, should the step be fatal to the interests of those\\nStates.\\nWhile deploring the election of Messrs. Lincoln and Hamlin, the Exec-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0396.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "Houston s sentiments. 381\\nutive yet has seen in it no cause for the immediate and separate secession of\\nTexas. Believing, however, that the time had come wlien the Southern\\nStates should co-operate and counsel together, to devise means for the main-\\ntainance of their constitutional rights and to demand redress for the griev-\\nances thev have been suffering at the hands of many of the Northern States,\\nlie has directed his efforts to that end. Believing that a convention of the\\ncharacter contemplated by the Joint Resolution of February 16th, 1858,\\nwould be held, and desiring that the people of Texas should be represented\\nin the same and have full opportunity to elect delegates reflecting their will,\\nhe ordered an election for that purpose to be held on the first Monday in\\nFebruary next. Although since that time four of the Southern States have\\ndeclared themselves no longer members of the Union, yet he confidently\\nlooks forward to the assembling of such a body. A majority of the South-\\nern States have as yet taken no action, and the efforts of our brethren of the\\nborder are now directed toward securing unity of the entire South. The\\ninterests of Texas are closely identified with the remaining States, and if\\nby joining her counsels with theirs, such assurances can be obtained, of a\\ndetermination on the part of the Northern States to regard our Constitu-\\ntional rights, as will induce the States which have declared themselves out\\nof tlie Union to rescind their action, the end attained will silence whatever\\nreproaches the rash and inconsiderate may heap upon us.\\nThe sentiments of Grovernor Housion were not in harmony\\nwith those of the Legislature or the leading politicians of the\\nState. Instead of waiting until the first Monday in February,\\nand electing delegates to a Convention of the Southern States,\\nas contemplated in the act of February, 1858, and ordered\\nby Houston s proclamation, the people, by common consent,\\non the 8th of January, elected delegates to a State Conven-\\ntion. The Convention was composed of two members for\\nevery member of the House of Representatives and met\\nin Austin, January 23d, 1861. It was organized by electing\\nOran M. Roberts president, and R. T. Browning secretary.\\nThough the Convention had met without a special summons\\nfrom the Executive of the State, it was promptly recognized\\nby the Legislature, and Governor Houston announced that\\nhe would not stand in the way of the wishes of the people\\nof the State. It was evident that the ordinance of seces-\\nsion would be passed by an overwhelming majority. Fif-\\nteen years before, the Texans were so anxious to get into\\nthe Uni(m that they were impatient at the necessary delay\\nin effecting that measure, and a proposition was introduced", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0397.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "382 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ninto Congress to displace President Jones, and inaugurate\\na Government ad interim, to hasten annexation. Thev were\\nnow in a much greater hurry to precipitate the act of seces-\\nsion. The first day of the session of the Convention was\\nspent in debating the question of submitting the ordinance\\nto a vote of the people. That was decided by a vote of\\n140 for, and 28 against submitting it to a popular vote.\\nThe Ordinance of Secession, as finally passed, was as\\nfollows\\nAn Ordinance to Dissolve the Union between the State of Texas and the\\nother States, united under the compact styled The Constitution of the\\nUnited States of America J\\nSection 1st. Whereas, the Federal Government has failed to accomplish\\nthe purposes of the compact of Union between these States in giving protec-\\nVote. Yeas. Mr. President, Abercrombie, Allen, J. M. Anderson, T.\\nS. Anderson, Armstrong, Askew, Adams, Batte, Beasly, Box, Burditt,\\nBurroughs, Burton, Blythe, Braliau, Brown, Black, Broadus, Casey, T. J.\\nChambers, ym. Chambers, J. G. Chambers, Campbell, Charlton, Chisan,\\nClayton, Cook, Chilton, Clark, Jr., Cleveland, Coke, Davidson, Devine,\\nDiamond, Donelson, Dougherty, Dancy, Deen, Davenport, Wm. W. Dia-\\nmond, Dunham, Early, Edwards, Field, Flournoy, Ford, Full, Feeiiey,\\nSpencer Ford, Frost, Galloway, Gold, Graham, Green, Gawhal, Robert\\nGraham, Gray, Gregg, Henderson, Herbert, Hill, Hogg, Hooker, Howard,\\nHays, Hicks, Hobby, Holt, Hord, Hoyle, Hutchison, Ireland, Jennings,\\nJones, Kelly, Koester, Latham, Lasseur, Lester, Locke, Lubbock, Lea, Lit-\\ntleton, Lofton, Luckett, MaKby, Maxey, M Craven, M Cray, Miller, Thomas\\nMoore, T. C. Moore, Montel, Muller, Marshall, Lewis W. Moore, M In-\\ntosh, M Craw, Mills, Moss, Nash, Neal, Newsom, Nichols, Nicholson,\\nNoendorf, Nelson, Nayland, A. J. Nicholson, Norris, Obenchain, Ochiltree,\\nOldham, Palmer, W. K. Payne, W. M. Payne, Peck, Pope, Pendergrast,\\nPoag, Portis, Preston, Price, Rainey, Reagan, Rector, Robertson, Rogers,\\nJ. C. Robertson, Rliome, Wm. P. Rogers, James H. Rogers, Ross, Rugely,\\nRunnels, Scarborough, Scurry, S. S. Smith, G. Smith, Scott, Shepherd,\\nStell, Charles Stewart, J. G. Stewart, Stockdale, Wm. H. Stewart, Taylor,\\nB. F. Terry, N. Terry, Thomason, Todd, Thompson, Waller, Walworth\\nWarren, AVard, Watkins, Weir, AVharton, AViley, AVilson, Wilcox, Benja-\\nmin Williams, Work, 167.\\nNoes. Hughes, Johnson of Lamar, Johnson of Titus, Shuford,^ Throck-\\nmorton, Williams of Lamar, and Wright.\\nAt tlie re-assembling of the Convention, March 2d, the following names\\nwere added to the yeas: Bagby, Chambers, Baxter, Cox, Hall, Harrison^\\nHenderson, Henry, Hunt, Jones, Mattox, Montgomery, M Call, Nash,\\nStapp, Russel, Wilson, Word.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0398.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "SECESSION ORDINANCE. 385\\ntion eithei* to the persons of our people upon an exposed frontier, or to the\\nproperty of our citizens; and, whei-eas, the action of the Northern States of\\nthe Union is violative of the compact between the States and the guaranties\\nof the Constitution and, whereas, the recent developments in Federal\\naffixirs make it evident that the power of the Federal Government is sought\\nto be made a weapon with which to strike down the interests and prosper-\\nity of the people of Texas and her sister slave-holding States, instead of\\npermitting it to be as was intended, our shield against outrage and aggres-\\nsion, therefore, We, the people of the State of Texas, by Delegates in\\nConvention assembled, do declare and ordain that the Ordinance adopted\\nby our Convention of Delegates on the fourth (4th) day of July, A. D.,\\n1845, and afterwards ratified by us, under which the RepubUc of Texas\\nwas admitted into the Union with other States, and became a party to the\\ncompact styled The Constitution of the United States of America, be and\\nhereby is repealed and annulled.\\nThat all the powers which, by the said compact, were delegated by Texas\\nto the Federal Government, are revoked and resumed. That Texas is of*\\nright absolved from all restraints and obligations incurred by said com-\\npact, and js a separate sovereign State, and that her citizens and people are\\nabsolved from all allegiance to the United States or the Government thereof.\\nSec. 2d. This ordinance shall be submitted to the people of Texas for\\ntheir ratification or rejection by the qualified voters, on the 23d day of\\nFebruary, 1861 and, unless rejected by a majority of the votes cast, shall\\ntake eflfect and be in force on and after the second day of March, A. D.\\n1861 Provided, that in the representative district of El Paso, said election\\nmay be held on the 18th day of February, 1861.\\nDone by the people of the State of Texas, in Convention assembled, at\\nAustin, this first day of February, A. D., 1861.\\nThe act of the Convention was hailed with the liveliest\\ndemonstrations of popular joy. Bells were rung, salutes\\nwere fired, and the following night the Capitol was illumi-\\nnated. After the passage of the ordinance, both the Con-\\nvention and the Legislature adjourned. On the 9th of\\nFebruary Governor Houston issued his proclamation for an\\nelection to be held, in accordance with the ordinance of the\\nConvention, on the 23d of February the people to vote for\\nor against secession. At the election 39,415 voted for, and\\n13,841 against secession.\\nThe Convention re-assembled on the 4th of March. A\\ncommittee was sent to hold a conference with the Governor,\\nand to announce to him, that Texas was now a free, sover-\\neign and independent State. The Governor protested", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0399.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "386 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nagainst any further action on the part of the Convention\\nand contended that, having passed the ordinance of secession\\nand submitted it to the people, their functions ceased.* The\\nConvention, however, continued in session, and on the same\\nday passed the following ordinance, uniting Texas with the\\nnew Confederation which had been formed at Montgomery\\nAn Ordinance in relation to a Union of the State of Texas with the Con-\\nfederate States of America.\\nWiiEUEAS, the Convention of this State has received information that\\nthe Congress of the Confederate States of America, now in session at tlie\\ncity of Montgomery, in the State of Alabama, has adopted a Constitution\\nfor a Provisional Government, which Constitution is modeled on that of the\\nUnited States of America; and whereas, as a seceding State, it becomes\\nexpedient and proper, that Texas should join said Confederacy, and share\\nits destinies and whereas, a delegation consisting of seven members has\\nalready been elected by the Convention to the Congress of the Confederacy\\naforesaid, therefore,\\nThe people of Texas in Convention assembled, have ordained and\\ndeclared, and do hereby ordain and declare, that the delegation\\naforesaid to the Congress afbresaid, be and they are hereby instructed,\\nand we do accordingly instruct them, in behalf of the State, and as repre-\\nsenting its sovereign authority, to apply for the admission of this State into\\nsaid Confederacy, and to that and for that purpose, to give in the adhesion\\nof Texas to the Provisional Constitution of said Confederate States; and\\nwhich said Constitution this Convention hei-eby approves, ratifies, and\\naccepts.\\nSkc. 2. Be it further ordained, That the delegation, appointed by this\\nConvention to the Congress of the Confederate States be, and they are\\n*Up to the time of secession, there had been but two Presidents of the\\nSenate elected Edward Burleson, of the first Legislature, and Jesse Grimes,\\nof the succeeding Legislatures, up to the eighth. H. P. Bee was Secretary\\nof the first Senate; N. C. Raymond, of the second and third; W. D. Miller,\\nof the fourth; James F. Johnson, of the fifth and sixth; R. T. Browning, of\\nthe seventh, and James F. Johnson, of the eighth.\\nW. E. Crump was Speaker of the first Legislature; J. W. Henderson, of\\nthe second; C. C. Keenan, of the third; D. C. Diclcson, of the fourth; II. R.\\nRunnels, of the fifth; II. P. Bee, of the sixth; Wm. S- Taylor, of the sefventh,\\nand M. D. K. Ta\\\\lor, of the eighth. James H. Raymond was Chief Clerk\\nof the House of the first Legislature; B. F. Hill, of the four succeeding\\nLegislatures (with J. W. Hampton for the extra session of the third Legis-\\nlature) PI D. ]\\\\FIvinney, of tiie sixth; II. H. Haynie, of the seventh, and\\nWm. Leigh Chambers of the eighth.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0400.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "TEXAS JOINS THE CONFEDERACY. 387\\ntiereby authorized to act in said Congress, as the duh accredited represen-\\ntatives of the State of Texas. Provided, however, tiiat any permanent\\nConstitution which may be formed by said Congress, shall not become obli-\\ngatory on this State, until approved in such way as sluill be determined\\nupon\\nSec. 3. Be it further ordained, That tlie President of the Convention\\nimmediately transmit, through such channel as he may select, a copy or\\ncopies of this Ordinance, to the Congress at Montgomery, and the members\\nof Couffress from this State.", "height": "3305", "width": "1922", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0401.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTHE WAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CLARK S ADMINISTRATION SURRENDER OF UNITED STATES PROPERTY AT\\nSAN ANTONIO AXD IN THE SOUTH-WEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIANS HOSTILK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WAULIKK PKKPaKA-\\nTIONS ON A LARGE SCALE- THE BLOCKADE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LUBBOCK S ADMINISTUAITOX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE\\nPUOSPEKOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AHIZOXA EXPEDITION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FEDKRALS TAKE POSSESSION OF GALVESTON\\nMAGKUDEK IN COMMAND IN TEXAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RECAPTURE OF GALVESTON BY THE CON FED.\\nERATES FEUERALS REPULSED AT SABINE PASS CONSCRIPT LAW\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MARTIAL LAW\\nCOTTON (iKDKRS \u00e2\u0080\u0094HOUSTON ON MARTIAL LAW\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MUKRAIl S ADMINISTRATION\\nFINE CROPS THE FEDERALS IN THE SOUTH-WEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FIGHTING IN LOUISIANA COT-\\nTON ORDERS AGAIN MURRAH VS. MAGHUDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONFEDERATE ARMIES DL^BAND.\\n/^N the 14th of March, an ordinance passed the Convention\\nrequiring all State officers to take the oath of loyalty\\nto the Constitution promulgated by the Convention at Mont-\\ngomery. Governor Houston and Mr. Cave, Secretary of\\nState, declining to take said oath, their offices were declared\\nvacant, and Mr. Ed. Clark, the Lieutenant-Governor, was\\nduly installed Governor. The other public officers taking\\nthe required oath were continued in office. Agreeably to\\nadjournment, the Legislature reassembled March 18th.\\nEx-Governor Houston sent a message to that body, protest-\\ning against his removal and the usurjDation of the functions\\nof his office by Governor Clark.\\nOn the 20th of January, 1860, Governor Houston sent\\nGeneral J. M. Smith on a confidential mission to General\\nTwiggs, at San Antonio^ inquiring what disposition would\\nbe made of the public property belonging to the United\\nStates in the department? To this inquiry Gen. Twiggs\\nreplied I am without instructions from Washington, in\\nregard to the disposition of the public property here, or of\\nthe troops, in the event of the State s seceding. After\\nsecession, if the Executive of the State makes a demand on\\nthe Commander of the Department, he will receive an", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0402.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "Clark s administeation. 389\\nEdward Clark, the Lieutenant-Governor, having taken\\nthe prescribed oath to the Southern Confederacy, was sworn\\nin as Governor on the 16th of March, but General Houston\\ncontinued to occupy the oflflce building of the Governor\\nuntil the morning of the 18th, when Mr. Clark entered the\\nroom before Houston reached it in the morning, and remain-\\ned in undisputed possession.\\nThere were at that time about twenty-five hundred United\\nStates soldiers guarding the frontiers of Texas all under\\ncommand of Major-General Twiggs. The Convention had\\nappointed commissioners to receive the public propertv\\nand the following agreement was entered into just after Clark\\nbecame Governor\\nSan Antonio, Feb. 18th, 1861.\\nThe undersigned, commissioners on tne part of the State of Texas, fully\\nempowered to exercise the authority undertaken by them, have formally\\nand solemnly agreed with Brvt. Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs, U. S. A.\\ncommanding the Department of Texas, that the troops of the United States\\nshall leave the soil of the State, by the way of the coast; that thev shall\\ntake with them the arms of their respective corps, including the battery at\\nFort Duncan and the battery of the same character at Fort Brown, and\\nshall be allowed the necessary means for regular and- comfortable move-\\nment, provi ^ions, tents, etc., etc., and transportation.\\nIt is the desire of the Commission, that there shall be no iufraction of this\\nagreement on the part of the State. It is their wish, on the contrary, that\\nevery facility shall be afforded the troops. They are our friends. Thev\\nhave heretofore afforded to our people all the protection in their power,\\nand we owe them every consideration.\\nThe public pro^^erty at the various posts, othei- than that above recited for\\nthe use of the troops, will be turned over to agents to be appointed by the\\nCommission, who will give due and proper receipts for the whole to the\\noflacers of the army, whom the^ relieve in their custody of the public\\nproperty.\\nThos. J. Dp:vine,\\nP. N. LUCKETT,\\nS. A. Mavekick.\\nCommissioners on behalf of Committee of Public Safety.\\nIn accordance with this agreement, the United States\\nsoldiers marched to Green Lake, near Indianola, ready to\\nembark and the Government sent an unarmed steamer,\\nthe Star of the West, to remove them. The steamer was", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0403.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "390 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncaptured by Colonel Earl Van Dorn and Major Sibley\\nchartered a couple of sail-vessels, upon which he embarked\\nhis men. A norther sprung up, and Sibley was unable to\\nprocure a pilot. While in the bay, Colonel Van Dorn, with\\na few hundred volunteers, and the assistance of the steamer\\nGreneral Rusk, sent from Gralveston, captured the schooner\\nand soldiers.\\nGovernor Clark authorized Colonel Wm. C. Young to\\nenlist a thousand men for service on the northern frontier.\\nAbout the first of May, Colonel Young crossed Red river,\\nand captured Fort Arbuckle and other forts in the Indian\\nTerritory, Major Emory retreating toward Kansas. The\\ntroops from the frontier posts collected in the neighborhood\\nof San Antonio, and on the 9th of May, Van Dorn, with a\\nlarge volunteer force, demanded their surrender. Officers\\nwere paroled, and the men agreed to leave the State. A\\nfew of them enlisted in the Confederate army.\\nThe Indians, still chafing under their forcible removal\\nfrom their reservations, and seeing the frontier denuded of\\ntrooj)s, became more bold and hostile than ever. Murders\\nwere committed in Gillespie, Uvalde, and Kerr counties,\\nand a band of the savages penetrated Atascosa county.\\nIndeed the whole frontier was more or less troubled by\\ntheir raids. An expedition from Galveston sailed down\\nthe coast to the mouth of the Rio Grande, to assist Colonel\\nFord in capturing the forts and i^ublic property on the\\nlower Rio Grande. It was at first thought that the officer\\nin command of Fort Brown would resist but after some\\nhesitation all the public property was turned over to the\\nTexas Commisssioners, Messrs. E. B. Nichols and H. B.\\nWaller.\\nOn the 8th of June, Governor Clark issued his proclama-\\ntion announcing that a state of war existed, and that Texas\\ncreditors were prohibited froni paying Northern debts, c.\\nOn the 2d of July, a blockading squadron appeared at\\nGalveston, and on the 4th seven small sailing vessels were", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0404.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "LUBBOCK ELECTED GOVERNOR. 391\\ncaptured. Soon afterward, the whole Texas coast was closed\\nto commerce, excej^t by the hazardous mode of blockade-\\nrunning.\\nThe whole country was alive with the military spirit. The\\nState was divided into militia districts for camps of instruc-\\ntion. In August the Governor appointed thirty-two Brig-\\nadier Generals of militia. By the 7th of November, fifteen\\nthousand men had enlisted in the Confederate army.\\nAt the election in 1861, F. R. Lubbock was elected Gov-\\nernor, and John M. Crockett, Lieutenant Governor.*\\n*For Governor: Francis K. Lubbock, 21,854; T. J. Chambers, 13,759;\\nEdward Clark, 21,730. Total, 57,343. For Lieutenant Governor Crockett,\\n22,321; F. F. Foscue, 12,160.\\nExecutive Officers During Houston and Clark s Term .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Secretaries of\\nState, E. AV. Cave, Bird Holland, and C. S. West Attorney General, G. W.\\nFlournoy; Comptroller, C. R. Johns; Treasurer. C. H. Randolph; Laud\\nCommissioner, F. M. White.\\nCourts. At annexation, John Hemphill became Chief Justice of the\\nSupreme Court, and A. S. Lipscomb and R. T. Wheeler, Associates. Tom\\nGreen, Clerk. In 1856, Justice Lipscomb diod, and O. M. Roberts bec:un\\nAssociate Justice. In 1850, the Court was required to hold its sessi ns alter-\\nnately in Austin, Galveston and Tyler. In 1\u00c2\u00ab5S, Jnsiice Hemphill was\\nelected to the Senate. Wiieeler became Chief Justi -e, and James H. Bell,\\nAssociate. In 1862, George F. Moore was elected Associate Justice.\\nlu 1816, John C. Watrous was appointed Judge of the Federal District\\nCourt. In 1858 a new district was formed and Thomas H. Duval was ap-\\npointed Judge.\\nIn 1856, the Legislature created a Court of Claims. James C. Wilson was\\nappointed Commissioner. He was succeeded in 1857 by I. A. Illingworth\\nand in 1858 by Ed. Clark 1859 by Joseph Lee and in 1860 by William S.\\nHotchkiss.\\nWe have entered upon the era of the great civil war. The time has not\\narrived to write its story, or to discuss its principles with the calm spirit\\nof history. It was a dark, gloomy period, in which bitter passions pre-\\nvailed. Future generations will form their estimate of its men and its\\nmeasures. We shall confine ourselves to a simple record of the facts and\\nincidents as they occurred.\\nCongressional Bejy7-esenfation. Sam Houston was Senator from 1846 to\\n1857 Thomas J. Rusk from 1845 to 1857. After Rusk s death Matt. Ward\\nfilled out his unexpired term, when Lewis T. Wigfall was elected. In\\n1859, John Ilempliill was elected in place of Sam Houston. Wiglall and\\nHemphill resigned Avhen the State seceded. Texas was entitled to two\\nRepresentatives in the lower House. David S. Kaufman represented the\\nEastern District from 1846 to 1851; Richardson Scurry, in 1851-53; O. W.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0405.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "392 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMr. Lubbock was inaugurated Governor IN ovember 7th,\\n1861. Texas suffered less, probably, from the effects of\\nthe civil war than any other Southern State. Her numer-\\nous gulf ports offered many facilities for running the block-\\nade and on her southwestern border, cotton found a ready\\nmarket in the towns of Mexico. Through these channels,\\nsupplies of groceries and other necessaries were procured,\\nthough at an advanced price. Though so large a portion of\\nher able-bodied men were in the army, the old men and\\nboys so managed the servants, as to raise the greatest\\nabundance of corn, wheat, cotton, etc. The women, with\\ngreat cheerfulness, submitted to the additional labors\\nimposed upon them assisting in the field, and especially\\nin the manufacture of cloth for domestic use. The inex-\\nhaustible salt lakes of the Southwest furnished the State,\\nand could have furnished the whole Confederacy with that\\nnecessary article.\\nIn the fall of 1861, a brigade was organized at San\\nAntonio, by General Sibley, for the occupancy of the Upper\\nRio Grande country. Sibley reached Fort Bliss, near El\\nPaso, on the 16th of December. He marched up the river\\non the east side, and arrived within a few miles of Fort\\nCraig on the 20th of February, 1862. At a place called\\nValverde, a great battle was fought on the next day. The\\nTexans, after a severe fight, remained masters of the field\\nhaving taken some prisoners and six pieces of artillery.\\nThe Federals retired to the fort. After this fight, the\\nTexans advanced up the river, occupying Santa Fe on the\\n23d of March. On the 27th of March, at a canon called\\nGlorietta, twenty miles north of Santa Fe, a portion of the\\ncommand was attacked by a strong force of Federals, and\\nsuffered a heavy loss in killed and prisoners. Some other\\nSmyth, in 1854-55; Lemiiol Dale Evans, in 1856-57; and John IT. Reagan\\nin 1858-61. TiniMthv Pillsbury represented the Western District from 1846\\nto 1849; Volney E. koward, in 1850-58; P. H. Bell, in 1854-67; Guy M.\\nBryan, in 1858-59 Andrew J. Hamilton, in 1860-61.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0406.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "r. R. LUBBOCK.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0407.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0408.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "CALLS FOR TROOPS. 395\\nskirmishes took place, but without any decided victory\\nThe last one was at Peratta, on the 23d of April. The\\ncommand was then on the retrograde march toward Texas.\\nIn killed, wounded and prisoners, the brigade had lost\\nabout five hundred men in New Mexico. This was a\\nheavier loss, but the result was not so disastrous as the\\nLamar Santa Fe expedition in 1840. The Texans found\\nForts Craig, Union, etc., too well garrisoned and strongly\\nfortified to take with their slender means and the popula-\\ntion of New Mexico, almost to a man, espoused the\\nFederal cause.\\nThe whole power of all departments of the Government\\nwas exerted to fill up the ranks of the army. February\\n26th, 1862, Grovernor Lubbock called for fourteen regi-\\nments, and sent them into camps for instruction. November\\n29th, Greneral J. Bankhead Magruder succeeded General\\nHebert in the command of Texas. He called for ten thou-\\nsand additional troops. At the close of Lubbock s adminis-\\ntration, the Adjutant-General reported ninety thousand\\nTexans in the Confederate armio\\nOn the 17th of May, 1862, Commodore Eagle, of the\\nblockading squadron, demanded the surrender of Galves-\\nton. It was known by the Confederates that he had no land\\nforces to occupy the city, and no attention was paid to the\\ndemand. On the 4th of October, the demand was repeated,\\nand four days allowed for the removal of non-combatants.\\nThe Commodore gave notice that he had a suflicient force\\nto capture and hold the island. The Confederates withdrew\\nto Virginia Point, six miles distant. The Commodore sent\\nsome of his vessels into the inner harbor, and two hundred\\nand sixty men, of the 42d Massachusetts, landed and raised\\nthe United States flag over the Custom-House, and took a\\nposition on one of the wharves. This was the situation\\nwhen General Magruder assumed command in Texas. He\\nat once determined to repossess the island. The return of\\nSibley s brigade from Arizona gave Magruder a large\\n23", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0409.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "396 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nforce of experienced soldiei s, which was augmented by\\nabout five thousand State troops called into temporary\\nservice for the protection of the coast. Preparations hav-\\ning been carefully, but secretly, completed, Gen. JNlagruder\\nwent to Virginia Point on the 29th of December, at the\\nsame time sending the Neptune and Bayou City, two bayou\\nsteamers fitted up as gun-boats, with the Lucy Gwinn and\\nJohn F. Carr as tenders, to the head of Galveston Bay,\\nwith instructions to enter the harbor on the nio-ht of Decern-\\nber 31st, for the attack on the city. Early in the night\\ndesignated, the land forces crossed from Virginia Point\\nover to the island and silently took a position for the\\nattack. The 42d Massachusetts was stationed on the\\nwharf but had taken up the planks between their position\\nand the shore. The steamer Harriet Lane was- lying at\\nthe wharf, and the brig Westfield, the gun-boat Owassee,\\nand the Clifton, a transport, and some smaller craft, were\\nlying out toward the Pass. The fight was opened by the\\ntroops on the island. Soon afterward, the bayou steamers\\nmoved up to the channel and attacked the Harriet Lane.\\nThe Neptune was pierced by a shell and soon sunk in shal-\\nlow water. The Bayou City ran up to the Harriet Lane\\nand became entangled in the rigging, and could not be\\nreadily disengaged. The Texans promptly leaped on\\nboard the Harriet Lane, which soon surrendered, having\\nlost her principal officers. Soon afterward, the men on the\\nwharf surrendered and some other Federal vessels^ includ-\\ning a barque and some smaller craft, were captured by the\\nTexans. The others left the harbor. The Westfield, in\\ntrying to get out, got aground, and to prevent her from\\nfallino; into the hands of the Confederates, a train was set\\nto exj^lode her. The explosion not occurring as soon as\\nexpected, Commodore Renshaw, with fifteen men, went\\non board to examine the fuse. While they were on the\\nship, she exploded, and all the men lost their lives. All the\\nvessels left the harbor, and for a few days the port of Gal-\\nveston was open to commerce.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0410.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "THE CONSCRIPT LAW. 397*\\nNo other important engagement took place in Texas until\\nSeptember 6th, when a fleet of twenty-odd sail appeared\\noff the coast at Sabine Pass. The fort erected to defend\\nthe Pass had only forty-one men, under Lieutenant Dowling.\\nThree or four vessels entered the harbor and commenced\\nbombarding the fort. When the vessels arrived within\\ngood range, the guns of the fort were opened upon them,\\nand in a few minutes two of the ships were disabled and\\nthe others left the harbor. The two disabled gunboats, the\\nSachem and Clifton, with all their armaments and\\ncrews, were captured. This gallant achievement of a few\\nmen saved the Texas coast from a formidable threatened\\ninvasion.\\nDuring Governor Lubbock s administration, the conscript\\nlaw was enacted and enforced in Texas. This, in its various\\nprovisions, placed every man liable to military duty in the\\nranks. In the Governor s message to the Legislature, in\\nK ovember, 1863, he says I again suggest the importance\\nof declaring by law, that every male person, from sixteen\\nyears old and upwards, not totally unfit, be declared to be\\nin the military service of the State that no exemptions be\\nallowed other than those recognized by the Constitution\\nand that no one be permitted to furnish a substitute. I am\\nclearly of the opinion that exemptions and the right to\\nfurnish substitutes is working great injury to the country,\\nand should be abolished, both by the State and Confederate\\nGovernment. The Governor states that about\\nninety thousand men had entered the Confederate service\\nfrom Texas, besides minute companies not liable, under\\nthe present law, to military duty. The highest vote the\\nState had ever polled was 64,027.\\nApril 28th, 1862, General Bee, in command at San An-\\ntonio, proclaimed martial law over the western sub-military\\ndistrict, and on the 30th of Mav followinoj, General Ilebert\\nproclaimed martial law over the whole State, in the follow-\\nino: General Order", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0411.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "398 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nConfederate States of America.\\nHeadquarters Department\\nHouston, May\\nAmerica.\\nOP Texas,\\n30, 18G2.\\n[General Order No. 45.]\\nI. The following Proclamation is published for the information of all\\nconcerned\\nPROCLAMATION.\\nII. I, p. O. Hebert, Brigadier General Provisional Army, Confederate\\nStates of America, do proclaim that Martial Law is extended over the State\\nof Texas.\\nEvery white male person above the age of sixteen years, being temporarily\\nor otherwise, within the aforesaid limits, shall upon a summons issued by\\nthe Provost Marshal, promptly present himself before said Provost Marshal\\nto have his name, residence, and occupation registered, and to furui-h such\\ninformation as may be required of him: And such as claim to bo aliens\\nshall be sworn to the effect that they will abide by and maintain tlie laws\\nof this State and the Confederate States, so long as they are permitted to\\nreside therein, and that they will not convey to our enemies any informa-\\ntion whatever, or do any act injurious to the interest of the countr\\\\\\\\\\nAll orders issued by the Provost Marshals in the execution of their duties,\\nshall be promptly obeyed. Any disobedience of summons emanating from^\\nthem shall be dealt with summarily. All officers commanding troops will\\npromptly comply with any requisitions made upon them by Provost Marshals\\nfor aid or assistance.\\nAny attempt to depreciate the currency of the Confederate States is an\\nact of hostility will be treated as such and visited with summary punish-^\\nment.\\nNo interference with the rights of loyal citizens, or with the usual routine\\nof business, or with the usual civil administration of the law, will be per-\\nmitted, except where necessary to enforce the provisions of this Proclamation..\\nBy order of\\nBrigadier General P. O. Hebert,\\nProvisional Army C S., Commanding Departm,ent of Texas.\\nSamuel Boter Davis,\\nCaptain and Assistant Adjutant Oeneral.\\nOn the 21st of November, 1862, General Hebert issued\\nan order prohibiting the exportation of cotton, except by\\nauthorized agents of the Grovernment. In February, 1863,\\nGreneral Magruder issued a new cotton order, imposing\\nadditional restrictions upon the exportation of cotton across\\nthe Rio Grande. The papers generally condemned this\\ninterference with trade, as preventing the j^eople from pro-\\ncuring necessary supplies and in April the Commanding\\nGeneral issued another order revoking all previous", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0412.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "MURRAH ELECTED GOVERNOR. 399\\ncotton orders, and permitting planters, who could procure\\nteamsters not subject to conscription, to export any amount\\nof cotton. But it was but a short time before other restric-\\ntions were j^laced upon the Rio Grande trade.\\nAt the election held August 3d, 1863, Pendleton Murrah\\nwas elected Governor, and Fletcher S. Stockdale, Lieutenant\\nGovernor.*\\nFor Governor there were polled: For Murrah, 17,511; T. J. Chambers,\\n12,455; scattering, 1,070 total, 31,036. For Lieutenant Governor: F. S.\\nStockdale, 11,15-2; Stephen H. Darden, 8,083; A. M. Gentry, 4,400; P. W.\\nIvittrell, 4,163; scattering, 3.\\nExecutive Officers. R. J. Towns, Secretary of State C. E. Johns, Comp-\\ntroller; C. M. Randolph, Treasurer; Stephen Crosby, Laud Commissioner\\nJ. Y. Dashiell, Adjutant General; N. C. Shelly, Attorney General.\\nDuring this administration a change gradually took place in the public\\nmind. At its commencement, the great mass of the people cheerfully, even\\nenthusiastically sustained the newly-formed Confederacy, and they pi omptly\\nsubmitted to every law and every order deemed necessary to success. A\\ngreat majority looked upon the establishment of the Confederacj as an accom.-\\nplishcd fact and believed that its recognition by the governments of Europe,\\nand the United States itself, was only a question of time. But the events\\nof two years the surrender of New Orleans and Memphis in 1862, and the\\nfall of Vicksburg in 1863, began to beget doubts of final success. Again\\nat first the farmers obeyed, without a protest, the various cotton orders\\nas they were issued from Headquarters. But observation of the working\\nof tlicse changing orders, created a suspicion that they operated to the\\ninjury of the planter, and inured more to the benefit of speculators than the\\nConfedcra te government; and this Mdthout impugning the motives of the\\ncommanding generals. Again, the conscript law and the confiscation laws\\nwere enforced a little too vigorously. Some in feeble health were pushed\\ninto the army, who ought to have been at home under the care of a doctor,\\nand Willi th(-ii- friends and families. In some instances, persons who had\\nspent a lifclhne in Texas were accidentally in the North, and did not, or\\nperhaps co\\\\ild not, return to their homes. Their property was seized by the\\nreceivei s and confiscated.\\nBut the subject of most dissatisfaction was the proclamation of martial\\nlaw; and the manner of its enforcement. It was not intended, originally,\\nto interfere with men in legitimate business. But under the rulings of\\nyoung lieutenants, citizens were prohibited from going to a neighboring\\ncounty seat witliout a passport. Venerable men, who had spent forty years\\nin Texas, fell humiliated, when they had to travel a considerable distance to\\nobtain from a young lieutenant permission to visit a relative, or transact\\nsome item of business in a neighborhood out of their county. AVhile many\\ncomplied even with the i-equiremeuts of the order for the good of the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0413.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "400 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nPendleton ]\\\\Iiirrah was inaugurated Governor Xoyember\\n5th, 18G3. A large number of refugees from Louisiana^\\nArkansas and Missouri had entered Texas with their slaves\\nthe season had been propitious, and overwhelming crops of\\ncorn and cotton had been produced the latter crop supposed\\nto amount to three hundred thousand bales, the largest Texas\\nhad ever produced. Nearly every family had been fur-\\nnished with wheels and looms, and an abundance of cloth\\nwas manufactured. The trade across the Rio Grande, and\\nthat carried on by running the blockade, kept the people\\ntolerably well supplied with such necessaries as could not\\nbe produced in the State. But, while thus rejoicing in the\\nexemption from calamities incident to the war in other\\nStates, the cheerful spirit which pervaded the people during\\nthe first years of the war was evidently on the wane.\\ncause, others thought it an intolerable infringement of the rights of freemen.\\nOne editor, for his severe strictures upon the measure, was threatened with\\narrest and imprisonment. From its first promulgation there were some who\\ndenounced this order. Among the foremost were A. H. Stepheus, Vice\\nPresident of the Confederacy; W. S. Oldham, one of the Senators from\\nTexas, and others of less note. A few weeks after martial law was pro-\\nclaimed in Texas, ex-Governor Houston, then in retirement, wrote an\\nearnest protest against it to Governor Lubbock, exhorting the Governor to\\nsee that the laws of the State were properly enforced, and reminding him\\nthat he is the swt rn Executive. Houston says A proclamation issued bv\\nGeneral Hebert, in May last, and I pi esume not revoked, is the most extra-\\nordinary document I have ever seen, and I venture to say ever seen in any\\ncountry, unless it was where despotic sway was the only rule of law. In\\nthat prochimation he abrogates all powers of your Excellency, as Governor\\nof the State, ignores the Bill of Rights, the Constitution and the Laws, and\\nari ogates to himself undefined and unlimited powers. By this i)rocIaniation\\nof martial law, he has created provost mai shals, who are authorized to\\nremove citizens, upon suspicion, out of the State without trial; and call in\\nthe military to aid in the execution of the provost marshal s pleasure or\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^ill and has established an inquisition to all male persons over the age of\\nsixteen. More tlian six montlis elapsed before tliis lei ter was given to the\\npubHc. It then appeared in tlie columns of the Houston Tdegntph. The\\nmurnuu ing against the law had become so deep tliat it f )uud utterance in\\nthe language of the old hero of San Jacinto. Houston was now in declining\\nhealtli, and died a few weeks later. It j)roduced a profound impression,\\nespeciallv upon tlic old Texans. who looked upon this letter as the venerable\\npatriarch s dying protest against military usurpations.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0414.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "THE FINANCIAL QUESTION. 401\\nThe financial question was becoming more and more per-\\nJexing. The Legislature authorized the collectors to receive\\nConfederate money at par for taxes, and to pay all officers\\nof the Grovernment in the same currency, and that when\\nin the market it was worth only about three or four cents\\non the dollar. People paid their taxes promptly, but the\\nsalary of the Governor or any other State officer would\\nhardly buy his cigars, if he indulged in smoking. To con-\\nsider this, and other questions, he convened an extra session\\nof the Legislature, on the 11th of May, 1864. But that\\nbody could devise no plan of relief which did not recognize\\nthe depreciation of Confederate currency, and that they\\nwere still unwilling to do. They did, however, provide for\\nexchanging the old for the new issue of Confederate bills.\\nThe Federals having failed to effect a landing on the\\neastern coast of Texas, next directed their attention to\\nbreaking up the trade carried on through Brownsville and\\nMatamoras. On the day of Hurrah s inauguration, Gren-\\neral Banks took possession of Brownsville, General Bee\\nretiring towards the interior of the State. Banks did not\\nattempt to penetrate the interior, but advanced along the\\ncoast, in conjunction with a fleet of gun-boats. But few\\nConfederates had been left in the West, and these were\\nmore for picket duty than fighting, and retired as the\\nFederals advanced. The Federals took possession of\\nCorpus Christi November loth, Aransas Pass on the 17th,\\nMustang Island on the 18th, and Pass Cavallo and St.\\nJoseph Island on the 30th. Indianola was occupied by\\nthem on the 13th of December, and Lavaca on the 26th.\\nA small party of Federiils crossed over to the Matagorda\\npeninsula. A company of Confederates, under Captain\\nRugely, of Matagorda, in attempting to cut off this party,\\nwere caught in open boats by a fierce norther, and fourteen\\nof his men perished. It was expected that Banks would\\nadvance up the coast and attempt the capture of Galveston\\nbut after a few weeks, his army retired from Indianola,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0415.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "402 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand, with the exception of a small garrison at Brownsville\\nand Brazos St. Jago, evacuated Texas.\\nNo sooner was the West relieved from the presence of\\nan invading army, than the East was threatened. Mata-\\ngorda Bay was evacuated on the 13th of March, and on the\\n23d of the same month, Banks took possession of Alexan-\\ndria, near our eastern line. General J. Kirby Smith, who,\\nsince January, 1864, had been in command of the Trans-\\nMississippi Department, ordered a rapid concentration of\\ntroops to intercept the new advance of the Federals. A\\nnumber of battles were soon fought that of Mansfield,\\nApril 8th, and Pleasant Hill on the 9th. The battle of\\nBlair s Landing was fought April 14th. The Federals\\nhad been eifectually checked, and on the 26th of April\\nGeneral Steele retreated to Little Rock, and Banks to Alex-\\nandria. After the retreat began the battle of Yellow Bayou\\nwas fought. May 18th.\\nOn the 12th of March, 1864, General Grant was appointed\\nCommander-in-Chief of the Union forces. He at once\\nbegan to concentrate the troops into two grand armies one\\nin the West, under Sherman, for the capture of Atlanta,\\nand a march to the sea and the other under his own imme-\\ndiate command for the capture of Richmond. The Trans-\\nMississippi Department was thus relieved from active\\nparticipation in the ensuing campaign. General J. C.\\nWalker was appointed to the command in Texas, and\\nGeneral Magruder was assigned to duty under General\\nSmith, in Arkansas.\\nThough Texas was free from the presence of an invading\\narmy, the people were not relieved of the burdens and\\ninconveniences of war. Cotton continued to be in great\\ndemand. The Confederate officers wanted it the State\\nMilitary Board wanted it county courts were authorized to\\nexport cotton to procure necessaries for soldiers families\\nand parties engaged in importing machinery for factories,\\nwere authorized to take out cotton. So many demands,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0416.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "STERLING C. ROBERTSON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0417.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0418.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "COMPLAINT AGAINST THE MILITAEY. 405\\nsome of them made imperatively, upon the phmter, pro-\\nduced exasperation. Further than that, it brought on a\\nconflict of jurisdiction. Grovernor Murnih, in his message\\nto tlie extra session of the Legislature, refers to this sub-\\nject as follows Subordinate officers on the Rio Grande,\\nclaimins: to act under instructions from officers hii :her in\\nrank in the Confederate States service, have interfered with\\ncotton transported under the authority of the State, and\\nhave delayed and prevented its exportation. I am informed\\nby Colonel E. B. IN ichols, agent of the State, that they have\\nprevented cotton, belonging to the Military Board, from\\nbeing exported They have thus interposed themselves\\nbetween the State and the execution of her laws, the provid-\\ning of means for her defense and to clothe her people.\\nNot only were cotton and teams impressed for the use of\\nthe army, but officers were sent to the leading planters in\\nthe best portions of the State, to measure their corn-cribs.\\nA census was then taken of the number of whites and\\nslaves, and mules and horses on the plantation. A liberal\\namount was left to supply the persons and animals, and the\\noverplus was taken for the army.\\nGovernor Murrah had other grounds of complaint against\\nthe military authorities. At the regular session of the\\nLegislature in 1863-64, a law had been passed for organ-\\nizing a reserve corps, under the authority of the State, of\\nall under fifty years of age. Many of this class of men\\nwere already in the field when a new conscript act was\\npassed, including those between forty-five and fifty years.\\nThe law authorized them to organize into companies, c.,\\nbefore being formally transferred to the Confederate ser-\\nvice. The Governor, after consulting General Magruder,\\nfixed a day for these troops to organize but after the law\\nof the Confederate Congress reached the Trans-Mississippi\\nDepartment, Magruder proceeded to act independently of\\nthe State authority. We again quote from the Governor s\\ninessao;e", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0419.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "406 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMajor General Magruder, so soon as the recent Act of Conscriptiou^\\npassed by Congress, was published in the Trans-Mississippi Department,\\ndeclined receiving the State troops, as State troops, in any form of organi-\\nzation, although tendered to him, and expressed his deterniination to rely\\nalone upon the law of Congress for troops. This law was published in,\\nriouston, according to my recollection, about the 20th of March, and the\\ntroops in the four districts already named were then assembling in their\\nbrigade encampments, to be organized as the law of the State rccpiired, and\\nin conibrmit}^ with General Orders No. 13, issued by himself, with my con-\\nsent, after they had been continued in service, as State troops, by my orders\\nalready referred to. The position assumed by Gen. Magruder virtually in-\\nvolved the assumption that the law of Congress annulled the laws the Leg-\\nislature enacted, and that the Confederate military officers were thereby\\nauthorized to break up a military organization, formed under the authority\\nof the State as a reserve auxiliary corps,^ embracing men never before em-\\nbraced by any legislation of the Confederate Government, and designed to\\nperform nearly the same service, and to accomplish the same ends, as those\\nproposed by the law of Congress. Of couivse, I need not state that my\\nopinions did not at all accord with his, on this subject, and that I so I epre-\\nsented to him. I preferred that the State organization should be completed\\nand that the troops should go to the field as State troops, at least until the\\nLegislature should meet and dispose of the embarrassing question, by\\ntransferring them regularly to the Confederate service, in a body; or to be\\norganized in conformity with, and for the purposes indicated by the Con-\\nscript Act, and by adjusting the legislation of the State to that of Congress,\\nif that body should deem it proper so to do. I insisted upon this, as the\\nonly proper and legitimate course to be pursued- -but Gen. Magruder did\\nnot accede to my views.\\nThe Grovernor ventured still further and severely criti-\\ncised some of the provisions of the new Conscript Law\\nThe recent Act of Conscription, passed by Congress, exempts from mil-\\nitary service the Vice-President of the Confederate States, the members\\nand officers of Congress, of the several Legislatures, and such other Confed-\\nerate and State officers as the President or the Executives of the I espective\\nStates may certify to be necessary, for the proper administration of the\\nConlederate and State Governments, as the case may be. Has Congress\\ntlic ))o\\\\ver to invest by law, the President of the Confederate States with\\nauthority to strip the general government of these States of tlie officers jjro-\\nvided for their administration by the Constitution and laws? Has the\\nConfederate Government the power to vest the Executive of a sovereign\\nState, or anj other officer, with authority to displace the officers pi o\\nvided for its administration i)y the Constitution and Laws of that State?\\nI will not argue these questions, and thereby leave the imi)lication of\\ndoubt on my mind as to them. There can be but one answer given to them\\nthat answer must be in the negative.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0420.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "THE CIVIL WAR NEAELY ENDED. 4U7\\nThe Constitution and laws of Texas have not only provided, but have\\ndetermined, the officers necessary to the administration of the Government\\nand they are, in their respective offices, discharging the duties imposed\\nupon them by the authority referred to.\\nIt is the duty of the Executive of the State to respect and execute its\\nlaws, and to see that its Constitution is not violated. These obligations\\nare imposed on him by a solemn oath. He is nowhere empowered to veto\\nor nullify laws already in force, nor to set aside provisions of the Constitu-\\ntion\\nThe civil war was rapidly approaching the end. G-eneral\\nLee surrendered the main army at Spottsylvania Court\\nHouse on the 9th of April, 1865 Johnston surrendered\\nthe army under his command, April 26th and Greneral\\nTaylor, May 6th. The last battle of the war was fought in\\nWestern Texas, at the old Palo Alto battle-ground, on the\\n13th of May.\\nMay 25th O-overnor Murrah issued three proclamations\\none commanaing civil officers to preserve public property;\\nanother convening an extra session of the Legislature and\\na third ordering an election for delegates to a convention.\\nThe last two were set aside by the Federal Commander.\\nWithout formal orders, the soldiers disbanded by common\\nconsent, and returned to their homes, taking such public\\nproperty as they could carry with them. As might have\\nbeen expected, a scene of confusion and disorder ensued, in\\nwhich, in some instances, private j)roperty was taken by\\nirresponsible parties.\\nOn the 30th of May, Generals Smith and Magruder\\nwent on board a Federal vessel, in the harbor at Galveston,\\nand formally surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Depart-\\nment. General Granger, of the United States army, landed\\non the 19th of June, and assumed command. He an-\\nnounced the emancipation of the slaves, and the susj^ension\\nof all legislative enactments inconsistent with the laws of\\nthe United States,*\\n*Exccutive officers: R. J. Town Secretary of State; C. R. Johns, Conip-\\ntruller; C. M. liaiulolph, Treasurer; Stephen Crosby, Land Commissioner;\\nD. B. Culbertson, Adjutant-General William Stedmah, Attorney-General.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0421.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "408 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nJudicial OflScers: R. T. Wheeler, Chief Justice; George F. Moore and\\nJames H. Bell, Associates. There were twenty judicial districts in the\\nState, and two Confederate District Courts, presided over by Wm. Pinckuey\\nHill, and Thomas J. Devine.\\nConfederate Officers: John H. Reagan was Postmaster-General. The\\nConvention in 186 1, sent the following delegates to the Convention at\\nMontgomery, Alabama: John H. Reagan, Lewis T. Wigfall, John Hernj)-\\nhill, William S. Oldham, John Gregg, and William B. Ochiltree. Lewis T.\\nWigfall and William S. Oldham represented Texas in the Senate: and\\nduring the Confederacy, the following gentlemen I epresented Texas in the\\nHouse: John A. Wilcox, C, C. Herbert, Peter W. Gray, B. F. Sexton, M.\\nD. Graham, William B. Wright, A. M. Branch, John R. Baylor, S. H.\\nMorgan, Stei)hen H. Darden, and A. P. Wiley.\\nMr. Murrah was a native of South Carolina. Educated in the political\\nschool of Mr. Calhoun, he believed in State Rights and State Sovereignty.\\nWith his positive convictions and determined will, he could not adjust him-\\nself to the actual situation when he became Governor of the State. Military\\norders set aside State laws and denuded the Executive Office of its\\nauthority. AVe believe that under more favorable auspices Pendleton Mur-\\nrah would have made a good Governor. As it was, his administration was\\nunsatisfactory to himself, offensive to the military commanders, and of little\\nbenefit to the State. His fate excites our commisseration. AVhen the\\narmies surrendered, he left the State and his country. Sincerely attached\\nto a cause now lost, he lost hope and soon afterward died in Mexico.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0422.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nFIRST KECOX8TRTJCTI0N\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HAMILTON S ADMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REGISTRATION OP LOYAL\\nVOTEKS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 KLECTION CONVENTION HAMILTON S MESSAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THROCKMORTON S AD-\\nMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094GOVERNMENTS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES DECLARED PROVISIONAL,\\nONLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHERIDAN S ORDER ON ASSUMING COMMAND NEW REGISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IRON\\nCLAD OATH THROCKMORTON REMOVED SECOND RECONSTRUCTION PEASE S AD-\\nMINISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HANCOCK IN COMMAND SECOND RECONSTRUCTION CONVENTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAB INITIO CONTROVERSY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SUFFRAGE BILL PROTEST OF THE AB INITIOS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \u00c2\u00abCONVEN.\\nTION DISSOLVES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ELECTION.\\nON the 29th of May, 1865, President Johnson issued his\\nAmnesty Proclamation, and on the 17th of June ap-\\npointed Andrew J. Hamilton, Provisional Governor of\\nTexas. Mr. Hamilton arrived in Galveston July 21st, and\\non the 25th issued a proclamation, announcing his appoint-\\nment, and assuming the duties of his office. This was a\\nperiod of transition in which the laws of Congress and the\\ninstructions of President Johnson shaped the course both\\nof the officers and people of the State, In due time Gov-\\nernor Hamilton appointed boards of registration in each\\ncounty, authorized to administer the amnesty oath and\\nregister such as were, under the reconstruction acts, allowed\\nto vote, those loyal to the United States, and none\\nothers. By proclamation of the Governor, an election was\\nheld January 8th, 1866, for delegates to a Convention to\\nform a new Constitution. Very little interest was mani-\\nfested in the election. In his message to the Convention,\\nGovernor Hamilt{m said I would be wanting in candor\\nif I did not declare that the apathy manifested by the\\npeople, in the recent election, fills me with deep concern.\\nFrom the returns made to the Department of State, and\\nthe reports that have reached me from various portions of\\nthe State, there is reason to believe that less than half the\\nvoters participated in the election.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0423.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "410 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe Convention met on the 10th of February, and organ-\\nized by electing J. W. Throckmorton, President, and W.L.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Chahners, Secretary. The Governor, in his message, ex-\\npressed his views freely on the relation of freedmen to the\\npolitical institutions of the country. We give some sen-\\ntences I believe it would be unwise to exclude the freed-\\nmen in our midst from the exercise of political privileges,\\nby making the enjoyment of these privileges to depend\\nupon the accident of birth or color. I wish to be perfectly\\nfrank in the statement of my views, but I do not wish to be\\nmisunderstood. I do not believe that the great mass of\\nfreedmen in our midst are qualified by their intelligence to\\nexercise the right of suffrage, and I do not desire to see\\nthis privilege conferred upon them. But I think that pro-\\ngress is the great law of mind, under every free government,\\nand I do not believe that any policy can be enduring or\\npermanent in this country, which is based upon accidental\\ncircumstances, and the traditions of prejudice, instead of\\nbeing founded upon the eternal princij)les of truth and\\njustice. I believe it would be wise\\nto regulate the .qualifications of those wdio are to become\\nvoters hereafter, by rules of universal application. The\\nGovernor adds Justice requires that the National Gov-\\nernment shall see to it, that this now despised and degraded\\nrace shall be protected in the beneficial enjoyment of the\\ngreat boon which has been accorded to them. Any system\\nof laws, therefore, intended to deprive them of the actual\\nfruits of liberty, w^ill meet with resistance from the Con-\\ngress of the United States.\\nThe Convention completed its work and adjourned xlpril\\n2d. The general election w^as held on the 4th of June.\\nThe Constitution was adopted J. W. Throckmorton was\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2elected Governor, and G. Wash. Jones, Lieutenant-Gover-\\nnor-*\\nExecutive Officers under Hamilton James H. Bell, Secretary of State\\n\\\\ViIliam Alexander, Attoriioy-Gcnerp.l; A. H. Latimer, Comptroller; S.\\nHarrii, Treasurer; il. M. Elijiu and Joseph Spence, Land Commissioners.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0424.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "Throckmorton s administration. 411\\nJ. W. Throckmorton was inaugurated Grovernor, August\\n13th, 1866. The Legislature then in session adopted all\\nnecessary measures for the complete restoration of civil\\nlaw. It was the misfortune of Governor Throckmorton\\nthat the whole plan of reconstruction, as carried forward by\\nPresident Johnson, was unacceptable to Congress, and it\\nsoon became manifest that he would meet with serious\\nembarrassments in administering the State Government.\\nThough an original Unionist, having voted in the Conven-\\ntion of 1861 against secession, he was elected Governor by\\nthe Democrats in opposition to Mr. Pease, the Republican\\ncandidate.\\nEarly in February, a bill was introduced into Congress\\nfor the more efficient government of the insurrectionary\\nStates. We copy the preamble\\nWhereas, The pretended State Govevnmeuts of the late so-called Con-\\nfederate States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mis-\\nsissippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas and Arkansas, were set up\\nwithout the authority of Congress, and therefore are of no constitutional\\nvalidity; and whereas, They are in the hands and under the control of the\\nunrepentant leaders of the rebellion, and afford no adequate protection for\\nlife or property, but countenance and encourage lawlessness and crime\\nand whereas. It is necessary that peace and good oi-der should be enforced\\nin the said so-called States, until loyal and republican State governments\\ncan be legally formed therefore, c., c.\\nDuring the discussion of the bill, Mr. Pearce offered the\\nfollowing on the subject of universal manhood suffrage,\\nwhich was adopted by a vote of 60 to 40\\nBe it enacted, that the 14th article of the Constitution amendment being\\nratified by the Legislatures of the requisite numbw of States, the same is\\nAt the election there were 48,519 votes for the Constitution, and 7,719\\nagainst it. For Governor, Throckmorton received 48,631 votes, and E. M.\\nPease, 12,051. For Lieutenant-Governor, Jones, 48,392; L. Lindsay,\\n8,714.\\nDuring Hamilton s administration, a tax of twelve and a half cents on the\\n$100 was collected. The receipts into the Treasury amounted to $344,440;\\nand the expenditures to $233,203; leaving a handsome balance in the\\nTreasury.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0425.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "412 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nhereby declared ratified and a part of the Constitution. Wlion any State,\\nlately rebellious, ratifies the same and modifies its Constitution and laws in\\naccordance tlierewith, and wliich sliall secure equal impartial suffrage ro\\nall male citizens of the United States over twenty-one years of age, one\\nyear in State and three months preceding election in precinct, without re-\\ngard to race or color, or previous condition of servitude, except as disfran-\\nchised by participation in the late rebellion, in elections lor President,\\nMembers of Congress, Governor, State, county, district, city, parish and\\ntown elections, and shall constitutionally jji-ovide that all persons shall\\nequally possess the right to pursue all lawful vocations, receive equal bene-\\nfits of the public schools, equal protection and all rights of citizens in said\\nState, and when said Constitution is submitted to the people of said State\\nfor ratification or rejection, and when the Constitution shall be ratified and\\nsubmitted to Congress for examination and approval, shall be declared en-\\ntitled to representation, and representatives and senators therefrom shall be\\nadmitted on taking the oath prescribed by law.\\nShellabarger offered an amendment declaring that until\\nthe rebellious States are admitted to representation, any\\ncivil govertment should be deemed provisional, subject to\\nthe authority of the United States, to be abolished, modi-\\nfied or superseded at any time, and all elections under the\\ncivil government to be conducted by persons described in\\nthe fifth section, and no person should be qualified to hold\\noffice under the provisional government who was ineligible\\nunder the j^rovisions of the third section of the constitu-\\ntional amendment of last session. Adopted yeas, 98,\\nnays, 70.\\nThis bill was vetoed by President Johnson, and passed\\nover the veto in the House by a vote of 135 to 47, and in\\nthe Senate by 28 to 10. Louisiana and Texas constituted\\nthe Fifth Military District. Under this bill, G-eneral Sher-\\nidan issued the following Order Number One, dated New\\nOrleans, March 19th, 1867\\n1. The act of Congress entitled An act to provide for the more efii-\\ncient government of the rebel States, having been officially transmitted to\\nthe undersigned in an order from the Headquarters of the Army, which,\\nassigns him to the command of the Fifth Military District created by that\\nact, consisting of the States of Louisiana and Texas, he hereby assumes\\ncommand of the same\\n2. According to the provisions of the Gth section of the act of Congress\\nabove cited, the present State and Municipal Governments in the States of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0426.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS. 415\\nLouisiana and Texas are hereby declared to be provisional only, and subject\\nto be abolished, moditied, controlled or superseded.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23. No general removals from office will be made, unless the present\\nincumbents fail to carry out the provisions of the law, or impede the reor-\\nganization, or, unless a delay in reorganizing should necessitate a change.\\nPending the reorganization, it is desirable and intended to create as little\\ndisturbance in the machinery of the various branches of the Provisional\\nGovernments as possible, consistent with the law of Congress and its suc-\\ncessful execution, but this condition is dependent upon the disposition\\nshown by the people, and upon the length of time required for reorganiza-\\ntion.\\n4. The States of Louisiana and Texas will retain their present military-\\ndesignations, viz District of Louisiana, and District of Texas. The\\nofficers in command of each will continue to exercise all their powers and\\nduties as heretofore, and will in addition carry out all the provisions of the\\nlaw within their respective commands, except those which specifically re-\\nquire the action ofthe Military District Commander, and except in cases of\\nremovals from, and appointments to office.\\nUnder this law a new registration of voters, including\\nthe newly enfranchised freedmen, became necessary. April\\n4th, General Griffin, in command at Galveston, addressed\\nthe following letter to Governor Throckmorton\\nSir I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communica-\\ntions of the 28th and 29th ultimo, and shall deem it a privilege to avail\\nmyself of your offer of assistance in registering the qualified voters of the\\nState.\\nI am exceedingly anxious not to go out of the State for registers; and\\nam desirous of obtaining the names of all persons, irrespective of color,\\nthat ai e qualified to act in this capacity men that can take the oath of\\noffice as prescribed by act of Congi ess of July 2d, 1862, a copy of which is\\nherewith enclosed.\\nIf possible, please favor me with the probable black and white vote of\\neach county.\\nI am very desirous to have the laws impartially executed, and no effort\\nshall be spared, on mv part, to bring out the full number of legal voters in\\nthis State.\\nIf the citizen* accept the situation, come forward, and yield a cheerful\\nobedience, there can be no trouble.\\nAfter receiving this communication, the Governor imme-\\ndiately sent circulars to the Chief Justices of the various\\ncounties, of which the following is a copy\\n24", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0427.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "416 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSir In order to facilitate tiie labors of the military authorities in pro-\\nviding for the registration of the legal voters under the recent acts ot\\nCongress, known as the Military Bill and Supplement thereto, it is necessa-\\nry that you furnisli to tliis department, without delay, a list of all persons in\\nyour county, irrespective of color, who are competent and qualitied to\\nact as Registers, and who can take the accompanying oath.\\nIt is desired by Major-General Griffin, commanding, that each county, if\\npossible, furnisli its own Registers. You will therefore spare no pains to\\nfurnish the list at the earliest moment. Send atouce, those who come Avith-\\nin your personal knowledge; afterwards, such others as you nr.iy ascertain,\\nnoting particularly their business qualitications so far as practicable. The\\nbest men, that is, tho\u00c2\u00abe who are most competent, and who will act fairly and\\npromptly, should be noted.\\nYou are further requested to give the number and name of each voting\\nprecinct in your county.\\nThe probable number of whites who are entitled to vote xinder the laws\\nof the State. The per centage of those disqualified to vote can be better\\nascertained here.\\nThe probable number of colored entitled to vote under the acts of Con-\\ngress.\\nI can not too strongly urge upon you, and through you, upon the people\\nof your county, the propriety and absolute necessity at this juncture in\\naffaix s, of contributing, to the fullest extent, every aid possible, in order\\nthat the military authorities may be enabled to execute tne acts of Congress\\nwith promptness and fairness.\\nOn the 15th of April Greneral Griffin issued an order\\nforbidding all civil elections in Texas and soon afterward\\nanother ordering negroes to be 2^1aced on juries. Fifteen\\nregistration districts were formed, corresponding to the\\nIron Clad Oath. I, do solemnly swear that I have never\\nvoluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen\\nthereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or\\nencouragement to persoys engaged in armed hostility thereto that I have\\nneither sought nor accepted, nor attempted to exercise tlie functions of any\\noffice whatever, under any authority in hostility to tlie United Slates;\\nthat I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government,\\nauthority, power or constitution Avithin the United States, hostile or inim-\\nical thereto. And I do furtJier swear that to the best of my knowledge\\nand ability, I will support and defend the Contitutiou of the United States,\\nagainst all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith aud\\nallegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any\\nmental reservation or purpose of evasion and that I will well and faithfully\\ndischarge the duties of the office on which 1 am about to enter, So help\\nme God.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0428.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "sheeidan s special order. 417\\nfifteen judicial districts created by the Legislature of 1866.\\nWhile the work of registration was in progress, and the\\nState Government endeavoring to harmonize itself with\\nthe views of the military commanders,* on the 30th of July\\nthe following Special Order IN umber 105 was issued by\\nGeneral Sheridan, in T^ew Orleans\\nA careful consideration of the rei^orts of Brevet Majoi -General C.\\nGriffin, U. S. Army, shows tliat J. W. Throcl^raortou, Governor of Texas,\\nAs a further evidence of the willingness of Governor Throckmorton in\\ngood faith to adjust himself and the State to the new Reconstruction acts of\\nCongress, we add some extracts from a letter addressed to Dr. Ashbel Smith\\nI feel an abiding confidence that the people of Texas will not falter, or\\nprove indifTerent. Every citizen of the State, however exalted or humble\\nhis sphere, sliould feel that his country demands of him prudent and effi-\\ncient service, and that his services may be more potent for good now than\\nat any future period. Every one who is entitled should register and vote\\nat the proper time, and those who are disfranchised should encourage\\nothers that are not. The best and wisest men, who are allowed to sit, should\\nbe selected for members of the Convention. No impediment should be\\nthrown in the way of the newly-enfranchised class, but evei*y reasonable\\nmeans and encouragement should be extended to them in order that they\\nmay enjoy without hindrance their new privileges.\\nThey are in no wise responsible for the present state of things, and should\\nthis extraordinarj enlargement of the right of suffrage tend to the destruc-\\ntion of republican institutions, or to the demoralization and ruin of the\\n])]acks, they are not responsible. Hereafter they are to be, to the people of\\ntlie South, an element of political power and strength, if wisely and\\nproperly treated.\\nTherefore it is to be earnestly desired that all proper means should be\\nused to direct thesc people to an intelligent and wise use of the high priv-\\nilege conferred.\\nI am in correspondence with the military authorities upon the subject of\\ninaugurating the details of rc^organization, and have tendered the co-opera-\\ntion of the civil authorities of the State in the execution of the law.\\nI have invited attention to the necessity of having defined and promulga-\\nted the class of persons heretofore holding office who are excluded that i\\nto what extent the terms Executive and Judicial officers goes, etc. I\\nshall make use of every means to aid those who are charged with the execu-\\ntion of the law, and at the same time endeavor to possess myself of informa-\\ntion necessary to enable the people of the State to act intelligently. I have\\nan assurance from Major (ienoral Griffin that lie will spare no pains to have\\na full and complete registry of all the legal voters in the State.\\nVery respectfully, your obedient servant,\\nJ. W. TnuOCKMORTON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0429.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "418 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nis an impediment to the reconstruction of that State, luider the law. Ho is\\ntherefore removed from that office. E. M. Pease is hereby appointed Gov-\\nernor of Texas in place of J. W. Throckmorton, removed. He will be\\nobeyed and respected accordingly.\\nE. M. Pease became Governor, by military appointment,,\\nJuly SOth, 1867. This was a period of bitter partizanship.\\nUnder the instructions, marked secret and sent by Greneral\\nGriffin to the diiferent boards of registration, a very rigid\\nrule was adopted, by which hundreds of men who believed\\nthemselves entitled to register were rejected. In the mean-\\ntime. General Sheridan had been removed from the com-\\nmand of the Fifth military district, and General Hancock\\nappointed in his place. The views of the latter differed\\nradically from those of his predecessor. Hancock was\\nopposed to the trial of civillians by the military, and\\ndeclined to interfere, even at the request of Governor\\nPease.f\\n*Executive Officers John A. Green, Secretary of State William M.\\nWalton, Attorney-General W. L. Robards, Comptroller M. H. iloyston.\\nTreasurer; Stephen Crosby, Land Commissioner; Davis Guerly, Adjutant-\\nGeneral.\\nJustices of Supreme Court: George F. Moore, Chief Justice; R. Coke^\\nS. P. Donley, A. H. Willie, and George W. Smith, Associates. Judges-\\nWatrDUs, and Duval, Judges of the United States District Court.\\nDavid G. Burnet and Oran M. Roberts wei e elected Senators; and Geo.\\nW. Chilton, B. H. Epperson, A. M. Branch, and C. C. Herbert were elected\\nto the United States House of Representatives, but were not admitted to-\\nthcirs seats.\\nf A murder had been committed in Uvalde county. Three men were in\\nconfinement for the crime. Judge Noonaii wrote a letter to Governor Pease\\nin which he asked: Would it not be well to try them by military commis-\\nsion This was transmitted to General Hancock, and answered by Colonel\\nW. C. Mitchell, Secretary of Civil Afiairs, by order of the Commanding\\nGeneral. We copy a few paragraphs:\\nla his view it is of evil example, and full of danger to the cause of free-\\ndom and good government, that the exercise of the military power, through\\nmilitarj tribunals created for the trial of offenders against the civil law,\\nshould ever be permitted, when the ordinary powers of the existing State\\nGovernments are ample for the punishment of offenders, if those charged\\nwith the administration of the laws are faithful in the discharge of their\\nduties.\\nIf the means at the disposal of the State authorities are inefficient to", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0430.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "SECRET IXSTRUCTIONS. 419\\nWhen G-eneral Hancock was furnished with the secret\\ninstructions given by General Grriffin to the registrars, he\\nbecame satisfied that many entitled to registration had been\\nrefused and on the 11th of January, 1868, he issued a\\ncounter order; from which we make an extract:\\nIn consequence of this and as the time for the revision of the registra-\\ntion in the State of Texas is now at hand, and the duty of making tlie\\nrevision will, it is probable, in a great degree, be performed by persons who\\nare members of the Boards of Registration, to which the memoranda in\\nquestion were distributed for their guidance, the Major General command-\\ning deems it of importance that the members of the Board of Registration,\\nand the people at large, should be informed that the memoranda before\\nreferred to, distributed from the headquarters of this military district, are\\nnull and of no effect, and are not now to be regarded by the Boards of\\nRegistration in making theirdccisions and that the members of the Boards\\nare to look to the laws, and to the laws alone, for the rules which are to\\ngovern them in the discharge of the delicate and important duties imposed\\nuix)n them.\\nFor this purpose they will be furnished with copies of the Acts of Con-\\ngress relating to this subject, and of the amendment (known as Article\\nXIV.) to the Constitution of the United States,\\nIn case of questions arising as to the right of any individual to be regis-\\ntered, the person deeming himself aggrieved is entitled to his appeal from\\nsecure the confinement of the persons named in the communication of the\\nGovernor of the State of Te xas to the General commanding tliere, until\\nthey can be legally tried, on the fact being made known to him, the com-\\nmander of the district will supply the means to retain them in confinement;\\nand the commanding officer of the troops in Texas is so authorized to act.\\nIf there are any reasons in existence which justify an apprehension that\\nthe prisoners cannot be lairly tried in that county, let the proper civil officers\\nhave the venue changed for the trial, as provided for by the laws of Texas.\\nIn the opinion of the Commander of the Fifth Military District, the\\nexi-iting Government of the State of Texas iiossesses all the powers neces-\\nsary for the proper and prompt trial of the prisoners in question, in due\\ncourse of law.\\nIf these powers are not exercised for that purpose, the failure to exer-\\ncise tliem can be attributed only to the indolence or culpable inefiicicucy of\\nthe officers now charged with the execution and enforcement of the laws\\nunder the authority of the State Government; and if there is such a failure,\\nin the instance mentioned, on the part of those officers, to execute the laws,\\nit will then become the duty of the Commander to remove the officers who\\nfail to discharge the duties imposed on them, and to replace them with\\nothers who will discharere them.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0431.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "420 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe decision of the Board, and the Boards are directed to make a full\\nstatement of the facts in sncli cases, and to forward the same to these head-\\nquarters without unnecessary delay.\\nBy command of Major General Hancock.\\nGeorge L. Hartsuff, Assistant Adjutant General.^\\nThe want of harmony between Congress and the Presi-^\\ndent exhibited itself in frequent changes of commanders in\\nthe South. General Sheridan represented the Congres\\nsional element, and was appointed by Mr. Stanton, Secretary\\nof War. Greneral Hancock, on the contrary, represented\\nthe views of President Johnson. Soon after the publication\\nof Hancock s letter to Grovernor Pease, and the order\\nrepudiating the instructions of General Griffin, he was\\nremoved, and General J.J. Reynolds appointed to the Fifth\\nMilitary District, which was soon restricted to Texas, Louis-\\niana having been reconstructed, and her Representatives\\nadmitted to their seats in Congress. Austin. became the\\nheadquarters of the District.\\nUnder the new regulations, every one who expected to\\nvote was required to register, and present his certificate of\\nregistration at the polls. There were registered 56,(378\\nwhite, and 47,581 colored voters. It is supposed that\\n25,000 whites were not registered, either through indiffer-\\nence, or because they were disfranchised. In order to\\nsecure a large vote, the law required that a majority of the\\nregistered voters should vote at the election but did not\\nrequire that a majority of the whole should favor the calling\\nof a Convention. But one place of voting was designated\\nin each county and that at the county seat. The election\\noccupied four days February 10th-14th. Forty-four thou-\\nsand, six hundred and eighty-nine votes were cast for the\\nConvention, and 11,440 against it.\\nThe Convention met in Austin, June 1st, 1866, and\\norganized by electing Edmund J. Davis, President, and W.\\nV. Tunstall, Secretary. When officially informed of the\\norganization. Governor Pease sent a communication, from\\nwhich the following paragraj^hs are extracted", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0432.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "SENTIMENTS WIDELY DIFFER 421\\nIt is not my iirovinco to make recommendations for your action; but I\\ntrust that it will not be considered improper for me to suggest that, in the\\nConstitution you are about to form, it is expected\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThat you will declare that the pretended act of secession, and all laws\\nthat hnve been enacted in aid of the late rebellion, or repugnant to the\\nConstitution and laws of the United States, are and were null and void\\nfrom their inception and that you will at once repeal all laws that make\\nany discrimination against persons on account of their color, race or previous\\ncondition;\\nThat you will provide for ascertaining and paying all debts that were\\nowing by the State at the commencement of the rebellion, and prohibit the\\npayment of any debts incurred in aid of the rebellion, or for the support of\\nthe rebel government during its progress\\nThat you will secure equal civil and political rights to every inhabitant\\nof the State, who has not forfeited these rights by participation in the late\\nrebellion, or by conviction for crime;\\nThat you will temporarily disfranchise a number of those who partici-\\npated in the rebellion, sufficient to place the political power of the State in\\nthe hands of those who are loyal to the United States Government;\\nThat you will make a liberal provision, by taxation upon property, for\\nthe immediate establishment of Free Public Schools for the education of\\nevery child iu the State\\nThat you will secure to every citizen of the State who has not heretofore\\nreceived it, a reasonable amount of laud out of the public domain for a\\nhomestead\\nThat you will adopt efficient measures to enconirage immigration to our\\nState from foreign countries, and to give aid and encouragement to such\\nworks of internal improvement as the necessities of our people require.\\nAll these measures are called for by the public sentiment of our loyal\\ncitizens, and are necessary, I think, to secure the future happiness and\\nprosperity of all.\\nAs the Convention progressed with its work it soon be-\\ncame manifest that its members, though acknowledged loyal\\nRepublicans, held sentiments widely differing from each\\nother, on the questions deemed vital. In the summer of\\n1867, a few weeks before General Griffin died (with yellow\\nfever) a petition was drawn up by Mr. William Alexander,\\nand signed by a number of other gentlemen, requesting the\\nGeneral to declare by military order, all pretended legis-\\nlation done in Texas, dating from and after February 1st,\\n18G1 (the date of the so-called ordinance of secession), to\\nbe, what the law holds it to be, null and void from the\\nbeginning, t. e., ab initio. Because Governor Pease, in a", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0433.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "422 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nproclamation, recognized the Constitution and laws of 1866,\\n(subject to certain exceptions), as rules for the government\\nof the peoj^le of Texas, and the officers of the civil govern-\\nment, ]\\\\Ir. Alexander resigned the office of Attorney Gen-\\neral, to which he had been a2 )pointed. Those members of\\nthe Convention who, with Mr. Alexander, believed that all\\nlaws and legislative enactments since the passage of the\\nordinance of secession were null and void, were called Ad\\nhiitios.\\nOn the 20th of August, the Convention passed a bill\\nappropriating $25,000 additional to defray its expenses. It\\nwas sent to General Reynolds for his approval. To this,\\nthe General replied on the 24th, as follows\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Hon. E. J. Davis, President Constitutional Convention:\\nSiK. have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a resolution of the\\nConvention, passed on the 29th instant, asking my approval of an additional\\nappropriation of tweuty-fivo thousand dollars to defray expenses.\\nThe Convention has been in session about eighty-five days, and has ex-\\npended an appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars.\\nTlie present state of the treasury, the rate at which money is coming in,\\nand the prospective current wants of the State, forbid the appropriation of\\nany more money from the treasury for the expenses of the Constitutional\\nConvention.\\nThe resolution is respectfully returned without approval.\\nComparatively little progress had been made towards\\nforming a Constitution, but as no more money could be\\ndrawn from the treasury to defray expenses, the Conven-\\ntion adjourned on the 31st of August, to meet again on the\\n7th of December.\\nOn reassembling in December, the contests between the\\ntwo wings of the Republican party in the body became more\\nmarked and irreconcilable. On the question of suffrage,\\none party wished to disfranchise a large number who had\\nbeen instrumental in passing the ordinance of secession\\nand sustaining the Confederate cause, while the more liberal\\nwished all the bo)ia fide citizens of the State enfranchised.\\nThat party tinally prevailed. Instead of the disfranchising", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0434.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "PLACIDO, CHIEF OF THE TONKA WAS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0435.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0436.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "Hamilton s substitute adopted. 425\\nreport of the committee, a liberal substitute, offered by ex-\\nGovernor Hamilton, was adopted.\\nWe copy the section and the vote on the substitute\\nSection 1. Every male citizen of the United States of the age o^\\ntwenty-one years and upward, not laboring under tlie disabilities named in\\nthis Constitution, without distinction of race, color, or former condition,\\nwho shall be a resident of this State at the time of the adoption of this Consti-\\ntution, or who shall theretofore reside in this State one year, and in the coun-\\nty in which he offers to vote sixty days next preceding any election, shall\\nbe entitled to vote fur all officers that are now or that hereafter may be\\nelected by the people, and upon all questions submitted to the electors on\\nany election;\\nPnmded, that no person shall be allowed to vote or hold office who is\\nnow or hereafter may be disqualified therefrom by the Constitution of the\\nDnited States, until such disqualification sliall be removed by the Congress\\nof the United States.\\nProvided further, that no person, while Ivept in any asylnm, or confined\\nIn prison, or, who has been convicted of felony, or who is of unsound mind,\\nshall be allowed to vote or hold office.\\nYeas Messrs. Armstrong of Lamar. Armstrong of Jasper, Bell, Bel-\\nlinger, Bryant of Grayson, Buffington, Burnett, Carter, Cole, Curtis, Evans\\nof Titus, Fleming, Gaston, Glenn, Gray, Hamilton of Travis, Harris, Ihirn,\\nKealy, Keigwin, Kirk, Lcib, McCormick, McWashington, Morse, Muiuiine,\\nPliillips of San Augustine, Posey, Rogers, Scott, Schutze, Sori-elle, Stock-\\nbritlge, Watrous, Williams, Wilson of Brazoria, Wright 37.\\nNays Messrs. President, Board, Butler, Degener, Downing, Faylo, Flan-\\nigan, Hamilton of Bastrop, Hunt, Johnson, Jordan, Keuchler, Lippard,\\nLong, Mackey, Mills, Mullens, Newconib, Patton, Phillips of Wharton,\\nRuby, Slaughter, Smith, Thomas, Varnell, Wilson of Milam 26.\\nThis bill passed on the 3d of February. On the 4th, the ab initio mem-\\nbers of the Convention entered the following protest. It was signed by\\ntwenty-two members; some objecting to some of the statements. Mr.\\nDavis, above his signature, writes: I join in the above protest, except\\nonly that part which charges deception and intimidation on the part of the\\nmembers.\\nITon. E. J. Davis, President of the Convention:\\nSik: We, the undersigned, delegates to the Constitutional Convention\\nof the State of Texas, do hereby express disapproval of the proposed Cun-\\nstitntion adopted by a majority of this Convention.\\nWe object to it, because it is based upon the unwarranted assumption\\nthat the Constitution of tlie United States, with the treaties and laws made\\nin pursuance thereof, and the accepted Constitution of the State of Texas\\n(of 1845), have not been continuously tiie supreme law of the land. Be-\\nlieving as we do, that all pretended laws and judicial decisions made within\\nthe National limits, and not autliorized bv and subordinate to the Govern-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0437.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "426 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe Constitution was now nearly completed, and many of\\nthe members left for home. At the hour of meeting Febru-\\nary 6th, no quorum was present. General Canby had been\\nin Texas since December 20th. President Davis read to-\\nthe members present a letter from Gen. Canby, directing\\nthe records of the Convention to be turned over to the cus-\\ntody of the assistant Adjutant-General of the district.\\nWhereupon Mr. Davis directed the Secretary to turn over\\nthe Constitution adopted by this Convention, and all\\nordinances, declarations and resolutions ado^^ted by the\\nsame, and books and records, to the Adjutant-General, as\\nfast as the same could be arranged, written out and enrolled\\nafter which he declared the Eeconstruction Convention\\nadjourned\\nThe Convention had ordered a general election in July,\\nbut President Grant had it deferred until the 30th of\\nNovember and three following days.\\nOn the 30th of September, Governor Pease tendered his\\nresignation of the executive office, and for three months an\\nment of tlie United States, were from the beginning and must remain null\\nand void, and the undersigned will never compromise the principle for any\\nsupposed ])olicy.\\nWe do most earnestly and solemnly protest against that provision in the\\nproposed constitution which extends the right of suffrage to all those who\\nvoluntarily became the public enemy of the United States, feeling assured\\nthat it was the aim of Congress to enable the loyal people of the State of\\nTexas, without regard to any distinction of race or color, to reorganize and\\nmaintain a government in the place of that overthrown by the rebellion,\\nand we cannot forbear to express the conviction that the adoption by the\\nmajority of the Convention of the provision in regard to suffrage was ob-\\ntained by virtue of a premeditated and deliberate deception, and by meth-\\nods of intimidation, which deserve the greatest censure. The majority of\\nthe Convention have deliberately removed from the Constitution every safe-\\nguard for the protection of the loyal voter, white and bhick. They have\\nstricko from that instrument the whole system of registry they have re-\\npudiated the oath of loyalty contained in the reconstruction laws; they have\\nspurned the test of equal civil and political rights, and we do most solemn-\\nly call upon the registered voters of Texas to vindicate the National hoiior^\\nand the cause of right and justice, by their votes.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0438.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "RESIGNATION OF PEASE. 427\\nAdjutant in charge of civil affairs administered the execu-\\ntive department of the State of Texas.\\nExecutive oflBcers during Pease s Administration: W. C.Phillips, Secre-\\ntary of State; Wm. Alexander and E. B. Turner, Attorneys General; INi.\\nC. Hamilton, Comptroller; John T. Allen, Treasurer; Joseph Spence, Lantl\\nCommissioner; A. Morrill, Chief Justice; C. Colwell, A. J. Hamiltou, A.\\nH. Latimer, and L. Lindsay, Associates. Mr. Latimer having resigned,\\nM. B, Walker was appointed in his place.\\nPease had served two terms as Governor of Texas, in a period of unex-\\nampled peace and prosperity; and he felt the humiliation of being tram-\\nmelled and controlled by mihtary commanders. In his message to the\\nConvention he said- The powers vested in the officers of the Provis-\\nional Government are exercised in subordination to the Commander of the\\nFifth Military District; and without his cooperation and assistance, all\\ntheir efforts to execute the laws and preserve the public peace can avail but\\nlittle. I regret to say that, iu some instances, this co-operation and assistance\\nhave been withheld, and the acts of the provisional officers have been mis-\\nrepresented and their recommendations disregarded, A knowledge of\\nthese facts has so emboldened and encouraged those who are disposed to\\ndlsrcyaid the laws that, in many instances, sheriffs have reported to this\\noffice that they were unable to obtain the aid of citizens to make arrests,\\nbecause they feared personal violence from the pai ties and their friends.\\nThe situation of Pease was very much like that of Murrah, the last Gov-\\nernor under Confederate rule. Murrah was under, first, Magruder and\\nthen Walker. Pease was under Sheridan, Griffin, Hancock, Reynolds and\\nCanby. This species of civic-military rule was not satisfactory. In Mur-\\nrah s message to the Legislatnro, he said: Imperative duty requires of me\\nto call your attention- to the fearful demoralization and crimes prevailing\\nthroughout the State. In some sections society is almost disorganized the\\nvoice of the law is hushed and its authority seldom asserted. It is a dead\\nletter an unhonored thing upon the unread pages of the statutes. Murder,\\nrobbery, theft, outrages of every kind against property against human\\nlife against everything sacred to a civilized people are frequent and\\ngeneral. Whole communities are under a reign of terror, and they utter\\ntheir dreadful apprehensions, and their agonizing cries of distress iu vain.\\nThe rule of the mob the bandit of unbridled passions rides over the\\nsolemn ordinances of the government. Foul crime is committed, and the\\ncriminal, steeped in guilt and branded by his own dark deeds with eternal\\ninfamy goes unwliipped of jnstice. Not even a warrant is issued for him\\nno effort is made by the sworn officers of the law, or by the community, to\\nbring him to punishment. Too often the deed is excused the community\\nis divided in opinion as to the guilt, and the criminal is screened from\\njustice unless his offending chances to touch some peculiar influence, or\\nprevailing notions and then, without the forms of law, he is hung by a\\nmob.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0439.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "428 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nUnder the direction of General Reynolds, who had been\\nre-appointed to the command of the Fifth Military District,\\nthe general election was held TsTovember 30th-December\\n3d, 1869.*\\nIn Pease s message to the Convention, he complains as follows It is not\\nthe part of wisdom to disguise from ourselves the true situation of affairs.\\nCrime was never as prevalent in Texas as it is at this time. Since the first\\nof December last, authentic information has been received at this office of\\ntwo hundred and six (206) homicides, committed in only sixty-seven (67)\\nof the one hundred and twenty-seven organized counties of the Stale, while\\nbut a small number of the perpetrators have been arrested and punished by\\nthe process of the law. This state of things has become so alarming that\\nthe people, in several instances, have taken the law into their own hands,\\nand have executed the murderers without a ti-ial a proceeding which is\\nalways dangerous and greatly to be reprobated.\\nThe vote for the constitution was 54,477 against it, 4,655. For Gover-\\nnor: E.J. Davis, 39,901; A. J. Hamilton, 39,U92; Hamilton Stuart, 880.\\nFur Lieutenant-Governor; J. W. Flanagan, 35,401; Wells Thompson,\\n19,583; Boulds Baker, 10,327; A. B. Latimer, 6,801. No elections were\\nheld in the counties of Milam and Navarro. The reason assigned by the\\nCommander was that they were in such a disturbed condition that a peaceful\\nelection could not be held. Though General Davis had signed the protest\\nexhorting the loyal voters to defeat the proposed Constitution, when he\\nentered the canvass for Governor he advocated its adoption, so that but few\\nvotes were finally cast against it. Total registered voters in 1869, 135,553.\\nWhites, 78,648; colored, 56,905.\\nSoon after ascertaining the result of the election, the following special\\norder appeared\\nlUxtract.}\\nAustin, Texas, January 8, 1870.\\nSpecial Orders No. 6.\\nI. The following appointments to civil office are hereby made, the persons\\niippointed having been elected to the positions designated: Edmund J.\\nDavis, to be Governor; J. W. Flanagan, to be Lieutenant Governor; A.\\nBledsoe, to be Comptroller; G. W. Honey, to be Treasurer; Jacob Kuech-\\nler to be Commissioner of General Land Ofiice.\\nThe present incumbents will continue to discharge the duties of their\\nrespective offices until their successors appear in person and qualify.\\nBy Command of\\nBrevet Ma.tor General Reynolds.\\nH. Clay Wood, Assistant Adjutant General.\\nOn the 11th of January another order was published, convening the\\nLegislature, February 5th, 1870.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0440.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nDAVIS APMINISTRATTON\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS BFXEGATES ADMITTED TO THEIR SEATS IN CONGRESS\\nMARTIAL LAW AGAIN STATK POLICK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FRONTIER PKOTECI ION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THREATENED COL-\\nLISIOV AT CLOSE OF HIS ADMINISTRATION HAPPILY AVERTED COKE S ADMIN-\\nISTRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094COUNTRY PROSPEROUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HUBBARD S\\nADJIINISIRATION LAWLESSNESS SUPPRESSED.\\nMR. DAVIS assumed the office of Governor, January\\n18th, 1870. The Legislature met, as called by the\\nCommanding General ratified the new amendments to the\\nConstitution of the United States elected United States\\nSenators, and adjourned.\\nMarch 30th, the President signed the bill accepting the\\nConstitution of Texas,. and her Representatives and Sena-\\ntors were admitted to their seats. On the 2d of April,\\nDavis issued a proclamation announcing the restoration of\\nTexas to her place in the Union. This he signed as Gov-\\nernor of Texas. Previous to this he had signed himself\\nProvisional Governor. April 16th, General Reynolds, by\\nspecial order, relinquished all control over the civil affairs\\nof the State. The Legislature re-assembled April 26th\\nand on the 28th, the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor\\nwere formally inaugurated.\\nThe Legisatun\\\\ which met April 26th, continued in\\nsession until the 15th of August. This was a called session.\\nAmong the more important acts may be mentioned the one\\nfor organizing the military forces of the State. These\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Classed politically, the Lejjfislature, which had been elected at the Pame\\ntime -with the Governor, stood, in the Senate, 17 Republicans, (two of them\\ncolored), 7 Conservatives, and 6 Democrats. In the House, 50 Republicans^\\n(8 colored), 19 Conservatives, and 21 Democrats.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0441.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "4*30 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwere divided into two classes the State Guard, composed\\nof volunteer companies and the Reserve ^Military, which\\nincluded all persons subject to military duty, not enrolled\\nin volunteer comj)anies. Any one might avoid military\\nduty by paying fifteen dollars per year. All the troops\\nwere under the control of the Governor. The most impor-\\ntant provision- in the militia bill read as follows He shall\\nalso have power to declare martial law in any county or\\ncounties, and suspend the laws therein, whenever in his\\nopinion the enforcement of the law of this State is ob-\\nstructed and he shall call out such part of the State Guard\\nor Reserve Military as he may deem necessary. The ex-\\npenses of maintaining such a force to be assessed upon the\\npeople of the county or counties where the laws are sus-\\npended, at the discretion of the Governor, whose duty it\\nshall be to provide for the .trial and punishment of offenders\\nby court martial and military commissions.\\nAnother bill authorized the Governor to organize a force\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of twenty companies for the protection of the frontier, and\\nto sell the bonds of the State for their support. Another\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0established a State police, in connection wuth the militia\\nsystem, to be under the command of the Adjutant General,\\nto consist of about 260 officers and men.\\nA bill was also passed, requiring voters to register, and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2one laying down stringent rules for conducting elections.\\nThirty -five judicial districts were created, and the probate\\nbusiness transferred from the county to the district courts.\\nAnother bill created a system of free public schools through-\\nout the State. An immense number of general and special\\nlaws were passed. We mention one more, that which\\npermitted those who had no homes, to locate upon the\\npublic d(miain. The law gave to each head of a family 160\\nacres, and to each single person eighty acres, but the land\\nmust be occupied as a homestead.\\nFor nearly ten years Texas had been under a mixed\\ngovernment, partly civil, and partly nulitary the military", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0442.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "COLLISIONS BETWEEN THE FACTIONS. 431\\nelement predominating. It was hardly to be expected that\\nthe peoj^le would, at once, return to the pacific, law-abiding-\\ncondition of society at the breaking out of the war. Gov-\\nernor Davis had been a General in the Federal army most\\nof the peoj)le of Texas had been enlisted on the other side.\\nThe party spirit which had prevailed could not at once\\ngive place to mutual confidence. Time alone could modify\\nthe asperities engendered by the war.\\nThe Conservative and Democratic parties protested against\\nsome of the provisions of the militia bill, especially that\\nwhich empowered the Governor to proclaim martial law\\nand the one for the employment of State j^olice. Many of\\nthose enlisted in the State police were colored some of the\\nofficers were men objectionable on many grounds. Col-\\nlisions occasionally occurred.\\nAmong the more important acts of the Legislature which\\nre-assembled in January, 1871, was one authorizing counties\\n*A serious diflQ.culty occurred in Huntsville, early in January, 1871. A\\nnegro named Sam. Jenkins, an important witness in a ciiminal case, was\\nkilled. Certain parties implicated in the killing were arrested by a party\\nof State police, in charge of Captain M Annelly. After being arrested they\\nwere aided by friends to escape, and in the melee Captain M. was wonnded.\\nAfter this. Governor Davis January 20th proclaimed martial law in\\nWalker county, and a Provost Marshal was appointed, and a militarv com-\\npany from an adjoining county sunnnoned to enforce the law. A militarv\\ncommission was convened, and Nat. Outlaw, one of the pai-ties charged\\nwith the murder of the negro, was convicted and sent to the Penitentiary\\nfor five years. Some other parties were fined. On reviewing the testimony,\\nthe Governor released Outlaw, and restored the supremacy of civil law.\\nAnother difliculty took place at Groesbeck. On the last day of Septem-\\nber, 1871, D. C. Applewhite was kiLed in the streets, by Mitch, ollon\\nand three colored policemen. Applewhite was charged with carrying con-\\ncealed weapons. Attempts were made to arrest the men who did the kill-\\ning, when a serious disturbance arose, in which the whites were arrayed on\\none side and the colored ])eople on the other. On tiio 10th of October,\\nGovernor Davis proclaimed martial law in Limestone and Freestone coun-\\nties. This order was revokod November lltli but the people were assessed\\nfor a considerable sum to defray exp^^nses. In one other instance, (in Hill\\ncounty), martial law was for a short time eufoi ced.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0443.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "432 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand corporations, by popular vote, to grant subsidies to-\\nrailroads.\\nThe Legislature met January 14th, 1873. Mr. Webster\\nFlanagan, who had been elected President of the Senate at.\\nthe previous session, resigned, and his ^^lace was filled by\\nMr. E. B. Pickett, a Democrat The tone of the Govern-\\nor s message was conciliatory, and all parties manifested a\\ndisposition to repeal obnoxious laws, reduce public expenses\\nand leo islate for the benefit of the State. The Militia bill\\nwas so modified as to take from the Grovernor the authority\\nto declare martial law the State police was disbanded, and\\nthe election law and the school law materially changed.\\nPrecinct elections w^ere restored, and only one day set apart\\nfor elections, instead of four.\\nAt the election held in December, 1873, tjh.e Democra,ts\\nelected all the State officers, the Congressmen from all the\\ndistricts, and a majority of both branches of the Legislature.\\nAfter the election, an ex parte case, brought before the\\nSupreme Court on a writ of habeas corpus^ brought up the\\nconstitutionality of the election law. The Court decided the\\nlaw unconstitutional, and Governor Davis issued a procla-\\nmation, January 12th, (the day before that fixed for the\\nmeeting of the Legislature) prohibiting that body from\\nassembling. The two Houses, notwithstanding the inhibi-\\ntion, met in their respective chambers and organized. The\\nGovernor declined to receive any communication from them.\\nOn the night of the 13th, great apprehensions were enter-\\ntained of a conflict between the two parties. The second\\nUnder the Constitution the Governor continued in office four years. At\\nthe election in the fiill of 1872, the Democrats elected the six Congressmen\\nto which the State was entitled, and a majority in both branches of the\\nState Legislature. At this election a vote was taken to fix permanently the\\nState capital. Austin received 63,297 out of the 111,362 votes cast. For\\nPresident, Greeley received 66,455 votes, and Grant 47,226. In 1868, by a\\nspecial act of Congress, Texas was prohibited from voting iu the Presiden-\\ntial election.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0444.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "EDMUND J DAVIS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0445.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0446.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "APPEAL TO GRANT. 435\\nstory of the Capitol building was in possession of the two\\nHouses, guarded by a military company as a special police\\nto assist the sergeant-at-arms, while the lower story was in\\npossession of the executive officers, guarded by a company\\nof colored soldiers, under the command of the Adjutant-\\nGeneral. President Grrant was appealed to, but declined to\\ninterfere. Under a protest, the Secretary of State permit-\\nted a Committee of the Legislature to take possession of the\\nelection returns. The vote was counted, and Messrs. Coke\\nand Hubbard duly installed in their respective offices.\\nSoon after the meeting of the Legislature, Mr. J. VV. Flanagan, Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor, was elected to theTJnited States Senate Donald Campbell\\nwas elected President of the Senate. Mr. Campbell died in 1871, and\\nWebster Flanagan was elected in his place. Mr. F. resigned in 1873, and\\nE. B. Pickett was elected. J. P. Newcomb was Secretarj^ of State during\\nDavis administration; Wm. Alexander, Attorney-General; A. Bledsoe,\\nComptroller; G. W. Honey, Treasurer; J. Kuechler, Land Commissioner;\\nJames Davidson and Frank L. Britton, Adjutants General.\\nUnder the Constitution of 1869, Justices of the Supreme Court were\\nnominated by the Governor, and confirmed by the Senate.. They held their\\noffice nine years, and the one going out first was ex offl^cio Chief Justice.\\nCourts were held only at the State capital. L. D. Evans was Chief Justice\\nand M. B. Walker and Wesley Ogden, Associates. In 1873, Justice Evans\\ntime having expired, J. D. M Ado was appointed in his place.\\nAn executive officer chosen by a very close vote, or by a minority of the\\nelectors, labors under a great disadvantage. There is a magic power in\\nnumbers and an officer who goes in by an overwhelming majority feels\\nthat he has good backing. The vole between Davis and Hamilton was very\\nclose. Indeed, General Hamilton thought that, had all the counties voted,\\nand their votes been received, he would have been the successful caiulidate.\\nGovernor Davis had labored under another disadvantage. A considerable\\nnumber of his own political party opposed some of the leading measures of\\nhis administration. He was thus without the moral support of two ex-\\nGovernors three or four ex-Justices of the Supreme Court, and other lead-\\ning and influential Republicans in all parts of the State. Notwithstanding\\nthis opposition, and the Indian depredations on the frontier, and the law-\\niess acts which disturbed society in various parts of the State, the period in\\nwhich he was Governor was one of great prosperity. Tiie aggregate\\nwealth of the State increased from $170,473,778, in 1870J to $223,410^920, in\\ni873. Pepulation increased fifty or sixty per cent. At the commencement\\nof 1871 there were in operation in the State 511 miles of railroad. At the\\ncloso of 1872 there 1,078 miles; showing an increase of more than one\\nhundred per cent, in two years.\\n2r:", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0447.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "436 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nIt was late at night, January 13th, 1874, when Richard\\nCoke and Richard B. Hubbard were inaugurated to their\\nrespective offices. There was still a feverish excitement in\\nthe public mind. Fears were entertained that Governor\\nDavis might yet be sustained in his office by the interposi-\\ntion of President Grant, or that some rash act might precip-\\nitate a collision between the different bands of armed men\\nin the city. Fortunately no blood was shed, and on the\\n19th, though Governor Davis had not formally surrendered\\nthe executive office, he had vacated it, and Governor Coke\\ntook undisputed possession. Governor Coke had been\\nelected by a majority of about 40,000. All the Congress-\\nmen and a majority of the members of the Legislature then\\nin session belonged to the Democratic party and the\\nSupreme Court was at once reorganized under an amend-\\nment to the Constitution, increasing the number of Judges\\nto five. Harmony was thus introduced into all departments\\nof the State Government. Governor Coke, in his message,\\ntook a very hopeful view of our State affairs, and the people\\ngenerally indulged in glowing anticipations of future pros-\\nperity. The opening of railroad communication with St.\\nLouis, the abundant crops and inflowing tide of immigra-\\ntion, stimulated enterprise and kept alive the hopes of our\\npeople. In the period of financial distress which has befal-\\nlen the country since that period, Texas has suffered less\\nthan any other State of the American Union.\\nConsiderable dissatisfaction was expressed with the Con-\\nWe copy one paragraph from the message of the Governor to the Legis-\\nlature, in January, 1873: When I commenced the performance of the\\nduties of Governor, I proposed to myself these main purposes: On the\\none hand to restrain that tendency to extravagant squandering of public\\nmoney, and running into debt, which has disgraced many of the govern-\\nments and legislatures of the (so-called) reconstructed States\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a tendency,\\nhowever, that was to be expected of that demoralization which the tremen-\\ndous convulsion of the war caused to permeate, more or less, all parties and\\nclasses in those States. On tlie other hand, to restrain that lawlessness\\nwhich ahvavs unfavor;ibl\\\\- distiniruisliod our peoplo, but had become shock-\\ningly intensitied by the liabiis taught, oui- young men in military camps.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0448.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "HUBBARD BECOMES GOVERNOR. 437\\nstitution formed under the auspices of General Reynolds\\nand at the second session of the fourteenth Legislature, held\\nin March, 1875, provision was made for calling a Constitu-\\ntional Convention. The Convention met on the 6th of\\nSeptember, and organized by electing E. B. Pickett Pres-\\nident, and- Wm. Leigh Chalmers Secretary. Having\\ncompleted its work, it adjourned on the 24th of November.^\\nThe fifteenth Legislature met on the 12th of April, 1876,\\nand on the 2oth, Messrs. Coke and Hubbard were reinaufru-\\nrated to their respective offices. On the 5th of May, Gov-\\nernor Coke was elected to the United States Senate but he\\ncontinued to exercise the functions of Governor until the 1st\\nof December.\\nOn the first of December, 1876, Richard B. Hubbard, the\\nLieutenant-Governor, became Governor by the resignation\\nof Governor Coke.f\\nAt the election, August 2d, 69,583 votes were cast foi* the Convention,\\nand 30,549 against it. At the election, February 15th, 1876, 136,606 votes\\nwere cast for the Constitution, and 56,652 against it. The regular Demo-\\ncratic State ticket was elected. For Governor, Richard Coke received\\n150,418, and William Chambers 47,719 votes.\\nExecutive Officers Wells Thompson, President of the Senate; A. W.\\nDeberry, Secretary of State; H. H. Boone, Attorney-General; William\\nSteele, Adjutant-General; Stephen H. Darden, Comptroller; A. J. Dora,\\nTreasurer; J. J. Groos, Land Commissioner.\\nThomas H. Duval, Judge of the United States Court, Western District;\\nand since 1872, Amos Morrill, of the Eastern District.\\nBy an amendment to the Constitution, in 1874, the Supreme Court was\\ncomposed of one Chief Justice and four Associates: O. M. Roberts, Chief\\nJustice; W. P. Ballinger, George F. Moore, Reuben A. Rives, and Thomas\\nJ. Deviiie, Associates. Vacancies having occurred, P. W. Gray and John\\nIreland were appointed A-^sociate Justices.\\nA new organization took place under the Constitution of 1875: O. M.\\nRoberts, Chief Justice; George F. Moore and Robert S. Gould, Associate\\nJustices. By the Constitution, a Court of Appeals was created; and John\\nP. AVhite, C. M. Winkler and M. D. Ector, appointed Judges.\\nt A good many topics of interest, connected with the administrations of\\nCoke and Hubbard, are treated under special heads as railroads, penitcL\\ntiary, public debt, c., c.\\nExecutive Officers: Wells Thompson, Lieutenant-Governor; Isham G.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0449.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "438 I HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSearcy, Secretary of State; A. J. Dorn, Treasurer; S. H. Darden, Comp-\\ntroller; J. J. Groos, and W. C. Walsh, Land Commissioners; Williain\\nSteele, Adjutant-Greneral H. H. Boone, Attorney-General; V. O. King,\\nCommissioner of Insurance, Statistics and History.\\nU. S. Senators: M. C. Hamilton, 1870-1878 succeeded by Richard Coke.\\nJ. W. Flanagan, 1870-1874 succeeded by S. B. Maxey. Members of the\\nHouse: The State was entitled to four members in 1870, and they were\\nGeorge W. Whitmore, John C. Connor, AVilliain T. Clark, and Edward\\nDegner. In 1871-72: W. S. Herndon, D. C. Giddings, (two terms), and\\nW. P. M Lean. In 1873, after the new apporlionnjent, the State was\\nentitled to two additional they were R. Q. Mills and Asa C. Willie, John\\nHancock, (from 1871 to 1876) D. C. Giddings, (1877-78, John H. Reagan,\\n(1874-78) David B. Culbertson, (1874-78) J. W. Throckmorton, (1874-78)\\nRoger Q. Mills, (1873-78); G. Schleicher, (1874-78).\\nLawlessness. At the close of the Pease administration, mention was\\nmade of the prevalence ot lawlessness and crime. It was hoped that alter\\nthe restoration of civil law there would be an abatement of this lawless\\nspirit. But unfortunately there was not. Under the Davis administration\\nvarious excuses were otfered for its continuance. Party spirit ran high.\\nThe partizans of Mr. Davis charged that the disorders of society were\\nchargeable to the war spirit still rampamt among their political opponents\\nwhile the Democrats charged that these disorders were greatly aggravated\\nby the State police. It is not possible, at this time, to fix the blame upon\\nthe guilty parties nor is it necessary. It was fondly hoped that with the\\ninauguration of Governor Coke, who was elected by such an overwhelm-\\ning majority, the civil law would reassert itself, and arrest the spirit\\nof insubordination. But it did not. On the 13th of June, Governor Coke\\nissued a proclamation denouncing the sevei-est penalties of the law against\\ntransgressors, and exhorting civil officers to do their duty in the premises.\\nThis had some efiect, as the Governor says, in his message to the ensuing\\nLegislature, that in one year 853 convicts were sent to the penitentiary;\\nand in about one-third of the State from which jjartial reports had been\\nreceived, out of 1,561 trials for criminal offences, there resulted 981 convic-\\ntions. There were, however, instances in which the civil law was still\\npowerless; and in July, 1876, the Governor sent Captain L. H. M Annelly,\\nfrom Washington county, with fifty men to preserve the peace in DeWitt\\ncounty. Peace was restored there but the presence of Captain M Anuel-\\nly s company was demanded in otlier places, and up to the present time it\\nhas been found necessaiy to keep a few men in the Governor s employ to\\noiiforce civil law. During the summer of 1876, the worst band of robbers\\nI hat ever infested our State was broken up. The time has come wlien\\nail good, law-abiding citizens, of all parties and nationalities, appear to be\\nwilling to unite in sustaining the officers of the law, and bringing criminals\\nto justice. The most aggravated case of lawlessness during Governor Ilub-\\nbai d s administration occurred in El Paso county, when a mob displaced\\nthe civil oflScers and committed a number of murders. Many land-forgers\\nhave been sentenced to the Penitentiary and the bands engaged in robbing\\nstages and I ailroad trains, it is believed, have been broken up.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0450.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "LIST OF OFFICERS ELECTED. 439\\nOfficers of the Legislature since secession: Of the Senate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 President\\n;lect, 11th Legislature, K. H. Guinn; 12th, Don Campbell, Webster Flana-\\ngan; 13th, E. B. Pickett; 14th, John Ireland; 15th, Wells Thompson.\\nSecretaries: 10th, P. De Cordova 11th, Wilham Leigh Chalmers; 12th, C.\\nM. Campbell, and C. C. Allen; 13th, Wilham Leigh Chalmers; 14th, J. F.\\nBeall; loth, William Leigh Chalmers. Officers of the House\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Speakers\\n9th session, C. M. Buckley; 10th, M. D. K. Taylor; 11th, N. M. Burford\\n12th, Ira H. Evans; 13th, M. D. K. Taylor; 14th, Guy M. Bryan 15th, T.\\nR Bonner. Chief Clerks: 9th Legislature, William Leigh Chalmers; 10th,\\nJ. H. Herndon; 11th, J. V. Hutchins; 12th, John G. Boyle; 13th, 14th,\\nand )5th, W. C Walsh\\nAt the election held November 5th, 1878, the candidates nomina;:ed by\\nthe State Democratic Convention, which met in Austin July 16th, were\\nelected, receiving about two-thirds of the votes cast. The other third was\\ndivided between the candidates of the Greenback and the Republican\\nparties. The following are the officers elected:\\nO. M. Roberts, Governor; Joseph D. Sayers, Lieutenant-Governor; S.\\nH. Darden, Comptroller; F. R. Lubbock, Treasurer; W. C. Walsh, Land\\nCommissioner. George McCormick, Attorney-General George F. Moore,\\nChief Justice M. H. Bonner, Associate Justice.\\nThe Congressmen elect are: John H. Reagan, (Dem.), First District;\\nD. C. Culberson, (Dem.), Second District; Olin Wellborn, (Dem.) Third\\nDistrict: R. Q. Mills, (Dem.), Fourth District; George W. Jones, (Ind.),\\nJ ifth District; G. ScTiIeicher, (Dem.), Sizth District, died in Washington.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0451.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0452.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "PART Vli.\\nTexas Indians", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0453.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0454.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "COMANCHE WABRIOR.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0455.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0456.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nTHREE GENERAL CLASSES OF INDIANS 1, PUEBLAS 2, INDIANS THAT CULTIVATE THE\\nSOIL NASSONITES, CENNIS, CADDOS, WACOS, INTKUSIVE TRIBES 3, NOMADIC, OR\\nMIGRATORY INDIANS, THAT LIVE BY HUNTING COMANCHES, APACHES, LIPANS,\\nETC., ETC\\nWE propose in this cliapter to give a brief sketch of the Indians of\\nour State. This does not include a much earlier race of aborig-\\nines-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Mound-Builders, whose monuments of earth- works are\\nfound on our coast as far as the Nueces river. Nor do we propose to enter\\nthe domain of the antiquary, to inquire whence our Indians came, by\\nwhat route, and who were their ancestors or their kinsmen.\\nIn the popular mind, there are erroneous impressions of our Indian\\nraces. It is generally supposed that Indians are all very much alike. On\\nthe contrary, they differ as widely in manners, in language, in religion, and\\nin political institutions, as the peoples now inhabiting this continent peo-\\nples who have migrated from all the nationsof the Old World. In general,\\nthe Indians found in the South were less bax barous and cruel than those\\nof a more northern latitude. Captive children and feeble women were\\nsometimes put to death because they impeded travel, but such a barbarism\\nas running the gauntlet was unknown here. lu war dances, the Caran-\\nchuas and some other tribes drank the blood of their enemies, and tasted\\nthe flesh, but there is no evidence that any Texas tribes were cannibals.\\nOur Indians may be classed under three general divisions 1. The\\nPueblas, or village Indians. 2. The tribes who lived by agriculture and\\nstock-raising. 3. The nomadic, or hunting and migratory tribes.\\nI. Pueblas. In 1537, seventy-five years before the English settled\\nJamestown, Marcus De Niza, a Franciscan missionary from the city of\\nMexico, crossed the Rio Grande and entered the village now known as\\nIsleta, the present county seat of El Paso county. He found it then,\\nas it is now, occupied by Puebla Indians, i^robably belonging to the\\nAztecs, or ancient inhabitants of the continent. They lived in comfort-\\nable houses, dressed in a coarse kind of cloth made from cotton produced\\nin the neighborhood, and had an abundance of corn, vegetables, etc.\\nVery pacific, they i-eadily accepted the new doctrines introduced by\\nthe missionary, and conformed to the rites of the Church.\\nThree years later, Isleta was visited, captured, in the pompous lan-\\nguage of the narrator, by the Spaniards sent from Mexico under Coronado,\\nwhen the innocent natives became Si)anish subjects. Coronado conferred\\nupon the settlement the inestimable blessing of introducing sheep, cattle", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0457.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "446 HISTOBY OF TEXAS.\\nand horses. From the supply thus introduced have sprung the immensb\\nherds and flocks and cabalhidos of hor es in New Mexico. These Indians\\nprobably occupied their village for centuries before the discovery of the\\ncontinent by Columbus. Neither the revolutions in Mexico, nor the peoplo\\nof the United States, have produced any material change in the habits or\\ncustoms of these Pucblas during the last three centuries. They are nov^\\nit al and peaceable citizens of the United States, and of the State of Texas,\\ni he Aranamas, near Goliad, were also Pueblas; and are said to have\\nbeen farther advanced in civilization than those of the upper Rio Grande.\\nIf tradition is to be credited, they used glass windows in their two-story\\nhouses. They were pacific, and early fell a prey to their more belligerent\\nneiglibors, the Caranchuas. The mission near Goliad, established for the\\nAranamas, was after annexation converted into a college building, and is\\nnow, we believe, private property.\\nII. Tribes that Cultivated the Soil. There were some twenty differ-\\nent tribes and bands that subsisted, in part, by cultivating the soil; though\\nall, of course, engciged in hunting and fishing. The earliest discovered and\\nmost numerous, and most civilizeol of this class, were the Nassonites and\\nCeunis tribes on the Trinity and Neches rivers. The Orquizacos, on San\\nJacinto River and Bay belonged to the same general class. AVhen visited by\\nLa Salle, in 1685, the Indians received him kindly, and entertained him with\\ngenuine hospitality, and fui-nished him provisions and horses to continue his\\njourney across the continent. A quarter of a century later, the same vil-\\nlages afforded a refuge to Belisle and La Harpe. They ever proved faith-\\nful allies to the French. These tribes, so numerous and so noble, disappeared\\nduring the last years of the last century; and their disappeai ance and fate\\nare involved in almost as much mystery as the fate of the ten lost tribes of\\nIsrael. It was during an era of wars and revolutions. The long contest\\nbetween France and Spain for the ownership and possession of Texas had\\nfinally been settled in favor of the latter; and these Indians, the ever- faith-\\nful allies of the French, are never more heard of, Yoakum suggests that\\npossibly the intrusive tribes from the United States had a hand in their\\ndestruction. But it is useless to speculate on a subject which offers no\\nrational prospect of solution.\\nAVhen the Anglo-Americans reached this country, they found the old\\nvillages of the Nassonites occupied by small bands of Alabamas, Coshatties,\\nand Muscogees, who had been driven from their rest on the Alabama River,\\nand sought a new one here. These Indians have always been friendly with\\nthe whites, and in the days of the Republic four leagues of land were set\\napart for their homes but the whites have squatted upon the most valua-\\nble portions of the laud, until now they have but a few hundred acres left;\\nand it is too poor to atti act the cupidity of settlers. It is probable the\\nsmall remnant of these Indians will soon be transferred to the Indian Terri-\\ntory. These are now the only Indians claiming a doraicil in Texas.\\nThe Caddos were a powerful tril)e inhabiting East Texas and Louisiana.\\nThey were brave and Avarlike possessed extensive fields of corn, large\\nstocks of cattle, horses, etc., and were allies of the French. When driven", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0458.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "INDIANS THAT CULTIVATE THE SOIL. 447\\nfrom East Texas, they formed a large village near where Fort Worth now\\nstands.\\nThe Tehas (or Texas) belonged to the Caddo family. This was once a\\npowerful band. Coronado, in 1540, found the Tehas or Tayos on the\\nupper Red River. He speaks in high terms of this tribe. They proved\\nfaithful guides. Joutel, the surviving companion of La Salle, found a vil-\\nlage of this name on the Sabine. The map of Bellin, (Paris, 1744) locate-\\nthe Tehas or Teijas village on tiie Trinity, near the present town of Crock-\\nett.* Am old map in our possession locates their vi lage on the east side of\\nthe Neches River, at the old ci-ossing of the San Antonio and Nacogdorlios\\nroad. Their tribal existence was soon lost, but they have left their name\\ninscribed upon one of the most brilliant stars of the great American con-\\nstellation.\\nThe Naugdoches, or Nacogdoches, wei*.e another band of Caddos. One of\\nthe earliest missions established in Texas was for this tribe, which has left\\nits name to the county in which their principal village was located. In\\nSan Agustine county there was another band of the same great family the\\nAyisli for whom thei e was also a mission established.\\nThe Keecliies, says Judge Burnet, were a peculiar race. Their lan-\\nguage differed radically from all others known in Texas. The Comauches\\nheld them in singular abhorrence, believing them to possess and exercise\\nthe pow or of witchcraft. They left their name on the creek on which they\\nlived in East Texas. They were not very highly esteemed. Their men\\nweie conjurers, and their women fortune-tellers. After being reduced to a\\nfew families, they sought a home across Red River. The Quapawswere\\nanother peculiar tribe. They were said to be a kind of Quakers, and were\\nnon-combatants. The Shawnees had a village near the present town of\\nHenderson, Rusk county. The Teluiacaiiies gave tiieir name to a range of\\nhills in Limestone county. A university located in their old range now\\nbears their name.\\nThe principal village of the Wacoes was on the Brazos River, where tlie\\ncity of the same name now stands. This was a large tribe, and their vil-\\nlages were found in several localities.\\nThe late George Wilkins Kendall, in his Santa Fe Expedition, gives a pic-\\nture of a Waco village which that party found on the Trinity River. In\\na large bentl of the stream the village was situated, and all around were\\nthe corn-tields and pumpkin and melon patches of the inhabitants. Although\\nthe bend must have been five or six miles in length, by nearly two in breadth\\nin the wider parts, every poition of it appeared to be in cultivation; and\\nthe land was extremely fertile. The purlieus of the village ajipenred to be\\nkept clean. The wigwams, or houses rather, for th(!y deserve that name,\\nwerebtiiltin rows and had an air of neatness and regularity about them,\\nsuch as I had never before observed in an Indian village. They were of\\nconical shape, some twenty-five feet in height, and of about tl\u00c2\u00bbe same diame-\\nter on the floor; the materials used in their construction being poles,\\nbuffalo hides and rushes. The poles were stuck in the ground, and after\\nrunning up p( i-i)nndicularly some ten feet, were bent over so as to converge\\nto a point at the top, thus giving a regular dome-like roof to carry off the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0459.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "448 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nrains Over these, buflFalo hides in some instances were made fast, and\\nthese again were covei-ed with long rushes thus making thatched cottages\\nimpervious to dust and rain.\\nWithin many of the houses, at an elevation of four or five feet from the\\nground, was a row of berths extended nearly the whole circuit, and very\\nneatly got up. The bottom of these berths appeared to be of rough basket\\nwork, the frame which supported them being of long poles. Tlie inhabit-\\nants liad carried oflFa principal part of their furniture, but had still enough\\nleft to convince us that, for Indians, they lived in much comfort and not a\\nlittle style. Attached to each residence, and immediately in the rear was\\nanother building of smaller dimensions, the lower part of which was\\nevidently used for a corn-crib and store-house. In these buildings we\\nfound a quantity of corn and pumpkins, besides finely-cured venison, ante-\\nlope and buflalo meat. Above the corn-crib was a species of balcony.\\nIn one of these buildings was found a musical instrument, not unlike a\\nfife, which Mr. Kendall suggested some love-sick Romeo used to charm Iiis\\nJuliet. A house of much lai ger dimensions was found near the centre of\\nthe village; probably the residence of the chief. Mr. Kendall adds: 1\\nconfess that I saw evidences of a more elevated kind of humanity than I\\nhad sui^posed was to be found anywhere among the original Americans.\\nHigher up on the river, the Pawnees had extensive villages and culti-\\nvated fields; while the home of the Anadaquas was on the Upper Brazos.\\nTheir principal village was near the present town of Graham, in Young\\ncounty. Hosea Maria, one of the chiefs of this band, once with his\\nwarriors surprised and killed a party of foui teen surveyors in Limestone\\ncounty.\\nThe Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws and Delawares were Indians belonging\\nto the United States. Driven from home, they sought a settlement in Texas.\\nThey became a source of trouble, and were, in 1839, expelled fi-om the\\nRepublic.\\nIII. We now come to the third class, the Nomads the real live Indians\\nthe Coraanches. In their own language, they call themselves Naini, or\\nlive people, intimating that other nations are growing cSete. This is the\\nIndian that fills up our ideal of true savage life the Arab of the prairie\\nthe model of the fabled Thessalian Centaur, half horse, half man, so\\nclosely joined and so dexterously managed that it appears but one animal\\nfleet and furious. This is the class that has hung like a dark and threat-\\nening cloud over our frontier, disputing every inch of ground with the no\\nless brave and determined pioneer settler.\\nCoMANCHES. This was the most powerful and warlike of all the native\\ntribes of Texas. They are offshoots from the great Shoshone family. From\\nthe earliest settlement of the country they were hostile to the Spaniards\\nbut, up to 1836, were on friendly terms with the people of the United\\nStates. Their range extended along the entire frontier of Texas, but their\\nprincipal villages were on the Upper Colorado. The San Saba Mission was\\nestablished for their benefit. Their government was a mixture of the\\nPatriarchal and the Republican. Their chiefs wei-e elective, and exercised\\na paternal, rather than a despotic authority. Ditficulties were settled", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0460.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "WARLIKE TRIBES. 4A9\\ngenerally by arbitration. On foot the Comanche is ungainly and awkward,\\nbut is perfectly at home on horseback. They are coasidered the best horse-\\nmen in the world. The women pei form the drudgery, and as described by\\nMr. Callin, in 1833, wore slips made of dressed skins. They practiced\\npolygamy, and divorces could be readily obtained, especially by the hus-\\nband. Mr. Catlin said they had no system of worship, and but very indis-\\ntinct ideas of a future state. But Captain Marcy, who spent months in the\\ntribe, says they are Theists, worshipping one Supreme Being, and believe\\niirnily in a future state. Vai ious estimates are given as to their numbers.\\nIn 1833, Mr. Catlin estimated them at from 30,000 to 40,000; but Captain\\nMarcy puts the number at from 12,000 to 18,000. They have, continues\\nthe Captain, three local grand divisions Northern, Middle and Southern\\ndesignated by them as, Tennawas, Yamparicks and Comanches. These\\nagain, are subdivided into smaller bands, each having its separate chief or\\ncaptain. The southern Comanches alone remain permanently iu Texas.\\nThey consist of two bands. The names of their two principal chiefs in 1854,\\nwere Shascahco and Ketumse. The aggregate number in the two bands at\\nthat time was about 1,100 souls. The middle band numbered 3.500, and\\nresided on the Canadian river, but sometimes followed the butFaloes to the\\nBrazos river. The northern band, which was much larger than either of\\nthe others, seldom entered Texas.\\nApaches. A brave and warlike tribe of hunters, whose principal village\\nwas at the Bandera Pass. For a century this tribe depredated upon the\\ncitizens of San Antonio. They were generally in close alliance with the\\nComanches, a kindred tribe.\\nLiPANS. This was a numerous and warlike tribe of migi atory Indians,\\ninhabiting the country between the Nueces and Eio Grande rivers. They\\nbelonged to the same great family with the Comanches and Apaches. They\\nearly acquired the Spanish language and became Spanish subjects. In 1811,.\\n300 Lipan warriors fought in the ranks of Mr. Menchaca, when he captured\\nHidiilgo In 1813, 100 of them fought in the Republican ranks at the battle\\nof Rosillo, near San Antonio. The Lipans, being Mexican subjects, found\\na home on the west side of the Rio Grande. It is supposed that they still\\noccasionally visit Texas in small thieving bands.\\nToNKAWAS. A small tribe on the Colorado. They were in mortal dread\\nof the Comanches, and always lived near the American settlementii. They\\nsouH limes committed petty thefts, but were never openly hostile. Their\\nprincipal chief, Placido was implicitly trusted by Burleson and other\\nTexans, when fighting the Comanches and other hostile tribes. During\\nthe late war a number of the Reservation Indians enlisted in the Union\\narmy; Placido absolutely refused to enlist, as he said he could never\\nlight against Texas. In a melee which ensued, he and a number of his\\nmen were kilkd. There is a small remnant of this band in the Indian\\nTerritory, that desires to return to Texas.\\nKioKAPoos.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A b.md of this tribe, belonging to the great Algonquin\\nfamily\u00e2\u0080\u0094 came first from Illinois o Missouri, thence into the Indian Terri-\\ntor\\\\ and finally into Texas, and established a village in the neighborhood\\nof Crockett, in Houston county.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0461.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "450 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n.KiowAS. This brave and powerful tribe did not belong to Texas. Their\\nhome is in the Indian Territory and Arizona. They, liowever, occasionally\\nfollowed the buffaloes to the Brazos, and committed depredations on Texas\\nsettlements.\\nWe have now enumerated the principal tribes of Texas In ians. When\\nthe Spanish and French adventurers and explorers visited the country, they\\nfound these Indians friendly, and were treated with hospitality. Are the\\nIndians alone responsible for subsequent scenes of blood and carnage? We\\nsubjoin the testimony of one American:\\nCaptain Randall Jones, one of Austin s first colonists, and a gentleman of\\nunimpeachable veracity, spent the years from 1813 to 1818 as a trader\\namong the Indians of Texas. In his journal he says I have now been five\\nyears trading among the Indians and jNlexicans. During the whole of this\\nperiod, I can say with truth, that I was always treated with respect and\\nattention. In all my transactions, either with Mexicans or Indians, I\\nendeavored to act justly, and was never insulted or mistreated by them.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0462.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11.\\nBATTLES IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OX GALVESTON ISLAND, 1818-1821\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ON THE\\nCOLORADO, 1822-23\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CARANCHUAS BANLSHED. 1825\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FIGHTS FROM 1826 TO 182!)\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBOWIE S FIGHT IN 1831\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WILBARGER SCALPED IN 1833\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ON RED RIVER IN 1834\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPARKER S FORT MASSACRE 1836\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MRS. PLUMMER S CAPTIVITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CYNTHIA ANN\\nPARKER RECLAIMED, AFTER A CAPTIVITY OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS.\\nINDIAN BATTLES, ETC., IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. 1818. While GalveS-\\nton Island was occupied by Lafitte, some of Jiis men stole a Carauchua\\nsquaw. To revenge this injury, about 300 of the Indians landed on the\\nisland, near the Three Trees. The pirates, to the number of 200, with two\\ncannon, immediately proceeded down the island to meet them. After a\\nsevere fight and the loss of about thirty, the Indians were glad to withdraw\\nto the main land.\\n1821. After Lafitte had left the island, a company, under Dr. Parnell,\\nvisited it to hunt for treasures supposed to have beeu buried by the free-\\nbooters. Parnell found some Indians on the. island, and attacked and drove\\nthem off. Mr. Yoakum suggests that it was these attacks that made the\\nCaranchuas so hostile towards Austin s colonists.\\n1822. Two vessels arrived at the mouth of the Colorado with immi-\\ngrants. While the main party went up the river by land, the goods were\\nleft in charge of four young men at the landing. These young men were\\nkilled by the Indians, and the goods destroyed Two of them were sons of\\nMr. Clopper, who afterwards settled on Buffalo bayou.\\n1823.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The next year, three young men were hunting on the Colorado,\\nbelow Eagle lake, when they were surprised by the Caranchuas, and\\nMessrs. Loy and Alley were killed. John Clark, though badly wounded,\\nplunged into the stream and escaped by swimming. He lived until 1861.\\nHis large estate is still in litigation.\\n1824.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While surveying. Captain Chriesman had several skirmishes with\\nthe Caranchuas on the San Bernard river and Gulf Prairie. The severest\\nencounter w^as with a company under Captain Itaudall Jones. This was\\non a creek in Brazoria county, since called Jones creek. Fifteen Indians\\nwere killed. The whites lost three: Messrs. Bailey, Singer and Spencei-.\\n1825. i he colonists were now sulficiontly strong to rid themselves of\\nthis small band; and Colonel Austin requested Captain Abner Knykendall\\nto collect about one hundred militia and expel them from the colony.\\nWhile pursuing them. Colonel Austin was met at the Menawhila creek, a\\nfew miles east of Goliad, by the priest of the Mission, who went security for\\nthe good behavior of the Indians. It was agreed that the latter should not", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0463.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "452 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncome east of the San Antonio river; an agreement to which they all\\nadliered. This was strictly in accordance with American policy first extin-\\nguish the Indian s title to the land and then expel him from it, eitlier by\\nbanishment or extermination.\\n1826,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A new settlement had been formed on the Guadalupe river, near\\nGonzales, in Dewitt s colony. AVhile a number of men were on the Colo-\\nrado to celebrate the Fourth of July, the settlement was attacked by the\\nIndians. John Wightnian was killed, and Ba-il Durbiii badly wounded.\\nThe houses were burned and the settlement for a time broken up. Deaf\\nSmith went to San Antonio, Henry S. Brown to Brazoria. James Kerr to\\nthe Lavaca river, and others scattei ed to different parts of Texas.\\n1829. Captains A. Kuykendall and Henry S. Brown conducted a scout-\\ning party up the Colorado. Near the mouth of the San Saba they found an\\nencampment of the Waco and Tehuacana Indians. The Indians were\\ndefeated and their camp destroyed.\\n1831. Bowie s Fight. In 1830 the celebrated James Bowie became a\\ncitizen of San Antonio and married the daughter of Don Veramendi, the\\nVice-Governor. On the 2d of November, 1831, he and his brother Ilezin P.\\nBowie, and seven other Americans and two negro servants, started to hunt\\nfor the San Saba silver mines. VYhen in the neighborhoc d of the old mission,\\non the San Saba river, they were attacked by 164 Tehuacana and Caddo\\nIndians. The Bowies threw up temporary breastworks, which the Indians\\nrepeatedly and vigorously attacked. Falling in these assaults, the Indians\\nnext attempted to burn them out by setti,ng fire to the long prairie grass.\\nThe Amei icans, however, sternly held their ground. The fight lasted from\\nsunrise in the morning until dark, when the savages sullenly retired, having\\nlost nearly one-half their number. One of Bowie s men. was killed and\\nthree wounded.\\nThe citizens of Bexar, in a memorial to the General Government, state\\nthat from 1822 to 1832, ninety-seven citizens, besides the soldiers killed in\\nbattle, had been murdered by hostile Indians.\\n1833. Josiah Wilbarger and two companions were out hunting on Wal-\\nnut creek, east of the city of Austin, when they were surprised by Indians\\nand one of their number instantly killed. Wilbarger was shot and scalped\\nand left for dead. Young Hornsby escaped upon a fleet horse to the settle-\\nment. A party went out the next day and buried the one who was killed.\\nWilbarger was still living, and though weak with the loss of blood, he had\\ncrawled to a water-hole. He lived twelve years and married; but finally\\ndied from the efi ects of the scalping.*\\n1834. The Kiowas killed Judge Gabriel N. Martin, on Red river, and\\ntook Matthew N. Martin, his son, prisoner. Mr. INIartin s brother in-law,\\nTravis G. Wright, with three companions, started to recover the lost boy.\\n*Thc night young Homsby reached home, his mother had a singular dream; she\\ndreamed that she saw Wilbarger lying at a water-hole, faint and bleeding, but stiil alive.\\nThis dream was twice repeated, and made wo strong an impression upon licr that she\\npersuaded the i)arty going out to prepare a litter, which they did and the suffering mau.\\nwa-i conveyed iu on that litter.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0464.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "A CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0465.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0466.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "Parker s fort massacre. 455\\nThey fortunately fell in with a company of Unitert States soldiers, under\\nColonel Dodge, who found the Indians and recovered young Martin, and\\nseveral other prisoners. The same year, Colonel John H. Moore, with\\nCaptains K. M. Wilhamson, Phil. Coe, and G. W. Bennett, went on a long\\nand somewhat fatiguing scout againt the VYacoes and Tehuacauies. It was\\nduring this year that Colonel Almonte visited the country to inquire into\\nits condition. He reports the total Indian population at that time at 15,300\\nof whom 10,800 are regarded as hostile and 4,500 as friendly. Of the hostile\\nIndians, Almonte assigns 9,900 to the department of Bexar, and 600 to the\\ndepartment of the Brazos. This does not include the civilized Indians\\nabout Nacogdoches, of whom Almonte speaks as citizens of Mexico, and\\nloyal to that government.\\n1836.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It was fortunate tbr Texas, that, during the early part of this\\nyear, so eventful in our history, Colonel Ellis P. Bean, a warm personal\\nfriend of Gen. Houston, was the agent for the Indians in East Texas. The\\nsurvey and location of lands claimed by these Indians had already produced\\nan unpleasant feeling between the two races. But Bean kept the Indians\\nquiet until after the decisive battle of Sau Jacinto, when the victory of the\\nTexans gave them such a prestige that the civilized tribes remained peace-\\nable, though fears were then entertained that, if the Texans were defeated\\nthe whites in East Texas would have been either killed or driven from their\\nhomes.\\nParker s Fort Massacre.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Parker family came from Missouri, iu\\n1833, and settled in Limestone county, near the present town of Groesbeck,\\nwhere they built a fort On the 19th of May, 1836, this fort was visited by\\nseveral hundred Comanche and Caddo Indians. At first the Indians pre-\\nsented a white fl ig, and pretended friendship. At the time, of the thirty-\\nfive persons in the fort, only five were able to bear arms. The Indians\\ninquired for a Avater-holc at which to camp and also wanted a beef Mr.\\nBenjamin Parker stepped out to point them to water, when he was instant-\\nly killed. The savages then rushed into the fort, killing Benjamin Parker,\\nsenior, aged seventy-nine, Silas Parker, and Samuel and Robert Frost.\\nMrs. Sarah Parker was wounded. Mrs. Elizabeth Kellogg, Mrs. Rachel\\nPlummer, (daughter of James Parker), her son, James Platl Plummer, two\\nyears old Cynthia Ann Parker, eiirht years old, and her brother. Johu par-\\nker, six years old, all children of Silas Parker, were taken prisoners.\\nThose that escaped were six days in the wilderness Avithout food, before\\nthey reached the settlements on the Brazos, in what is now Grimes county.\\nMrs. Kellogg was a prisoner about six months Mrs. Plummer a little over\\na year. She had not been long a prisoner when she was delivered of a\\nchild. The crying of her infant annoyed the Indians, and it was killed in a\\nmost cruel manner before her eyes. AVith an old knife slic dug a grave\\nand buried it. She was given as a servant to a cruel old squauCwho\\ntreated her iu a most brutal manner. Another party had taken off her son\\nand she supposed her husband and father had been killed at the fort, though\\nbeing at a distance in the field at work, they had escaped the massacre\\nHer infant was dead, and her life was a burden. Siie resolved she would no\\nlonger submit to the brutal old squaw. One day when the two were some\\n2{S", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0467.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "456 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ndistance from the camp, though still in sight, when her mistress attempted\\nto beat her with a club, she wrenched the club out of her hands and liuock-\\ned the squaw* down. The Indians, who had seen the whole proceeding,\\ncame running up, and she fully expected to be killed, but they patted her on\\nthe shoiMev, cvy m^, baeno bueno f (well done!). Atter this she fared\\nmuch better. She was eventually sold to a Santa Fe trader, who took her\\nto Missouri, and she soon found her way back to her friends in Texas. She\\ndied about nine months after reaching home. Her son, after six years of\\ncaptivity, was i*estored to his family. Both he and his father are now dead.\\nCynthia Ann Parker was a quarter of a century among the savages, and\\nbecame the wife of a cliief. In 1860, Captain Eoss, of Waco, was out on th(!\\nfrontier, and in a fight with the Indians, captured a prisoner. Though the\\nprisoner was in male attire, they suspected her sex. She was very much\\nbronzed, and in habit a perfect Indian, but they were satisfied that she was\\na white woman. She was brought to Camp Cooper, forty miles west of\\nBelknap, and word sent to the settlements. The venerable Isaac Parker\\nstill in hopes of hearing of liis long-lost niece, went to the camp. Her age\\nand general appearace suited the object of his search, but she had lost everv\\nword of her native tongue. Colonel P. was about to give up in despair\\nwhen he turned to the interpreters and said very distinctly that the woman\\nhe was seeking was named Cynthia Ann. The sound of the name by\\nwhich her mother had called her awakened in the bosom of the poor captive\\nemotions that had long lain dormant. In a letter to us, Colonel Parker\\nsays: The moment I mentioned the name, she straightened lierself in her\\nseat, and patting herself on the breast, said, Cynthia Ann, Cynthia Ann.\\nA ray of recollection sprung up in her mind, that had been obliterated for\\ntwenty-five years. Her very counternance changed, and a pleasant smile\\ntook the place of a sullen gloom. She had one child with her, having left\\ntwo others with the tribe. Returning with her uncle, she soon recovered\\nher native tongue. It was during the war, and she learned to spin and\\nweave, and to make herself useful generally about the house. She hoped\\nwhen the war was over to get her other children, but both she and her\\nchild died. One of her sons was left with the Indians, and her husband is\\ndead. The other son visited Texas in 1875. It is reported that her brother\\nJohn had a romantic adventure, while a prisoner. The Indians, when\\nraiding on the Rio Grande, captured a Mexican girl. The two became\\nenamored of each other, though they liad not married, John took the small-\\npox, and the Indians left him to die. The girl insisted on remaining and\\ntaking care of him. He recovered, and it is said is living, with his devoted\\nwife, on a stock ranch in the far AVest.\\nIn August of this year, the Indians went down the Yegua creek, by the\\nneighborhood of Burton, and on Cumming s creek killed lion. J. G. Robin-\\nsou and his brother. The same party, in leaving the settlement, killed the\\nGotier family, a few miles from the present town of Giddings. A little\\nlater, a party attacked the house of Mr. Taylor, near the three forks of\\nLittle River, but was repulsed. In November, Mr. Harvey and his wife\\nwere killed near AVheelock, and their daughter taken prisoner. S!ie was\\nsubsequently recovered from the Mexicans, to whom the Indians had sold\\nher.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0468.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nINDIAN AFFAIRS DURING THE REPUBLIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FIGHTING IN ROBERTSON S COLONY IN 1887\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094NEAR SAN ANTONIO, 183S\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BATTLE CREEK. NAVARRO COUNTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ATTACK ON MOIi-\\nGAN S AND MAKLIN S FAMILIES, IN FALLS COUNTY, IN 1839\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EXPULSION OF I HE\\nCHEROKEES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BLOODY WORK IN THE COUNCIL HOUSE IN SAN ANTONIO, 1840\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CO-\\nMANCHES BURN VICTORIA AND LINNVILLE, AND ARE DEFEATED AT PLUM CREEK\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMOORK S EXPEDITION TO THF, UPPER COLORADO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FROM 184 L TO 1847\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RECOVERY OF\\nMISS PUTNAM, AFTER A LONG SEPARATION FROM HER PARENTS.\\n1837.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the 7th of January, Captain George B. Erath, of the Eaiigers,\\nhad a fight with a band of Indians in Robertson s colonj^ The Indians\\nwere driven off, but two of the Rangers, Frank Childress and David Clarke,\\nw^ere killed. About the first of February, some men were out huntino-\\nhogs in the Trinity bottom, near old Fort Houston, Anderson county, when\\nthey were attacked by Indians. David and Evans Faulkenbury were killed\\nand Abram Anglin and Anderson wounded. In May of this year, a num-\\nof colonists were killed near Nashville, on the Brazos; and James Cor\\\\cIl\\nnear Marlin. Later in the year, Lieutenant Van Benthuysen went with a\\nscouting party towards the head waters of the Trinity river. He encoun-\\ntered a body of Indians and had a severe fight, in which he lost Lieutenant\\nMiles and eight privates killed, and tiiree others wounded.\\n1838.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In April, Colonel Sparks F. Holland and a Mr. Berry were\\nkilled while out surveying on the Richland creek. In September, a large\\nnumber of Comanches visited the neighborhood of San Antonio. Thev\\nsurprised a party of surveyors on the Leon creek, a few miles from the city.\\nMoses Lapham and a Mr. Jones were killed and scalped. A Mexican\\nnamed Padre Goaner was scalped, but succeeded in reaching the city, where\\nhe still lives. On the same day Francisco A. Ruiz and Nicolas Flores Ruiz\\nwere taken prisoners. Francisco Ruiz was well known to the Indians, and\\nthat night, one of the chiefs untied him, and told him to escape. He iiow\\nlives on the Medina river. Flores was probably killed, as he was never\\nheard of afterward. When the news of this raid reached the city. Captain\\nFrank Cage raised a company of thirteen men for pursuit. He had no id a\\nof the number of the Indians. When out on the Castroville road, near\\nwhere Colonel Means now lives, they suddenly found themselves surromulcd\\nby a hundred or more warriors. Mr. James Campbell became separated\\nfrom his companions, and made his way safely into the city. Captain Cage,\\nW. D. Lee, Dr. M CIung, O Boyle, King and two others were killed a id\\nGeneral Richard Dunlap and Mnjor Patton badly wounded. Besides\\nCampbell, Spears and Hood escaped unhurt. A party of citizens the next", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0469.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "458 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nday brought in the bodies of the dead, and buried them in the Protestant\\nburying ground, in San Antonio. On the 16lh of October, General Rusk\\nhad a fight near Kickapoo town, in which eleven Indians were killed, and\\nsome of Rusk s men wounded. On the 25th of the same month. General\\nJohn C. Neil gained a victory over a party of Comanches, found near Fort\\nGraham.\\nBattle Creek Fight Navarro County In the fall of this year, a party\\nof twenty-four men started from the old town of Franklin, in Robertson\\ncounty, on a land-locating expedition, under the leadership of Captain\\nWilliam M. Love, who lived on Richland creek, in Navarro county. When\\nthey reached the neighborhood of what is now known as Spring Hill, they\\nmet a large number of Indians, many of whom could speak our language.\\nIt always irritated Indians to see the white man survey his land-, and they\\ninformed the white men, if they did not desist, they would kill them. It so\\nhappened that one compass would not work, and it was necessary to send\\nan express back for another instrument. Love and a man named Jackson\\nvolunteered to go; but before going he enjoined tipnn the I emaining twenty-\\ntwo men not to commence work until his return, but to hunt buflalo with\\nthe Indians, and drive all the buffalo out of the vicinity, thinking by driving\\noff the- buffalo the Indians would follow. This prudent advice they did not\\nfollow, but in a day or two commenced work, and the Indians, true to their\\npromise, commenced an attack upon them The whites took shelter in a\\nravine, and fought as bravely as men could tight, during an entire day,\\nkilling, as it has since been learned, more than three times their own number\\nof the savage foe but when night came, after more than half their number\\nhad fallen, and they were neax ly famished for the want of water, they made\\na break for the nearest timber. At this crisis all but thi-ee were killed or\\nwounded. One man, whose name I do not remember, with another named\\nSmith, and Colonel W. F. Henderson, escaped unhurt after much suffering.\\nOne of the men wandered off alone, and made his way to the settlements,\\nwhile a man named Violet, with a broken leg, crawled eighteen miles to the\\nTy wockany Springs, and was found there nearly a week after the sad disaster,\\nalmost famished, but was rescued. Two of the party who escaped took\\nwith them General Walter P. Lane, severely wounded, with one leg broken.\\nAlthough a few had thus escaped the wily foe, their danger was not over.\\nThe Indians well knew the trail leading to the nearest settlement, and were\\nahead of Henderson, Smith, and the wounded Lane, waylaying the route\\nthey were to pass. In those troublous times, both white and red man lay\\nby in the daytime, and did most of their traveling by night. Captain Love\\nand Jackson Avere returning from Franklin, and surprised the party of\\nIndians while they were Avaylaying Lane and his friends, who were assist-\\ning him to hobble along. After disposing of the Indians, Love and Jackson\\nhad not proceeded far until, at dawn of day, they met what they supposed\\nto be more Indians, and were upon the point of discharging their rifles,\\nwhen they discovered it was Lane, Henderson, and Smith, who were march-\\ning into the trap set for them by their wily foe. Then Captain Love learned\\nof the defeat of his party. After taking Lane to the settlement, a burial\\nparty was made up and i-epaired to the battle-ground, where the seventeen", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0470.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "THE MORGAN MASSACRE. 459\\ndead men were buried. This aflair gave name to Battle creek, one of the\\ntributaries of Richland.\\n1839 THK MORGAN MASSACRE ATTACK ON MARLIN S HOUSE BRYANT S\\nDEFEAT.\\nOn the east side of the Brazos, near the Falls, the Morgans and Marlins,\\nsomewhat intermarried, constituted several families, residing a few miles\\napart, some above and some a little below the site of the present village of\\nMarlin. There was a considerable settlement along the river for some\\ntwenty miles, but the country beyond or above them was open to the\\nIndians. The period to which reference is made was the winter of 1838-9.\\nOn Sunday night, the 1st day of January, 1839, a part of the families of\\nJames Marlin and Mrs. Jones and fhe family of Jackson Morgan, were\\ntogether passing the night with the family of George Morgan, at what is\\nnow called Morgan s Point, six miles above the town of Marlin. The\\nremainder of the divided families were at the house of John Marlin, seven\\nmiles below, that is. Fort Milam. John and James Marlin were brothers\\nthe others of that name were their children.\\nA little after dark, the house of George Morgan was suddenly surrounded\\nand attacked by Indians, who instantly rushed in and gave the inmates no\\ntime for defense. Old Mr. George Morgan and wife, their grandson, Jack-\\nson Jones, Jackson Morgan s wife, and Miss Adeline Marlin, aged fifteen or\\nsixteen years, were all tomahawked and scalped in the same room in the\\nspace of a few moments. Miss Stacy Ann Marlin (the wife of William\\nMorgan) was severely wounded and left as dead. Three children were in\\nthe yard when the attack commenced. Of these Isaac Marlin, a child of\\nten years, secreted himself under the fence, and there remained until the\\ntragedy was over. Wesley Jones, quite a child, first ran into the house,\\nbut, seeing the Indians entering and tomahawking the inmates, ran out,\\nunobserved by the murderous wretches, and was followed by Mary Marlin,\\nanother child. They escaped together. The wounded lady, retaining\\nconsciousness, feigned death; but was not scalped, while all the others\\nwere. The Indians robbed the house of its contents and left. When they\\nhad done so and silence again reigned, the heroic child, Isaac Marlin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 his\\nname should be immortalized re entered the house, and, by feeling the\\nlifeless bodies, ascertained to his satisfaction who were killed. His wounded\\nsister, supposing him to be an Indian, still remained motionless till he left,\\nwhen she crawled out. Little Isaac then took the path for John Marliu s,\\nand ran the seven miles very quickly\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a swift child-messenger of death to\\nhis kindred there assembled. Wesley Jones and Mary Marlin did not get\\nin till daylight, and the wounded Mrs. Morgan not till noon next day.\\nWhen little Isaac got into John Marlin s house, that gentleman, his\\nbrother James, William N. P. and Wilson Marlin, Jackson and George W.\\nMorgan, and Albert G. Gholsou immediately hastened to the scene, and\\nfound the fjicts identical with the child s narrali.ui. Other relief arrived\\nnext day, and the dead were consigned to their graves amid the wailings of\\ntheir grief-stricken relatives and friends.\\nTen days later, being the 10th of January, 1839, the Indians, seventy in\\nnumber, attacked the house of John Marlin and his son Benjamin, whose", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0471.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "460 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nsurviving family still reside in Milam county, and Jarett Menefee and his\\nsou Thomas, who killed seven Indians and wounded others, without receiv-\\ning any injury themselves. Tired of that kind of reception, the enemy\\nwithdrew. When the attack was made, Menefee s negro man, Hinchey,\\nwas at Avork a short distance from the liouse but, fsxiling to reach it, he\\nleft in double-quick time for the settlements below, and made twenty-five\\nmiles in pretty fair saddle-horse time. Hinchey duly reported the\\nattack, and a company was quickly gathered together to relieve tlie\\nbesieged. They lost no time in reaching Marliu s, but found the Indians\\nhad retreated as before stated.\\nIt was determined, however, upon a discussion of the matter by those\\npresent, that they must pursue and fight the Indians, or abandon their\\nhomes and fall back into the more settled parts of the country. They chose\\nthe former alternative, and made their dispositions accordingly. The\\neffective force available for pursuit was foi*ty-eightmen. Benjamin Bryant\\n(of Bryant s Station, whose surviving family still reside in Milam county)\\nwas called to the command. The names of the company were as follows:\\nA. J. Powers, AVashington McGrew, Ward, Armstrong Barton,\\nPlummer, Alfred Eaton, Hugh A. Henry, AV iiliam Fullerton, A. J. Webb,\\nDoss, Charles Soils (or Sawls), William N. P. Marlin, Bryant, G.\\nW. Morgan, Enoch M. Jones, John R. Henry, Lewis B. and William C.\\nPowers, Henry Haigwood, Eli Chandler, Ethan Stroud, Joseph Boren,\\nWilliam McGrew, Andrew McMillan, Clay and David Cobb, Richard Teel,\\nAlbert G. Gholson, Michael Castleman, Wilson Reed, AVily Carter, John\\nWelsh, Britton Dawson, R. H. Matthews, David W. Campbell, Nathan.\\nCampbell, John D. B. Smith, Jeremiah McDanel, AValter Campbell, Wil-\\nliam Henry, Hugh Henry, John Marlin, Wilson Marlin, Joseph P. McCan-\\nless, John Tucker, and Thomas Duncan, then a boy and now of Bell county,\\nand one other whose name could not be remembered.\\nOn the next morning, Bryant took the trail of the enemy and pursued\\nit; crossed the Brazos near Morgan s Point; on the west side found a\\ndeserted camp, with fresh sign about a mile out came upon a fresh trail\\nbearing into the river, and followed it. At the river, counted sixty-four\\nfresh horse-tracks and a large trail of foot Indians which crossed the river.\\nSeeing the prairie on tire bplow, they supposed it to be Marliu s house and\\nhastened back, without finding the enemy, and halted for the night. Next\\nmorning, January 16th, they started up again, and found that the Indians\\nhad been at the deserted houses two miles above and plundered them..\\nThence they traveled up six miles to Morgan s Point, and suddenly discov-\\nered the enemy in the open post-oak near a dry branch. The noted chief,\\nJose Maria, who was riding in front, in perfect nonchakmce halted, slipped\\noff his gloves, and, taking deliberate aim, fired at Boren, cutting his coat-\\nsleeve. Jose Maria gave tho signal to call on his men, and the action,\\ncommenced. Bryant ordered a charge, which was gallantly made, though\\nthe captain received a wound at the time, which called Ethan Stroud to\\ntlie command. The Indians fired, and fell back into the ravine. Simulta-\\nneous with tlie charge, David W. Campbell fired at Jose Maria, the ball\\nstriking him on the breast-bone, but failing to dismount him. Albert (i.\\nGholson then shot his horse, which died in the ravine. Our men tiicn.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0472.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "ATTACK ON MARLIN s HOUSE. 461\\ncharged up to the bank of the ravine and fired, when the Indians commenced\\nretreating- down its bed toward the bottom. Seeing this, several of our\\nsharp-sliDOters rushed below them to hold them in check. This caused the\\nenemy to return to the first position and renew the defense; by which\\ntime, supposing the day had been won, our men had somewhat scattered\\nand were acting each for himself. The consequence was, that, when the\\nenemy re-opened the fire, several were wounded and confusion and disorder\\nensued, to remedy which the men were ordered to retreat to another point\\nsome two hundred yards distant, to draw the Indians from their conceal-\\nment. This order, from the prevailing confusion, was understood by many\\nto be for an unqualified retreat panic seized some of the men, which being\\ndiscovered by the wily Jose Maria, he charged in full force, making the\\nwelkin ring with hideous and exulting yells. Several of our men fell, and\\nthe rout became general. Without order, in utter confusion, and each\\nman acting for himself, they were hotly pursued for four miles, their pursu-\\ners dealing death and carnage among them.\\nIn this charge and retreat, the ten first named in the preceding list were\\nkilled, and the next five were wounded. All who were killed fell within\\none and a half miles of the battle-ground, the most of them within half a\\nmile, being overtaken on foot. Plummer, Ward and Barton were killed at\\nthe ravine. In the disaster some acts were performed which deserve men-\\ntion. David W. Campbell, not observing the retreat, was about being\\nsurrounded by the enemy, when the brave Captain Eli Chandler, already\\nmounted, rushed to his relief and took him up behind him. Young Jackson\\nPowers, missing his horse, mounted on a pony behind William McGrew, his\\nai m being broken at the same moment, and was retreating. His brother\\nWilliam, however, came by on a large horse, and requested him to leave\\nthe pony and ride behind hiiu. He dismounted, but from his broken arm\\nand the restlessness of the horse he was unable to mount, till, the Indians\\nrushing upon him, his brother only left him as the poor boy fell under the\\ntomahawk. William N. P. Marliu, before the retreat, was so severely\\nwounded in the hip that he could not mount, and was about being left,\\nwhen David Cobb r.in to him and threw him on his horse. Wilson Reed, a\\ndaring fellow, in the retreat was knocked from his horse by a tree, the\\nenemy being close upon them, when he sang out in a half-mirthful tone:\\nO, Lord boys, Mary Ann is a widow But some brave fellow picked\\nhim up and carried him safely away.\\n1839. In January, Colonel John K. Moore, with sixty-three white vol-\\nunteers and sixteen Lipan Indians, went on a scout to the Upper Colorado.\\nThey reached the neighborhood of a Comanche village on the 14th of Feb-\\nruary. The next day the village was partially destroyed, the warriors\\nretreating to a strong position in a bend of the creek. The Texans had\\nalso retired a short distance, to reload, wlien they were vigorously attacked\\nby a large body of warriors. The fight was not very decisive. Colonel\\nMoore had one man killed, and three wounded. On the 20th of April,\\nMrs. Coleman, widow of Colonel K. M. Coleman, and her son were killed\\nnear Webberville. Jacob Burleson raised a small company and pursued\\nthe Indians, who were found in force and strongly posted on Brushy creek.\\nThe next day General Ed. Burleson arrived with reinforcements, when a", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0473.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "462 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nsevere battle was fought, in which it was said twenty Indians were killed.\\nGeneral Burleson s brother, Jacob, and James Gilleland, John Watters, and\\nEdward Blakie were killed. A number of others were wounded. On the\\n27th of May, Captain John Bird left Fort Milam, at the Falls of the Brazos,\\nfor a general scout. Indians were found and severely dealt with, on Little\\nriver. In this engagement the whites lost four killed, including Captain\\nBird. About the same time, a Mr. Webster started from Austin to settle on\\nhis head-right league of land on the North Gabriel. He had fourteen men,\\nhis wife, three children and a negro woman. He found a large body of\\nComanches encamped on his land, and attempted to retreat; encamping\\nthat night on Brushy creek. For fear of an attark, Mr. Webster formed a\\nkind ol barricade with his wagons, and prepared for defence. The next\\nmorning they were assaulted. The tight continued until all the men Avere\\nkilled, when Mrs. Webster and two of her children, and the negro woman,\\nXwere taken prisoners.\\nExpulsion of the Cherokees.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 President Lamar s policy was to expel\\nall Indians from Texas. He believed the civilized tribes were intruders,\\nand that their presence retarded the settlement of the country. He there-\\nfore resolved upon their expulsion. It was said these Indians had com-\\nmitted many depredations, especially that they had murdered the Killough\\nfamily, of whom some sixteen or eighteen had been killed. The Cherokees,\\nhowever disclaimed all responsibility for these murders, and laid the blame\\non wild Indians. Vice-President Burnet and General A. S. Johnston, Sec-\\nretary of War, were sent to the Indian village, on the Angelina river, to\\ninduce the Indians to peacefully withdraw to their Territory. These Com-\\nmissioners were authorized to pay the Cherokees for their improvements.\\nThe Indians utterly refused to give up their homes. In anticipation of such\\nrefusal, three regiments of volunteers had been collected and sent to the\\nneighborhoed, under Colonels Burleson, Rusk and Landrum, all under the\\ncornmand of General Douglass. All negotiations having been unavailing\\nto induce the Indians to leave, they were attacked on the 15th of July.\\nAfter losing eighteen of their number they retreated to the Neches river.\\nThey were followed the next day by the Texans, and another severe battle\\nwas fought. In this the Indians lost about one hundred in killed and\\nwounded. In the first day s fight the Texans lost three killed and five\\nwounded on the second day they lost five killed and seventeen wounded.\\nAfter this disastrous defeat the Indians abandoned their fine lands and\\nhomes to the whites.\\nIn October, Captain Thomas B. Howard inflicted a severe chastisement\\nupon a party of Indians on Little river. The year 1839 closed with a fight\\nbetween Colonel Burleson and a party of Indians found on Cherokee creek,\\nSan Saba county. In this fight six Indians were killed, and some women\\nand children taken prisoners. Among these were the wife and children of\\nthe celebrated Cherokee chief, Bowles, who had been killed when his people\\nwere driven from East Texas.\\n1840.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fight in Council House, San Antonio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early in 1840 some\\nComanche chiefs sent in word to Captain Karnes that they wished to come\\nin and make peace. They were told to come in and bring with them all the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0474.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "-^=s^\\nBATTLE CREEK FIGHT, NAVARRO CO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1838.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0475.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0476.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "COMANCHE INVASION. 465\\nprisoners they held. When they arrived they brought but one little girl, a\\nMiss Lockhart. They were known to have others, especially a Mrs. Webster\\nand child, taken from the neighborhood of Georgetown a few weeks previ-\\nously. During the confusion after the battle, this lady escaped, and, after\\nnearly perishing for water, finally with her child reached the city. On the\\n19th of March, twelve chiefs entered the building used as a court-house\\nwhere they met the Commissioners appointed by Prasident Lamar, with the\\ninterpreter. The Indians were upbraided for not bringing more captives\\nheld by them. They said the one brought was all they held this was said\\nin a defiant tone. In the meantime a company of Texas Kangers came on\\nthe ground, Captain Howard and some of his men entering the house. The\\ninterpreter was told to inform them that they would be held as hostages,\\nuntil the other prisoners were brought in. The interpreter at first refused\\nto tell them, as he said they would instantly fight. But the Commissioners\\ninsisted, and plat-ing himself near the door, he told them and left. As he\\nhad said, the chiefs immediately drew their bows and knives. One started\\ntoward the door in which Captain Howard was standing. The captain\\nreceived a severe cut with a knife, but killed the Indian. A general fight\\nensued, in which Indians, men and women, participated. A powerful chief\\nattacked Colonel M. Caldwell, who was not armed. He defended himself\\nwith rocks until a soldier shot the savage. In an adjoining room, Mr.\\nMorgan was attacked by two Indians, and killed both of them. Lieutenant\\nDunnington was killed by a squaw, who shot an arrow through his body.\\nJudge Thompson was in the yard, amusing himself by setting up pieces of\\nmoney for the little Indians to knock out. He was killed by an arrow,\\nbefore he suspected danger. Judge Hood was killed in the council-house.\\nColonel Lysander Wells rode into the plaza just as the fight commenced.\\nA powerful savage vaulted on behind him, and first attempted to unhorse\\nhim. Failing in this, he tried to guide the horse out of the plaza. The\\ncolonel, held fast as he was, found himself unable to draw his pistol.\\nFiially, after passing two or three times around the plaza, the Indian was\\nshot by a soldier, and AVells relieved from his awkward predicament. The\\nmelee lasted until all the warriors (thirty) were killed. Two Indian\\nwomen and three children were also killed. The loss of the Texans was\\nseven killed and eight wounded.\\nComanche Invasion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the 4th of August some four hundred Com-\\nanche warriors crossed Plum ci-eek, in Caldwell county, going down the\\ncountry. .They reached Victoria on the 6th, and after burning part of the\\ntown and committing other depredations, they descended to Linnville, a\\ntrading point on Lavaca Bay, entering that place early on the morning of\\nthe 8th. Most of the men of the village were absent, and the savages pro-\\nceeded to pillage and burn the place. Three families took refuge on a small\\nsail vessel in the harbor. While Major Watts, Collector of Customs, was\\ntrying to reach the vessel, he was shot down, and his wife taken prisoner.\\nFi om Linnville the Indians hastily withdrew with their valuable booty.\\nAs the news of this raid spread through the settlements, the people rallied\\nunder their favorite leaders to intercept thom. Plum creek was the place\\nof rendezvous. Here were concentrated the companies of Captains Ben", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0477.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "466 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMcCulloch, Clarke L. OAveii, Ed. Burleson, M. Caldwell, Thos. W. Ward^\\n^Y J E Wallace, Monroe Hardiman, and others, all under the command\\nof General Felix Huston. On the morning of August 18th the Indians had\\njust started their pack mules, and were preparing to follow, when they were\\nattacked by the Texans. The Indians hastily retreated. As they could not\\ncarry off their prisoners, they shot them. Mrs. Crosby, taken near Victoria,\\nwis killed. Mrs. Watts was found with an arrow in her breast, liie\\nMiTOW was withdrawn, and she recovered, and died in 1878, while keeping\\nthe San Antonio House, in Port Lavaca. During the invasion twenty-one-\\nwhites had been killed, though none fell in the fight. The Indians lost\\ntwenty-seven killed and more wounded.\\nOn the 5th of October. Colonel John Moore, with ninety Texans and\\ntwelve Lipans started on a scout to the upper Colorado. When about throe\\nhundred miles above Austin, a Comanche village was discovered This was^\\nOctober 23d. Earlv the next morning the village was attacked. The\\nIndians were completely surprised, and the village destroyed. Forty-eight\\nIndians were killed in the village. As they were retreating- to the river,\\nCaptain Owen was sent forward to intercept their flight. In this he was.\\nsuccessful. Eighty more men, women and children were either sho or\\ndrowned in the stream. Thirty-four prisoners were taken. In he village\\nthe Texans found goods taken the previous summer from Linnville. Moore\\nhad two men wounded none killed. -n, xt\\n1841 -Comparatively little fighting was done this year. General EH.\\nTarrant destroyed an Indian village on the Trinity river, above Da las\\nThere were some skirmishes, especially in northern Texas, in one of which\\nJohn B. Denton was killed, on a creek that bears his name, in Dentoa\\nisi^LDuring Houston s second administration, the Indians were com-\\nparatively quiet. He pursued his well-known pacific policy. There were,-\\nhowever, occasional raids. In March a small band visited Austin, kilhng a\\nMr Ward and Mr. Hadley. In the same month a party visited Carlos\\nian ch, on the San Antonio river, and killed Mr. Gilleland and his wife, and\\ntook their children, a Uttle girl and her youilger brother, prisoners. The\\nchildren were subsequently recovered by a company of rangers under Cap-\\ntain M. (Mustang) Gray. At this present writing, Mr. Gilleland and his\\nsister wife of Rev. Dr. Fisher, Uve in Austin.\\n1844 -The Indians continued to be peaceable. Thomas I. Smith and\\nJohn C. Nail, as commissioners on the part of Texas, met at Tehuacana\\ncreek, in Limestone county, representatives of the Comanches Keechies,\\nWacoes, Caddoes, Anadaquas, Delawares, Cherokees, Lipans and Tonka-\\nwas, and entered into treaties with them. The Indian question has\\nalwlys been troublesome and expensive. In a speech in the United States\\nSenate, July 14, 1854, General Rusk stated that Texas had, during the ten\\nyears of the repubUc, expended $3,815,011 in protecting her ciUzens against\\nthe Indians.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0478.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nNUMBER OF INDIANS IN THE STATE AT ANNEXATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN RESEVES PROSPKROrS\\nlU r .SOON BROKKN UP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DOVK CREEK FIGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCALPLNG OF MRS. FRIKND\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEXAS^\\nNOW FREK FROM INDIAN RAIDS.\\n/Vi HE last time auy considerable number of hostile Indians penetrated\\nI the settlements was in the summer of 1848. About two hundred Li-\\npans passed down the Cibolo creek, and out towards the Rio Grande,\\ncommitting some murders and thefts.\\n1849. By the treaty of annexation the Indians wei e placed under the\\nthe control of the United States. Major Neighbors was Indian agent. He\\nestimated their numbers at 29,500, distributed as follows: Comanches,\\n20,000; Kiowas, 1,500; Caddoes, 1,400; Lipans, 600; Keechies, 300; Wa-\\ncoes, etc., 1,000; Delawares, 650; Tonkawas, 650; Apaches, 3,500.\\nIn January, 1851, a committee of the Legislature reported that during\\nthe year 1849 the Indians had, in Texas, killed 171 persons, wounded seven\\nand taken twenty-five into captivity, and had stolen 6,000 horses, and prop-\\nerty valued at $100,000.\\nIn 1853 the Forester family was killed, on the Medina river, twenty-five\\nmiles from San Antonio. It is supposed the Tonkawas did the killing,\\nthough this tribe always professed to maintain friendly relatione with the\\nwhites.\\nIndian Reserves. It was thought the native tribes of Indians were\\nentitled to a domicil in the State, and, in 1854, the Legislature passed a bill\\ngiving temporary control to the United States of two tracts of land, in what\\nwas then Young district, for Indian reserves. We transfer from the Texas\\nAlmanac of 1858 the following account of these reserves:\\nThe State of Texas, by Act of the Legislature, set apart twelve leagues of laud, upon\\nwhich the Texas ludians were to be settled by the United States Goveruiuciit. Said\\ntwelve leagues, or 55,728 acres of land, to be reserved to the United States for the use\\nand benetit of the Texas Indians exclusively. Under the supervision of JShijor R. 8.\\nNeighbors, eight leagues of land were located on the Brazos river, below the juncMou\\nof the Clear Fork and Main Brazos, and about tifieen miles below Fort Belknap. Tliis\\nreservation is culled the Brazos Agency, and contains about eleven hundred suuls, eou-\\nsisting of Caddorg, Anadahkoes, Wacoes, Tahwacanoes and Tonkaluias. There are\\nother Indians than those named, but they are enumerated as Caddoes chiefly. C)n this\\nreserve there arc six hundred acres of land in successful cultivation in wheat and corn.\\nThe mode of culture is the same, or similar to tliat of the Americans. Tiicse Brazos\\nReserve Indians have made extraordinary progress in civilization, since their settle-\\nment in 1853, and are very hon est. trustworthy and industrious. They have a schotd,\\nunder the charge of Mr. Ellis Combes. Mr. C. report* fifty scholars in regular attend-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0479.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "468 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nance; and, judging from the interest taken in this educational enterprise by the old\\nIndians, he is inclined to the opinion that good re^ult3 will come of it. On this Reser-\\nvation there are several good houses, built expressly for tlie transaction of all and any\\nbusiness connected with the Indians. These buildings are situated near the centre of\\nthe Reserve, in a very pi-etty mesquit valley, the approach to which aflbrds a most\\nlovely and sightly landscape. Captain S. P. Ross, an old Texan and a worthy man, is\\nthe Special Agent of the United States Government, in charge of the Brazos Agency\\nCaptain Ross long experience on the frontier, and superior kHi \\\\vlcdge of the Indian\\ncliiiracter, eminently fit him for the position he occupies. lIi- salary is $1,500 per\\nauDum.\\nThe Comanche Reserve is about sixty miles distant from the Brazos Agency, and is\\nlocated on the Clear Fork of the Brazos river, forty-live miles above its confluence with\\nthe main Brazos. Their Reserve extends over four leagues of land, and contains four\\nhundred souls all Comanches, known as the Southern band of that tribe. Then- head\\nchief is a good man, and has been a valuable auxiliary in the reclamation of these\\nIndians from savage life. He is known by the name of Ketemesie. The Comanches\\nha\\\\ e not made the same progress as the Brazos Reserve Indians not that they are any\\nmore indolent or lazy, but because of their total estrangement heretofore from the\\nmanners and customs of the white man. The Indians on the Brazos Reserve have\\nalways lived near, and frequently among the white settlers, while the Comanches have\\nbeen outside of all intercourse of a friendly nature. This agency is furnished with all\\nnecessary buildings, and, like the Brazos Agency, is supplied with competent and trust-\\nworthy farmers and artisans. The Comanches have a good crop this year, and will,\\nmost probably, make sufficient to bread themselves. Colonel M. Leeper is their Agent,\\nat a salary of $1,500 per annum.\\nThe United States Government has been very liberal in its appropriations for the\\nbenefit of the reclaimed savage, and has spared neither trouble or expense in the fur-\\ntherance of the peace-policy a policy which is now beginning to show its good effects.\\nIt does justice to the Indian is due to the cause of humanity, and reflects great credit\\nupo.u the originators thereof.\\nMajor R. S. Neighbors is the Supervising Agent of the Government for all the Texas\\nIndians, at a salary of $2,000 per annum. The Major is too well known throughout the\\ncountry for any attempt to be made here eulogistic of his public services. To him,\\nmore than any other, should be ascribed the success of the Indian-feeding policy in\\nTexas. The duties appertaining to the office of Supervising Agent are very onerous\\nand responsible, and not unfrequently hazardous. His course towards the Indians must\\nbe scrupulously correct and straightforward; there cannot be one jot or tittle of devia-\\ntion at all from the line of policy marked out. The Indian is liberal in extending his\\nconfidence, but it must be carefully cherished His memory is the rock of ages there\\nis no two ways about it. Major Neighbors disburses annually about ^80,000 for the\\nuse of the Texas Indians.\\nTexas has wisely granted jurisdiction to the United States over ten miles adjoining\\neach Reserve. This is to prevent the sale or traffic in intoxicating liquors. The civil\\nauthority has jurisdiction in all criminal cases, on both Reserves; as well have the In-\\ndians police regulations, of the strictest sort, for their own government. Their imme-\\ndiate agents are constituted magistrates, before whom all or any ofleuders are brought\\nfor trial. There is less theft or disturbance, of any kind, among these people, than\\nthere i.^ among the same population of Americans. Suffice it that the Feeding or Peace-\\nPolicy in Texas is a success. It has demonstrated, beyond a doubt, that Indians can be\\ncivilized and reclaimed. The Brazos Reserve Indians have tended their own crops,\\nwhich will compare favorably with any in the State and have also kept from fifty to\\none hundred men on ranging service during the season, and have been great protection\\nto the frontier.\\nCharles E. Barnard, Esq., is the authorized Goverrmient Indian Trader for botTi\\nReserves. Mr. B. has beru trading with the Indians on the frontier for a period of\\nfifteen years or more. He is welf known t all the Indians m Texas, and enjoys their", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0480.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "INDIAN AFFAIRS. 469\\nentire confidence. It is nothing but justice to Mr. Barnard to say that his services have\\nbeen invaluable to the Indian Agents in carrying out the views of the P ederal Govern-\\nment. The trading with the Indians is not so protitable now as it was some years past,\\nwhen the Indians depended upon their hunting for means of support. The trade in\\nskins and peltries is entirely stopped, and the Indians now look to the products of their\\nfarms and stock-raisii g for support. They have generally good stocks of hogs, cattle\\nand horses, and are doing well with them.\\nIn 1858 there wevo reported on these reserves Tonkawas, 250 Tehua.\\ncanas, 204; Wacoes, 171; Comanches, 380; Aiiadaquas, 235; Caddoes, etc.,\\n219; total, 1,489. They had schools, and a missionary preached tc them\\noccasionally. But the same reasons which required the removal of the\\nCherokees from East Texas, rendered it imperative to remove the reserve\\nIndians from Texas. After some disturbances between the Indians and\\nthe citizens, Major George H. Thomas, of the U. S. Army, in August, 1859,\\ntransferred the Indians to the Indian Territory.\\nThe census tables for 1860 report only 403 Indians as residents in Texas.\\nThese were the Alabamas, etc., in Polk county.\\nDuring the civil war the Indians were comparatively quiet. Being within\\nthe Federal lines, many of them enlisted in the Union army. Some, how-\\never, came to the Confederates, and others remained neutral. Among these\\nwere the Kickapoos. To avoid the necessity of taking any part in the\\ncontest, about one thousand of tliis tribe determined to remove to Mexico,\\nand started through Texas for the Rio Grande. When camped on Dove\\ncreek, a tributary of the Concho, they were discovered by the Texans, who\\nwere in pursuit of them with about four hundred Confederate soldiers and\\nmilitia. The Indians were in a dense thicket. The Texans, with great\\ngallantry, charged the thicket but they were met with such a hot i-eceptiou\\ntliat they were compelled to fall back. The charge was renewed, time and\\nagain, but without dislodging the Indians. At night the assailants with-\\ndrew, having lost seventeen killed and twenty-five wounded. They\\nintended the next morning to renew the fight, but a rain having set in, they\\nreturned to Camp Colorado and reported having killed fifty-three Indians,\\nincluding two women and two children. The Indians, when they arrived\\nat Piedras Negras, said that when they were discovered by the Texans\\nthey sent a flag of truce to let the Texans know that they only desired\\npeaceably to pass to their new homes in Mexico. The flag was fired upon,\\n(so they said) and their encampment, with the women and children,\\nattacked. They reported that in the fight fourteen of their warriors were\\nkilled and eight wounded. For some j^ears after this fight, the Kickapoos\\nwere troublesome, crossing the Rio Grande and committing depredations in\\nTi xas. Finally, in 1874-5, the United States Commissioners removed the\\nmost of them back to their former homes in the Indian Territory.\\nA report made to the Legislature, after a careful investigation by a com-\\nmittee, states that in the two years immediately after the close of the war,\\n162 persons had been killed in Texas by the Indians; forty-three had been\\ncarried into ca[)tivity and stolen. A volume might be written, detailing the\\nparticulars of these raids and murders.\\nFor ten years after the close of tiie war, almost every month, with the\\nfull moon, came an Indian raid into some part of the frontier. Newspapers", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0481.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "470 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwere full of the harrowing details. It is not possible to give all these inci-\\ndeuts. We give one taken from one of the newspaper accounts at the time\\nit occurred. We knew the parties in former years. Mrs. Friend, the lady\\nscalped, was a daughter of Rev. Joseph Dancer, one of the earliest preacli-\\ners on the frontier. He was killed by the Indians a year before the raid\\ndescribed below. The little boy, who was carried into captivity, was finally\\nrecoveied by his grandfather, Rev. Leonard S. Friend:\\ntiLANO, Llano Co., Texas, Feb. 11th, 1868.\\nThe most horrible Indian depredations were committed in this county,\\ncommencing on the evening of the 6th inst.\\nThe Indians, numbering twelve or fifteen, attacked the house of Mr.\\nJohn S. Friend, about sixteen miles from this place, in Legion Valley.\\nWhen first discovered by Mrs. Friend, (the only living witness of the awful\\nscene), the Indians were in the yard, and directly comncienced tearing down\\nthe house. The only resistance made was by Mrs. Friend, who contended\\nas bravely as any woman that ever lived. The Indians succeeded in getting\\ninto the house. Mrs. Friend attempted to shoot one, but the gun was\\nwrested from her hands the Indian attempting to shoot her, she knocked\\nthe gun out of his hands with a chair. She afterwards knocked the Indian\\ndown with a smoothing iron. Mrs. Friend was then shot in the breast with\\nan arrow, and fell, perhaps fainted. She was also badly cut across the\\nhand, and shot through one arm. The shots were with an arrow. She\\nwas then scalped and left for dead. Fortunately she recovered sufficiently\\nto watch the Indians start off But one barbarous wretch, thinking there\\nwas possibly life remaining in his victim, returned and gave the arrow,\\nsticking in her breast, several severe jerks backward and forward, to see if\\nshe would flinch. Mrs. Friend noticing the Indian returning, placed herself\\nin exactly the position she was while being scalped, and remained as if\\nlifeless during all this torture. She then saw the Indians take ofi as\\nprisonei s Mrs. Boy Johnson and child, Mrs. Babe Johnson and child, Miss\\nTownsend, a little girl named Cordle, and Mrs. Friend s little sou\\nseven in all. After Mrs. Friend recovered slightly, she started to the widow\\nJohnson s house, distant one and-a-half miles, where a Mr. Bradford and\\nfamily were staying. Mr. Bradford pulled the arrow out of her breast,\\nplaced a cloth over her head and then fled to the woods, leaving her alone\\nsitting before the fire, in which condition she remained until next morning.\\nThe attack was made before sun-down. Twenty-four hours passed before\\nthe physician at this place was called at the same time word was received\\nhere of the afiair. Every man that could possibly go, started immediately\\na part going to the scene of the late fatal occurrence. Ai-riving in the\\nnight, we had to wait until morning to see the trail, which w^as thirty-six\\nhours after the occurrence.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2One child, that of Mrs. Boy Johnson, was found next evening after taken,\\nabi)ut three and-a-half or four miles from Mr. Friend s house. The next\\nmorning we found Mrs. Babe Johnson s child with its throat cut from ear\\nto ear, and about ten o clock of tlie same day, after trailing over one of the\\nrouo hest mountains, we found both of the Mrs. Johnsons, murdered and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0482.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "INDIAN DEPREDATIONS. 471\\nscalped. The same evening Miss Townsend was found murdered, scalped\\nand horribly mutilated, too horribly to be described. The little Miss Cordle\\nand Mr. Friend s son ai-e supposed to be still in the hands of the Indians\\nParties have watched passes, and tried to follow the trail, but the Indians\\nhave eluded all. Old Mr. Smith was killed and scalpod, near the old Fort\\nMason crossing, on the same day of the other depredations.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0483.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0484.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "TRADING WITH THE INDIANS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0485.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0486.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "Part VIIL\\nBiographical Sketches\\nOF\\nDISTINGUISHED CHARACTERS TEXAS.\\n27", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0487.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0488.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHIES.\\nAllen, Ebenezer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of Maine came to Texas during the Republic,\\nand was Secretary of State under Jones administration; Attorney-General\\nunder both Lamar s and Houston s second administrations, and filled the\\nsame office in the State, under Bell s administration. He was one of the\\nearliest advocates of Texas railroads and was one of the projectors and\\nearly managers of the Texas Central. He died in Virginia in 1863. He\\nwas then in the Confederate service engaged in the torpedo business.\\nAllens, of Houston\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Five brothers of this name have been residents of\\nthe city of Houston. A. C. and J. K. Allen came to Texas in 1832, and in\\n1836 bought a league of land on Buffalo Bayou and laid out the city of\\nHouston. J. K. Allen died in 1838. A. C. Alien was Inspector of Customs\\non the Rio Grande, in 1849, and died in 1863. In 1836, three other brothers\\nsettled in Houston. Harvey H. Allen filled the office of Chief Justice of\\nHarris county, and died in 1862. For more than forty years Samuel L. and\\nH. R. Allen have been enterprising citizens of Houston. The latter, in 1870,\\nrepresented Harris county in the Legislature.\\nAllen, J. M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Born in Kentucky. At an early age, he entered the United\\nStates navy left it to engage in the Greek revolution, and was with Lord\\nByron when ho died atMissolongi, on the 12th of April, 1821; returned to\\nto his native land in time to enlist in the unfortunate expedition to Tampico,\\nin 1835; he escaped; came to Texas and commanded a cavalry company at\\nthe battle of San Jacinto. He was the first Mayor of Galveston, an office to\\nwhich he was repeatedly re-elected. After annexation he was appointed\\nUnited States Marshal, an office he held when he died, February 12, 1847.\\nAlmonte, Don Juan N.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A natural son of the patriot priest, Morelos.\\nFoote gives the origin of the name as follows: Morelos was at the head\\nof his troops one day, when an infant, (whose birth was thus uncermoni-\\nously made known to him,) was brought into his sight by the mother. Al\\nmontel Almonte,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to the mountain with the brat! and Almonte was\\nthenceforth his name. When the Republicans sent Herrera and Bean to\\nthe United States as diplomatic agents, Morelos sent young Almonte with\\nthem to be educated at an Americau college. The death of his father soon\\nafterwards deprived Almonte of the means of prosecuting his studies, and\\nhe became a clerk in a hardware store in New Orleans. After the triumph\\nof the Republicans in Mexico, in 1821, Almonte left Nacogdoches with", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0489.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "478 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nBernardo Gutierres, who had been appointed Governor of Tamaiilipas.\\nLeaving Bernardo on the Rio Grande, Almonte went on to tlie city of\\nMexico to push his fortunes. He attached himself to Santa Anna, whose\\nstar was then in the ascendant. In 1834 his chief sent him to Texas, where\\nhe spent several months making observations on the country and its inhabi-\\ntants. Most of the time he was with Colonel Bean, the old friend of his\\nfather. When he returned to INIexico he made a report which furnishes us\\nthe best data we have as to the population and resources of Texas at that\\ntime. In 1836, Almonte was Santa Anna s private secretary and confidential\\nadviser. After the re-establishment of Mexican authority, Almonte was to\\nrun the boundary between Texas and the United States, and then he was to\\nbe the Governor. General Rusk gives this account of Almonte s surrender\\nat San Jacinto: At the close of the tight, and just after sundown, Colo-\\nnel Almonte came out of the woods with about 250 men. There were at\\nthat place not exceeding ten or fifteen Americans and none of them could\\nspeak the Mexican language well. The prisoners were asked if they could\\nspeak English? Almonte answered in Spanish that they could not. They\\nwere then told in Spanish to form two and two deep and march with us to\\ncamp. They formed and commenced marching accordingly. Our few men\\nwex*e distributed around them as a guard Most of us were very much\\nfatigued, and such was the condition of the Mexicans, also. As we pro-\\nceeded in this way, one of our men, who was so tired he could hardly walk,\\nbeing incommoded by a Mexican who had dropped out of the line, cursed\\nand threatened him in a very rough man;ier in English. This threat was\\nimmediately repeated to the Mexican in Spanish. I concluded that he, at\\nleast, must undei stand English very well, and that it was probably Almonte\\nwhom I saw before me. I therefore observed so him, you must be Colonel\\nAlmonte; he replied in English, You speak well. I then rode up to him\\nand gave him my hand, saying to him, It afibrds me great pleasure to see\\nyou Colonel. With great presence of mind and his customary politeness he\\nresponded, The pleasure is reciprocated. In the estimation of Almonte,\\ndefeat was not an extraordinary event in the life of a soldier of fortune.\\nHe conversed freely and without reseiwe with those Texans whose acquaint-\\nance he had formed two years before. There is no doubt but that his philo-\\nsophic and cheerful temper had its effect upon the Texans, and reconciled\\nthem to the measures of the President and Cabinet in sparing the lives of\\nSanta Anna and his officers.\\nIn 1840 Almonte was Minister of War under Bustemente, and was\\ninstrumental in suppressing a rebellion inaugurated by his former friend\\nUrrea. After Bustemente s overthrow, Almonte for a while supported\\nhimself by lecturing. On the return of Santa Anua to power, Almonte\\nwas sent as Minister to the United States. AVhen Congress passed the bill\\nfor the annexation of Texas, Almonte denounced it and demanded his pass\\nports. He said that America had committed the most unjust act recorded\\nin history. In 1846 he was Minister to Great Britain; 1853 to the United\\nStates; 1856 again to Great Britain. In 1862, near Cordova, he pronounced\\nin favor of tlie French; in 1863 he Avas head of the French Executive Coun-\\ncil in Mexico; and in 1865 a member of the imperial household of Maxi-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0490.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHIES OF PROMINENT MEN. 479\\nmillian. At the downfall of the Empire he sought refuge in France, where\\nhe died in 1869.\\nAnderson, Kenneth L. Was Vice-President of the Kepublic in Jones\\nadministration. He was a prominent candidate for Governor in 1845, and\\nwhile making the canvass, was taken ill and died at Fantharps, in Ander-\\nson, Grimes county. Mr. Anderson was an eminent lawyer, and was\\na law partner of Thomas J. Rusk and J. Pinckney Henderson, at Nacog-\\ndoches.\\nArcher, Dr. Branch Tanner. Was a native of Virginia, and served a\\nterm in the Legislature of that State. He was in correspondence with\\nAaron Burr, and intended engaging in Burr s expedition, if that had not\\nbeen broken up. After engaging in a duel in which his antagonist fell, he\\ncame to Texas. This was in 1831. He was soon afterwards sent with\\nGeo. B. M Kinstry to Anahuac, to remonstrate with Bradburn against the\\nclosing of the ports of Texas. Bradburn rescinded the order. He repre-\\nsented Brazoria county in the Convention of 1833 and also in the Consulta-\\ntion in 1835. He was President of the latter body, and after its\\nadjournment, went as one of the Commissioners to the United States. He\\nwas Secretary of War during Lamar s administration and died at Mrs.\\nWharton s, in Brazoria county, September 22, 1856.\\nArredondo, Joaquin De Was in early life a staunch Loyalist, In\\n1811 he captured Hidalgo; in 1813 he defeated Toledo and Perry in the\\nbattle of Medina, near San Antonio. In 1817, he captured and shot the\\nunfortunate Mina, and his soldiers defeated and killed Perry at Goliad.\\nThe one redeeming trait in his character with Texans is the fact that he\\ncordially entered into Austin s colonization scheme when he was com-\\nmander of the eastern internal provinces, in 1819.\\nAustin, Moses Was a native of Connecticut. When but twehty years\\nof age, he married Miss Maria Brown, of Philadelphia, and soon after-\\nward, in conjunction with his brother Stephen, entered into the mercantile\\nbusiness in Richmond, Virginia. They subsequently purchased the lead\\nmines called Chessel s Mines, on New river, AVythe county, to which they\\nremoved, and established a regular system for smelting shot. There\\nStephen F. Austin and his sister Emily were born. This enterprise not\\nproving entirely satisfactory, Moses Austin, having heard favorable\\nreports of the lead mines in Missouri, determined to remove there, and\\nthrough the influence of Baron Carondelet, then Governor of Louisiana,\\nhe secured a grant of the lead mines of Polosi, forty miles west of St.\\nGenevieve. Having procured from the Spanish Consul the necessaiy pass-\\nports, he started witli his family on the untried route of travel. He crossed\\nthe mountains of Virginia and descended the Kanawha river into the\\nGreat West, on the last year of the last century, and laid the foundation of\\na settlement in what is now Washington county, Missousi. He opened\\nthe mine, put up the necessary machinery, and for a while carried on an\\n-extensive and lucrative business. At his residence, known as Durham", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0491.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "480 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nHall, he dispensed a generous hospitality. The failure of the Bank of\\nMissouri involved Mr. Austin in serious pecuniary embarrassments; but\\ninstead of givini,^ up to despondency, this only served to rouse him to still\\ngrander enterprises. He formed the project of planting a colony of Anglo-\\nAmericans in the Spanish province of Texas. To make the necessary\\narrangements, Austin, in the fall of 1820, visited San Antonio, the capital\\nof the province. He was coldly received by the Governor, and ordered to\\nleave the province under pain of imprisonment. This was discouraging,\\nbut as he walked out of the Governor s office, he providentially met Baron\\nDe Bastrop, with whom he had been previously acquainted. Through\\nDe Bastrop s influence, Gov. Martinez was induced to give Austin a more\\nfavorable notice. Austin had become a Spanish subject when that country\\nowned Louisiana in 1798, and of course the law against foreigners did not\\napply in his case. Through the same influence of De Bastrop^ the members\\nof the Ayuntaimento signed a petition to the commander of the eastern\\ninternal provinces at Montei ey, praying that functionary to grant Austin s\\nrequest, and permit him to introduce three hundred families into Texas.\\nAt that time, the country from the Sabine river to San Antonio was an\\nuninhabited wilderness, the Gachupin war having depopulated the pro-\\nvince. Mr. Kennedy says, that when Austin was two hundred miles from\\nany settlement, he was robbed and deserted by his companions. Subsist-\\ning on acorns and nuts, he made his way eastward, and finallj in an\\nenfeebled and exhausted condition, reached M Goffin s settlement on the\\nSabine river. After resting a short time, he proceeded to his Missouri\\nhome. He did not doubt the success of his application, and in the spring\\nof 1821, commenced making active preparations to remove to Texas. But\\na cold had settled on his lungs, and he continued rapidly to decline; and\\ndied at the residence of his son-in-law, Mr. James Bryan, June 10th.\\nMoses Austin, says Lamar, maintained a reputation ft-ee fi om the\\nsuspicion of dishonor. His energy, disappointment could not dampen,\\nnor misfortune subdue. A few days before his death, he received intelli-\\ngence of fhe success of his application to the Spanish authorities, and he\\nleft an injunction to his son, Stephen F. Austin, to carry out his scheme for\\nthe Texas colony.\\nAustin, Stephen Fuller was born in Austinsville, Wythe Co Virginia,\\nNovember 3d, 1793. When but six years of age, his father s family moved\\nto Missouri. After spending four years at an academy in New London,\\nConnecticut, he comi)leted his education at Transylvania University, in\\nKentucky. At the organization of Missouri into a territory, in 1S18, Mr.\\nAustin was elected a member of the Territorial Legislature. The next year\\nhe removed to tlie Territory of Arkansas, and was immediately appointed\\na circuit juiige an office he held until he resigned it to engage in the great\\nprovidential work of his life, that of planting a colony in Texas. Indeed\\nhis settlement on Red Kiver was with a view of opening a plantation to\\nraise corn and other supi)lies for the colonists on their Avay to Texas. He\\nwas in New Orleans making preliminary arrangements, when he heard of\\nthe arrival at Natchitoches of Messrs. Seguin and Veramendi, the commis-\\nsioners sent on to conduct Moses Austin to his colonial grant. Stephen", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0492.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 481\\nstarted at once to meet these gentlemen. At Natchitoches he heard of his\\nfather s death, and he at once determined to carry forward the colonial en-\\nterprise. With the commissioners and fourteen companions, he left Nachi-\\ntoches, for San Antonio, July 6th, 1821. The names of Austin s companions\\nwere Edward Lovelace, Neil Casper, Henry Holstein, William Little, Joseph\\nPolly, James Beard, William Wilson, James Hewitson, (afterwai-ds an\\nEmpresario,) W. Smithers, and Messrs. Belew, Beard, Marple, Barre and\\nErwine. Austin was cordially received by Governor Martinez, and, after\\nexploring the country, selected the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and\\nBrazos rivers upon which to plant his colony. He immediately returned to\\nNew Orleans to perfect his plans.\\nSchooner Lively Lost. Mr. Austin s means were limited, but he found\\na friend in Joseph H. Hawkins, Esq., a former school-mate at Transylva-\\nnia. Mr. Austin, on the 14th of November, 1821, acknowledged the re-\\nceipt of $4,000, and agreed to convey to Hawkins one-half of the lands and\\ntown lots which the empresario should receive. (See contract in Life and\\nEvents, page 31.) With the money thus secured, Mr. Austin purchased\\nthe schooner Lively, and placed on board a supply of provisions and agi i-\\ncultural implements. With eighteen persons on board, she sailed from\\nNew Orleans for the mouth of the Colorado Eiver, November 20, 1821, and\\nwas never heai d of afterward.\\nAustin s Second Trip. The same day the Lively sailed, Austin started\\na second time to Texas by land. At Natchitoches he was joined by ten\\ncompanions; among them Mr. Kan. Foster, of Fort Bend County, was the\\nhunter of the party. This company crossed the Brazos River on the last\\nday of the year, and camped on the bank of a creek, which they, the next\\nmorning, named New Year s Creek. Mr. Austin hastened to the coast,\\nwhere he waited for weeks for the appearance of the schooner. She was\\nfinally given up for lost, and he started for San Antonio. On his way to\\nthe city he met his brother, James Brown Austin, and the two went to-\\ngether to San Antonio.\\nAustin in Mexico. In the period which intervened since Moses Austin\\nobtained his empresario grant, Mexico had thrown off the Spanish yoke\\nand become a Republic. At San Antonio, Austin learned that it would be\\nnecessary to visit the City of Mexico to obtain a confirmation of his grant.\\nHe started with only two companions. They were intercepted on the\\nNueces River by a band of forty-four Comanche Indians. Fortunately the\\nIndians were then at peace with the United States, though warring with\\nMexico. When they found out that Austin was an American, he was released\\nand allowed to proceed upon his journey. From Monterey Austin had but\\na single companion, Capt. Lorenzo Christy who had been in Miua s expedi-\\ntion. To avoid being robbed, both were disguised, and appeared like very\\npoor travelers. They reached the City of Mexico April 10th, 1822, Such\\nwas the unsettled condition of the country, ruled alternately by different\\nfactions, that Austin made but slow progress in his business. Finally, at the\\nend of eight months he secured the passage of the general Colonization\\nLaw. This law was very generous, giving to each family a league of land\\nfor grazing purposes, and a labor of bottom land for cultivating. It also", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0493.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "482 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nmade a liberal grant to the empresario who introduced the colonists. Fi-\\nnally, after a year s detention, Austin started back to Texas. He had ac-\\nquired a knowledge of the language and institutions, which was of great\\nvalue in his subsequent negotiations with the government. At Monterey,\\nhe was kindly received by the commandant, Philip De La Garza, and by\\nthe deputacion, who invested him with ample authority to introduce his\\ncolonists, give them their land, and administer civil government.\\nState of the Colony. Austin s long absence had a somewhat depressing\\ninfluence upon his colonists, some of whoni had abandoned the country\\nothers had stopped in East Texas, and all felt insecure. His return, how-\\never, with a confirmation of all his authority, and with the Baron de Bas-\\ntrop, who had been appointed Land Commissioner, soon changed the aspect\\nof aflairSo The town of San Felipe de Austin was laid out, and the land\\noffice opened and titles to their lands promptly issued to the settlers. Aus-\\ntin displayed admirable talents for his responsible position. His zeal for\\nhis colonists knew no bounds. As a legislator he prepared an admirable\\ncode of laws and as the father and founder of the colony, he selected de-\\nsirable homes for the immigrants, and gave them all practical assistance in\\npreparing their houses and opening their farms. Combining in himself the\\nfunctions of civil governor, military commander and judge of the court, he\\nadministered all departments with equal skill and fidelity. The colony\\nprospered, immigrants continued to flock in, and during the year 1824 he\\nhad settled in the new colony the three hundred families required by his\\nfirst contract.\\nOther Contracts. Under the general Colonization Law, Austin, in 1825,\\nentered into a second contract for the introduction of five hundred fami-\\nlies, and in 1827 he took a third, for one hundred families, to be located\\nabove the San Antonio road, in Bastrop, Travis and Williamson Counties.\\nHeretofore the coast leagues had been reserved from location, but in 1828\\nAustin took a contract to introduce three hundred families and place them\\non these littoral leagues. Of all the empresarios, Austin was the only one\\nwho was really successful in planting his colonies and fulfilling his contracts\\nand his success, considering the obstacles in his way, was remarkable. A\\nreport made to the Texas Senate by Austin s executor, James F. Perry, in\\n1837, states that he introduced in all 1,540 colonists, of whom 970 had re-\\nceived titles to their land before the laud office was closed in 1835.\\nAustin and the Fredonians. The part which Austin took in the troubles\\nat Nacogdoches, in 1826- 7, has excited a good deal of comment and some\\nsevere criticism. Edwards had been badly treated of that there can be but\\none opinion but he and his friends acted hastily in unfurHng the banner of\\nFi edonia. They certainly should have consulted Austin and Bastrop and\\nthe people of the center of the colony, if they expected their co-operation.\\nIt has been assumed by most wi iters that at first Austin hesitated as to the\\ncourse to be pursued. Foote intimates as much. But Foote was a warm\\npersonal friend of the Edwardses, with whom he unquestionably sympa-\\nthized. Still, even he offijrs this excuse for Austin, who, says Foote,\\nwas unwilling to plunge into a Avar with a nation numbering 8,000,000 in-\\nhabitants. Entertaining such views, it is not at all astonishing that he", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0494.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "RICHARD COKE.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0495.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0496.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 485\\nheard with deep regret of the revolt in Edwards colony. In such a con-\\ntroversy, neutrality was impossible, and he did not attempt to occupy such\\na position. On the 22d of January, 1827, Austin issued the following ad-\\ndress:\\nTo the Inhabitants of the Colony:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The persons who were sent on from this colony hy the Political Chief and\\nMilitary Commandant to offer peace to the Nacogdoches madmen have re-\\nturned returned without having effected anything. Tlie olive branch of\\npeace wliich was held out to them has been insultingly refused, and that party\\nhave denounced massacre and desolation on this colony. They are trying\\nto excite all the northern Indians to murder and plunder, and it appears as\\nthough they have no other object than to ruin and plunder this country.\\nThey openly threaten us with Indian massacre and the plunder of our prop-\\nerty. To arms then, my friends and fellow-citizens, and hasten\\nto the standard of our country.\\nThe first hundred men will march on the 26th. Necessary orders for\\nmustering and other purposes will be issued to commanding officers. Union\\nand Mexico. S. F. Adsiin.\\nAustin s course in this matter received the approval of his cotemporaries,\\nand history will doubtless pronounce a similar verdict. Judge Burnet says:\\nIt was quite inevitable, without supposin gAustin an infatuated visionary,\\nwhich he was not, that he should promptly unite with his lawful chief in sup-\\npressing an insurrection so wild and impracticable, On the same point\\nJudge Bell says: This Fredonian disturbance has been little understood,\\nand when the details of it are made known it will be seen that the move-\\nment could lay no just claim to be considered as an honorable and praise-\\nworthy effort in the cause of freedom and right, and that Austin s course in\\nreference to it was the only one that a man of sense and honor could pur-\\nsue.\\nAustin in Congress. During the eventful years 1831 and 1832, Austin was\\nat Saltillo, representing Texas in the Legislature of Coahuila and Texas.\\nHe did not therefore participate in the events which resulted in the capture\\nof the Mexican garrisons at Anahuac, at Velasco, and at Nacogdoches. As\\nsoon as news of these transactions reachfd him, he hurried home. He came\\nby water from the mouth of the Eio Grande, and was accompanied by\\nGeneral Mexia, who had been sent out by Santa Anna to secure the adhe-\\nsion of Texas to the (so-called) Republican party, of which Sauta Anna was\\nthen the champion. Their rallying cry was the Constitution of 1824. At\\na, meeting of citizens of the colony, at Turtle Bayou, on the 13th of June,\\nthey had, with entire unanimity, upheld it. Austin was welcomed back by\\nthe people with every demonstration of joy, with balls, speeches, firing of\\ncannon, etc., at the mouth of the Brazos, Brazoria, and especially at San\\nFehpe. Six miles below the lotter place he was met by a military company,\\nunder Lieutenat Gray, and escorted into town, where he was received and\\naddressed by Wm. II. Jack, Esq in behalf of his fellow-citizens,\\nSucli a boon then, says Col. Jack, as is due to him who has faithfully\\ndischarged his duties, we grant to you, wifh an assurance that the man\\nwhom the people have delighted to honor, siill has our most unbounded", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0497.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "486 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nconfluence. The occasion of your most unexpected return to Texas will\\nlo ii; be remembered. The present is an epoch in the political affiiirs of our\\ncountry on which the pen of the historian will dwell with peculiar pleas-\\nure. In conclusion, I cannot, perhaps, better express my own feelings and\\nthose of our common countrymen than by saying, Well done, good and\\nfaithfal servant; thou art welcome, thrice welcome to thy home and to thy\\nfrien Is and may health and happiness always attend thee\\nThis was a proud day to the father and founder of Texas. Austin re-\\nplied in a happy speech, and was then received by the Mexican soldiers who\\nhad surrendered with Ugartechea at Velasco. These soldiers fraternized\\nwith the colonists. After these speeches, all sat down to a sumptuous ban-\\nquet speeches were delivered, cannon fired, toasts drank, and there was\\nevery demonstration of public joy\\nCommissioner to Mexico. Austin was not long permitted to remain at\\nhome. The great desire of the Texaus now was to have a separate State\\ngovernment. The province had been temporarily attached to Coahuila.\\nThe population was now sufficiently large to form a State. In April, 1833^\\na Cpnvention met at San Felipe, to form a State Constitution to present to\\nthe National Government. A memorial was drawn up, urging the neces-\\nsity of erecting Texas into a State. Three commissioners were selected to\\ncarry the constitution and memorial to the city of Mexico. Austin was\\nthe only one who undertook tlie long journey. When he arrived at the\\nNational Capital he found the country in a state of feverish political excite-\\nment. Santa Anna had succeeded Pedraza as President, and was rapidly\\ndeveloping his plans for a purely personal and consolidated government.\\nMoreover, the captiire of the troops by the colonists in Texas had thrown\\nsuspicion upon the loyalty of the Anglo-American colonists. Under these\\ncircumstances, Austin had no easy task before him. While all parties were\\nwilling to trust the commissioner, they distrusted his constituents, and\\ncould not permit the liberty-loving, self-reliant colonists of Texas to have\\na government of their own and in their own hands. The better to carry\\nout his purposes of self-aggrandizement, Santa Anna had retired to his\\nhacienda, leaving Vice-President Farias to administer the government.\\nAustin s papers were presented to Congress and referred to a committee.\\nIn the mean time, in addition to political troubles, the city sutfered from a\\nfearful visitation of cholera. During the long and vexatious delay, Austin\\nbecame somewhat impatient, and urged his suit with such importunity that\\nFarias became offended. Seeing no immediate prospect of obtaining his\\nrequest, Austin, in one of his letters to the citizens of San Antonio, advised\\nthem to form a de facto government, under a provision of the Constitution\\nof 1824. Finally, on the 10th of December, 1833, Austin started for his\\nhome. But some one in San Antonio had sent a copy of his letter back to\\nFarias. That suspicious officer thought he detected treason in the epistle,\\nand immediately dispatched a messenger for Austin s arrest. He was over-\\ntaken at Saltillo, carried back to the city, and thrown into a dungeon,\\nwhere for a time he was oven deprived of his books and papers, and pen\\nand ink.\\nAustin in Prison. What gave Farias mortal offense, was a sentence in", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0498.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 487\\nAustin s letter which recommended that All the municipalities should\\ncome without delay to an understanding organizing a local government\\nfor Texas as a State of the Mexican Confederation, under the law of the\\n7th of May, 1824. And he added in his letter to the municipality of\\nBexar, I trust you will lose no time in addressing a communication to\\nevery corporation, exhorting them to concur in the organization of a local\\ngovernment, independent of Coahuila, even should, the Supreme Govern-\\nment of Mexico refuse its consent.\\nDuring his imprisonment, Austin was visited by his old friend. Father\\nMuldoon, a priest who had ministered to Austin s colonists. Muldoon fur-\\nnished him with a blank memorandum book and a pencil. With this the\\nprisoner whiled away his lonely hours. In these musings we see the\\ncharacter of the man. We make some exti acts In my tirst exploring\\ntrip in Texas, in 1821, 1 had a very good old man with me, who had been\\nraised on the frontier, and was a very good hunter. We had not been\\nmany days in the wilderness, before he told me, You are too impatient to\\nmake a hunter. Scarcely a day passed that he did not say to me, You\\nare too impatient you wish to go too fast. Before my trip was ended, I\\nsaw the benetit of his maxim, and I determined to adopt it as a rule in\\nsettling the colony which I was then about to commence in Texas. Some\\nhave accused me of adhering to this rule and. to a system of conciliation\\nwith too much obstinancy. I do not think I have though perhaps, I am\\nnot a competent judge. I can, however, say, that I believe the greatest\\nerror I ever committed was in departing from that rule as I did in the city\\nof Mexico, in October, 1833. I lost patience at the delays in getting the\\nbusiness of the people of Texas dispatched, and in a moment of impatience,\\nwrote an imprudent and perhaps an intemperate letter to the Aj untamiento\\nof Bexar. This was October 2d.\\nI can say with truth that a combination of circumstances occurred about\\nthat time to make me impatient and my intentions were pure and patriotic,\\nas a Mexican citizen. I had every reason to believe that the people of Texas\\nwould not suffer the month of November to pass without organizing a local\\ngovernment, and in that event, it is very evident that it would have beeu\\nmuch better to organize a harmonious consultation of the respective local\\nauthorities of the municipalities, than by a popular commotion. The cir-\\ncumstances of the case, and the purity of my intentions, are certainly\\nworthy of consideration. Texas, when I left in April, was almost in a-\\nstate of nature, as to its local government it was in danger of anarchy, on\\nthe one hand, and of being destroyed by the uncivilized and hostile Indians,\\non the other. These things crazed me, and I lost patience. While these\\nreflections show that Colonel Austin was in a depressed state of mind, and\\na little disposed to blame himself unnecessarily, they reveal the singular\\npurity and strict conscientiojisness of the man.\\nWe add another short extract from the sad record of his prison musi)igs.\\nIt is dated Sunday, February 23d, 1831: Philanthropy is but another\\nname for trouble. I have labored with pure intentions to benefit others,\\nand especially to advance and im])rove mv adopted country, ai-.d what have\\nI gained? Enemies, persecutions, imprisonment: accused of ingratitude to", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0499.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "488 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMexico, which is the most unjust of all accusations that could possibly be\\nbi ought against me. If I have been ungrateful to any one, it is to myself\\nand family, for I have neglected my own and their interests to labor for\\nothers. My poor sister, who removed to the wilderness of Texas with her\\nlarge family, owing to my solicitations and left a comfortable home and a\\nlarge circle of warm and kind friends. My poor sister How she is suffer-\\ning on my account! How happy I could have been on a farm alongside of\\nmy brother-in-law, free from all the cares and difficulties that now surround\\nme But I thought it was my duty to obey the call of the people and go to\\nMexico as their agent. I have sacrificed myself to serve them, and in all\\nprobability the only return I shall receive will be abuse and ingratitude.\\nIt is horrible that I should have lived to find myself on the verge of misan-\\nthropy soured and disgusted with mankind. But we have given enough\\nfrom the sad I ecord of Austin s prison life.\\nThe imprisonment of their empresario and commissioner produced a pro-\\nfound impression in Texas. On the 28th of April the Ayuntairaento of San\\nFelipe, K. M. Williamson, Chairman, and W. B. Travis, Secretary, pre-\\npared and sent to Mexico a long memorial, praying for his release. The\\nother municipalities adopted similar measures, and Peter VY. Grayson and\\nSpencer H. Jack were selected to carry these petitions to Mexico. Though\\nthey did not secure Austin s release, these proceedings afforded him great\\nsatisfaction, as showing the interest felt for him in Texas.\\nOn the 12th of June, 1834, Austin s condition was somewhat improved,\\nas he was transferred to more comfortable quai ters. There was some\\ntalk of trying him for treason, and he earnestly desired to have his case\\njudicially investigated, but he could find no court of competent jurisdiction.\\nThe judges all refused to have anjthing to do with the case. They knew\\nthat there were no reaJ charges against him, and that his imprisonment was\\nwholly unwarranted.\\nAustin s Enemies at Home. Writing from his prison on the 25th of\\nAugust, Austin alludes to certain plotters in Texas, of whom it is painful\\nto speak. We would remain silent, but the truth of history requires expo-\\nsure. He says:\\nPresident Santa Anna is friendly to Texas, and to me, (of this I have\\nno doubt,) and would have set me at liberty long since and in fact, issued\\nan order to that eff ect in June, had not some statements arrived about that\\ntime fi om the State Government of Coahuila and Texas against me which\\nI understand, have contributed to keep me in prison so long. It is said the\\nreport is founded solely on the statement of some influential persons who\\nlive in Texas. Who these persons are I know not. It is nffirmed they are\\nNorth Americans by birth, and I am told if I am not imprisoned for life and\\ntotally ruined in property and reputation, it will not be lor want of exertion\\nand industry on the part of some of my countrymen who live in Texas.\\nWhether all this be true, I know not. I know I am unwilling to believe it.\\nI am also told that no efforts were left untried last winter and spring to\\np)-ejudice the members of the Legislature and State Government against\\nme at Monclova, last winter. The persecutions to which Austin in this\\nletter alludes were originated and carried out by a merciless party of laud", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0500.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 489\\nsharks who had flocked to Monclova. That corrupt Legislature sold or gave\\naway to these men eight hundred leagues of land. They well knew that if\\nAustin were at liberty he would expose their rascality. He had already\\nmortally otfended one of this party by prohibiting him from locating some\\neleven-league claims on the best unoccupied land in his colony. Austin was\\ndetermined that the good land should be reserved for bona fide settlers. In\\na letter to D. C. Barrett, Esq., in 1835, Mr. Austin, alluding to these trans-\\nactions in Texas lands, says: In 1833 thirty square leagues of land were\\nvoted by the State Legislature to a young man, (who had previously received\\na grant of eleven leagues,) as pay for one year s salary as judge Some\\neight hundred square leagues wei e sold by these legislators in 1834 and\\n1835, to speculators, principally foreigners, and to themselves; for the same\\nlegislators who passed the law, for a part of this sale, were purchasers at\\nfrom fifty to seventy-five and a hundred dollars per square league. It is no\\nwonder that such a class of unmitigated scoundrels wanted so incorruptible\\na man as Austin kept out of*the way, even if he languished in a Mexican\\nprison. What made them more anxious on the subject was the fact that\\nAustin while in prison had been re-elected to the Legislature. It was well\\nknown that if he appeared and took his seat in tlie Legislatui e, all these\\nplundering schemes would be at once exposed and defeated.\\nWe again quote from his letter to Barrett At one time I am villified\\nfor being too Mexican too much the friend of Mexicans too confiding in\\nthem. At another I am abused for yielding to the popular opinion, and\\nfor representing that opinion in good fiiith. Those familiar with the his-\\ntory of those times and men cannot doubt that Austin was truly loyal to his\\nadopted country, and faithful to the interests of his colony; but he shared\\nthe fate of most conservatives he incurred the hatred of extreme men of\\nall parties.\\nHis Welcome Home. Finally, after an absence of two years and four\\nmonths, Austin was permitted to return to Texas, about the first of Sep-\\ntember, 1835. On the eighth, at a meeting of about a thousand of the\\ncitizens, Austin said: I cannot refrain from returning my unfeigned\\nthanks for the flattering sentiment with which I have just been honored,\\nnor have I words to express my satisfaction on returning to this, my more\\nthan native country, and meeting so many of my friends and companions\\nin its settlement. I left Texas in April, 1833, as the public agent of the\\npeople for the purpose of applying for the admission of this country into\\nthe Mexican Confederation as a State separate from Coahuila. This appli-\\ncation was based upon the constitutional and vested rights of Texas, and\\nwas sustained by me in the city of Mexico to the utmost of my abilities.\\nNo honorable means were spared to effect the objects of my mission, and to\\noppose the forming of Texas into a Territory, which was attempted. I rig-\\nidly adhered to the instructions and wishes of my constituents, so far as\\nthey were enumerated to me. My efforts to serve Texas involved me in\\nthe labyrinth of Mexican politics. I was arrested and have sufl^ered a long\\nimprisonment. I consider it my duty to give an account of these events to\\nmy constituents, and will therefore, at this time merely observe that I have\\nnever, in any manner, agreed to anything that would compromise the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0501.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "490 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nconstitutional or vested rights of Texas. These rights belong to the peo-\\nple, and can only be surrendered by them. ji^g revolution in\\nMexico is drawing to a close. The object is to change the form of govern-\\nment, destroy the Federal Constitution of 1824, and establish a consolida\\nted government. The States are to be converted into provinces.\\nWith these explanatory remarks, I will give as a toast, The Constitution-\\nal rights and the security and peace of Texas they ought to be maintained\\nand jeopardized as they now are, they demand a general consultation of\\nthe people.\\nIn reference to this reception, Yoakum says: The old pioneers who had\\ncome with Austin to the country gathered around and received him as one\\nrisen from the dead. Such demonstrations of regard were fully reciproca-\\nted by Austin. He was a genial lover of his race, and especially of those\\nto whose happiness he had devoted the best energies of his life. If there\\nwas any one desire nearer to his heart than any other, it was to see his col-\\nony prosper. He was greatly distressed to find Texas in her unsettled con-\\ndition. I had hoped, said he, to have found her in peace and tranquil-\\nity, but regret to find commotion; all disorganized, all in anarchy, and\\nthreatened Avith immediate hostilities. This state of things was mostly\\ndue to the revolution in the Siamese-twin-sister State ot Coahuila; where\\nthere were then two capitals and two rival governors. As Texas recog-\\nnized neither of these governors, she was without an established civil gov-\\nernment. However, by common consent, San Felipe was looked upon as\\nthe capital of the Province, and the committee of safety which had been\\norganized there was expected to give a general direction to public affairs.\\nAustin was at once elected chairman of this committee or council.\\nAustin Commander of the Army. The volunteers who had repulsed\\nCa 5tenado at Gonzales were still in camp ou the Guadalupe river, but\\nwitliout any recognized leader; nor could any man in camp harmonize the\\nconflicting elements. Under these circumstances, some of the most prom-\\ninent men, including Grayson, Dr. Miller, P. C. Jack, and othes, wrote to\\nSan Felipe requesting that Austin be sent out as commander. To this the\\ncommittee assented, and Austin started immediately for headquarters.\\nOn his arrival, the volunteers by acclamation elected him as their com-\\nmander.*\\nThe new commander promptly reorganized the army and started for San\\nAntonio. He reached the Mission La Espada on the 20th of October.\\nWishing to approach nearer the city, on the 27th he sent forward a i*econ-\\nnoitering party of about ninety men, under Colonels Fannin and Bowie.\\nTills party fought the battle of Concepcion on the 28th. On the 2d of No-\\nvember, Austin moved up nearer aud prepared for a close investment of the\\n*The following gentlemen constituted his staff: Warren D. C. Hall, Adjutant aud\\nInspector-General; David B. Macomb, Assistant Inspector; William H. Wliarton^\\nJudge Advocate; W. P. Smith, Surgeon-lieneral; Patrick C. Jack, Quartermaster-\\nGeneral; Valentine Bennett, Assistant Quartermaster; Peter W. Grayson, and William\\nT. Austin, Aids-de-camp. Moses Austin Bryan was his Private Secretary. John H.\\nMoore was elected Colonel; Edward Biirlfson, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Alexander\\nSomervell, Major. William H. Jack was appointed Brigade Inspector.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0502.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 491\\ncity. Occasional skirmishes toolj: place, and the fight known as the Grass\\nFight, occurred on the 26th of November.\\nCommissioner to the United States.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two days after the Grass Fight,\\nAustin was officially notified that it was the wish of the Executive Council\\nthat he should go to the United States as one of the commissioners to\\nsecure funds to aid the cause of Texas. He immediately resigned the com-\\nmand of the army. In presenting his commission, the Council also gave\\nhim a very flattering compliment, and commeudefl him to the people of the\\nUnited States as one in whose aid we repose the strongest hopes in our\\npresent struggle for freedom and existence, and that we extend to him the\\nhand of parting love and greeting, with hopes of his success and speedy\\nreturn to the bosom of his grateful countrymen. This mission was a dif-\\nficult and delicate one. Texas had not at that time declared her independ-\\nence. The aim, at first, was for a Provi-nce still owing allegiance to Mexico.\\nThe commissioners met with greater success than they could have antici-\\npated. General Austin, says Yoakum, was particularly successful. His\\nlong service in Texas, and his known truthfulness and simplicity of char-\\nacter, gave great weight to what he said. His address at Louisville, which\\nwas widely published, presented the claims of Texas upon the civilized\\nworld for sympathy and aid in such a manner as to bring her both. It is\\nstated that he pledged his private fortune for the repayment of the loans\\nadvanced in the cause of the country.\\nOn the 9th of May, 1836, he left Washington City on his return to Texas.\\nWhen he arrived he found the country very much excited over the contem-\\nplated release of Santa Anna. The captive President had great confidence\\nin Austin, and in a private interview requested him to use his influence to\\nsecure the friendly offices of General Jackson as a mediator to secure Santa\\nAnna s release. Austin wrote to Jackson, and also wrote to General\\nGaines, suggesting the propriety of the latter removing his headquarters to\\nNacogdoches, to overaAve the Indians. With this request General Gaines\\ncomplied, but he was soon ordered back east of the Sabine.\\nA Candidate for President .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Soon after Austin returned. President\\nBurnet issued his proclamation for a general election. Austin s friends\\nurged him to become a candidate for the Presidency. To this general call\\nhe responded: Influenced by the great governing principle that has\\ngoverned my actions since I came to Texas, which is to serve this country\\nin any capacity in which the people might see proper to employ me, I shall\\nnot decline tiie highly responsible and difficult one now proposed, should\\nthe majority of my fellow citizens elect me. As the canvass proceeded,\\nparty spirit ran high, and the most absurd charges were openly made or\\nsecretly insinuated against Gen. Austin. These charges, though ground-\\nless, aflecl;ed the people especially those who had recently immigrated to\\nthe country, and were personally unacquainted with the empresario. And\\nthey deeply grieved his sensitive nature. In a letter to Gail Borden, pub-\\nlished in the Texas Telegrajyh, he replied at length to these charges. After\\nshowing their absurdity, he says The people ought to be competent to\\nanalyze these matters and judge for themselves. They are, however, liable\\nto be misled by wrong impressions, but will do justice in the end, and I", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0503.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "492 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nassure you that it will be no personal mortification to me individually, if I\\nam not elected, while such erroneous impressions exist. I have one proud\\nconsolation which nothing can deprive me of, and that is the approbation of\\nmy own conscience, and the certainty that all I have done since I came ta\\nTexas, in 1821, will bear the test of the most rigid scrutiny. I do not pre\\ntend by this to say that I have not erred in judgment, and perhaps, from\\nimprudent counsel, but I do say, that no man has labored with purer inten-\\ntions, or with a more ardent and disinterested desire to promote the pros-\\nperity and happiness and liberty of Texas and I also say, that 1 consented\\nto become a candidate at the election with great reluctance. I have been\\nabsent from Texas, on iiublic business, for about three years. During this\\ntime my individual affairs have been neglected, and much of the old coloniz-\\ning business remained xmclosed. It was my wish and intention to devote\\nthis year to these objects, at the same time giving all the aid I could, as a\\ncitizen, to the public cause. He failed to be elected. The eclat which the\\nvictory of San Jacinto had given to Houston secured the elevation of that\\ngentleman to the Presidential chair of the new Republic.\\nAustin Secretary of State. Under the new order of things Austin be-\\ncame Secretary of State; and entered immediately upon his duties. A\\nprime measure with the Administration was to secure the annexation of\\nTexas to the American Union. The people had almost unanimously ap-\\nproved that measure at the late election. One of the first acts of the Sec-\\nretary was to prepare instructions for the diplomatic agents to be sent to\\nWashington. He was a good part of three days, and portions of the nights,\\nengaged iu this work. The accommodations for the Government at Colum-\\nbia, were very inadequate. The weather was cold, and Austin was com-\\npelled to write in a room without fire.\\nHis Death and Character. The exposure in an unfinished and unfur-\\nnished room brought on a cold, wiiich was succeeded by an attack of\\npneumonia, of which he died, at the house of George B. M Kinstry, iu\\nColumbia, December 27th, 1836. The following order was immediately\\nissued from the War Department:\\nThe father of Texas is no more The first pioneer of the wilderness\\nhas departed Stephen F. Austin, Secretary of State, expired this day, at\\nhalf-past twelve o clock, at Columbia, As a testimony of respect to his\\nhigh standing, undeviating moral rectitude, and as a mark of the Nation s\\ngratitude for his untiring and invaluable services, all officers, civil and\\nmilitary, are requested to wear crape on the right ai-m for tiie space of thirty\\ndays. All officers commanding posts, garrisons or detachments, will as\\nsoon as information is received of this melancholy event, cause 28 guns\\nto be fired, with an interval of five minutes between each; and also have\\nthe garrison and regimental colors hung with black during the space of\\nmourning for the illustrious dead.\\nBy order of the President.\\nWm. S. Fisher, Secretary of WarJ^\\nHis remains were accompanied by President Houston and his Cabinet,\\nboth Houses of Congress, and other officers of the Government, to the\\nfamily burying ground, at Peach Point, Brazoria county. His relatives", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0504.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "RICHARD B. HUBBARD.", "height": "3321", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0505.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0506.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 495\\nhave placed over-the grave a marble slab bearing this inscription General\\nStephen F. Austin, son of Moses and Mary Austin, born 3d ot November\\n1793, ill Austinville, State of Virginia. Departed this life on the 27th of\\nDecember, 1836, at Columbia, Eepublic of Texas, aged 43 years, 1 month\\nand 24 days.\\nGeneral Austin was never married. His home when he came first to\\nTexas was with the family of Mr. Castleman, on the Colorado river. After\\nthe removal of his brother-in-law, Mr. James F. Perry, to the colony his\\nhome was with his sister at the Peach Point plantation, in Brazoria countv\\nHe always regarded his colonists as his family, and labored for their welfare\\nwith true paternal solicitude and fidelity. No one can study the history of\\nhis eventful life without forming a high estimate of his great abilities and\\nmoral worth. We give some extracts showing how those well qualified to\\njudge have recorded their appreciation of his character.\\nKennedy says: We have seen the perils he braved; the obstacles he\\nsurmounted his struggles with the- marauders in the wilderness his\\nsufferings in a Mexican prison his duties and entanglements, civil, military\\npolitical and financial. In every period of his career the spirit of order\\nequity, fortitude and perseverance is apparent. Even those who proscribed\\nhis patriotism paid homage to his personal worth. General Cos, when he\\nfirst entered Texas and found Austin at the head of the insuro-ent force\\naddressed him individually in terms of high respect. Colonel Almonte has\\neulogized the admirable constancy with which he followed up his enter-\\nprise m Texas. For fifteen years did he pursue his object with unwavering\\nrectitude and untiring zeal and he lived long enough to lay the foundation\\nof a flourishing St.-:te amidst the bloodshed and distractions of civil strife\\nEx-President Lamar says: The claims of Stephen Austin upon the\\npeople of Texas were of the strongest kind. He was not onlv the founder\\nof our P.epublic, but scarcely a blessing flowed to our country which mav\\nnot be fairly attributed to his unwearied exertions for its wemire- while\\nalmost every calamity which has befallen it, might have been averted by\\nadhering to his wise and prudent counsels. The world has afforded but\\nfew examples of superior intelligence and sagacity; and as for disinterested\\nand extended philanthropy; his long suffering for the weal of others his\\npatient endurance under persecutions; his benevolent fonnveness of inju-\\nries, and his final sacrifice of health, happiness and life, in the service of\\nhis country-all conspire to place him without a dval amono- the first of\\npatriots and the best of men.\\nWe conclude this sketch with a paragraph from the pen of Judge James\\nH Leil When Austin entered the Province .of Texas in the summer of\\nlb21, there was but one settlement from the Sabine to San Antonio This\\nwas Nacogdoches, and he says in his journal, that there we.e in that\\np ace but three unmarried men and one family, when he passed throu-h it\\nThe sound of the axe had never been heard in the virgin forests of the\\nBrazos an l Colorado. The tall savage roamed the woods and built his\\ncamp-fire by the crystal stream, without dreaming that the white man was\\ncoming to plant corn in his hunting grounds. How changed was the scene I\\nihe settlers came, following their young and adventurous leader to where", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0507.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "496 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe tall cane-brakes attested the land s fertility. They brought with them\\nthe rifle, the axe, the plough and the seed corn. Soon the smoke ascended\\nfrom a hundred chimneys and where before the monarch oaks waved their\\nproud branches, like so many scepters, over the subject forest, were now to\\nbe seen fields of luxuriant corn, yielding ample returns to tlie industry of\\nman. Tlie wild beasts of the woods had been driven from their lairs; and\\nthe wilder men, who strove with bow and spear to drive out the pale faces,\\nhad been subdued. When rebellion against the constituted authorities\\nwhich the settlers had sworn to respect, I aised its banner in a neighboring\\npart of the State, Austin called on his colonists to do their duty in main-\\ntaining tlie laws, and he was promptly told that three hundred good rifles\\nwould follow him to battle. He might well be pr.)ud of his position and\\nhis achievments. He might well feel that he had acquired an indisputable\\ntitle to the respect of mankind. And that respect his memory will certain-\\nly receive. Circumstances inseparable from the settlement and growth of\\na new country, and from changes of government, have had the eftect to\\ndistract the minds of men from inquiry into his character and services. But\\nhistory will one day adorn her page with a delineation of his high and\\nspotless character, and with the story of his long, arduous and successful\\nservices to his countiw. His fame will grow as the State which he founded\\nis destined to grow in prosperity and influence. And when the capital\\nwhich bears his name shall have become a proud city, and when all the hills\\nthat rise around it, and the noble plains that are spread out before it, shall\\nwear the splendid and blooming aspect which the plastic hand of art and\\nindustry creates, then the name of the pioneer who opened the way for\\ncivilization and for social reflnements to enter where all before was wild\\nand rude, and desolate, will have been placed on the bright roll that bears\\nto future ages the name-; of the worthies of the past.\\nAustin, James Brown. A younger brother of Stephen, came to Texas\\nin 1822. He spent a year in Sau Antonio learning the Spanish language,\\nafter which he became a merchant and a planter in Brazoria county. In\\npartnership with John Austin, he erected the tirst cotton gin-house in Bra-\\nzoria county. It was subsequently burned, and the place has been since\\nknown as the burnt gin place. In 18213 he went to New Orleans to buy\\ngoods and died of the yellow fever in that city.\\nAustin, Henry. A cousin of the above; was, accoi ding to the state-\\nment of his sister, Mrs. Holly, in his seventeenth year, the commander of\\nan East-India merchantman. He visited Mexico and obtained an emprcs-\\nario contract for introducing colonists on the Rio Grande river. The revo-\\nlutionary state of the country interfered with the settlement of his colony,\\nand he brought his vessel to the Brazos, and was the first to navigate that\\nstream. His boat, the Ariel, was wrecked at Lynchburg. Captain Austin\\nsettled at Bolivar, Brazoria county. His son, Edward T. Austin, is a prac-\\nticing lawyer in Galveston.\\nAustin, John. Wa^ a native of Xew Haven, Counecti ut. Mrs Holly\\nsays that when but a youth the spirit of adventure seized him, and he", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0508.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 497\\nunlisted as a common sailor before the mast. For years his parents had no\\nword from him. Being in New Ox-leans when Long was organizing his\\nexpedition against Mexico, he joined him and was chosen captain of a\\ncompany. Having shared the fate of that unfortunate command, he found\\nhimself a prisoner in the city of Mexico. It was fortunate for Austin that\\nhe had formerly been acquainted, at Yale college, with Mr. Poinsett, who\\nwas then the United States Minister at Mexico Through Austin s intlnence\\nwith Poinsett Long s men were liberated, and those wlio chose to go w.-^re\\nsent to Norfolk, Va., in the ship of war John Adams. S. F. Aus^tin was\\nthen in Mexico the two bearing the same name soon became acquainted,\\nand John Austin and B. R. Milam determed to accompany the Empresario\\nto his new colony. John Austin became an active and useful citizen. In\\n1832 he was elected one of the alcaldes of Brazoria. He was the command-\\n3r of the Texans in the battle of Velasco, and to him Colonel Ugartechea\\nmrrendered the fort. In giving an account of this battle, subsequently, to\\ngeneral Mexia, Austin said. We are fai-meis and not soldiers, therefore\\niesire that the military commandants shall not interfere with us at all.\\nBince 1830, we have been pretty much governed militarily, and in such a\\niespotic manner that we were finally driven to arms, to resist (restrain)\\nvithin their limits the military subalterns of the Government. After de-\\n;ailing the arbitrary acts of Bradburn, Austin goes on Consequently we\\nvere compelled to oppose them. We attacked Fort Velasco on the 26th of\\nrune, with 112 fanners, hastily collected, without discipline, and badly\\nirmed and after an obstinate and bloody engagement of eleven hours it\\nurrendered on the terms expressed in the enclosed copy of the capitula-\\nion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 every article of which has been strictly complied with on our part\\n)esides furnishing the provisions needed for the troops, Mexia was satis\\nied with this representation. As the Texans had already declared for the\\nconstitution of 1824, and for Santa Anna, its champion, the troops afliliated\\neadily with them.\\nThe gallantry and skill displayed by Austin in this battle secured his\\nlection to the office of Brigadier-General of the militia over the equally\\n:allant William H. Wharton. In 1838, the Asiatic cholera visited Texas,\\nnd Austin fell a victim to its ravages. His aged father, who came to take\\nbarge of his son s family, also died of the same disease. Had John Austin\\nived, he would no doubt, says Mrs. Holly, have borne a conspicuous part\\n1 the Texas revolution.\\nAustin, William T.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brother of the above; came to Texas in 1830. In\\n835 he was Aid-de camp, successively, to S. F. Austin and to Burleson,\\nhe latter compliments him very highly, for gallant conduct at the taking\\nf Sun Antonio. In 1836 he was Aid to Houston. While lie army was\\nilling back from Gonzales, Austin was sent to the Brazos for cannon. At\\nirazoriahe met Adjutant-General John A. Wharton, who informed him\\nlat the guns and ammunition had already been forwarded to the armv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2om Columbia. They never reached their destination. In excusing him-\\n3lf for the retreat from the Colorado, General Houston pleaded tiic want of\\nle cannon for which he had sent. Why they failed to reach him has never\\neen explained; at any rate the arrival of the Twin Sisters at the Brazos,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0509.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "498 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand the victory of San Jacinto, more than atoned for their loss. By the\\norders of General AVharton, Colonel Austin took command of the port of\\nVelasco, and made such preparation as he was able to resist the expected\\nadvance of Urrea. He thus failed to he at San Jacinto. After the revolu-\\ntion, he filled a number of offices in Brazoria county, and was for years the\\nclerk of the county court. lu 1863 he was in the Confederate service, as\\nCaptain of the Coast Guards at Houston. He died in Galvestou, in Febru-\\nary, 1874.\\nBaker, Mosely Came from Alabama to Texas in 1834 or 1835. He wa\\none of the first to raise a company for the campaign in 1836, and one of\\nthose ordered arrested by Uganechea, at San Felipe. It was Baker s com-\\npany that offered effectual resistance to Santa Anna, and prevented him\\nfrom crossing the Brazos, at that place. While Baker was in command at\\nthat point, the town was burned. Baker said by Houston s order. But\\nHouston always contended that his orders had been misunderstood. Baker s\\ncompany behaved with distinguished gallantry at San Jacinto, and he was\\nhimself slightly wounded. He represented Galveston in the Congress of\\nthe Republic in 1838-39 and died of yellow fever, in Houston, November\\n4th, 1848.\\nBarret, D. C. Was a lawyer by profession. He represented Bastrop\\nin the Consultation in 1835, and was also a member of the Executive\\nCouncil. He was one of the Commissioners sent by the Council to remon-\\nstrate with Cos against the arrest of certain citizens who had been pro-\\nscribed. Barrett was a warm personal friend of Stephen F. Austin\\nBastrop, P. N. Tut Or, as Saucedo gives his name, Felipe Henrique\\nNeri, Baron De Bastrop, was a native of Prussia, and when very young\\nentered the army af a soldier of fortune, under the great Frederick. Soon\\nafterwards he offered himself to the King of Spain, who sent him on a.\\nspecial mission to Mexico. While Louisiana was under Spanish domination,\\nBastrop, through the influence of De Galvez, obtained an empresario grant\\nto settle thirty miles square, between the Mississippi and Red rivers.\\nBastrop ceded four hundred thousand acres of this land, lying on the\\nWashita, to Aaron Burr, where the latter expected to plant a colony, as a\\nnucleus for his expedition to the southwest. When Louisiana was re-suld\\nto France, De Bastrop became a citizen of San Auto-iio, Texas. AVhen\\nthat place was visited by Moses Austin in 1821, Bastrop became deeply in-\\nterested in Austin s colonization scheme. He was then one of the alcaldes\\nof the city. In 1824 he became Land Commissioner, and resided in the\\nnew town of San Felipe. In 1824, and again in 1827, he represented Texas\\nin the Legislature of Coahuilaand Texas; and died in 1828 or 1829.\\nBaylor, R.E.B-AVas a native of Kentucky, who in early life removed to\\nAlabama. He became an active politician, and at one time represented his\\ndistrict in the United States Congress. He came to Texas during the days\\nof the Republic, and was soon afterward appointed District Judge. He", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0510.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 499\\nwas re-appointed to the same oflBce after annexation, and held the office until\\nhe felt that advancing age required him to retire to private life. He was a\\nmember of the Constitutional Convention in 1845; and also a leading\\nmember and minister in the Baptist church and his denomination named\\nBaylor University in his honor, ^e died at his home, near Indepen-\\ndence, Washington county, in December, 1872.\\nBean, Ellis P. Was a native of Tennessee. When but sixteen years ot\\nage, his father, at his own urgent solicitation, supplied him with a flat-boat\\nload of western produce to trade on down the river. At the Muscle shoals\\nthe boat was capsized, and Bean escaped with nothing but the clothes he\\nhad on. He, however, continued the trip. At Natchez he formed the ac-\\nquaintance of Philip Nolan, then collecting a company for catching mustang\\nhorses in Texas. Bean joined this expedition, and was elected second in\\ncommand. When at the block house or fort, near the present town of\\nTehuacana, they were overtaken by a party of Spaniards under Musquis,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2on the 21st of March, 1801. Nolan was killed, and his companions made\\nprisoners. Bean, upon whom the command devolved, was bitterly opposed\\nto a surrender but Musquis promised that the Americans should be sent\\nto Natchez and released, and the others insisted on surrendering. On\\nreaching Nacogdoches they were chained two and two, and marched to San\\nAntonio, and then to the Kio Grande. According to Mexican custom, these\\nprisoners were frequently moved from one prison to another. Bean resorted\\nto various expedients to make money to supply his necessities. At San\\nLuis Potosi, where he staid for more than a year, he followed shoemaking.\\nAt Chihuahua he set up a hatter s shop and manufactured such superior\\nhats that he soon enjoyed a monopoly of the hat trade. He was very in-\\ngenious. While at Acapulco he learned that they needed some one to pre-\\npare and set the fuse for blasting rocks, and he proclaimed himself an adept\\nat the business, though in fact he knew nothing about it. He succeeded in\\nblasting rocks and escaping his guard. But he was soon recaptured. He\\nhad secreted himself in an empty cask on board a vessel, and was betrayed\\nby the Portuguese cook. He was returned to a dark cell, where he had\\npreviously been confined, and where he was cordially welcomed back by a\\nwhite lizard he had previously tamed. He was next taken out to prepai*e\\nsome rude machinery for making powder, which he readily accomplished.\\nIn 1811-12, the revolution was in progress, and the viceroy, who was in-\\nneed of troops, offered Bean his liberty, if he would enlist in the royal\\narmy. This he readily consented to do; with the intention, as he said, of\\ngoing over to the revolutionists on the first opportunity. This soon occurred,\\nand the brave Morelos was but too glad to receive such an acquisition to\\nthe Republican ranks. The two became fast friends. Bean immediately\\nset to work to build powder mills, and to prepare furnaces for casting\\ncannon, and shops for preparing all kinds of arms and ammunition. He\\ndisplayed such coolness in action that he soon rose to tlie rank of Colonel.\\nHe was in command of the troops that beseiged, and finally captured, the\\ncity of Acapulco, where he had been so long imprisoned. Bean treated his\\nprisoners with great generosity, and won the admiration both of friends", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0511.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "500 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand foes. In the fUll of 1814, Bean was sent by the Kepnblicans as an agent\\nto promote their cause in tlie United States. He found at Nautla, the\\nTiger, one of Lalitte s boats, under the command of Captvain Dominic.\\nAt Barrataria, Bean first heard of the war between the United States and\\nGreat Britain, and he and Lafitte determined to visit General Jackson s\\nheadquarters at New Orleans. As the British guarded the coast, the two\\nthreaded their way through the swamps and bayous to that city. Bean\\nwas well known to Jackson, and was at once placed in charge of a\\nbattery. Lafitte, also, was given a command; and both did heroic service\\nin tiio great battle.\\nTiie times were unpi opitious for Bean s success in the United States; and\\nhe returned to the coast of Mexico in one of Lafitte s ships. The jicxt year\\nhe again returned to the United States in company with the diplomatist,\\nHerrera.\\nIn 1818, Beau visited Tennessee, and spent some timB at his early home.\\nHe went next to Arkansas; but finally came to Texas as a colonist, and\\nsettled at Mound Prairie. In 1825, after the overthrow of the Spaniards in\\nMexico, Bean revisited that country. He was kindly received by his old\\ncompanions in arms; his commission restored, and he was sent back to\\nTexas as an Indian Agent. In 1832, he built Fort Teran, on the Neches\\nriver. An intimate personal friend of General Sam Houston, Bean kept\\nthe Indians in East Texas quiet during the exciting campaign of 18o6.\\nAfter the Texas revolution. Beau returned to Mexico. While fighting there\\nin the Republican ranks, he had married an elegant lady, then a refugee in\\nhis camp. After the Mexican revolution, this lady recovered her property,\\nand Bean spent the evening of his days very happily at her hacienda, near\\nJalapa, where he died, October 3d, 1846.\\nBeaumont, Jefferson Was a leading merchant at Natchez, Mississippi^\\nHe came to Texas during the Revolutionary period. He was several years\\nChief Justice of Calhoun county, where he died, in 1863. Jefferson county\\nand the town of Beaumont were named in his honor.\\nBee, Bernard E. Sr. Belonged to a distinguished family of South Car-\\nolina. He came to Texas at an early period. He was in the cabinet of\\nBurnet, ad interim, and also in the cabinets of both Houston and Lamar.\\nFrom 1830 to 1841, he was Minister to the United States. It was mainly\\nthrough Bee s influence that General James Hamilton, his brother in-law,\\nwas induced to take so deep an interest in the affairs of Texas. He died in\\nSouth Carolina, in 1853.\\nBelisle, Monseur De. A distinguished Frenchman sent in 1719, with a\\ncompany of about one thousand persons, to plant a colony at the mouth of\\nthe Mississippi river. Like the fleet of Lasalle, this fleet was driven too\\nfar to the west, and a landing was made for water, on the bay of San Ber-\\nnardo, (Matagorda). While the sailors were procuring the water, Belisle\\nand four companions went on shore to hunt. According to commonly\\nreceived tradition, the hunters overstayed their time and the vessels hoisted\\nsail and left them. Bossu, (the marvellous writer who tells the story ot", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0512.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 501\\nBelisle), says the party were about to starve, hunting, as the reader will\\nbear in minrl, in Western Texas, then abounding in game and fish; but as\\nthe story goes, they were about to starve, when Belisle gave his dog to his\\ncompanions to eat. The dog seems to have apprehended his Impending\\ndoom, and wisely fled to the wilderness. Four of the men starved to\\ndeath and Belisle was about to share their fate, when his wonderful dog\\nreturned with an opossum in his mouth. After many strange and marvel-\\nous experiences among the Indians, Belisle finally made his way to the\\nheadquarters of St. Denis, at Natchitoches. In 1721, DeBienville, Gov-\\nernor of Louisiana, sent Belisle a second time to Matagorda bay this time\\nwith men and means to build a fort and hold the country for France. He\\nwas not the man for such an undertaking, and finding the Indians hostile,\\nand meeting other discouragements, he soon abandoned the country to the\\nSpaniards, and returned to Louisiana, where he subsequently filled a num-\\nber of important offices.\\nBell, Josiah H. A native of Kentucky, came to Texas among the very\\nfirst of Austin s colonists. After remaining for a short time in the neigh-\\nborhood of Washington, he descended the river, and settled in Brazoria\\ncounty, at Bell s Landing, (now Columbia) When Austin went to Mexico\\nin 1822, he left his colony in charge of Mr. Bell, who was appointed an\\nalcalde by Governor Trespalacios the same year. He died in 1838. Mrs.\\nBell died in 1856.\\nBell, P. Hansborough.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of Virginia; landed at Velasco,\\nin March, 1836, and walked tap to Groce s, where the army was then\\nencamped. He fought as a private at San Jacinto. In 1839 he was Inspector-\\nGeneral; 181^5, Captain of Rangers; during the Mexican war he became a\\nColonel of Volunteers. He was Governor of Texas from 1850 to 1853, after\\nwhich he represented the Western district two terms in the United States\\nCongress. At the expiration of his second term, he married and settled in\\nNorth Carolina, where he still lives.\\nBennett, Joseph H. Was a Lieutenant-Colonel at the battle of San\\nJacinto. In 1842 he raised a battallion for the expedition under Somervell;\\nbut when they reached the Rio Grande river, by permission of the com-\\nmander, Bennett and about two hundred of his men returned to their homes\\nin Montgomery county. He died in Navarro county in 1849.\\nBillingsley, Jesse. Commanded company C. in Burleson s regiment\\nand was slightly wounded at the battle of San Jacinto. He had previously\\ndistinguished himself as an Indian fighter. He was a member of the first\\nCongress at Columbia, and while a member of that body wore a buckskin\\nsuit he had captured from an Indian. During the session he slept upon his\\nblanket. In 1838 and following years, he commanded a ranging company\\nupon the frontier. In his autobiography, he says that he supported eighty\\nmen on the frontier with the wild game of the forest, and clothed them\\nAvith the skins of the wild animals slaughtered, and we were only charge-\\nable to the Government for one sack of coffee and one sack of salt. After", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0513.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "502 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nannexation, Captain Billingsley represented Bastrop county in the Legisla-\\nture. He still lives.\\nBOG.RT, Samuel A.-Was an officer in the battle of New Orleans; came\\nto Texas about the time of annexation; was in the Mexican war; filled\\na number of offices, and died near M Kinney, in 1861.\\nBorden, Gail, JR.-Was a native of New York; came from Cincinnati\\nto Texas in 18-^8; filled a nnmber of civil offices, and was a member of the\\nConvention at San Felipe in 1833. In 1835 he commenced the publication\\nof the Texas Telegraph, thQ first permanent nswspaper m Texas, i he\\nprinters were working ofi a form of the paper at Harrisburg when Santa\\nAnna s army appeared at the place, and threw the type and press into the\\nbavou Its publication was renewed early in the summer of 1836, at\\nColumbia, but was, with the Government, transferred to the new town o^\\nHouston; and soon afterwards the paper was sold to Messrs. Moore and\\nCruger. i a. 4.\\nMr Borden was the agent of the Galveston City Company, and the first\\nCollector of the Port of Galveston. After annexation Mr. Borden dis-\\ntino-uished himself as an inventor. He secured a valuable patent for pre-\\nseiwino- meat in a form which he called meat biscuit. He also secured a\\npatent\u00c2\u00b0for a process of condensing milk; and Borden s -condensed milk\\nhas become an important article of commerce. He died at Bordensville, in\\nColorado county, in January 1874.\\nBorden, John P.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A brother of the above; was a Lieutenant in Mosely\\nBaker s company at San Jacinto; and first Commissioner of the General\\nLand Office. He lives at Bordensville.\\nBorden, Thomas IL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Another and older brother of the above. He was\\na partner of Gail s in the publication of the Telegraph, and also in the sur-\\nvey and sale of the city lots in Galveston. He died in Galveston, in 18 w\\nBowie, James- Was a native of Georgia, but in 1802 he removed with\\nhis family to Chatahoula parish, Louisiana. Here Rezin P. Bowie manufac-\\ntured the celebrated knife which bears his name, and presented one to\\nhis brother James, to be used in hunting. The length of the original kmfe\\nwas nine and a quarter inches; its width was one and a half inches, with\\na sino-le ed^re and a straight blade. James Bowie had a quarrel on hand,\\nand had be\u00c2\u00b0en once waylaid and shot. He was expecting another attack,\\nand his brother gave him the knife to be used in case of necessity. Without\\nany formal challenge, the two parties met on a sand bank or bar in the Mis-\\nsissippi river, on the 10th of September, 1827. At the first fire James Bowie\\nwas shot down, and Norris Wright, his antagonist, was advancing upon\\nhim when Bowie drew the knife and killed him. One or two others were\\nkilled in the melee. Rezin Bowie long afterwards said that neither he nor\\nhis brother James had ever fought a duel. This statement was made to\\nvindicate the character generally ascribed to the Bowies. Except in the\\nti..Ut on the sand bar, neitlier of them ever used the bowie, except in hunt-\\niuo- for which it was made. During the period of Lafitte s occupancy of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0514.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "HOUSTON AND SANTA ANNA.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0515.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0516.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 505\\nGalveston, the three Bowies ReziiiP., James and John engaged in buy-\\ning the African negroes taken from Spanish slavers by Lafitte s men, anti\\ncarrying them through the swamps to Louisiana for sale. They are said to\\nhave made sixty-live thousand dollai S by this contraband trade. The price\\nof a negro in Galveston was one dollar a pound. On one occasion James\\nBowie started with about ninety negroes to Alexandria, when the whole\\nnumber escaped and fled to the west. He followed them as far as the Col-\\norado, but could never recover them. Perhaps they were carried off by the\\nIndians. (A suggestion We occasionally see Mexicans, who look very\\nmuch as though they were slightly tinged with negro blood. May they not\\nbe the descendants of this runawaj^ party\\nJames Bowie was connected with Long s expedition in 1819, after which\\nhe remained most of the time in Mexican territory. On the 5th of October,\\n1830, he became a naturalized citizen at Saltillo, and soon after married the\\ndaughter of Vice-Governor Veramendi, of San Antonio.\\nFight on the San Saba. On the 2d of November, 1831, James and Eezin\\nBowie, and seven other Americans and two negro servants, started from\\nSan Antonio to hunt for the San Saba silver mines. Before reaching the\\nold San Saba mission, they were intercepted by 164 Tehuacana and Caddo\\nIndians, AV hen tlie Americans found themselves confronted by such a\\nparty, they threw up temporary breastworks, which the Indians vigorously\\nand repeatedly assaulted. Failing to disloge the Bowies, the Indians set\\ntire to the rich grass, hoping to burn them out. This expedient also failed.\\nThe fight had now lasted from sunrise to sundown. Never did men display\\ngreater courage and heroism than was displayed by the Bowies and their\\ncompanions in this fight. Only one of their number had been killed, and\\nthree wounded. The Indians lost nearly half their number.\\nIn August, 1832, James Bowie was at Nacogdoches, and, after the surren-\\nder of Piedras, he took charge of the prisoners and conveyed them to San\\nFelipe, whence they were sent to Tampico. In 183$ he was with the army\\nof Austin, and was second in command at the battle of Concepcion. In\\nrank, Bowie was superior to Fannin, who was then only a captain, while\\nBowie was a colonel. But Austin had sent out the reconnoitering party\\nunder Fannin. It was perhaps this, together with the general dissatisfac-\\ntion at the tardy movements of the army, which induced Bowie to resio-n\\nhis commission, which he did on the 2d of November. After the taking of\\nSan Antonia, Bowie was for a time connected with the army at Goliad.\\nHouston, on the 17th of December, sent him an order to organize for a des-\\ncent on Matamoras. But Bowie had left Goliad, and this order never\\nreached him. Houston was opposed to an attempt to take Matamoras, and\\nit was conjectured that the order to Bowie was intended to embarrass John-\\nson and Grant, who were also preparing to march to the Rio Grande. He\\nsoon returned to Goliad, where he met Houston January 16th, 1836. Houston\\nsent him b.ack to Sun Antonio, with orders to Colonel Neil to dismantle the\\nfort and withdraw to the east side of the Guadalupe river. Had this order\\nbeen executed, the sacrifice of the Alamo Avould have been averted. But\\nBowie found Travis in command at San Antonio, acting under orders of\\nLieutenant-Governor Robiasou. or Governor Smith. Bowie was then iu", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0517.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "506 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nfeeble health, and when Santa Anna arrived, he, with the other Texans,.\\nentered the Alamo with Travis. During the seige, when Travis demanded\\nthat all who were willing to die with him defending the place should rally\\nunder a fla.r bv his side, everv man but one promptly took the place, and\\nBowie, who was sick in bed, had his cot carried to the designated spot-\\nWhen the Alamo fell, he was found in bed, and killed by the Mexicans.\\nBrvdburn, Juan DAVis.-Was a native of the State of Virginia. He-\\njoined Mina s expedition in 1816, and accompanied that unfortunate General\\nto Soto la Marina. By concealing himself in the mountains near Acapul-\\nco, he escaped the sad fate of his chief. Joining the rising chief, Guer-\\nrero, he rapidly rose to distinction in the Republican ranks. In 1830 he was\\nsent to Texas, and appointed to command the small garrison at Anahuac.\\nHere Bradburn exercised a most despotic sway. When negro slaves took\\nrefuo-e in his camp, he. immediately enUsted them in the army, and would\\nnot permit masters to reclaim them. He abolished the municipality of\\nLiberty, and created one at Anahuac. He closed all the ports of Austin s\\ncolony, and compelled the colonists to transact all their business at Ana-\\nhuac. Finally, he, in a most arbitrary manner, arrested a number of citi-\\nzens who had expressed themselves somewhat freely about his despotic\\ncotirse, and imprisoned them in the stockade. Among those thus arrested,-\\nwore W. B. Travis, Patrick H. Jack, and Monroe Edwards. This produced\\nan intense excitement, and a military organization was effected, under F..\\nW. Johnson, for the rescue of the prisoners, whom Bradburn threatened to\\nsend to Vera Cruz for trial. Before any blood was shed, Piedras arrived\\nfrom Nacogdoches, who, after inquiring into the subject, released the pris-\\noners. Bradburn immediately left the Province. In 1836 he returned to-\\nTexas with Santa Anna, but being in the command of Urrea, he was not\\ncaptured at San Jacinto.\\nBrenham, Dr. R. F.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of Keutttcky. He was one of the\\nCommissioners sent by President Lamar, to accompany the Santa Fe expe-\\ndition, and suffered the horrors of a long imprisonment. After his release\\nand return to Texas, he joined Somervell s expedition, and on the Rio\\nGrande, instead of returning with the main command, lie joined in the\\nMier expedition, when he was again made a prisoner. When the Mier\\nprisoners rose upon their guard at Salado, February 11th, 1843, Dr. Bren-\\nham, after disarming and killing one Mexican, was himself slain. The:\\ncounty-seat of Washington county was named in his honor.\\nBrigham, Asa.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Treasurer of the Republic, came from Massachu\\nsetts to Texas in 1832; served for a short time in the office of Alcalde, in\\nBrazoria county was a member of the Convention in 1836 died at his\\nhome, on the Brazos, in 1844.\\nBriscoe, Andrew.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was in the Convention of 1836, and commanded a\\ncompany of Regulars at San Jacinto. He was subsequently, for a number\\nof years, Chief Justice of Harris county. He afterwards engaged in mer-\\ncantile business in New Orleans, where he died.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0518.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 507\\nBkown, Henry S. Was burn in Kentucky, in 1793; settled in Missouri\\nin 1810; was in the battle of Fort Clark, Illinois, in 1813; in 1824 came ta\\nTexas, lauding at the mouth of the Brazos with a stock of goods for the\\nMexican trade. He became conspicuous as an Indian-fighter, and was\\nCaptain of a company at the taking of Velasco in 1832. He died in Colum-\\nbia in 1834.\\nBrown, John. Brother of the above, came to Texas at the same time.\\nIn 1825 he was taken by the Waco Indians, and held a prisoner for more\\nthan a year; this gave him the name of Waco Brown. He died in Saa\\nAntonio, in 1831.\\nBryan, Moses Austin. A nephew of Stephen F. Austin came to TexaSy\\nlauding at the mouth of the Brazos, in 1831 in 1835 he was private secre-\\ntary, first to General Austin, and afterwards to General Burleson and was\\nin the battle of San Jacinto. In 1839, he was Secretary of Legation to the\\nUnited States. 1S79, Post Master at Brenham.\\nBryan, Guy M. Brother of the above, came to Texas at the same time.\\nAfter serving in the State Legislature, he represented the Western district\\nin the United States Congress from 1857 to 1859. In 1874 he represented\\nthe Galveston district in the Lower House of the Legislature, and was the\\nSpeaker of the House. In 1879, again in the Legislature from Galveston.\\nBurleson, Edward Was born in North Carolina in 1798. When a mere\\nlad, he went with his father, a captain in the Creek war. His father was\\nuneducated, and took young Ed. along to act as secretary, and keep the-\\nmuster roll of the company. He thus received his first lesson in military\\nlife under General Jackson, The family removed to Virginia, where he\\nwas elected Lieutenant-Colonel of the militia. They next removed to the\\nwestern district of Tennessee, where he was elected Colonel of a regiment of\\nmilitia. In 1831, he removed to Texas and settled in Bastrop county. This\\nwas then on the extreme frontier, and Burleson was soon called upon to lead\\nhis fellow-citizens to repel parties of marauding savages. His courage and\\nability soon inspired confidence, and the people upon the frontier learned to-\\nrepose with security when Burleson was between them and the hostile\\nComanches.\\nAt Gonzales, when Stephen F. Austin became commander of the Texans,\\nBurleson was elected Colonel of the only regiment organized. A few\\nweeks later, when Austin resigned the command, he was elected liis succes-\\nsor. To him General Cos, on the 9th of December, surrendered his army\\nof twelve hundred men.\\nAt the reorganization of the army at Gonzales, in 1836, Burleson was\\nelected Colonel of the first regiment. It was Burleson s regiment, at the\\nbattle of San Jacinto, which was placed immediately in front of the Mexican\\nbreastworks, and which stormed those works, drove out the enemy, and\\ncaptured the cannon. It was a party of Burleson s men, set to watch the\\nretreating Mexicans, that brought in Santa Anna as a prisoner. In 1837,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0519.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "508 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nne was elected Brigadier General of the militia, and in 1838, appointed\\nColonel in the regular army. He was ever watchful, and whether he had a\\ncommand or not, Avas always ready to meet the wily foe. At Seguiu he\\ndefeated the party of Cordova, and saved the settlements from the ravages\\nof the Mexicans and Indians. He chastised the Indians that murdered\\nMrs. Coleman, and his regiment participated in the war for the expulsion\\nof the Cherokees from East Texas. Towards the close of the same year,\\nhe defeated a party of Cherokees on Cherokee creek, iu Saa Saba county.\\nAt the battle with the Comanches, at Plum creek, Burleson comtnanded\\none division of the Texans, In 1841, he was elected Vice-President. After\\nthe raids of Vasquis and Wall, in 1342, the people of Texas very generally\\nthought it advisable to organize a raid into the States on the Rio Grande,\\nas a retaliatory measure, and nearly all desired Burleson as a commander.\\nPresident Houston announced himself in fiivor of the contemplated expedi-\\ntion, and appointed General A. Somervell to the command. Somervell had\\nnot sought the position, and would have declined it but for Houston s ur-\\ngency in the matter. In a letter to Anson Jones, dated San Antonio, March\\n25th, 1842, Somervell says: I ax rived here on the 17th, to take command\\nof the forces in the field, in accordance with the order of the President.\\nThe men and officers refused to obey, claiming the right, as volunteers, to\\nselect their own oflBcers, which they did, and Burleson was elected without\\nopposition. Notwithstanding this flattering expression in his favor, Bur-\\nleson, who was as obedient to his superiors as he was brave upon the field,\\nabsolutely refused to take command, and the expedition which resulted so\\ndisastrously was led by Somervell. It is useless to speculate as to what\\nwould have been the result, had the brave and heroic leader selected hy the\\nmen commanded them on the ill-fated expedition to Guerrero.\\nIn 1843, he was a candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated by Dr.\\nJones, the candidate of the outgoing administration of Houston. Burleson\\nwas in Mexico during the war, on the staflf of General Henderson. After\\nhis return to Texas, he settled his family at the beautilul spring which\\nforms the San Marcos river, and was immediately elected to the State Senate,\\nfrom the district including the capital of the State. At the meeting of the\\nLegislature, he was elected President of the Senate. This was by a unani-\\nmous vote, on the motion of the venerable Jesse Grimes. At the close of\\nhis term he was re-elected again to the Senate. But his health was declin-\\ning, and he di -d in the city of Austin, December 26th, 1851. The writer\\nof a brief biographical sketch says: His death produced a profound sen-\\nsation throughout the whole length and breadth of a State, in which his\\nname had become a familiar household word. Eloquent eulogies were pro-\\nnounced in both houses of the Legislature, and resolutions, expressive of\\nthe genei al grief, adopted.\\nA purer character than that of General Burleson is not to be found delin-\\neated in the history of any country. His reputation as a soldier, not won\\nin a single victory, or single enterprise, but built up by years of service and\\nsuccess, was left behind him Avithout a single stain while the purity of his\\nconduct as a legislator escaped even the breath of suspicion. No unhal-\\nlowed ambition prompted him to brave the dangers of the battle-field no", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0520.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES. 509\\npetty Jealousy of the laurels won by others ever found a lodgment, for a\\nsingle moment, in his noble and generous bosom. Brave, yet unambitious-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094modest, yet firm of purpose\u00e2\u0080\u0094 simple in his manners, yet dignified\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he\\nwon the friendsliip of the worthiest of the land, and never lost it. In him\\nwere happily blended the attributes of a successful warrior, with the repub-\\nlican and patriarchal simplicity of a quiet and unassuming country gentle-\\nman, whose bravery was unsurpassed by his open and cordial hospitality.\\nIn his personal intercourse Avith society, whether in the camp among his\\ncomrades in arms, or among his countrymen in the walks of private life,\\nperhaps the most prominent trait of character, which was everywhere de-\\nveloped, was an inflexible love of justice, in its most extensive and signifi-\\ncant sen^e. He seemed to be scarcely aware of the honors which crowded\\nupon him as he parsed through lite,\\nWe add some extracts from eulogies delivered at his death. The first is\\nfrom a speech of Hon. Ed. Tarver, of Washington, who had been intimate\\nwith the Burleson family from his boyhood. The second is from the eulogy\\npronounced by Hon. George M. Bryan, over the corpse, just before the\\nfuneral rites were performed by the Masonic fraternity, of which General\\nBurleson was a shining light:\\nThese are the departing days of the present year; this is the time when\\nmost reflecting minds are disposed to take a general retrospect of the cv -nis\\nof the outgoing year; and I imagine that I he latter days of this Avill be re-\\nmembered as the most gloomy which have fallen upon the land for many\\nyears. To-day, nature herself seems shrouded in mourning. All is black-\\nness, darkness and desolation, as though she herself participated in our\\nnational sorrow and sympathized with us in our bereavement\\nThere is a tear for all who die,\\nA moiH-ner o er the humblest grave,\\nBut nations swell the fuuerul cry,\\nAnd triumph weeps ai)ove the brave.\\nThe deceased has filled for many years a prominent place among the\\ncitizens of Texas, and Western Texas in particular.\\nIn relation to her history and its soul-stirring events, he might truly\\nsay, cujas jjars mar/nn faiy He discharged the duties of the many im-\\nportant stations which he was chosen to fill in the councils of his country\\nwith a singleness of heart and purity of purpose that did honor alike to him\\nand his country. Sir, I know his history from the beginning. His life has\\nbeen one continued scene of peril, of suffering and of the most trying\\nvicissitudes. Yet he has passed through all with a stainless and blameless\\nreputation, unsullied by the imputation of wrong either in his public or\\nprivate capacity.\\nIn contemplating his character, we are at a loss which most to admire^\\n-the childlike simplicity and unmixed goodness of the man, or the undaunted\\nbravery of the soldier. In every relation of social life, there were none\\nwhose motives were so entirely unsullied by selfishness.\\nHe has been the prop and stay of the western frontier. In every expe-\\ndition against the common foe, his name has been a rallying cry, around", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0521.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "510 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwhich the bold frontiersmen have gathered and girded on their armor fbr\\nthe strife.\\nThis event has come so suddenly upon u??, that, although for days past we\\nhave been taught to believe that he must die, I, for one, had still held out.\\nhoping against hope; and not until I heard the funeral knell of this morn-\\ning, could I bring myself to realize the sad fact that General Edward\\nBurleson is no more. He had been standing for days,\\nWhere nature makes that melancholy pause.\\nHer breathing moment, on the bridge where time,\\nOf light aud darkness, forms an arcli sublime.\\nHe who had gone unharmed and unhurt through dangers so many who\\nhas come the unscathed victor from so many hard-fought battles, has at last\\nshared the common lot and yielded to the King of Terrors. He met death\\nwith that calmness and fortitude which become a soldier and a Christian.\\nHe was so much loved and respected by all, that we had fondly hoped\\nthat his life might be spared for years to come that he might have many\\nyears of quiet enjoyment in the country whose prosperity and independence\\nhe contributed so much to establish. But Providence has willed it other-\\nwise, and we must bow in humble submission to his decree.\\nOf Edward Burleson there is nothing left us but the memory of his\\nservices aud the remembrance of his virtues. Let such recollections be ever\\ncherished.\\nDuring the Mexican war, when General Taylor called upon Texas for\\nvolunteers, Burleson was among the first to respond. And the Rio Gi aude\\nand the heights of Monterey attest his patriotism and valor.\\nThe hero of thirty battles, he was never known to retreat. Brave\\nwithout rashness, cautious without timidity, benevolent without weakness,\\nhe wasthe friend of the vanquished, as he was the terror of the enemy.\\nBut, it was not only as a soldier that General Burleson was conspicuous;\\nhe shone in the more peaceful walks of life. As a statesman, he long held\\na prominent position in Texas. As the Vice-President of Texas, ns a candi-\\ndate for the Presidency, as a Senator of the Legislature of the State since\\nannexation, in all these positions he has been remarkable for his good sense,\\nhis honesty, his purity and his humility. No one who had so filled the\\npublic eye, could have worn honors more meeklj than General Burleson.\\nHe was a man of softness and delicacy of feeling. He was as kind and\\ngentle in his family, and in his intercourse with his fellow-men, as the most\\nmodest, benevolent and humane man could be. He was a Free Mason and\\na Christian, aud carried into his private aud public life the practical exem-\\nplifications of the juire and ennobling doctrines therein taught. He was a\\ngood vian, and as such we revere him. He was a patriot, and as such we\\nlove him. He was a benefactor, and for this we praise him. He died as he\\nhad lived, in the service of lu s countnj. He has gone to his Creator, who*\\nwill reward him that mighty God, who by this act admonishes us of our\\nfrailty Avhat shadows we are, and what shadows we pursue. A few\\ndoys since and he was amongst us, strong and in robust health. Behold\\nhim nowl There he is, cold and lifeless, with no ear to hear, no month to", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0522.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 511\\nspeak to the loved ones who throng around him. Old friend of my uncle\\nmy own friend the friend of Texas, fare thee well Your body is buried\\nhi peace, but your name Uveth evermore\\n^Associates, Senators and Kepresentatives, let this practical lesson teach us\\nwhat we are.\\nThat though we sit within the Halls of State,\\nOr mount the Monarch .s throne\\nOur names are lauded to the skies,\\nYet earth is not our home\\nWe soon must leave the joys of earth\\nTo wither, droop, and die\\nOur grandeur, titles, wealth and power,\\nMust in the cold grave lie.\\nBurleson, Edwakd Jr. Son of the above, became a brave and patriotic\\nsoldier on the frontier upon which he had been raised won distinction as\\nan Indian- fighter, and was highly esteemed as a citizen. He represented\\nHays county in the Constitutional Convention of 1875, and died in 1877, a\\nfew weeks after burying his wife.\\nBurnet, David G. Was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1788. In 1806,\\nhe joined Mirandi s expedition against Venezuela, served in the capacity of\\nlieutenant, and commanded a launch in an attack upon a coast village. The\\nenterprise not proving successful, he returned to New York; but joined\\nMiranda again in his attack upon Caracas, in 1808. Mirandi was captured\\nbut Burnet escaped. In 1813, he became a citizen of Ohio in 1817, engaged\\nin mercantile business at Natchitoches, Louisiai.a. His health was very\\npoor, and for three years he led a wandering life with the Comanches on\\nthe frontiers of Texas. His health having been thoroughly restored, he\\nreturned to Cincinnati and studied law. He became a citizen of Texas in\\n1826, and the next year obtained an Empresario contract Finding it im-\\npossible with his limited means to settle his colony, he sold his contract to a\\nNew York company. Early in 1831 he married Miss Estis, of New York;\\nand having purchased machinery for a saw-mill, he with his j oung wife\\nsailed for Texas, in the schooner Call. The vessel was partially wrecked\\nat Bolivar Point, and Mr. and Mrs. Burnet, at considerable peril, made\\ntheir way through the breakers, and, drenched with the waters of the sea,\\nreached the beach. Most of their wearing apparel was lost, but fortunately\\nthe boiler was hermetically closed, and floated off from the deck of th\\nvessel, and was afterward recovered in Galveston bay. The saw-mill did\\nnot, however, prove a successful venture.\\nMr. Burnet, whose home was on the San Jacinto river, represented Lib-\\nerty in the Convention of 1833. He drew up the very able memorial to the\\nMexican Government, showing the absolute necessity of a S parate State\\nGovernment for Texas, apart from Coahuila. He also drew up a set of\\nresolutions strongly denouncing the African slave trade. This met with\\nviolent opposition, as Monroe Edwards was already introducing Africans\\ninto the province; but the Convention finally passed the resolutions. In", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0523.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "512 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n1834, he was appointed a district judge for the department of the Brazos^\\nand reguhuly held his court at Sau Felipe.\\nWhen the project of declaring Texas independent of Mexico was first\\nagitated, Judge Burnet thought it premature. But the total destruction of\\ncivil liberty in Mexico by the personal despotism established by Santa Anna,\\nleft the true friends of republican institutions no alternative but indepen-\\ndence, and he cordially espoused the revolutionary cause. At the organ-\\nization of the government ad interim,, March 16th, 18;36, he was elected\\nPresident of the young Republic. On the evening of the day he was inaug-\\nurated came the sad news of the fall of the Alamo and its brave defenders.\\nThis was followed in quick succession by the news of the defeat of Grant,\\nthe battle of Coleta, the surrender of Fannin, and the horrible massacre of\\nGoliad. A panic seized the public mind; the members of the Convention\\nhas^tiiy dispersed, leaving the Secretary to finish up the journals and prepare\\nthe Constitution for publication. To be nearer the principal seaport, the\\nseat of Goveramcnt was transferred from Washington to Harrisburg.\\nPresident Burnet sent patriotic appeals to the country and to the United\\nStates, for aid in this time of peril and disaster. He did all in his power to\\ncollect provisions and army stores for the soldiers in the field. He also\\nassisted families in escaping from the invading foe. He was sorely grieved\\nthat the army retreated without any show of fight, across the great rivers\\nwhere he thought a stand ought to have been made. After Houston had\\ncrossed the Brazos, the President sent General Eusk, Secretary of AVar, to\\nheadquai ters, to try to arrest the further retreat.\\nTwo days before Santa Amia reached Harrisburg, Burnet left the place\\nto secure the safety of his family, then at his home on the San Jacinto bay.\\nHe had just placed his family on a small sail-vessel at Nesv Washington,\\nwhen Almonte, at the head of a squad of Mexican cavalry, dashed into town.\\nBurnet, with his rifle in hand, stood in the stern of the boat, ready for\\ndefence; but Almonte did not dream that the President of Texas was in\\nthat little craft, and made no effort to take it, and the boat with its precious\\ncargo safely reached Galveston. Here, in conjunction with IMr. Potter, the\\nSecretary of the Navy, and other members of the Government, he exerted\\nhimself to send forward supplies to the army, which had reached Buffalo\\nBayou. But they were not entirely safe at Galveston it was known that\\nUriea was advancing along the coast towards that point. AH available\\nresources were called into requisition for the defence of the island. Fortu-\\nnately the battle of San Jacinto relieved them from danger.\\nSeveral days elapsed before the news of the great victory reached the\\nishmd. As soon as. practicable, the President went up to Lynchburg, to\\nadopt such measures as might be deemed necessary to secure the fruits of\\nthe victoi y. For better accommodation, the Government was transferred to\\nVelasco. Though tiie country was now in no immediate danger from\\nMexi(H), the President found himself sorely embarrassed. He was without\\nan exchequer, and yet an army nuist be supported in the field; an army\\nthat Avas constantly receiving large accessions, though there was no pros-\\npect of fighting. A large immber of prisoners were to be fed and guarded.\\nCivil law and order had to be evoked from chaos diplomatic relations had", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0524.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "TOM GREEN,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0525.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0526.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 516\\nto be established with other nations in a word the whole business of insti-\\ntuting Government was to be done, and that without the requisite means.\\nTo augment the difficulties, the ordinance creating the Executive Department\\nrequired that all measures and all appointments should have the sanction of\\na majority of the Cabinet. It was soon known that upon important ques-\\ntions, the Cabinet was divided. These diffei ences were freely discussed\\namong the people, and around the camp-fires of the soldiers, producing not\\nonly political strife, but personal animosities.\\nDuring this period, excitement ran so high that the President, and even\\nHouston and S. F. i^istiu, were accused of bribery. This however, is not\\nvery remarkable. After George Washington was elected President, he was\\naccused of being a tool of the British party and it was said that John\\nAdams secured his election as President by the proper distribution of\\nBritish gold.\\nIn the midst of this excitement, it was rumored that Burnet would be\\nassassinated. On the night of the expected assault, Mrs. Burnet kept a\\nlight burning, and sat at an open window, with a cocked pistol in her hand,\\ndetermined, if necessary, to die defending her noble husband. Her pre-\\ncaution perhaps prevented the attack. Soon after the receipt of the letter\\nreferred to above. Colonel Millard arrived at Velasco with informal orders\\nto arrest the President and take him to the headquarters of the army for\\ntrial. The execution of this order, whose purport was to be kept a pro-\\nfound secret, was committed to Colonel A. Turner, who was then at Velasco.\\nThe order to Turner was very comprehensive. It read: You are hereby\\nordered to proceed, (from Qaintana to Velasco), and arrest the person of\\nDavid G. Burnet; take into your possession the books and papers of his\\noffice and you will also take into your possession the books, records, and\\npapers of the Secretaries of State, of War, and of the Treasury, and them\\nsafely keep, and report forthwith. This order wag signed by Colonel H.\\nMillard. As Colonel Turner was determined in some way to counteract\\nthis revolutionary movement, he was in no hurry to execute this most\\nextraordinary order. In the meantime, one of the men who came from the\\narmy with Millard got drunk and told the object of their visit to the seat of\\nGovernment. When it became known that the army contemplated the\\nsubverson of the civil authority, a wonderful reaction took place in the\\npublic mind. Such citizens as T. F. M Kinney, the Jacks, Whartons and\\nothers, resolved to stand by the President at all hazards. Some of them\\neven threatened the lives of Millard and his companions. It was also for-\\ntunate for Burnet that acompany of troops, known as the Buckeye Rangers\\nhad just arrived from Cincinnati, where they had been munificently enter-\\ntained at the Burnet House, by the President s brother. This comi)any\\ndeclared unanimously and enthusiastically for the President. ]\\\\lillard\\nbecame alarmed for his personal safety, and hastily left, and returned to\\nthe army.\\nTo the President, this was a most trying period. One of his children died\\nfrom exposure in an uncomfortable house. Believing that the proper time\\nhad come for the full restoration of civil law, he, on the 12th of July, issued\\na proclamation forbidding the further impressment of private property by\\n29", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0527.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "516 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe army. Ou the 34th he revoked all commissions held by persons not\\nactually iu the army or navy. This last, though highly approved by the\\npeople, brought him into conflict with General T. J. Chambers, who was\\nstill operating in the United States as Major-General of the Reserve. July*\\n23d, he issued a proclamation for a general election, to take place on the first\\nMonday in September. The election was held, and Congress met iu Colum-\\nbia on the 3d of October. The Constitution, which had been almost unan-\\nimously adopted, fixed the second Monday in December for the inaugura-\\ntion of the new President. But Burnet felt that he could now safely turn\\nover the responsibility of the Executive Department to his successor, and\\nhe tendered to Congress his resignation.*\\nIn 1838 he was elected to the office of Vice-President. President Lamar s\\nhealth being precarious. Congress, in 1841, gave him leave of absence, and\\nBurnet administered the government during the remainder of the term.\\nDuring Governor Henderson s administration, Burnet was Secretary of\\nState. In 1866 he was elected to the United States Senate, but was not\\nadmitted to his seat.\\nMrs. Burnet died iu 1858, leaving one son, who, at the breaking out of\\nthe civil war, entered the Confederate service as captain of artillery. He\\nwas killed while in command of a battery at Si^anish Fort, near Mobile,\\nMarch 31st, 1865. After the breaking up of his ftimily by death. Judge\\nBurnet found a home in the family of Mr. Preston Perry, of Galveston,\\nwhere he died December 5th, 1870, aged eighty-three years. Just after his\\ndecease, a brief biographj- was published, prepared by Colonel A. M. Hobby,\\nfrom which we make a brief extract: Judge Burnet was distinguished\\nby an active and honorable participation in the events of a revolution,^\\nthe character of which his humane and generous influence impressed and\\nhis enlightened policy guided and was a sincere and ardent friend of the\\nhuman race; but above all distinguished by the more eminent qualities of\\ninflexible political purity and personal virtue. These, we believe, are uni-\\nversally admitted as absolutely unquestioned, and alone should entitle the\\npossessor to independent and durable renown and when we add to these\\nhigh moral distinctions, his unaffected indifference to wealth and fame;\\nnoble aspirations and tender charities sympathy for the oppressed gener-\\nosity to the fallen; love of goodness and truth, and a mind incapable of\\nharboring sentiments of envy, mischief or wrong, we have a character\\nindeed so rare, that the thoughtful and the just will pronounce it almost\\nperfect.\\nExecutive Department, Colujibia, Oct. 22d, 1836.\\nTo the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives:\\nGentlemen The period having arrived wheu, in the estimation of the Congress, the\\ncon tituti()nal government muy be completely organized, and as I conceive such orgaui-\\nzaiion to be desirable, I request the Congre.-s will not consider my iucumbeucy as any\\nobstacle to the immediate inauguration of the Executive officers elect.\\nSensible of having discharged my duty to my adopted country to the utmost extent of\\nmy abilities and with a faithfulness unmingled by a celfish feeling. I shall retire from\\noffice with the inmost approbation of my own conscience, which I esteem more than the\\nplaudits of men. David G. Burnet.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0528.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 517\\nBurr, Aaron. The fact that Burr originated the first movement for the\\noccupancy of Texas by the Anglo-Americans, has induced most writers of\\nTexas history to pay some attention to his filibustering expedition. The\\nbrief personal incidents in his life are-: that he was a native of New Jersey\\na lawyer by profession a gallant officer in the American revolution, though\\nalways distrusted by Washington. lie became an active politician, and\\ncarried the State of New York for the Republican party in opposition to\\nAlexander Hamilton. Running for President on the same ticket with\\nJelferson, there was a tie in the Electoral College, thus throwing the elec-\\ntion into the House of Representatives. In that body, the Federalists cast-\\ning their votes for Burr, there was a tie for thirty-eight ballots. Finally,\\nJefiersou was elected President, and Burr became Vice-President. But he\\nhad lost forever the confidence of the Republican party, and he was him-\\nself very much dissatisfied with the result. He was growing unpopular\\nand morose. In this state of mind, he quarrelled with his great political\\nrival, and, in a duel fought July 11th, 1804, he killed Alexander Hamilton.\\n(Of Hamilton, who was at the head of the Treasury during Washington s\\nadministration, Daniel Webster said: He smote the rock of the National\\nresources, and abundant streams of revenue burst forth he touched the\\ndead corpse of public credit and it sprung upon its feet.\\nAt the close of his official term, finding himself abandoned by all parties\\nin the United States, Burr projected a grand scheme for a Southwestern\\nRepublic. The betrayal of this plot by his friend Wilkinson, and his own\\narrest, thwarted his plans and he went to Europe and spent some time in\\ncomparative poverty. He returned to the United States in 1812, and the\\nnext year the cup of his private grief was filled to overfiowing, by the loss\\nat sea of his charming daughter, Theodosia, wife of Governor Alston, of\\nSouth Carolina. He now resumed the practice of law in New York city, and\\nrecovered a handsome property for the celebrated Madam Jumel, whom he\\nafterwads married. After a few years of turbulent matrimonial life, he and\\nhis wife quarreled and separated, and he died in New York, in September\\n1836, just after Texas had become an independent Republic.\\nThere is not, perhaps, a more knotty question in American history than\\nthat connected with the movements of Aaron Burr. He at one time un-\\ndoubtedly contemplated the dismemberment of the American Union. It\\nwas a period of violent political strife; especially in the West, over the\\nclosing of the Mississippi river. In Burr s trial for treason, William Eaton,\\nEsq., to whom Burr had given his plans, testified that when the latter sug-\\ngested that the Government at Washington might throw obstacles in his\\nway, Burr replied He would turn Congress, neck and heels, out of doors\\nassassinate the President; seize on the Treasury and the Navy, and declare\\nhimself the Protector of an energetic government. But, as President\\nJefferson says in one of his letters, if Burr ever seriously entertained\\ndesigns against the integrity of the American Union, that project was early\\nabandoned, and his scheme was formed for operations entirely on Mexican\\nterritory. At that time it was confidently expected there would be war\\nwith Spain. President Jeficrson, in his message to Congress, December Gth,\\n1805, used the following language, which was considered almost equivalent", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0529.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "518 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nto a declaration of wai- Considering that Congress alone is vested with the\\npower of changing our condition from peace to war, I have thought it my\\nduty to await their authority for preparations wiiich their means admit, to\\ncommence the war to advantage.\\nAt that time, leading citizens of the United States frequently canvassed\\nthe question of conquering Mexico and acquiring at least a portion of her\\nterritory. General Wilkinson, in command in the Southwest, was a zealous\\nadvocate for war. He had already sent Lieutenant Pike to obtain an accu-\\nrate knowledge of the country. Burr s plans, however, were different. He\\nproposed the establishment of a new Republic, lo include Texas and possi-\\nbly the territory as far south as the Sierra Madre. Generals Jackson and\\nHardson were cognizant of these designs; which, however, were only to be\\ncarried out in case of a war with Spain. It was boldly asserted that Gen.\\nAdair, of Kentucky, would co-operate Avilh Burr.\\nThe Spanish Viceroy had sent General Herrera and Governor Cordova to\\nhold the Americans in check. For this purpose, the Spaniards crossed the\\nSabine to the old Adaes mission. Herrera s orders were positive that he\\nmust hold the place. Wilkinson s were equally positive that he must drive\\nthe Spaniards to the west side of the Sabine river. When all parties were\\nin hourly expectation of a collision, Wilkinson and Herrera met, and amica-\\nbly agreed that the forces of each should remain on their respective sides of\\nthe neutral ground.\\nBurr believed that Wilkinson had betrayed his plans to tlie Spaniards,\\nand thus defeated them. It was even said that he had received compensa.\\ntion for his treason, and $300,000 was mentioned as the price; and it was\\nfurther said that Captain Walter Buling was sent to the city of Mexico for\\nthe money, wiiich, however, he failed to get. General Adair pronounced it\\na venal and shameful bargain. General Eaton, however, seemed to\\nthink it was not pecuniary considerations alone that influenced Wilkinson.\\nThe latter feared Burr would supersede him in the command; and he\\nknew General Wilkinson well, and he would not act as lieutenant to any\\nman living. Monette, who appears more than half willing to apologize\\nfor the General, says: Whatever may have been his indiscretions, his\\npecuniary exactions, and his commercial intrigues with the credulous\\nSpaniards, he never was a traitor to his country, or deserted her in the hour\\nof danger. The finesse of diplomacj^, which could extort from the\\nSpaniards a ransom for the safety of their pi-ovinces, does not change this\\nfeature of the question. This defection of Wilkinson effectually dissolved\\nthe Southwestern Republic. But there was another scheme of Burr s\\nwhich, but for untoward circumstances, might have been successful. He\\nliad bargained with Baron de Bastrop for four hundred thousand acres of\\nland on the Washita river. He had persuaded his friend, Herman Blenuer-\\nhassett, to give up his bsautiful villa on an island in the Ohio river, and\\nremove to a more ge^nial Southern clime. Burr informed Commodore\\nTruxton that in case there was no war with Spain, he intended to invite\\nhis friends to settle his Washita lands; that in one year he would have a\\nthousand families of respectable and fashionable people, and some of them\\nof considerable property. That it was a fine country, and they would have", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0530.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 519\\ncharming society and that in two years he would have double the number\\nof settlers and that being on the frontier lie would be ready to move when-\\never a war took place. But Burr s arrest and trial for treason before\\nChief- Justice Marshall, at Richmond, effectually broke up all his plans for\\nconquest and colonization.\\nBcsTEMENTE, Anastasio. We mention this name because, when he was\\nin power in Mexico, he warmly espoused the colonization scheme of Austin.\\nBustemente was one of the leaders who secured the independence of\\nMexico was Vice-President in 1823, and again in 1828 and was President\\nin 1829. The next year he issued some edicts very injurious to Texas: one\\nprohibiting immigration ft-om the United States, and another to garrison\\nthe Province with soldiers, to keep the Texans in subjection. In 1832 he\\nwas banished by Santa Anna; recalled from exile in 1837; to operate against\\nTexas elected Pi esident again in 1840. A second time deposed and ban-\\nished by Santa Anna; returned to Mexico in 1845, and died at San Miguel\\nde Alende in 1851.\\nCalder, Robert J., A native of Kentucky, came to Texas during the\\nrevolutionary period, and settled in Brazoria county. At tl e breaking out\\nof the war, he was one of the first to volunteer, and was with the company\\nof Fannin at the battle of Concepcion. He, with six men, was ordered to\\ntake a position in the tower of the Mission church, as a good point for\\nobservation. They were thus cut off from their companions dui ing the\\nbattle tlie next morning; but they enjoyed a splendid view of the battle-\\nground, and occasionally picked off a Mexican cavalryman, who came\\nwithin rifle shot of the church. At San Jacinto, Calder commanded com-\\npany K, in Burleson s regiment. After the battle, he and Judge B. C. Frank-\\nlin were detailed to convey the news and official dispatches to President\\nBurnet at Galveston. Only an old, unwieldy skiff could be found in which\\nto make the trip which occupied four days. During the Republic, Calder\\nwas Sheriff of Brazoria county. After annexaiion he removed to Fort\\nBend, and filled the office of Chief Justice of the county, in which he still\\nfives.\\nThe author, in August, 1878, addressed a letter to Colonel Calder, aslcing for the\\nparticulars of that trip from tbe battle-ground to Galveston. To this the Colonel\\npromptly respondt d. Our readers will be satisfied that no time was unnecessarily\\nlost when they learn that, besides the President and other othcersof the government,\\nthere were on the island hundreds of refugees, families of women and children whose\\nhomes were on the Brazos and in the wc^t, and whose husbands were in the army.\\nAmong those refugees was the family of Major Douglass, wiiose plantation was on the\\nSan Bernard river. This family well, a daughter of the major, has been fir forty\\nyears the com[ anion of Col. Calder, and is the mother of his children. The gallant\\nyoung captain had been for months in the army, had commanded his company in the\\nglurious battle that had secured liberty to Texas, and he was now anxious to be the first\\nto bear the news to the lady who ruled queen of his affectioas, as well as to the Presi-\\ndent and others, citizens then on the island.\\nThe only i)Ossible chance to reach the island was by an open boat or skilf, propelled\\nby oars. The party consisted of Franklin, Calder and two soldiers detailed to accom-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0531.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "520 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nCaldwell, John. Came from North Alabama to Texas in 1830, and\\nsettled on the frontier in Bastrop county, and opened a cotton plantation.\\nHe represented that county in both branches of the Texas Congress, in\\nthe Convention of 1845, and subsequently in the State Legislature, and died\\nin 1870.\\nCaldwell, Matthew. A native of North Carolina came to Texas in\\n1833 was in the Consultation in 1835, after which lie served in various\\ncapacities in tlie army. He was a Captain in the Santa Fe expedition;\\n(spoken of by Kendall under the nick name of Old Paint. In 1842 he\\nwas in command of the force that iiursued Woll in his retreat from San\\nAntonio. He died in Gonzales, December 28th, 1842.\\nCallahan, J. H. Came to Texas with the Georgia BattaUon, in 1835\\nwas in the battle of Coieta, but escaped the Fannin massacre by being a\\nmechanic. In 1855 he was captain of a ranging company on the frontier.\\nThe Lipans having committed depredations in Texas, and having escaped\\nacross the Rio Grande, Captain Callahan pursued them into Mexico. In\\ndoing this he was compelled to take military possession of the village of\\nPiedras Negras. Unfortunately the village was burned when Callahan\\nevacuated it but the Indians were chastised. In 1856, a difficulty occur-\\npany them. They started on the morning of the 23d took no provisions, because none\\nwere to be had, the commissary stores having been left at Harrlsburg on the 20th.\\nAbout noon they reached Ruth s place, where they expected to get dinner, but the\\nMexicans had been there and stripped the place of eatables, and nothing was to b\u00c2\u00ab\\nhad. At night they reached Spillman s island, and were fortunate in finding plenty of\\ncornmeal, a side of bacon and plenty of chickens. There was no human being on the\\nisland. The next day they arrived at the head of the bay, and found it so rough that it\\nwas impossible to proceed across it in their leaky craft. The soldiers wanted to lie by\\nuntil the wind shifted, but Calder insisted on going ahead if they had to coast it all the\\nway to the island and leai)ing into the water with a tow line, pulled the skitf along the\\nedge of the bay. Fraukliu was unaccustomed to work, and soon gave out. The sol-\\ndiers became tired, and most of the labor devolved upon Calder. Wliile coasting\\nalong that evening, they saw a steamer far to the eastward going -toward the mouth of\\nthe San Jacinto, but failed to make her see their signals, and thought perhaps she took\\nthem for Mexicans.\\nTlie party reached the Edwards place at Redfish bar about noon of the third day.\\nHere they found some provisions and a box of fine Havana ciga^-s. The only living\\nbeing they saw was a wild African negro, probably one introduced by Monroe\\nEdwards. By this time almost the entire labor of propelling the unwieldy craft de-\\nvolved upon Calder, as the otiiers were tired out. About sundown on the fourth day\\nthey reached the neighborhood of Virginia Point, and could see the shipping in the\\nharbor. Tired and hungry, as they had very Httle to eat that morning, Franklin and\\nCalder spread their blankets by the side of an old cottonwood which was lying on the\\nbeach, and disturbed a rattlesnake as they were preparing to lie doAvn and sleep till\\nmorning. It had rained during the night, and when they awoke a norther was blow-\\ning, and their blankets were in the water. A few hours rowing brought them along-\\nside of the war schooner Invincible, Capt. Wm. Brown. Through his speaking\\ntrumpet Brown inquired What news r When I told him, his men, says Calder,\\nliterally lifted us on board, and in the midst of the wildest excitement Brown took oflF\\nhis hat and gave us three cheers, and threw it as far as he could into the bay. He then", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0532.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES. 521\\nred between Captain Callahan and a family in the same neighborhood in\\nwhich he lived, in Guadalupe county, by the name of Blassengame. Calla-\\nhan and a friend of his by the name of Johnson were killed. Afterward a\\nparty of citizens killed two of the Blassengames.\\nCameron, Ewen. A Scotsman by birth, who came to Texas in the early\\ndays of the Texas Republic. He was a captain in the Republican army\\nwhich proclaimed the Republic of the Rio Grande. During that cam-\\npaign he had the misfortune to offend Canalis, one of the Mexican oflBcers\\nin command. Cameron was a captain in the Mier expedition was in the\\nbreak at Salado but drew a white bean in the fearful lottery that follow-\\ned their recapture, and was, of course, entitled to his life. A few days\\nlater, positive orders came to the command to shoot Captain Cameron;\\nand he was shot. It is supposed that his former companion, Canalis, pro-\\ncured the order. Cameron was a brave, honorable and skillful officer. For\\nhim Cameron county was named.\\nshouted to his men, Turn loose Long Tom. After three discharges, he suddenly-\\nstopped and said: Hold on, boys, or old Hawkins (the senior commodore) will put\\nme in irons again. Declining to wait for anything to eat, they were treated to the\\nbest liquor on the ship. They entered the Captain s gig, and with four stalwart sea-\\nmen started for the harbor. The Independence, the flagship of Commodore Hawkins,\\nwas anchored between them and the lauding. As they approached the ship. Commo-\\ndore Hawkins, witli his glas^s, recognized Franklin and Calder, and began eagerly\\nhailing for the news. When they were sufiiciently near to be understood, a scene of\\nexcitement ensued beggaring description and now it spread from vessel to vessel,\\nreached groups on the land, and the welkin raug with shout after shout, until the people\\nwere hoarse. Hawkins tired thirteen guns. We suppose this was for the old thirteen\\ncolonies, as Hawkins had been in the U. S. navy. When the Commodore learned that\\nthey had been fasting for twenty-four hours, he had a sumptuous dinner prepared, and\\nthe party did not need much urging to stay and partake of the hospitalities of the old\\nsalt. They were staying a little too long, and finally Hawkins hinted that they had\\nbetter go ashore and report to the President.\\nPresident Burnet, who was a great stickler for official prerogative, was a little miflfed\\nthat everybodyon the island should have heard the glorious news before he was officially\\nnotified of the battle and its result; and when the party reached the President s marquee\\nthey were received, as Calder says, with stately courtesy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which at first we did not\\nunderstand, thinking a little more cordiality and less formality would have suited the\\ncase and the messengers. This, however, (continues our narrative) gradually sub-\\nsided, and the President, before the interview closed, treated us with that grace and\\ngenial courtesy for which, throughout life, he was ever distinguished.\\nMost of the families of refugees were already on the schooner Flash, Captain Falvel,\\nready to sail for New Orleans, and had orders to sail that morning, as Santa Anna was\\nexpected every day at the island. The captain declined to attempt to cross the bar\\nuntil there was a change of wind; and while waiting, the messenger arrived with the\\nnews. The two soldiers who accompanied the party found their families, and Calder\\nfound the object of his most anxious solicitude.\\nAlter changing his clothes, Captain Calder was strolling, unknown, among the\\nmen eagerly talking over the wonderful achievements of the 21st, when he heard such\\ncomplimentary remarks as these What the whole Mexican army defeated, and\\nSanta Anna a prisoner! No, gentlemen; those fellows are scoundrels and deserters.\\nIt is too big a story, and they ought to be taken into custody at once.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0533.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "522 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nCameron, Dr. John. An Emprcsario, who obtained a grant for colon-\\nizing a large scoiie of conntry on Red river. He had been for some time a\\ncitizen of Mexico. Decree Number 13, September 10th, 1827, declared him\\nto be a Coahuil-Texan, (a citizen of Coahuila and Texas). In 1835 he\\nwas a Secretary in the Executive Department of the Government at Mon-\\nclova; and when Cos dispersed the Legislature, Cameron was taken prison-\\ner with Milam and others. They contrived to make their escape, and reach-\\ned Texas in safety. Cameron assisted in the capture of San Antonio, and\\nat Cos surrender acted as Spanisli interpreter. He became a resident of\\nthe valley of the Rio Grande, and in the contest which arose between the\\nRohos and Crinolinos, in 1861, he was killed in one of their fights.\\nCarson, Samuel P. Once represented a district of North Carolina in\\nthe United States Congress. He was in Texas at the organization of the\\nGovernment ad interim, and became Secretary of State. His health was\\nfeeble, and he resigned and went to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he died\\nin 1838.\\nCastrillon. One of the bravest and most skillful of Santa Anna s oflB.-\\ncers, in 1836. He commanded the division that successfully scaled the walls\\nof the fortress of the Alamo. Tlie brave are humane, and Castrillon pleaded\\nearnestly for the lives of the three or four Texans found alive in the Alamo,\\nafter all resistance had ceased. It was in vain At San Jacinto, Castril-\\nlon commanded the column ordered to support the Mexican cannon. When\\nthe panic ensued, and he found it impossible to rally his men, he refused to\\nfly with the others; but folding his arms, he stood erect, and received that\\ndeath which, to him, was preferable to dishonor.\\nCastro, Henry. The pioneer of that portion of Western Texas situated\\nwest of the city of San Antonio, was born in France, in July, 1786, of rich\\nparents, and descended of one tlie oldest Portuguese families; one of his\\nancestors, Zoao of Castro, having been fourth Viceroy of the Indies for the\\nKing of Portugal. In 1805, at the age of nineteen, he was selected by the\\nPrefect of his department (Landes) to welcome the Emperor Napoleon, on\\nthe occasion of his visit to that department. In 1806, he was one of the\\nguard of honor that accompanied Napoleon to Spain. In 1814, being an\\nofficer in the first legion of the National Guards of Paris, he fought with\\nMarshal Moncey at the gate of Clichy. Having emigrated to tlie United\\nStates, after the fall of Napoleon, in May, 1827, he was Consul at the port\\nof Providence for the King of Naples, having become an American citizen,\\nby choice, tlie same year. He returned to France in 1838; was the partner\\nof Mr. Lafitte, and took an active part in trying to negotiate a loan for the\\nRepublic of Texas. In 1812 he was appointed, in consideration of the ser-\\nvices he had rendered to tlie Republic of Texas, Consul General of Texas\\nat Paris Having received large grants of lands under certain conditions\\nof colonization, ho immediately proceeded to comply Avith his contract, and,\\nafter great exp Miso and labor, succeeded in bringing to this State four hun-\\ndred and eighty-five families and four hundred and ]^il ty-seveu single men,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0534.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "THOMAS F. McKINNEY.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0535.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0536.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 525\\nin tweBty-seven ships, from the year 1843 to 1846. He encountered much\\nopposition from the French Government, which was trying to procure emi-\\ngrants for the colony of Algiers, and much expense on account of the Mex-\\nican war. His first settlement was established on the Medina, in Septem-\\nber 1844, and was called Castroville, now a flourishing little town, situated\\nin one of the most beautiful and healthy portions of Texas. In 1845, he\\nsettled the town of Quihi; in 1846, that of Vandenburg; in 1847, that of\\nDhanis, all of which settlements are now in a prosperous condition. The\\ncolony lands, which were all in Bexar county formerly, now form the\\ncounties of Medina, Frio, part of McMullen, Lasalle and Uvalde. He pub-\\nlished many memoirs on Texas, both in the French and German languages,\\nand also map-, which were principally circulated in the Rhine provinces,\\nand greatly aided in procui ing emigration to this country.\\nHe was a man of great energy and of rare aptitude for labor. He devel-\\noped the country and received the most flattering testimonials from the\\nmost prominent persons of the United States. He was a corresponding\\nmember of the Washington Institute and a great friend and admirer of\\nGeneral Houston. He was on his way to visit the grayes of his family, in\\nFrance, when death overtook him, in Monterey, Mexico.\\nCazneau, William L. A native of Boston came to Texas in 1830 in\\n1835 was on the statf of General Chambers and was for a number of years\\nconnected with the i-egular army, and was Commissary General during\\nLamar s administi-atiou. In 1841, repi esented Travis county in Congress.\\nThe next year he was active in preventing the archives from being removed\\nfrom Austin served through the Mexican war was afterward appointed\\nby President Pierce Consul General to Dominica; and was a confidential\\nagent of the U. S. Government, in negotiations for the Bay of Samaua;\\nand died in Jamaica in 1876.\\nChalmers, Dr. John G. Was Secretary of War under Lamar; and was\\nkilled in Austin in 1847, by Mr. Holden.\\nChambers, Thomas Jefferson. A native of Virginia; in 1826 he visited\\nMexico and spent three years studying the language and institutions of the\\ncountry. In 1829, he was appointed by the authorities at Saltillo, Surveyor\\nGeneral of Texas, but seems never to have undertaken the duties of the\\noffice. In 1836, in conjunction with Padilla, he obtained an empresario\\ncontract for introducing 800 families of colonists. Decree No. 245, issued\\nJanuary 8th, 1834, admits him to practice law, an examinatiou having been\\ndispensed with. Soon afterward, decree No. 277 creates a Supreme C \u00c2\u00bburt\\nin Texas, and appoints Mr. Chambers Superior Judge. The law is very\\nspecific, prescribing the habiliments of the Judge. His gown should be\\nblack or dark blue, and a white sash, with gold tassels. The Judge\\nhastened to San Felipe with the bill for his court, but untoward circum-\\nstances prevented him from holding it, until the breaking out of the revolu-\\ntion. In 1836, when Texas was threatened with invasion. Judge Chambers\\nappeared before the Executive Council and proposed to loan the Govern-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0537.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "626 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nment $10,000 and further proposed to visit the United States and expend\\nthe same in procuring men and munitions of war. The Council accepted\\nhis proposition, and commissioned him Major-General of the resei-ve.\\nGeneral Chambers had no ready mone\\\\^, but exf ected to obtain his supplies\\nby hypothecating his lands. According to the report of Mr. Borden the\\nfirst Commissioner of the Land Office, Mr. Chambers had received five\\nleagues of land for his services as Surveyor General sixteen leagues for\\nhis services as Supreme Judge and five leagues each from Jose Manuel\\nBerks and Alexander de la Garza. On these lands he realized a considera-\\nble amount of means. In his report to Congress, June 3d, 1837, he stated\\nthat he had sent to Texas 1,915 men, and expended of his own money\\n$23,621, and had sold bonds amounting to $9,035. On the 12th of June,\\nCongress passed a bill approving his course, and directed the auditor to\\nsettle with him. At a subsequent period, he settled in Chambers county,\\nand represented it in the Secession Convention in 1861. He was several\\ntimes an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Texas. He was killed\\nwhile sitting in his own house in 1865. No clue was ever obtained as to\\nthe perpetrator of the murder.\\nChildress, George C. A lawyer by profession; member of the Conven-\\ntion of 1836 chairman of the committee that drew up the Declaration of\\nIndependence, and author of that declaration. He died by his own hands\\nin 1810. He was boarding at Mrs. Crittenden s, and early one morning,\\npresented himself at her door, before the lady was up, and begged her in\\npiteous terms to save him from himself. Just as the lady opened her door,\\nhe plunged the fatal dagger to his \u00c2\u00a9wn heart, the blood bespattering her\\ndress. A letter in his room stated that pecuniaxy losses by his brother, in\\ngaming, had prompted the fatal deed.\\nChriesman, Horatio. Was born in Virginia in 1792. In early life he\\nremoved first to Kentucky and then to Missouri, where he engaged in sui*-\\nveying. In 1818, he married Miss Mary Kincheloe, and in the fall of 1821\\nprepared to emigrate to Texas with the Kincheloe family They embarked\\non boats to descend the river, but winter coming on, they remained until\\nthe next spring; when Mr. Kincheloe preceded the party to New Orleans,\\nwhere he chartered the schooner Only Son, Capt. Ellison, and sent five\\nor six young men to the Colorado to make corn. Mr. Chriesman, with the\\nfamilies of Kincheloe, Eawls and Prewett, left St. Louis in a Hat boat, Feb-\\nruary 25tli, 1822. At New Madrid the party was detained by sickness, and\\nMrs. Chriesman and her sister died. Being detained again at the mouth of\\nthe Red river, by continued sickness, some of the men who were well took\\na boat-load of bacon up lied river to Alexandaia. All the river trade was\\nthen carried on in flat-boats. Arriving at New Orleans, Mr. Kincheloe again\\nchartered the Only Sou to convey them to Texas. They landed at the\\nmouth of the Colorado, June 9th. A few days later, another vessel with\\nimmigrants landed at the same place. The supplies brought by both boats\\nwere left in charge of four young men. while the families went up to Whar-\\nton, where Mr. Kincheloe had raised a supply of corn. The young men", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0538.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES. 527\\nleft at camp were killed by the Caranchua Indians, and the goods destroyed\\nor stolen. In 1823, Mr. Chriesnian assisted in making a crop at the Clay\\nplace, near Independence.\\nWhen Colonel Austin returned from Mexico, Mr. Chriesnian was\\nappointed Surveyor for the county. The tirst tract surveyed was for\\nJosiah H. Bell; the tract afterward settled by Amos Gates, five miles\\nbelow Washington, on the Brazos river. Mr. Chriesmau held the office of\\nsurveyor until the Revolution. His assistants were Ross Alley, Bartlet\\nSims, Seth Ingram, Wm. Selkirk, Thos. S. Borden, Moses Cummings and\\nJohn S. Mooney, in Austin s colony. In Robertson s colony, F. W. John-\\nson and Wm. Moore. In 1825, Mr. Chriesman married the second time.\\nHis choice fell upon Miss Augusta Hope. As tliere were no priests to\\nperform the ceremony, and magistrates were not authorized to do so, they\\nwei e married by bond befoi-e Mr. Cole, the Alcalde. While holding the\\noffice of surveyor, he was appointed a Captain of the militia, and partici-\\npated in a good many Indian fights and skirmishes. In 1835, when the\\nTexans invested San Antonio, he was a member of Captain Swisher s com-\\npany, but was detailed to convey intelligence to the Government at San\\nFelipe, and was thus absent when the city capitulated. Subsequently, Gen.\\nHouston placed him on detached service to assist in the removal of families,\\nso he was not at San Jacinto. He also, at an early period, filled the office\\nof Alcalde at San Felipe. As an illusti-ation of the hardships endured by\\nearly pioneers, we give an incident which occurred the year he made a\\ncrop at Independence Having a few days leisure, he visited the family of\\nMr. Whitesides, on the east side of the Brazos. He found Mr. Whitesides\\nabsent on a trip to the East, and his family without meat or bread. With\\nhis trusty rifle, he soon secured a good supply of venison. As a further\\nillustration of the generosity of the old Texans, we have heard an anecdote\\nof Captain Chriesmau. At a period when land was cheap and plentiful,\\nhis friend. Dr. M., needed a league of land to give in exchange in some\\ntrade he was consummating. Capt. Chriesmau, without a word, loaned him\\nthe league of land. As it was never very convenient for the doctor to\\nreplace it, the debt remains still uncancelled. Up to the period of annexa-\\ntion, Capt. Chriesman lived at the Gay Hill neighborhood, in Washington\\ncounty. He subsequently removed into Burleson county. Mrs. Chriesman\\ndied iwany years since, and the old gentleman died at the residence of his\\n8on-in-law, Thomas C. Thomson, Esq. in Burleson county, in November,\\n1878.\\nCoke, Richard.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was born in Virginia, in 1829 graduated at William\\nand Mary College; and studied law. In 1850, immigrated to Texas and\\nsettled at Waco, which is still his home. In 1865, he was appointed Dis-\\ntrict Judge, and the next year was elected one of the Associate Justices of\\nthe Supreme Court. He was elected (Jrovcrnor in 1873, and on the adop-\\ntion of the new Constitution, was re-elected in 1876. A few days after his\\neecond inauguration as Governor, he was elected to the United States Sen-\\nate; and on the first of December, 1876, he relinquished the executive\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2office, and in March following, took his scat in the Senate,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0539.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "528 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nCole, John P. One of the first settlers in Washington county was\\nAlcalde from 1828 until the revolution; and the first Chief Justice of the\\ncounty. In 1840 he represented the county in Congress. He died in 1846,\\nand his widow in 1873.\\nCoLKMAX, IloiiEUT M. Was a Colonel in the army of the Republic, and\\nin command on the Colorado. He was drowned at Velasco, in 1838. He\\nwas in the Convention in 1836. One year after his death, his widow and\\nson were killed by the Indians, at their home on the Colorado.\\nCoLLixswORTii, James. Was a native of Tennessee; and had filled the\\nofiice of United States District Attorney, before coming to Texas. He was\\na member of the Convention in 1836 and after the adjournment of the\\nConvention was sent as a commissioner to the United States. In 1838 he\\nwas appointed Chief Justice of the Republic and about the same time\\nbecame a candidate for President. During the canvass, which was waxing\\nwarm and bitter, he drowned himself, by throwing himself ofi a steamer iu\\nGalveston bay.\\nCooke, William G. Came to Texas from Virginia. Having been elected\\na Captain of the New Orleans Grays in that city, he arrived at San Antonio^\\nNovember 8th, 1835, and participated in the capture of the city, being one\\nof the party that stormed the Priest s house. At San Jacinto he was on\\nHouston s statr. In 1837 he commenced the drug business in Houston. la\\n1839 he was Quartermaster-General; in 1840, one of the comniis ioners\\nsent by President Lamar with the Santa Fe expedition. In 1844 he\\nmarried Miss Navarro, of San Antonio, and represented Bexar county in\\nCongress. After annexation, he was Adjutant-General during Henderson s\\nadministration, and died near Seguiu iu 1847.\\nCook, Lewis P. Came to Texas with the New York battallion, in 1836;\\nwas Secretary of tho Navy in 1839. Having been accused of killing young\\nPeyton, in Washington, he went to the Rio Grande; was a sutler iu Tay-\\nlor s army in 1846. He and his wife died of cholera, in 1849.\\nCoRDERO, Antonio. Was Governor of Texas in 1806. He was one oi\\nthe officers brought from Spain by de Galves, to reform the administration\\nin Spanish America. He was with Ilerrera on the Sabine, and disapproved\\nthe pacific arrangement which the latter entered into with Wilkinson.\\nPike, who enjoyed Cordero s hospitality, in San Antonio, in 1807, speaks of\\nhiin as an accomplished gentleman, universally beloved and respected,\\nand by far the most popular man iu the internal provinces. He spoke the\\nLatin and French languages well was generous, gallant, brave, and sin-\\ncerely attached to his king and country. He was one of the victims of the\\nhorrid butchery at San Antonio, iu April, 1813.\\nCortina, Juan N. Is a native of Comargo, but spent his early life on a\\nrauche on the Texas side of the Rio Grande. In 1859 a difficulty occurred", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0540.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 529\\nat his mother s ranche, and he left Texas aud became a partizan leader in\\nMexico. Witli a party of his men, in October 1859, he crossed the river\\ninto Brownsville, and committed murders and other depredations but was\\nsoon driven back. His next attempt was to capture the steamboat Rancho.\\nIn this he was thwarted by the vigilance of Colonel Ford, of the\\nRangers. He was severely chastised by the troops under Ford and Heintzle-\\nman, of the United States ai-my. In 1861, Cortina with several hundred\\nmen crossed the Rio Grande and burned Roma. In 1863, he was a General\\nin the ranks of the Rohos at Matamoras; in 1871, a General under Juarez,\\nand Acting Governor of Tamaulipas. In 1872, he was indicted in Browns-\\nville for cattle-stealing; in 1875, Mayor of Matamoras, and General in the\\nMexican army. For refusing to obey orders, he was arrested and conveyed\\nto Mexico. In 1877, he was released, and he returned to his old haunts on\\nthe Rio Grande, but was soon re-arrested.\\nCos, Martin Perfecto de. Was a revolutionary leader under Morelos,\\nin 1811. In 1835, he was sent by Santa Anna, his brother-in-law, to the\\ncommand of the Eastern internal provinces. In May he dispersed the\\nLegislature in session at Monclova and in September, with five hundred\\nmen, came to Texas by water, landing at Matagorda bay. He advanced to\\nSan Antonio, where he established his headquarters. One of his first des-\\npotic acts was to demand the surrender of a number of patriots, who had\\nbecome especially odious to Santa Anna. They were not given up. This\\ndemand aroused the Texans to resistance, and he soon found himself shut\\nup in the city by the army of Austin. Cos surrendered to Bui leson on\\nthe eleventh of December, he and his men giving their parole not to serve\\nagain against Texas, during the present war. Cos returned with Santa\\nAnna in the spring, and commanded one of the attacking columns, in the\\nassault upon the Alamo but failed to efi ect an entrance to the fort, until\\nthe column under Castiillon had made a breach in the wall. Cos was left\\nbehind in the advance to San Jacinto, but arrived with his division on the\\nmorning of the battle. During the Mexican war in 1847, he was in com-\\nmand in Tuspan.\\nCrockett, David.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An ex-member of Congress from Tennessee, who\\ncame to Texas in 1835. At Nacogdoches, when required to take the oath\\nof allegiance to the new government, or any other which might be estab-\\nhshcd in Texas, he declined to subscribe it until the word republican\\nwas inserted. He was one of the victims of the Alamo. Several dend\\nMexicans were lying near his body. Colonel Crockett s widow came to\\nTexas after, annexation, and died in Johnson county, in 1866.\\nDarnell, Nicholas II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 During the Republic he represented San Augus-\\ntine in Congress, and was Speaker of the House. He was a member of the\\nConvention in 1845, and a candidate for Lieutenant-Governor at the first\\nelection for State ofiicers. The vote between himself and Ilorton was very\\nclose, and the returns came in slowly, and when the Legislature met, it\\nappeared that Darnell was elected, and he was accordingly inaugurated", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0541.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "530 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nbut subsequent returns coming in frona the west, changed the majority to\\nhis opponent, and Darnell promptly resigned, and Horton became Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor. He was in the Legislature in 1861, and dnring part of\\nthe term. Speaker of the Honse. In 1874, he was Sergeant-at-arms of the\\nHouse of Representatives and a member of the Constitutional Convention\\nin 1875.\\nDavenport, Samuel. One of the first Americans who settled in Texas.\\nThis was in 1799. He applied for and received letters of citizenship, as a\\nSpanish subject. He was a man of enterprise and wealth, and a leader of\\nsociety at Nacogdoches. He acted as quartermaster to Magee s expedition,\\nin 1812 but declined to co-operate with the Fredonian movement in 1826.\\nDavis, Edmund J. A native of Florida came to Texas in 1848 1850-52,.\\ndeputy Collector of Customs on the Kio Grande 1853, District Attorney;\\n1855 to 1860, District Judge. After the breaking out of the civil war, Judge\\nDavis left Texas and entered the Federal lines. In 1862, he raised a regi-\\nment of cavalry for the Union army; was promoted to the rank of Briga-\\ndier-General in 1864. At the close of the war he returned to Texas, and\\nwas elected to the first Reconstruction Convention, in 1866; was also a\\nmember and President of the second Reconstruction Convention. In No-\\nvember, 1869, the Government of the State was in the hands of the military.\\nBy order of General Reynolds, an election was held for Governor and State-\\noflScers. Judge Davis was declared elected, and became Governor, January\\n18, 1870, and held the oflice until January 13, 1874. At the expiration of\\nhis ofiicial term, he resumed the practice of law in the city of Austin,\\nDavis, H. Clay. A prominent citizen of Western Texas; was Collector\\nof Customs on the Rio Grande, and served one term in the State Senate. At\\nthe breaking out of the civil war, he entered the Confederate service and\\nrose to the rank of Brigadier, but died before the war closed.\\nDawson, Nicholas H., Defeat of. When Woll entered San Antonio,\\nin 1842, Lieutenant Dawson, who had been in the battle of San Jacinto,\\nraised a company in Fayette county, to reinforce the Texans in the West.\\nHe arrived in the neighborhood of the Salado creek September 17th, the\\nday of the battle between Woll and Caldwell. While trying to lead his\\nmen to the Texan camp, he was discovered and surrounded by an over-\\nwhelming Tuxmber of the Mexicans as they were retreating from the battle\\nground to the city of San Antonio. After about one-half of his mei^ had\\nbeen either killed or wounded, Dawson raised a white flag; it was fired\\nupon and the fight renewed. Dawson behaved with the utmost gallantry,\\nbut seeing the hopelessness of continuing the unequal combat, he surren-\\ndered his pistol to a Mexican oflScer. After having thus disarmed himself, a\\nMexican lancer assaulted him, when the heroic soldier seized and would\\nhave slain his assailant, but other lancers coming up, put him to death. Of\\nthe fifty-three men in his company, thirty-iiu-ee were slain in battle; tifteen\\nsurrendered, five of whom were wounded two escaped unhurt, one of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0542.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 531\\nwhom, Henry Gonsalvo Wood, had lost his father and his brother, and had\\ngiven up his own arms, when a Mexican on horseback attacked him. He\\ndisarmed the lancer, killed him and escaped on his horse. Poor Gunsalvo,\\nafter escaping that massacre, was killed by desperadoes, probably mistaking\\nMm for some one else, in 1869. Of those who surrendered, the following\\nwere sent to the castle of Perote: John Beard, James Shaw, Edward\\nMauton, William Trimble, J. E. Konnegy, Richard Barclay, Nat. W.\\nFaison, Joel Robinson, Allen H. Morrell. These were released with the\\nMier prisoners. In September, 1848, the bones of Dawson s company\\nwere collected and taken to Fayette county, and buried with appropriate\\nceremonies, on Monument Hill, opposite the town of Lagrano-e.\\nDeLeon, Martin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An Empresario was a native of Tamaulipas. In 1810,\\nhe settled on the Nueces river, and about 1823, at Victoria, on the Guada-\\nlupe. His colonists were Mexicans, who settled on the Garcitas creek.\\nMr. DeLeon died of cholera, in 1834.\\nDniiTT, Philip.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came to Texas in 1822. Ten years later he estabUshed\\na trading house at the old fort built by LaSalle, on the Lavaca river. The\\nplace has been since known as Dimitt s Point. In 1835, he was in command\\nof the Texans at Goliad, and took an active part in a public ineuliug which\\ndeclared for the independence of Texas. In 1836, he was in command at\\nVictoria, but retreated on the approach of Urrea, and thus escaped the fate\\nof F:iimin. In 1841, he prepared to engage in mercantile business on the\\nNueces river, fifteen miles from Corpus Christi. Before his house was\\nfinished, he and his companions were taken prisoners by a raiding party of\\nMexicans. They were carried first to Matamoras then to Mont erey, and\\nwere started to the city of Mexico. At Agua Nueva they made their escape\\nfrom the guard, but were soon retaken. Seeing no hope of escaping from a\\nhorrible imprisonment, Dimitt terminated his Ufe by taking morphine.\\nDuval.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Three brothers of this name, sons of Governor Duval, of Flo-\\nrida, have figured in our history. B. C. Duval was one of the unfortunate\\nvictims of the Fannin massacre.\\nDuval, John C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was one of Fannin s men, who, when led out to be shot\\nwas unhurt at the first fire, but fell down and feigned death until he saw\\nan opportunity to escape. He has written some semi-fictitious tales, giving\\nlife-like and graphic descriptions of soldier life on the frontii r.\\nDfjVAL, Thomas H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A lawyer who settled in Austin, when that city be-\\ncame the permanent capital of the State. In 1857, wiien the Western Judi-\\ncial District was formed, he was appointed United States District Jud- e,\\nan office he still holds.\\nEdwards, Hayden.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An Empresario, who attempted to introduce colo-\\nnists into Eastern Texas. His conti-iict was annulled by Governor lilaiico,\\nOctober 2U, 1826. Though the Fredouiaus were for a time driven from", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0543.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "532 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nTexas, Edwards returned after the Revolution, and at one time represented\\nhis district in the Texas Congress. His brother, Benjamin W. Edwards,\\nwas raising a company in Mississippi, lor the Texas army, in 1836, when he\\nheard of tlio battle of San Jacinto. In 1837, lie was a candidate for Gov-\\nernor of Mississippi, but died during the canvass.\\nEdwards, Monrok. First appeared in Texas as a merchant s clerk, at\\nAnahuac, where he was arrested and kept in custody by Bradburn. In\\n1840, he introduced a cargo of African negroes into the country. His part-\\nner, Mr. Dart, charged him with forgerj% and he was arrested, but made his\\nescape. He next appeared in England as a philanthropist, laboring to secure\\nthe emancipation of the slaves whom he introduced into Texas. On his\\nreturn to the United States, he was convicted of forgery, and sent to Sing\\nSing prison. New York, where he died in 1847.\\nElisondo, Y. Was at one time associated with the patriot Hidalgo, of\\nMexico, but afterwards betrayed and shot his leader. In 1813, he brought\\na Spanish army to San A .itonio, to defeat the Republicans. In the battle of\\nAlasan, June 5th, he was totally defeated. He again returned to Texas\\nwith the army of Arredondo Elisondo was sent, after the battle of Medina,\\nin pursuit of the fugitive Republicans. At the Trinity he found some seventy\\nor eighty unable to cross the river. These he cruelly put to death.\\nEllis, Richard. Was a prominent citizen on Red river, and represented\\nthat municipality in the Convention of 1836, and was the President of that\\nbody. There was, however, some doubt as to which government the Red\\nriver country belonged, and to be certain to have representation at the i-ight\\nplace, Mr. Ellis s son, who lived in the house with him, represented the\\nsame district in the Arkansas Legislature, as a citizen of Miller county,\\nArkansas. Mr. Ellis died in 1849.\\nEvans, Lemuel Dale. A native of Tennessee, came to Texas in 1843,\\nand settled in Fannin countj^, which he represented in the Annexation Con-\\nvention, in 1845. In 1855, he was elected to Congress from the Eastern\\nDistrict. Dnriiig tjie Avar he espoused the Union cause. In 1868, he was\\nin the Reconstruction Convention, .and in 1870, appointed Cliief Justice of\\nthe Supreme Court. His term expired in 1873. In 1875, he was United\\nSt:ites Marshal at Galveston. He died in the city of Wasliiugton, July 1st,\\n1877.\\nFannin, James W. A mournful interest attaches to the name of Fannin,\\nlie was a native of Georgia, and received a military education at West\\nPoint. He came to Texas in the fall of 1834, with money furnished partly\\nby friends, to purchase slaves and open a plantation. When the difficulty\\nabout the cannon occurred at Gonzales, he raised a company called the\\nBrazos Guards, and hastened to the West. He continued in the service,\\nand it was Fannin s company that was sent forward from the Espada Mis-\\nsion to select a camping-ground nearer San Antonio, and which fought the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0544.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "JOHN CALDWELL.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0545.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0546.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 535\\nbattle of Concepcion. In that fight Fannin won the admiration of the\\narmy, and the title of the hero of Concepcion. At the reorganization of\\nthe army after Austin s resignation, the Executive Council at San Felipe\\nselected Fannin and Rusk as recruiting officers, and agents to collect men\\nand munitions of war. Rusk was sent east and Fannin west of the\\nTrinity.*\\nOn the 21st of December, Houston ordered Fannin to establish his head-\\nquarters at Velasco. In the meantime, the Council had, without consulting\\nthe Commandei*-in-Chief, greatly enlarged his authority as agent, and had\\ndirected him to collect forces at, or near Copano, for a descent upon Mata-\\nmoras.\\nJanuary 8th, 1836, Fannin, at Velasco, isssued an address calling for vol-\\nunteers. He announced that an expedition to the West had been ordered\\nby the General Council, and the volunteers from Bexar, Goliad, Velasco,\\nand elsewhere, were ordered to rendezvous at San Patricio, between the\\n24th and 27tli instant, and report to the ofiicer in command.. The fleet con-\\nvoy will sail from Velasco under my charge on or about the eighteenth, and\\nall who feel disposed to join it and aid in keeping the enemy out of Texas,\\nand at the same time cripple the enemy in their resources at home, are\\ninvited to enter the ranks forthwith. There was at this time an inextrica-\\nble confusion both in the civil and military affairs of the country. The\\nGovernor and Executive Council were at loggerheads. The Governor had\\nbeen deposed by the Council, but declined to surrender his ofiice. Both\\nGovernor Smith and Lieutenant-Governor Robinson assumed to exercise\\nExecutive functions, and both issued orders to army officers, frequently\\ncontradictory. General Houston recognized the authority of Smith, and\\nFannin acted under orders from Robinson and the Council.\\nGovernor Smith had, on the 17th of December, ordered Houston to make\\na demonstration upon Matamoras, and on the same day Houston ordered\\nBowie, then at Goliad, to organize a force for this purpose. To add to the\\nconfusion, the Executive Council also ordered Colonels F. ^Y. Johnson and\\nJames Grant to lead an expedition against the same place. Here then, were\\nthree independent commands organizing for the same purpose. Houston\\narrived at Goliad about the middle of January and proceeded on to Refu-\\ngio, where he learned, for the first time, of the expeditions of Fannin and\\nJohnson and Grant. He considered that his authority as Commander-in-\\nChief had been superseded, and he allowed the citizens of Refugio to elect\\nh^m to the Convention, and immediately returned to the Brazos. Fannin\\nDecember 10th, 1835, the Council appointed the followiog persons as assistants of\\nColonel Fiinnin in collecting supplies for the volunteer army For Cole s settlement, 11.\\nChriesman; Washington, John Lott; New Year s Creek, Philip Coc; Mill Creek, Sam-\\nuel Pettus; San Felipe, Mosel}^ Baker; Colorado, J. S. Losler and Jesse Burnham;\\nNavidad, William Thompson and Elijah Stapp; Menifee, (Eg.vpt), Thomas liabb; Fort\\nSettlement, (Richmoml), Randall Jones; East of Brazos, E. Waller; Lake Creek,\\nJames J. Foster; Ilarnsburg, E. Malhieu; Columbia, W. D. C. Ilall; Brazoria, J. L.\\nD. Bvrom; Bay Prairie, Daniel Ruwls and R, II. Williams; Gonzales, William A.\\nMatthews; Spring Creek, Abraham Roberts; and for Mina (Bastrop), L. C. Cunning-\\nham.\\n30", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0547.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "536 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\narrived at Goliad about tlie first of Februarj^, and soon afterwards an\\norganization of the volunteers took place. Most of the men were from\\nGeoi gia, and Fannin was elected Colonel, and AYard Lieutenant-Colonel.\\nNotwithstanding this election and his appointment by the Council, Fannin\\nstill doubted his authority to command. In a letter to Governor Robinson,\\ndated February 14th, he says: I hope soon to receive some intelligence\\nfrom General Houston, and to see him at the head of the army. I am deli-\\ncately situated, having received no orders from him, or your Excellency. I\\nam well aware that during the General s furlough the command naturally,\\nand of right, devolves on me but the fact has not been communicated to\\nme officially, either by the General or the Governor. The steps I have\\ntaken are those of prudence and for defence, and would be allowed as\\nColonel of the volunteers. May I ask for orders, and a regular communi-\\ncation from you, that I may be fully apprised of what is doing for us? I\\nwill obey orders, if I am sacrificed in the discharge of them but if you\\nare unable to afi ord us reasonable aid, and that in time, it would be best to\\ndestroy everything and fall back. On the 16th he Avrote again, as follows\\nIf General Houston does not return to duty on the expiration of his fur-\\nlough, audit meets your appx obation, I shall make headquarters at Bexar,\\nand take with me such of the forces as can be spared. He wrote to Gov-\\nernor Robinson again on the 22d: I am critically situated. General\\nHouston is absent on furlough, and neither myself nor army have received\\nany oi ders as to who should assume command. It is my right, and in many\\nrespects I have done so, when I was convinced the public good required\\nit. These extracts prove conclusively that Fannin was more than willing\\nto occupy a subordinate position and in view of subsequent events, they\\nhave a peculiar interest. He has even since his death been accused of act-\\ning contrary to the orders of the Commander-inChief and we have thought\\nit necessaryto give these facts in vindication of his character. His position\\nwas extremely embarrassing. His authority was not recognized by all the\\noflficers at Goliad, Captain Dimitt wrote to the Council, suggesting the\\nappointment of General Zavalla to the command. When this appointment\\nwas not made, Dimitt and his compa^^y retreated to Victoria, in obedience,\\nas he said, to orders from Houston.\\nUndoubtedly, Fannin s intention was to I etreat before the advancing\\nMexicans, as he had intimated to Governor Robinson; and when he was\\nadvised of the advance of Urrea, he ordered San Patricio evacuated. This\\norder was not obeyed, and Yoakum says it was because Colonels Johnson\\nand Grant, who were there, had independent commands, and did not recog-\\nnize Famiin s authority over them. Besides this question of authority,\\nFannin had a serious distrust of his own ability; a distrust very remarka-\\nble, not to say unparallelled in military men. In one of his letters to Robin-\\nson he says: I am not practically an experienced commander, and may,\\nand in all human probability, have erred. I do not desu-e any command,\\nand particularly that of chief. I feel, I know, if you and the Council do\\nnot, that I am incompetent. Fortune and brave soldiers may favor ine, and\\nsave the State, and establish for me a reputation far beyond my deserts.\\nAgain: I am a better judgi^ of my military abilities than others, and if I", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0548.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.. 537\\n^m qualified to command an army, I have not found it out. I -well know I\\nam a better company ofiicer tlian most now in Texas, and might do, with\\nregulars, for a regiment, but this does not constitute me a commander.\\nWhen, on that fatal Palm Sunday after the battle of Colita, he was march-\\ned out with his comi-ades to slaughter, Fannin was told that if he would\\nkneel his life miglit be spared. He replied that he had no desire to live\\nafter his men had been killed. A soldier attempted to tie a handkerchief\\nover his eyes. He seized the handkerchief and tied it himself. To the\\nofficer in command he handed his watch, with a request that it might be\\nsent to his family; and he made one further request: that he might be shot\\nin the breast and not in the head; and further, wished to be decently\\nburied. Having made these requests, he deliberately took his position in a\\nchair, and bared his bosom; the signal was given, and the gallant Texan\\nleader was a lifeless corpse With a perfidy which language is hardly\\nadequate to portray, the officer kept Fannin s watch had him shot in the\\nhead, and left his body unburied!\\nAs a commander, Fannin distrusted himself and made serious mistakes\\nmistakes for which he paid with his life still the views he expressed in\\nhis correspondence were eminently correct and praiseworthy. To the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Georgia volunteers he wrote, advising them to have nothing to do with the\\npoHtical squabbles of Texas until after the war, when they would become\\npeaceful and permanent citizens. He wrote to the Council deploring the\\nfact that there were so fbw Texansin the army, but requested that those sent\\nmight be infantry, and organized before they reached headquarters, as\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0elections in camp were very demoralizing. To Colonel ISTail, at Bexar, he\\nwrote suggesting the propriety of withdrawing the cannon from -that\\nexposed position. He also suggested to the Council the propriety of evacu-\\nating both Goliad and Bexar, and establishing a line of defense on tlie east\\nside of the Guadalupe river. He further gave it as his opinion that if Santa\\nAnna entered the country with five thousand men, he would penetrate to\\nthe interior of the country, and probably cross the Brazos before his pro-\\ngress could be arrested.\\nThe tender sohcitude which Fannin expressed for the welfare of his\\nfamily, shows him to have been a man of strong domestic attachments. He\\nwas modest, brave, generous, and patriotic. Among the Texas martyrs to\\nHberty, the name of Fannin will occupy a conspicuous place. Texans of\\nfuture ages will hold it in profound veneration; and his memory will be\\ncherished by all, in every clime, who appreciate soldierly daring and moral\\nworth.\\nThe bodies of flie victims of the horrible massacre were left nnburiod.\\nthough partially burned up in a brush fence. Late in the suninier, w iuMi\\nthe Texan army under Eusk occupied Goliad, their bones were collected\\nand buried Avith proper funeral rites.\\nDr. Shackelford, Captain of the Ked Rovers, from Alabama, in reviewing\\nthe events of this disastrous campaign, says Fainiin erred in sending off\\nKing and Ward, and thus giving the enemy a chance to cut liim up in\\ndetail. Fannin erred again in not retreating more rapidly and i)lacing the\\nGuadalupe river between himself and the enemy The Doctor further", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0549.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "538 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nstates that Fannin, as well as many others in the command, had too great a\\ncontempt for the prowess of the Mexicans. They did not believe Urrea\\nwould venture to follow them. In answer to the question, Why did they\\nnot retreat the night after the battle? the Doctor said: Their teams were\\neither killed or scattered, and they could not transport their wounded, and\\nwould not leave them and they still hoped Horton would return from Vic-\\ntoria with reinforcements. They surrendered in good faith. Neither Fan-\\nnin nor any one of his men would have surrendered except upon the pledge\\nof being treated as prisoners of war in honorable warfare. The Mexicans\\nwere alone responsible for the subsequent violation of the terms of surren-\\nder and the bloody massacre.\\nAs the Texas people of all coming time will feel a profound interest in\\nthe bloody holocaust at Goliad, we subjoin Dr. Shackelfoi d s account of the\\nhorrible massacre\\nThe dawn of day, Palm Sunday, March 27th, we were awakened by a Mexican offi-\\ncer calling us up, aud sayiug he wanted the men to form a line that they might be\\ncounted. On hearing this, my impression was that, in all probability, some poor fellows\\nhad made their escape during the night. After leaving the church, I was met by Colo-\\nnel Guererro, said to be an Adjutant-General of the Mexican army, who requested that\\nIshouldgoto his headquarters, in company with Major Miller and his men, (Miller\\nhad been taken at Copano, but without arms, hence not put to death), and that I would\\ntake my friend and companion, Dr. Joseph H. Barnard with me. We accordingly Avent\\nto his tent, about one hundred yards in a southwest direction. On passing the fort I\\nsaw Ward s men in line with their knapsacks on. Inquired of them where they were\\ngoing; some of them said they were to march to Copano, and from thence to be sent\\nhome. (The evening before they had been playing the tune, ^Home, on their flutes.)\\nAfter reaching Colonel Guerrero s tent, to attend to some wounded, as we supposed, we\\nsat down and engaged in familiar conversation. In about a half hour we heard the re-\\nport of a volley of small arms, towards the river and to the east of the fort. I immedi-\\nately Inquired the cause of the firing, and was assured by the ofiicer that he did not\\nknow, but expected it was the guard firing off their guns. In fifteen or twenty minutes\\nthereafter, another such volley was fired directly south of us and in front. At the\\nsame time I could distinguish the heads of some of the men through the boughs of some\\npeach trees, and could hear their screams. It was then, for the first time, that the\\nawful conviction seized upon our minds, that treachery and murder had begun its\\nwork. Shortly afterwards Colonel Guerrero appeared at the mouth of the tent. I asked\\nhim if it could be possible they were murdering our men He replied that it was so\\nbut he had not given the order neither had he executed it. He further said he had\\ndone all in his power to save as many as he could; and that if he could have saved\\nmore he would have done so. The men were taken out in four divisions, and under\\ndilJ erent pretexts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 such as making room in the fort for the reception of Santa Anna?\\ngoing out to slaughter beef, and being marched to Copano to be sent home. In about\\nan hour, the closing scene of this base and treacherous tragedy was acted in the fort;\\nand the cold-blooded murder of all the wounded who were unable to be marched out,\\nwas its infernal catastrophe. Fannin was the last victim. About eleven o clock we\\nwere marched into the fort and ordered to the hospital. We had to pass by our butch-\\nered companions, who were stripped of their clothes, and their naked, mangled bodies\\nthrown in a pile. The wounded were all hauled out i,n carts that evening, and some\\nbrush thrown over the difterent piles, with a view of burning their bodies. A few days\\nafterwards I accompanied Major Miller to the spot where lay those who were dear to\\nme while living; and whose memory will be embalmed in my afiection until this poor\\nheart itself shall be cold in death and oh what a spectacle The flesh had been", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0550.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 539\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2burned from off the bodies but many hands and feet were yet unscathed. I could\\nrecognize no one. The bones wore all still knit together, and the vultures were feed-\\ning upon those limbs which, one week before, were actively played in battle.\\nFields, Richard.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A half-breed Cherokee chief, who, hi 1821-22, visited\\nMexico to make arrangeuients to settle the tribe in Texas. He was accom-\\npanied by Bowles. They obtained a verbal promise of lands, and settled\\nin what is now Cherokee county. These Indians were called civilized, and\\nlived by cultivating- the soil. But the government was slow in giving them\\ntitles to their land, and Fields and some others joined the Fredonians, in\\n1826. He was assassinated by those who refused to join the league. He\\nwas a Master-Mason.\\nFields, William.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of North Carolina, but came from Tennes-\\nsee to Texas in 1837 served in the Legislature from 1847 to 1855 in 1856\\nwas appointed State Engineer; and died in Hempstead, in 1858. He was\\nthe author of Fields Scrap Book.\\nFisher, S. Rhoads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of Philadelphia; came to Texas in\\n1831, and settled at Matagorda; represented that municipality in the Con-\\nvention of 1836, and was appointed Secretary of the Navy. He died in\\nMatagordn in 1839.\\nFisher, William S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1835 represented Gonzales county in the Con-\\nsultation commanded a company at the battle of San Jacinto in 1837 was\\nSecretary of War; in March, 1810, was in command at San Antonio when\\nthe Comanche chiefs were killed in the Council House. In 1840 he joined\\nthe army of the Republic of the Rio Grande, at San Patricio, at the head of\\ntwo hundred men. At the termination of that unsuccessful campaign he\\nreturned to Texas, and was elected Captain of a company in the Somervell\\ncampaign, in 1842. When Somervell left the Rio Grande, Fisher was elect-\\ned commander of the Mier expedition; was severely wounded at the battle\\nof Mier, and died in 1845.\\nFlores, Manuel.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a Lieutenant in Seguin s company at San Jacinto;\\nafterwards at Nacogdoches, was concerned in at attempt to get up a rebel-\\nlion against the Texas authorities; in 1839 he went to Matamoras, when\\nGeneral Canalizo employed him to visit the Indians on the Texas frontier,\\nand rouse them to hostilities. He, with about twenty-tive Indians, was\\ndiscovered. May 14th, on the Gabriel river, by a company of Rangers\\nunder Lieutenant James O. Rice. Flores was killed and his dispatches\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2captured.\\nFord, Dr. John S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of South CaroUna; came to Texas in 1836;\\nafter serving in various capacities in the army, he, in 1843, commenced the\\npractice of medicine in San Augustine in 1844 he was elected to Congress\\nin 1846 he was Adjutant in Hays regiment, and in connnand of a spy com-\\npany in the Mexican war; in 1849, in connection witli Major Neighbors, he\\nJaid out a road from San Antonio to El Paso and Santa Fe. He then re-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0551.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "540 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nsided in Austin, and in 1852, on the death of General Burleson, Ford was-\\nelected to liis place in the Stajte Senate. In IboS he was in the Kaugiug ser-\\nvice, and commaiuled a battalion which had a severe liglit with Indians on\\nthe Canadian river; about sixty Indians were killed. In 1860 61, he was\\nin command on the Ilio Grande, and had several skirmishes with Cortina.\\nDuring the war lie was employed in various capacities in tlie Confederate\\nservice on the Rio Grande. At the close of the war he started a paper at\\nBrownsville, but was soon called to lead a company against border cattle\\nand horse thieves. In 1873 he was cattle and hide inspector for Cameron\\ncounty; in 1874, Mayor of Brownsville: in 1875, in the Constitutional Con-\\nvention; in 1876, in the Senate from Brownsville.\\nFranklin, B, C. Was a member of Deaf Smith s spy company in 1836;\\nfought as a private at San Jacinto, and was soon afterward appointed to a\\nDistrict Judgeship, by President Burnet. He was one of the first settlers\\non Galveston Island. He frequently served as District Judge, and also\\nrepresented the county in the State Legislature. He was elected to the\\nSenate from the Galveston district in 1873, but died before the Legislature\\nmet.\\nGaines, James. A native of Virginia, and a relative of General E. P.\\nGaines; came to the Sabine river and established a ferry in tlie first years\\nof the present century was a captain in Magee s army in 1812; but took\\nsides against the Fredoniaus in 1825. He was a brother-in-law of Norris,\\nthe Alcalde deposed by the Edwards party. Gaines entered heartily into\\nthe Kevolution in 1836, and was a member of the Convention that declared\\nthe indepondence of Texas. Before the Revolution he had filled the oflice of\\nsheriff and alcalde, and after the establishment of the Republic represented\\nhis district in Congress. About the time of annexation he removed to\\nBastrop, and in 18-49 to California, where he died.\\nGalves, Don Jose Bernardo. For whom our chief commercial city\\nwas named, was a native of Malaga, Spain. His father was viceroy of\\nMexico. In 1765, young De Galvez was appointed Visitor-General of New\\nSpain. After a thorough inspection of the country, he projected many\\nneeded reforms in the administration, and unwilling to trust the officers\\nalready in the country to carry forward his reforms, he brought a number\\nof accomplished Spaniards and entrusted them with the administration.\\nHaving returned to Spain, he was for a short time President of the Council\\nof the Indies. In 1777 he was appointed Governor of Louisiana. This\\nwa=5 during the American Revolution and De Galves strongly sympathized\\nwith the struggling colonists; and assisted in sending tiiem arms and\\nammunition up the Mississippi river. In 1779 Spain declared war against\\nGreat Britain, and De Galves immediately prepared to expel the Bi-itish\\nfi om West Florida. He captured Fort Bute on the fifth of September, and\\nBaton Rouge on the 21st, thus extending the Spanish boundary to Pearl\\nriver. In March, 1780, he captured Mobile, taking possession of the coun-\\ntry as far as the Perdido, and completed the conquest by capturing Pensa", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0552.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 541\\ncola on the ninth of May. His authority then extended from Florida to the\\nRio Grande and from the Gulf of Mexico almost to the great lakes. In\\n1789 he was made Captain-General of Cuba and the two Floridas and\\nLouisiana; but his father dying the same year, he was appointed viceroy of\\nMexico. He proved to be one of the most enlightened and liberal rulers\\nthat ever occupied the vice-regal throne in Spanish America. He intro-\\nduced many reforms increased the number of judges, and created inten-\\ndencies, an office especially designed for the protection of the Indian tribe?.\\nThis arrangement gave a species of local government to the people. Texas\\nwas then attached to theintendency of San Luis Potosi. It has been said\\nthat the Mexicans, restive under the Spanish yoke, were anxious to throw\\nit off and to create De Galves their king; but that he, following the example\\nof our own Washington, declined the honor. An immense concourse at\\nthe Capital actually proclaimed him king, when he rode out into the crowd\\nand prevailed on the people to disperse. As they did so, De Galvez cried\\nout, long live his Catholic Majesty, Charles IV. Another uprising in his\\nfavor in a distant province was also suppressed. During these excitements\\nthe viceroy erected an almost impregnable fortress at Chepultepec (after-\\nward captured by General Scott). Various reasons were assigned for this\\nsome thought he did it for a place of refuge in case of a popular uprising.\\nHe was not without enemies and they conjectured that he possibly medi-\\ntated a revolution against the king, and prepared this castle as a place to\\nraise the standard of revolt. He died very suddenly, in August, 1794, just\\nafter a hunting excursion. His friends believed he was poisoned by spies\\nof the king, who was jealous of his influence with the populace.\\nGa IKS Family. This family was originally from Kentucky, and settled\\nin Miller county, Arkansas, in 1819, and in the fall of 1821 started for Aus-\\ntin s colony in Texas; reached Nacogdoches December 27th, and continued\\ntheir journey westward; found all the rivers fordable and reached the\\nBrazos, in the neighborhood of Washington, early in January, 1822. At\\nthe crossing of the Trinity they overtook Andrew Robinson, who came to\\nthe Brazos and established a ferry. William Gates, senior, died in 1829;\\nhis sons, Charles and William, in 1822; Ransom in 1828, and Samuel in\\n1836. Amos Gates settled six miles below the town of \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Washington, on the\\nfirst league of land surveyed in Austin s colony, Avhere he still lived in\\n1877.\\nGiDDiNGS Family. Giles A. Giddings came from Pennsylvania to Texas\\nin 1885, and was negotiating for an empresario contract wken the revolution\\nbroke out. He joined Houston s army at Groce s; was wounded at the\\nbattle of San Jacinto, and died soon afterwards, from the effects of the\\nwound.\\nGiDDiXGS, J. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came to Texas in 1838, and settled in Washington\\ncounty; was for a time connected with the army and was in Bogart s com-\\npany in the Somervell camyjaign he filled various offices, and represented\\nMb county in the Legislature in 1860 died in Brenham in 1878.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0553.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "542 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nGiDDiNGS, John James. Came to Texas in 1846 was surveyor foi the\\nGei maii colony introduced that year into Texas while traveling on the\\noverland stage, in 1861, when near Tucson, Arizona, the stage was sur-\\nrounded by Indians, when the driver and he, with five other passengers,\\nwere killed.\\nGiDDiNGS, George H. Was one of the original proprietors of the over-\\nland stage line. During the war was Lieutenant-Colonel in Ford s regi-\\nment; is still living.\\nGiDDiNGs, Dr. Frank M. Was killed by a desperado, in El Paso, in\\n1858\\nGroDiNGS, D. C. Came to Texas in 1850; was in the Confederate array,\\nwith the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, during the war was elected to Con-\\ngress in 1870; was re-elected in 1872, and in 1876.\\nGillespie, James. (In some reports spelled Gillaspie). A captain at San\\nJacinto afterwards in the Ranging service in 1846 he captured the town\\nof Lai edo; and was killed May the ninth, in the battle of Resaca de la\\nPalma.\\nGillespie, R. A. Came to Texas in 1837, and commenced a mercantile\\nbusiness in LaGrange in 1839 was in Jordan s expedition to the Rio Grande\\nin 1840 in the battle of Plum Creek, and also in Colonel Moore s Indian\\ncampaign to the head waters of the Colorado in 1841 a Lieutenant in Tom\\nGreen s company of Rangers in 1842 with those Texans who drove Vas-\\nquiz out of the country, and also in the Somervell campaign in 1844, while\\na leader of Green s company, was severely wounded in an Indian fight; in\\n1846 he was a captain in Hays regiment. He greatly distinguished himself\\nat the battle of Monterey, where he led in a charge in which ten of the\\nMexican guns were captured. Subsequently, while leading a desperate\\ncharge on the Bishop s palace, Gillespie was mortally wounded. His re.\\nmains, with those of Colonel Walker, were conveyed to San Antonio for\\ninterment. Gillespie county bears liis name.\\nGrant, Dr. James. A native of Scotland; became a naturalized citizen\\nof Mexico. In 1825 he became a large landholder in the neighborhood of\\nParras. In company with Dr. J. C. Beales, he, in 1833, obtained an em-\\npresario contract for settling eight hundred families between the Nueces\\nand llio Grande rivers. Fifty-nine of these colonists sailed from New\\nYork in the schooner Amos Wright, on the eleventh of November, 1833.\\nOn the sixth of December, the schooner entered Aransas pass. The com-\\npany proceeded with great difliculty, ria Goliad and San Antonio, towards\\ntheir designated territory. They arrived at a little stream called the Las\\nMora?, on the-sixteenth of March, 1834, where a village called Dolores,\\nwas duly laid ofi into streets. The name seemed prophetic; the village\\nwas never built up. and the settlement was soon abandoned. Dr. Grant", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0554.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "O. M. ROBERTS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0555.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0556.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 545\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was Secretary of the Executive Council of Coahuila, and in 1835 a member\\nof the Legislature dispersed by General Cos. With a few companions,\\nGrant made his way to San Antouio, and in command of a company of\\nforty men, assisted Milam in the capture of the city. He was opposed to\\nthe declaration of Texas independence and even wanted Texas and Coa-\\nhuila to remain together, as he had large landed possessions in both States.\\nEarly in 1836, in company with Colonel F. W. Johnson, lie projected an\\nexpedition to the Rio Grande, to re-establish the Constitution of 1821.\\nGrant went directly to Refugio, while Johnson went by San Felipe,\\nand obtained the authority of the Executive Council for their scheme.\\nThey arrived in San Patricio early in February, with about seventy men.\\nJohnson established his headquarters, while Grant, with Major Morris and\\nabout forty men, went further west to collect a supply of liorses. On the\\n28th of February, San Patricio was captured by the Mexican soldiers of\\nUrrea; Johnson and four companions escaping in the night. Grant and\\nhis party, who seem to have been totally ignorant of the advance of Urrea,\\nwere completely surprised by a party of Mexicans, while encamped on the\\nAgua Dulce, twenty-six miles west of San Patricio. This was March 2d.\\nMost of the Americans were killed in the fight, including Major Morris. As\\nan item of curiosity we give Yoakum s account of the death of Grant.\\nAccording to this statement. Grant was wounded and taken prisoner, but\\nwas able as a surgeon to dress the wounds of the Mexicans. He was\\npromised that as soon as he recovei ed, and those under his care were con-\\nvalescent, he should have a passport to leave the country without molesta-\\ntion. Ti:e Captain left in command of the town after the departure of\\nUrrea, secretly dispatched eight men in search of a wild horse. The animal\\nwas captured about three weeks after the battle of the 2d of March. Grant\\nwas now brought forth, and by order of the Captain his feet were strongly\\nbound to those of the horse, and his hands tied to the tail. Now, said the\\nCaptain, you have your passport, go. At the same time the cords by\\nwhich the mustang was tied were severed. The fiery animal, finding its\\nhmbs unfettered, sprung away with great violence, leaving behind him, in a\\nshort distance, the mangled remains of poor Grant. General Urrea, in\\nhis account of these transactions, sa^-s Grant was killed in the action of the\\n2d of March, and his statement is corroborated by that of Colonel Reuben\\nBrown, of Brazoria county, one of the survivors of Grant s party. We\\nsubjoin Colonel Brown s account of the death of Grant:\\nWe had reached the Agua Dulce, within some twenty miles of San Patricio, and, in\\nhigh spirits, we made an early start from tiiat place one morning Col. Grant, Placido\\nBenevidas and myself being about lialf a mile ahead to lead the horses, and the rest of\\nthe company following. We were passing between two large raotts, when suddenly\\nthere came out from each of those motts several Imndred Mexican di-agoons, who quirk-\\nly closed in, surrounding both the horses and our party. Grant, Placido and myself\\nmight then have made our escape, as we were well mounted and some distance in ad-\\nvance but our first nni)ulse being to relieve our party, we returned without rctlectmg\\nupon the impossibility of doing any good against so large a number, for there were at\\nleast one thousand dragoons, under the immediate command of Urrea Jiim^elf. We\\nthen at once understood that Urrea hadcouK; in on the main roail some distance below,\\nor to the south of us\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that he had been to San Patricio, and had probably slaughtered", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0557.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "o46 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nJohnson and his party. Plucido wished to ri\u00c2\u00bbturn with us, but Grant persuaded him to-\\nstart forthwith for Goliad, and give Fauniu information of Urrea s arrival. AVe had\\nbeen absent from San Patricio some ten or twelve days. As Grant and myself approaeh-\\ned to join our party, the dragoons opened their line, and we pa\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ed in. We at once\\nsaw that most of OLir party had already been killed, and we decided to sell our own\\nlives as dearly as possible. My horse was quickly killed with a lance, but Grant told\\nme to mount Major Morris horse, as Morris had just been killed. 1 did so, but without\\nseeing any object to be accomplished by it. Just at that moment the horses took a\\nstampede, and broke the lines of dragoons, and Grant and myself linding ourselves then\\nthe only survivors of our party, followed in the wake c-f the horses, the dragoons shoot,\\niug after us, and wounding our horses in several places, but not badly. As we were\\nflying, a dragoon rushed upon me with his lance set, but I knocked it one side and shot\\nhim, holding my pistol almost against his breast; and scarcely stopping, I fled wilb\\nGrant, the Mexicans following, and some of tliem occasionally coming up with us, and\\ncrying out to iisto surrender and our lives would be saved. But we knew better, and\\ncontinued to fly, but the number of those overtaking us became larger and larger, and\\nafter we had run six or seven miles, they surrounded us, when, seeing no further chance\\nof escape, we dismounted, determined to make them pay dearly for our lives. As E\\nreached the ground a Mexican lanced me in the arm, but Grant immediately shot hini\\ndead, when I seized his lance to defend myself. Just as he shot the Mexican, I saw\\nGrant fall, pierced with several lances, and a moment after I found myself fast in a\\nlasso that had been thrown over me, and by which I was dragged to the ground. I\\ncould do no more, and only regretted that I had not shared the fate of all the rest of\\nmy ])arty.\\nAfter Grant fell, 1 saw some ten or a dozen oflicers go up and run their swords through\\nhis body. He was well known to them, having lived a long time in Mexico. They had\\na bitter grudge against him.\\nGray, William Fairfax. Was a Clerk of the House of Representatives\\nin 1837. and subsequently District Attorney at Houstou, an office which he\\nheld when he died in that city in 1841,\\nGray, Peter Vf. Son of the above, was appointed District Attorney on\\nthe death of his father; was a member of the first Legislature of the State\\nand for many years filled the office of District Judge. During the war he\\nrepresented his district in the Confederate Congress; alter the war he\\nresumed the practice of his profession was appointed one of the Justices\\nof the Supreme Court in 1874, but alter a few months service, was com-\\npelled, on account of ill-health, to resign. He died in Houstou, October\\n8th, 1874.\\nOnAYSOx, Peter W. Was an Aid to General Burleson at San Antonio\\nin U ;;0 in 181)6, Attorney-General during the goverument ad interim;\\nsoon afterwards Avas sent to the United States in the diplomatic service,\\nwhere he remamed two years. At the close of General Houston s first\\nterm as President, Grayson became a candidate for the office, with flatter-\\ning prospects of success. Durilig the canvass, which was very bitter, he\\ndied by his own hands, at Bean s station, in Tennessee. In colonial times\\nGrayson had faithfully served Texas, at one time taking twenty-five of his\\nown negroes out to fight the Indians.\\nGreen, Thomas. Fought as a private at San Jacinto; was surveyor of\\nFayette county in 1838, and afterwards in the Ranging service. He was in*.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0558.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 547\\nthe Mexican war with the rank of Captain. He was the Clerk of the Su-\\npreni3 Court of the State from its organization until the breaking out of\\nthe civil war. He entered the Confederate army with the rank of Colonel;\\nwon distinction in the Arizona expedition, and also in the battle of Galves-\\nton. He rose to the rank, tirst of Brigadier, and then of Major-General\\nwas killed at the battle of Blair s Lauding, on Eed river, in Louisiana,\\nApril 12th, 1864.\\nGreen, Thomas Jefferson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of North Carolina educated\\nat West Point; resided successively in Tennessee, Mississippi and Florida.\\nCame to Texas in 1836, arriving while the army was at Groce s. Here, says\\nFoote, he was induced to accept the commission of Brigadier-General, and\\nto return to tlie United States for volunteers. Foote adds: Green s\\nuncommon activity enabled him to throw more men, provisions and muni-\\ntions of war into the country in the short space of a month or two, than any\\nother individual whatever had succeeded in contributing. He returned to\\nTexas in charge of some volunteers, on the schooner Ocean Queen, landing\\nat Velasco on the 3d of June. He and his men bore a conspicuous part in\\nthe forcible disembarkation of Santa Anna and his suite. In 1842, he was\\nin the Somervell campaign, and remained on the Rio Grande when that\\nGeneral returned. In the reorganization which took place for the descent\\nupon Mier, Green was chosen to command the men who went down the\\nriver in boats. At Mier he fought gallantly, and was bitterly opposed to\\nthe surrender; and rather than give up his sword to Ampudia, he broke it\\nacross his knee. He made his escape from the Castle of Perote, in the\\nspring of 1843, and arrived at Velasco in June, just on the eve of an elec-\\ntion, and was elected to Congress from Brazoria county. After annexation\\nhe went to California, where he served one term in the State Senate; and\\nwas elected Major-General of the militia. Returning to the Atlantic\\nStates, he settled again in his native State, where he died January 12th,\\n1864.\\nGregg, John. For whom the county was named, was a native of North\\nCarolina. Came to Texas in 1854, and was a member of the Secession\\nConvention in 1861. At the adjournment of the Convention, he entered\\nthe Confederate army as a Colonel was promoted to the rank of Brigadier\\nin 1862; and was killed at the battle near Charles Citv, Virginia, October.\\n1864.\\nGrimes, Jesse.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of North Carolina born in 1778. Removal\\nto Alabama in 1817, and came to Texas in January, 1826, and settled in the\\ncounty which bears his name. AVas in the Convention of 1836; served in\\nboth branches of the Congress of the Republic, and of the State Legisla-\\nture, after annexation. Died at his home, March 16th, 1866.\\nGuoCE, Jared E.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came with his family and about one hundred negroes\\nto the Brazos river, in the fall of 1821. Under the regulations of Austin s\\nfirst colonial grant, he was entitled to 80 acres of land for each slave intro-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0559.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "548 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nduced. He brought seed-corn, but such was the scarcity of breadstuffs,\\nthat after the corn was planted, he had to waich the field to keep the\\nnegroes from scratching it up to eat. When the corn was in roasting ears,\\nthe field had to be guarded night and day, to prevent the bears and other\\nwild animals from destroying it. He also brought a few cotton seed, and\\nplanted the first in Texas, and at Groce s Eetreat he, in 1828, built the first\\ncotton-gin house in the country. As an illustration of the moderate esti-\\nmate placed upon land, we may state that Col. Groce bought the league upon\\nwhich the town of Courtney now stands, for a bolt of domestic and a riding-\\npony. The Indians were troublesome, and on several occasions he armed a\\ncompany of his slaves, and went out on Indian scouts. He died in 1836. A\\nmodest monument surmounts his grave at his old home, Groce s Retreat.\\nGuTiERRES, Bernardo Was one of the patriot leaders, under Hidalgo,\\nin Mexico; was sent by the Revolutionary party, in 1811, as an Embassador\\nto the United States. After the death of Hidalgo, Bernardo, as he is usually\\ncalled, made his home at Nachitoches, Louisiana. At the organization on\\nthe Sabine, in 1812, of The Republican Army of the North Gutierrcs be-\\ncame the nominal commander, though the real authority was exercised by\\nMagee. After the death of Magee and the taking of San Antonio, in March,\\n1813, Bernardo began, among his own countrymen, to exercise more au-\\nthority. He organized a governing junta in the city, after the Mexicau\\nfashion and after the same fashion fourteen Spanish ofiicers, who had\\nsurrendered as prisoners of war, were put to death After this barbar-\\nous deed, Bernardo was for a time displaced from command, but was\\nrestored again on the arrival of Elisondo, with a fresh Spanish army, in\\nMay. He acted with great energy, and marched out and totally de-\\nfeated the Spaniards, in the battle of the Alazan, June 5th. Soon after\\nthis he was succeeded in the command by Toledo, and he, with his fam-\\nily, retired again to the east side of the Sabine, thus escaping the disas-\\ntrous battle of Medina. In 1819, Bernardo was appointed a member of\\nthe Supreme Council, organized by Long at Nacogdoches, but he never\\nheartily entered into Long s scheme of conquest. Ou the establishment\\nof the Republic of Mexico, in 1821, Bernardo became Governor of Tam-\\naulipas. In company with his young friend, Almonte, he sailed from\\nNew Orleans to Matamoras, and entered at once upon the discliarge of his\\nduties. It was his good fortune, in 1823, to capture the exiled Emperor,\\nIturbide, soon after he landed at Soto la Marina. As Conjrress had already\\ndecreed that if Iturbide returned to Mexico, he should be shot, Gutierres\\nwithout any unnecessary delay proceded to carry out the sentence. At the\\nexpiration of his term as Governor, he disappeared from public life. Bean,\\nin his personal narrative, under date at San Carlos, June 25th, 1825, says\\nfound Don Bernardo Gutierres, with about four liundred troops, in com-\\nmand of the place. He was my old friend, and I was very glad to see him,\\nas my horses and mules were giving out, and my money also; but to my\\nmisfortune, I found him very poor and unable to help himself. In his old\\nage, Bernardo supported himself by keeping a small saddlery-shop in Guer-\\nrero.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0560.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 549\\nHall, Warren D. C. Commenced the practice of law in Natchitoches,\\nLouisiana, in 1812, and the same year became a captain in Magee s expedi-\\ntion. After the battle of Eosillo, and the murder of the Spanish prisoners\\nby Deigado, Hall, with a number of other Americans, returned to the\\nUnited States, thus escaping the disastrous battle of Medina. In 1817, he\\naccompanied tlie expedition to Soto la Marina, but fortunately returned to\\nthe Texas coast with Aury, thus avoiding the fate of those who remained\\nwith Mina or returned by land with Perry. He became for a time a citizen\\nof Brazoria County, and was, in 1835, one of the Committee of Safety at\\nColumbia. While Rusk was absent in the army, in April, 1836, Hall was\\nActing Secretary of War, with Burnet, at Galveston. The last years of his\\nlife were spent at the place known as the Three Trees, on Galveston Island^\\nwhere he died in 1868.\\nHall, C. K. A native of Connecticut; became a merchant at Victoria\\nin 1838. When that place was burned by the Indians, in 1840, he removed\\nfirst to Houston and then to Bastrop; became largely interested in mail\\nstage-lines; in 1868, was Collector of Customs at Galveston, He died in\\nAustin in January, 1873.\\nHamilton, James\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of South Carolina, which State he represented\\nin Congress, and of which he was Governor. It was he who signed the\\nNullification Act, which came near plunging the country into civil war dur-\\ning the administration of President Jackson. For many years Hamilton\\nwas the commercial and diplomatic agent of Texas in Europe. While en-\\ngaged in this service, it is said he became involved in pecuniary embarrass-\\nments which consumed his private fortune. In 1857, he started for Texas\\nin hopes of obtaining relief, but was lost in the wreck of the steaniship Op-\\npelousas. In 1820, General Jackson proffered him the mission to Mexico,\\nwhich he declined. He also declined a seat in the United States Senate, ten-\\ndered to him on the death of Mr. Calhoun, and the command of the Ai-my\\nof Texas, tendered to him by the Congress of the Republic.\\nHamilton, Morgan C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of Alabama; came to Texas in 1830,^\\nand for six years was a clerk in the War Department, and at one time Act-\\ning Secretary of War, and also of the Treasury. In 1867, he was appointed\\nComptroller of the State Treasury; in 1868, he was a member of the Re-\\nconstruction Convention, and, in 1870, elected to the United States Senate,\\na position held until 1877. He resides in Austin.\\nHamilton, Andrew J. Brother of the above, and also a native of Ala-\\nbama came to Texas in 1846 was Attorney-General in 1849 after wliich\\nhe was a member of the State Legislature in 1859, elected to Congress,\\nwhere he opposed secession. During the progress of the war he lelt Texas,\\nand in the summer of 1865 was appointed Provisional Governor by An-\\ndrew Johnson. He was a member of the second Reconstruction Conven-\\ntion, and mainly instrumental in getting the very lil)eral electoral bill en-\\ngrafted in the Constitution of 1868. In 1860 he was the conservative candi-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0561.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "550 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ndate for Governor, and his friends thought him elected, but after a canvass\\nof the votes by General Reynolds, his opponent, General Davis, was de-\\nclared elected. Governor Hamilton died in Austin, in Api-il, 1875.\\nHancock, John A native of Alabama came to Texas in 1847; in 1851\\nhe was a District Judge; in the Legislature in 1860, and in the Constitu-\\ntional Convention in 1866. He was elected to Congress in 1870 re-elected\\nill 1872, and again in 1874. Lives in the city of Austin.\\nHandy, R. E. One of Houston s aids in the San Jacinto campaign died\\nin Richmond in 1838. When Handy died, said Lamar, I lost my best\\nfriend.\\nHansford, John M. A Representative in the Texas Congress from\\nShelby county, in 1838, and Speaker of the House. Died in 1843.\\nHardiman, Baily Secretary of the Treasury during the government ad\\ninterim. Died in October, 1836.\\nHawkins, Charles Was in early life a lieutenant in the United States\\nnavy next in the Mexican navy was with Mexia in his expedition to Tam-\\npico, and then a sommodore in the Texas navy. Died of small pox in New\\nOrleans in 1837.\\nHawkins, Joseph H. A schoolmate of Stephen F. Austin at Transylva-\\nnia, and also a partner of Austin in his Colonial Scheme. In a contract\\ndrawn up in New Orleans, November 14, 1821, Austin acknowledges the\\nreceipt of $4,000 from Hawkins, for which he covenanted to give Hawkins\\none-half part of the money, effects, projperty and profits arising from the\\nsale of lands, lots or from any other source growing out of the grant of\\nlands; and all lauds, lots, and other property, so derived, were to be from\\ntime to time divided between the parties in equal moities. (See Life and\\nEvents, pages 132-3.) Hawkins died in New Orleans in 1823. He left three\\nchildren. One fell with Fannin Thomas died in Texas in 1847 a daughter,\\nMrs, Victor, lives in Kentucky.\\nHays, John C. Was a famous Texas ranger. He was a captain in the\\nSomervell campaign 1842; he was the colonel of the first regiment of Tex.\\nans mustered into service in the Mexican War. When the term of service\\nof tiie regiment expired. Hays was appointed a major of infantry in the reg-\\nular army of the United States. In 1840 he was Indian Agent in New\\nMexico, and soon afterwards conducted a caravan across the continent to\\nCalifornia, where he has since resided. In 1852 he was surveyor general of\\nthat State.\\nHeard, William J. E. Came in 1830, with quite a colony, from North\\nAlabama to Texas, and settled first in Jackson county and afterwards in\\nWharton. He commanded Company F, in Burleson s regiment, in the\\nbattle of San Jacinto. His company was immediately in front of the Mex-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0562.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 551\\nican battery. When within one liundred yards of the guns, at the flash of the\\ncannon, his men all fell down, but rising instantly, he shouted to them that\\nthey must capture the cannons before the gunners had time to reload; and\\nit was done. Sixteen dead Mexicans were lying near the captured pieces.\\nBeside his sword. Captain H., carried his trusty rifle, which he fired sixteen\\ntimes during the battle. In 1840 Captain Heard accompanied Colonel John\\nH. Moore in a campaign against the Indians on the upper Colorado. Subse-\\nquently, he filled the office of Chief Justice of Wharton county. After iho\\nclose of the civil war, he removed from his model plantation in Wharton\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2county to Chappell Hill, where he died in August, 1874.\\nHemphill, John\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of South Carolina; graduated at Jefierson\\nCollege, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and studied law; came to Texas at an early\\nperiod, and was appointed Chief Justice of the Republic in 1840 in 1842,\\nwasAdjutant to General Somervell; in 1845, in Annexation Convention; i7i\\n1846, re-appointed Chief Justice, an office he held until 1859, when he was\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0elected to the United States Senate resigned when the State seceded, and\\nwas sent as one of the delegates of Texas to the Convention at Montgomery,\\nAlabama. He did not return to Texas, and was defeated in his deletion to\\nthe Confederate Senate. Died in Richmond, Virginia, in January, 1862\\nHis remains were brought to Austin for final interment.\\nHenderson, J. PiNCKNEY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of North Carolina; after receivin^r\\nlicense to practice law, removed to Mississippi. In 1836, he raised a com-\\npany of volunteers and brought them to Texas, landing at Velasco June\\n13th. At the inauguration of President Houston, in November, he became\\nAttorney-General, and at a subsequent period. Secretary of State. In 1837,\\nwas Minister to England and France; returned to Texas in 1840, and .-c-\\nsumed the practice of his profession. His partners were K. L. Anderson\\nand T. J. Rusk. In 1844, he was sent as special Minister to the United\\nStates and in 1845 he was elected Governor. By the authority of the Leo--\\nislature, he commanded the Texans in the Mexican war, with rank of\\nMajor-General of Volunteers. For his gallantry at Monterey, the United\\nStates Congress voted him a sword. In 1857, he was elected to the United\\nStates Senate to fill the unexpired term of Senator Rusk, but his health was\\nthen dechning and he died before taking his seat.\\nHerreka, Simon De.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of the Canary Islands. In early life trav-\\neled extensively, especially in the United States. Married an Eno-lish 1-idv\\nat Cadiz. He was one of those selected by De Galves and sent^out fro..\\nSpam to reform the administration in the new world; he was appointed\\nGovernor of Nueva Leon. Pike, who in 1807 enjoyed his hospitalitv, savs\\nIf ever a chief was adored by his people, it was Herrera. When I saw\\nhim, he had been absent from his capital about one vcar; du.in- which\\nime the citizens of rank in Monterey had not sufi-ered a marria-c or baptism\\nto take place in any of their families; waiting until their common father\\ncould be there to consent, and give joy to the occasion by his presence\\nHerrera was sent both as commander and diplomatist to the Sabine, in", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0563.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "552 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n1806, to repel the threatenei l invasion by tlie Americans under Generali\\nWilkinson. He was imperatively ordered to drive back the Americaus,^\\nand all parties expected war. But Herrera and Wilkinson entered into\\nnegotiations, and the treaty of the Neutral Ground was formed. His\\ncolleague, Cordero, disapproved the arrangement, and both officers sent\\nreports to their superior officers. Until an answer was returned, said\\nIlerrera to General Pike, I experienced the most unhappy period of my\\nlife; conscious that I had served my country faithfully, at the same time\\nthat I had violated every principle of military duty. To his relief, the\\ncommandant, the viceroy and the king of Spain approved his course. The\\ndiscovery and the defeat of the scheme of Aaron Burr for revolutionizing\\nNorthern Mexico, was the object attained by the diplomacy of Herrera.\\nThis, in the estimation of the Spaniards, more than atoned for the disobe-\\ndience to orders. Herrera was one of the unfortunate victims of the\\nmassacre of Delgado, at San Antonio, April oth, 1813.\\nHerrera, Jose Manuel, A priest who early joined the Republican\\nparty in Mexico. He was, in 1816, the diplomatic agent in the United\\nStates. He resided mostly in New Orleans, and in company with Commo-\\ndore Aury, took possession of Galveston and established Republican\\nheadquarters on the island. In 1823, he was in the cabinet of Iturbide, and.\\nwarmly espoused the colonization scheme of Austin, who was then in the\\ncity of Mexico. When Iturbide was deposed, Herrera fled from the capital\\nand was twenty years in exile. In 1841, he reappeared upon the theater of\\nMexican politics, and was for a short time entrusted with the chief execu-\\ntive power. To defeat the prospect of annexation to the United States, he\\nconsented to the acknowledgement of her independence, on condition that\\nTexas should remain an independent Republic. But this proposition came\\ntoo late; preliminary steps had already been taken for the accomplishment\\nof this object, and in spite of the remonstrances of Mexico, Texas became\\none of the States of the Union,\\nHewiston, Dr. James. One of Austin s companions to Texas in 1821,.\\nDecree No. 13, September 10th, 1827, constituted him a Coahuil-Texan, (a\\ncitizen of Coahuila and Texas) The same year, in conjunction with James\\nPower, he obtained an empresario contract for settling a colony on the\\ncoast west of Goliad, For many years he carried on an extensive mercan-\\ntile and manufacturing business at Saltillo, where he died in 1870.\\nHiGHSMiTH, Samuel.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 iV native of Kentucky, but came from Missouri to\\nTexas in 1826, and settled on the frontier, where he rendered effii;ient service\\nas Captain of a company of rangers. In 1849 lie commanded the escort\\nthat guarded the commissioners sent to open the road from San Antonio to-\\nEl Paso. The hardships of the trip brought on a fever, from which he died\\nsoon after his return to San Antonio.\\nHill., B. F, A clerk in the eighth Congress and also in the first Legisla-\\nture for a time he filled the office of Adjutant-General. Was killed in.\\nVictoria, in 1866.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0564.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "THOMAS J. RUSK.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0565.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0566.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 555\\nHockley, George W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was Inspector General at the 6attle of Sail\\nJacinto; Secretary of War luuler Ploiistoii in 1843, and was sent bv Houston\\nto Mexico to negotiate a peace. He died in Houston, in 1854,\\nHoRTON, Albert C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came in an earl}^ day from Alabama to Texas, and\\nopened a large plantation on Cauey, in Wharton county. In the sprino- of\\n1836, he collected a small cavalry company and marched to Goliad to assist\\nFannin, taking some oxen to be used in the transportation of cannon. He\\narrived at Goliad on tlie 16th of March, and on the next day crossed the\\nriver and had a skirnnish with the cavalry of Urrea, Shackleford, who saw\\nthe fight, says, Horton behaved with great gallantry, and made a furious\\ncharge upon the enemy; but, encountering a heavy force of infantry, he\\nretreated in good order, On the I9th, the morning of the retreat frgm\\nGoliad, Horton was sent in advance to examine the crossing of the Coleta,\\nWhile at the stream awaiting the arrival of Fannin, that officer had been\\ncompletely surrounded by the army of Urrea, Horton was anxious to\\nattempt to rejoin Fannin, but his men thought it impracticable to do so, as\\nthey were too few to attempt so hazardous a feat. Horton, then, says\\nShackleford, resolved to go to Victoria and procure reinforcements but\\nDimitt, the commander there, had already retired towards the Colorado\\nriver. Dr, Shackleford adds: Horton should not be censured; he had\\ndone all in his power to relieve his companions, and an attempt to reach\\nthe battle-ground would almost inevitably have resulted in the death or cap-\\ntivity of the whole party. During the Republic, Horton represented his\\ncounty in Congress; and at the first election after annexation, was elected\\nLieutenant-Governor. Soon after his inauguration. Governor Henderson\\nleft the State to command the Texans in the Mexican war, and Horton\\nbecame Governor. He died at his plantation in 1865, soon after the surren-\\nder of the Confederate armies and the emancipation of the slaves.\\nHouston, Sam,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, in 1793.\\nWhen fourteen yeai s old, his father died, leaving his family in destitute cir-\\ncumstances. The widow, with her nine children, removed to Blount county,\\nTennessee. Young Sam spent his time alternately at school, at farm work,\\nand as a clerk in a store. Without any assignable cause, he left home and\\njoined a band of Cherokee Indians hunting in the neighborhood. Havino-\\ncontracted some debts for clothes, he returned home and engaged in school-\\nteaching until he made enough to pay his debts. In 1813 he enlisted as a\\nsoldier in the Creek war, and greatly distinguished himself at the battle of\\nthe Horse Shoe, on the Tallapoosa river, March 2-ith, 1814. Major ]\\\\Iont-\\ngomery, the first to ascend the Indian breastworks, was instantly killed.\\nEnsign Houston, who was just behind him, was severely wounded with an\\narrow, and also by two rifle balls. His gallantry won the admiration of\\nGeneral Jackson, and a life-long friendship sprung up between the two. It\\nwas neaily a year before Houston had sufficiently recovered to return to his\\nhome. In November, 1817, he was appointed Indian Agent. Complaints\\nwere made ])y dissatisfied contractors, of Houston s management, but after\\na full investigation he was honorably acquitted. He soon afterwards re-\\n31", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0567.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "556 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nsigned the agency, and at the same time surrendered his commission as a\\nLieutenant in the army.\\nHe now determined to devote himself to the law, and commenced its\\nstudy. In 1819 he was elected District Attoney of Davidson county, and\\nat the same time Major-General of the militia. In 1823 he was elected to\\nCongress, and rf?-elected in 1825. At the close of his second term he was\\nelected Governor of Tennessee; and in January, 1829, he married a Miss\\nWhite. No man ever enjoyed a higher degree of popularity than did Hous-\\nton at that time. He was elected by an overwhelming majority and there\\nwas scarcely a breath of opposition to his administration in the Legislature.\\nTo all outward appeai ance he and his beautiful bride lived in perfect con-\\njugal felicity. One morning in April, the citizens of Nashville were thunder-\\nstruck with the announcement that Mrs. Houston had returned to her\\nfather s house in Gallatin, and that Houston had resigned the Gubernatorial\\nchair and fled from the city in disguise. But it was so. He had taken\\npassage on a steamer, and gone to rejoin his old companions among the\\nCherokees, then living on the Arkansas river, in the Indian Territory.\\nCuriosity has in vain attempted to ascertain the cause of the domestic\\ntrouble. The lips of the two persons most deeply involved remained sealed\\nuntil they were forever closed in death; and the mystery is still un-\\nsolved.\\nOn the 29tli of October, 1829, Houston was formally admitted to citizen-\\nship among the Cherokees. In 1832 he visited the city of Washington in\\nthe interest of the Indian tribes, and secured the removal of some un-\\nworthy agents. This provoked opposition, and Houston had a personal\\nrencounter with a member of Congress from Ohio. He was arrested and\\nfined five hundred dollars; but President Jackson remitted the fine. When\\nhe left the Capital he bore in his pocket a commission as Confidential\\nIndian Agent among the tribes of the Southwest, to whom he was sent to\\nnegotiate treaties.\\nThis opens a new career in Houston s life. A man like him, conscious ot\\nhis own abilities, and who, in early life, had been so remarkably success-\\nful, could not long remain content in the solitude of the wilderness, with\\nno companions but the half-civilized aborigines. His visit to Washington,\\nand the cordial reception given him by his former commander, had revived\\nhis love for civilized life, and his ambition to re-enter the political arena.\\nThe circumstances were auspicious. He had already been meditating a\\nsettlement in Texas, and the establishment of a stock ranche on some of\\nher beautiful i^rairies. He determined to visit the Province, partly to look\\nfor a new home, and partly to fulfill his mission to the Indian tribes within\\nher territory. He crossed Red river, at Jouesborough, December 10th,\\n1832, and jjroceeded to Nacogdoches, passing but two houses on the route.\\nAt San Felipe, he met James Bowie, who invited him to visit San Antonio\\nand have a talk with some Comanche chiefs, then camped in the neigh-\\nborhood of that city. From this period Texas became his home, and for\\nthirty years his character forms her principal liistorical figure; and her soil\\nentombs his mortal remains. Houston had his taults and who has them\\nnot? but with all his faults he was the man for the times; the man that", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0568.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 557\\nTexas needed at that period of her history. He had had experience as a\\nlegislator, as an executive, and as an officer in the United States army. His\\nyouth had been passed in severe struggles with poverty, and nearly his\\nwhole life had been spent on the frontier. He was a pioneer among those\\nhardy adventurers who are constantly enlarging the boundaries of civiliza-\\ntion. He was still in the prime of manhood, and his fine physical form\\npointed him out as one born to command. Around the camp-fires, in tlm\\ncompany of his comrades in arms, he was jovial perfectly at home; could\\nbarbecue his own meat, and, if he enjoyed such a luxury, could prepare his\\nown cup of coffee. Self-reliant and self-helpful, he exacted no service from\\nhis soldiei s that he was himself unwilling to undertake. When planning a\\ncampaign, or conducting a battle, he was equally pelf-reliant, but more\\nreticent, seldom advising with his brotlier officers. He also possessed the\\nrare and wonderful gifts of a popular orator. He could sway the multi-\\ntude as the trees of the forests are bent by the passing tornado. He could,\\non any occasion, on a moment s notice, address his fellow-citizens, or his\\nfellow-soldiers, in stich strains of convincing eloquence as inspired his\\nauditoi-y with his own lofty sentiments. The advent of such a man into\\nTexas properly forms an epoch in our history.\\nThe first service he rendered his adopted country was as a member of\\nthe Convention at San Felipe, in 1833. He was the chairman of the com-\\nmittee that drew up a Constitution for the State as it was to be, when sepa-\\nrated from Coahuila. It was a brief, but model document, and might even\\nBOW be studied with profit, though, owing to the subversion of the Mexican\\nConstitution by Santa Anna, it was never adopted, and Texas never be-\\ncame a Mexican State.\\nIn 1834, a project was formed for introducing into East Texas a large\\nnumber of Creek Indians. This, Houston assisted in defeating.\\nHouston did not at that period think it best for Texas to attempt a sepa-\\nration from Mexico. As late as August, 1835, he introduced a sei ies of\\nresolutions, at a public meeting at Nacogdoches, declaring for the Consti-\\ntution of 1824. He was a member of the General Consultation at San\\nFehpe, in 1835, and still opposed a declaration of independence. But Coa-\\nhuila was in a state of revolution, and Texas was almost witliout the\\nsemblance of civil government until this body organized a Provisional\\nGovernment. This was on the thirteenth of November. Hostilities then\\nactually existed, and Houston was elected commander of the forces in the\\nfield.\\nHouston remained for sometime at San Felipe, assisting the Executive\\nCouncil in framing ordinances for the efficient organization of an army. An\\nimmediate Mexican invasion was not anticipated, and many Toxans thouglit\\na descent upon Matamoras both practicable and expedient. While other i ar-\\nties were getting up voluntarj^ expeditions. Governor Smith, on the 17th of\\nDecember, formally ordered General Houston to make a demonstration\\nupon Matamoras or at least to secure Copano, and harass the enemy in\\nthat direction and Houston, says Yoakum, ordered Colonel James Bowie\\nto raise, if possible, a suflScient force and march upon Matamoras. Again, on\\nthe 6th of January, 1836, the Governor ordered Houston, says Yoakum, to", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0569.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "558 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nrepair to Bexar, or such other point on the frontier as he might deem most\\neligible, and establish his headquarters. Houston, instead of going to Sun\\nAntonio, went directly to Goliad, reaching that place on the 16th of January.\\nOn the day he arrived there, he ordered Major Morris to Kefugio with his\\ncommand, and sent Bowie with thirty men to Bexar, with a letter to Col-\\nonel Neill desiring him to demolish the fortifications of that place, and bring-\\noff the artillery, as it would be impossible to hold it. When the General\\narrived at Refugio, he was shown an act of the council that empowered\\nColonel Johnson to lead an independent force against Matamoras, and\\nlearned that Coloned Fannin had similar authority. Considering that his au-\\nthority had thus been set aside, he immediately returned to Washington\\nand made his report to Governor Smith. The few citizens and soldiers at\\nRefugio elected Houston to the Convention which was to assemble in March\\nat Washington.\\nAmong other acts of the Council, it passed a solemn decree to secure the\\nconfidence and respect of the civilized Indians in East Texas that they would\\nguarantee to the Indians the peaceable enjoyment of their rigiits to their\\nlands; that all surveys, grants and locations made within these limits, after\\nthe settlements of the Indians, are, and of right ought to be, null and\\nvoid. On Houston s return to Washington, Governor Smith gave him a\\nfurlough till the first of March, and directed him, in conjunction with\\nMessrs Forbes and Cameron, to bear this solemn declai-ation to the Indians,\\nand enter into a treaty with them and added: Your absence is permitted\\nin part by illegal acts of the Council, in superseding you, by the unauthor-\\nized appointment of agents to organize and control the army, contrary to\\nthe organic law and the ordinances of their own body. He and Mr.\\nForbes proceeded to the east and effected the treaty a treaty which un-\\ndoubtedly kept the Indians quiet during the exciting period which immedi-\\nately succeeded.\\nHouston took his seat in the Convention which met on the first of March.\\nThe declaration of independeni-,e took place on the second and on the fourth,\\nHouston was elected Commander-in-Chief, and two days later left for the\\narmy, then on the bank of the Gaudalupe. We need not repeat the inci-\\ndents connected with the retreat from Gonzales, and the march to the\\nbattle-ground.\\nOn the morning of the ever-memorable 21st of April. Santa Anna was re-\\ninforced by the arrival of Cos with live hundred additional troops. Hous-\\nton sent Deaf Smith, with a few companions, to burn Vinco s Bridge on\\nSimms Bayou. Tliis was done to cut of the retreat of the Mexicans.\\nAbout 12 M., a council of officers was held at Houston s headquarters, and a\\nplan of battle arranged. A little after three, the bugle sounded and the\\ntroops paraded for action. Burleson s regiment occupied the center; Sher-\\nman was on Burleson s left; and the artillery, commanded by Hockley,\\nand the regulars under Millard, with the cavalry under Lamar, were on\\nthe right. Si)ontaneously, as the men rushed impetuously to the charge,\\nthe shout ran along the line, Remember the Alanu) remember Goliaill\\nThe fine form of the Commiinder-in-Chicf was conspicuous in the- front of\\nthe ranks. Some of Houston s enemies have stated differently, but Ben.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0570.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 559\\nM Culloch, who was in command of one of the cannon, stated that on one\\noccasion, when about to fire, he withheld the discharge of his i)iece until\\nHouston could pass, as he was immediately in front. Among- the compar-\\natively few Texans injured on that day, so glorious in our history, Houston\\nwas severely wounded in the foot. The enemy, after a few rounds, fled in\\nthe utmost disorder fi-om the field. The victory was complete. Six\\nhundred and thirty Mexicans lay dead on the battle-ground; two hundred\\nand thirty-eight were wounded, and seven hundred and thirty were v.iris-\\noners in the Texan camp.\\nThe loss of the Texans was inconsiderable eight killed and twenty-five\\nwounded. The day after the battle, Santa Anna was brought a prisoner\\ninto camp. Notwithstanding the recent massacres at San Antonio and\\nGoliad, the captive chief was treated with great magnanimity; his personal\\nbaggage was restored, and he was permitted to have the society of his pei\\nsonal staflf. General Houston s wound proving very jiainful, he obtained\\nleave of absence, and on the fifth day of May, embarked on one of the Gov-\\nernment vessels for New Orleans, for surgical aid. On the 4th of June he\\nwrote as follows to Lamar: My wound has improved; some twenty or\\nmore bones have been taken out of it my general health improves steadily,\\nbut it is only within the last four or five days that I have been enabled to\\nsit up any portion of the day. When sufficiently restored, he started back\\nto Texas, reaching San Augustine on the fifth of July. His talents, his for-\\nmer experience in political life, and especially the splendid victory achieved\\nunder his command at San Jacinto, pointed him out as the most suitable\\nperson to fill the executive chair of the young Republic and at the election\\nheld in September, he was elected President of the Republic. It is hardly\\nnecessary to i*eview the various measures of his administration. Towards\\nthe Indians he always pursued a liberal and pacific policy. He enforced\\nthe most rigid economy in the various departments of the government, eveu\\nfirst furloughing and then disbanding the army to curtail expenses* The\\nEnglish was substituted for the Spanish system of judicature. By the con-\\nstitution, the first President held office only two years, and was inelgible at\\nthe next ensuing election. He was succeeded by Vice-President Lamar, but\\nwas i e-eleoted President in 184:1. Wlien he again became President, he\\nfound the public credit at the lowest ebb; the Indians hostile; the seat,of\\ngovernment on the extreme frontier, at Austin, and the Mexicans threat-\\nening another invasion. He soon succeeded in improving the financial situa-\\ntion, in quieting the Indians and improving the general tone of feeling\\nthroughout the counti-y. But in March, 18-12, a Mexican force under Vas-\\nquez captured San Antonio, and another party took possession of Goliad.\\nHouston, thinking the public archives were too much exposed on the fron-\\ntier, removed the seat of government, first to Houston then to Washington,\\non the Brazos. This provoked great opposition to his administration in the\\nwest.\\nTlie Navy was another source of trouble. It had cost an enormous sum,\\nand had been of very little advantage to the country. A bitter pex sonal\\ncontroversy arose between the President and Commodore Moore, which\\nfinally resulted in the suspension of tiie latter from his command. By", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0571.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "560 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nHouston s recommendation, Congress had passed a secret bill for the sale\\nof the ships. When this was known at Galveston, it produced such a state\\nof excitement that the law was repealed. Again the prisoners in Mexico,\\ntaken first in the Santa Fe expedition, and afterwards in the Micr expedi-\\ntion, caused trouble; many thinking that the President did not exert him-\\nself for their release. Added to tliis, the miserable failure of the expedi-\\ntion sent out by his authority, under Snively, added to the annoyances of\\nhis second administration. Again: the subject of annexation to the United\\nStates was now becoming the question, in Texas. It was thought Hous-\\nton, if he did not oppose this measure, was at least indilferent to its\\nsuccess. In this he was undoubtedly misjudged. He was in favor of\\nannexation, but he thought the best way to secure that measure was to\\nappear comparatively indifferent. In the meantims, he did secure an\\narmistice with Mexico, which continued until annexation was consummated\\nduring the administration of his successor, Dr. Jones. Jones had been\\nSecretary of State under Houston, and was the choice of Houston s friends\\nas his successor.\\nGeneral Houston was elected a member of the Annexation Convention,\\nfrom Montgomery county, but for some unexplained reason never appear-\\ned and claimed his seat. At the first session of the State Legislature, in\\n1846, he was elected to the United States Senate, and was re-elected in 1847,\\nand again in 1851. An old Jackson Democrat, he naturally associated with\\nthe dominant party in Congress, the party that had annexed Texas to the\\nUnion, and was carrying on the Mexican war. He was in favor of a rigid\\nconstruction of the Constitution, and opposed to banks and a paper curren-\\ncy opposed to all monopolies, and in general to all subsidies by the general\\nand State governments. He opposed giving State aid to railroads, asserting\\n1st, that the money would be in danger of being lost; and 2d, that\\nif so used, it would create such powerful monej ed corporations as to endan-\\nger the liberties of the people. In a speech, in Austin, in the latter part of\\n1853, he declared, that he would rather see CA ery dollar in the Treasury\\nsunk in the Colorado river, than to see it loaned to railroad corporations.\\nAs early, however, as 1848-49, he began to be suspected by some of his\\nSouthern friends, as having a leaning towards the North. The question\\nwas upon the extension of the Missouri Compromise over the newly-\\nacquirod territoi-y on the Pacific coast. He voted against the extension of\\nthe thirty-six degrees thirty minutes line across the Continent, thus virtu-\\nally excluding slavery from the Pacific coast. In a speech, in the Senate,\\nhe said: It could iiot be for the interest of the North to destroy the\\nSouth. The intelligent and manly spirit of the North would rise up\\nto defend the Union. He wished no separation of the States. He had too\\nmuch confidence in the North to fear any injury from that section, and he\\nthought the South, (and he was a Southern man), should make some sacri-\\nfices for the purpose of reconciliation. Long before this, Houston had\\ntaken a decitled stand fur the Union. He was in Texas during the Nullifi-\\ncation excitement in South Carolina. He wrote to President Jackson I\\nhave with much pride and inexpressible satisfaction seen your message and\\nproclamation, touching the Nullifiers of the South, and their peaceable", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0572.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES. 561\\nmeasures. God grant that you may save the Union It does seem to me\\nthat it is reserved for you, and you alone, to render millions so great a\\nblessing. I hear all voices commend your course, even in Texas, where is\\nfelt the liveliest interest in the preservation of the Republic.\\nIn 1854, Senator Douglas introduced into the Senate, in his Kansas and\\nNebraska bill, his famous doctrine of Squatter Sovereignty giving Territo-\\nrial Legislatures the right to say whether slavery should, or should not\\nexist in their respective Territories, Houston, and John Bell, of Tennessee,\\nwere the only Southern Senators who voted against Douglas bill. Hous-\\nton opposed the bill on the ground of expediency admitting, however,\\nthat the principle was correct, that the citizens should decide whether ihey\\nwould tolerate or exclude slavery from their State. Houston contended\\nthat if this bill passed, which was a virtual repeal of the Missouri Compro-\\nmise, the new Territorities would exclude slavery. The North, being the\\nmost populous, Avould pour into them a tide of immigrants, who would\\nnever consent to the existence of slavery. The result vindicated this view\\nof the Senator. Both Nebraska and Kansas became free States.\\nAbout this time, Houston, for a period, affiliated with the Know-Nothiijg\\nparty. His course was severely condemned by many in Texas, and he was\\noften called upon to defend himself. We copy some extracts from one of\\nhis speeches delivered at Nacogdoches, December 21st, 1855. The first\\nextract refers to the bill for the naturalization of foreigners, allowing every\\none to vote on a six months residence in the country. He contended this\\nwas in contravention of the laws of the United States, which required a\\nlonger residence. This bill, said he, relinquishes the acknowledged\\nright of the South to slave States south of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes.\\nIt was a concession of every benefit the South might claim from the Com-\\npromise of 1820. It gave to aliens the right to suffrage in six months after\\nthey came to the Territories, no matter where they came from whether\\nfresh from the prisons and poor-houses of Europe, with the mark of the\\nfetters or the parish garb upon their limbs,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they stand upon the soil as free\\nas the American who has shed his blood in defense of his country; and\\nwith such privileges given such a class, the fallacious hoi)e was indulged by\\nSouthern gentlemen that slavery would go into the Territories. The sou\\nof the soil, with his slaves and his sturdy boys, all capable of advancing\\nand defending the interests of the Territories, ai-e to be weighed in the\\nbalance with the pauper or the felon, who has been hurled from European\\nsociety as a blot too foul for endurance and by this means, slavery is to go\\ninto Km^as! The South repudiated this, and stood by Mr. Clayton s\\namendment on the first vote upon the bill, but receded from its position\\nwhen the bill came back from the House with the amendment stricken out,\\nand swallowed the bill. I could not do it. The times have changed. Europe\\nis emptying her vials of wrath upon us in the shape of thousands of her\\nworst population, and it is time that a more cautious policy should be\\nadopted. There are honorable exceptions, but the mass is a vile compound\\nof all the dangerous tendencies ol trans- Atlantic society. The South found\\nherself powerless to check the evil, and it gave way. I could not do it,\\nand whether I am to stand alone, or not, I will always be found resisting", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0573.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "562 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe encroachments of foreign influence upon our government. My vote\\nshall never be founcl in favor of allowing the vote of the foreigner, who\\nhas been on our soil but six months, to weigh against the vote of a native\\nor a naturalized citizen, in moulding the institutions of a sovereign State\\nof this Union. Never!\\nSouthern men are expected to embrace the Nebraska bill because it pro-\\nclaims a correct principle and establishes the doctrine of non-intervention,\\nr accept no guide for my action but the Constitution and my constituents.\\nHecause the entire South was w^rong, should I be wrong too? I saw in that\\nbill what the results have proved to be in it disruption and disunion. I\\ntoldihem that generations yet unborn would reap the direful consequences\\nif they repealed the Compromise. What is the establishment of an empty\\nprinciple, if notliing is to be gained by it? What does the South gain by\\nhaving the right to carry slaves to Nebraska, if slavery cannot go there?\\nNothing. The aflBrmation of a correct principle, when evil will grow out\\nof it, is worse than nothing and can any one point out the benefits which\\nhave accrued to the South by this means? Under the Missouri Compro-\\nmise the South did realize benefits, by the accession of slave States; but\\nnow that there is no line between slavery and free soil, where will it end?\\nPopulation, with anti-slavery tendencies, will make free States at your veiy\\ndoors. You can point to no compact by which the limits of free soil were\\nfixed, and Texas will be like Kentucky, with a receptacle for her runaway\\nnegroes on her borders. True, the Missouri Compromise did not compel\\nStates south of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes to be slave States, but\\nhave any free States been found south of that line? And has it not always\\nbeen conceded that they were to be slave States? The standard of free\\nsoil was not j)lanted in Louisiana or Missouri; and why? Because the\\nMissouri Compromise was a line of demarkation between slavery and free\\nsoil, and the North, aggressive as it has been, never has crossed that line.\\nWho can foretell the result of the Compromise of 1850? I stood side by\\nside with the statesmen North and South, in the support of those measures.\\nAnd did they not soothe the waves of discord that dashed at the foot of the\\nCapitol? As if a Savior spoke, so calm and smooth became their glassy\\nsurface! Did it not quiet the discordant croakings of the Abolitionists,\\nand lull into security the fears of the American people? It was a re-afhrnia-\\ntion of the faith of compromises and when the repeal of the Missouri\\nCompromise was asked, I would have been untrue to every political act of\\nmy life, untrue to the repeated instructions of my constituents, had I not\\nresisted it. A thousand kind memories cluster around the Compromise.\\nIt was hallowed by the devotion of the valiant defenders of the Constitu-\\ntion. Under its rule the country had witnessed peace and prosperity. I\\ntold them I would stand astride the line of thirty-six degrees thirty min-\\nutes, if needs be, and there would do battle, and there I would perish in\\ndefense of the rights of the South.\\nHouston, judging correctly, from the tone of public sentiment in Texas,\\nthat he would not be returned to the Senate, in 1857 announced himself an\\nindependent candidate for Governor. He was beaten by lion. II. II. Run-\\nnels, the regular Democratic nominee. We believe this was the only time\\nhe ever was defeated in an election before the people.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0574.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "SIDNEY SHERMAN.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0575.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0576.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 565\\nAt this period political excitement i-an high, and the small cloud was\\nalready visible which portended a feaiiiil civil strife. Perhaps to divert\\nattention from sectional animosities, Houston, on the 20th of April, 1858,\\nintroduced a most remarkable resolution into the Senate. It was nothino-\\nless than a proposition looking to the establishment of a protectorate over\\nMexico I He was a strong advocate of what is called the Monroe doctrine\\nthat America must control the political affairs of her own continent; and he\\nfeared that Mexico was about to pass under European domination. In\\n1848, he had advocated the policy of taking possession of Yucatan, when it\\nwas thought that peninsula would fall into the hands of Spain. The fol-\\nlowing Ava? Houston s resolution\\nWhereas, the events connected with the numerous efforts of the people\\nof Mexico to establish upon a reliable basis an orderly system of self-\\ngovernment, have invariably resulted in a complete failure; and whereas,\\nthe condition of Mexico is such as to excite alarming apprehensions that\\nshe may precipitate herself into a wild condition of anarchy; and the more\\nso as she has demonstrated, from time to time, her utter inability to suppress\\nher intestine commotions and to conquer the hosts of bandits with which\\nshe is infested and whereas, the United States of America, on account of\\nthe continental policy which they cherish and desire to enforce, can never\\npermit Mexico to be re-subjugated by Spain, or placed under the dominion\\nof any foreign power; and whereas, one of the most important duties\\ndevolving upon civihzed governments, is to exact from adjoining nations\\nthe observance of good neighborhood, thus shielding themselves against\\nimpending, or even remote, injury to their border security: Therefore\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHesolved, That a committee of seven be raised to inquire and report to\\nthe Senate, whether or not it is expedient for the government of the United\\nStates of America to declare and maintain a protectorate over the so-called\\nRepubUc of Mexico, in such a form and to such extent as shall be necessary\\nto secure to this Union good neighborhood, and to the people of said coun-\\ntry the benefits of orderly and Avell-regulated Republican government.\\nIn 1859, Houston again became an independent Democratic candidate\\nfor Governor. In his letter of acceptance he said The Constitution and\\nthe Union embrace the principles by which I will be governed, if elected.\\nThey comprehend all the old Jackson Democracy I ever professed or offici-\\nally practiced. In a circular addressed to his constituents, he said: I\\nwould lay down my life to defend any one of the States from aggression\\nwhich endangered its peace, or threatened its institutions. I could do no\\nmore for the Union. I could wish to do more for the destruction of the\\nUnion would be the ruin of all the States.\\nGovernor Runnels was nominated for re-election by the regular Demo-\\ncratic Convention. Some of Mr. Runnels supporters were ardent advo-\\ncates for the i-e-opening of the African slave trade, though the Convention\\nwhich nominated him refused to endorse that iniquitous maasure. After\\nan active canvass, in which Houston spoke in most of the prominent cities\\nof the State, proclaiming his devotion to thetlnion and his hostility to the\\nre-opening of the slave trade, he was elected by a handsome majority. He,\\nhowever, found himself embarrassed from the commencement of his admin-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0577.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "566 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nistration. The Indians were troublesome upon the frontier; incendiary-\\nfires occurred in various parts of Northern and Eastern Texas. Tliese were\\nsaid to be caused by Abolitiou emisariL s, and this intensified the excitement.\\nHouston was a pronounced opponent of secession, and it was soon evident\\nthat a majority of the Legislature were in favor of that measure. Houston\\nwas wining to co-operate witli tlie border skive States in any measure\\ndeemed necessary for mutual protection. But this did not satisfy the\\nSecessionists, who were resolved that Texas should link her destiny with\\nher sister Southern States. The Legislature convened in extra session\\nJanuary 21st, 18G1. By common consent, the people had, on the 8lh of\\nJanuary, elected delegates to a Convention which assembled at Austin on\\nthe 27th of the same month.\\nFearing the United States pi operty on the frontier might be seized by\\nirresponsible parties, Houston, on the 20th of January, wrote to General\\nTwiggs, in command at San Antonio, inviting him to turn the property\\nbelonging to the army over to the State authorities. In his reply, dated\\nthe 22d, Gen. Twiggs said I am without instructions from Washington\\nas to tiic disposition of public property here. After secession, if the execu-\\ntive of the State makes a demand of the commander of the department, he\\nwill receive an answer. The pi operty was promptly surrendered to the\\ncommissioners appointed by the Secession Convention.\\nThe ordinance of secession was passed on the 1st of February, after which\\nthe Convention adjourned. The popular vote was taken on the 23d, and\\nsecession i)revailed. The Convention re-assembled on the 2d of March. It\\nwas now too late to oppose secession, but Houslon, among his friends, ad-\\nvised Texas to resume her former position as a Republic, and refrain from\\nattaching herself to the Confederacy which had just been formed at Mont-\\ngomery, Alabama. The Convention, however, on the 5th of March, passed\\na bill uniting Texas to the new Confederacy. All State officers were re-\\nquired, on the 14th, to take the oath to support the new government. This\\nHouston refused to do. He was joined by Mr. Cave, his Secretary of State.\\nThe two were displaced from office. On the IGth, Lieutenant-Governor\\nClark was inaugurated Governor. Houston made no serious opposition to\\nretiring to jjrivate life. He, however, published an address to the people\\nof Texas, in which he said: I protest, in the name of the people of Texas^\\nagainst the acts of this Convention, and pronounce them null and void.\\nI love Texas too well to bring civil strife and bloodshed upon\\nher. To avert this calamity, I shall make no endeavor to maintain my au-\\nthoi ity as Chief Executive of this State, except by the peaceful exercise of\\nmy functions. When I can no longer do this, I shall calmly withdraw from\\nthe scene. Fellow-citizens, think not that I complain of the lot\\nwiiich Providence has now assigned me. It is, perhaps, meet that my career\\nshould close thus. I have seen the statesmen and patriots of my youth one\\nby one gathered to their fiithers, and the government which they had roared\\nrent in twain, and none like them are now left to reunite it again. I stand\\nalmost the last of a race who learned from them the lessons of human free-\\ndom.\\nTwo days after sending forth this appeal, the Legislature met, and Hous-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0578.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 567\\nton, still claiming to be Governor, sent in a message. Eeferring to his de-\\nposition from office, he said: The Executive can, therefore, but await youi\\naction, and that of the people. If driven at last into retirement, iu spite of\\nthe Constitution of the State, he Avill not desert his country, but his praj-ers\\nfor its peace and prosperity vi^ill be offered up with the same sincerity and\\ndevotion with which his services were rendered while occupying public sta-\\ntion. As the Legislature promptly recognized Clark as Governor, Houston\\nsoon left the Capital and retired to private life. He still, however, watched,\\nwith great interest, the progress of events. When martial law was pro-\\nclaimed in Texas, he addressed an earnest protest to Governor Lubbock\\nagainst this anti-republican expedient. ._\\nIn I louston s retirement, he was not happy. He looked upon secession as\\nan accomplished fact; he viewed with inexpressible grief the war measures\\nadopted by both contending armies; he feared that republicau institutions\\nwould be superseded by two centralized despotisms, iu which the liberties\\nof the people would be swept away and the prospect saddened him. His\\nlast appearance before a pubUc audience was in the city of Houston on the\\n18lh of March, 1868. We copy the opening paragraph of his speech:\\nLadies and FeUmo-Citizens: With feelings of pleasure and friendly\\ngreeting, I once again stand before this, an assemblage of my countrymen.\\nAs I behold this large assemblage, who, from their homes and daily toil,\\nhave come to greet once again the man who so often has known their kind-\\nness and affections, I can feel that even yet I hold a place in their high re-\\ngard. This manifestation is the highest comphment that can be paid to the\\ncitizen and patriot. As you have gathered here to listen to the sentiments\\nof my heart, knowing that the days draw nigh unto me when all thoughts\\nof ambition and worldly pride give place to the earnestness of age, I know\\nyou will bear with me, while with calmness, and without the fervor and elo-\\nquence of youth, I express those sentiments which seem natural to my mind,\\niu the view of the condition of the country. I have been buffetted by the^^\\nwave?, as I have been borne along time s ocean, until shattered and worn I\\napproach the narrow isthmus which divides it from the sea of eternity be-\\nyond. Ere I step forward to journey through the pilgrimage of death, I\\nwould say that all my thoughts and hopes are with my country. If one\\nimpulse arises above another, it is for the happiness of these people; the\\nwelfare and glory of Texas will be the uppermost thought, while the spark\\nof life lingers in this breast. .v\\nHouston s health was now sensibly declining, and he died ou the 26th of\\nJuly, 1863. In announcing his death, the Houston Telegraph used the fol-\\nlowing language: Let us shed tears to his memory, due to one who has\\nfilled so much of our affections. Let the whole people bury with him what-\\never of unkindness they had for him. Let his monument be in tlie hearts of\\nthose who people the land to which his after years were devoted. Let his\\nfame be sacredly cherished by Texans, not less to his distinguished services\\nthan to their own honor, of which he was always so jealous and so proud.\\nTo Houston Texas owes a lasting debt of gratitude. It was under his\\nleadership that our independence was secured at San Jacinto. Duiing his\\nentire life, he labored to preserve for educational purposes our immense", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0579.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "V.\\n568 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\npublic domain. For thirty years his energies were exerted to promote the\\nwelfare of our great commonwealth and yet his bones, without a stone to\\nmark the place, sleep beneath our soil.\\nComparisons have been instituted between Austin and Houston, though,\\nin fact, there are few points of analogy in their character or providential\\nwork, Austin was the man to introduce population into a wilderness, or-\\nganize society, and found a State; and nobly did he accomplish bis work.\\nHouston was the man for the revolutionary period to tight the battles of\\nUberty and establish permanently the great principles of the American Con-\\nstitution. We can but indulge in a feeling of regret that he was removed\\nfrom the earthly scene while the clouds of civil war obscured the political\\nhorizon. But he now, doubtless, from his higher state, with clearer vision,\\nviews with delight the new era of prosperity upon which his beloved coun-\\ntry has entered.\\nHoward, George T. Was Captain of a Ranger company in Hays and\\nin Bell s regiments, during the Republic; was severely wounded in the\\nfight with the Comanches, in the Council House, in San Antonio, in 1840.\\nIn 1852 he was Indian Agent, and accompanied Major Neighbors to Santa\\nFe. He died in Washington City iu 1865.\\nHoward, Volney E. Came from Mississippi to Texas was a member\\nof the Annexation Convention, and also represented Bexar countj^ in the\\nState Senate in 1846; from 1849 to 1852 he represented the Western district\\niu Congress. At the close of his Congi-essional term he was sent as Gov-\\nernment Agent to settle land claims in Cahforuia, and never returned to\\nTexas,\\nHubbard, Richard B. Was born in Georgia, in 1834; graduated at\\nMercer University in 1851, and at Harvard Law School the next year.\\nWith his father s family, he came to Texas in 1853, and settled at Tyler. In\\n1856 he was appointed United States District Attorney in 1858 he repre-\\nsented his district in the Lower House of the Legislatui e in 1860 he was\\nan elector on the Breckenridge ticket, and also a delegate to the Charleston\\nConvention. At the breaking out of the civil war, and after having com-\\nmanded the Twenty-second regiment of Texas infantry, he was promoted to\\nthe command of a brigade. In 1872 he was an elector on the Greeley\\nticket; in 1873 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and re-elected in 1876.\\nOn the first of December, 1876, Governor Coke resigned, and Mr. Hubbard\\nbecame Governor.\\nHunt, Memucan. A native of North Carolina, came to Texas after the\\nbattle of San Jacinto, landing at Velasco during the excitement about the\\nrelease of Santa Anna. General Hunt filled a number of public oflSces,\\nhaving been at one time Secretary of the Nav\\\\- he was also, in the\\npompous language of diplomacy, Minister rienipotentiary and Envoy\\nExtraordinary, from the Republic of Texas to the United States of Amer-\\nica; and he was the (Jommissioner on the jmrt of Texas, to run the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0580.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 569\\nboundary line between Texas and the United States. He met Mr. Overton,\\nthe Commissioner on the part of the latter government, at the mouth of the\\nSabine, but they made poor progress in running the line. Mr. Overton\\ncontended that according to the treaty, the line should come to the west\\nline of the Lake, while Mr. Hunt insisted upon running it in the middle of\\nthe Lake. The controversy lasted until the appropriation on the part of\\nTexas was exhausted, when the Commission dissolved, leaving the question\\nstill unsettled. After annexation, General Hunt removed to New Orleans,\\nand engaged in mercantile business.\\nHunter, William L.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came to Texas in 1835, as one of the New\\nOrleans Greys; was in the Fannin massacre, but almost by a miracle,\\nescaped death. He was a member of the Annexation Convention has\\nfilled the office of Chief Justice of Goliad county, in which he still lives.\\nHunter, John Dunn. When a mere boy, was taken captive by the\\nIndians had no recollection of his parents or childhood home. He was\\nabout eighteen years of age when he was discovered by a party of Missouri\\nfur traders. One of these traders, by the name of John Dunn, took a deep\\ninterest in the rescued boy, who took the name of his friend in addition to\\nthat of Hunter, which the Indians had given him. Young Hunter acquired\\na very fair English education, and traveled extensively in the United States,\\nand also visited England, where he received marked attention from persons\\nbelonging to the nobility. While in England he published an account of\\nhis life and of the customs of the American Indians. After his return he\\nstill interested himself in Indian afiiiirs. In 1825-26, the Cherokees sent\\nDunn as their agent to the city of Mexico, to secure a home for their tribe\\nin the Province of Texas. He obtained a pledge that the Indians should\\nremain in undisturbed possession of their homes on the Neches river but\\nhe failed to secure proper titles to the lands. Fearing that they might be\\ndisturbed, Hunter, Fields, and a few other chiefs, entered into a league\\nwith Edwards and the party of Fredonians, in resisting Spanish authority.\\nBut Colonel Bean, the Spanish Indian Agent, succeeded in detaching most\\nof the Indians from this ill-advised league. But Hunter, Fields, and two\\nor three companions started, in good faith, to join the forlorn hope at\\nNacogdoches. When near the Anadaqua village, while Hunter s horse was\\ndrinking in a creek, he was deliberately shot by one of his treacherous\\ncompanions. The first shot was not immediately fatal, and the wounded\\nman implored tlie murderer to spare his life. It is hard, he said,\\nthus to die by the hands of ray professed friends. The appeal was in\\nvain. Another fatal shot closed the career of this extraordinary man.\\nHuston, Felix.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arrived in Texas after the battle of San Jacinto. In the\\nsummer of 1836, when linsk resigned the command of the army, to take\\nhis seat in Houston s cabinet, General Felix Huston succeeded to the com-\\nmand. Soon afterwards President Houston sent General A. S. Johnston\\nout to assume the command. This produced a personal controversy be-\\ntween the two Generals. A duel was the result, in which GeueralJohuston", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0581.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "570 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwas so severely wounded as to be unable to take command of the army.\\nThe duel was fought February 7th, 1837, at Chalk Bluff, on the Lavaca\\nriver. Huston remained for some years in Texas, and commanded in the\\nbattle of Plum Creek, in the summer of 1840. After this he returned to\\nMississippi and resumed his plauting operations. He died near Natchez\\nin 1857.\\nIngram, lux. Was the first alcalde of Matagorda municipality, in 1834;\\nill 1836 he was a member of the Texas Congress, and Speaker of the House\\nof Representatives.\\nIngram, Seth. Was one of Austin s surveyors; laid out the town of\\nSan Felipe, and surveyed most of the land on Old Caney and Peach creeks,\\nand the Lower Colorado river; died in Matagorda, in 1857.\\nIsBELL, William. A pioneer in Texas, had been on Indian campaigns\\nduring the colonial period was one of the storming party that took San\\nAntonio, in 1835 a private in Captain Heard s company, in 1836, at San\\nJacinto. During the Republic was a member of Captain Mark B. Lewis\\nRanging company; lived in Burleson county; became blind in 1856, and\\ndied in 1877.\\nJack, Patrick C. A lawyer; came from Alabama to Texas in 1832, and\\nwas soon afterward arrested by Colonel Bradburn, at Anahuac. In 1837-8\\nhe was in the Texas Congress, and soon after the close of his Congressional\\nterm was appointed a District Judge. He died of yellow fever, in Hous-\\nton, August 4th, 1844.\\nJack, William H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A brother of the above, came to Texas in 1830 was\\na member of the Committee of Safety of Columbia in 1835, and also con-\\nnected with the army of the West the same year; fought as a private at\\nSan Jacinto; the same year was in Burnet s cabinet as Secretary of State.\\nAt a later period he represented Brazoria county in the Texas Congress.\\nHe contracted the yellow fever in Galveston, and was taken down with the\\ndisease after he reached Rnnnel s plantation, on the Brazos, and died\\nAugust 20th, 1844, sixteen days after his brother had died of the same\\ndisease in Houston.\\nJohnson, Frank W. Was born in Virginia, in 1794 came to Texas in\\n18-^6 in 1830 was surveyor in Ayish district; in 1831, alcalde at San Felipe;\\nin 1832 he was elected commander of the forces assembled at Anahnac to\\nresist the aVbitrary measures of Bradburn, and to release Jack, Edwards,\\nand other prisoners; in 1835 was Adjutant, first to Austin and then to\\nBurleson; commanded one of the storming parties that entered San Anto-\\nnio, and, after the death of Milam, was in command of the whole party\\nwhen the city surrendered. In the spring of 1836, he, in company with\\nGrant and Morris, was preparing for a descent upon Matamoras, when his\\nsmall party was completely surprised at San Patricio, by the Mexicans", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0582.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 571\\niinder Urrea. The Mexican citizens of the place had been notified of the\\n^approach of Urrea, and advised to keeps lights burning in their houses, so\\nthat their friends might not interrupt them. As it happened, tliat night\\nJohnson was writing till a late hour, and by this means, he, and two or three\\ncompanions escaped, and made their way safely into the interior of Texas.\\nColonel Johnson is still living in Austin.\\nJohnson, Moses, Treasurer of the Republic under Jones administration\\nDied of yellow fever at Lavaca, in 1853.\\nJohnson, M. T. A native of South Carolina; came to Texas in 1839, and\\nsettled in Shelby county, which he represented in Congress during the\\nRepublic; in the Mexican War he was Captain of a company; afterwards\\nLieutenant Colonel of Bell s regiment of rangei s, and in command of the\\ndistrict of Red River; in 1860, by order of Governor Houston, he raised a\\nregiment of rangers for frontier defence. In 1866, Colonel Johnson was a\\nmember of the Reconstruction Convention. His health was failing and he\\ndied in May, after the adjournment of the convention, in the city of Austin.\\nJohnston, Albert Sidney.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of Kentucky graduated at West\\nPoint, in )826, and was assigned to duty in the Sixth Infantry. After hav.\\nIng served in the Black Hawk War, in 1832, he resigned his commission in\\nthe army; in 1836 he came to Texas, and early in 1837 was appointed by\\nPresident Houston commander of the army in the West. He was to super-\\nsede General Felix Huston. A personal dilBcalty occurred between the\\ntwo generals, resulting in a duel, in which Johnston was severely wounded.\\nUnable to assume command, he resigned, and opened a plantation in Bra-\\nzoria county. When Lamar became President, Joluiston was appointed\\nSecretai-y of War, and in 1839 organized the expedition for the expulsion of\\nthe Cherokees from East Texas. In 1846 he was elected colonel of the Second\\nRegiment of Texas volunteers in the Mexican War. At the expiration of\\ntheir term of service, he was re-commissioned in the regular armj and a[j-\\npointed Inspector General. In 1849 he was Paymaster, and soon afterward\\nassigned to the command of the Second Cavalry, then doing duty on the\\nTexas frontier. For a number of years Colonel Johnston made his home\\nin the city of Austin. In 1855, he went with General Harney to the plains,\\nand the next year. Colonel Johnston was assigned to the connnand of Salt\\nLake, where his energetic movements completely overawed the Mormons,\\nand prevented a serious outbreak among them. In 1860 he was transferred\\nto the Department of the Pacific, with headquarters at San Francisco. The\\nnext year, he resigned his commission in the army, with the view of ofier-\\ning his sword to the Confederacy. He came overland, through Texas, and\\nwas at once assigned to the command of the army then before Bowling Green,\\nin Kentucky. He rightly conjectured tliat, Avith the opening campaign in\\n1862, the Federals would attempt to penetrate the Confederacy through\\nKentucky. He thex-efore strongly fortified a line of posts, beginning at\\nColumbus, and including Island No. 10. in the Mississippi river, and ex-\\nlending east to Fort Henry, Fort Donaldson, Bowling Green, Mill Springs", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0583.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "572 HISTORY OF TEXAS,\\nand Cumberland Gap. The success which had crowned the Confederate\\narms in the East, inspired those in the AVest with great confidence. They\\nbelieved that Nashville would be as easily protected as Richmond had been.\\nGeneral Johnston, however, was not so sanguine. The army was only about\\nhalf as large as he expected to find it; nor was it in as thorough a state of\\norgaization as the army in Virginia. He had a much longer line of defence\\nthan that in front of Eichmond and in a territory penetrated by rivers nav-\\nigable by gun-boats.\\nAs Johnston expected, the campaign of 1862 opened early and vigoi ously.\\nThe first point in his lines assailed was Mill Springs. This was captured\\nby General Thomas, January 19th the Confederate General Zollicoffer having\\nbeen killed in its defence. Just at this juncture, there was an extraordinary\\nrise in the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. A flotilla of gun-boats, under\\nthe command of Commodore Foote, ascended the Tennessee, and on the sixth\\nof February attacked and destroyed Fort Henry. Immediately descending\\nthe stream, he was able to ascend the Cumberland for a combined naval and\\narmy attack upon Fort Donelson. On the 16th of February, after a three-\\ndays fight, this important post, with its garrison of 12,000 men, surrendered\\nto General Ulysses S. Grant. General Johnston s headquarters were still at\\nBowling Green but the loss of these important posts rendered a retreat to a\\nnew line of defence a matter of absolute necessity. He accordingly fell back\\nto Corinth, Mississippi, leaving the most of Tennessee in the hands of the\\nFederals. To the Confederacy, this was an irreparable loss and it Avas\\nkeenly felt. The newspaper press, and it was said some of Mr. Davis\\nCabinet, reflected severely upon General Johnston. These criticisms keenly\\ntouched his sensitive nature, and he determined, when an opportunity\\nofiered, to retrieve his reputation, though no imputation had ever been cast\\nupon his personal courage or patriotism. Grant, flushed with his victory at\\nDonelson, hastened up the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing, far in advance\\nof the support expected under General Buel, and Johnston seeing this, by\\nforced marches, hoped to fall u^pou Grant before he could receive reinforce-\\nments. It was a bold move and successfully executed. The Federals were\\ntaken completely by surprise. During the fight on the first day, April sixth,\\nthe Confederates captured 3,000 prisoners and a number of battle-flags, and\\nat night had possession of the battle-ground. Late in the afternoon, while\\nJ ihnston, in an ex^josed position, was giving some orders, he received a\\nriHe-ball in his leg. Had he attended promptly to his wound, it would not\\nnecessarily have been mortal, but it was neglected, until, faint with the loss\\nof blood, he had to be lifted from his horse. He soon afterward expired;\\n(Iving on the battle-field, as a true soUlicr would prefer to die. Grant\\nmassed his forces on the bank of the river, under the protection of his gun-\\nboats; that night his reinforcements arrived, and the next day the tide of\\nbattle turned and the Confederates, under Beauregard, retreated. The re-\\nmains of General Johnston were temporarily buried in New Orleans. In\\n1866, the Legislature of Texas made an aijpropriation to have his remains\\nbrought to his old home in Austin for final interment in the State burying-\\ngronnd, in that city. Albert Sidney Jolniston was a man of marked ability,\\namiable disposition, unaflected modesty, dauntless coui age, and irreproach-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0584.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "THOMAS WILLIAM WARD.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0585.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0586.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 575\\nable integrity and purity of character. His loss was severely felt by his\\ncompanions in arms.\\nJones, Oliver\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One of Austin s earliest colonists. In 1824 he com-\\nmanded an expedition against the Caranchua Indians; in 1829-30, he was\\nAlguazil, or Sheriff, of Austin s colony; in 1834, he represented Texas in the\\nLegislature of Coahuila and Texas, at Saltillo. He was in the Annexation\\nConvention of 1845 died in Houston in 1868.\\nJones, Randal\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a captain in the war of 1812, In 181 4 he visited the\\nSabine River, with the intention of aiding Toledo in re-organiziug the Re-\\npublican Army of the North. That enterprise was broken up b}\u00c2\u00b0the vigi-\\nlance of the United States officials, and for five years Jones was a trader\\namong the Indians and Mexicans in Texas. In 1818, he enjoyed the hospi-\\ntality of Lalleraand on the Trinity River, and of Lafitte in Galveston. In\\n1819, he joined Long s expedition on his way, he conducted Mrs. Long\\nfrom her sister s, Mrs. Calvitt s, on Red River, to Nacogdoches. He was\\nimmediately dispatched by Long to the Brazos, intending to descend that\\nriver to Galveston, which was then supposed to be at the mouth of that\\nriver. While the party were at the mouth of the Navisot, preparing skiffs,\\nthey were attacked by the Mexicans, under Perez, and driven into the woods\\nwith nothing on which to subsist. They made their way to the villages of\\nthe friendly Indians on the Trinity River, and thence to Louisiana. He re-\\nturned to Texas as a colonist in January, 1822, and settled at Richmond,\\nthen known as Fort Bend. The next year he revisited Louisiana, and\\ntraded a negro boy for sixty head of cattle, which he succeeded in bringing,\\nwithout loss, to his new home on the Brazos. This was the first considera-\\nble stock in Brazoria county, though Mr, Morton before this had one or two\\nmilk-cows. In 1824, Austin appointed Jones captain of the miUtia, and he\\nhad a severe fight with a party of Caranchua Indians, on what has since\\nbeen called Jones Creek, in Brazoria county. October 12th, 1824, he was\\nmarried to Miss Polly Andrews. As there was no priest in the country,\\nthey were married by bond. They named their first child Wiley Martin.\\nIn 1835, Captain Jones was a member of the Consultation at San Felipe.\\nLate in life, he lost his eyesight. He died at the residence of his son-in-law,\\nJudge Gustave Cook, in Houston, in 1873, aged 86 years.\\nJones, Dr. Anson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in\\n1798 licensed to practice medicine in 1820 and after spending two years\\nin Venezuela, came to Texas, and settled in Brazoria, in 1833, At a public\\nmeeting in Brazoria in December, 1835, he strongly advocated the declara-\\ntion of Texas independence, and presented a resolution calling for tiie\\nConvention which met in Washington, in March, 1836. When ^the war\\nbroke out, Dr. Jones enlisted as a private in Captain Calder s company,\\nbut was soon afterward appointed surgeon in Burleson s regiment. At\\nHarrisburg he was left with the sick, but after providing for their proper\\ncare, he left them under charge of Dr. Wm. P. Smith, and hastened on to\\nthe battle-field and took his place in the ranks, until he was summoned to\\n32", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0587.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "576 HISTORY OF TEXAS\\nthe care of the wounded. In 1837 he represented Brazoria county in Con-\\ngress. In 1838 he was INIinister to the United States, and while absent was\\nelected to the Senate, of which he was elected President in the absence of\\nthe Vice-President. On the 17th of May, 1810, he was married to Mrs.\\nMary M Crory. During Houston s second term, Jones was Secretary of\\nState, and conducted with marked ability the foreign correspondence; and\\nat the close of the term, was elected President of the Republic. This was\\nin 1844, a most critical period in our history. The question of annexation\\nto the United. States was publicly discussed, and amicable relations had to\\nbe maintained with otlier foreign powers.\\nIn Texas, annexation was a very popular measure, and a class of noisy\\npoliticians raised a clamor against President Jones, because he did not\\nhasten it forward more rapidly. So bitter was the feeling, that at a called\\nsession of Congress in June, 1844, a proposition was introduced to depose\\nthe President, and institute a government ad interim. This was voted\\ndown, and so was another resolution, giving tlie President a vote of thanks\\nfor his services. But Dr. Jones had been misunderstood, and when all\\npreUminary questions had been satisfactorily adjusted, he issued his procla-\\nmation for an election of delegates to the Annexation Convention. This\\nwas a popular move. By fixing the ratio of representation according to\\npopulation, he satisfied East Texas; and by convening the Convention in\\nAustin, the capital which had been abandoned by President Houston, he\\nsatisfied the West.\\nAVhen annexation was consummated. Dr. Jones retired to his place, called\\nBarrington, in Washington county; and for eleven years remained in pri-\\nvate life. In 1857, some of his friends brought his name forward as a\\ncandidate for the United States Senate. He had not filled out half tne time\\nof his Presidential term, when he was displaced by the act of annexation.\\nAlmost every other promineiit Texan had been rewarded with either a\\nState or Federal oflice. He alone had remained secluded upon his planta-\\ntion. He felt that he had been overslaughed, and when his name was\\nbrought forward conspicuously for the Senate, he felt gratified at the pros-\\npect ofbeingat last remembered, for his sacrifice in prematurely surren-\\ndering the Presidential office. But even then, he had forebodings that he\\nwould be defeated. Commenting upon a letter, in which Hon. Hamilton\\nStuart had said to him, Public opinion will yet do you justice, Dr. Jones\\nwrites, But it will probably be after I am dead. Wigfall and Hemphill,\\ntwo South Carolinians, were elected to tlie Senate, and Jones was left in\\nprivate life.\\nIn 1857 he sold his Barrington place, with a view of settling on the\\ncoast, between Galveston and Houston. On the 7th of January, 1858, he\\nwas at the old Capitol Hotel in Houston; he then seemed in low spirits, and\\nin a sad tone remarked to a friend, Here, in this house, twenty years\\nao-o, I commenced my political career in Texas, as a member of the Senate,\\nand here I would like to close it. Not long afterward, a pistol shot was\\nheard in his room, and Dr. Jones was found in a dying condition. The\\ncountry was shocked at this sad occurrence. The next year, a biographical\\nsketch appeared in the Texas Almanac, prepared by his friend, ex-Presi-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0588.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 577\\n-dent Burnet. Heferring- to this case, in connection with that of the late\\nlamented Rusk, Judge Burnet says\\nBoth these distinguished patriots had succeeded in all the objects of an\\nhonorable ambition, probably even beyond their own aspirations. What,\\nthen, are the unfortunate circumstances that so prey upon the mind as to\\nrender life a burden, even in the midst of family endearments, of friends,\\nand honors and distinctions? All we can say in explanation, is to refer to\\nthe undoubted fact that Dr. Jones was subject to occasional paroxysms of\\nmental gloom and deep despondency, which he could not overcomeor con-\\ntrol, and which often well-nigh destroyed his balance of mind. During the\\nlatter years of his life, this unhappy temperament had gradually assumed\\nmore and more the character of a disease, under the influence of a physical\\nderangement to which he was subject. Those who have any knowledge\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of this painful mental depression will need no further explanation, and\\nthose who best understand the intensity of suflering from this cause, to\\nwhich the most sensitive and noble minds are chiefly subject, will be the\\nlast to cast reproach upon the memory of the unhappy victim. In this\\nconnection we may appropriately conclude by giving an extract from Dr.\\nJones s journal, kept while he was performing a journey to the North, in\\n1838. He was in New Orleans when he made the following entry in his\\njournal, on hearing of Col. Grayson s death: I shall be surprised rt no\\none s committing suicide, after hearing of Col. Grayson s doing so. It is\\nthe first time in my life that any one in the circle of my acquaintance has\\ndone such an act, and it has shocked me more than the death of a dozen\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0others would have done, in the usual course. I believe party abuse has\\nbeen the cause, acting upon some predisposition to morl)id melancholy.\\nCollingsworth s drowning himself was a thing in course; I had expected it,\\nas I knew him to be deranged, and when excited, almost mad. In all\\nthe annals of suicide, perhaps no parallel to these two cases can be found.\\nTwo years ago they were both in this house, and on their way to Washing-\\nton together, as Commissioners on the part of Texas, to procure recogni-\\ntion, etc., and at the time of their death, both were candidates for\u00c2\u00b0the\\nhighest office in the Republic, and both committed suicide about the same\\ntime, and at the distance of 2,000 miles from each other, both at the time\\nholding high and responsible offices in the Republic of Texas. Grayson s\\ndeath is a great national calamity. Further on in his journal he says his\\nsuspicions as to the cause of Col. Grayson s suicide were fully confirmed.\\nJoKDAN, S. W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rendered efficient service as a captain in the Texas army,\\nin 1836-38. At the organization of the expedition for the establishment oi\\nthe Republic of the Rio Grande, in 1839, Jordan was elected Colonel. A,\\nthe battle of Alcantra, he commanded the Americans, while Col. Zapata\\ncommanded the Mexicans. Zapata himself was a good soldier, and a good\\nRepublican, but most of the Mexicans abandoned the field and lef^ tlie\\nAmericans to bear the brunt of the battle. After this, Jordan thought Ca-\\nnalis, their commander, was no match for his opponent. General Aris ta, and\\nhe returned to Texas. A year later, such is the uncertainty in Mexican\\npolitics and politicians. Arista appeared in Yucatan, and pronounced", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0589.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "578 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nagainst the Centralists. Jordan hastened to New Orleans, to enlist men for\\nthe new revolutionary leader. By some mishap, the vessel in vfhich he and\\nhis recruits expected to embark for Yucatan, sailed without them. This\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with other disappointments, preyed upon his mind, and Avhile depressed in\\nspirits he took an overdose of laudanum and terminated his life.\\nKarnes, Henry Was a native of Tennessee early in life he attached\\nhimself to a company of trappers on the frontier of Arkansas. The com-\\njiany disbanded on the head of Red Kiver. Karnes and three companions\\ncrossed the country to the Trinity River, where, the Indians having stolen\\ntheir horses, they constructed a canoe and descended the stream to Robbins\\nFerry, From there Karnes crossed over to the Brazos, and for a consider-\\nable time found employment as an overseer on the Groce plantation. He\\nresponded to the first call for volunteers at the breaking out of the revolu-\\ntion in 1835, and distinguished himself at the taking of the city of San\\nAntonio. He siezed a crowbar and dashed forward and dug a hole through\\na stone wall, into a house, for a new and advanced position. He proved\\none of the best cavalry scouts and spies, and commanded a company of\\ncavalry at San Jacinto. After the battle he went west to Matamoras to ef-\\nfect an exchange of prisoners, and was himself thrown into prison; he,\\nhowever, soon effected his escape. In 1837, he was Indian Agent in 1838-9,\\nin the Ranging service, and in the latter year received a severe wound in a\\nsingle combat- with a chief. At one time he was taken prisoner, and the\\nsavages attempted to wash his red hair white. He died in San Antonio, in\\n1840, from the effects of the wound received the previous year. Captain\\nKarnes was wholly uneducated. It is questionable if he knew hoAv to spell\\nhis own name, which in early documents is variously spelled; but he was\\ninured to hardships; cool, reticent, watchful, and a stranger to the sensa-\\ntion of fear one of a class of men to whom Texas owes a lasting debt of\\ngratitude.\\nKaufman, David S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of Pennsylvania; came to East Texas in\\n1837, and was the next year elected to Congress. He was aid to General\\nRusk in the Kickapoo fight, in 1839. In 1840, President Jones sent him as\\na diplomatic agent to AVashington, but as that government had already\\nadopted the bill for annexation, he was not received in his official capacity.\\nIn 1846, he was selected to represent the Eastern District in the United\\nStates Congress, a position to which he was twice re-elected. He died in\\nthe city of Washington, on the last day of the year 1851, from the effects of\\na wound received some years previously, in Austin.\\nKeen AN, Dr. C.G Had been a surgeon in the United States army; came\\nto Texas in the days of the Republic; was elected to the first Legislature of\\nthe State, and was Speaker of the House; died in Huntsville, in 1870.\\nKemper, Samuel Was a native of Virginia, and an officer in the expedi-\\ntion organized by Magec for the inva\u00c2\u00ab;ion of Texas, in 1812. After the\\ndeath of Magee, at Goliad, Kemper was elected to the command, and was", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0590.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 579\\nthe commander of the Americans at the battle of Rosillo. To him Salcedo\\nsurrendered, as he declined to hand his sword to his former friend, Giitier-\\nres. After the massacre of the Mexican officers by Delgado, Kemper re-\\nturned to his native State. We may add, that Kennedy is authority for the\\nstatement that Kemper returned to Texas just in time to participate in the\\ndisastrous battle of Medina, but we believe this a mistake. He lived and\\ndied in his native State.\\nKendall, George Wilkins The founder, and for a long period, the ed-\\nitor-in-chief of the New Or\\\\ea,us,Picayune was, in 18-iO, connected, as an in-\\nvited guest, with the Santa Fe expedition. Though a citizen of the United\\nStates, with a iiassport from the Mexican Consul at New Orleans, he, with the\\nother members of the ill-fated party, was disarmed and treated as a pris-\\noner of war. After suffering untold hardships and indignities, be was\\nfinally, at the solicitation of the American Minister at Mexico, released. He\\nwrote a history of the Santa Fe expedition, in two interesting volumes.\\nAfter annexation, Mr. Kendall established a sheep-ranche in Western Texas,\\nin the county that bears his name, where he died in 1867.\\nKerr, James A native of Missouri came to Texas in 1H25, and was\\nsurveyor in De Witt s and DeLeon s colonies. He first settled in Gonzales,\\nbut that settlement having been broken up by the Indians, he settled on the\\nLavaca River, in Jackson county; was a member of the Convention at\\nSan Felipe, in 1833, and of the Executive Coimcil, in 1835. In January,\\n1836, he issued an address advising against a declaration of Texas indepen-\\ndence, as he then thought it premature. When it was made, he entered\\nheartily into the measure was elected to the Convention, in 1836, but could\\nnot leave his family in their exposed condition to attend its sessions. He\\ndied at his plantation, in 1850.\\nKinney, H. L. A native of Pennsylvania; came to Western Texas in\\n1838; in 1846, was one of the founders of Corpus Christi; after annexation,\\nserved several times in the Legislature; in 1855, he attempted to get up a\\nfilibustering expedition to Central America. He contracted for 30,000,000\\nacres of land, for which he was to pay $500,000; the land was in the Mus-\\nquito Territory. He became a candidate for Governor of Greytown, but\\nfailed to be elected. All his Central American schemes fell through, and\\nhis men went to Nicaragua and joined William Walker, who was then\\ncalled The Grey-eyed Man of Destiny, though his star, too, went speedily\\ninto eclipse. Kinney returned to Texas, and was filling some minor office\\non the Rio Grande, when, in 1861, he became involved in the contests in\\nMatamoras, between the Rohos and the Crinolinos. In one of tlieir petty\\nfights, while attempting to pass through a breach in a wall, he was shot and\\ninstantly killed.\\nKuYKENDALL, Abner A sou-iu law of William Gates came with the\\nGates family to the Ri azos, m 1821-2. He bronglit several head of cattle\\nand a few hogs. In colomal times, he was a captain in several expeditious", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0591.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "580 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nagainst the Indians. In 1834, he was killed in the town of San Felipe by a\\nman by Ihe name of Clayton. Clayton was arrested, tried, convicted, and\\nhung for the murder. This was probably the first regular legal execution\\nin Texas.\\nLabadie, Dr. N. D.-A surgeon of Anahuac, in 1832, and also in the\\nbattlo of San Jacinto. He was one of the first to engage in business\\nin Galveston, where he opened a drug store. He died in that city in\\n18G9.\\nL^FiTTE Jean\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Who has been called the Pirate of the Gulf, was a\\nFrenchman by birth, and a sailor by profession. In a duel in Charleston,\\nSouth Carolina, about an affair of the heart, he killed his antagonist; after\\nwhich he adopted the life of a buccaneer. In 1810, he took up headquar-\\nters at Barataria. In 1813, Governor Claiborne, of Louisiana, oflfered $500\\nreward for Lafitte s head. The latter, not to be outdone in that species of\\ngenerosity, oflfered $5,000 for the head of the Governor. Lafitte s cruisers\\nwere seriously interfering with the commerce of the Gulf, and on the 16th of\\nJune 1814, the establishment at Barataria was broken up by Commodore\\nPatte rson, of the United States navy. Lafitte declined a commission in the\\nBritish navv, during the war with the Unite l States, but was finally\\nemployed by General Jackson, in the defence of New Odeans. For his\\nservices in the great battle, January 8th, 1815, Lafitte received a full par-\\ndon from the President of the United States. But after peace he retunied\\nto his old piratical calling. In 1817, after the departure of Aury from Gal-\\nveston, Lafitte established his headquarters on that island, where he built a\\nvilla-e called Campeachy. Lafitte, at that time, had a commission from\\nHeiTera, the Minister of the Republicans in Mexico, then at New Orleans;\\nand in the name of the Mexican Republic he denominated himself Gov-\\nernor of Galveston. Lafitte s orders were not to interfere with American\\ncommerce, but his men were reckless, and rarely permitted a valuable\\ncargo to escape. This became so notorious that, in 1821, Lieutenant Kear-\\nney, with the United States brig Enterprise, was sent to warn Lafitte to\\nleave the island. The pirate received Kearney, and entertained him with a\\nprincely hospitality; but when he found that the Lieutenant s orders were\\nimperative, he called together his followers, and paid them ofi and takmg\\nhis favorite ship, the Pride, with Lieutenant Cochran and about 100 picked\\nmen, he sailed out of the harbor, leaving forever the Texas coast. On the\\nday Lafitte left Galveston, Long and Milam entered the harbor on their\\nway to the West. Cochran became a Commodore in the Mexican navy,\\nLafitte died at Silan, in Yucatan, in 1826.\\nLallemand, GENERAL.-An exiled ofiicer of Napoleon, in 1817 attempted\\nto form a settlement on the Trinity river, in Texas. Randal Jones, who\\nvisited the settlement, thought they intended to revive the French claim ta\\nthe province. The Spaniards viewed them with suspicion; the Indiana\\nwere troublesome, and the exiled Frenchmen were poor colonists The\\nattempt to raise grapes for a vineyard was unsuccessful, and the settlement", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0592.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 581\\ndissolved. Lallemand became a citizen of the United States, and published\\na Treatise on Artirery.\\nLamar, Mirabeau B. Was born in Louisville, Georgia, August 16lh,\\n1798 belonged to an old Hugenot family. In early life was private secre-\\ntary to Governor Troupe. In 1828, he was editor of a States -rights paper\\nand a candidate for Congress. The nominating Convention imposed some\\nconditions, to which he was unwilling to submit, and he was defeated. In\\n1835, he visited Texas, and made a formal declaration of his intention to\\nbecome a citizen, and in a public speech at the town of Washington, advo-\\ncated the declaration of Texan independence. He revisited his native\\nState to complete his arrangements for a removal. When he heard of the\\ninvasion of the country by Santa Anna, he hurried back, landing at Vel-\\nasco in March where, not finding any mode of conveyance to the interior,\\nhe started up the river on foot. He reached the army when encamped at\\nGi oce s and enlisted as a private soldier. In the preliminary skirmish at\\nSan Jacinto, on the 20th of April, he greatly distinguished himself by rescu-\\ning 60I. Lane, who was surrounded by a body of Mexican cavalry. Lamar\\nheroically dashed over one Mexican, killed another, and disarmed a third.\\nOn the next day, so famous in our history, Lamar commanded the cav-\\nalry. General Houston, in his official report, says: Our cavalry, sixty-\\none in number, commanded by Colonel M. B. Lamar, (whose gallant and\\ndaring conduct on the preceding day had attracted the admiration of his\\ncomrades, and called him to that. station,) placed on our extreme right,\\ncompleted our line. Our calvary had charged and routed that of the enemy\\nupon the right, and given pursuit to the fugitives, which did not cease until\\nthey arrived at the bridge.\\nSoon after the battle, Lamar was invited into Burnet s cabinet, as Secre-\\ntary of War. He opposed the treaty by which Santa Anna was set at liber-\\nty, but generously sustained the President when that officer was threatened\\nwith a drum-head court-martial. He even said that posterity would, with\\ngreat unanimity, approve the humane policy pursued towards the captive\\nPresident of Mexico. General Rusk having asked to be relieved from the\\ncommand of the army in the West, Lamar was sent to relieve him; but\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0vyhen he arrived, there was a prospect of another Mexican invasion, and\\nthe men desired Rusk to retain the command, and he did so. At the first\\nelection, Lamar was elected Vice-President. The duties of this office he\\ndischarged with such satisfaction that, when Gen. Houston s first term was\\nout, Lamar was, by a very handsome majority, elected President of Texas.\\nThe Texas Almanac for 1858 contains a biographical sketch of President\\nLamar, from which we take the following extracts*\\nThe policy of Lamar s administration embraced four leading objects.\\nFirst the defense of the country, and especially that of the frontier, which\\nwas crying aloud for protection against the merciless savages. Second\\nthe obtaining of the recognition of our independence by the principal mari-\\ntime powers of Europe, and of establishing with them the best commercial\\nrelations. Third- the purification of the different departments of Govern-\\noQeut, and establishing a rigid responsibility among public officers of every", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0593.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "582 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ngrade and class. Fourth the creation of an educational fund by adequate\\nappropriation of land for that purpose. These ends were not only carried\\nout effectually by Lamar, to the honor of himself and glory of the nation,\\nbut the blessings that flowed from them were immediately felt by the peace\\nand safety that reigned at home, as well as by the character and import-\\nance which the country acquired abroad.\\nWe will close this part of our hasty and imperfect sketch with one\\nremark respecting the expenses of Gen. Lamar s administration. It will\\nbe remembered that he came into office when the nation had neither\\ncredit nor money. Yet he had tlie frontier to protect the seat of Gov-\\nerimient to remove on the extreme borders to erect all necessary public\\nbuildings to support the Government pay our foreign ministers provide\\nfor the army keep the navy on the Gulf extensive mail routes to estab-\\nlish and to meet a multiplicity of demands, growing out of unforseen\\ncontingencies, incidental to the condition of the country; and yet he con-\\ntrived to achieve all these ends, without exceeding in a single instance, to\\nthe amount of one cent, the annual appropriations made by Congress for\\nthe support of the Government, including even the expenses of the Santa Fe\\nExpedition, the surveying of the University lands, and other heavy dis-\\nbursements which he was compelled to assume the responsibility of making.\\nIt may be safely asserted that no Chief Magistrate ever effected so much\\nwith so little expense to the nation he ruled, and that he should have accom-\\nplished so much in so short a period, and secured so many blessings with\\nsuch limited resources, must ever be a matter of surprise, and cannot fail\\nto place General Lamar among the wisest statesmen and the pui est patri-\\nots of the age.\\nAt the commencement of the Mexican war, Lamar was appointed Divi-\\nsion Inspector, under General Henderson. At the taking of Monterey, he\\nbehaved with conspicuous gallantry. In 1847 he was Post Commander at\\nLaredo, where he effectually held the Indians in check. On his return to\\nTexas he was elected to the Legislature. In 1851 he married, for his second\\nwife. Miss Maffit, daughter of the celebrated Rev. John Newland Maffit,\\nand sister of Commodore Maffit of the Confederate Navy, and settled on a\\nplantation near liichmond. Fort Bend county. After this, he was for a\\nshort period United States Minister to the Argentine Confederation. He\\ndied at his home, in Texas, December 19th, 1859.\\nThe loss of his first wife, and death of a charming daughter, cast a cloud\\nover the early years of General Lamar s manhood. Nor did the cares of\\npublic life seem to dissipate his gloom. At that period, those in his com-\\npany often noticed a deep-drawn sigh, as from a bosom still pierced with\\nanguish. Such was the state of his mind when the writer first formed his\\nacquaintance. In later years the elasticity of his spirits returned. He\\npossessed a fine literary taste, and wrote some popular poetry. We tran-\\nscribe a stanza, descriptive of his domestic state, published in 1857:\\nLike yon declining sun, my life\\nIs goiiif? down all calm and mild,\\nIllumined by an angel wife,\\nAnd sweetened bv a clierub cliild.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0594.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "E. M. WILLIAMSON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0595.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0596.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 585\\nLa. Salle, Robert. Cavalier de La Salle was a native of Normandy\\nFrance. Abandoning the priesthood, for which he had been educated, he\\nappeared as an adventurer in Canada, in 1668, He soon entered\\nthe service of Governor Frontenac, and was placed iu command of\\na fort named in honor of that functionary. Visiting his jiative land, he\\nmade a favorable impression upon Louis XIV, who conferred upon him a\\ntitle of nobility, and gave him a monopoly of the fur trade of Lake Outa-\\nI io. His speculation proved unfortunate, and he turned his attention to\\nother and grander schemes. West of the great lakes a river had been\\nfottnd flowing to the south ten degrees lower down, DeSoto had discovered\\na large stream flowing in the same direction. La Salle conjectured that the\\ntwo rivers were identical, and flowed, not as supjiosed, into the South Sea,\\nbut into the Gulf of Mexico. If so, a new city, opening up a new route\\nfor the commerce of the Western Continent, might be founded near its\\nmouth. Collecting a few men, he embarked in some small boats, and\\nstarted down the stream, which he named Colbert, after the great French\\nMinister of that name. He reached the Gulf of Mexico in April, 1682.\\nTaking possession of the country by what was called the process verbal,\\nHenceforth, said he, my God and my king are supreme, forever, over\\nthe iuunmerable souls and immeasurable lands of this great Continent.\\nLa Salle immediately I eturned to France, where the importance of the\\ndiscovery he had made was duly appreciated. Louis furnished him with\\nthe men and ships to plant a colony on the banks of the great I iA^er. The\\nvoyage was unpropitious one of his ships was captured by the Spaniards\\nthey were unnecessarily delayed at the West India Islands and when they\\nreached the Continent, were driven too far down the coast. According to\\nthe journal of Joutel, they first effected a landing near Corpus Christi, and\\nentered a river, which they named the Oro, (Nueces). This was early in\\nJanuary, 1685. Re-embarking, they sailed up the coast, making an occa-\\nsional landing; and on February 13th, (says Joutel, but other accounts say\\nthe 18th) the Belle, one of the ships, entered Pass Cavallo, and landed on\\nthe west side of a bay named San Bernardo, (Matagorda). On the 20th,\\nby the obstinacy of the Captain, the Amiable was lost in trying to cross\\nthe bar. At first the Indians were friendly, but subjects of controversy\\narose, and on the fifth of March two of La Salle s men, Ory and Desloges,\\nwere killed by them. There had never been a good understanding between\\nLa Salle and Beaujeau, his naval connnander. The latter was a pompous\\nlittle man, proud of his epaulettes, and unwilling to submit to the authority\\nof one whom he regarded as of inferior rank. On the 14th of March,\\nBeaujeau, with the best remaining vessel, the Joli, sailed for France\\nwith a portion of the ammunition and stores intended for the colony.\\nLa Salle now had but one vessel left, the Belle, which the king had given\\nhim as a personal present. There Avere with him about one hundred and\\neighty persons. For a better location than that which the coast atlbrdcd,\\nhe, in Jiine, with abotit seventy persons, crossed the bay, and ascended a\\nriver, which, from the number of buffaloes on its bank they named the\\nLavaca. (Joutel calls it the River of Beeves. It may be remarked,\\nthat Joutel everywhere calls the buflalo beeves, and the deer wild-goats)", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0597.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "586 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nJoutel, with thirty men, remained at the fort, near Alligator Head, until\\nJuly, when they joined their companions at Fort St. Louis, (now Dimitt\\nPoint). During the summer, various parties were* sent to hunt for the\\nMississippi river. In one of these excursions, the Belle was sent across\\nMatagorda bay,, and Avas lost somewhere near Dog Island. This left the\\nlittle party with no means of leaving the coast.\\nIn January, 1G8G, La Salle left Joutel in chai ge of the fort, and, with\\ntwenty companions, started to the eastward. He went as far as tiie Brazos\\nriver, which, as he had the misfortune to have one of his men devoured by\\nan alligator, he called the Maligne. He returned to the fort in March,.\\nhaving lost five of his men but he had satisfied himself that he was entirely\\ntoo far west for what Joutel calls the fatal river. The subsequent events\\nof his expedition have been reviewed in the early chapters of this volume.\\nLa Salle was one of the most distinguished of that class of adventurers\\nthat Europe, in the seventeenth century, sent to make explorations in the\\nwilderness of the new world. He was a knight of spotless purity, of\\ndauntless courage, and of unbounded self-reliance. His loyalty to his\\nsovereign was of the nature of a religious sentiment; while his devotion to\\nthe Church would have stood the test of martyrdom. For force of will\\nand vast conceptions, says Bancroft, for various knowledge and quick\\nadaptation of his genius to untried circumstances, for a sublime magna,\\nnimity that resigned itself to the will of Heaven and yet triumphed over\\naflliction by energy of purpose, and unfaltering hope, he had no superior\\namong his countrymen. After the beginning of the colonization\\nof Upper Canada, he projected the discovery of the Mississippi, from the\\nfalls of St. Anthony to its mouth; and he will be remembered, through all\\ntime, as the tiither of colonization in the great central valley of the West.\\nLathrop, J. T. K. A Captain in the Texas Navy. In 1840 he was in\\ncommand of the steamer Zavalla. Alter the loss of that vessel he entei ed\\nthe merchant service, and took command of the steamship Neptune, run-\\nning between New Orleans and Texas. He died in Houston in 1844.\\nLester, John S. Came to Texas in 1834; the next year he went on an\\nIndian campaign with Colonel John H. Moore, and was in the Consulta-\\ntion, as a representative from Bastrop; in 1837-38, he was in the Texas\\nCongress, and was afterwards Chief Justice of Fayette county, in which he\\nstill lives.\\nLewis, Iua R. A prominent citizen of Matagorda, who acted a conspic-\\nuous part in the Revolution of 1S35-36. He died in 18G7, at the residence\\nof his son-in-law, Major M. Austin Bryan, at Independence.\\nLewis, William P. The betrayer of the Santa Fe expedition, was a\\nnative of Philadelphia. Beibre he appeared in Texas he had been a mer-\\nchants clerk in Constantinople and various points on the Mediteranean\\nsea, and in France, in IS. Jo he was in the employment of AVilliam H.\\nMaGoffin, then engaged in the Santa Fe trade. He started from Santa Fe to", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0598.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 587\\nTexas in the spring of 1836 nad four companions, Wallace, Rowland,\\nBeaumont and Laws; on the way, in a figlit with the Indians, Laws wa\\nkilled and Howland wounded (the latter was afterwards killed in the\\nSanta Fe expedition) Wallace died just after reaching Victoria, and Beau-\\nmont was killed by the Indians in 1837. Lewis was a Captain in the expe-\\ndition to Santa Fe; and as he was well acquainted there, and could speak\\nthe language, he was sent with the advanced party. He secured his own\\nsafety and a share of the goods taken out, by betraying his cnmpanionfi.\\nHis treason excited the disgust of the citizens of Santa Fe, and he left the\\nContinent for the Sandwich [slands.\\nLinn, John J. A native of Ireland engaged in mercantile business in\\nVictoria in 1831; in 1832 was Mayor of Victoria; in 1836 he was in the\\nExecutive Council at San Felipe, and in the Texas Congress in 1838. He\\nstill lives in Victoria,\\nLipscomb, Abnek S. Was born in South Carolina in 1789; studied law\\nin the office of John C. Calhoun, and commenced to practice in Alabama in\\n1810; in 1819 he was District Judge, and from 1823 to 1835, held the office\\nof Chief Justice of Alabama; came to Texas in 1839, and was Secretary of\\nState under Lamar was a member of the Annexation Convention in 1845,\\nand was appointed one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court at\\nthe organization of the State government, and held this office until his\\ndeath in 1856.\\nLubbock, Frank R. Was born in South Carolina; came to Texas and\\ncommenced a mercantile business in Houston in 1836; in 1837 he was a\\nclerk in the Texas Congress; in 1838 he was Comptroller of the Treasury;\\nfrom 1841 to 1857, he was District Clerk of Harris county in 1858, Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor in 1860, a delegate to the Charleston Convention; in\\n1861, Governor of Texas; in 1864 he was on the staff of President Davis,\\nas volunteer aid; since the war he has resided in Galveston; in 1878,\\nwas elected to the office of State Treasurer.\\nLubbock, Thomas S. Brother of the above; came to Texas with the\\nNew Orleans Greys in 1835 in 1840 he was a Lieutenant in the Santa Fe\\nexpedition, and while a prisoner made his escape by leaping from the bal-\\ncony of the Convent of Santiago he was a Captain in the Somervell\\ncampaign in 1842 in 1861 he went into the Confederate army as Lieutenant-\\nColonel of the Terry Rangers. At the death of Colonel Terry, he wms\\nelected Colonel f the regiment; but he was then in feeble health, and dieu\\nat Nashville, Tennessee, in January, 1862.\\nManchaca, Antonio. A native of San Antonio, born in A. D. 1800;\\nwas Sergeant in Seguin s company, in the battle of San Jacinto in 1838\\nsent to Nacogdoches to pacify Cordova, and other dissatisfied Mexicansua\\nEast Texas. Mr. Manchaca still (1878) lives in his native city.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0599.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "588 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMargil, Father. A zealous Franciscan Missionai y, who visited Texas\\nfrom Mexico in 1718. He found thousands of people scattered up and\\ndown the valley of the San Antonio river, for twelve or fifteen miles, and\\nsoon saw that it was a suitable position to establish churches. Through\\nhis influence the Government of New Spain undertook the grand enterprise\\nof establishing missions in Texas. He died in the City of Mexico, in\\nAugust, 1726.\\nMartin, Wtlie. Was born in Georgia, in 1776. In early life he taught\\nschool, was clerk in a store and a soldier. In 1805, became connected with\\nAaron Burr; in 1812 a scout under General Harrison in the army of the\\nNorthwest; 1814, with Jackson at the battle of the Horse Shoe; was pro.\\nmoted for gallantry subsequently, fought a duel in which his antagonist was\\nkilled resigned his Captain s commission, and, in 1825, immigrated to\\nTexas. He was soon appointed an Alcade in Austin s colony, and became\\nacting political chief of the Department. At the breaking out of the\\nRevolution, he opposed the Declaration of Independence, as premature; but\\nI aised a comjiany, and joined Houston s army at Columbus. Mai-tin s\\ncompany was sent to Fort Bend, to guard the crossing of the river; but had\\ntoo few men to guard both ferries, and while the enemy engaged his\\ncompany at the upper ferry, some of the Mexicans crossed at the lower\\ncrossing, where Richmond now stands. He was chagrined that so small a\\nforce had been sent to so important a place, and when he reached General\\nHouston s headquarters, east of the Brazos, he gave up the command of his\\ncompany, and was sent by the General to assist families in crossing the\\nTrinity and escaping from the country. Captain Martin died in Fort Bend\\ncounty, in 1842. He was at the time of his death a member of the Texas\\nCongi ess.\\nMaverick, Samuel A. Became a citizen of San Antonio in 1835; was a\\nmember of the Convention in 1836 after annexation served several terms\\nin the Legislature and at the secession of the State, was appointed one of\\nthe Commissioners to receive the public property turned over by General\\nTwiggs. Mr. Maverick was the owner of an immense stock of cattle, and\\nhis stockmen claimed all the unbranded yearlings in the rajige. From this\\ncircumstance, unbranded j earlings are commonly called Mavericks. He\\ndied in San Antonio, in 1870.\\nM CuLLoCH, Bex.tamin. A native of Tennessee came to Texas to par-\\nticipate in the Revolutionary struggles; enlisted as a private, but was\\nordered to the command of one of the cannon in the battle of San Jacinto;\\nin 1840, represented Gonzales county in Congress, and was most of the time\\non the frontier, as Captain of a ranging company. He was a Quartermaster\\nduring the Mexican War; in 1853, United States Marshal of Texas in 1855,\\nsent by President Buchanan to settle a difficulty among the Mormons in\\nUtah. At the breaking out of the Civil War, a few hundred men rallied to\\nM Culloch, to assist, if necessary, in capturing the Government stores in the\\nneighborhood of San Antonio. He was appointed a Brigadier General iu", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0600.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 589\\nthe Confederate ranks, and ordered to Arkansas; fougnt bravely in the\\nbattle of Wilson s creek, where the Federal General Lyon was killed.\\nGeneral M Culloch was killed in the second day s fight at Pea Ridge,\\nArkansas, March 24, 1862. His remains were brought to Austin for\\ninterment.\\nM Henry, John.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a pilot in Long s expedition to Goliad, in 1819,\\nand with the other members of that unfortunate expedition, was sent a\\nprisoner to Mexico. In 1837 he was Chief Justice of Victoria county, in\\nwhich he died in 1878. Mrs. Long is still living.\\nM Farland, Thomas S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was aid to Major Bullock in the fight with\\nPiedras, at Nacogdoches, in 1832. In 1833, he laid ofl[ the town of San\\nAugustine in 1836, in the army under Rusk in 1842, in the Texas Con-\\ngress afterward served several terms as Chief Justice of San Augustine\\ncounty lives at Bleakwood.\\nM KiNNEY, Collin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was one of the earhest settlers in Bowie County;\\nwas in the Convention of 1836, and served several terms in the Texas\\nCongress. Died in 1861, aged 85 years.\\nM KiNNEY, Thomas F.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A merchant formerly engaged in the St. Louis\\nand Santa Fe trade. During the revolutionary period, he was an agent of\\nthe Provisional Government bought the first vessels for the Texas\u00c2\u00b0navy;\\nand the firm of M Kinney Williams transacted nearly all the financial\\nbusiness of the new government. The same firm built one of the first\\nwharves on Galveston Island. After annexation, Mr. M Kinney removed\\nto Travis county, which he at one time represented in tlie Legislature.\\nHe died at home on Onion creek, in 1873.\\nM Leod, Hugh.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a graduate of West Point; became identified with\\nTexas during the Revolution was aid to General Rusk, in his fight with\\nthe Kickapoos, in 1838, and in the fights with the Cherokees, in 1839. In\\n1840, he was commander of the Santa Fe expedition. In 1844, settled in\\nGalveston, and after annexation represented that city in the Legislature.\\nIn 1861, entered the Confederate army, as Colonel of the First\u00c2\u00b0cgiment\\nof Texas infantry, in the army of Virginia; died at Dumfries, Virginia, in\\n1861. His remains were transferred to Austin for burial.\\nMenifee, William. Was one of a large company of Manifees,\\nHeards, Whites, Devers, Sutherlands, etc., that immigrated from North\\nAlabama to Texas in 1830. He was a member of the Convention in 1836\\nand of the First and Second Congresses the first Chief Justice of Colorado\\ncounty, and one of the commissioners to locate the new capital. It was\\nlargely through his influence that Austin was chosen. lie first settled on\\nthe Navidad, in Jackson county removed thence to Egypt, on the Colorado,\\nanrl. after annexation, to F.iy. ito conntv anl represented that county in the\\nLegislature in Iboo; died October 2\u00c2\u00abih, 1875.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0601.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "590 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMexia, JtJAN Antonio. First appeared in Texas in 1832. He had been\\nsent by Santa Anna in charge of a naval force for the capture of Matamoras.\\nHaving accomplished that, he received Stephen F. Austin, just returning\\nfrom a session of the Legislature at Saltillo, on his ship, and ran up the\\njoast of Texas and entered the Brazos river. He, as well as Santa Anna,\\nthen professed to be ardent Ilcpublicans. He visited New Orleans in the\\nfall of 1835, to fit out an expedition for the ca[)ture of Tampico. By the\\naid of William Christy, Captain Hawkins and others, a small schooner, the\\nMary Jane, was secured, and a promiscuous crowd of Americans, French\\niind Germans embarked upon her. These men understood that they wei e\\nto sail for Texas, and a free passage was offered. Instead of entering a\\nTexas port, the Mary Jane steered for Tampico, where they found a steamer\\nready to tow her into the harbor. Here the men were first informed that\\nthere was a Revolutionary General and his stall on board. Partly by force\\nand partly by persuasion, the men took guns in their hands, though they\\nhad never gone through the manual of arms. A fort was occupied without\\nopposition. The population did not rally to his standard, and when they\\nwere attacked by the Centralists, Mexia and most of his men seized a ves-\\nsel and fled. Thirty-one, however, fell into the hands of the Centralists.\\nThree of the prisoners died, and the others were condemned to be shot.\\nTwenty-eight of these men, a few hours before their- execution, signed a\\ndeclaration that they had been deceived as to the object of the expedition,\\nmu\\\\ abducted from their country.\\nMexia returned to Texas, and on the 6tli of December the Executive\\nCouncil passed a resolution instructing William Pettus and Thomas F. Mc-\\nliinney to aid him in getting up an expedition to operate against Santa\\nAnna in the interior of Mexico. The capture of the city of San Antonio\\nsoon afterward, by the Texans, changed the whole aspect of public affairs,\\nand Mexia s enterprise was abandoned. In 1839, Mexia was again at the\\nhead of the Revolutionary party in Tampico. There, he was for a time suc-\\ncessful, and captured and shot his former Texas friend, General Piedras.\\nAfter some advantages gained, he was joined by General Urrea, who still\\nclaimed to be a Republican. To meet the formidable army thus arrayed\\non the Revolutionary side, Bustamente left Santa Anna to manage the gov-\\nernment in Mexico, and took command in person of the Centralist troops.\\nThe two armies met near Puebla, at Acajeta. Bustamente gained a com-\\nplete victory. Urrea made his escape, but Mexia was captured, and, ac-\\ncording to Mexican precedents, soon afterward marched out and shot.\\nMilam, Benjamin R. The hero of San Antonio, was a genuine son of the\\ndark and bloody ground. He distinguished himself as a soldier in the war\\nof 1812, and at its close became a trader and an adventurer among the In-\\ndian tribes, on the Iiead waters of the Texas Rivers. AVe iioxt read of him\\nat Galveston, in 1816; then on his way to Mexico to enlist in the ranks of\\nthe Republicans, who were trying to disengage themselves from the Spanish\\nyoke. After having rendered valuable services in Mexico, in 1819, be vis-\\nited New Orleans, where, in conjunction with Trespelacios, he organized an\\nexpedition for the capture of Tampico. When Iturbide proclaimed himself", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0602.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 591\\nEmperor, Milam joined the party opposed to these pretensions. He was\\ntaken by the Imperial troops and thrown into prison, where he langnished\\nfor a year, and was finally released by an nprisiuy among tlie people. For\\nhis servi-^ies in the Republican cause, he received, first, one league of land,\\nwhich was afterward increased to eleven; but unfortunately he located too\\nfar east, and when the boundary line was run, Milam s invaluable tract of\\nland was in Miller county, Arkansas. He was interested in the colonial\\ncontracts with General A. G. AVabell, an Englishman, in planting a colony\\non Red River. At his invitation, a good many families came in, and be-\\ncame permanent settlers. This was in 1828. He was then an inmate of the\\nfamily of Judge Ellis, though he had opened a rauche of his own, on land\\nwhich proved not to be in Texas. He subsequently obtained an empresario\\ncontract for settling the country at the head of the San Marcos River. Dr.\\nBeale was probably interested in this, as it is marked in some of the old\\nmaps as Bcale s grant. It was sold to the house of Baring Brothers,\\nLondon. Nothing was done toward introducing colonists. Milam was in\\nthe fight at Nacogdoches, in 1832. In 1835 he was at Saltillo, and pro-\\ncured from the Legislature the exclusive right to navigate the Colorado\\nRiver. While there, the despotic plans of Santa Anna began to be unfolded.\\nThese were denounced in unmeasured terms by the stern and incorruptible\\nMilam. The result was, Milam was again arrested and thrown into prison\\nat Monterey. He soon won the confidence of the jailer, by whose conniv-\\nance, and the assistance of an outside friend, who furnished a fleet horse,\\nhe made his escape and fled toward Texas. He reached Texas at a most\\nopportune moment. It was just after the skirmish about the cannon at\\nGonzales. Captain Colliusworth had raised a company for the capture of\\nGoliad. Milam was stealthily making his way eastward, when he fell in\\nwith CoUinsworth s men. He at first supposed they were Mexican soldiers,\\nand prepared to sell his lif as dearly as possible, preferring death to\\nanother imprisonment. Listening closely, he thought he heard his own\\nlanguage spoken, and to his inexpressible oy soon discovered that he was\\n-among friends. Nothing could have afforded Milam more pleasure than to\\nbecome one of the storming party that captured Goliad.\\nWe have but meager accounts of this most distinguished patriot. He\\nonce remarked to Judge Burnet that he had been in almost every prison be-\\ntween the Rio Grande and the city of Mexico. He was now in Texas, and\\nTexas was struggling to resist the usurpation of Santa Anna. After the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2capture of Goliad, Milam went to the Texas army, then preparing for the\\ncapture of San Antonio. The prospect was disheartening. Tlie city was\\nwell fortified; with a garrison of veteran troops, numbering largely more\\nthan the Texans could nuister. A council of war in the Texas camp haii\\ndecided that the attempt to carry the place by storm would be too hazard-\\nous. At this juncture, when the army appeared undecided, and was in dan-\\nger of disbanding through dissensions, by the advice of Burleson, ^lilam\\nstepped out in front of the headquarters, and announced that Old Ben Mi-\\nlam was going into San Antonio, and wanted volunteers to go with hiin-\\nWith a shout, the men rallied to the standard of the brave old soldier. In\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0the hour of victory, when recounoitering with his glass for the final assault.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0603.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "592 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nhe was pierced with a rifle-ball, which instantly killed him. He was tem-\\nporarily buried in the yard of the Verameiidi House, where he fell. His\\nremains were subsequently transferred to the Protestant burying ground in.\\nthe city.\\nMillard, Henry Was a member of the Consultation, from Liberty. At\\nthe organization of the army, he was appointed a captain, and commanded\\ntlie Regulars in the battle of San Jacinto. He was subsequently connected\\nwith the attempt to arrest President Burnet. He died in 1842.\\nMiller, Dr. James B. A native of Kentucky; came to Texas in 1829;\\nfirst engaged in the practice of his profession with Dr. Peebles; subse-\\nquently became a partner of Alexander Somervell in a store in San Felipe\\nwas a member of the Convention at San Felipe, in 1833, and of the Legis-\\nlature at Saltillo, in 1834. While in the Legislature, the Department of the\\nBi-azos was created, and Dr. Miller was appointed Political Chief. With\\nmany others, he thought the declaration of Texas independence was pre-\\nmature, but when the measure was adopted he went heartily into it. In\\n1837, he was Secretary of the Treasury; in 1843, Chief Justice of Fort Bend\\ncounty. In 1847, and again in 1849, he received a handsome vote fbr Gov-\\nernor; in 1851, he was appointed one of the commissioners to investigate\\nfraudulent land titles west of the Nueces River. He died in 1854.\\nMiNA, Xaviee A Spanish soldier of fortune, who, having been impris-\\noned, made his escape to England, where he collected about 200 followers\\nand sailed for America. His first intention was to co-operate with Toledo\\nin the conquest of Florida. FaiUngin this, he landed at Galveston, Novem-\\nber 24th, 1816. In March following, he, in conjunction with Aury and\\nPerry, planned an expedition for the capture of Soto la Marina, on the\\nSantander river, in Mexico. The place was taken without a fight. The\\ncommanders then difiered on questions of rank, and separated. Aury sailed\\nfor the Texas coast with all the vessels. Perry started for Texas by land and\\nMina, enlisting a few followers, determined to remain and operate against\\nthe Royalists in Mexico. His first fight was at Valle de Mais, where, with\\n300 men, he totally defeated 400 Spanish cavalry. This was on the 8th of\\nJune. June 14th, he gained another victory at Peotillas; on the 18th, cap-\\ntured Real de Rinas with its gari ison of 300 men, and afterwards the cele-\\nbrated hacienda of the Marquis of Jaral, from whom he extorted $300,000.\\nIn the meantime, Arredondo had re-occupied Soto la Marina, and was-\\nconcentrating all his available forces for the capture of Mina. The native\\nliepublicans distrusted Mina because he was aGachupin, and did not rally\\nin force to his standard. Witli diminished numbers, he bravely encountered\\nthe veteran Arredondo at Venadita, September 27th. He was defeated and\\ncaptured. By order of the Viceroy, Apodaca, he was shot at Remedios,\\nNovember 11th, 1817.\\nMoouE, Commodore E. W. Was a Lieutenant on the U. S. sloop Boston;\\nresigned his commission and was api^ointed a Post Captain in the navy of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0604.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "HOUSTON PIERCED WITH AX ARROW.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0605.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0606.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 595\\nTexas. During Houston s second administration, a serious misunderstand-\\ning arose between Commodore Moore and tlie President. A court martial\\nwas convened, consisting of S. Slierman, E. Moorehouse, A. Somervell,\\nJames Riley and Tliomas Sypert, with Thomas Jolmson, Judge Advocate.\\nMoore was acquitted. By the terms of annexation he ought to have been\\ntransferred to the United States navy again. But his present raulv would\\nhave placed him over men who were his superiors in the old navy at the\\ntime he resigned. This, and other unsettled points, prevented his reception\\nin the navy. In 1857, he had an appointment in connection with thecus-\\ntom-liouse in Galveston. He died in Virginia, in 1860.\\nMoore, Dr. Francis, Jr. Was a native of New York but came from\\nOhio to Texas in 1836, with the Buckeye Rangers. Arriving at Velasco, he\\nwas tendered the position of surgeon in the army. In the spring of 1837,\\nhe became one of the proprietors of the Texas Telegraph, and for twenty\\nyears he was its editor-in-chief. During that period it was the leading\\nnewspaper in the Republic, and its files are to-day invaluable to the histo-\\nrian. Dr. Moore was several times elected Mayor of Houston. In 1841-43\\nhe represented Harris county in the Senate, and was a member of the\\nAnnexation Convention in 1845. In 1860 he was appointed State Geolo-\\ngist, but was removed in a short time. He then went north and entered\\nthe service of a copper-mining company, and was sent to Lake Superior.\\nIn 1864, he died from injuries received from a fall. A few weeks later, his\\nlife-long iriend and business partner in the Telegraph office, Mr. Creeger,\\nfollowed him to the spirit laud.\\nMoore, John H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One of the earliest settlers upon the Upper Colorado.\\nHe was a bold and successful Indian-fighter. In 1834 he led an expedition\\nagainst the Tehuacanies and Wacoes on the Upper Brazos. For twenty-one\\ndays he followed their trail. In one fight eleven Indians were killed.\\nMoore Avas one of the earliest and most zealous advocates for Texan inde-\\npendence and for this his arrest was ordered by General Cos, iu 1835.\\nWhen the volunteers assembled at Gonzales, to hold forcible possession of\\nthe cannon, Moore was elected to command them. In 1840, he was in com-\\nmand of an expedition against the Indians on the headwaters of the Colo-\\nrado. A large village of the Comanches was completely surprised and\\ndestroved. A large number of warriors were killed, and some prisoners\\ntaken. Col. Moore was the original proprietor of the town of Lagrange.\\nHe still (1878) lives on his plantation, which has been his home for more\\nthan a half a century.\\nMorgan, James.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came to Texas about 1828; in 1830 he was a merchant\\nat Anahuac, and in 1836 at New Washington, or Morgan s Point. His\\nstore-house was plundered and burned by Santa Anna, just before the battle\\nof San Jacinto. Colonel Morgan was then in command of Galveston island,\\nand rendered President Burnet efficient service. He filled various public\\ntrusts with honor and fidelity, lie was blind during the last years of his\\nhfe.\\n33", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0607.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "596 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMuRBAH, Pendleton. Was a native of South Carolina, a lawyer by\\nprofession. He went in early life to Alabama, and came from that State to\\nTexas, and setttled in Harrison county. In 1857 he represented that county\\nin the Legislature and was elected Governor in 1863. At the dissolution\\nof the Confederate armies, in June, 1865, Governor Murrah left the capital\\nand sought a refuge in Mexico. He died in Monterey, the following July.\\nNavarro, Jose Antonio. Was born in the city of San Antonio, in 1795.\\nHis father was from Corsica. Mr. Navarro was, in 1834-35, land commis-\\nsioner for Bexar district and Dewitt s colony; a member of the Convention\\nin 1836, and again in 1845; in 1838, in Congress; in 1840, commissioner to\\nSanta Fe. Santa Anna, for some cause, cherished a special hatred towards\\nColonel Navarro, and he was thrown into the castle of San Juan d UUoa\\nand kept in solitary and dreary confinement, until Herrera became Pres-\\nident, when he was libei ated and permitted to return to his home in Texas.\\nAfter annexation, he represented Bexar district in the State Senate. He\\ndied in his natiye city in 1870. He was a staunch Republican; a man of\\ngi eat simplicity of nia nners, united with a Spanish dignity pure in morals,\\nupright in all his dealings, and an incorruptible patriot.\\nNeighbors, R. S. Came from Virginia to Texas in 1837, and entered the\\narmy. In 1849, in company with Colonel Ford, he surveyed a route from\\nSan Antonio to El Paso, and was then sent by Governor Bell to organize the\\ncounty of Santa Fe. He found Santa Fe in possession of the United States,\\nand returned to Texas, and was a member of the Legislature in 1851 in\\n1855 he %vas U. S. Indian Agent, and collected the Indians on the reserves.\\nHe was killed at Fort Belknap, August 14th, 1859.\\nNeil, John C. Commanded the artillery at the taking of San Antonio\\nin 1836, and also in the battle of San Jacinto, in which he was slightly\\nwounded. In 1842, he led an expedition against the Indians on the Upper\\nTrinity, and in 1844 was one of the Commissioners sent to treat with the\\nIndians. Died soon after his return, at his home on Spring creek.\\nNewell, John D. Came from North Carolina to Texas in 1830; was a\\nmember of the Convention in 1833. He was a successful planter, having\\nlived to raise forty-five cotton crops in Texas. He died in Richmond, in\\nDecember, 1875.\\nOdin, Rev. J. M. Was sent to Texas by Bishop Timon, of Missouri, in\\n1840; March 6th, 1842, was consecrated Bishop of Claudiopolis, and Vicar\\nApostolic of Texas; in 1847, Bishop of Galveston, wliich then included the\\nwhole State; in 1861, he was transferred to New Orleans, and soon after-\\nwards created Archbishop. He died in his native village in France,\\niu 1870,\\nOchiltree, William B. Came from North Carolina to Texas in 1839\\nin 1844, was Secretary of the Treasury iu 1845, in the Annexation Gonven-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0608.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 597\\ntiou, after which, for a number Oi years, he was District Judge. Bo was a\\nmember of the Secession Convention in 186 1, and sent as a delegate to the\\nConvention at Montgomery, Alabama; died in Jefferson, Texas, December\\n27, 1867.\\nOldham, William S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was in the Confiederate Senate, from Texas, during\\nthe war; died in Houston in 1868.\\nOwEX, Clark L.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was trom Kentucky. In 1840, he was with John H.\\nMoore in his expedition against the Indians; was a Captain in the Plum\\ncreek fight with the Comanches. He dechned a position in Houston s Ca*b-\\nii et, but was appointed to the command of the troops in the Southwest.\\nSuch was Houston s unbounded confidence in Colonel Owen, that he\\nauthorized him, at his discretion, to proclaim martial law at Corpus Christi,\\nfor the more effectual suppression of thieving and robbing; but he succeeded\\nin resioiiiig order without resorting to that extreme measure. He was an\\noriginal Union man, but after the secession of the State, Captain Owen\\nraised a company for the Second Texas Infantry, and was killed at the\\nbattle of Shiloh.\\nPadilla, JUAN Antonio.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was for a short time Land Commissioner in\\nEast Texas, in 1829. The next year, in conjunction with Judge Chambers,\\nhe obtained an Empresario contract; in 1834-36 he was Secretary of State\\nof Coahuila, Texas was elected to represent Victoria county in the Con-\\nvention of 1836, but, owing to the unsettled state of the West, did not\\nattend. He paid a visit to the city of Houston in 1839, and died while at\\nthat place.\\nParker, Isaac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A venerable member of a historic family has repre-\\nsented his district, both in the Congress of the Republic and in the State\\nLegislature. He lives, at the advanced age of 86, near Weatherford in the\\ncounty that beai s his name.\\nParmer, Martin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whose name is to the Taxas Declaration of Independ-\\nence, was a native of Virginia; moved in early life to Missouri was Indian\\nAgent served in the Convention that formed the Constitution of that State\\nand also in the Legislature; settled at MouTid Prairie, Texas, about the\\nyear 1825 was one of the leaders in-the Fredonian emeute, in 1826-7 and\\ndied soon after the Revolution.\\nPatrick, George M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came to Texas, by sea, in 1827. Thomas Jamison,\\nlate of Matagorda, and John IT. Moore were on the same vessel returning\\nto the country, having been absent on a visit. Mr. Patrick knew something\\nof the management of a ship, and when a storm arose and drove their vessel\\nto sea, after reaching the coast, the Captain being drunk\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he took the\\ncontrol and brought the vessel into Galveston. In 1832, Mr. P., was\\nRegidor (Recorder) at Anahuac; in 1835, he was in the General Consulta-\\ntion; in 1836, with President Burnet, first at Morgan s Point, tlicn at", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0609.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "598 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nGalveston, where, for a time he had command of the schooner Flash. In\\n1837, he was Surveyor of Harris county subsequently, for many yekrs, he\\nwas Cliief Justice of Grimes county, in which he still lives (1878)\\nPease, Elisha M. A native of Connecticut; born in 1812 and a lawyer\\nby profession. He came to Texas in 1835, and was appointed Secretary of\\nthe Executive Council at San Felipe; in 1836 he was Clerk, first in the\\n2s uvy, then in the Treasury Department, under the Provisional Government.\\nIn 1S37 he was Comptroller of Public Accounts. He held this office but a\\nshort time. When he resigned it, he entered upon the practice of his profes-\\nsion in Brazoria county. He was a member of the House of Representa-\\ntives of the First and Second Legislatures, and Chairman of the Judiciary\\nCommittee. He was trasferred to the Senate of the Third Legislature. He\\nwas elected Governor in 1853 and re-elected in 1855. This was a period of\\nunparalleled prosperity. At the close of his official term he took up his\\nresidence in Austin. On the removal of Governor Throckmorton, in 1867,\\nPease was appointed Governor by General Sheridan. This office he resigned\\nthe next year. In 1874, without his knowledge, he was appointed Collector\\nof Customs for Galveston, an office he declined to accept. Was reappoined\\nCollector at Galveston in 1879, and took charge of the Custom House Feb.l.\\nPeebles, Dr. E. P. Came from South Carolina to Texas in 1829, and\\nwas appointed Land Commissioner for Austin fhid Williams colony. In\\n1851 he represented Austin county in the Legislature; lives in Waller\\ncounty.\\nPerky, Henry. Was the commander of the Americans in the battle of\\nAlasan, near San Antonio, in 1813. He is also generally reported as having\\nbeen in the battle of Medina, a few week later though another account\\nstates that Perry, having been warned by a Mexican girl that Musquis and\\nother Mexicans, in the Republican ranks, had made arrangements to\\ndesert to the Royalists, left the city before that disastrous battle. In 1815,\\nhe was in Louisiana attempting to get up a filibustering expedition to\\nTexas, but was thwarted by the vigilance of the United States Marshals. In\\n1816 he joined Commodore Aury at Galveston, and accompanied Aury and\\nMina to Soto la Marina. After the departure of Aury with the ships.\\nPerry thought their foi-ce too weak to maintain themselves in the heart of\\nMexico, and he, with fifty-one followers, started for Texas. The party\\nreached Goliad in safety, and might have passed on to the interior of the\\ncountry, but they summoned the small garrison in the old fort to surrender.\\nWhile parleying before the walls, a body of two hundred cavalry sent by\\niirredondo for the capture of Perry arrived. A desperate fight ensued*\\nThe Spanish account of the battle is, that after all Perry s men were slain\\nin battle, the brave commander, rather than sun-ender, killed himself. This\\nis possible, but it has been conjectured that a part, at least, of Perry s men\\nsurrendered, and shared the fate of the unfortunate Fannin and hia com-\\nmand at the same place, twenty-five years later.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0610.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 599\\nPerry, James F. A brother-in-law of Stephen F. Austin (having mar-\\nried Mrs. Bryan, Mr. Austin s sister, in Missouri) came to Texas in 1831,\\nand settled in Brazoria county, at Peach Point. From this time forward\\nthis was General Austin s home. Mr. Perry died in 1852 his wife havino-\\ndied the previous year\\nPiLLSBURT, Timothy. Came to Texas from Maine. In 1840, he repre-\\nsented Brazoria county in the Texas Congress and was soon afterwai-d\\nelected Chief Justice of the county. He was the first to represent West\\nTexas in the Congress of the United States, after annexation. At the end of\\nhis second term, he retired to private life. He died near Henderson,\\nin 1858.\\nPotter, Egbert\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was Secretary of the Navy during the government ad\\ninterim, and subsequently represented the Red River District in the Texas\\nCongress. He was killed at his home, near Lake Soda, in 1840.\\nPowers, James\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An Irishman, by birth; m 1828, engaged with Dr. Hew-\\nitson in a colonization contract was a member of the Convention of 1836\\nwas captured by raiders at his home, at Live Oak Point, but was immedi-\\nately released by order of Santa Anna.\\nPutnam, Mitchell\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A p/ivate in Captain Hurd s company, at San Ja-\\ncinto. In 1838, he settled near Gonzales, and the same year the Comanches\\ncarried ofi four of his children. In March, 1840, when the Comanches came\\ninto San Antonio to make a treaty, they brought in one of Mr. Mitchell s\\nchildren. After the fight in the Council House, another was surrendered.\\nOne died soon afler being carried ofi An interesting little girl was still\\nmissing, and for twenty-six years her father and family were ignorant of\\nher fate. In 1865, Judge John Chenault, who had been an Indian Agent in\\nMissouri, immigrated to Texas and settled in Gonzales. There was a woman,\\nan inmate of Judge C. s family, then thirty j^ears old, whom he had ran-\\nsomed when a little girl from the savages. The child was too young when\\ncarried off to remember anything of her parentage, or even her name.\\nSomething in her appearance induced Mr. Putnam to suspect this was his\\nlong-lost daughter. There was on her person a peculiar flesh-mark, well\\nremembered by her parents. This indelible mark estabhshed her identity.\\nThough much attached to her foster-father, she was greatly delighted to find\\nher real father and to dwell with her kinsmen.\\nRains, Emory A native of Tennessee; settled in Texas, in 1816, in La-\\nmar county; in 1836, represented Shelby county in the Texas Congress\\nfilled many oflSccs of trust, and died at a good old age, in the county that\\nbears his name, in 1878.\\nReagan, John H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came to Texas in 1840 from Tennessee, and engaged\\nin surveying; in 1846, he was Probate Judge in Anderson county; 1847, in\\nthe Legislature from 1852 to 1857 he filled the oflice of District Judge.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0611.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "600 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nDuring the latter year he was elected to Congress, and re-elected in 1859.\\nAt the breaking out of the civil war he resigned his seat in Congress, and\\nat the organization ot the Confederate government, was invited into Presi-\\ndent Davis Cabinet as Postmaster-General. At the fall of Richmond, Mr.\\nReagan left the cityin company with President Davis, and they were still\\nin company when they were captured by the Federal soldiers. While Mr.\\nDavis was sent to Fortress Monroe, Mr. Reagan was sent to Fort Warren,\\nBoston harbor. On being released, he returned to his old home in Pales-\\ntine, and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1873, his political dis-\\nabilities were removed, and the next year he was elected to Congress, and\\nalso to the Constitutional Convention of the State. He was re-elected to\\nCongress. in 1876, and also in 1878.\\nRiley, James Represented Harris county in Congress in 1840, and wag-\\nsoon afterward sent as Minister to the United States in 1846, he commanded\\na Texas I egiment in the ^lexican.war in 1856, was United States Minister to-\\nSt. Petersburg, Russia; iu 1861-2, a colonel in the Arizona Brigade, but\\nmost of the time in Mexico on diplomatic service. Returning from that ex-\\npedition, he was assigned to duty in Louisiana, and killed in the battle of\\nFranklin, April 13, 1863. Mrs. Riley died in Jeflerson, Texas, iu January,.\\n1877.\\nRoberts, Oran M. Is a native of South Carolina born in 1815. He^\\nwas educated at\u00c2\u00bb the University of Alabama; studied law, and entered\\nupon the practice of his profession in 1838. After serving one term in the\\nLegislature of Alabama, he immigrated to Texas in 1841, located at Sail\\nAugustine, and cemmenced the practice of his profession. He was District\\nAttorney in 1844; the next year District Judge. After annexation, he re-\\nsumed the practice of his profession and continued it until 1857, when he\\nwas elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. He was\\na member of the Secession Convention in 1861, and was the President of\\nthat body. In 1862, he raised a regiment for service in the Confederate\\narmy, and was assigned to duty in the division of General Walker. While\\nin the army, he was elected Chief Justice of the State. He was in the first\\nReconstruction Convention, in 1866, and was chairman of the Committee on\\nthe Judiciaiy. The ensuing Legislature elected him and the late Judge\\nBurnet to the United States Senate but they were not permitted to take\\ntheir seats, as Congress set aside the reconstruction administration of Presi-\\ndent Johnson. He resumed the practice of his jjrofession, and, in conjunc-\\ntion, taught, in 1868, a law school in Gilmer. In 1874, when the Supi cme\\nCourt was re-organized under Governor Coke, Justice Roberts was returned\\nto his place as Chief Justice of the Si;i,i and under the new Constitution!\\nwas re-elected iu 1876. Inaugurated Governor January 21, 1879.\\nRoberts, S-^muel A. A native of Georgia, educated at West Point;\\nresigned his commission and studied law at Mobile, Alabama. In 1838, he\\ncame to Texas, and was soon afterwards sent as Minister to the United\\nStates; iu 1840 he was Secreury of State in Lamar s cabinet. After annex-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0612.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 601\\nation he settled in Bonham, and engaged in the practice of his profession.\\nDaring the civil war he had a military commission under the Confederate\\nGovernment. He died in Bonham, in 1872.\\nKOBERTSON, Jerome B. Jerome B. Robertson is by birth a Kentuckian.\\nBefore he attained his majority, the attention of the people of the United\\nStates was tixed upon the struggle then existing between the Texas colo-\\nnists and the mihtary despotism then ruling Mexico. The colonists wern\\nweak in numbers and resources, while their enemies were strong and vin-\\ndictive. The colonists were widely scattered over a new country, strug-\\ngling to maintain constitutional and religious liberty against absolute\\ndespotism and the exertions of the centralists. Hence, the fluctua-\\ntions of tlfat struggle excited the public mind of the United States far more\\nthan this generation can understand. The subject of this sketch has always\\nbeen prompt to coin his convictions into deeds, and from his early youth\\nwas characterized by fine social qualities, and an acfjve zeal in promoting\\npublic enterprises. These qualities, joined to an ardent love of liberty,\\nand a sympathy for the weak, which could not be restrained, stimulated\\nyoung Robertson to actively espouse the cause of Texas and in the begin-\\nning of the year 1836, he openly declared his intention to embark in the\\ncause of Texan independence. With eighty-six other brave men, he formed\\na company at Owensboro, Daviess county, Kentucky, who promptly mani-\\nfested their appreciation of his capacity by electing him their Captain upon\\ntheir arrival in Texas. The trip down the river to New Orleans was a\\ncontinuous ovation, but the real hardships of the new life began at that\\npoint. A delay of several weeks was here met by the failure of the agents\\nof Texas to procure transportation and an unusually long voyage of nine-\\nteen days across the Gulf, from the mouth of the Mississippi to Velasco,\\nTexas, followed by weary marches and the tedious though necessary res-\\ntraints of camp life, were alone sufficient to severely test the soldierly quali-\\nties of the men. Texas was without money to pay her defenders, and with-\\nout stores with which to feed and clothe them yet did not her soldiers\\nfalter, but pushed onward until victory crowned their noble efforts.\\nWith the cessation of hostilities and the achievment of independence, the\\nrestoration of social order demanded the best efforts of Texans. The work\\nwas begun and carried out with ai\\\\ energy and breadth of wisdom which\\nhas not been improved upon in later days. The provisions made by Texas\\nfor public education, were among the first acts of the young Republic, and\\nwere munificent, and then far in advance of the times. Upon his discharge\\nfrom the army. Captain Robertson settled in the town of Washington,\\nWashington county, at the close of the year 1837, and commenced the prac-\\ntice of medicine, which he had studied in Kentucky; and continued the\\npractice of that profession, when not in public service, until 1874. During\\nthat period, he filled many minor civil offices, and participated in most of\\nthe campaigns against the Mexicans and Indians during the existence of\\nthe Republic, including the Somervell campaign of 1843. He was a mem-\\nber of the Lower House of the State Legislature in 1847-49, and served\\ntwo terms in the State Senate. He was a member of the Secession Couven-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0613.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "602 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ntiou in 1861. His previous services for Texas did not prompt him to remain\\nin peaceful ease when Texas bade her sons to go forth to battle again, but\\nhe promptly volunteered, and was elected Captain of a company formed at\\nIndependence. The company was ordered to Richmond, Virginia, in the\\nfall of 1861, and became a part of the Fifth Texas regiment, of which\\nCaptain Robertson was made Lieutenant-Colonel. After the battle of\\nSeven Pines, he was promoted to the Colonelcy, and with his regiment\\nparticipated in the glories and hardships of the Army of Northern Virginia.\\nUpon the promotion of General J. B. Hood to the rank of Major-General,\\nColonel Robertson was advanced to the position of Brigadier-General, and\\ncommanded Hood s old brigade.\\nAfter the close of the war came the trying process of Reconstruction.\\nGeneral Robertson had endured too much for Texas, to despair of better\\ntimes, even in that dark hour and his age, character, and public sei vices,\\ngave him great power to influence the more intemperate spirits in his dis.\\ntracted State. He counselled, always, forbearance and peaceful methods,\\nbut never ceased to labor and to hope for Texas. He was made Superin-\\ntendent of the State Bureau of Immigration, in 1874, and his able and\\nenergetic administration of that important office received the universal\\ncommendation of the press and people. He is now laboring to advance\\nthe railroad interests of Western Texas, as the means of developing the\\nvast wealth of that hitherto comparatively unknown section of the Empire\\nState of Texas.\\nFrom any cause he thought good, he never withheld his voice, his purse,\\nor his hand. He never took counsel of selfishness, nor sought an unworthy\\nend.\\nRobertson, Sterling C. An Empresario, who, next to Austin, intro-\\nduced the largest number of families into Texas. He visited the country\\nas early as 1823. Mr. Letlwich, after securing a contract and introducing\\na few families, went back to Tennessee and died, and his contract fell into\\nthe possession of the Nashville Company, of which Mr. Robertson was an\\nactive manager. In 1830, Mr. Robertson, in conjunction with Mr. Alexan-\\nder Thompson, introduced a number of families, about the time of Busta-\\nmente s decree interdicting all immigration from the United States. The\\nimmigrants, finding obstacles in the way of settling the Robertson colonj\\nstopped, for a time, in the colony of Austin. The Mexicans appear to\\nhave had a special spite at Mr. Robertson and a decree of the Legislature\\nannulled the contract, and banished him from the province. At the same\\ntime, a contract for settling the same territory was given to Austin and\\nWilliams. Robertson visited Saltillo, and on his representation of his\\npreparations to introduce colonists, his contract was renewed in Decree\\nNo. 285, issued April 29th, 1834. The fickle Legislature, on the 18th of\\nMay, 1835, in Decree No. 317, declared that the former decree in favor of\\nSterling C. Robertson, foreigner, was null and void, and the Governor\\nwas directed to return the contract to Austin and Williams. As the I evo-\\nlution was then in progress, this last decree did not seriously injure the\\nRobertson colony. Mr. Robertson was a member of the Convention in", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0614.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "MONUMENT ERECTED\\nTHE HEROES OF THE ALAMO,\\nAND NOW STANDING AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE STATE HOUSE AT AUSTIN, TEXAS.\\niNSCRiPTfOx ON THE Shaft-North Front.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To thft God Of the fearless and free is (iedi-\\ncaied this altar made from the ruins of the Alamo. March Gth, 1836, A. D.\\niNscRirrroN o.v the West Front. Blood of Heroes hath stained me; let the stones of\\nthe Alamo speak that their immolation be not forgotten. March liih lS.StJ, A. 1).\\niNSCRirriON ON the South Front.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ba they enrolled with Leonidas in the host of the\\nmighty dead. March 6th, 1836 A. D.\\nInscription on the East Front.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thermopylie had her messenger of defeat, but the\\nAlamo had none. March Gth, 1836, A. D.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0615.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0616.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 605\\n1836, aud raised a company for service in the San Jacinto campaign. He\\ndied in the county which bears his name, March 4th, 1842.\\nRobinson, James W. A native of Ohio, and a lawyer by profession.\\nHe was a member of the Consultation in 1835, from Nacogdoches. At the\\norganization of the Provisional Government, he was elected Lieutenant-\\nGovernor, and when the Executive Council deposed Governor Smith, he\\nbecame Governor but Smith never surrendered the insignia of his ojfficc.\\n(That insignia was a brass button on his coat, which happened to be a\\nstar, and for want of a seal, was used to make the impression upon public\\ndocuments dispatched to the United States. That brass button gave birth\\nto the single star, the emblem of the new Republic) Mr. Robinson fought\\nas a private at the battle of San Jacinto. At the organization of a Consti-\\ntutional Government, he was appointed District Judge. He resigned his\\nofBce rather than to preside at the trial of a personal friend, charged with\\na capital offence. He was in San Antonio in September, 1842, when so\\nmany of the members of the court were taken prisoners by Woll. From\\nhis prison in Mexico he addressed a letter to Santa Anna, who had been\\nrestored to power. In that letter he suggested a basis for an agreement\\nbetween Texas and Mexico. Robinson probably did this to secure his\\nliberty. Santa Anna released him, and sent him with letters to Mr. Hous-\\nton. The negotiation thus begun, finally resuHted in the establishment of\\nan armistice between the two countries. In 1849, Judge Robinson removed\\nwith his family to California. Not liking the country, he started back to\\nTexas, and died at San Diego, in 1853.\\nA number of anecdotes are current among the legal fratei uity, of which\\nRobinson was the occasion. It is told that on one occasion, when holding\\ncourt in Houston, a man had been convicted of a crime for which the pen-\\nalty was thirty-nine lashes. A motion was duly made and entered for a\\nnew trial, which the Judge promised to attend to the next morning. In\\nthe meantime, he directed the sherifi to whip the culprit and turn him\\nloose. At the opening of the court in the morning, the Judge listened very\\npatiently to the arguments for a new trial. The attorney, seeing an unac-\\ncountable merriment in the court-i oom, inquired the cause when the\\nJudge, in the blandest possible manner, informed the gentleman that his\\nclient had already received his punishment and been discharged. On\\nanother occasion, he perpetrated a grim joke at the expense of a still\\ngreater criminal. He was holding court in a town on the western frontier.\\nA man had been clearly convicted of a willful murder. The Judge i)ro-\\npronounced the death penalty, the sentence to be carried into execution\\nthe next day. But he then remarked to the sheriff that the jail was very\\nuncomfortable and he had better execute him that night; Tlie truth was,\\nthe criminal had a large number of friends, and the Judge knew full well\\nthat he would be rescued during the night.\\nRobinson, John C. Came with his family to Texas in 1831 landing at\\nthe mouth of the Brazos. At New Orleans he hud his negroes passed\\nthrough the custom-house, so that if he found it necessary he could return", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0617.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "606 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nwith them to tlie United States. They were also indentured as PeonSy\\naccording to the Mexican laws. ;Mr. Ilobinson was in the battle ofVelasco,\\nin 1832; in 1833, settled on his headright league on the west side of Cum-\\nmings creek, in Fayette county; was a member of the first session of the\\nfirst Congress. It was m;ule the duty of the members of Congress to\\nadminister the oath of office to the newly-appointed Magistrates. On\\nthe 2Gth of November, 1836, he and his brother rode over to the house of\\nMr. Stevens, on Clear creek, to administer the oath of ofiice to ]\\\\lr. Stevens.\\nAs the two brothers were returning, they were met by a party of Indians\\nand both killed. Later in the day, the same Indians killed the Gotier family,\\nstill higher upon the headwaters of Rabb s creek.\\nKoBiNSON, Joel W. Son of the above; was in the Velasco fight in 1832^\\nand also in the battle of San Jacinto. It was Mr. Robinson s good fortune\\nto be with the party that captured Santa Anna, and the fallen chief I ode\\ninto the Texan camp behind Robinson, both on one horse. The prisoner,\\nof whose identity they were then ignorant, complained that his feet were\\nsore, and he was thus permitted to ride. Joel Robinson has frequently\\nrepresented his county in the State Legislature, and was a member of the\\nConstitutional Convention in 1875. He lives on his father s headright\\nleague the one he first settled and the one upon which he was killed.\\nRoman, Richard. A native of Kentucky a soldier in the Black-Hawk\\nwar in 1832, and a Captain in the battle of San Jacinto in 1839, represented\\nVictoria county in Congress of the Republic in 1849, emigrated to Califor-\\nnia and served two terms as Treasurer of the State. He was subsequently\\nappointed Aiipraiser of Merchandise in San Francisco. He died in that\\ncity in 1876. He was blind during the last years of his life.\\nP.oss, .A native of Virginia; was a Captain in the expedition of\\nMagee in 1812, and Goliad in 1813. After the death of Magec, when Kem-\\nper was elected commander, Ross was selected as Major. After the cruel\\nmurder of the Spanish ofiiccrs at San Antonio, he abandoned the enterprise\\nand returned to his native State. After the triumph of the Republican\\ncause in Mexico, he visited that country in hopes of receiving some remu-\\nneration lor his services. While traveling toward the city of Mexico, he\\nwas murdered by robbers.\\nRoss, Reuben. An Aid to Felix Huston in 1837 was with Jordan in\\nthe Army of the Republic of\u00c2\u00bbthe Rio Grande, in 1839; returned to Texas\\nand was killed in a personal rencontre at Gonzales, at a Christmas party\\nin 1839.\\nRoYALL, R. R. One of the first settlers at Matagorda repx esented that\\nprecinct in the Convention of 1833 was chairman of the Central Committee\\nwhich, at San Felipe, exercised a general supervision of public affairs\\nbefore the meeting of the Consultation in 1835. He was also a member of\\nthat Consultation. He died in Matagorda, in 1840.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0618.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 607\\nEuNNELS, Hiram G.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ex-Governor of Mississippi; came to Texas in\\n1840, and opened a plantation on the Brazos river; was a member of tlie\\nAnnexation Convention in 1845 died in 1857.\\nRunnels, Hardin R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came from Mississippi to Texas in 1841, and\\nopened a cotton plantation on Red river; represented Bowie county eight\\nyears in the Legislature; was Speaker of the House in 1853-55; in 1855\\nwas elected Governor; died at his home in Bowie county in 1873,\\nRusk, Thomas Jefferson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The soldier, jurist, and statesman, was of\\nIrish descent, and born in Pendleton district, South Carolina, December\\n5th, 1803. While yet a boy, bright and precocious, young Rusk attracted\\nthe favorable notice of the celebrated John C. Calhoun. Mr. Calhoun\\ngreatly assisted him in securing an education, and also in acquiring his pro-\\nfession. Soon after procuring his license as a lawyer, young Rusk removed\\nto the State of Georgia, where he soon obtained a lucrative practice. In\\nan unfortunate mining speculation, lie lost nearly all his earnings. Dishon-\\nest agents seized the funds and fled to the West. Rusk followed some of\\nthem to Texas, but failed to recover his lost money. This was in 1834. He\\nwas so delighted with the country that he determined to make Texas his\\nfuture home, and located at Nacogdoches, He at once took an active part\\nin public affairs, and the same year, as secretary of a vigilance committee,\\nwrote an earnest protest againt the further introduction of Indians from\\nthe United States, -In 1836 the Executive Council elected him Commissary\\nof the Army. He was in the Convention of 1836, and his name is signed to\\nthe Declaration of Texan Independence. At the organization of the gov-\\nernment ad interim, he entered Burnet s Cabinet as Secretary of War. By\\nthe direction of the Bresident, he joined the army on the Brazos river, and\\nwas the confidential friend and adviser of Houston. Arriving at Harris-\\nburg, he made a most patriotic address to the men, assuring them that they\\nwould soon have an opportunity to avenge the butcheries of San Antonio\\nand Goliad. He performed a most gallant part in the ever-memorable\\nbattle of the 21st of April. It was to him that Colonel Almonte surrender-\\ned. After all resistance had ceased. Rusk exerted himself to arrest the\\nkilling of the fugitives. When General Houston resigned, to go to New\\nOrieans for surgical aid. Rusk was appointed Commander-in-Chief; and\\nfollowed the retreating army of Filisola as far west as Goliad, where he had\\nthe remains of the men massacred with Fannin carefully collected and hon-\\norably interred.\\nIn tiie fail of 1836, at the organization of the Constitutional govermnent,\\nRusk was appointed Secretary of War; but he soon resigned to attend to\\nhis private business, which had been very much neglected during the stir-\\nring revolutionary times. The people would not permit him long to remain\\nin private life, and in 1837 he was sent to the Texas Congress. A band of\\nKickapoos having become very troublesome, he collected a company of hi*\\nneighbors and severely chastised thcni. Rusk was always ready to draw\\nhis sword to repel invasion, or to protect the frontier from the sava res. lu\\n1839 he commanded a regiment in the war with the Cherokees. He was", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0619.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "608 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe same year appointed Chief Justice of the Republic, but soon x-esigned\\nthe office aud resumed the practice of law at Nacogdoches. His partners\\nwere J. Pinckney Henderson, and Kenneth L. Anderson. In 1843 he was\\nelected Major-General of the Militia. In 1845 his fellow-citizens sent him\\nto the Annexation Convention, and he was elected President of that body.\\nAt the first session of the Legislature of the State of Texas, General Rusk\\nwas elected to the United States Senate a position he continued to hold\\nuntil his untimely death by his own hands in 1857. We make some selec-\\ntions from a sketch of his life, which appeared in the Texas Almanac for\\n1858:\\nGeneral Rusk as Chief Justice of the Republic. According to that\\nonly record of the judicial decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas extant,\\nDallam s Digest, at the fall term, 1840, of the Supreme Court of Texas,\\nThomas J. Husk was acting as Chief Justice of that Court, assisted by Wm.\\nJ. Jones, John T. Mills, A. B. Shelby, and John Hemphill. These gentle-\\nmen were all District Judges at the time and the Supreme Court, like that\\nof the United States, was then composed of the Circuit Judges sitting in\\nbanco. The only opinions of Chief Justice Rusk, which Dallam has handed\\ndown to posterity, are five short and sententious judgments, covering about\\nfive pages of that excellent book. They do not display great learning, to\\nbe sure; but then it is to be recollected that during the first two terms of\\nthe Supreme Court of the United States, all the Judges did not write half\\nso much. The Chief Justice proved himself adequate to the times; if, in\\nhis sententious opinions, he quoted no authorities, he displayed more wis-\\ndom than some of his fellows, who quoted from schools and systems which\\nhad never been introduced into Texas.\\nThe first Legislature of Texas conferred upon him the office of United\\nStates Senator, in March, 1846, aud in that position he has ever since con-\\ntinued to serve his country with his fidelity, until the day of his death. In\\nthat august body of which he was a member, he held a pi-oud and influen-\\ntial position. For several terms he was at the head of the Post Office Com-\\nmittee, and on the election of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency, the voice of\\nthe whole nation seemed to unite upon the name of Rusk, as the most proper\\nand acceptable in connection with the Postmaster-Generalship of the new\\nCabinet. It was understood that this appointment was offered to him by\\nthe President elect, and that Mr. Rusk peremptorily declined it. Early in\\nthe last session of Congress, Mr. Rusk was chosen to the high and responsi-\\nble position of President jjro tern, of the Senate, in which he continued\\nuntil the close of the session, administering the duties of the chair with all\\nthat dignity, impartiality and ability, so necessary to their acceptable dis-\\ncharge, and winning the unanimous commendation of the members. No\\none, in fact, was more popular among his fellow-Senators, and none more\\ntrusted, honoi cd or beloved. Seldom rising in his place to deliver a set\\nspeech, he was nevertheless watchful of the interests of liis constituents,\\nand the honor and welfare of the Union, and when he did address the Senate\\nhis words had their designed efiect. The weight of his influence was more\\ngenerally felt in the committee of which he was a member, and in his pri-\\nvate intercourse with his colleagues, where his sound practical sense, yet", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0620.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 609\\nmodest and unassuming manners, carried the torce ot conviction with the\\ncharm of integrity.\\nHad Thomas J. Eusk lived, he could have reached any official position\\nin this Union to vehich he would have aspii-ed. Retiring iu his disposi-\\ntion, it was with difficulty that his own best friends, who knew and appre-\\nciated his true worth, could induce him to accept the honors they were ever\\nready to confer upon him. Social and domeslic in his habits warm in\\nfriendship and devoted in his attachments he preferred the quiet joys oi\\na private life at home to the noisy plaudits of the multitude abroad yet\\nwhile he sought not the latter at any time, he often yielded the former at\\nthe call of his constituents, and for the benefit of his country. But the\\ndeath, last year, of the life-long partner of his bosom, who had shared with\\nhim the sorrows of exile and the dangers of revolution, as well as the\\npleasures of honorable distinction and pecuniary prosperity, seemed to un-\\nnerve him for the conflict of a public career, and cause him to shrink from\\nthe world into the sacred retreat of home. It was to him like the rupture\\nof his strong heart-sinews, and the tearing asunder of the chords of life.\\nOther causes may have contributed to his fatal despondency, but this was\\nundoubtedly the heaviest weight of sorrow that dragged him down to\\ndeath. Only noble and sensitive natures are capable of such depth and\\nintensity of woe. Let us throw the white veil of charity over the scene of\\nhis final struggle. Let us wash away that purple stain with the fast-flo v-\\ning tears of sympathy. With reverence let us consign that noble form to\\nthe mausoleum of the past, and with gratitude inscribe upon the tablet of\\nour memory the record of his manly virtues and his patriotic deeds.\\nWe add a few paragraphs from the eulogy pronounced on Rusk, iu the\\nHall of the House of Representatives of Texas, November 7th, 1857, by\\nChief Justice Hemphill\\nHis deep interest in railroad improvements, and his eflTorts and services\\nin giving an impulse to the great line which is to span the continent, and\\nlink the Atlantic and Pacific together as with bands of iron, were most\\nimportant, but are too familiar to have been forgotten, or even obscured in\\nthe recollection.\\nHe was rarely absent from his post iu the Senate, With untiring\\nassiduity he examined thoi-oughly the questions before that body, and his\\nopinion when formed, especially on subjects before committees to which he\\nwas attached, had a force almost irresistible.\\nNo man ever served in public life more entirely free fi om even the sus-\\npicion of corrupt, mercenary, or improper motives. With integrity, purity\\nand singleness of purpose, he devoted his great talents to his country,\\nunswerved by selfish designs, or the impulses of an ill-regulated ambition.\\nHe was endowed with moral courage in an eminent degree. As an illus-\\ntration, on the boundary question, he expressed his determination to vote\\nfor a proposition which he thought Texas might with honor accept, though,\\nfrom information on which he relied, he felt conscious that by so voting he\\nwould forfeit his seat in the Senate. This anticipation, happily for the\\ncountry, proved to be groundless. Texas did accept the proposition. But\\nhis resolution showed that even against a iustly indignant public sentiment.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0621.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "610 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nbut exasperated in his opinion to such a degree as to be deaf to the (sug-\\ngestions of prudence he had a spirit which could boldly stand up for what\\nhe deemed the true honor and interests of the State, though at the risk,\\nnay, the certainty of the sacrifice of himself.\\nHe was generous, magnanimous, brave and humane. He was largely\\nendoAved with that fine electric quality which seems the gift of nature the\\nresult, perhaps, of a rare combination of the higher qualities of the intel-\\nlect and of the heart, which inspires confidence, and exerts, in a mystical\\nway, a control over suri ounding persons which exacts obedience from a\\nsoldier more from attachment and a high a- d implicit trust, than from the\\nforce of discipline which, in the hour of danger, draws all to him as the\\npilot who must weather the storm which arbitrates and settles the diffi-\\nculties of others, makes friends everywhere without effort, knd in legisla-\\ntive assemblies, gives an influence which no mere talent, intellect, energy or\\nefforts to please can ever possess.\\nGeneral Rusk had all the essentials of genuine eloquence. He mastered\\nthe strong points of the subject had clear conceptions, sound practical\\ncommon-sense views. These were expressed with clearness, force, sim-\\nplicity, directness, and with a bold and impassioned earnestness if required\\nby the occasion, and these, aided by his lofty presence, full voice, and beam-\\ning and expressive countenance, seldom failed to propel the minds of his\\nheai ers before him, and produce conviction, the object of all eloquence.\\nWithout discussing particularly his character as a lawyer and as a\\njudge, we may say that he combined the important elements necessary to\\nconstitute a great lawyer. He had a thorough knowledge of the principles\\nof the law a vast fund of common sense, a familiar acquaintance with the\\nsprings of human action a spirit of investigation carried to any extent\\nrequired to enable him to master the gfeat points in the facts and law of\\nthe cause.\\nIn his private relations, he was hospitable and kind, beloved of all his\\nneighbors. He lived iu patriarchal simplicity. All were welcome at his\\nhouse the humblest visited him, and were equally welcome and at home\\nwith the richest and greatest of the land. In the words of a friend, benev-\\nolence and kindness were more conspicuous in him than in any man he ever\\nknew. He was deeply affectionate and tender in his family circle no word\\nof unkindness to any member of his family was ever heard to flow from\\nhis lips. His wife, the partner of his bosom in youth and in age, in mis-\\nfortune and in prosperity, was cherished by him with an indescribable\\nfervor and depth of tenderness, love and affection and her death in the\\nprevious year was a blow to his heart from which he never recovered.\\nBut it avails not to enumerate his virtues, public or private, or his services,\\nor the hopes of his country untimely blighted. He is gone so far as a\\ngreat man who lives in the imperishable records of his country s history\\ncan die. He has left us a bright heritage of liberties won by his valor, and\\nsustained and invigorated by the wisdom of his counsels, and he has left a\\nglorious example of exalted abilities and noble virtures all devoted to the\\nservice of his country.\\nThe manner of liis death is the only shade on the grand and brilliauC", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0622.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 611\\npicture of his long, glorious and useful life. He had been weak and sick\\nfor some time. The death of his wife had been to him a crusliing affliction.\\nHis grief, acting through the disordered state of his physical system, pro-\\nduced such an increasing degree of gloom and melancholy, as finally to\\nweaken the control of reason, and in a moment of temporary insanity to\\nproduce the melancholy catastrophe which has filled the country with\\nlamentation and woe. Let the tears of sympathy flow for this sudden col-\\nlapse of one of the finest of mental organizations, striking as it did from\\nlife and from his country forever, one of her most illustrious and venerated\\npatriots and statesmen.\\nDeath cometh to all as surely as the sun runneth his daily course, but it\\ncannot obliterate the services which this great man has rendered to his\\ncountry. It cannot diminish the brightness of his memory, shining as a\\nstar in the political heavens, and exerting for ages in the future its benign\\nagency over the political destinies of the people. But, fellow-citizciis\u00c2\u00b0I\\nwill not attempt to detain you longer by this feeble tribute to the memory\\nof the deceased. We may not look on his like again. His place may be\\nfilled, but who can fill the void in the hearts of his countrymen? We may,\\nhowever, attempt to imitate his example, to emulate his virtues, to love our\\ncountry with devoted, uncalculating affection, to give it our heai-ts and\\nsouls, and if necessary, the first and the last drop of blood that runs in\\nour veins, to sustain the honor and rights of our beloved State against all\\nopposition and to every extremity, and to fervently hope with him that this\\nmighty, this growing Republic, may be perpetuated over a people enjoying\\nall the blessings of liberty, and all the beneficent glories of a union of\\npatriotic fraternal feeling, and of constitutional and equal rights.\\nRussell, William J.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of North Carolina; came to Texas in\\n1826 in 1832, gathered with the indignant citizens to demand of Brudburn,\\nat Anahuac, the release of Jack, Travis, and others, whom he had arbitra-\\nrily arrested. Russell was sent with John Austin to Brazoria for a cannon.\\nUgartechea, at Velasco, refused to let the cannon pass that place. Austin\\ndetermined to attack the fort. Russell participated in the fight as captain\\nof the vessel on which the cannon had been placed for transportation to\\nAnahuac. In 1838, he represented Brazoria county in the Senate. After\\nannexation. Captain R. removed to Fayette county, which he represeuledin\\nthe Legislature in 1849 he was also for several years Chief Justice of that\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2county. He is President of the Texas Veteran Association, and resides in\\nAustin.\\nSanta Anna, Antonio Lopez De.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The connection which this distin-\\nguished Mexican General and statesman had with Texas aflairs renders it\\nproper that a brief summary of his life sliould be given. He was born at\\nJalapa in 1798, and early in life became distinguished as a leader among the\\nRepublican patriots who were seeking to throw off the Spanish yoker In\\n1822, he assisted iu expelling the Royahsts from Vera Cruz, and tlie next\\nyear pronounced against Iturbide, who had proclaimed himself Emperor.\\nIn 1828, he took the field against Pedraza and secui-ed the elevation of Guer-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0623.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "612 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nrera to the Presidenc} during whose administration Santa Anna had the\\nportfolio of AVar. In 1830, he was an active partisan of Bustemente, wlio\\nwas elected President; and, three years later, Santa Anna was himself ele-\\nvated to the Presidential chair. He now deserted the party with which he\\nhad always acted, and formed an alliance with the Church, or Reactionary\\njjarty. Ou the 3d of October, 1835, he issued his celebrated order dissolv-\\ning the Legislature, and virtually establishing a military despotism. We\\nneed not recount his experiences in Texas Sulfice it to say, that he at-\\ntempted to justify the Alamo slaughter on the ground of the stubborn re-\\nsistance of the garrison but even this poor excuse cannot be offered for the\\nslaughter of Fannin and his men, who were put to death in cold blood after\\nthey had surrendered as prisoners of war. That was a butchery^ barbar-\\nous and wholly unjustifiable on any principles of civilized warfiire.\\nThe most perplexing question that agitated the government of Texas ad\\ninterim was the disposition of the captive President of Mexico, after his\\ncapture at San Jacinto. Not a few of the leading men among them Lamar,\\nPolter, Sherman, W. H. Jack, Mosely Baker, and many of the officers of the\\narmy thought he ought to be tried by drum-head court martial while Bur-\\nnet, Houston, Rusk and others contended, as he had been recognized as a\\nprisoner of war, and had ordered Filisola to retreat, since his capture an\\norder that General was but too willing to obey, Santa Anna ought to be\\nsent home, as had been agreed upon in the treaty with President Burnet.\\nAs we have elsewhere said, it was thought the schooner Passaic entei ed the\\nBrazos with a plan for rescuing Santa Anna and his suite, who were prison-\\ners at Orazaba. When this failed, it was reported that the discouraged pris-\\noner attempted to take his own life by poison.\\nWhen he reached home, after his ill-starred Texas campaign, he was coldly\\nreceived, and retired at once to his hacienda, at Mango de Clavo. He was\\nin the array again in 1858, and in a battle at Vera Cruz, in which the French\\nwere handsomely I epulsed, but in which he lost a leg.\\nIn 1841, at the head of 10,000 men, he pronounced against Bustemente;\\ndefeated that General, and became virtual Dictator of Mexico but was over-\\nthrown and banished in 1845. During the invasion of the country by the\\narray of General Scott, Santa Anna was recalled, and it is confidently as.\\nsertcd that the Araerican blockading fleet permitted hira to land under the\\npledge that he would speedily negotiate a treaty of peace a promise like\\nthat made to the Texans, on the battle-ground of San Jacinto, which he\\nmade no effort to fulfill. He at once took the command of the army, and\\nwas in the battle of Buena Vista, February 22d, 1847 Cerro Gordo, April\\n18th; Contrereras, August 19th; Churubusco, August 20th, and Molino del\\nRev, September 9th; after which Scott s army entered the City of Mexico.\\nSanta Anna, though he had displayed his youthful energy in mustering his\\nforces for these consecutive battles, had been defeated, and retired to volun-\\ntary exile; and the Americans had, literally, to create a government with\\nwhich they could establish terms of peacp.\\nSanta Anna was recalled to Mexico, and restored to power in 1853. This\\ntime he was appointed President for life, with the privilege of naming his suc-\\ncessor. A successful revolution having occurred, he abdicated August 16th,.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0624.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "r\\no\\nK\\no\\no", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0625.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0626.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 615\\n1855, and went first to Havana and then to St. Thomas returned to Mexico\\nin 1863, during the French occupation of the country, and issued a mani-\\nfesto in favor of Maximilian but Marshal Bazaiue, suspecting that he med-\\nitated treachery, banished him to St. Thomas. In 1868, a revolutionary\\nparty in Northern Mexico proclaimed Santa Anna Dictator for five years,\\nbut that movement was soon suppressed by Juarez. In 1871, he returned\\nto Mexico, and closed his checkered life at Mango de Clavo in 1876.\\nWe add an incident in the life of this singular man, related by General\\nWaddy Thompson, then Minister to Mexico. The French had sent a ma-\\nrauding party into the country, and Santa Anna had issued a strenuous\\norder against foreigners. As this operated against the Americans as well\\nas the French, Mr. Thompson called to ask for the revocation of the obnox-\\nious law. I know nothing, said Santa Anna, about this question of\\ninternational law, but have spent my life in the camp. Eminent Mexican\\nlawyers tell me I have a right to enforce such a law and if we have, I\\nknow it will be beneficial to Mexico. These foreigners come here and make\\nfortunes and go away. Let them remain here as becomes Mexican citizens,\\nand they may enjoy this and all other privileges, but while he was Presi-\\ndent he would cut his throat [suiting the action to the word] before he\\nwould yield anything to menaces [alluding to the note of the French Minis-\\nter] What, said he, has Mexico gained by her revolution, if she is to\\nbe dictated to by every despot in Europe. Before, we had but one master,\\nbut if this is submitted to, we shall have twenty. We cannot fight them on\\nthe waters but let them land, and I will drive them to their boats faster than\\nI did in 1839 and [casting his eye to his mutilated leg, with a tiger-like ex-\\npression in his eye] they have taken one of my legs they shall have the\\nother, and every limb in my body, before I will submit to their bullying\\nand menaces. Let them come Let them come 1 1\\nScurry, Eichardson. Was a pi ivate in the artillery company in the bat-\\ntle of San Jacinto. In 1836-37, he was a clerk in the Senate, and\\nsuccessively District Attorney and District Judge. Elected to the Eighth\\nCongress, he was Speaker of the House. After annexation he, in 1851-53,\\nrepresented the Eastern District in the Congress of the United States. In\\n1854 he was severely wounded by the accidental dicharge of a gun. His\\nleg was amputated, but he finally died from the effects of the wound,\\nin 1862.\\nScurry, William R. Brother of the above, was District Attorney during\\nthe Republic a Major in the Mexican AVar, in Wood s I egiment, and greatly\\ndistinguished himself in the battle of Monterey. In 1862 he was a Lieu-\\ntenant Colonel in the Arizona expedition, in Sibley s brigade. On the re-\\nturn of the brigade to Texas, he was appointed to the command of the\\nEastern Sub-District; in 1863 was appointed a Brigadier General and\\nassigned to duty under Taylor in Louisiana; killed in the battle of Saline,\\nLouisiana, April 8th, 1864.\\nSeguin, Don Erasmo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was born in San Antonio, in 1772, and died in\\n34", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0627.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "616 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe same city, in 1857. In 1822 Seg-uin was sent bj^ Governor Martinez to\\nintroduce Austin into the country, and assist in selecting a location for his\\ncolony. At a subsequent period he represented Texas in the Legislature at\\nSaltillo. At the breaking out of the Revolution he was Postmaster of San\\nAntonio. He was an ardent advocate for a separate Government for Texas.\\nDuring the Revolution lie lost a valuable stock of cattle and horses, taken or\\ndestroyed by the invading army. He was a high-toned gentleman of truly\\nhonorable and patriotic sentiments.\\nSeguin, Juan N. Son of the above, was political chief of the Department\\nof Bexar espoused the Revolutionary cause, and entered the Alamo with\\nTravis; was sent to Goliad for re-inforcements, and thus escaped the\\nmassacre; in command ot a company, joined Houston s army at Gonzales;\\nwas with Mosely Baker in resisting the advance of Santa Anna at Sai?\\nFelipe and in the battle of San Jacinto.\\nThe Seguing and other Mexican families that espoused the cause of Texas\\ncould not remain in the West, when Santa Anna invaded the country-\\nErasmo Seguin, with his family and the families of his sons, and his neigh-\\nbors families, retreated to the East. In the joui-ney they suffered incredible\\nhardships. When they reached San Augustine, they were all stricken down\\nwith fever. Erasmo Seguin lost a brother, a son, and several other relatives.\\nEnfeebled by disease, and impoverished by losses, after the battle of San\\nJacinto they started back to their once delightful home in the West. The\\ntrain, says our narrator, presented a spectacle which beggars description.\\nOld men, women and children, lying in wagons; and for several day?\\nCaptain Manchaca, who was the only person able to stand up, had to drive\\nthe whole train, as well as attend to the side. Arrived in the West, they\\nfound their homes desolate and their immense herds of cattle, horses and\\nsheep, destroyed.\\nAfter the i-etreat of the Mexicans, John N. Seguin was promoted to the\\nrank of Colonel and appointed commander of his native city. He performed\\nthe patrioic task of collecting the remains of the victims of the Alamo, and\\ngave them an honorable burial. San Antonio was so far on the frontier that\\nthe Texans almost despaired of ever being able to defend it; and at one\\ntime an order was issued for the destruction of the city and the transfer of\\nthe population to the east side of the Guadalupe river. Seguin made so\\nearnest a protest that it was revoked. In 1839 he represented Bexar county\\nin the Senate. At a subsequent period, he had serious personal misunder-\\nstandings with some of the Americans of San Antonio his life was threat-\\nened, and he left the country. His friends think he was badly treated\\nbut that furnishes no excuse for his subsequent conduct. When Woll\\ninvaded Texas, in 1842, Seguin was one of his staff officers, and fought\\nagainst the Texans in the battle of Salado. He was a Colonel in the\\nMexican army at the battle of Buena Vista. He resigned soon afterwards^\\nand, with the assistance of some American officers, made his way back to\\nTexas with his family. He now (1878) lives with his son, at Santiago, near\\nComargo, Mexico.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0628.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 617\\nShackleford, Dr. John. Brought to Texas from North Alabama, in\\n1836, a company called the Red Hovers, composed of some of the leading\\nyoung men of the country, his own son being one of the number. His\\ncompany was with Fannin, and surrendered at the Coleta and was marched\\nback to Goliad, and shared the fate of that unfortunate command. Dr. S.\\nbeing a surgeon, was spared to attend the wounded. He died in Tuscumbia,\\nAlabama, in 1857.\\nShaw, James. Came to Texas in schooner Hope, in 1831 was in the\\nTexas Congress in 1841-42, and in the Legislature in 1853 and now lives in\\nBurleson county.\\nSherman, Sidney. Was a native of Massachusetts a descendant of Eoger\\nSherman, of Revolutionary fame. In early life he removed to Cincinnati j\\nin 1835, was in Newport, Kentucky, eugaged in the manufacture of bag-\\nging by machinery. At the call for volunteers for Texas, he abandoned\\nhis business, raised and equipped a company of fifty men, and started for\\nthe theatre of war. He arrived on the Brazos in February, and hurried\\nforward to Gonzales, intending to go to the I elief of Travis, then shut up\\nin the Alamo; but failed to get a sufficiently large force to justify him in\\nthe undertaking. At the organization of the first regiment at Gonzales,\\nBurleson was elected Colonel, and Sherman Lieutenant-Colonel. When\\nthe army reached the Brazos, another regiment was organized, of which\\nSherman was elected Colonel.\\nAt San Jacinto, on the 20th of April, 1836, Colonel Sherman led the small\\nsquadron of cavalry (sixty-eight in number) in an attack upon a detach-\\nment of the enemy, that occupied an island of timber between the hostile\\ncamps. He conducted the attack with admirable gallantry, but soon dis-\\ncovered that he was about to become involved in a contest with a force\\ngreatly outnumbering him. He adroitly extricated himself, with small\\nloss, and returned to camp. On the 21st of April, in the battle of San\\nJacinto, of world-wide fame, he commanded the left wing and opened the\\nonslaught. He first sounded the war-cry Remember the Alamo f\\nGoliad and the Alamo! It was a day of vengeance and deep retribution\\nand Colonel Sherman acted a full and conspicuous part in its consumma-\\ntion.\\nAfter remaining with the army several months in the West, and finding\\nthe enemy not disposed to return. Colonel Sherman asked permission to\\nreturn to Kentucky, where he had left his wife. President Burnet did not\\naccept his resignation, which he had tendered, but gave him a commission\\nas a Colonel of a regiment of cavalry in the regular service, with orders to\\nproceed to the United States and enlist his men, etc. Before leaving the\\nBrazos, he was taken sick and confined to his bed for ten weeks, and was\\nfor some time in a very critical condition, his recovery being very doubtful.\\nWhen about to leave his companions in arms, the Secretary of War ])re-\\nsented him with the stand of colors which he had brought to the country,\\naccompanied with the following note", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0629.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "618 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWar Department, Velasco, August 6th, 1836.\\nThis stand of colors, presented by the ladies of Newport, Kentucky, to\\nCaptain Sidney Sherman, is the same which triumphantly waved on the\\nmemorable battle-field of San Jacinto and is by the Government presented\\nto the lady of Colonel Sidney Sherman, as a testimonial of his gallant con-\\nduct on that occasion. A. Somervell, Secretary of War.\\nApproved, David G. Burnet.\\nColonel Sherman was again taken sick in Louisiana, on his way home,\\nand was confined six weeks. In consequence of his exposures and fatigues\\nin the army, his health was seriously impaired for a long time. Notwith-\\nstanding his very infirm health, soon after reaching home, he sent out some\\ntroops and a quantity of clothing for those in the field, Avho were very\\ndestitute, [n January, 1837, he arrived with his family in Texas, and\\nshortly after settled upon the San Jacinto Bay, where he resided for several\\nyears. In 1842, he was elected a Eepresentative in the Texas Congress, for\\nHarris county, and was appointed Chairman of the Military Committee. His\\nhealth being still but partially resuscitated, he was able to occupy his seat\\nbut for a small portion of the session. As Chairman, etc., he introduced a\\nbill providing for the election of a Major-General of Militia, and the protec-\\ntion of the frontier. This bill was vetoed by President Houston, but passed\\nboth Houses of Congress by a constitutional majority. The election was to\\nbe by joint ballot of both Houses, and hold for one year, the people after-\\nwards to elect a Major-General for the term of four years. The expediency\\nof the first election was suggested by the very exposed and suffering con-\\ndition of the inland frontier. Colonel Sherman was urged to be a candi-\\ndate for that office, but he declined in favor of General Rusk, who was\\nelected. At the expiration of General Rusk s term, Sherman was elected\\nMajor-General by a popular vote, which office he held until annexation and\\nthe State Constitution. While in that office, he was appointed by the\\nCongress, President of the Court-Martial for the trial of Commodore\\nMoore and other naval officers. The Court sat for six weeks, and the\\nparties charged were honorably acquitted.\\nOn his I etU ement from military service, Sherman lost none of the ener-\\ngies which had characterized him in the field, but displayed in the occupa-\\ntions of private life useful enterprise and creative talents of a valuable\\norder.\\nIn 1846, he conceived the idea of rebuilding the town of Harrisburg,\\nwhich had been destroyed by Santa Anna in 1836. With this view, he\\npurchased a large interest in the town-site and 4,000 acres of land adjoining\\nit. He then proceeded to Boston, where he enlisted capitalists and organ-\\nized a company to build a railway from Harrisburg westward. The diffi-\\nculties to contend with were neither few nor small. The country was new\\nand but imperfectly known abroad the population and agricultural produc-\\ntions were inconsiderable, and labor of every character difficult to obtain.\\nYet his unabated perseverance removed obstacles, and success finally\\ncrowned the enterprises the rebuilding of the town and the construction\\nof the first railway in Texas.\\nThe shrill wlustle of the General Sherman was the first glad sound of\\nthe locomotive that broke upon the solitude of Texas forests, and roused to", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0630.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 619\\nnew life the slumbering energies of her hardy people. This locomotive -was\\nthe first that appeared west of the Sabine, and the second west of the Mis-\\nsissippi one at St. Louis was introduced a few months before. Tims\\nSidney Sherman will not only be remembered as a chivalrous soldier,\\nwhose best years were spent in the service of Texas, but as the father of a\\nrailroad system which has conferred inestimable blessings upon the people,\\nand whose future benefits will be more profoundly appreciated*when our\\npopulation shall be quadrupled and the whole area of our extensive territory\\ntraversed by a net-work of railways.\\nIn chronicling the events of the past few years of his life, it is but the rec-\\nord of successive misfortunes. In 1853, he lost a valuable saw-mill by fire.\\nSubsequently his dwelling in Harrisburg was burned, then one of the finest\\nbuildings in the State. Being homeless, he sent his family to Kentucky, and\\nremoved to the railroad office, which was shortly afterward consumed by\\nfire. His remaining possessions and valuable papers, which had been ac-\\ncumulated for thirty years, were destroyed. They were not only import-\\nant to himself, but, as relating to public affairs, would have been of great\\nvalue to the future historian of our country.\\nGeneral Sherman was one of the unfortunate passengers on the ill-fated\\nsteamer Farmer, which exploded her boilers within a few miles of Galves-\\nton, occasioning the loss of some thirty or forty lives, and seriously injur-\\ning many others. He was thrown from his berth, with a portion of the\\nwreck, some hundred yards into the water, but, though injured, succeeded\\nin saving himself on the fragments of the wheel-house.\\nLike most of the soldiers and statesmen who participated in the early\\nstruggles of the country, he derived httle material benefit from its redemp-\\ntion.\\nIn 1863, at the retaking of Galveston by the Conffederates, under Magru-\\nder, General Sherman s pi-omising son was killed. He died in Galveston\\nten years later, his wife and daughter having preceded him to the Spirit\\nLand.\\nSmith, Dr. Ashbel Came from Connecticut to Texas in 1837, and was\\nsoon afterward appointed Surgeon-General in the army. In 1842-5, he was\\nMinister to France in 1846, connected with Taylor s army in Mexico in 1849,\\nhe was President of the Board of Examiners at West Point in 1856, in the\\nLegislature from Harris county; in 1861, entered the Confederate army,\\nwith the rank of Captain, and was atterward promoted to the rank of Colo-\\nnel of the Second Texas Infimtry. In 1866, he was again in the Legislature\\n1878, the Commissioner from Texas to the Paris Exposition. He lives on\\nGalveston Bay, in Harris county, which he represents in the Legislature\\nin 1879.\\nSmith, Ben. Fort. A native of Kentucky in early life, removed to Mis-\\nsissippi at 16 years of age, fought in the battle of New Orleans repre-\\nsented nines county in the first Legislature of Mississippi, after which Gen-\\neral Jackson appointed him Indian Agent. When the Revolution broke out\\nin Texas he raised a volunteer company arrived at Victoria too late to pai--\\nticipate in the taking of Goliad; fought as a private at San Jacinto in the\\n-cavalry company. In 1837, he was President of the Board of Land Com-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0631.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "620 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nmissioners of Harris county was in the Texas Congress in 1840, and died\\nin Montgomery county in 1841.\\nSmith, ERASsros (Deaf) The fb-mous guide and spy in Western Texas\\nwas a native of New York; visited Texas as an adventurer in 1817 became\\na permanent citizen in 1821. Being hai-d of hearing from his childliood, he\\nwas incline d to soUtude. In company lie was reticent and seemed absorbed\\nin thought. Bold, fearless, enterprising, cautious, and a close observer of\\nnature, he was the very man for the fl ontier.\\nSmith was with the first families of De Witt s colony that settled at Gon-\\nzales in 1825, but when that infant settlement was broken up by the Indians\\nhe went to San Antoiuo, where he married a Mexican lady. When the dif-\\nficulties first arose between the Americans and the Mexican government, it\\nwas reported that Smith was disinclined to take any active part, as he was\\nconnected with a Mexican family. But the arrest of Zavalla, Williamson,\\nSam Williams, Moore, and others, decided him to cast his lot and influence\\nwith Texas, and Texas had no truer or braver defender. He joined the\\narmy under Austin, then marching for San Antonio, and his thorough ac-\\nquaintance with the country, his coolness and his courage, pointed him out\\nas the proper one to command a spy company. He piloted Fannin from the\\nMission Espada to Concepcion, and was the first to fire a gun in the fight\\nwhich ensued. In the attack on San Antonio, he marched at the head of\\nJohnson s division as guide. In the progress of the fight, he, with a few\\ntrusted companions, ascended to the top of the Veramendi House, near\\nwhich Milam was killed, and while on the top of the house, he and Lieuten-\\nant John L. Hall, of the New Orleans Grays, were wounded. At Gonzales,\\nwhen General Houston heard of the fall of the Alamo, he dispatched Smith,\\nHenry Karnes, and R. E. Handy toward the city to ascertain the truth.\\nAfter proceeding about twenty miles, they met Mrs. Dickinson with her\\nchild, Sam, a servant of Travis, and Ben, a free negro servant of Almonte,\\nwho fully confirmed the sad intelligence. In the retreat from Gonzales,\\nSmith, with a small company, remained in the rear of the main army, to\\nprotect families and watch the movements Of the Mexicans. At San Felipe\\nan incident occurred which he deeply regretted. He was not only hard of\\nhearing, but his eyesight was somewhat defective, especially at a distance.\\nHe and one of his men were out for observations, when they saw what ap-\\npeared to be an army approaching the town. His companion said it was\\nthe advance of the Mexican army, and they hastened to town to report.\\nThe town was burned, and many goods and provisions destroyed. It was\\na false alarm, the enemy not appearing for several days. It has never been\\nascertained by Avhose order the town was destroyed Baker declaring that\\nHouston ordered it, and Houston denying that he ever gave such an order.\\nIt was done probably through a misunderstanding.\\nWhile the Texans were at Harrisburg, Smith had the good fortune, while\\nout reconnoitering, to capture a Mexican courier, with an important mail.\\nFrom this the Texans learned that Santa Anna was with the advance divis-\\nion of his army, then at Morgan s Point. On the morning of the 21st of\\nApril, Smith, with a few companions, M as detailed for the dangerous and\\nimportant service of desti oying Vince s bridge, which was accomplished.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0632.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 621\\nThe day after the battle, and after the captiu e of Santa Anna, Deaf Smith\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0vfas sent to the camp of Filisola, with the orders of tlie President for liim to\\nretreat westward. In 1837 he was Captain of a ranging company in the\\nWest. He left San Antonio March 6th, and on the 16th was camped at the\\nChacon, a small stream within five miles of the town of Laredo. Here he\\nwas discovered by the scouts of the enemy. Anticipating an attack, he\\ntook a position iu a mesquite thicket. A company of Mexican cavalry, of\\ntwice their number, advanced to the attack, but after having ten killed and\\nas many wounded, they retired to the town. Two of the Texans were\\nwounded. On retiring to civil life, Smith became a resident of Richmond,\\nand in company with John P. Borden established a land agency business. He\\ndied at that place, November 30th, 1837. The Houston Telegraph, draped in\\nmourning, and announcing his death, said: This singular individual was\\none whose name bears with it more of respect than sounding titles. Major,\\nColonel, General, sink into insignificance before the simple name of Deaf\\nSmith. That name is identified with the battle-fields of Texas. His eulogy\\nis inseparably interwoven with the most thrilling annals of our country,\\nand will long yield to our traditionary narratives a peculiar interest.\\nSmith, Henry. Governor of Texas in 1835 was a native of Kentucky,\\nbut went in early life to Missouri. In 1821, entered Texas and after spend-\\ning some time in the settlement on Red river, became a permanent resident\\nof Brazoria County, where he taught school in 1827 he was wounded in\\nthe battle of Velasco, in 1832 was a member of the Convention in 1833\\nand an Alcade, and acting j)olitical chief the next year; was a member of\\nthe General Consultation in 1835, and was appointed Provisional Governor\\nof the new State, which was then expected to remain a member of the\\nMexican Confederation. A serious misunderstanding between the Governor\\nand the Executive Council led the latter body to depose him but he declined\\nto surrender his ofiice, and the controversy was still unsettled, when the\\nProvisional Government was displaced by the new Goverment ad interim,\\nafter the Declaration of Independence in 1836. At the election in the fall\\nof 1836, Smith was a candidate for President; was defeated but invited by\\nPresident Houston to the office of Secretary of the Treasury a position\\nhe filled with marked ability, notwithstanding the affected sarcasms of\\nGouge, in his Fiscal History. At the close of Houston s term, Smith retired\\nto his home in Brazoria county. In 1810 he emigrated to California, where\\nhe died in 1853. At the time of his death he was making preparations to\\nreturn to Texas.\\nSmith, James. For whom Smith county was named, was commander of\\nthe militia called into service in 1844 to quell the disturbances between the\\nRegulators and Moderators.\\nMany apocryphal incidents have been interwoven with the name of Deaf Smith.\\nThe last that has; passed under our notice wa tliat of a duel about tlie Archive War. The\\ndifficulties growing out of the removal of the Archives occurred dn 1842-43. Smith\\ndied in 1837.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0633.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "622 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSmith, Thomas I. A native of Tennessee, came to Texas in 1836, and\\njoined the army then under the command of Felix Huston was wounded\\nin tlie tiglit with Woll s men, at Salado creek, in 1842; and was soon after-\\nward dispatched with a small force to remove the public archives from\\nAustin. In this he was unsuccessful. The next year settled on Chambers\\ncreek, Ellis county in 1844 conducted a scouting party, against the Indians,\\ninto the Wichita mountains in 1847 was in command of a ranging companj\\nwith headquarters onKichland creek; and died in Austin, in 1847.\\nSmyth, George W A native of North (Jarolina came to Texas during\\nColonial times, and was Land Commissioner in Jasper county was in the\\nConvention in 1836 in 1837, President of the Board of Land Commissioners\\nof Jasper county 1845, in Annexation Convention 1848-1852, Commis-\\nsioner of General Land Office 1853-55, in United States Congress in 1866\\na member of the Eeconstruction Convention, and died in Austin during the\\nsession.\\nSomervell, Alexander. Came to Texas in 1833, and in company with\\nJames F. Perry opened a store in San Felipe. At the orgaizatiou of the\\narmy at Gonzales in 1836, he was elected Major in Burleson s regiment, and\\nwhen the re-organization toolc place, on the Brazos, he became Lieutenant\\nColonel, and commanded tlie right wing of the regiment at San Jacinto.\\nHe was, for a time. Acting Secretary of War in Burnet s Cabinet, and\\nafterwards Senator in the Texas Congress. In 1841, he was elected Briga-\\ndier General of the militia and the next yeai commanded an expedition\\nordered to the Kio Grande by General Houston. After liis return from the\\nWest, he was appointed Collector of Customs at Saluria, and held that\\nposition until annexation, when he was re-appointed to the same office, and\\nheld it until liis death, in 1854. No satisfactory statement of the manner of\\nhis death has ever been given to tlie public. He started from Lavaca to\\nSaluria, in a small boat, carrying a considerable amount of money. When\\nfound, the boat was bottom side up, and General Somervell was lashed to\\nthe timbers. Whetlier he was killed for money, which was never found, or\\nthe boat capsized, will probably never be known.\\nStapp, Darwin M. A native of Kentucky; came to Texas in 1830;\\njoined the army in 1835 was in the State Legislature in 1850-54 in 1856-\\n1864, Collector of Customs at Indianola; in Secession Convention in 1861,\\nand died in Victoria, in 1875.\\nSterne, Adolphus. A native of Germany settled in East Texas in 1826\\nwas an active patriot during the Eevolutionary period, and after annexation,\\nserved in the Legislature; died in New Orleans, in 1852.\\nStewart, Dr. C. B. Came from South Carolina to Texas in 1820; was\\nSecretary of the Convention in 1835, and a member of the Convention in\\n1836; was in the Legislature in 1850-51, and again in 1875. Resides iu\\nMontgomery county.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0634.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0635.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0636.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 625\\nSutherland, George. Came from North Alabama to Texas in 1830, and\\nsettled on the plantation on which he died, in 1855, in Jackson county.\\nHe was in the Convention in 1833 had a horse killed under him at San\\nJacinto, April 20th, 1836 was a member of the Second Congress of the\\nRepublic.\\nSwisher, James G. Immigrated to Texas during the Colonial period\\nand settled in Wasliington county was Captain of a company at the taking\\nof San Antonio, in 1835, and a member of the Convention in 1836. After\\nannexation lie removed to Austin, where he died in 1862. Mrs. Swisher\\nlived until 1875.\\nTarrant, E. H. Was born in North Carolina, in the year 1800; fought\\nin the battle of New Orleans came to Texas in 1835 served successively\\nin the Congress of the Republic and in the army. He was in command on\\nthe Northern frontier, and was in the battle in which John B. Benton was\\nkilled, in 1841. He was a member of the Annexation Convention, and\\nafterwards in the State Legislature. He died in Ellis county in 1858.\\nTeel, Henry. A Captain at San Jacinto; was sent as one of the Com-\\nmissioners with Santa Anna s order to Filisola was imprisoned at Mata-\\nmoras he made liis escape, and while with the army camped on the Lavaca\\nriver in the fall of 1837, was shot while asleep in his tent. The murderer\\nwas a man by the name of Shultz, who, though not suspected at the time,\\nwas afterwards tried in Galveston for another murder, and confessed to the\\nkilling of Teel. Shultz had formerly belonged to the Murrell band in\\nMississippi.\\nTeran, J. MiER Y. A violent Centralist of Mexico, who was, in 1830,\\ncommander of the Eastern internal provinces. He visited Texas in 1831,\\nand established the posts of Teran, on the Neches, and Anahuac, on Gal-\\nveston bay. It was his intention to bring Texas into complete subjection\\nto the Centralist party, and he sent garrisons to our principal posts. On\\nthe triumph of the Liberal party in 1832, Teran killed himself rather than\\nfall into the hands of the Republicans.\\nThrockmorton, J. W. Was born in Tennessee in 1825; immigrated\\nWith his fathei s family to Texas in 1841, and settled in Collin county.\\n(His father. Dr. William E. Throckmorton, for whom Throckmorton county\\nwas named, died in Collin county, in 1842). J. W. Throckmorton was in\\nrthe Legislature from 1851 to 1856, when he was elected to the Senate, and\\nremained in that body until 1861; was in the Secession Convention, and\\none of the seven who voted against secession. He gave his No! with an\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00baemphasis. This was liissed in the gallery, when he exclaimed: When\\n[the rabble hiss, patriots may tremble After the adjournment of the Con-\\n[Tention, he raised a company and entered the Confederate service, first in\\n[Young s, and afterwards in B, Warren Stone s regiment, of which he\\nItecame Major. He was with M CuUoch at the battle of Elk Horn, and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0637.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "626 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nafterwards in the army of Dick Taylor. He was again elected to the\\nSenate in 1863. In 186i, Governor Murrah commissioned liim as a Briga-\\ndier-General; and assigned him to the command of the Northern frontier,\\nwith headquarters at Decatur, AVise county. Early in 1865, General E.\\nKirby Smith appointed him general Indian Agent, with special authority to\\ntreat with the wild Indians. After consulting with Generals M Culloch at\\nBonham, Maxey at Fort Towson, and Cooper at Fort Washita, he, in May,\\ncollected at the latter post, large numbers of chiefs and warriors of the\\nChoctaws, Cherokees, Seminoles, Creeks, and Osages, of the more friendly\\ntribes, and representatives of various bands of Comauches, Cheyennes,\\nCaddoes, Arapahoes, Lipans and Kickapoos, and a few Sioux. He made\\na treaty very advantageous to Texas; but when he returned General Lee\\nhad surrendered, and the Confederate armies were on the point of disband-\\ning. He was elected to the first Reconstruction Convention in 1SG6, and\\ncalled to preside over that body. At the ensuing popular election, he was\\nelected Governor of the State. After filling the gubernatorial chair for a\\nlittle over a year. General Sheridan, then in command at New Orleans,\\nwhich included Texas, pronounced him an impediment to reconstruc-\\ntion, and removed him from office. His political disabilities having been\\nremoved, in 1874 he was elected to Congress, and re-elected in 1876. In\\n1878, he was a prominent candidate before the Democratic State Conven-\\ntion, for the oflice of Governor, but failed to receive the nomination. He\\nresides in McKinney.\\nToledo, Don Alvarez. A Cuban patriot of splendid abilities; joined.\\nMorelos in his attempt to revolutionize Mexico, and when that effort failed,\\nhe, in 1813, appeared at San Antonio, and was elected commander ot the\\nRepublicans then in possession of the city. He displayed wonderful energy\\nin organizing his forces, and preparing to defeat the Royalist army ap-\\nproaching under Arredondo. The treachery of some of the Republican\\nofficers caused his defeat, and he fled to the United States and was indicted\\nfor attempting to get up another expedition against Mexico. He and Mina\\nnext formed a plan for the conquest of Florida. Here he was again\\nthwarted and his next move was to visit New York, for an interview with\\nAaron Burr, in hopes of reviving the project once entertained by that gen-\\ntleman. Burr was without means or influence; and Toledo finally made\\nhis submission to the king of Spain, and re-entered the service of that\\nsovereign.\\nTouRY Family. During Houston s first Presidential term, the Terry\\nbrothers established a trading post at the old Waco village, on the Brazos\\nI iver. In 184^0, the trading-house was removed to the neighborhood of\\nComanche Peak, about one hundred miles above Waco. In 1843, David\\nTorry was an Indian agent, and died while at Bird s Fort, on the Trinity,\\nnegotiating a treaty. David S. Torry was killed by the Apaches, in 1850.\\nJohn S. Torry, another brother, lives in New Brauufels, where he estab-\\nlished a cloth factory.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0638.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 627\\nTravis, William B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The hero of the Alamo; was a native of North\\nCarolina, but was raised in Alabama. In early life he taught school, and\\nstudied law. He married one of his pupils, and a year later, leaving his\\nfamily in Alabama, he came to Texas. He located in Anahuac, where\\nBradburn was then exercising his petty tyrannies. Commenting somewhat\\nfreely on the conduct of the commander, he was seized and confined a\\npi-isoner in the barracks, with others who had incurred the displeasure of\\nthe haughty officer. After his release, he removed to San Felipe, the capi-\\ntal of the colony. He then had to compete, in his profession, with such\\nmen as R. M. Williamson, T. J. Chambers, Ira R. Lewis, William H.\\nand P. C. Jack, Mosely Baker, Luke Lassassier, and others of less note.\\nWhile Secretary of the Ayuiitamiento, in 1834, he drew up an able petition,\\npraying for the release of General Austin, who was then confined in the\\ncity of Mexico. In the spring of 1835, Santa Anna sent a small squad of\\ntroops, under a Captain Tenorio, to garrison the post at Anahuac. Travis,\\nsmarting under the wrongs he had suffered from Bradburn, raised a com-\\npany, and captured, and disarmed Tenorio and his men. But this act was\\npromptly disavowed by the authorities, and the men released, and their\\narms and papers restored. On the first of September, 1835, Ugartechea,\\nthen in command at San Antonio, ordered the arrest of some obnoxious\\nTexans, Travis among them. Nothing daunted by this order, Travis\\nhastened west and joined the army under Austin, In November, while out\\non a scout, he captured two hundred Mexican horses, about forty miles\\nbelow the city. Among the very singular orders issued by General Hous-\\nton, when elected Commander-in-Chief, was one sending Travis to San\\nFelipe and Fannin to Velasco, on recruiting service. We say singular,\\nbecause it would have been supposed that such soldiers would have been\\nneeded in the front.\\nIf Travis went to San Felipe, he did not long remain there. Early in De-\\ncember, the Council elected Neill Lieutenant-Colonel and Travis Major of\\nArtillery. Yoakum says that Governor Smith ordered Trr.vis back to San\\nAntonio, and when Neill, in obedience to Houston s order, left that city,\\nTravis became commander. He found less than one hundred soldiers ou\\nduty, most of those who had assisted in the capture of the city having re-\\nturned to their homes, or having joined the party of Grant and Johnson in\\ntheir expedition to the Southwest. One of Travis first calls was for five\\nhundred recruits, and he requested that they should be Regulars, supplied\\nwith all necessary arms and clothing. The recruits never reported, but he\\nmade all practicable iireparation to meet the foe, who was massing his\\nforces on the Rio Grande for the Texas campaign.\\nSanta Anna s advance division reached the Alasan, in the neigliborhood of\\nthe city, February 22d, 183G, when Travis, with his brave band of one hun-\\ndred and forty-five men, retired to the fortress of the Alamo, which had been\\nput bi a state for defense. On the 24th he wrote as follows To the people\\nof Texas and all Americans in the world Fellow citizens and compatriots:\\nI am besieged by a thousand or more Mexicans, under Santa Anna. I\\nhave sustained a continual bombardment and cannonade for twenty-four\\nhours, and have not lost a man. The enemy have demanded a surrender", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0639.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "628 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nat discretion/ or that the garrison will be put to the sword when taken. I\\nhave answered the summons with a cannon-shot, and our flag still waves\\nproudly from the walls. I shall never surreyider or retreat. Then I call\\nupon you, in the name of liberty, patriotism, and everything dear to the\\nAmerican character, to come to our aid with dispatch. The enemy are re-\\nceiving reinforcements daily, and will doubtless in a few days be increased\\nto three or four thousand. Though this call may be neglected, I am deter-\\nmined to sustain myself as long as possible, and die like a soldier who\\nnever forgets what is due to his own honor and that of his country. Victory\\nor death! In a postscript he added: The Lord is on our side. When\\nthe enemy appeared in sight, we had not three bushels of corn. We have\\nsince found in deserted houses eighty or ninety bushels, and got into the\\nwalls twenty or thirty beeves.\\nOn the 3d of March, he wrote again to the Convention at Washington\\nI am still here, in fine spirits, and well to do. With one hundred and\\nforty-five men, I have held the place against a force variously estimated from\\n1,500 to 6,000; and I shall continue to hold it until I get relief from my\\ncountrymen, or I will perish in its defense. We have had a shower of\\nbombs and cannon-balls contiually falling among us the whole time yet\\nnone of us have fallen. We have been mii-aculously preserved.\\nAgain, I feel confident that the determined spirit and desperate courage\\nheretofore exhibited by my men will not fail them in the last struggle and\\nalthough they may be sacrificed to the vengeance of a Gothic enemy, the\\nvictory will cost that enemy so dear that it will be worse than a defeat.\\nA blood-red banner waves from the church in Bexar, and in the\\ncamp above us, in token that the war is one of vengeance against rebels.\\nThese threats have had no influence on my men, but to make all\\nfight with desperation and with that high-souled courage which character-\\nizes the patriot who is willing to die in defense of his country s liberty and\\nhis own honor. God and Texas Victory or death\\nIn a private note to a friend, Travis adds: Take care of my little boy.\\nIf the country should be saved, I may make him a splendid fortune but if\\nthe country should be lost, and I should perish, he will have nothing but\\nthe proud recollection that he is the son of a man who died for his country.\\nThree days after these last letters were sent off, the final grand assault of\\nthe enemy was ordered, and the Alamo fell. According to the most reliable\\nreports we have of the final struggle, Travis was in command of a gun on\\nthe south wall, and fell early in the action. Kennedy says: Travis I e-\\nceived a shot and fell as he stood on the walls, cheering his men. When\\nhe dropped, a Mexican officer reached forward to dispatch him. Summon-\\ning up his powers for a final effort, Travis met his assailant with a thrust of\\nhis sword, and both expired together. So perished Wilt-tam Baurett\\nTkavis, the hero of the Alamo. He was in his tweflty-eighth year. In\\nperson, he was about six feet high, weighed 170 pounds, light hair, blue\\neyes, with reddish beard and whiskers, fair complexion, round features,\\nwell proportioned, fine looking fignre. His son, Charles, died in 1870. A\\ndaughter, Mrs. Grissett, lives in Washington county.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0640.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES. 629\\nTurner, Amasa. A native of Massachusetts born in 1800 came to Texas\\nin 1835, and settled in Bastrop; was the first to receive a Captain s commis-\\nsion from General Houston, after his appointment as commander of the\\narmy in 1835 went to Alabama and enlisted a company of regulars to serve\\nin the Texas army during the war reached Texas and reported to Houston\\nFebruary 27th, 1836 commanded his company at San Jacinto. After the\\nbattle, was for a time commander of the post of Galveston. While at Vc-\\nlasco on business connected with his command, he thwarted the attempt to\\narrest President Burnet and overthrow the civil government. During the\\nRepublic, Colonel Turner resided at Galveston, having been one of the\\nfirst to settle upon the island after annexation, opened a cotton plantation\\nin Lavaca county; sei ved in the Legislature in 1850 and 1851, and in the\\nSenate in 1852-53. During the civil war, was Provost-Marshal of Lavaca\\ncounty; at the close of the war removed to the town of Gonzales, where he\\ndied, July 21st, 1877.\\nVanzandt, Isaac. Was a member of the House of Representatives of the\\nFifth Congress Minister to the United States in 1842 in 1847 was a prom-\\ninent candidate for Governor, but during the canvass died of the yellow\\nfever in Houston.\\nWalker, Samuel H. Was one of the Mier prisoners wounded when\\nthey overpowered the guard at Salado wounded again in 1844, while in\\nHays Ranging company, in a fight with the Indians; was one of the first\\nTexas Captains to join Taylor s army on the Rio Grande, and appointed\\nCaptain of a scouting and spy company. In a few weeks, in this daring\\nservice, he lost one-half of his men. He was first a Captain and then a\\nLieutenant-Colonel of a newly-formed regiment of dragoons distinguished\\nhimself at the battle of Monterey, and was killed at the battle of Human-\\ntla, in 1847. His body, with that of Captain Gillespie, was brought back\\nto Texas and interred at San Antonio.\\nWaller, Edwin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came from Virginia to Texas in 1831 was slightly\\nwounded in the battle of Velasco, in 1832; in 1833, he was Alcalde at\\nBrazoria 1835, in the Consultation 1836, in the Convention at Washing-\\nton 1838-39, Commissioner to lay out the new city of Austin and sell the\\nlots; for a time filled the office of Postmaster-General. After annexation,\\nhe was for twelve years Chief Justice of Austin county, and represented\\nthat county in the Secession Convention in 1861. In 1873, he was President\\nof the Texas Veteran Association lives in Waller county.\\nWard, Thomas William.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of Ireland came to Texas in 1835\\nwith the New Orleans Grays at the taking of San Antonio, was Captain\\nof Artillery, and lost a leg he snbsequently lost an arm by the accidental\\ndischarge of a gun. A wooden leg gave him the name of Peg-leg A^^ard.\\nIn 1840, he was Mayor of Austin 1841-48, Commissioner of General Land\\nOffice; 1853, American Consul at Panama; 1867, Collector of Customs at\\nCorpus Christi was defeated for the office of Land Commissioner in 1869\\nand died in Austin in 1872.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0641.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "630 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nWatrous, John C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of Shelby county, Alabama, and\\nAttorney-General under President Lamar. After annexation, he was\\nappointed United States District Judge, and held the office until he was\\nstricken with paralysis in 1869 he died in 1874.\\nWebb, James.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came from Florida to Texas; Was Secretary of State\\nunder Lamar; and after annexation. District Judge; he died iu 1856.\\nWharton, William H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A native of Virginia; came from Nashville,\\nTennessee, to Texas, in feeble health, in 1829. His health improved and\\nhe commenced the practice of law; married the daughter of Jared E.\\nGroce, one of his first clients was President of the Convention in 1833 iu\\n1835, was with the army at San Antonio but was sent by the Consulta-\\ntion, as one of the Commissioners to the United States; 1836-37, Min-\\nister to the United States on his voyage back, was captured on the Gulf\\nand imprisoned in Matamoras made his escape, and represented Brazoria\\ncounty in the Senate iu 1838-39. While mounting his horse at Mr. L.\\nGroce s, was mortally wounded by the accideutal discharge of his pistol.\\nThis was in March, 1839.\\nWharton, John A.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brother of the above was in the Consultation iu\\n1835; Adjutant on Houston s staff at San Jacinto, and afterwards Secretary\\nof the Navy; member of Congress from Brazoria in 1838, and died the\\nsame year. In a eulogy pronounced by President Burnet, he said A\\nnobler spirit than John A. Wharton s does not adorn the annals of Texas.\\nWhite, S. Addison.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Found his first employment in Texas as an over-\\nseer on the plantation of Judge AValler, and while so employed, found time\\nto read law; was in the Congress of the Republic, and after annexation,\\nserved in the State Legislature. In 1865 he was appointed District Judge\\nunder the Provisional Government. He, for many years, conducted a\\nnewspaper in Victoria. He died in Indianola, in 1869.\\nWilbarger Family.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came from Kentucky to Texas in 1830, and set-\\ntled on a creek that bears their name, in Bastrop county. In 1833, Josiah\\nWilbarger and two companions, while out hunting, were attacked by\\nIndians. One was instantly killed; young Hornsby escaped on a fleet\\nJiorse to Bastrop Wilbarger was scalped and left for dead. He had suf-\\nficient life to crawl to a water-hole, where his neighbors found hiui the\\nnext day, still living. He survived twelve years, and married, but finally\\ndied from the effects of the wound. His brother Mattliias, Surveyor of\\nMilam Land District, died of the small-pox in Georgetown, in 1852.\\nWilliams Augustus W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brought a company to Texas iu 1842 repre-\\nsented Fayette county in the Ninth Congress; in a duel, growing out of a\\npolitical canvass, just before the extra session of Congress, he killed Mr.\\nGaudinier, the slieriff of Fayette county. Mr. Williams was a member of\\nthe Annexation Convention, after which he removed to Brownsville, where\\nhe died iu 1847.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0642.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 631\\nWilliams, Egbert H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Came from North Alabama to Texas in 1830,\\nand settled on a plantation in Matagorda county lost an eye in the battle\\nof Velasco in 1833; is still living (1878),\\nWilliams, Samuel M.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of Baltimore while young, spent\\nseveral years in Mexico, where he acquired a thorough knowledge of the\\nlanguage. He met in Mexico Colonel Jared E. Groce, who invite d him to\\nTexas. He arrived at the mouth of the Colorado in 1822, in the same vessel\\nwith Jonathan C. Peyton, Mrs. Eberle, Messrs. Clopton, Clare and other\\ncolonists. At the opening of the Land Office in San Felipe, in 182i, Mr.\\nWilliams became the Secretary, and he kept the records of the Land Office\\nfor Austin s colony during the whole colonial period. In reference to\\nthese books, Judge Burnet, who had frequent occasions to consult them,\\nsays There cannot be found so nice, clear, correct and legible a volume of\\nmanuscript as that which contains the land titles of Austin s colony, the\\nwork of his pen. Judge James H. Bell says also: Williams was, of all\\nmen, best qualified for this position. His labors in the extension of titles\\nto lands, and in a variety of services, were immense, and justly entitle him\\nto honorable remembrance.\\nHe formed a partnership with Thomas F. M Kinney, and during the\\nfinancial difficulties of the Eevolutionary period the firm of M Kinney\\nWilliams transacted nearly all the business of the Government, and frequently\\nadvanced money to meet the necessities of the Public Treasury. This firm,\\nin 1837, transferred their business from the mouth of the Brazos to Galves-\\nton, and were the first to open a regular commercial business on the\\nisland.\\nOn the 30th of April, 1835, Mr. Williams obtained from the Legislature of\\nCoahuila a charter for a bank, in the Department of the Brazos; the charter\\nto run twenty years. By an Act of Congress, of February 3d, 1841, the\\nCongress of Texas fully recognized the validity of Williams bank charter,\\nand authorized the firm of M Kinney Williams to issue $30,000 in paper,\\nto circulate as money. Mr. Williams opened his bank in Galveston, in 1846.\\nHe was the first and only President of The Commercial and Agricultural\\nBank of Galveston. After his death, which occurred iu 1858, the affairs\\nof the bank went, we believe, into liquidation.\\nWilliamson, Robert M. (Three-legged Willie).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J^ native of Georgia\\nin early life afflicted with a white swelUng, which stiffened one of his\\nknees; came to Texas in 1827, and located at San Felipe in the practice of\\nlaw was Alcade in 1834 in 1835 commanded a company in a campaign\\nagainst the Indians, and was one of the Committee of Safety at Bastro^i),\\nwhere he then lived was in the General Consultation the same year. In\\n1836, he was District Judge in 1840, entered the Texas Congress and was\\nre-elected to represent Washington county until annexation and for several\\nyears represented the same county in the State Senate after annexation.\\nOf all the popular leaders during the period of the Texas Revolution,\\nnone wielded a more potential influence than R. M. Williamson. He deserves\\na more extended notice, and we copy some of the closing paragraphs of a\\nsketch of his life which appeared in the Texas Almanac for 1861:", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0643.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "032 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAlthough his opportunities for acquiring wealth and independence were\\nunequaled bv those of anv other man, yet was he of such generous and im-\\nprovident nature, that he was often embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs.\\nLike Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Monroe, and many other greater men, he not\\nunfrequently felt the iron pressure of Res ancjmta doviL\\nIt may be stated as creditable to his integrity, that in the midst of corrup-\\ntion and speculation he lived and died in poverty.\\nIn 1857, he had a severe attack of sickness, which seriously affected Ins\\nhitellcct. The death of his wife, a daughter of Colonel Edwards, of Wharton\\ncounty, occurred shortly afterwards. From these combined shocks, his\\nmind never entirely recovered until the time of his death, which transpired\\npeacefullv and calmly on the 22d December, 18^:9, in Wharton county.\\nWe liave thus traced rapidly and imperfectly a few of the leading events\\nin the life of this distinguished patriot. It has been done under unfavorable\\ncircumstances, and without pretense to absolute certainty as to dates, etc\\nYet in no instance have the -value of his services been magnified knowingly..\\nHis character deserves a higher and more extended notice.\\nHe was in many respects a remarkable man. He possessed a wonderful\\nhold upon the affections of the masses, over whose passions and sympathies\\nhis control was unbounded. The reckless daring of his own character\\ncontributed largely to this influence This, aided by a generous, unselfish\\nspirit, and captivating manners, made him, wherever known, the idol of the\\npeople. -I\\nInaccessible to threats or bribes, he was an upright and honest judge,\\nwho unflinchingly administered the law. In Congress and the Legislature\\nhe had no selfish purpose to subserve he was therefore the able and wat(;hful\\nguardian of the people s rights.\\nHis intercourse with his brethren of the bar was marked with great\\ncourtesy. Towards the younger members, he ever extended a helping\\nhand, and breathed a kind word of encouragement. The writer is but one\\nof hundreds who remember gratefully the kindness extended to them in\\ndavs long past, by Judge Williamson. e\\nThe eloquence of Judge Williamson more nearly resembled that ot\\nJohn Randolph than of any other historical character.\\nWhen fully aroused, there was a fire and vigor in his speech that sur-\\npass all description. True, there was a quaintness and eccentricity, but it\\nwas all stamped with the originality and power of genius.\\nHe was not only a wit of the first class, but a humorist also and like\\nall o-reat humorists, hC bore a burden of melancholy which was only bright-\\nened by these sudden sallies, as the storm clouds are illumined by the sheet-\\nlightning. In an appeal to the people, and as an Mvocate before a jury, he\\nwas unsurpassed.\\nWe are of those who believe that Mife is not without its purposes.\\nFor example, admonition, encouragement, or reproof, the lives of our\\npredecessors are most eloquent. We do not present the subject of this\\nsketch as free from blemish. Far from it-he was mortal ami therefore\\nfallible. He had one fault, and a most grievous one it was. One ot the\\nfears of the brave and folUes of the wise. This might well and properly be", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0644.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "i\u00c2\u00bb\\nRUINS OF LAFITTE S FORT.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0645.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0646.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 635\\nascribed to the temper of the times in which a large portion of his life\\nwas spent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the wild and disorderly state of society then existing.\\nThe fate of onr distinguished men have been most deplorable\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Collings-\\nworth, Grayson, Rusk and Jones died by their own hands. May I suppli-\\ncate for Robert M. Williamson (who, if he was a great sinner, was also\\na great sufferer) the kind charity of all Christians, and close this article by\\nthe following lines from the Light-House, which no voice sang so sweetly\\nas his own\\nIn life s closing hour when the trembling soul flies,\\nAnd death stills the heart s last emotion,\\nOh 1 then may the seraph of mercy arise,\\nLike a star on eternity s ocean.\\nWilson, James C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of England; came to Texas in 1837;\\nwas one of the Mier prisonors, in 1812-43, refused to claim British protec-\\ntion, even to secure his liberation; said he was a Texan; finally made his\\nescape. In 1844, was Clerk of the District Court of Brazoria county; in\\n1856, Commissioner of the Court of Claims was afterwards sent to the\\nSenate from the Matagoi da District. At the end of his term, renounced\\npolitics and entered the itinerant ministry in the Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nSouth; died at Gonzales in 1861.\\nWilson, Robert, (Honest Bob) Come to Texas in 1828 was at the\\ncapiture of San Antonio, in 1835 represented Harris county two terms in\\nthe Senate of the Republic, and died in Houston, in 1856.\\nWood, George T.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Was a native of Georgia; came to Texas in 1836;\\nwas for several terms a member of the Texas Congress, and elected Briga-\\ndier General of the militia in 1846, i-aised a regiment for the Mexican War,\\nand served with distinction after his term expired, he returned home and\\nwas elected to the State Senate. Was elected Governor in 1847, and at the\\nclose of his term, retired to private life. Died in Panola county, in 1856.\\nYoakum, Henderson The historian of Texas, was a native of Tennessee;\\ngraduated at West Point in 1832 resigned his commission and studied law;\\nserved one term in the State Senate of Tennessee came to Texas in 1845\\nwas in the Mexican war as a lieutenant. For a number of years he was\\nengaged in preparing a most elaborate history of Texas, which was pub-\\nlished in two large vokimes, by Redfield, in 1856. He was a resident of\\nIluutsville, and trustee of both the colleges located at that place. He died\\nwhile on a visit to Houston, in 1856.\\nYoung, William C. Was a member of the Annexation Convention in\\n1845 in 1861, raised a company and captured a number of the United States\\nforts in the Indian Territory. He and liis brother, James Young, were way-\\nlaid and shot in 1862,\\nZapata, Antonio A Mexican Republican patriot in Jordan s expedition.\\n35", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0647.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "636 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nHe was ever faithful to Republican principles, and was especially obnox-\\nious to the Centralist party, by whom he was finally captured, beheaded,\\nand his head stuck on a pole near the old Stone Ranche on the Rio Grande.\\nZavalla, Lorenzo -De Vice-President of Texas during the government\\nad interim; was a native of Merida, Yucatan; born in 1781. His autobio-\\ngraphy contains the following sketch. It was written in answer to a publi-\\ncation, charging him with being a vagabond, libertine, and a wicked\\nman. This charge was brought by Tornel, Santa Anna s Minister of War,\\nin justification of the order fbr his arrest:\\nI am now forty-one years old. I was at school till I was nineteen.\\nAfterward I was elected Secretary of the City Council of Merida, which post\\nI filled until 1812, 1813, and until July, 1814, when I was imprisoned at San\\nJuan de Ulloa, as a Liberal, till 1817. During the latter part of this year\\nand the Ibllowing ones of 1818 and 1819, I was a physician in Merida, and\\nmaintained my good reputation until I was elected, in 1820 and 1821, Deputy\\nto the Cortes of Spain. There I did what I could, and was the .colleague of\\nPedrazo. In February, 1822, 1 was elected Deputy to the Congress of Mexico,\\nand continued in that post dui-ing 1823 and 1824 and afterward Senator, in\\n1825 and 1826. In March, 1827, I was Governor of the State of Mexico till\\n1830, when the revolution of Jalapa forced me to leave the Republic. In\\n1829, I was also Minister of Finance till October. I have also held other\\npositions of trust, as Secretary of the Provincial Assembly of Yucatan, in\\n1820, before my election as Deputy twice a member of the Junta of Elect-\\noral Censors of Mexico and, lastly, I might have placed myself at the head\\nof the party which to-day rules Mexico, and I would not.\\nIs a man, I would ask, who has invited these trusts from his fellow cit-\\nizens, a vagrant and a wicked man? I have been President of the General\\nCongress, and my name stands first in the Constitution of Mexico. I have\\nbeen President of the Senate, and to-day I am a colonist of the Province of\\nTexas.\\nIn 1833, he was again elected to Congress, and also Governor of the State\\nof Mexico the House of Deputies passing, by a unanimous vote, a resolu-\\ntion p)ermitting him to hold both offices. He was appointed Minister to\\nFrance in 1834, which post he resigned in 1835, to carry out his long-cher-\\nished desii e to establish a home in Texas.\\nIn Santa Anna s letter to Cos, ordering the ai*rest of Zavalla, he writes\\nI give this supreme order, requiring you to provide and bring into action\\nall your ingenuity and activity in arranging energetic plans for success in\\nthe apprehension of Lorenzo Zavalla, which person, in the actual circum-\\nstances of Texas, must be very pernicious. Spare no means to secure his\\npei son and place it at the discretion of the supreme government.\\nThe Texans hailed with jay the arrival of such a distinguished representa-\\ntive of Mexican Republicanism, and his advice was eagerly sought. In an\\naddress at a public meeting at Harrisburg he thus explains his views That\\nCoahuila and Texas form a State of the Republic, and as one part of it is\\noccupied by an invading force, the free part of it should proceed to organ-\\nize a power which should I estore harmony and establish uniformity in all", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0648.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES. 637\\nTjranches of the public administration, which would be a rallying point for\\ncitizens whose hearts now tremble for liberty. But as this power can only\\nbe organized by means of a Convention which should represent the free will\\nof the citizens of Texas, it is my opinion that this step should be taken, and\\nI suggest the loth of October as a time sufficient to allow all the depart-\\nments to send their representatives, Zavalla was one of the delegates from\\nHarris county in the Consultation, in 1835, and in the Convention the fol-\\nlowing year. At the organization of the government ad interim, he was\\nelected Vices-President. When the treaty was entered into with Santa Anna,\\nat Velasco, it was expected Colonel Zavalla would go as one of the Texas\\nrepresentatives to Mexico, to conclude the final arrangements for peace be-\\ntween the two counti ies, but the forcible detention of Santa Auna in Texas\\nintei-fered with the arrangement, and Zavalla, in feeble health, retired to\\nhis home near Lynchburg, where he died, November 15th, 1836.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0649.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0650.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "Part IX.\\nThe Counties of Texas.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0651.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0652.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "COUNTIES OF TEXAS.\\n1. Anderson lies in latitude 32, between the Trinity and Neches\\nrivers. Bounded on the north by Henderson, east by Cherokee, south\\nby Houston, and west by Freestone. It was originally in Burnet s\\ncolony, but belonged to Houston county until 1846, when it was formed into\\na separate county and named for Vice-President Kenneth L. Anderson.\\nFort Houston, two miles southwest of Palestine, the county-seat, was occu-\\npied as a military post, by Captain Jewell s company, in 1835. Palestine is\\na thriving city, situated on the International railroad, 152 miles from Hous-\\nton 91 miles from Hearne, and 81 from Longview. In 1870 the county had\\na population of 9,229 assessed value of property in 1876, $2,760,000. The\\nsoil is of four kinds: the first a light, sandy soil, easy of cultivation; the\\nsecond a red, sandy land, very strong and enduring; the third a dark grey\\nand covered with hickory, oak, etc the fourth is creek and river bottom,\\nexceedingly rich. The county is well-watered. Extensive pine forests are\\nfound in the eastern part, while oaks of different varieties, hickory, pecan,\\nwalnut, ash, elm, etc., may be found in other portions. All the ordinary\\nproducts of the farm, garden and nursery are produced in the greatest\\nabundance. A mineral ridge runs through the center of the county, in\\nwhich an abundance of iron ore may be found. Two furnaces wei e in suc-\\ncessful operation during the Civil War.\\n2. Angelina. Lies between the Neches and Angelina rivers, and derives\\nits name from the latter. Bounded on the north by (Jherokee and Nacog-\\ndoches, east by Nacogdoches and San Augustine, south by Tyler, and\\nwest by Trinity and Houston. Homer is the county seat. This county\\nlies on the route of travel of Governor Cordero, in 1806. In 1830, Gen.\\nMier y Teran visited Texas and laid out a town named for himself, on the\\nNeches river, to which four leagues of land were given. He left Col.\\nBean in command. It was under the jurisdiction of Nacogdoches until\\n1846, when the county was created. The soil in the bottoms is black,\\nsandy and very productive. A considerable portion of the uplands is also\\nrich. The county is heavily timbered with pine, oak, beach, magnolia,\\nhickory, sugar maple, ash, mulberry, etc. It is on tlipline of the E. W.\\nN. G. Road. Homer is 160 miles from Houston and 126 from Shreveport.\\nPopulation in 1870, 3,985 assessed value of property in 1876, $359,318.\\n3. Aransas. A sparsely populated county lying on the Gulf of\\nMexico. Bounded north by Refugio, east by Espiritu Santo Bay, south", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0653.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "642 HISTORY OF TEXAS\\nby the Gulf of Mexico, and west by San Patricio. It derives its name\\nfrom the river of the same name. It is said that Arauzas is one of the\\nnames of a palace of the King of Spain. Rockport, the county seat, was\\nselected as a shipping point for cattle and for putting up beef in 1866. The\\ncounty was created in 1871.\\n4. Atascosa. Was created from Bexar in 1856; named for the Atas-\\ncosa creek. Pleasanton is the county seat, thirty miles south of San\\nAntonio. Bounded on the north by Bexar, east by Wilson and\\nKarnes, south by Live Oak and M Mullen, and west by Frio and Medina.\\nThe Navarros, Salinas and others, established stock ranches in this county\\nearly in the present century, but during the revolution these ranches were\\nbroken up, and no permanent settlements were made until about 1853. It\\nis mostly prairie, and admirably, adapted to stock-raising, especially hogs\\nand sheep. A considerable portion of the land is suitable for cultivation,\\nand there are fine farms on the Atascosa, the Borego, the San Miguel,\\nand other creeks. In 1870 the population was 2,915; assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $825,428.\\n6. Austin. Lies on the west side of the Brazos river, about fifty miles\\nfrom the city of Houston. It is bounded on the north by Washington, east\\nby Waller, south by Fort Bend, and west by Colorado and Fayette. It\\nwas in the heart of Austin s first colony, and settled in 1822, by some of the\\nfirst of his colonists. Among the early settlers wei e Wm. Robbins, Wm.\\nPrather, George and Wm. Hufi John M Farland, Wm. Petus, Wiley Mar-\\ntin, the Allcorns, Shipmans, Bordens, James Cochran, etc. The town of\\nSan Felipe was laid out in 1824 by Baron De Bastrop, and received four\\nleagues of land. It was the capital of the colony until the period of the\\nrevolution in Texas the headquarters of tlie land business and the resi-\\ndence of the land commissioner and Samuel M. Williams, the clerk. It\\nwas the first Alcalde s district in the colony. In 1822 Josiah H. Bell was\\nAlcalde he was succeeded in 1829 by Thomas Barnet and Thomas M.\\nDuke; 1831, F. W. Johnson; 1832, Horatio Chriesman 1833, Luke Lassas-\\nsier; 1834, Robert M. Williamson.\\nIn 1834, James B. Miller was political chief of the department of the\\nBrazos. During this year occurred the first public execution in the colony:\\na man by the name of Clayton was hung in San Felipe for the murder of\\nAbner Kuykendall. The Labor settlement was twelve miles above the town.\\nThere lived the Castleman ftimily and others. It was on a creek then called\\nPalmetto Creek but Mr. Cummings built a mill near where Milheim now\\nstands, and the name of the stream was changed to Mill Creek.\\nThe Convention met in San Felipe, in 1833, and the General Consultation\\nin 1835. On the 30th of March, 1836, the town was burned by the retreat-\\ning Texas army undai- Houston, said to have been done by a misapprehen-\\nsion of the general s orders. After the revolution, Thomas Barnet was the\\nfirst chief justice of the county. He was succeeded by Ed^viu Waller, who\\nheld the ofiice for many years. In 1842, the county seat was removed to\\nBellville, named for Thomas Bell, an old settler. The county was named\\nfor Stephen P. Austin.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0654.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "COURT HOUSE. PARIS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0655.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0656.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 645\\nDm-ing the colonial period a number of enterprising Germans settled in\\nthe county, and a considerable portion of the inhabitants speak that lan-\\nguage. The assessed value of property in 1876 was $2,362,385.\\n6. Bandera. Bandera, the county seat is on the Medina Kiver, tliirty-\\nfive miles northwest of San Antonio. Bounded on the north by Kerr, east\\nby Kendall and Bexar, south by Medina and Uvalde, and west by Edwards.\\nIt derives its name from a mountain pass. A large Apache village formoi iy\\noccupied the site of the present town of Bandera. The county has several\\ncreeks: Pipe, Red Bluflf, Winding s, etc. is pretty well timbered, having\\nsome tine cedar brakes, and plenty of building stone. Assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $236,536. It is a fine county for sheep.\\n7. Bastrop\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lies on Doth sides of the Colorado Eiver. Bounded on\\nthe north by Travis, east by Lee, south by Fayette, and west by Caldwell.\\nA settlement, near the present town of Bastrop, was formed in 1828, and\\nthen called Mina, from General Xavier Mina. The town of Bastrop was\\nlaid out by Stephen F. Austin in 1830, and named in honor of Baron de\\nBastrop. Four leagues of valuable laud was assigned to the town tract.\\nThe land title issued June 8th, 1832. Samuel Wolfenbarger was first Al-\\ncalde. In 1835, this municipality was the first to organize a committee of\\nsafety. Andrew Rabb was first chief justice after the revolution. The\\nvalley lands are exceedingly fertile, and most of the uplands are susceptible\\nof cultivation. McDade, on the Western Branch road, is 128 miles from\\nHouston and 37 from Austin. Elgin and Paige are railroad depots on the\\nWestern Branch road. In 1870 the population of the county was 12,200.\\nAssessed value of property in 1876, $2,514,479. Few counties are superior\\nto this in the State. The land is rich and the population permanent and\\nprosperous.\\n8. Bee Situated in the stock-raising portion of the Southwest.\\nCreated in 1857 named in hon\u00c2\u00abr of Bernard E. Bee, Sr. Beeville is the\\ncounty seat. It is bounded on the north by Karnes, east by Goliad, south\\nby Refugio, and west by Live Oak. Its water courses are the Mission and\\nAransas rivers, and a number of smaller creeks. Population in 1870, 1.082\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $625,922. Its principal trading point is\\nCorpus Christi. 50 miles distant. The streams are the Aransas, the Blanco, the\\nMedio, the Papelota, and thcChiUcpin, all small and with very little timber.\\nBee is almost exclusively a stock-raising county, and the business of nearly\\nall is to raise cattle and sheep. These do very well, and are raised at scarcely\\nany expense.\\n9 Bell\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lies in the very heart of the State mostly rolling prairies\\nsoil very productive; its staples are wheat, corn, cotton, etc. Bounded on\\nthe north by Coryell and McLennan, east by Falls, south by Milam and\\nWilliamson, and west by Burnet and Lampasas. Was created in 1850, and\\nnamed for P. Hansborough Bell. Belton is the county seat. The county is\\nwell watered. The Leon, Lampasas and Nolan s Creek, unite near Belton\\nand form Little river. Eleven miles from Belton is the Salado spring, one of the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0657.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "646 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nboldest and most remarkable in Texas. This county was included in Robert-\\nson s colony, and attempts were made in 1834-5 to form settlements, by the\\nfamilies of Read, Fulcher, Early, Childress, and others; but the Indians\\nwere troublesome, and the settlement was abandoned until 1844, when popu-\\nlation began to flow into the country. Belton became the county seat in 1851-\\nPopulation in 1870, 9,791; assessed value of property in 1876, $3,102,800.\\n10.. Bexar Is by far the wealthiest and most populous county in western\\nTexas; bounded on the north by Kendall and Comal, east by Guadalupe\\nand AVilson, south by Wilson and Atascosa, and west by Medina. San An-\\ntonio, the county seat^ is in the valley of the river of the same name, a few\\nmiles below where the spring flows out from under the rocks, a full sized\\nriver, one of the most picturesque and beautiful in the world. Adventurers\\nsettled on this river about the year 1692. In 1730, sixteen families arrived\\nin the neighborhood from the Canary Islands. The presidio of Bexar,\\nnamed for the Duke of Bexar, then viceroy of Mexico, was created Novem\\nber 28, 1730. Among the objects of great curiosity in San Antonio are the\\nold mission churches, founded in the early part of the last century for the\\nbenefit of the Indians. The Alamo Poplar church was founded May 8th\\n1744; it was not long used as a church, but is famous in Texas history. It\\nis in the heart of the city, on the east side of the river, and gives name tO\\nthe plaza upon which it stands. Concepcioii is two miles below the cit} on\\nthe left bank of the river; celebi-ated as the point at which the first battle,\\nof the Texas revolution was fought in 1835. It is in a tolerably good state\\nof preservation, and religious worship is occasionally celebrated at its altar.\\nSan Jose, four miles below the city on the right bank of the river, was one\\nof the grandest of all the mission structures in Texas. Though rapidly\\ngoing to ruins, some of its splendid statuary is still visible in its walls and\\nniches, though the arched roof and dome have fallen in. San Juan, is six\\nmiles below the city on the left bank of the river it is in ruins. La Espa-\\nda is on the west side of the river, nine miles below the city portions of\\nthe walls are still standing. San Fernancfes, was a parish church, built for\\nthe colonists from the Canary Islands, in 1732. It is on the Military plaza in\\nthe city, and was re-built in 18G8, as a cathedral. The dome of the old\\nchurch was left standing, and forms the sacristy of the new one.\\nIn 1730, San Antonio became the capital of the province of Texas, and\\ncontinued to be the principal city until the revolution of 1835. It is the\\ncentre of a large trade with Western Texas and Northern IMexico. In 1877\\nthe city was connected by rail with the railway system of the State. And\\nsince that time, there has been a large increase in its business and popula-\\ntion. In 1870 the population of the county was 16,053. lu 1876, the pop-\\nulation of the city was 17,314. Assessed value of property, about $10,000,000.\\nThe city is the headquarters of the Fifth Military District, and the govern-\\nment has recently erected a building for the Quartermasters Department at\\na cost of $100,000. There is also an arsenal and some other public build-\\nings.\\nThe following shows the export business of San Antonio for the year\\nending June 1st, 1878: Hides, 2,902,756 pounds; wool, 1,950,855 pounds;", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0658.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "COU:f^TY SKETCHES. 647\\nmerchandise, 5,272,225 pounds; cotton, 1,495 bales; live stock, 268 cars;\\nbones, 144 cars. From February 25th to July 25th, 1878 during the very\\ndullest portion of the year 199 houses were built. San Antonio has a\\nstreet railroad, water-works, and is lighted with gas.\\n11. Blanco. Created in 1858; named for one of its principal streams;\\nsettled in 1852. Bounded on the north by Llano and Burnet, east by Travis\\nand Hays, south by Comal and Kendall, and west by Gillespie and Llano.\\nThis is a stock-raising prairie county, though there is some timber; and\\na great deal of rich, arable land. All the cereals do well. Its principal\\nwater courses are the Blanco and the Pierdinales rivers. Blanco, the\\ncounty-seat, is sixtj miles from San Antonio, forty from New Brauufels,^\\nand fifty from Austin. In 1870, the county had a population of 1,187.\\nAssessed value of property about $400,000.\\n12. Bosque. Created in 1854; named from its principal river. Bounded\\non the north by Somervell, east by Hill, south by M Lennan and Coryell,\\nand west by Hamilton. Meridian is the county-seat. The valley lands of\\nthe Brazos river and the Bosque are very rich and productive the up-\\nlands somewhat hilly, but fine for grazing purposes. Population in 1870,\\n4,981 assessed value of property in 1876, $1,338 JOS.\\n13. Bowie. Named for James Bowie; was created in 1840. It is the\\nextreme north-eastern county of the State bounded on the north by the\\nIndian Territory, east by the State of Arkansas, south by Cass county, and\\nwest by Eed river. The trans-continental railway, commencing at Texar-\\nkana, traverses the entire length of the county. In 1870, the population\\nwas 4,684. In 1876, the assessed value of property was $948,976. Boston\\nis the county-seat. It is well watered by Red river on the north, and a\\nfork of the same river running along on its southern boundary, as well as\\nby a number of smaller streams tributary to these. The surface of this\\ncounty is rolling a large proportion of which is heavily timbered, chiefly\\nwith post oak. The soil, away from the bottoms, is of a sandy character,\\nusual in post oak lands. In the bottoms it is the rich red land so well\\nadapted to the cultivation of cotton. Pears, Peaches and other fruits are\\nsuccessfully cultivated, and the apple is found in great abundance.\\n14. Brazoria. Lies on the Gulf of Mexico, and includes the coast on\\nboth sides of the Brazos and Bernard rivers, and Oyster Creek. Bounded\\non the north by Fort Bend, east by Harris, south by the Gulf, and west bv\\nMatagorda. It contains one of the richest bodies of land on the continent.\\nIts staples are sugar\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of which it produces more than all the other counties\\nin the State cotton, corn, tobacco, etc., etc. The Brazos is connected\\nby a canal with Galveston bay, and a railroad fifty miles long connects\\nColumbia with Houston. The county is about equally divided between\\ntimber and prairie, and is adapted to either agriculture or stock-raising.\\nThe county was settled in 1823 by Josiah II. Bell, Brit. Bailey, Joseph H.\\nPolly, Primm, Bradleys, Amos and Daniel Rawls, Damon; and a little", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0659.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "648 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nlater, by David Tilley, James and John T. Beard, Thomas Westall, T. J.\\nPilgrim, the Fenns, Shipmans, John D. Pitts, John Brown Austin, W. D.\\nC. Hall, the Alsburys, Millburn, Mrs. General Long, and MajorCalvitt,\\netc., etc. John Austin settled at the town of Brazoria in 1828; the town\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was laid out in 1831, and about that time Mr. Perry, the brother-in-law of\\nS. F. Austin, an-ived in the county, and settled at Peach Point. They had\\nfor neighboi s, the M Neils, Millses, Hawkins, Munsons, etc. In 1831 there\\nwere about thirty houses in the town, three of them being of brick. On\\nthe first of May, 1832, Decree Number 196 created the municipality of Bra-\\nzoria, extending four leagues above the mouth of Big Creek, and westward\\nto the Trespelacios. First John Austin, and afterwards Edwin Waller were\\nAlcaldes. In 1834 the name was changed to Columbia, but was the next\\nyear changed back to Brazoria. In 1836, first Yelasco and afterwards Co-\\nlumbia, were occupied by President Burnet as the seat of government.\\nThe Constitutional Government of the Kepublic was inaugurated at the\\nlatter place. Brazoria was then the most wealthy and populous municipal-\\nity in Texas, and the place of residence of a large number of the leading\\ncitizens of the Republic. Its population in 1870 was 7,527, a majority of\\nwhom were colored. Assessed value of property in 1876, $1,964,778. Be-\\nsides the Brazos and Bernard rivers, there is little living water, and on\\naccount of the brackish and unwholesome character of the water, cisterns\\nare largelj used. The surface is level, about one-half of it being covered\\nwith a heavy growth of, perhaps, the noblest live oaks in the whole Union.\\nIt is from these bottoms that the Navy of tin United States is hereafter to\\ndei ive its most valuable ship-building material, the value of which is incal-\\nculable. The soil, as may be supposed, is exceedingly rich, red and deep,\\nyielding luxuriantly. Peaches, quinces, oranges, lemons, and similar fruits\\nai e cultivated. Upon the coast the health is good higher up and along\\nthe bottoms, chills and fever are prevalent at certain seasons, but generally\\nthe people enjoy excellent health.\\n15. Brazos. Named for the river of the same name. Brvan, on the\\nHouston Texas Central Railroad, one hundred miles from Houston, is\\nthe county-seat. Bounded noi-th by Robertson and Madison, east by\\nGrimes, south by Washington, and west by Burleson. It is in the heart of\\nthe cotton region the land is exceedingly fertile, and being on the railroad, is\\nrapidly filling up with an agricultural population. The Agricultural and\\nMechanical College of the State is located four miles south of Bryan. Pop,\\nulation of the county in 1870,9,205; assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$2,330,779; the county was created in 1841; surface undulating; about an\\nequal portion of prairie and timber.\\n16. BuowN. Named for Henry S. Brown; created in 1856. Bounded\\nnorth by Callahan and Eastland, east by Comanche and Hamilton, south by\\nLampasas and San Saba, and west by Coleman, Brownwood, the countj^-\\nseat, is one hundred and ten miles from AVaco, one hundred and thirty from\\nFort AVorth, one hundred and forty from Austin, and one hundred and\\nsixty from Dallas, This is in the wheat and stock region is well watered,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0660.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 649\\nhaving- the Colorado river on the south, and Pecan bayou, Jim Ned creek\\nand numerous smaller streams. The valley lands are rich. Tortious of\\nthe county are hilly, but well set with grass. Bituminous coal is found in\\npaying quantities. It is a newly settled county. The population in 1870\\nwas only 544. In 1876, the assessed value of property was $619,774.\\n17. Burleson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1846; named for Edward Burleson. Caldwell,\\nthe county-seat, is about twenty miles from Bryan, and thirty from Bren-\\nham. Bounded north by Milam, east by Brazos, south by Washington, and\\nwest by Lee. The southern portion of the county was in Austin s first\\ncolony; that portion above the old San Antonio road, in Eobertson s. In\\n1825, the families of Pancas, Earlys, etc., settled on the old road. In 1830,\\nthe Thomsons, Porters, Scotts, Shaw, etc., became permanent settlers. The\\ncounty, lying on the Brazos river, and the Yegua and Davidson s creeks, is\\nwell watered and timbered, and has an immense body of rich land. It is\\nboth an agricultural and stock-raising country, and produces sugar, cotton,\\nand wheat. Population in 1870, 8,072 assessed value of property in 1876^\\n$934,782. Tenoxticlan, and old Mexican town, was in this county.\\n18. Burnet.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1852; named for David G. Burnet; Burnet the\\ncounty seat. Bounded north by Lampasas, east by Williamson and Bell,\\nsouth by Travis and Blanco, and west by Llano and San Saba. About\\none-fourth of the county, situated on the Colorado river and Hamilton\\nand other creeks, is susceptible of cultivation; the hilly portions are\\nwell adapted to grazing- purposes; and are well supplied with an abun-\\ndance of mountain cedar and other timber. Population in 1870, 3,658*\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $1,114,577. The water is excel lent for\\ndrinking purposes and along the river there are points at which the most\\nvaluable water-power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. The\\nsurface is rolling, often mountainous. About oue-fourth of the countv is\\ntimbered with live oak, post oak, elm and cedar. The soil is the common\\nred prairie i^il.\\n19. Caldwell.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1848 named for Matthew Caldwell Lock-\\nhart is the county seat, situated near the head of Plum creek, and is abund-\\nantly supplied with spring water. The country is gently undulatino-; soil\\ngenerally rich well watered and timbered. Lockhart is thirty miles from\\nAustin Luling, on the Sunset Route, is 155 miles i^-om Houston and fifty\\nmiles from San Antonio. About seven miles from Luling are two mineral\\nsprings, Cardwell s and Burdits, to which invalids resort. The county is\\nbounded north by Hays and Travis, east by Bastrop, south by Gonzales\\nand west by Guadalupe. Population in 1870, 6,672; assessed value of\\nproperty in 1877, $1,528,007. The league of land upon which the county\\nseat is located, wasgrauted toByrd Lockhart by Jose Antonio Nevarro in\\nNovember, 1831. The surfjicc of this county is undulating, about one-third\\ncovered with post oak, live oak and cedar. The soil is dark prairie loam\\nmtermixed with sand. There is a great deal of prairie known as hoff\\nwallow rich and waxy.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0661.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "650 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n20. Calhouk. Created in 1846; named for John C. Calhoun; Indianola\\nis the county seat. Bounded on the north by Victoria and Jackson, east\\nby Matagorda, south by the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Aransas and\\nRefugio. It was at Pass Cavallo, in this county, that La Salle landed in\\n1685. Settlements were made in the county as early as 1828. In 1835,\\nCox s Point, opposite to Lavaca on the bay, became a place of business.\\nLinnville, four miles above Lavaca, became a shipping point in 1839; and\\nwas burned by the Comanches in 1840 after which Lavaca became the\\nin-incipal port. Indianola was founded a few years later, and soon became\\nthe principal seaport. It has a railroad to Quero, in Dewitt county. Pop-\\nulation in 1870, 3,443; assessed value of property in 1876, $542,372. It is.\\nsurrounded east; sonth and west, by water. Green Lake lies within it.\\nPowder Horn Bay and Chocolate Bayou penetrate into it on the south.\\nThe surface is a dead level, -aj-ud one-tifth part being sprinkled with\\nscrubby live oak. The soil is of flat, sandy earth, not very productive but\\n\u00c2\u00a3ne for grazing purposes.\\n21. Callahan. Created 1858; named for James M. Callahan organized\\nin 1877; Bell Plain is the county seat; bounded north by Shackleford, east\\nby Eastland, south by Coleman and west by Taylor. The county is about\\nequally divided between prairie and timber is a tine grazing county, with\\na fair proportion of good arable laud. It is situated upon the waters of the\\nClear Fork of Brazos, Hubbard s ci eek and Pecan bayou, west of Eastland\\nand north of Brown and Coleman counties. The East and West Caddo\\nPeaks, prominent land marks, are in the south-eastern corner of the county.\\nThe Clear Fork of Brazos flows through the north-western corner Pecan\\nbayou, Jim Ned creek and their tributaries, drain the south-western part of\\nthe county; and the two prongs of Hubbard s creek, with their branches,\\nthe balance. There is an abundance of good timber and pure water in all\\nparts of the county, and the soil is rich, particularly in the valleys. Several\\ngood military roads traverse the county from east to west, and north and\\nsouth.\\n22. Cameron. Named for Ewin Cameron; created in 1848; Browns-\\nville is the county seat. It is bounded north by Nueces, east by the Gulf of\\nMexico, south by the Rio Grande, separating it from Mexico, and west by\\nHidalgo. Brownsville is connected by a railroad with Brazos St. Jago. It\\nis 160 miles from Corpus Christi; 300 from San Antonio, and 340 from Gal-\\nveston, with which it has regular communication by stetimers. Befoi-e the\\nrevolution, this territory belonged to the State of Tamaulipas, and Mexican\\nstock ranches were established early in the present century. In 1820, Father\\nBolli, to avoid the raids of hostile parties, took a large stock of cattle to\\nPadre Island. But the same year a severe storm swept over the island,\\ndestroying the stock, and also the village of Brazos St. Jago. Brownsville\\nwas settled by Americans in 1848. During the civil war, 1861-4, it was a\\nplace of considerable trade, until it was occupied by the Federal army\\nunder General Banks, in 1864. The establishment of a free belt on the\\nMexican side of the river has greatly impaired the commercial interests of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0662.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 6ol\\nthe city, aud the frequent raids for cattle stealing have diminished the stock\\nin the range. In 1870 the population of the county was 10,999; assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $1,610,562.\\n23. Camp. Named for J. L. Camp; Pittsburg is the county seat; created\\nin 1874:. It is the smallest county in the State, containing but one hundred\\nand eighty-six square miles bounded north by Titus and Morris, east by\\nMorris, south by Upshur, west by Wood. It is a timber country well\\nwatered, and possessing a rich soil. The Tyler and Clarksville railroad\\npasses through the county. Assessed value of property in 1876, $504,648.\\n24. Cass. Created in 1846 named for Lewis Cass Linden is the county\\nseat; bounded north by Bowie, east by Arkansas, south by Marion, and\\nwest by Morris. It is one of the timber counties of North-east Texas well\\nwatered, with a soil which produces fair average crops. The railroad from\\nMarshall to Texarkana passes through the county; the depots are Atlanta,\\nQueen City and Kildare. There are some interesting Indian mounds on\\nthe line of the East Line railroad. Population in 1870, 8,875 assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $1,429,162 produces the greatest abundance of peaches,\\napples, etc.\\n25. Chambers. Is one of the pi-airie coast counties; created in 1858;\\nnamed for Thomas J. Chambers; Wallisville is the county seat. It was\\nincluded in Vehelin s colonial grant. In 1830, Anahuac, on the bay, became\\nthe principal port of entry, and the headquarters of Col. Bradburn, the\\nmilitary commandant. It was also the headquarters of the Galveston Bay\\nCompany, which purchased Burnet s and Zavalla s grants. N. D. Labadie\\nwas surgeon to the Mexican soldiers and afterwards to the Texans. At\\nthat early period, James Morgan, J. C. Keed, Wilcox and others, had\\ngoods for sale There were in 1831 about thirty American citizens. Tlie\\nlawyers, P. C. Jack, W. B. Travis, R. M. Williamson, Dr. Dunlap^ Muiu-oe\\nEdwards, George M. Patrick, Samuel T. Allen and Taylor White lived on\\nTurtle Bayou. About the first of May, 1832, a meeting was held (sa) S\\nDr. Labadie in Almanac, 1859) at Captain Dorsatt s, at Avhich it was\\nresolved to resist the payment of duties. This was the first movement\\nagainst the Mexican government in Texas. A military organization Avas\\neffected; P. C.Jack elected Captain. Soon afterward, Jack, Travis, Mun-\\nroe Edwards and Allen were arrested and imprisoned. The citizens of\\nAustin s colony rallied for the deliverance of their fellow citizens from the\\nmilitary prison, and during the controversy, Bradburn was disi)l;iced by\\nPiedras, and the prisoners released. On the 13th of June, a meeting was\\nlield at Turtle Bayou, at which the citizens pronounced in favor of the\\nConstitution of 1824, and for Santa Anna, who was then the llepublicau\\nleader. During the revolutionary period, Anahuac ceased to be a place of\\nmuch importance. The county is bounded north by Liberty, east by Jef-\\nferson, south by Galveston and the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Harris,\\nPopulation in 1870, 1,503; assessed value of property in 1876, $374,297,\\nThis is chiefly a prairie county, and though it has much good alluvial land", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0663.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "652 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nin the Trinity valley, yet stock-raising is the chief business. Hogs are also\\nabundantly and cheaply raised in the bottoms. Products: corn, cotton, rice\\nand sugar-cane. This county has the advantage of regular communication\\nwith Galveston by navigation over the bay and up the Trinity, so tliat its\\nproducts can be easily placed in market at a good price. This county has\\nabundance of fruits, such as peaches, apricots, nectarines and plums. It\\nalso lias a large supply of good timber on both banks of the Trinity, and\\nsupplies Galveston market with much of its fuel. This, like most other\\ncoast counties, possesses the advantage of being easily inclosed by water ou\\none or more sides of the farms and hedges on the other.\\n26. Cherokee. Created from Nacogdoches in 1846 named for an Indiaa\\ntribe which occupied a portion of the country from 1822 until 1830. The\\noriginal Telias village, which gave its name to the State, was in this county\\nnear the old San Antonio road, on the east side of the Neches river. It\\nwas known as the Bradshaw Place, or Mound prairie and was settled by\\nthe Allcorns and Teels in 1822. The Cherokee village was on the Angelina\\nriver. The town of Kusk, the county-seat, was settled in 1846, and laid\\nout as a town the next year. The county is bounded north by Smith, east\\nby Rusk and Nacogdoches, south by Angelina and Houston, and west by\\nAnderson. The surface is undulating; about three-fourths timber; soil\\nexcellent. The International railroad passes through the county, and a\\nbranch road connects Rusk with Jacksonville, a station ou the main road.\\nPopulation in 1870, 1,179; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,482,463.\\nWell supplied with peaches, apples, and other fruits.\\n27. Clay. Created in 1857; named for Henry Clay. Henrietta is the\\ncounty-seat. Bounded north by the Indian Territory, east by Montague,\\nsouth by Jack, and west by Archer and Wichita. This is one of the north-\\nern counties, bordering upon Red river. It is well watered, and has a fair\\nsupply of timber on its water courses, Red river and the two Wichitas, and\\ntheir numerous tributaries. Immense herds of cattle are pastured here\\nbefore being driven to Northern markets. The county was settled iu 1868;\\nin 1876 the assessed value of property was $455,276.\\n28. Coleman. Created iu 1858, and named for R. M. Coleman. Coleman\\nwas selected as the county-seat in 1876. It is bounded on the north by Cal-\\nlahan, east by Brown, south by M Culloch, and west by Runnels. The soil\\nis good; country undulating; with some high points, of which the most\\nconspicious is Santa Anna s Peak, eight miles from the county-seat. The\\nColorado river runs along its southern boundary, and Makewater and other\\ncreeks furnish an abundance of water for stock. A village of the Anada-\\nquas was once located in the county, and Jim Ned creek bears the name of\\none of their famous chiefs. Camp Colorado has been for twenty years\\noccasionally occupied by Rangers. Value of property in 1876, $125,761.\\nColeman is about one hundred and forty miles from Austin, and the same\\ndistance from Dallas aud Fort Worth.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0664.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "COURT HOUSE, SHERMAN,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0665.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0666.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "COUXTY SKETCHES. 655\\n29. Collin. Named for Collin M Kinney, who settled in the county in\\n1842; was created in 1846. M Kinney is the county-seat. Bounded on the\\nnorth by Grayson, east by Hunt, south by Dallas, and west by Denton.\\nThe east fork of the Trinity takes its rise in this county, and it is watered\\nby numerous creeks; it is well timbered, and the soil is of a very superior\\nquality. M Kinney is on the Houston Texas Central Railroad, two hun-\\ndred and ninety-six miles north of Houston. Population in 1870,14,013;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $4,952,750. First settled in 1841, by Dr.\\nWilliam E. Throckmorton, who died in 1842. It is a fine county for\\nfruits.\\n30. Colorado. One of the original counties; named for the river on\\nwhich it stands. Columbus is the county-seat; selected in 1836 by Eli\\nMercer, Robert Brotherton, and William D. Lacy, commissioners appointed\\nby the Executive Council at San Felipe. In 1821, a settlement was com-\\nmenced at the Atasca Sita crossing of the river, a little below the present\\ntown of Columbus. Among the early settlers were Leander Beeson, W.\\nB. De wees, Ross Alley, AVilliam Alley, Thomas Bm-nes, Peter and John\\nTumlimson, etc. In 1822, James Cummiugs was appointed Alcalde. He\\ndeclined to serve, and John Tumlimson was appointed. Among early set-\\ntlers were F. Pettus, Levi Bostick, Hunt, John Matthews, Major\\nMontgomery, David Cole, the Coopers, and others. In 1836 William Meni-\\nfee was Chief Justice. The G. H. S. A. R. R., passes through the\\ncounty, crossing the river at Columbus. The county is iu the heart of the\\nState and admirably adapted to agricultural pursuits or stock-raising well\\nwatered and timbered. Population in 1870, 8,326; assessed value of prop-\\nerty in 1876, $2,696,424.\\n31. Comal. Created in 1848; named for the Comal river. New Braim-\\nfels is the county-seat. The town was laid out and settled in 1845, by Ger-\\nman immigrants, brought to the country by the Prince de Solms, to settle\\nFisher Miller s colony. They found it impracticable, on account of the\\nIndians, to proceed to the frontier, and the New Braunfels tract of land\\nwas bought as a temporary stopping-place; but became the home of a large\\nand thrifty class of people. It is bounded north by Blanco, east by Hays,\\nsouth by Guadalupe and Bexar, and west by Kendall. Population iu 1870,\\n5,283; assessed value of property in 1875, $1,346,950. The Comal river\\nrises from copious springs some three miles above the town, and immedi-\\nately becomes a deep stream of the purest water, iu which even fi-^h can\\nreadily be seen to the depth of ten or twelve feet. It is difficult to imagine\\na more beautiful stream. It empties into the Guadalupe at New Braunfels,\\nand affords jreat water-power for several mills and factories, and an exten-\\nsive valley may be irrigated by it. It has forty feet fall iu a distance of\\nthree miles. One large cotton and woolen fiictory has been iu operation for\\nseveral years, and the wafer-power is sufficient for many more. Two or\\nthree flouring and grist-mills, and machinery for other manufactories, are\\nrun by the same power, and no better plice can be found for a paper-mill,\\nou account of the great purity of the water. The Guadalupe is a much\\n36", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0667.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "656 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nlargci* stream thau the Comal, and passes through the county; and there\\nare several other smaller streams, all skirted with timber, such as black-oak,\\npost-oak, walnut, hickory, pecan, elm, etc. but this is not generally good\\nbuilding material. The best building material is stone. All the products of\\nthe country are raised here. Peaches, grapes, and other fruits are grown,\\nand some fine wine and table grapes are successfully cultivated. There are\\norchards of apples, pears, quinces, cherries, plums, etc.\\n32. Comanche. Named for an Indian tribe Comanche is the county-\\nseat created in 1856. Bounded north-east by Erath, south-east by Hamil-\\nton, south-west by Brown, and north-west by Eastland. It is watered by\\nthe Leon river and its tributaries; bottom lands good; one-third timber,\\nbut not of the best quality. Population in 1S70, 1,001; assessed value, of\\nproperty in 1876, $729,430. A tine stock-raising county.\\n33. Cooke.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1848; named for Wilham G. Cooke; Gainsville\\nis the county-seat. Bounded north by the Indian Territory, east by Gray-\\nson, south by Denton, and west by Montague. It is well supplied with\\nwater; has an excellent soil; is a very i:!roductive and desirable county.\\nPopulation in 1870,5,315; assessed value of property in 1876,61,565,363.\\nCorn, wheat, barley, and all the cereals do well and upon Red river there\\nare several cotton f lantations. The soil is prolific, except on the eastern\\nside of the county, through which run the cross-timbers. Timber is fine,\\nconsisting of post-oak, ash, pecan, walnut, hackberry and elm, the best\\nbuilding timber being post-oak. Red river forms the northern boundary of\\nthe county. Ehn Fork of the Trinity heads in the county, within a few\\nmiles of Red river, and riujs south through the centre of the county. Upou\\nthis stream is situated the town of Gainsville. Clear creek and Jordan\\ncreek run through the county, the former on the westex u and the latter on\\nthe eastern side. These are fine streams, and their bottoms are both rich\\nand well timbered.\\n34. Coryell. Created in 1854; named for James Coryell, (who was\\nkilled by Indians) Gatesville is the county-seat. Bounded north-east by\\nBosque and M Lennan, south-east by Bell, south-west by Lampasas, and\\nnorth-west by Hamilton. It is watered by the Leon and its tributaries;\\nsurface rolling one-third timber; soil in the valleys rich. Population in\\n1870,4.124; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,343,675. Fine grazing\\ncounty.\\n35. Dallas Lies in the heart of the wheat section of Texas was orig-\\ninally in Peters colony, bounded north by Denton and Collin, east by Rock-\\nwall and Kaufman, south by Ellis and west by Tarrant. The first point\\noccupied by whites in the county was Bird s Fort, about fifteen miles above\\nthe present town of Dallas. In 1843, Neely Bryan, Mr. Beeman and others\\nsettled the new town, which, in 1846, became county seat. It is on the\\nCentral Railroad, 250 miles north of Houston, and on the Texas Pacific\\nRailroad, 189 miles west of Shreveport. It is also the southern terminus of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0668.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 657\\nthe Dallas and Wichita Railroad, iio-^ in progress of construction. In 1872,\\nbefore railroads had reached Dallas, it had a population of about fifteen\\nhundred. It noiv has as many thousand. It has a number of flouring-\\nmills, two cotton compresses, street railroads. It is lighted with gas, and is\\nwell supplied with schools and churches. Population of the county in 1870,\\n13,314: assessed value of property in 187G, $8,065,525. The land is black,\\nsticky i^raii-ie, liberally interspersed with timber, in sufficient quantities for\\nall agricultural and manufacturing purposes. The soil is exceedingly fer-\\ntile, and when well cultivated most abundantly rewards the husbandman\\nfor his labor. Dallas is im-reasiug in population more rapidly than any\\ntown in Northern Texas. Lancaster is a flourishing village, situated fifteen\\nmiles south of Dallas, and contains about five hundred inhabitants. Cedar\\nHill, Scyene, and Breckenridge are small villages, situated in the midst of\\nan industrious and energetic population. T!ie people are industrious, moral,\\nand religious, and take great interest in the establishment of good schools.\\nThe principal products of the county ai e wheat, corn, oats, rye, and barley,\\neach of which is raised in large quantities, and the yield per acre equals\\nthat of any section in the Union. At Lancaster there is a foundry, where\\nall the castings required to repair mills, reapers, and thi-eshers are made\\npromptly and on reasonable terms. At Dallas, Cedar Hill, and Lancaster\\nare machine-shops, where reapers and threshers, and all other agricultural\\nimplements, are manufactured.\\n36. Delta A small county, created in 1871. It is between the forks of\\nthe Sulphur river, and derives its name from its shape. Bounded north by\\nLamar,, southeast by Hopkins, and west by Fannin and Hunt. Cooper is\\nthe county seat. It is a fine agricultural and fruit-growing county. As-\\nsessed value of property in 1876, $565,484.\\n37. Denton Created from Fannin in 1846. Named for John B, Denton,\\nwho was killed by the Indians, on Denton creek, in 1843. Bounded north\\nby Cooke, east by Collin, south by Dallas and Tarrant, and west by Wise.\\nIt produces in profusion all the cereals, cotton, fruits, c. The county was\\nsettled in 1843-4 by Messrs. Medlin, Higgius, Holford, Wagoner, King,\\nEads, Miller, Gibson, Strickland, Carter, and others. Population in 1870,\\n7,251. Watered by the Elm fork of the Trinity, Clear, Duck, Hickory,\\nDenton, and other creeks. There is a great variety and ali qualities of soil\\nin a portion of the county, the black, waxy, which is from two to six feet\\ndeep prevailing, while in the Cross Timbers section the soil is sandy and of\\nvarious qualities, the best being a black sandy loam from one-half to two or\\nthree feet deep, the foundation being clay. The prairies west of the Cross\\nTimbers have also a variety of soil, some being rich, black and waxy, with\\nan undulating surface, while in other portions the soil is thin and rocky, the\\nsurface being broken and hilly. In the middle and western portions of the\\ncounty, as fine lands as there are in the State are found in the creek valleys,\\nportion being prairie. A good county for fruits, and for stock-raising.\\n88. DeWitt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -Named for Green DeWitt, who, in 1825, obtained an em-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0669.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "658 HISTORY OF TEXAS,\\npresario grant to plant a colony on the Guadalupe river created from Gon-\\nzales and Victoria in 1846. Clinton was county seat until 1877 In 1873,\\nthe Gulf, West Texas and Pacific Railroad reached Cuero, and m 1877 that\\nbecame the county seat. Bounded north by Gonzales, east by Lavaca, south\\nby Victoria and Goliad, and west by Karnes. Cuero is seventy miles from\\nIndianola It is a fine agricultural and stock-raising county; well watered,\\nand has immense bodies of rich lands. Population in 1870, 6,948, assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $1,987,996. The Guadalupe river runs through\\nthe center of the county, and into it flows a number of smaller streams.\\nThe surface is undulating, and covered with a small growth of oak, elm and\\nmulberry. The soil is sandy loam on the high laud8, and still richer in the\\nbottoms, there being no poor land in the whole county, except along the\\npost oak ridges. Health is good.\\n39. Duval Bounded north by McMullen, east by Nueces, south by Starr,\\nand west bvEnignal. Named for the Duval family; organized in 1S75. It\\nis one of the stock-raising counties. San Diego is the county seat.\\n40. Eastland Named for W. M. Eastland, one of the Mier prisoners,\\nshot at Salado by order of Santa Anna. Created in 1858; Eastland the\\ncounty seat. Bounded north by Stephens, east by Erath, south by Comanche,\\nand west by Callahan. It is a new county in the stock-raising region, and\\nis but sparsely populated. In 1876 the assessed value of property was\\n$23,420. Eastland county is on the dividing i-idge between the waters of\\nthe Leon and those of Hubbard s creek. This divide consists of a succes-\\nsion of bold, rocky hills, east of which the county is covered with a dense\\ngrowth of post-oak, black-jack, and shin-oak timber, and is a fine country\\nfor hogs. On the west there are some fine fertile valleys, covered with mes-\\nquite grass, and with good post-oak timber convenient.\\n41. Ellis Ci eated from Navarro in 1849; named for Richard Ellis;\\nWaxahachie is the county seat. In 1843, Captain Thomas I. Smith, with a\\ncompany of Rangers, established a post on Richland creek, and a settlement\\nwas formed around it. The land is undulating, mostly rich prairie, with\\nskirts of timber on the Trinity river and its numerous tributaries. The\\nCentral Railroad passes through the county. Ennis and Palmer are railroad\\ntowns, and there is a branch road projected to the county seat. The county\\nis bounded north by Dallas, east by Kaufman, south by Navarro, and west\\nby Hill and Johnson. Population in 1870,7,914; assessed value of prop-\\nerty in 1876, $3,662,356. Rich, black, stiff and loamy, undulating, rolling\\nprairie, finely adapted to the culture of all kinds of small grain, as well as\\ncotton and corn, and affording a superior range for stock, constitutes a large\\nportion of the county the only timber found being on the river and creek\\nbottoms, which is ample for ordinary farm purposes, and consists of oak,\\ncedar, ash, pecan, cottonwood, bois d arc, c.\\n42. El Paso (the Pass). Is next to Presidio, the lai-gest county in Texas,\\nhaving an area of between 9,000 and 10,000 square miles. It is nearly seven", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0670.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 659\\nliundred miles northwest from San Antonio, and has an eleyation of about\\n3,750 feet above the sea level. Bounded north by New Mexico, east by\\nPecos and Presidio, south and west by New Mexico. It is in the mountain-\\nous and mineral region, though the valley lands are irrigable, and exceed-\\ningly productive. Isleta is the county seat. It is supposed the Rio Grande\\nvalley was visited by Marcus De Niza in 1537, and Coronado in 15-40 took\\npossession of the Puebla village of Isleta. The same place was visited by\\nEspejo in 1582, and permanently occupied by the Spaniards since 1595. In\\n1627, a Spaniard named DeLeon obtained a grant to settle the valley on the\\nTexas side of the Rio Grande, and constructed ditches for irrigation, which\\nare still in use. In 1870 the population of the county was 3,761 assessed\\nvalue of j)roperty in 1876, $398,110. Late reports give the village of El\\nPaso a population of 700 Isleta, fifteen miles south, 1,500; San Ilezario,\\n1,200, and Socorro 800. The population is principally Mexican. The county\\nwas organized in 1850 by Major R. S. Neighbors. Among its productions\\nare the celebrated El Paso onions, and wine of a superior quality.\\nIn the fall of 1877 a serious diflSculty occurred, said to have been caused\\nby the location and occupancy by private parties of salt lakes, which had\\nbeen previously considered public property. Several parties lost their lives,\\nand quiet was not fully restored until the arrival of United States troops\\nunder the command of General Hatch.\\n43. Erath Created from Bosque and Coryell in 1856 named for George\\nB. Erath. Bounded north by Palo Pinto, east by Hood and Somervell,\\nsouth by Bosque and Hamilton, and west by Comanche and Eastland.\\nStephensville is the county seat, and was named for Johu M. Stephens, on\\nwhose land it was located. The county has about equal quantities of prai-\\nrie and timber uplands thin, but good for pasturage bottoms rich and pro-\\nductive; county has numerous creeks, flowing into the Bosque river. Ste-\\nphensville is nearly 2,000 feet above the sea level, and is very healthy. The\\ncounty seat was settled in 1855. It had been previously occupied by a\\nfriendly band of Caddo Indians. These became troublesome, and in 1860\\nwere driven off. Population in 1870, 1,801; assessed value of property in\\n1877, $2,082,473.\\n44. Falls.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its name from a fall in the Brazos river created in 1850. Marlin,\\nthe county seat, named for a pioneer lamily. Bounded north by M Leunan,\\neast by Limestone, south by Robertson and Milam, and west by Bell. Set.\\ntied in 1838. (For account of Indian troubles, see Indian fights, 1839.)\\nThe river and creek bottoms are very rich, and well timbered the uplands\\nundulating prairies, arable and productive. Marlin is on the Waco Tap\\nRailroad, 160 miles from Houston, and 17 miles from Waco. Population of\\ncounty, in 1870, 9,871 assessed value of property in 1876, $2,224,635\\n45. Fannin. Created from Nacogdoches in 1837 named for James W.\\nFannin; Bonham is the county seat, named for J. B. Bonham, one of (he\\nvictims of the Alamo. It is one of the rich Red river counties, bounded\\nnorth by the Indian Territory, east by Lamar, south by Hunt and west by", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0671.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "660 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nCollin and Grayson. About one-third of i(s area is timber, the rest undulat-\\ning but rich prairie. It was first occupied by Captain William Gilbert, and\\nhis camp was called English s Fort, now Bonham. This was in 1837.\\nBonham is on the Trans-Continental railroad, 128 miles west of Texarkana.\\nPopulation of county, in 1870,13,207; assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$3,599,805. It is watered by a number of small creeks tributary to Red river.\\nThe surface is undulating, about one-third part supplied with waliuit, post-\\noak, elm, ash, and many other varieties of timber, especially bois d arc\\nwhich abounds. The soil is of the first quality, prairie and bottom being\\nboth of black loam, and well adapted to all small grains, as well as cotton.\\nMost kinds of fruit abound, especially apples and peaches. Health and water\\nare excellent.\\n46. Fayette. Created from Bastrop and Washington in 1837 named for\\nGeneral Lafayette LaGrange the county seat. The Colorado river mean-\\nders through the county and it has numerous creeks, with rich bottoms^\\nThe undulating prairies are also productive, and nearly every acre of land\\nin the county is arable. In 1821, the Buckners, Ay lot C. and Oliver, settled\\nan the creek that bears their name. In 1823, the Castlemaus settled on the\\nwest bank of the river, and S. F. Austin, for a time, made that his home.\\nThe Itubb family settled on Rabb s creek, and the Cummitigs f\\\\\\\\mily on\\nCummiiigs creek, and the Rosses at Ross Prairie. In 1831, the half league of\\nland upon which Lagrange now stands, was granted to John H. Moore.\\nLedbetter, on the western branch of the Texas Central railway, is in the\\neastern portion of this county, and Flatonia and Waelder, in the western\\nportion, are on the Sunset Route. Population, in 1870, 16,863; assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $4,705,213.\\n47. Fort Bend. Created from Austin in 1837 named from an old fort in\\nthe bend of the Brazos river bounded north by Harris and Austin, east by\\nHarris and Brazoria, south by Brazoi ia and Wharton, west by Wharton\\nand Austin. Richmond is the county seat. It is thirty miles from Houston,\\non the Sunset railroad, which crosses the Brazos at that point. The land\\non the river bottom, which, with Oyster creek, is six miles wide, is of in-\\nexhaustible fortuity. The prairies afford fine stock range. Wm. Little^\\nwho accompanied Austin in his first trip to Texas, selected the site of the\\ntown of Richmond. In 1822, four young men built a block-house there, in\\nThe bond of the river. William Morton settled on the east side of the river.\\nDuring the same and following year, Randall and Henry Jones, William\\nStyles, Jesse Thompson, Churchill Fulcher, Thomas Barnett, C. C. Dyer,\\nElijah Roarch, Thomas H. and Paschal Borden, William, Archibald and\\nRobert Hodge, and James Frisbce, settled in the county. Randall Foster\\n(died in 1878) obtained a league of land T )r supplying meat, as a hunter, to\\nAustin and his party. Probably a larger number of the survivors of Austin s\\nfirst three hundred colonists live in Fort Bend than in any other county in\\nthe State. Population, in 1870,7.11-1; assessed value of jjropeity in 1876,\\n$2,254,724.\\nThe San Bernard river is the wesi\u00e2\u0080\u009er:i boimdary of the county, and*s a", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0672.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 661\\nsmall stream until it reaches tide-water in Brazoria county. Big creek, so\\ncalled from its diminutive proportions, {lucus a non liicendo,) intervenes\\nbetween the Brazos and San Bernard, and is tribulary to the Brazos.\\nJones creek empties into tlie Brazos one mile above Richmond, on the east\\nside. Oyster creek rises in the northeastern part of the county, and, pursu-\\ning a course parallel with the Brazos, empties into the west bay of Galveston,\\nseveral miles northeast of the debouchure of the main riv !r into the Gulf.\\nFort Bend county is at the head of the true delta of the Brazos, as its waters,\\nwhen liigh, run into Oyster creek, and at such times, the two channels are\\nconnected by a net-work of bayous and small lakes from Richmond to the\\nGulf Both Oyster creek and Jones creek are included in what is called the\\nBrazos bottom on the east, and here are found our richest lauds and largest\\nplantations, the banks of both being lined continously with fields in their\\nentire extent through the county. The Brazos bottoni, including both sides\\nof the river, is from six to twelve miles wide, most of the timber being on\\nthe east side, the prairie on the west bluffing on the river in many places.\\nIt is estimated that three-fourths of the county is prairie. The timber is\\nconfined to the bottom lauds, with the exception of a narrow belt of post-\\noaks in the northeastern part of the county, and consists of elm, ash, pecan,\\nhackberry, cottonwood, and several varieties of the oak. On the Bernard\\nthere is considerable cedar and cypress. The undergi owth is cane, wild\\npeach, and black-haw. The soil of the bottoms is a rich alluvium, from 20\\nto 35 feet deep that of the prairies varies with the locality in some\\nplaces it is composed of sand and vegetable matter, the result of the decay\\nof successive crops of grass, while in others you will find the black tena-\\ncious hog- wallow, without a trace of sand and with a substratum of clay\\nand marl, the latter frequently cropping out on the surface.-\\n48. Franklin. Created in 1875; named for B. C. Franklin; bounded\\nnorth by Red River county, south by Camp and Wood, east by Titus and\\nwest by Hopkins. Mount Vernon is the county seat. Assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $481,093.\\n49. Freestone. Fairfield is the county seat created in 1850; bounded\\nnorth by Navarro, east by Anderson, south by Leon and west by\\nLime8toue;it is a heavily timbered county on the west side of the Trinity\\nriver. The International railroad passes along its southeastern boundary,\\nand the Houston and Texas Central on the northwest corner of the county.\\nPopulation, in 1870, 8,139; assessed value of property, in 1876, $1,870,007.\\nA later census gives the population at 13,000, of whom 4,256 are colored.\\n50. Frio. Created in 1858; named for Frio (cold) river; Frio is the\\ncounty seat. Bounded north by Medina, east by Atascosa, south by\\nLaSalle and west by Zavalla. It is a sparsely populated, stock-raising\\ncounty. It is watered by the Frio, Lcona, Hondo, and San ^Miirnel creeks\\nand is tolerably well timbered. Assessed value of property, in 1876,\\n$295,308.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0673.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "662 HISTOKY OF TEXAS.\\n51. Galveston. Created in 1838; named for the Count De Galvez;\\nbounded north by Harris and Chambers, east by Chambers, south b\\\\ the\\nGulf of Mexico. Galveston is the largest city in the State, and the center\\nof the State s commerce. The island was occupied by Minister Herrera\\nand Commodore Au -y, in 1816 in 1817-19, it was the rendezvous of the\\npirate Lafitte. In 1830, it became a port of entry of the Mexican Kepublic;\\nbut Colonel Bradburn, then in command, transferred the business to\\nAnahuac. In 1831, Colonel Piedras, in command at Nacogdoches, located an\\neleven-league claim so as to cover the island; in 1834, it was located by\\nColonelJohu N. Seguin; at the second session of the First Texas Congress,\\nM. Menard, and others, who had bought Seguin s claim, paid the Kepublic\\n$50,000 for a clear title to the east end of the island, and at once organized\\nthe Galveston Company and surveyed and sold the lots. lu 1837, a\\nwharf was built, and M Kinney Williams transferred their business from\\nthe mouth of the Brazos to the new city, Avliich rapidly grew, concentrating\\nthe trade of all central Texas at that point. Population, in 1870,15,290;\\nassessed value of property, in 1876, $20,933,308.\\n52. Gillespie. Named for R. A. Gillespie Fredericljsburg is the county\\nseat ci eated in 1848. Bounded north by Mason and Llano, east by Blanco,\\nsouth by Kendall and Kerr, and west by Kerr and Kimble. This county\\nwas settled by the Germans that came to Texas with Prince de Solms in\\n1846. As tliat was a dry year, the colonists suffered incredible hardships\\nfor want of food. At first the Comanclies were friendly and brought into\\nthe settlements venison, etc. Herr Von Krewitz acted as Indian Agent, and\\npursued the policy adopted by Penn, and li^ept tlie Indians friendly until an\\nunfortunate circumstance interrui^ted this state of peace. This is a prairie\\ncounty, remarkable for health. Fredericksburg is 1,500 feet above the\\nsea level. It is about 70 miles north-west of San Antonio. Population of\\ntlie county in 1870, 3,566; assessed value of property in 1876, $901,222.\\nAbout eighteen miles nortli of Fredericksburg there is a conspicuous object\\nin the landscape, known as the Enchanted Pock. It covers about twelve\\nhundred acres of ground. It is a huge granite and iron formation, about\\n800 feet high, covering at its base several acres of space, its top being about\\n400 yards square. Its name was derived from its magnificent appearance,\\nfor when the sun shines upon it morning and evening, it resembles a huge\\nmass of burnished gold. It is said to be particularly beautiful after a rain.\\nFully a half hour is required for the most expert climber to ascend to the\\nsummit of the Enchanted Pock. There the country for many miles around\\nis overlooked. Within the scope of the eye the landscape is perfectly\\ngrand, the blue tops of BuIls-IIoad, House Mountaiu and Mount Nebo\\nappearing to the view. At the base of the Enchanted Rock a cool spring\\nbursts out, furnishing the adventurer, the explorer, or the curious person\\nwho may come to this spot, refreshing water. The approaches to tliis place\\nare exceedingly rough, and strong signs of various minerals exist on every\\nhand. Some of the granite nx-ks in this re.^ ion are really beautiful.\\nAbout fourteen miles oast of lime thoi-o is a vor large cave, and within it\\nnames and paintings put there with ingmeut long ago.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0674.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "SCENE ON COMAT^ RIVER.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0675.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0676.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 665\\n53. Goliad. One of the original counties of the RepubUc. The name is\\nan anagram from Hidalgo. Goliad is one of the most famous places in the\\nhistory of our State. It was first visited by De Leon in 1G87. About 1715, a\\nMission was projected fur the benefit of the Caranchua Indians. It was\\nnamed La Bahia (the Bay) Mission. At a later period, a second Mission,\\nprobably for the Aranamas, a half-civilized tribe, who possessed consider-\\nable property and lived in comfortable houses, was established, called\\nEspiritu Santo. In 1812-13, the place was occupied by the Republican army\\nunder Magee, and some severe battles were fought iii the neighborhood.\\nIn 1817, Colonel Perry and his party were killed near this place, by Mexican\\nsoldiers sent by Arredondo. In 1835, it was captured by the Texans under\\nCollingsworth and Milam; evacuated by Fannin March 17th, 1836 battle of\\nColita fought same day and Fannin and his brave men massacred March\\n27th, 1836. During the colonial period. Decree No. 73, (1829) constituted\\nGoliad a town or municipality. Population in 1870, 3,628; assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $1,204,221. The county has some farms, but is mostly\\ndevoted to stock-raising.\\n54. Gonzales. Named for Raphael Gonzales bounded north by Gua-\\ndalupe, Caldwell and Fayette, east by Lavaca, south by Dewitt and west\\nby Karnes and Wilson. Gonzales, the county seat, is 65 miles from Sau\\nAntonio. It has four leagues of land lying on the Guadalupe river, given\\nto the corporation August 25th, 1832. In 1825, Green Dewitt, Francis\\nBerry, James Kerr, Henry S. Brown and others, commenced a settlement\\nnear where the town now stands, but were driven ofl by the Indians. The\\ntown was laid out and a permanent settlement effected in 1832. At this\\npoint in 1835, occurred the first skirmish of the Texas Revolution. The\\nMexican authorities had given the citizens a cannon Col. Ugartechea, in\\ncommand^ at San Antonio, sent to remove the piece to that city. The\\ncitizens resisted, and seizing the gun, advanced upon Castanado, the Mexican\\nofficer, and he hastily retreated to San Antonio. The county has a large\\nquantity of good land, is well watered, and has plenty of timber for fenc-\\ning purposes. Harwood, a station on the Sunset Route, is in the northern\\nportion of the county. Population in 1870, 8,951; assessed value of prop-\\nerty in 1876, $2,792,929. This county has a large body of very rich bottom\\nlands in the Guadalupe, San Marcos and Peach creek bottoms. These rivers\\nafford an abundance of water and timber. There are some sulphur sprino-g,\\nand salt springs from which salt has been made. Cotton is the leading\\nprodnct, and a bale to the acre is a common product in good seasons. All\\nthe products of other counties are common to this, except that the cereals\\ndo not succeed as well as in the counties further north. Tobacco is raised\\nfor home use, and succeeds well.\\n55. Grayson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named for Peter W. Grayson; created from Fannin, in\\n1846; Sherman is the county seat; named for Sidney Sherman. Bounded\\nnorth by the Indian Territory, east by Fainiin, south by Collin and west by\\nCooke. Sherman is on the Texas Centrnl railroad. 329 miles north of IIous\\nton, and on the northern branch of the Texas Pacific railroad, 155 miles west", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0677.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "066 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nof Texarkana. Population of county in 1870, 14,327 assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $6,019,8o7. Later estimates give Sherman a population of\\nabout 8,000, and Denison, nine miles north, about 4,000. A large number\\nof small streams rise in it, flow northward and empty into the Red river.\\nThe surface is undulating, about one-fourth covered with elm, ash and\\npost oalc. The soil is of a dark chocolate loam, and is nearly all good.\\nPeaches, apples, and almost every kind of fruit abounds. Health and\\nwater, with some exceptions, good, and these two things always go\\ntogether.\\n56. Gregg. Created in 1875 named for John Gregg Longview is the\\ncounty seat. It is on the Texas Pacific Railroad, 66 miles west of Shreve-\\nport. This is a small, agricultural county. Assessed value of property in\\n1876, $1,029,828. No census lias been taken of the county. Longview is\\nestimated to have 500 inhabitants. It lias a cotton compress, and does a\\nlarge trade.\\n57. Grimes Created from Montgomery in 1846 named for Jesse Grimes.\\nAnderson is the county seat; named for Kenneth L. Anderson. Bounded\\nnorth by Madison, east by Walker and Mongomery, south by Harris, and\\nwest by Washington. It lies on the east side of the Brazos river, and the\\nNavasota meanders through the county. Colonel J. E. Groce settled\\nin the county in 1822. He was soon followed by the Whitesides,\\nGrimes, Walker and other families. The Central Railroad passes through\\nthe center of the county. Navasota is seventy miles north of Houston.\\nPopulation of the county in 1870, 13,218; assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$2,498,907. It is well watered by numerous creeks, which empty into the\\nNavasota, which unites with the Brazos river, near its southwestern corner.\\nThe surface of the county is rolling, a large portion of it being jjrairie,\\nmuch of the soil being rich black loam. An abundance of timber, consist-\\ning of i)ine, oak cedar, ash, and other varieties, for ordinary purposes, are\\nfound. The principal productions are cotton and corn, wheat and other\\nsmall grain having besn introduced only to a limited extent, notwithstand-\\ning the soil appears finely adapted to their culture. Springs are numerous,\\nmany of them being strongly impregnated with sulphur; Kellum s spring,\\nabout ten miles north of Anderson, being one of the finest sulphur springs\\nin the State.\\n58. Guadalupe Created from Gonzales and Bexar in 1846 named for\\nthe river which passes through the county. Seguin is the county seat;\\nnamed for Erasmo Seguin. Bounded north by Comal and Caldwell, east\\nby Caldwell and Gonzales, south by Gonzales and Wilson, west by Bexar\\nand Comal. Besides the Guadalupe river, it has the San Marcos on the east\\nand the Cibolo on the west, with their numerous tributaries. It is well\\nwatered, has a tolerable sni)ply of timber, and the soil is very rich and pro-\\nductive. In 1839, a company of soldiers had their encampment at the Wil-\\nlow Springs (Seguin) and a settlement was formed under the protection\\nof the soldiers. Population in 1870,7,282. The Sunset Road passes", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0678.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 667\\nthrougli tlie county. Seguin is 172 niiles west of Houston, and is 35 east of\\nSan Antonio.\\n59. Hamilton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1858; named for James Hamilton, of South\\nCarolina. Hamilton is the county seat. Though this is what is called the\\nAvheat region, it produces excellent cotton is well watered, having the\\nLeon, Cowhouse, and Bennet creeks and their tributaries; has enough tim-\\nber for firewood, and excellent building-stone. Hamilton is about fiil\\\\-\\nmiles from Waco and one hundred miles from Austin. It is bounded on the\\nnorth by Comanche and Erath, east by Bosque, south by CorycUe and Lam-\\npasas, and west by Brown. Population in 1870, 733; assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $577,536.\\n60. Hardin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Liberty in 1858, and is named for William\\nHardin. Hardin is the county seat. It is bounded north by Polk and Tyler,\\neast by Jasper, south by Jefferson, and west by Liberty. Population in\\n1870, 1,460. Assessed value of property in 1876, $8-4,380. It is densely\\ntimbered. Soue Lake is becoming a favorite resort for invalids.\\n61. Hakkis Named for John E. Harris, an early settler. The first name\\nproposed for the municipality was Magnolia. Houston is the county seat,\\nnamed for Sam Houston. It is bounded north by Grimes and Montgomery,,\\neast by Liberty, south by Galveston, and west by Fort Bend and Waller.\\nThis county was settled in 1822. The fii-st steam saw-mills erected in Aus-\\ntin s colony were in this county, one by Judge Burnet and the other by Mr.\\nHarris. In 1832, Mr. Lynch opened a store at Lynchburg. The municipal-\\nity of Harrisburg was created by the Executive Council, January 1st, 1836.\\nAt the organization of the government ad iaterun, this municipality fur-\\nnished both the President, Judge Burnet, and the Vice-President, Don Lo-\\nrenzo de Zavalla. For a time Harrisburg was the seat of government, but\\nwas burned by Santa Anna, as was also New AVashington on the bay. It\\nwas in this county that the decisive battle of San Jacinto was fought. la\\n1836, after the battle, Messrs. A. C. and J. K. Allen bought the league of\\nland above the Harris league, which was held at too high a price, and laid\\nGift the town of Houston. Four thousand dollars were paid for the league.\\nDuring the fall the Old Capitol was built, and the seat of government\\ntransferred to the new town. In 1840, Austin became the seat of govern-\\nment, but in 1842 it returned for a short time to Houston. The first railroad\\nstarted in Texas was the one from Harrisburg* toward the Brazos, in 1856.\\nHouston is now the principal railroad center in South eastern Texas. Pop\\nulation of the county in 1870, 17,375 assessed value of property in 1876,\\n!^12,355,925.\\n62. Harrison\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Shelby in 1839 named for a pioneer settler.\\nMarshall is the county seat. Bounded north by Marion, cast by Louisiana,\\nsouth by Panola, and west by Uusk and Gregg. Marshall is on the Texas\\nPacific flailroad, forty-two miles west of Shreveport. Population of county\\nin 1870, 13,241; assessed value of property in 1876, $3,969,303. Before the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0679.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "668 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncivil war, this was one of the leadiiig counties of the State in point of popu-\\nlation and wealth. Since the war other counties have increased more rap-\\nidly. It is well watered by the Sabine and numerous creeks, which ow\\ninto it on the south, and Big Cypress and other creeks, which flow into the\\nlakes upon its northern borders. The surface is rolling, with some portions\\nbroken and hilly. Tliere is a variety of soil, a sandy loam predominating.\\nAn abundance of timber is found in every section, consisting of post, red,\\nwhite, and other sjiecies of oak, ijine, cypress, ash, gum, sassafras, mulberry,\\nand other varieties. Cotton and corn are the staple products, though wheat\\nand other small grains are raised to a considerable extent. Water freestone,\\nand quite pure. Health generally good. Peaches, apples, jjlums, pears,\\nand other kinds of fruits are raised. Game abundant, consisting of deer,\\nwild turkeys and ducks, which frequent the lakes during the winter in vast\\nnumbers, while catfish, trout, bass, white, black and yellow perch are ob-\\ntained from the lakes.\\n63. Hays Cx eated from Travis in 1848; named for John. C. Hays. San\\nMarcos is the county seat. It is bounded north by Travis, east and south-\\neast by Travis and Caldwell, southwest by Comal, and northwest by Blanco.\\nThe San Marcos Spring, just above the town, is one of the finest in the State.\\nIt was selected by the fathers of the College of Santa Cruz for a mission, in\\n1729, but as the adjacent ground was too high for irrigation, the location\\nwas changed to the San Antonio river. This county was included in Milam s\\ngrant, and was settled in 1844-5, by General Ed. Burleson and otherSo\\nThe scenery in this county is most picturesque the undulating prairies are\\nvery rich and there is a supply of mountain cedar for fencing. San Mar-\\ncos is thirty miles south-west of Austin, on the line of the projected Inter-\\nnational Railroad, towards San Antonio. Stages connect also with Luling,\\non the Sunset Route. Population of county in 1870, 4,088; assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $1,304,445.\\n64. Henderson. Created from Houston, and Nacogdoches in 1850\\nnamed for J. Pinckney Henderson Athens is the couuty seat. It is\\nbounded north by Kaufman and Vanzandt, east by Smith, south by Ander-\\nson and west by Navarro. It is an agricultural county, with an abundance\\nof good water, timber and soil. Population in 1870, 6,786 assessed vaiue\\nof property in 1876, $960,000. The first settlement made in this county\\nwas in 1846 T. Ball and S. J. Scott settled on Walnut creek Mr. Godard\\nsettled Buffalo, a town on the Trinity Chas. Sanders settled near Buffalo\\nH. and J. A. Mitchara settled Wildcat creek, in the south-west corner of the\\ncounty Dr. Adams and Wm. Hytower settled in the east end Judge Rob-\\nerts presided over the first court ever held here, which was under the shade\\nof an oak tree, near tlie centre of the county, which tree is still preserved.\\nMr. J. A. Mitcham, who gives us these statements, also adds, that on the\\nbluff on Cedar creek, in the west end of the county, a number of human\\nbones have been found, together with some guns, etc. this discovery was\\nmade in 1851. The surface is rolling and well timbered with pine, oak,\\netc the soil upon the uplands is a light sandy loam, producing cotton and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0680.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 669\\ncorn abundantly, during favorable seasons. Springs of pure water are\\nfound in all sections, and well-water is generally good and cool.\\n65. Hidalgo. Named for Guadalupe Hidalgo, a leader of the Revolu-\\ntion in Mexico. Edinburg, on the Rio Grande, is the county seat. Bound-\\ned north by Nueces, east by Cameron, south by Mexico, and west by Starr.\\nIt is a very large county, having an area of 3,200 square miles; was created\\nfrom Cameron in 1852. In the southern part of the county, on the river,\\nthe land is good; the northern part is sandy. It is a stock-raising county.\\nPopulation in 1870, 2,387 assessed value of property in 1876, $300,705.\\nThe county has a wonderful salt lake, {Sal del Bey). The lake is about\\none mile in diameter, in a flat surrounded by higher land. It is supposed\\nto rest on a salt mine, as the water is very strongly impregnated with saline\\nmatter; and when the salt is removed it immediately fills up again with\\nsalt by precipitation; so the supply is inexhaustible. It is situated forty\\nmiles north of Edinburg and eighty-five from Brownsville. During the\\ncivil war it furnished salt for a large portion of Southern Texas.\\n66. Hill. Created from Navarro and Ellis in 1853 named for George W\\nHill Hillsborough is the county-seat. Bounded north by Johnson, east by\\nEllis and Navarro, south by Limestone and M Lennan, and west by Bosque.\\nFort Graham, on the Brazos river, was settled by Mr. Kimble in 1834:. It\\nis a prairie county, well adapted to agriculture or stock-raising. It is\\nwatered by the Brazos river and Nolaud and Aguilla creeks. Population in\\n1870, 7,453; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,764,648.\\n67. Hood.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Johnson in 1866; named for John B.Hood.\\nGranbury, named for General Granbury, is the county-seat. Bounded\\nnorth by Parker, east by Johnson, south by Somervell, and west by Erath\\nand Palo Pinto. It is small, having but 450 square miles. The county has\\na fair supply of timber and the land is rich and productive. Population in\\n1870, 2,585; assessed value of property in 1876, $689,523. Granbury is\\nthirty-five miles from Fort Worth, the present terminus of the Texas Pa-\\ncific Railroad. The county is situated on both sides of and embracing in its\\nboundaries, nearly two hundred miles of that crooked stream, the Brazos\\nriver, into which Long, Rucker s, Walnut Fall, and George s creeks in the\\neast, and Paloxy, Squaw, Stroud s, and Robinson s in the west, all supplied\\nby springs and clear as crystal, empty. This county presents the combined\\nadvantages of abundant pure spring and well Avater plenty of convenient-\\nly located timber; numerous fertile valleys, elevated rich post-oak table\\nland, mingled prairie and timber lands, profusion of superior building-\\nstone, while its location between the 32d and 33d degrees, and its romantic,\\npicturesque, and, to a considerable extent, broken and rugged surface, ren-\\nders its chraate mild, equable, and salubrious. No malarious swamps, hog\\nwallow prairies, or miasmatic jjonds of stagnant water exist to sow disease\\nand death. Near the centre rise the huge outlines of Comanche Peak,\\ntowering some 600 leet above the Brazos, a noted land-mark, and visible\\nfrom nearly all parts of the county. The eastern and western edges of the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0681.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "670 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncounty consist of prairies, bisected every few miles by beautiful, limi)id\\nruumng creeks, fringed with timber, and through the center run\u00c2\u00ab the Bra-\\nzos river, with its belt of timber from five to ten miles wide, and dotted\\nhere and there with many large, thrifty, and productive valley farms. The\\nBrazos and its numerous tributaries furnish abundant water-power, and\\nhundreds of line manufacturing sites can be found at its countless falls, and\\nin the luimerous bends of the river.\\n68. Hopkins. Created in 1846, from Lamar and Nacogdoches; named\\nfor a pioneer family. Sulphur Springs is the county seat. It is bounded\\non the north by Delta, east by Franklin, south by Wood and Rains, and\\nwest by Hunt. It is a rich agricultural county, well watered, and with an\\na,bundant supply of timber. Population in 1870, 12,651 assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $1,855,581.\\n69. Houston. Created from Nacogdoches in 1837 named for Sam Hous-\\nton* Crockett is the county-seat. It is bounded north by Anderson, north-\\neast by Cherokee, south-east by Tiinity, and west by Madison and Leon.\\nOne of the old routes of travel, one hundred and fifty years ago, passed\\nthrough this county, and it is probable that the old mission La Trinidad,\\none of the first projected in Texas, was at the river, near the present town\\nof Alabama. Relics have been picked up there among others a bell bear-\\ning dale 1690. The county possesses an abundance of timber; has good\\nland, and is well watered. Crockett is on the International Railway, one\\nhundred and fifteen miles north of Houston. Population of county in 1870,\\n8,197 assessed value of property in 1876, $1,764,648.\\n70. Hunt. Created in 1846 from Fannin and Nacogdoches named for\\nMemucau Hunt. Greenville is the county-seat; named for T. J. Green,\\n(Mier prisoner) Bounded north by Fannin, east by Delta and Hopkins,\\nsouth by Rains, Van Zandt and Kaufman, and west by Rockwall and Col-\\nlin. This is a fine agricultural and stock-raising county, about equally\\ndivided between timber and prairie. Fi*om Greenville it is thirty-five miles\\nto M Kinney, on the Texas Central Railroad; thirty miles to Terrell, on\\nthe Texas Pacific, and thirty-three miles to Bonham, on the Trans-conti-\\nnental Railroad. Population in 1870, 10,241 assessed value of property in\\n1876, $1,852,681. It is abundantly watered by numerous creeks and\\nbranches, which form the head waters of Sabine river springs are fre-\\nquent; the surface is rolling, and in some sections, quite hilly, and very\\nwell supplied with post-oak, ehn, ash, bois d arc, etc. The soil is black and\\nrich, both on bottom and prairie, producing wheat, corn, cotton, potatoes,\\netc.\\n71. Jack. Created from Cooke in 1856 named for William H. and P. C.\\nJack. Jacksborough is the county seat. It is bounded north by Clay and\\nMontague, east by Wise, south by Pai-ker and Palo Pinto, and west by\\nYoung and Archer. The country is undulating, with prairie and timber\\nlands is suitable for small farmers and stock raisers is watered by the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0682.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 671\\nTrinity river and a number of creeks. Population, in 1870, 694; assessed\\nvalue of property, in 1876, $403,509. Jacksborougli is 2,000 feet above the\\nlevel of the sea.\\n72. Jackson. Named for Andrew Jackson. Texana, at the head of\\nnavigation on the Navidad river, is the county seat. It is bounded north by\\nLavaca, east by Wharton and Matagorda, south by Calhoun and we.-t by\\nVictoria. It was at Dimitt s Point, iu this county, that La Salle built Fort\\nSt. Louis in 1686. The county was settled by Austin s colonists iu 1827-28.\\nIn 1833, the Ayuntaiinento of Brazoria created the precinct of Santa Anna,\\nafterwards changed to Texana. In 1836, Patrick Usher was Chief Justice.\\nThe first Declaration of Texas Independence was made at a public meeting\\non the Navadad river, July 10th, 1835, of which James Kerr was Chairuiau\\nand Samuel Rogers, Secretary. Jackson is one of the coast counties; it\\nis well adapted to the raising of cotton and sugar and has a fine range for\\nstock. Population, in 1870, 2,278; assessed value of property, iu 1876^\\n$670,512.\\n73. Jasper. Named for Sei geant Jasper, of the American Kevolution.\\nIt is bounded nortli by Angelina, San Augustine and Sabine, east by Newton,\\nsouth by Orange, and west by Hardin and Tyler. Jasper is the county seat.\\nThis is one of the heavily-timbered counties of SouLheastern Texas, and has\\nwater communication via Neches river, with Sabine Pass, and is accessible\\nto the Houston and New Orleans Eaihoad. The first settlement in the\\noounty was known as Bevilport, from John Bevil. In 1830, Antonio\\nPadilla, the Land Commissioner, organized the precinct, in connection with\\nthe Municipality of Nacogdoches, and laid out a town on tlie Neches, to\\nwhich the name of Teran was given. Terau had four leagues of land and a\\nsmall garrison of Mexican soldiers under Colonel Bean. December 1st,\\n1835, the Executive Council changed the name from Bevilport to Jasper.\\nPopulation in 1870, 4,218; assessed value of property ia 1876, 393,194.\\nGeorge W. Smyth furnished the following interesting historical sketch of\\nold Jasper, and some of the neighboring counties\\nWhen my acqaintauce first commenced with the region of country now\\nembraced iu Jasper county, which was in 1830, in consisted of a settlement\\nof about thirty families, scattered from the Sabine to the Neches, and known\\nas Bevil s Settlement, from John Bevil, Esq., the oldest inliabitant.\\nBevil s Settlement, was, at that time, separated from the settlement above,\\nknown as the Ayish Bayou Settlement (now the counties of San Augus-\\ntine and Sabine) by a wilderness of forty miles, and from that below,\\nas Cow Bayou Settlement, by an uninhabited region of seventy miles.\\nThis county was included in the colony granted iu 1829, to Lorenzo de\\nZavalla, by the State of Coahuila and Texas, with the consent of the general\\ngovernment of Mexico. In 1830, it was organized into a precinct of the Munic-\\nipality of Nacogdoches, with a Commissario of Police, by Juan Antonio\\nPadillo as Commsssioner. In 1834, it was created into a separate munici-\\npality by the name of the Municipality of Bevil, and the town of Jasper^\\nas the seat of the municipality, located under the authority of George", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0683.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "672 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nAntonio Nixon, Commissionei of Zavalla s colony. At the first organiza-\\ntion of counties after the revoUitiou, the Precinct of Bevil, as it is culled\\nin the Constitution of the Republic, became one of them, under the name\\nof Jasper. The county of Jasper at tirst included both Jasper and Newton,\\nbut was divided into two, when the counties were re-orgaiiized under the\\nState Constitution. Among the early settlers of this county, I may mention\\nMessrs. John Bevil, James Chesshur, Thomas Watts. John Watts, John Saul,\\nl-aac Isaacs and Hardy Pace. All of these, I think, emigrated betoi e\\n1828.\\n74. Jefferson. Beaumont, the county seat both named for Jefferson\\nBeaumont, afterward Ciiief Justice of Calhoun county. Created by the\\nExecutive Council, in 1835, it was included in Zavalla s colony. It is\\nbounded north by Hardin, cast by Orange and Sabine Lake, south by the\\nGulf of Mexico, and west by Liberty and Chambers. It is a stock-raising\\ncounty, with some very rich land adapted to the cultivation of sugar, rice,\\netc. Beaumont is thirty-five miles, by water, from Sabine Pass, and about\\nninety-five from Galveston. It is on the Houston and New Orleans railroad^\\neighty-three miles from Houston. Population of the county, in 1870, 1,900;\\nassessed value of property in 187G, $832,941.\\n75. Johnson. Created from Ellis and Navarro, in 1854; named for M.\\nT. Johnson. Cleburn, (for Pat. Cleburn) is the county seat. It is bounded\\nnorth by Tarrant, east by Ellis, south by Hill and Bosque, and west by\\nSomervell and Hood. In 1854, Captain Charles E. Bernard established a\\ntrading post in the county, around \u00e2\u0080\u00a2which settlements were formed. The\\ntrade of the county goes to Fort Worth and Dallas. It is a splendid county\\nof land, producing both cotton and wheat, and all the cereals; and an\\nabundance of fruits. Population in 1870, 4,923 assessed value of property\\nin 1876, $2,186,402.\\nThe Brazos river runs through the western part of this county, and Nolan s\\nriver. Chambers and Cedar Bluff creeks head in the county. East of the\\nBrazos the sui face is rolling, and west of that I iver it is very hilly. Thei e\\nare some vegetable and animal peti ifactions. In these hills Comanche Peak\\nis the highest elevation, being tv/o hundred feet above the surrounding\\ncountry, and Caddo Peak rises like a potato hill, about one hundred and\\nfifty feet. The former is four miles west of the Brazos, and the latter in the\\nwest edge of the Cross Timbers.\\n76. Kaknes. Created from Bexar and Goliad, in 1854; and is named for\\n[eury Karnes Helena is the county seat. It is bounded north by Wilson,\\neast by Gonzales and DeWitt, south by Goliad and Bee, and west by Live-\\noak and Atascosa. This is emphatically a stock county, a considerable por-\\ntion being inclosed in large pastures. There are some small farms: and\\nwhen the ground is well cultivateil, it produces remunerative crops. Popu-\\nlation in 1870, 1,705; assessed value of property in 1876, $922,556.\\n77. Kaufman. Created from Harrison, in 1848; named for David S.\\nKaufman; Kaufman is the county seat. It is bounded north by liockwell", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0684.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "COURT HOUSE. DALLAS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0685.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0686.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 675\\nand Hunt, east by Van Zandt, south by Henderson and west by Ellis and\\nDallas. The Texas Pacific llailroad runs through it. Population in 1870,\\n6,895; assessed value of property in 1876, $2,316,676.\\nIt is watered by the Bois d Arc, or East Fork of the Trinity, which flows\\nthrough its west side, and by numbers of creeks tributary to it the surface\\nis rolling, and the southeastern portion generally timbered with a variety of\\noak, elm, etc., while the northwest consists almost entirely of prairie, away\\nfrom water courses, which ai-e bordered by a scrubby growth of elm, and other\\nvarieties bois d arc is found in large quantities, and of good sized trees\\nattaining a growth of a foot and a half or more in diameter the soil of the\\nprairies and bottoms is black and waxy generally, and a number of feet in\\ndepth, finely adapted to wheat and small grain large crops of corn are also\\nmade during favorable seasons.\\n78. Kendall.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Bexar and Kerr, in 1862, and named for\\nGeorge W. Kendall. Boerne is the county seat. It is bounded north by\\nGillespie and Blanco, east by Comal, south by Bexar and Bandera, and\\nwest by Kerr. This is a hilly region, noted for its health. It is a splendid\\nstock range, especially for sheep. There are, also, a goodly number of\\nsmall farms in successful cultivation. Boerne, thirty miles nortwest of San\\nAntonio, is 1,200 feet above the level of the sea. Population in 1870, 1,536;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $119,737.\\nAgricultural products, wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, sorghum, sweet\\nand Irish potatoes, good yield climate is one of the best in the world, with\\nhealth unsurpassed; soil, black loam; seasons nearly regular; timber\\ncypress, cedar, live-oak, post-oak, white-oak, black-jack, elm, poplar, wal-\\nnut, hackberry, with a good variety of wild apple, plum, cherry, etc.\\nThe county is well watered, the Guadalupe and Cibolo running through the\\ncounty, with their many tributaries, such as the Balcones, Frederick, Spring,\\nSabinas, Wasp, Block, Sistei Cypress and Curry s creeks. Pasturage ex-\\ncellent, particularly for sheep, there being about 15,000 of the latter in the\\ncounty, doing well, and all cured of the scab.\\n79. Kerr.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1856, when there was a military post at Camp\\nVerde named for James Kerr; Kerrsville is the county seat. The descrip-\\ntion for Kendall county will apply to this. Population in 1870, 1,042;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $334,428.\\nIt is bounded north by Kimble and Gillespie, east by Kendall, south by\\nBandera, and west by Edwards.\\n80. Kimble^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1858; named for one of the victims of the\\nAlamo massacre. It was organized in 1876 Kimbleville the county seat.\\nIt is bounded north by Menard and Mason, east by Mason and Gillespie,\\nsouth by Kerr and Edwards, and west by Crockett. This is a hilly county\\nbut has some excellent land. On the creeks there are some extensive cedar\\nbrakes. It is a superb county for stock-raising. Population in 1870, 72\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $57,606.\\nIt is situated upon the head waters of the Llano river. The surface of\\n37", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0687.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "676 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthis county is very uneven, being a succession of narrow valleys and rocky\\nhiglilands. It is drained by the Llano river, and its north and south forks\\nElm, Paintrock, Viego, Mills, Bluff, Ionia, Bear, and James creeks\\nwhich flow over rocky beds, and through deep ravines, and narrovv valleys.\\nThe water of these streams is clear and pure. The soil is rich, of black and\\nchocolate color, and there is plenty of rock generally limestone for all\\nbuilding purposes in the county. There are also some good valley lands for\\nagricultural jiurposes, still its best adaptation is for stock-raising, particu-\\nlarly liorses, sheep and liogs. The timber consists of live-oak, post-oak,\\nblack-jack, cedar, mesquite, elm, pecan, hackberry, etc.\\nFort Terrill is located on the south side of the North Llano, near the\\nwestern line of the county.\\n8L Kinney Created from Bexar in 1850, and named forH. L. Kinney.\\nDel Rio is the county seat. It is bounded north by Crockett, east by\\nUvalde, south by Maverick, and west by Mexico. In 1834, Messrs. Beale\\nand Grant attempted to plant an English colony at Dolores, in this county,\\nbut the attempt failed, and the county was not occupied by an English-\\nspeaking population until quite recently. Small tracts of laud are irrigated,\\nand produce abundant crops. The county is generally hilly, but admirably\\nadapted to stock-raising, especially sheep. Brackett (Fort Clark) is about\\n125 miles west of San Antonio. Population in 1870, 1,204; assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $85,304.\\n82. Lamar Created from Red River in 1840; named for M. B. Lamar.\\nPax is is the county seat. It is bounded north by the Indian Territory, east\\nby Red River county, south by Delta, and west by Fannin. The lands iu\\nthis county are unsurpassed for fertility. Cotton, all the cereals, and a\\ngreat variety of fruits are produced in great abundance. It was settled as\\nearly as 1818, by Emory Rains, Travis G. Wright, George W. Wright, and\\nothers. Mr. Clab Chisholm settled the town of Paris in 1836. Population\\nof county in 1870, 15,790; assessed value of property in 1876, $4,059,275.\\nParis is on the northern branch of the Texas Pacific Railroad, 91 miles west\\nof Texarkana, and 65 miles east of Sherman.\\n83. Lampasas Created in 1856 named from the river. Lampasas is the\\ncounty seat. It is bounded north by Brown and Hamilton, east by Coryell,\\nsouth by Burnet, and west by San Saba. It is a rich, rolling prairie county,\\nfamous for its health, and its sulphur springs near the town, which are\\nresorted to by invalids from all parts of the State. The town is sixty-eight\\nmiles northwest of Austin. Population in 1870, 835 assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $678,304. This county is hilly and mountainous, with\\nthe richest valleys in the world. The water being pure and healthful; the\\nrange is good game is scarce, though there are some deer, bear, wild\\nturkeys, ducks, \u00c2\u00abfcc. fish are in great abundance, such as buffalo, cat-\\nfish, suckers, \u00c2\u00abfcc. wild honey abounds. Almost three-fifths of the county\\nis prairie. Tlicre are large bodies of limestone, suitable for building, and\\nimmense quarries of marble of various colors, and some admitting a fiiie", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0688.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "COUXTY SKETCHES. 677\\npolish. There is one ^It spring, from which salt has been profitably made\\nat the rate of tliirty-five bushels per day. AVe have more than a dozen sul-\\nphur, and several chalybeate springs. More than two thousand persons\\nannually visit what are known as the Lampasas sulphur springs, some from\\nthe remotest parts of the State. Some coal mines have been found in the\\ncounty. Many are now building stone fences, though cedar fences are more\\ncommon.\\n84. Lavaca Created from Gonzales and other counties in 1846 named\\nfor the river of the same name. First Petersburg, and afterward HalJetts-\\nville (from a pioneer fixmily of that name) became the county seat. It is\\nbounded north by Gonzales and Fayette, cast by Colorado, south by Whar-\\nton and Jackson, and west by DeWitt. The county has no railroad, bat\\nShulenburg is but sixteen miles distant, on the Sunset Route, and Cuero, on\\nthe road to Indianola, but a little farther off. This is an old-settled, popu-\\nlous and desirable county. Population in 1870, 9,168; assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $1,937,467. Lavaca is one of the finest counties in the\\nState. There is scarcely an acre that has not the advantage of wood and good\\nwater convenient. More than half the county is timbered uplands, covered\\nwith post-oak, black-jack, pecan and the finest white oak and wild cherry\\nare found on the rivers. The soil of the uplands is not what is generally\\ntermed rich. It is a light and sandy loam, and produces remarkably well,\\nand crops rarely fail. On the bottom-lands the soil is blacky alluvial, deep\\nand very productive. The prairies are mostly hog-wallow and stiff and\\nclayey, but very productive when once under proper cultivation. The\\nLavaca and Navidad I ivers, Clark s creek. Big Brushy, Little Brushy,\\nEocky, Mustang, and Nixon s creeks are all in, this county; and these,\\ntogether with mimerous fine springs, give this county an abundant supply\\nof water. There is no better pasturage than on the prairies, and the abun-\\ndance of timber affords the vast stocks of cattle, horses and sheep an\\nexcellent shelter from the winter northers. The small grains wheat, rye,\\noats, c. do better in this than in most of the lower counties. Tobacco\\nyields well, and considerable is raised for market. The sorghum cane is\\nraised successfully on every farm, and some make the syrup for market.\\n85. Lee\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Washington, Burleson, and others, in 1873;\\nnamed for Robert E. Lee. Giddings is the county seat; named for J. D.\\nGiddings. The county is about equally divided between timber and prairie\\nis on the dividing ridge between the waters of the Colorado and Brazos\\nrivers, and is watered by the head branches of the Yegua, Cummings and\\nRabb s creeks. It is a good stock raising and agricultural county. It is\\nbounded north by Williamson and Milam, east by Burleson, south by\\nAYashington and Fa3-ette, and west by Bastrop. Giddings is on the western\\nbranch of the Texas Central Railroad, 106 miles from Houston and 59 from\\nAustin. Assessed value of property in 1876, $1,428,298.\\n86. Leon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Robertson in 1846 named, probably, for Alonzo\\nDeLeon, the Spanish commander, who penetrated Texas in 1687. Center-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0689.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "678 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nville is the county seat. It is bounded nortli by Limestone and Freestone^\\neast by Anderson and Houston, south by Madison, and west by Robei tson.\\nIt is watered by the Trinity river and its tributaries on the east and the\\nNavasota on the west. Is well timbered and a good agricultural county,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f he old San Antonio and Nacogdoches road passes through this county,\\nand it was one of the earliest settled by Americans west of the Trinity river.\\nWilliam Robbins kept a ferry on the river, when visited by Long in 1819.\\nThe International Railroad passes along the northern boundaiy of the\\ncounty. Population in 1870, 6,586 assessed value of property in 1876,.\\n$1,365,808.\\n87. Liberty One of the original municipalities of Texas. This was at\\nan early period called Arkokisa, one of the names of the Trinity river,\\nprobably a corruptioii of Orquisaco, the name of an Indian tribe on its\\nbanks. At a later period it was called Atascosita, because the Atascosita\\nroad there crossed the river. In 1806, the Cantonment of Atascosita was\\ncreated by Governor Cordero. In 1817, some French refugees from the\\nai my of Napoleon settled on the Trinity river, and commenced planting\\nvineyards, but the settlement was broken up by the Spaniards. In 1830,\\nthe municipality of Liberty was created by the Land Commissioner Madero,\\nbut was soon afterward transferred to Anahuac by Bradburn. In 1831, it\\nwas restored to Liberty by a popular vote. Liberty, the county seat, is on\\nthe bank of the Trinity, 110 miles from Galveston, by water, and 41 miles\\nfrom Houston, on the Houston and New Orleans Railroad. The munici-\\npality originally included all the territory between the Sabine and San\\nJacinto rivers, below the jurisdiction of Nacogdoches. The present bound-\\naries are north by San Jacinto, east by Hardin, south by Chambers, and\\nwest by Harris and Montgomery. Population in 1870, 4,414 assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $555,584. There is about an equal quantity of prairie\\nand timbered land in the county, the upper, or northern, part being heavily\\ntimbered with pine, oak, hickory, ash, magnolia, wild peach, sassafras, wal-\\nnut, elm, linn, and the usual variety of forest growth. There are extensive\\ncypress-bi akes bordering on the Trinity, and fine pineries within a few\\nmiles of the town of Liberty. The lower Trinity is skirted, for a distance\\nof six miles on either side, by dense forests, suited for lumber and fuel\\nand the wood business for Galveston market is carried on extensively,\\nand is increasing in importance daily, as the increasing demand of that\\nrapidly-gi owing city must be supplied from this section.\\n88. Limestone Created from Robertson and NavaiTO in 1846. Groes-\\nbeck is the county seat. Bounded north by Hill and Navarro, east by\\nFreestone, south by Robertson, and west by Falls and McLennan. This is\\na beautiful, undulating, agricultural and stock-raising county. It is i)roba-\\nble that the block house, erected by Philip Nolan in 1801, was near the\\nTchuacana hills, in this county. Parker s fort was established in 1835, and\\nbroken up by the Indians May 9th, 1836. Two years later, on Battle creek,\\na party of surveyors were attacked, and seventeen killed by the Indians.\\nGi oesbeck is on the Houston and Texas Central Railroad, 170 miles north", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0690.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 679\\nof Houston. Population of the county in 1870, 8,591 assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $2,660,873.\\n89. Live Oak Created from San Patricio and Nueces in 1856. Oakville\\nis the county seat. Bounded north by Atascosa, east by Karnes and Bee,\\nsouth by San Patricio and Nueces, and west by McMullen. It is a stock-\\nraising county, watered by the Atascosa and Nueces rivers. Oakville is\\nseventy-five miles south of San Antonio and the same distance north of\\nCorpus Christi. Population in 1870,852; assessed value of property in\\n1876, $735,735. The surface is level, in parts undulating; about one-fifth\\npart supplied with post-oak and mesquite. The soil is a deep, sandy loam,\\nvery productive. Water is scarce, but good. Health is very good.\\n90. Llano. Named for a river ot the same name; Llano is the county\\nseat. Bounded north by San Saba, east by Burnet, south by Blanco and\\nGillespie and west by Mason. It is a stock-raising county, the surface roll-\\ning and somewhat mountainous watered by the Llano and its numerous\\nbranches. Among the more conspicuous mountain peaks are the Enchanted\\nRock and Pack-saddle mountain. This is a mineral region, possessing an\\ninexhaustible supply of iron oi*es and granite; silver mines are being\\noperated with a fair prospect of success. The county was originally\\nincluded in Fisher and Miller s colony was created in 1856. Population in\\n1870, 1,379; assessed value of property in 1876, $427,324.\\n91. Madison. Created in 1853 from Grimes, Walker and Leon named\\nfor James Madison Madisonville is the county seat. Bounded north by\\nLeon, east by Houston, south by Walker and Grimes, and west by Brazos;\\nwatered by the Trinity on the east and the Navasota on the west surface\\nundulating, and well supplied with timber. Population in 1870,4,061;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $613,579.\\n92. Marion. Created from Cass in 1860; named for Francis Marion;\\nJefferson, the county seat, was laid out in 1845. Bounded north by Cass,\\neast by Louisiana, south by Harrison and west by Upshur. It is a fine\\ncotton-producing county, with a great abundance of the best of timber.\\nJefferson is at the head of navigation on the Big Cypress bayou, 500 miles by\\nwater from New Orleans; and on the trans-continental branch of the Texas\\nand Pacific railroad, sixteen miles north of Marshall, and fiity-nine miles\\nsouth-wost of Texarkana. Population of county in 1870, 8.562; assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $1,889,118. The soil of this county is not as rich\\ngenerally as many others. The bayou, ci eek bottoms, and lands upon the\\nlakes, are equal to any other lands in the State, producing, on an average,\\nfrom 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. cotton to the acre, and the uplands from 600 to 800\\nlbs. to the acre. Tobacco groAVS well in this county. Tlie planters gen-\\nerally raise an abundance of corn, the average crop being from twenty to\\ntwenty-five bushels to the acre. The lands are not well adapted to wheat,\\nand the average is not more than ten to twelve bushels per acre. Other\\nsmall grains, such as rye, oats and barley, yield i)leutif ul crops to the farmer.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0691.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "680 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nThe fai mers generally raise their own hogs, and have no difficnltv in\\nmaking as good bacon as was ever put up in Ohio or Kentucky. As to\\ncheapness and comfort of living, Ave have butter, milk, eggs and poultry in\\nabundance. This county has a great vaiiety of timber, such as pine, oak,\\nash, walnut, hickory, mulberry, cedar, cypress and other forest-trees. Our\\nbest building material is pine and cypress. Grape and mulberry abound\\nhere; they are indigenous to the soil, and grow luxuriantly, indicating that\\nwine and silk, as well as cotton and tobacco, will one day become staples\\nof the county. Iron ore is found in this county in great abundance; the\\nore will yield upward of 75 per cent. One foundry, known as Nash s Iron\\nWorks, has been worked with great success. Leeds, and other iron men\\nof New Orleans, have woi ked and tested this iron, and pronounce it equal\\nto any in the world for toughness and malleability. The quantity is equal to\\nall the demands of Texas for hundreds of years to come. The hills in which\\nthis ore abounds are covered with dense forests of pine and other timber,\\nuseful as fuel in the furnaces. Lead, copperas and copper are also found in\\nconsiderable quantities. Many other sources of wealth and enjoyment are\\nfound here, and will, all in good time, be realized by her citizens. Fruits\\nof all kinds grow well here, and of the rarest and richest kinds; the peach\\nis unrivaled, and nowhere is it of larger growth or richer tiavor; the nec-\\ntarine, quince and grape are equally luxuriant; the fig, a delicious fruit, is\\nvery common, and may be raised in the greatest abundance. A great\\nvariety of berries, such as the mulberry, dewberry, whortleberry, straw-\\nberry and gooseberry, grow wild in the greatest profusion. The chincapin,\\nwalnut and hickory nuts are vei*y abundant. The deer are still very plen-\\ntiful, hence venison is very common and very cheap. Besides deer, wild\\nturkeys are very numerous, and generally fat. Large and almost innumer-\\nable flocks of wild geese, brants, mallard and common ducks, and other\\nwater-fowl, frequent the bayous and lakes, and are so plentiful that a hunter\\ncan always furnish hiraself with as many of them as he desires. Partridges,\\npigeons, snipes and rice-birds are very plentiful. Fish of almost every\\ncharacter are in great abundance in the lakes and bayous. There are many\\nmineral springs, some of which are places of much resort, and are highh^\\nappreciated for their medicinal virtues.\\n93. Masox. Created in 1858; named for Captain Mason, of the United\\n)States Army; Mason is the county seat. Bounded on the north by M Cul-\\nloch ar.d San Saba, east by Llano, south by Gillespie and Kimble, and west\\nby Kimble and Menard. A military post was established at Fort Mason in\\n1845. When the late Civil AVar broke out, Robert E. Lee was in command\\nof the fort with the 2d Dragoons. It is a stock-raising county; partially\\ntimbered, with an undulating surface watered by the Llano and San Saba\\nrivers and their tributaries. Population in 1870, 678; assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $367,514.\\n94. Matagorda. An Indian name; one of the original municipalities of\\nTexas. Bounded north by Wharton, east by Brazoria, south by the Gulf of\\nMexico and west by Calhoun and Jackson Matagorda is the county seat.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0692.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 681\\nIt is a coast county, admirably adapted to stock-raising, and possessing-\\nsome of the finest cotton and sugar lands in the State. The coast was\\nexplored by La Salle in 1686 occupied by the French under Belisle, in\\n1721; and by the Spaniards in 1722, The schooner Only Son, with a\\nnumber of Austin s colonists, landed on the banks of the Colorado river in\\n1821, and again in 1822; the last time bringing the Kincheloe family, H.\\nChriesman, Messrs. Rawls and Prewett. A few days later, another vessel\\nlanded, bringing Mrs. Peyton, S. M. Williams, Nicholas Clopper and\\nothers. The supplies of these colonists were left in charge of four young\\nmen, while the families ascended the river to Wharton. The young men\\nleft in charge of the provisions were killed by the Indians, and the pro-\\nvisions, etc., stolen and destroyed. In 1828, the Only Son brought another\\ncompany of colonists, including Abram Clare, James Morgan and others.\\nMatagorda was then under the jurisdiction of the Ayuutamiento of San\\nFelipe, and Robert H. Williams was Alcalde. The town of Matagorda\\nwas settled in 1829, by Phillip Dimitt, S. Rhoades Fisher, H. Wooldridge,\\nR. R. Royall, the Wards, etc. The precinct of Matagorda was formed\\nby the Ayuntamiento of Brazoria in 1833. Decree No. 265, March 6th,\\n1S34:, created the municipality; Thomas M. Duke and Seth Ingram were\\nAlcaldes. In 1836, Silas Dinsmore was Chief Justice. Population of the\\ncounty in 1870, 3,379 assessed value of property in 1876, $1,156,497.\\n95. Maverick. Created in 1856; organized in 1871; named for S. A.\\nMaverick; Eagle Pass is the county seat. Bounded north by Kinney, east\\nby Za valla and Dimitt, south by Webb and west by Mexico. The old\\nSan Antonio road to Presidio passes through this county it is a stock-\\nraising county. The International railroad has located large bodies of\\nland in this county. Population in 1870, 1,951; assessed value of property\\nin 1876, $205,323.\\n96. M CuLLOCH.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1856; organized in 1876; named for Ben.\\nM Culloch; Brady City is the county seat. Bounded north by Col\u00c2\u00abman,\\neast by San Saba, south by Mason and west by Concho. It is an agricul-\\ntural and stock-raising county. It has an elevation of about 1,800 feet;\\nBrady City is 140 miles from Austin and 150 miles from San Antonio. Pop-\\nulation in 1870, 173; assessed value of property in 1876, $19,840. Brady s\\ncreek, a bold mountain stream, runs centrally through it from west to east;\\nthe San Saba through its southern limits, with numerous small creeks and\\nbold spi-ings in all sections. A large portion of the county is divided into\\nhighlands- (so-called mountains), and beautiful valleys. The whole is\\ncovered with mesquite grass, and it has an abundance of short timber. No\\nbetter county for stock, and its valleys are fine for farming.\\n97. M Lennan. Created from Milam, Limestone and Navarro, in 1850;\\nnamed for Neil M Lennan, an old settler. Bounded north by Bosque and\\nHill, east by Hill and Limestone, south by Falls and west by Bell and\\nCoryell Waco is the county seat. A village of the Waco Indians formerly\\noccupied the site of the present city. In 1830, that village was captured and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0693.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "682 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nburnt by the Texans, under Abner Kuykendall. In 1834, A. M. Stroud\\nwas authorized by President Houston to open a trading house at the vil-\\nlage. About the time of annexation, the Messrs. Torry established a\\ntrading house there. The town was laid out by George B. Erath, in 1849.\\nLots then sold for $5 each; but raised the next year to $10. Captain Eoss\\nestablished a ferry across the Brazos, and settlers began to flock to the\\nplace. The county was created in 1850. By raih-oad, Waco is 187 miles\\nfrom Houston. This is a splendid county of land, producing corn, cotton\\nand wheat in the greatest abundance. It is healthy, well watered, aud has\\na fair supply of timber. Population iu 1870, 13,500; assessed value of pro-\\nperty in 1876, $4,829,991.\\n98. M MuLLEN. Ci eated 1858; named for John M Mullen, Empresario;\\nTilden (formerly Colfax and Dogtown), is the county seat. Bounded north\\nby Atascosa, east by Live Oak. south by Duval, and west by La Salle. It is\\nwatered by the San Miguel, the Frio, and Nueces rivers. It is a stock-\\nraising county, but sparsely settled, aud recently organized.\\n99. Medina. Created from Bexar, in 1848; named for the river of the\\nsame name Castroville, for Henry Castro, is the county seat. Bounded\\nnorth by Bandera, east by Bexar and Atascosa, south by Frio and west by\\nLTvalde. It is a farming aud stock-raising county. In February, 1842\\nHenry Castro entered into a contract to introduce 2,000 colonists into the\\nRepublic. On the first of March, 1844, several hundred of them arrived\\nat Castroville. Three days later the cornei -stone of a Catholic church was\\nlaid by Bishop Odin. Population of the county in 1870, 2,078; assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $855,679. Castroville is thirty miles west of Sau\\nAntonio.\\n100. Menard. Created in 1858; named for M. B. Menard, one of the\\nfounders of Galveston Menardville is the county seat. Bounded north by\\nConcho, east by M CuUoch and Mason, south by Kimble, and west by\\nCrockett. This, at present, is a sparsely-settled county of small farmers\\naud stock-raisers. It was on the San Saba river iu this county, that the old\\nSan Saba Mission and silver mine existed. The mission was founded in 1734,\\nby missionaries from Santa Fe, and broken up by the Indians in 1758. The\\nbottom lands in the county are very rich, and capable of irrigation. Popu-\\nlation in 1870, 667; assessed value of property in 1876, $85,500.\\nIt is located upon the Sau Saba river, which stream flows throughout the\\ncounty from west to east, whilst other streams, as Otter creek, Bowie, Camp,\\nCrawford s, Elm, Howard s, and numerous smaller creeks, tributaries of the\\nSan Saba, and in the northern jDortion branches of Brady s creek, afford\\nplenty of pure water. The surface of the country is hilly, and in places\\nquite rocky; there are fine valleys along the banks of the San Saba river?\\nbut they are not very extensive, and altogether this county is more favora\\nble to the stock-raiser than the farmer. It presents an excellent range for\\nhorses, sheep and cattle generally. The county is w^ell supplied with tim-\\nber of the same kind as found iu Kimble county.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0694.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "VIEW OF SAN ANTONIO IN 1878.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0695.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0696.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 685\\nThe ruins of the old Spanish fort, Sau Saba, are near the center of\\nthis county; on the north bank of the river bearing- the same name, the tra-\\nditional old silver-mine was located in this neighborhood.\\nFort McKavitt is situated in the western portion of this county, on the\\nsouth bank of the San Saba.\\n101. Milam. One of the original municipalities named for B. R. Milam\\nCameron, for John Cameron, is the county seat. Bounded north by Bell\\nand Falls, east by Robertson, south by Burleson and Lee, and west by Wil\\nliamsou. This was in the Lettwich, afterward the Robertson grant. During\\nthe Colonial period, the town of Viesca, with a four-league grant, was laid\\nout at a point on the Brazos river where the old Comanche trail crosses that\\nstream. The place was afterward called Nashville, and occupied by the\\nfamily of Mr. William Thomson. It is near where the International Rail-\\nroad crosses the river. December 27th, 1835, the Executive Council at San\\nFelipe created the Municipality of Milam. In 1836, Massilon Farley was\\nChief Justice. The town of Cameron was laid out in 1840. The county is\\nrich in soil, well watered, has an abundance of timber. Rockdale, on the\\nrailroad, is thirty miles southwest of Hearne, and fifty-eight northeast of\\nAustin. Population in 1870, 8,984; assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$1,936,661.\\nIt is watered by a number of creeks, of large size, which unite and form\\nLittle river. The surface is rolling, and in many places black, hilly and\\nbroken; timber consists of a variety of oak, cedar, ash, and other species,\\nbeing principally confined to the bottom lands; there is, however, an\\nabundance for ordinary jjurposes. A large portion of the soil is dark, rich\\nand productive corn and cotton are the chief productions wheat and other\\nsmall grains are raised successfully. Water, more or less impregualed with\\nminerals, and frequently hard to obtain by digging; health generally good.\\n102. Montague. Created in 1857 named for Daniel Montague, a pioneer\\nsurveyor; Montague is the county seat. Bounded north by Iiidiau Territory,\\neast by Cooke, south by Wise, and west by Clay. It is in the miueral region,\\nbut has some good arable land on Red river. A silver mine is said to have\\nbeen found a few miles northwest of the town. Victoria Peak is a\\npi ominent feature in the landscape. Population in 1870, 890 assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $541,562.\\n103. Montgomery. Created from Washington and Nacogdoches, in 1837;\\nnamed fur General Montgomery. Montgomery is the couuty seat. B jundcd\\nnorth by AYalker, east by San Jacinto and Liberty, south by Harris, and\\nwest by Grimes. This is well watered by the San Jacinto river and its trib-\\nutaries; has an inexhaustible supply of timber; and is an excellent agricul-\\ntural county. The Houston and Great Northern Railroad passes tln-ongh\\nthe county. Willis is forty-eight miles north of Houston. Population of\\ncounty in 1870, 6,483; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,477,744.\\n104. MoRRiss. Created from Titus in 1875; named for W. W. Morriss;", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0697.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "686 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nDangerfielcl, named for Henry Dangerfleld, Secretary of War under Hous-\\nton s second administration, is the county seat. Bounded north by Red\\nriver and Bo^yic, east by Cass, south by Marion and Upshur, and west by\\nCamp and Titus. Dangerfield is on the East Line Railroad, thirty miles\\nnorthwest of Jefferson. Assessed value of property in 1876, $411,776. Its\\ncharacteristics similar to those of Cass and Upshur.\\n105. Nacogdoches. From Naugdoches, an extinct tribe of Indians.\\nBounded north by Rusk, east by Shelby and San Augustine, south by An-\\ngelina, and west by Cherokee. A Franciscan mission, for the Naugdoches\\nIndians, was projected by Ramon in 1715, but perhaps it was a year later\\nbefore it was actually commenced. The old stone house was built for a fort-\\nress in 1778. In 1800 the first Americans settled in the neighborhood. They\\nwere Captain Dill and his son-in-law, Joseph Darst, Samuel Davenport,\\nRobert Barr, etc. In July, 1812, the place was occupied by the Republicans\\nunder Magee and again in June, 1819, Long took possession of the town and\\norganized\u00c2\u00b0an Executive Council, consisting of Horatio Bigelow, Hamlin\\nCo ok, John Sibley, S. Davenport, Stephen Barker, John C. Burnett, J.\\nChild, Pedro Procillo and Bernardo Gutierres and for a short time a news\\npaper was published. The region around Nacogdoches was granted to\\nHaydeu Edwards to colonize, but this was broken up by the Fredonian out-\\nbreak, and the contract given to David G. Burnet. In 1833, Decree No. 240\\ngave the town four sitios of land. In 1831, the District of Nacogdoches\\nwas formed, including all the terrritory between the San Jacinto and Sabine\\nrivers. Henry Ruig was Political Chief. This was the headquarters of\\nEast Texas, and in 1835 a Committee of Safety was formed, consisting of\\nFrost Thorn, Sam Houston and T. J. Rusk. Redford Berry was the last\\nAlcalde. In 1836, Charles S. Taylor was Chief Justice. During the Repub-\\nlic, a law firm in Nacogdoches was formed by Pinckney Henderson, T. J.\\nRusk and K. L. Anderson. Population of the county in 1870, 9,614;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $1, 060,099.\\nThe agricultural products are corn, cotton, every variety of grain, potatoes,\\npeas, pumpkins, etc.; the climate, mild and temperate; the soil in the bot-\\ntoms various, from the black stiff to sandy alluvial Of the uplands, one-\\nfourth is a deep red soil, and the remainder a sandy soil. The seasons,\\nvery regular. There is timber of all kinds\u00e2\u0080\u0094 oaks, hickory, black-jack, pine,\\nwainutriirae, gum, sassafras, dog-wood. The rivers are the Angelina and\\nAtoyac, which are the western and eastern boundaries of the county. Cot-\\nton is very productive, and from 1,000 pounds to a bale of seed cotton can\\nbe raised to the acre corn, from 20 to 40 bushels per acre, and wheat from\\n10 to 20 bushels per acre. Rice and tobacco grow luxuriantly. Wood, for\\nfuel and fencing, is abundant. The building material is pine. Butter, milk,\\ncheese, eggs and poultry are very cheap. Hogs are very easily raised, with-\\nout any expense, and bacon is saved without diflaculty.\\n106. Navarko.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Robertson in 1846; named for Jose Anto-\\nnio Navarro. Corsicana is the county-scat. Bounded north by Ellis, east\\nby Henderson, south bv Freestone and Limestone, and west by Hill. This\\nis a fine agricultural and stock-raising county; Avell watered, and with a", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0698.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "COU?fTY SKETCPIES. 687\\nmoderate supply of timber. Corsicana is two hiiudred and ten miles north\\nof llauston, on the Houston and Texas Central Railway. Population in\\n1870, 8,879 assessed value of property in 1876, $3,770,761. Climate mild;\\nsoil feitile; seasons often too dry, and sometimes too wet. Those farmers\\nwho ijvactice deep plowing, or sub-soiling, always secure good crops.\\nThere is a great deal of tine timber, and fine cedar-brakes of the red variety.\\nThe Trinity washes the north-eastern border of the county. Richland, one\\nof its largest tributaries, Avith branches, waters nearly every part. Pastur-\\nage good, and all kinds of stock do well. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, and\\ntobacco are all cultivated here the two latter articles especially yield well.\\nIn many iocalities, wood for fuel and fencing is abundant; a good many\\nfarms altogether in the timber land. In some localities there is no timber,\\nand the settlers in the prairies haul a considerable distance. As to building\\nmaterial, the people differ. They liave good clay for bricks, and some good\\nbrick buildings in some localities, plenty of limestone rock thousands of\\nlong, tall oaks, of half a dozen kinds; the elm, pecan, hickory, liackberrj^,\\nwalnut, sycamore, and various other forest trees common to this latitude\\nand to calcareous soil; no pine nearer than the sandy lands, fifty miles east\\nor seventy-five miles southeast. Butter, milk, cheese, eggs, and poultry\\nabundant. Hogs ai-e easily raised by those living on the borders ot the\\ntimber, and near the rivers and creeks. Away from the timber land, the\\ncorn-cribis and the barley-stacks have to make liberal contributions, or the\\nbacon hams will be small. Here bacon hams are as good as need be, and\\nare savea sweet and kept for two and three years.\\n107. Newton. Created in 1846, from Jasper; named for Sei-geant New-\\nton of the American Revolution. Bounded north by Sabine, east by Louis-\\niana, south by Orange, and west by Jasper. This is one of the finely tim-\\nbered counties* bordering on the Sabine river. Poj)ulation in 1870, 2,187\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $254,259.\\n108. NuECEf*. Created in 1846 named from the river of the same name.\\nCorpus Christii is the county-seat. Bounded north by Live Oak and SaU\\nPatricio, east by the Gulf of Mexico, south by Cameron, and west by Buval.\\nThis is a large coast county, principally devoted to stock-raising. Corpus\\nChristi is one hundred miles from Galveston by water, and is regularly\\nvisited by steamships. It has a railroad twenty-five miles to Banqneta.\\nP. Dimitt wan one of the first Americans to settle in this county. This was\\nin 1841, fifteen miles below the present town. In 1842, Kinney Aubry\\ncommenced business at Corpus Christi; and this was General Taylors\\nheadquarters in 1846, before he removed to the Rio Grande. Lipantitlan,\\non the Nueces river, was occupied by Mexican troops in 1835, and captnred\\nby Lieutenant Westover. Population of the county in 1870, 3,975 assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $3,535,493. A number of streams flow through\\nit into the Nueces river. The surface is undulating and sometimes level\\none-tenth part supplied with scrubby mesquite. The soil is of i-ich sandy\\nloam, very productive wlicn there is a sufficiency of rain, and with early\\nplanting \u00c2\u00abjad deep cultivation very little raiu is required; and the same", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0699.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "688 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nremark applies to nearly all the western coast counties. The bay bordering\\nthis county is a most beautiful sheet of water, and furnishes a great abund-\\nance of fish, oysters, etc., of the finest kind. Both health and water are\\ngoodc\\n109. Okange. Created in 1852; Orange is the county-seat. Bounded\\nnorth by Jasper and Newton, East by Louisiana, south by Sabine Lake\\nand Jefferson, and west by Jefferson. This is a heavily timbered county\\nof South-eastern Texas; watered by the Sabine and Neches rivers and\\ntheir tributaries. Sabine Pass is its shipping point. Orange is one hun-\\ndred and five miles east of Houston, on the line of the Houston and New\\nOrleans Railroad. Population of the county in 1870, 1,255; assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $395,376. This county has the rather rare advantages\\nof navigation, as the Sabine and Neches are both navigable all the year to\\nthe full extent of this county, and every inhabitant is within fifteen miles of\\none or the other of these streams. The county is about equally divided\\nbetween wood-land and prairie. Cotton and corn are the chief products,\\nand are grown chiefly on fai-ms in the timbered part of the county. Tobacco\\nand rice are also considerable products, the latter being grown on the low\\nhammock lands. All kinds of vegetables, and peaches and gi apes, are\\nabundant. The prairies are covered with cattle, and some sheep and horses\\nare raised. Oranges are also among the fruits raised in gardens.\\n110. Palo Pinto\u00e2\u0080\u009e Created in 1856 Palo Pinto is the county-seat named\\nfor the river of the same name. Bounded north by Jack, east by Parker,\\nsouth by Erath, and west by Stephens. This is a mountainous, stock-rais-\\ning county, watered by the Palo Pinto and Brazos rivers, and their tribu-\\ntaries. Fox and Wolf peaks are about two thousand feet above the sea\\nlevel. Palo Pinto is about sixty miles west of Fort Worth. Assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $371,736. The surface is undulating, often mountain-\\nous. The supply of timber consists in post-oak, live oak, and cedar, found\\nin the bottoms. The soil is red loam, rich and productive everj^where,\\nexcept upon the mountain ranges. Health and water remarkably good.\\n111. Panola. Created in 1846; the name is Indian. Carthage is the\\ncounty-seat, which was laid out in 1817 or 1848. Bounded north by Harri-\\nson, east by Louisiana, south by Shelby, and west by Rusk. Population in\\n1870, 10,119; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,122,369. The surface\\nis gently roUing and well watered by numerous springs and creeks, which\\nflow into the Sabine in its course through the county. Inexhaustible quan-\\ntities of pine are found in all sections; black walnut, oak of nearly all\\nkinds, ash, hickory, and other varieties are also abundant. The soil is\\ngenerally a sandy loam, its depth being from six to fifteen inches, with a\\nfoundation of red clay, or marl, which appears to be of nearly the same\\ncharacter as the red lands of Nacogdoches and San Augustine, and upon\\ntrial it has proved to be quite productive. The chief jn-oducts are cotton\\nand corn, though wheat and other grains flourish well. The average yield\\nper acre is eight hundreds pounds of seed cotton, and twenty bushels of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0700.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 689\\ncorn. Peaches are abundant, and flourish finely daring favorable seasons;\\nfigs and plums are also cultivated and do well, and apples and jiears could\\ndoubtless be raised.\\n112. Parker. Created in 1865 named for the Parker family, of Parker s\\nFort; Weatherford is the county-seat. Bounded north by Jack and Wise,\\neast by Tarrant, south by Hood, and west by Palo Pinto. This is a well\\nwatered county, somewhat mountainous, and interspersed with rich\\nand productive valley lands; remarkably healthy, and well adapted either\\nto agriculture or stock-raising. Weatherford is about thirty miles west of\\nFort Worth. Population in 1870, 4,186 assessed value of property in 1876^\\n$1,551,333. Corn, wheat, rye, barley and oats are the principal products\\nof the county. Experiments have been made in regard to raising tobacco,\\nwhich have resulted very favorably, the article produced being heavy, and\\nresembling the weed raised in Virginia. Climate is mild. The soil is of\\ntwo kinds the sandy loam and black land. The first kind, well cultivated^\\nproduces the best crops of corn, while the latter produces more wheat.\\nThe wheat land produces generally twenty-five bushels per acre the cora\\nland about fifteen to eighteen bushels. Nearly one-half o^ the land is tim-\\nbered, the timber being suitable for feucing and rough houses. Building\\nmaterial consists of brick and rock. This county ranks second to none iu\\nthe State for water. The Brazos river runs through ibe county, and qaite\\na number of the tributaries of the Trinity river head in thi^s county fine\\nsprings abound almost everywhere, and good wells can be had at. about\\ntwenty-two feet deep, at which depth there is generally found a white sand-\\nstone rock.\\n113. Pecos Created in 1850; organized in 1875; named from the Pecos\\nriver. Fort Stockton is the county seat. Bounded north by Tom Green,\\neast by Crockett, south by Mexico, southwest and west by Presidio and El\\nPaso. This county has an area of 2,600 square miles watered by the Pecos\\nriver on the northwest and the Rio Grande on the south, both of which\\nhave numerous branches. The valleys of these rivers and of numerous\\ncreeks are capable of irrigation, and by irrigation they pi oduce most luxu-\\nriant crops. In 1877, there were about 8,000 acres so cultivated, and the\\nquantity can be indefinitely increased. Fort Stockton is a military post in\\nlatitude 30 deg. 50 min. north; longitude 102 deg. 85 min. west from\\nGreenwich. It is on Comanche creek, 374 miles northwest of San Antonio,\\nwith which it is connected by semi- weekly mail stages, and 147 miles north,\\neast of Presidio Del Norte, on the Rio Grande, iu Mexico. It is 4,952\\nfeet above the sea level. A thousand or twelve hundred people live iu the\\nneighborhood, and, by means of irrigating ditches, abundant crops are\\nproduced for their support and to supply tiie soldiers of the post. It has\\nbeen but recently settled. Value of property in 1876, $20,120.\\n114. Polk Created from Liberty in 1846 named for J. K. Polk. Liv-\\ningston is tlie county-seat. Bounded north by Trinity, cast by Tyler, south\\nby ilardiu, and west by San Jacuito. The surface is undulating; watered", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0701.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "690 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nby the Trinity and tributaries of the Neches possesses an abundance of the\\nbest of pine timber, and is a good agricultural county Swartwout, on the\\nTrinity, is the principal shipping point, and is about 125 miles, by water,\\nfrom Galveston. Population in 1870,8,707; assessed value of property in\\n1875, $533,706. This is one of the finest and most wealthy counties of the\\nState, [ts lands are of superior quality, and nearly all well adapted to\\nfarming. Cotton and corn are the leading products here, as iu all the lower\\ncounties. Some wheat and other cereals are raised. Sugar is being profit-\\nably grown by many of late years also tobacco and all other usual products.\\nThe wild grape grows abundantly in the wooded portion of the county.\\n115. Presidio Created in 1850. Fort Davis is the county seat. Bounded\\non the northwest by Pecos, south and southwest by Mexico, and the north-\\nwest by El Paso. Fort Davis is a military post, 5,000 feet above the sea\\nlevel, 76 miles west of Fort Stockton and 450 from San Antonio. It is a\\ncanon of the Limpia creek. The valley, though narrow, is cultivated by\\nirrigation, and produces well. Spencer s Rancho, on the Rio Grande, opposite\\nPresidio Del Norte,, is 100 miles southwest of Fort Davis, It is reached\\nthrough a mountainous region, with but two settlements on the route.\\nLarge bodies of rich land in the Rio Grande valley are capable of irriga-\\ntion, if protection could be afforded to life and propertj\\\\ Back from\\nthe river the mountains are precipitous, and incapable of cultivation, though\\nthe hills afford fine range for stock, especially sheep and goats. There are\\nevidences that silver and lead ore exist in great abundance in the Chenati\\nrange of mountains. They were formerly worked by the Spaniards. Popu-\\nlation of the county iu 1870, 1,636; assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$181,420. This county, even since Pecos was taken from it, is as large as\\nthree or four of the smaller States of the Union.\\n116. Rains Created in 1870; Emory the county seat; named for Emory\\nRains. Bounded north by Hopkins, east by Wood, south by Van Zandt\\nand Smith, and west by Hunt. It is watered by the head branches of the\\nSabine river, and is a fine agricultural county. Silver Lake is a station on\\nthe Texas and Pacific Railroad, near the southern line of the county, 118\\nmiles west of Shreveport. Assessed value of property iu 1876, $315,574.\\n117. Red River One of the original counties. It was formerly called\\nPecan Point. Bounded north by the Indian Territory, east by Bowie,\\nsouth by Morriss, Titus and Franklin, and west by Lamar. There were set-\\ntlements at Pecan Point, on Red river, as early as 1816-17. Among those\\nsettlers were the Wright family and a brother-in-law, Judge Martin,\\n(killed by the Indians, and his son taken prisoner). A great many of\\nAustin s colonists stopped on Red river and made a crop before entering the\\ninterior of the province. In 1831, B. R. Milam had a rancho on the I iver,\\nnear the residence of Richard Ellis. Clarksville, the county seat, was laid\\nout in 1835, and named for James Clark, an old settler. 1836, Richard Ellis\\nrepresented that district in the Convention that declared the independence\\nof Texas, and was Pi-esideut of the body. A. H. Latimer was also a mem-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0702.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 691\\nber of the Convention. At the same period Judge Ellis son represented\\nIVIiller county in the Legislature of Arkansas, Both lived in one house.\\nSo also, James Latimer represented the same constituenc} in the Arkansas\\nLegislature. This produced no confusion; but when the Sheriff of Miller\\ncounty, Arkansas, entered the county to collect taxes, in 1837, he was driven\\noff by a mob. The citizens preferred to belong to Texas, as at that time no\\ntaxes were collected in the Republic. Red River is a fine agricuhural\\ncounty, about three-fourths timber and one-fourth prairie. Clarksvillc is\\n61 miles west of Texarkana, on the northern branch of the Texas and\\nPacific Railrood. Population of the county in 1870,10.653; assessed value\\nof property in 1875, $1,686,865.\\n118. Refugio An original county. Refugio is the county seat. Bounded\\nnorth by Goliad and Victoria, east by Calhoun, south by Aransas and San\\nPatricio, west by San Patricio and Bee. The Mission of Our Lady of\\nRefuge was founded in 1790, aiid four leagues of land given to the town.\\nA portion of the adjacent country was afterward included in Powers\\ngrant. In 1809, according to a report of a priest in charge of the Mission,\\nthe Caranchua Indians had in the neighborhood 5,000 head of cattle and\\nconsiderable land in cultivation. The mission church was a fine building,\\nwith plate-glass, and a chime of bells dated 1751. It is a stock-raising\\ncounty. Population in 1870, 2,320: assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$872,872. The climate is both mild and healthy, this county being situ-\\nated on the Gulf shore, and embracing within herself Hyne s bay, S;m\\nAntonio bay, Mesquite, St. Charles, Aransas, Copano, and Mission bays, and\\nis dailj visited during the summer months by the fresh sea-breeze. The\\nsoil is rich and fertile, consisting of Sea Island cotton land, black, stiff, hog-\\nwallow, black sandy and blaok loamy land, and I ich bottom land, upon\\nwhich groAV post-oakj live-oak, black-jack, mesquite, and ou the bottom\\nland pecan, ash, elm, anaqua, hackberry, box-elder and white oak. The\\nrivers are the Sau Antonio, Aransas and Mission. The Blanco, Medio,\\nChocolate, AVillow and Salt creeks furnish abundance of water to the large\\nherds of cattle and horses that, graze ou the extensive prairies, clothed with\\nmesquite and other grasses.\\n119. Robertson. Created from Milam in 1837; named for Sterling C.\\nRobertson, Empresario. Bounded north by Falls and Limestone, east by\\nLeon, south by Brazos and west by Milam; Calvert is tlie county seat.\\nThis county was ou one of the old routes of travel and during tlie Colonial\\nperiod, there was a Mexican garrison and a few stores at Tcnoxticlan, ju r,\\nbelow the present line of the county. The Strouds lived near Calvert, and\\nin the neighborhood, the AVheclock family, the Armstrongs, Cavitts, S. W.\\nHill, and others. John R. Henry had a stoi-e at Franklin. Ephraim Miltou\\nlived near Dresden. The bottom lands ou the Brazos, Little Brazos and\\nNavasotaare very rich; uplands undulating, and pretty well supplied with\\ntimber. Calvert is 128 miles north of Houston, on the Houston and Texas\\nCentral Railrotid. Population of the county in 1870, 9,990; assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $3,276,169. The International Railroad passes diago-\\ntially through this county, crossing the Texas Central at Hearnc.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0703.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "692 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n120. Rockwall. A small, agricultural county, created in 1873: named\\nfor au underground wall found in sinking a well. Rockwall is the county\\nseat. Bounded north by Collin, east by Hunt, south by Kaufman and west\\nby Dallas, Assessed value of property in 1876, $454,811.\\n121. Rusk. Created in 1843 from Nacogdoches; named for Thomas J.\\nRusk. Bounded north bj Gri egg and Harrison, cast by Panola, south by\\nNacogdoches and west by Cherokee and Smith. Henderson is the county\\nseat, and occupies the site of an old Shawnee village. Overton, on the\\nInternational Railroad, is twenty two miles south-east of Lougview. The\\ncounty has the greatest abundance of timber, and is watered by the tributa-\\nries of the Sabine and Angelina rivers. It is a tine agricultural county.\\nPoiKihvtion in 1 70, 16,916; assessed value of property in 1876, $2,005,640.\\nThe county has au inexhaustible supply of iron ore. A branch railroad,\\nsixteen miles long, connects Henderson with Overton. There is an abund-\\nance of iron ore all over the county, and some specimens of coal or lignite,\\nbut no other minerals. There are some mineral springs, one near Mount\\nEnterprise, which is considered very valuable, and is much resorted to by\\ninvalids for its healing qualities there is another south-east of Mount Enter-\\nprise, some four or five miles distant, which is considered good in cases of\\ndropsy and other diseases. The agricultural products are cotton, corn,\\nwheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes and tobacco. These are raised in large\\nquantities, and for market. The Chinese and African sugai -cane grow\\nwell, and most of the fanners make their own syrup. Rice is grown only\\nby a few of the farmers. Buckwheat grows finely, and yields well, but very\\nfew i:)ersons raise it. The winters are variable there is sometimes snow\\nand sleet, which generally melts in a day or two. The average of summer\\nheat is about 80 degrees of Fahrenheit, The rains are generally seasona-\\nble, and crops never suffer much either from drought or excess of rain.\\nThe soil is generally sandy, but there are some gravelly red lands with\\nclayey soil. The creeks and rivers are bounded by narrow bottom-lauds\\nof alluvial soil. The county is covered over with all varieties of timber,\\nsuch as different oaks, hickory, walnut, cypress, cane, pine and twenty\\nother kinds.\\n122. Sabine. The municipality of Sabine was created by the Executive\\nCouncil December 15th, 1835 Milam is the county seat. Bounded north by\\nShalby, east by Louisiana, south by Newton, and west by San Augustine.\\nThis is a heavily-timbered, agricultural county. Population in 1870, 3,256;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $326,061.\\n123. San Augustine. San Augustine is the county seat. Bounded north\\nby Shelby, east by Sabine, south by Jasper and Angelina, and west by\\nNacogdoches. As early as 1826, there was an Alcalde s District on Ayish\\nbayou. San Augustine was laid out by T. S. M Farlaud in 1833. Decree\\nNo. 265, March 6th, 1834, created the municipality. The Aes, or Ayish\\nMission Dolores, was founded in 1717. The surface of the county is undu-\\nlating well watered and timbered and the land is productive. Population", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0704.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "COURT HOUSE AT AUSTIN, TEXAS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0705.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0706.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 695\\nin 1870, 4,196 assessed value of property in 1876, $978,384. The county\\nof San Augustine is situated between the bayou Apolygotcli on tlie east and\\nthe Altoyac river on the west. In the central part of this county is a ridge\\nof red lands, extending the entire length of the county the nature of this\\nSoil is very excellent for farming, as it constitutes what geologists term a\\ntable-land of the richest upland in the State. A great portion of tliis red\\nland has been cultivated for thirty years, and still yields an abundant har-\\nvest of produce to the industrious laborer. The remaining lands are gray and\\nvery fertile. The county is intersected by never-failing sti eams, every three\\nor four miles, running from the north to the south. The lands immediately\\non these streams are bottom, and are similar to the delta lands of Louisi-\\nana, being of the most fertile character, and containing the same growth,\\nnamely, cypress, magnolia, oak, hickory, walnut, wild cherry, sumac and\\ncane-brakes, which were originally almost impenetrable, but are now much\\nthinned by the cattle. The bottoms vary in width from 100 yards to 1,000\\nyards adjacent to the bottoms are generally to be found hummocks, with\\ntimber of a smaller character to the bottoms, with the exception of the ever-\\ngreens, c} press, canes and white oaks. These hummocks constitute the\\nfinest upland farms in the State, when the locality is free from liability to\\nwash. Between the bottom hummocks and the next bottom and hummock\\nare found the finest pineries in the world, both the long and short leaf;\\noccasionally may be found flats in these pineries, where may be seen fine\\npost-oaks. The geological period is part of the limestone and the sand-\\nstone; in the latter are to be found large deposits of shells, denoting the\\nprevious existence of a vast amount of animalcula. The products are corn,\\ncotton, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, pumpkins and peanuts.\\n124. San Jacinto. Created in 1870; Cold Springs the county seat.\\nBounded north by Trinity, east by Polk, south by Liberty, and west by\\nMontgomery and Walker. This is a fine agricultural county, lying on the\\nTrinity river. The Houston and Great Northern Kailroad passes along\\nnear the western line of the county. Assessed value of property in 1875,\\n$479,921.\\n125. San Patricio. San Patricio the county seat. This was settled by\\nIrish colonists introduced by M Mullen M Gloin. Four leagues of land\\nwere given to the town. Decree No. 283, April, 1834, created the munic-\\nipality. The settlement was broken up during the Revolutionary period\\nof 1835-36, but was re-established during the Republic. County bounded\\nnorth by Live Oak and Bee, east by Refugio and Aransas, south-cast by\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, and south-west by Nueces. Population in 1870, 625;\\nassessed value of property in 187G, $745,774. This is a coast and stock-\\nraising county, between the Nueces river on the west and tlie Aransas on\\nt}\\\\e east. It has considerable very good land, but like Nueces county, the\\ndroughts of summer are too frequent to make agriculture a reliable or a\\nprofitable pursuit. There is but little cotton raised, and yet it has good\\nlands for upland and sea-island cotton. The few inhabitants are all engaged\\nin stock-raising, and in this pursuit they make largo profits, and eooa\\n38", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0707.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "696 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nbecome indcpenclent -with very little labor. They easily raise all they\\nrequire of the necessaries of life; such as corn, potatoes, vegetables, etc.,\\nwhile the proceeds of the annual increase of their stock is nearly all clear\\nprofit. Nearly half the county is covered with timber, such as live-oak\\nand various other growths, but mesquite is the principal. The only building\\nlumber is imported through Corpus Christi, which is the place of trade.\\nThere is a peculiar feature in this county, called the Brasada, being an\\narea of upland of about thirty-one square miles. It is covered with a thick\\ngrowth of mesquite, interspersed with chaparral and the prickly pear. The\\nland is a rich, dark loam, and would undoubtedly produce well; but\\nscarcely any of it is cultivated, owing to the labor of clearing and preparing\\nthe ground. The Nueces is a small but navigable stream up to San Patricio\\ntown, the only obstruction being the reef between Nueces and Corpus\\nChristi bays. No county can surpass this in health.\\n126, San Saba.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Bexar in 1856; San Saba, on the river of\\nthe same name, is the county seat. Bounded north by Brown, east by\\nLampasas, south by Llano and Mason, and west by M Culloch.* This is a\\nhilly county, with some extensive cedar brakes. It is well adapted to wheat,\\netc. Population in 1870, 1,425 assessed value of property in 1876, $710,065.\\nThis county is situated about 100 miles north-west from the capital of the\\nState, and bounded on the east by the Colorado river. The surface has the\\nusual inequalities of the north-western counties; consisting of hills and\\nvalleys, the soil of the valleys being very productive. The county is well\\nsupplied with water by the Colorado and San Saba rivers, and their small\\ntributaries, and by numerous fine springs. Some of the springs are of\\nwhite sulphur water, and one of them is considered fully equal in its heal-\\ning properties to any in the United States. Considerable of the valley\\nland may be easily irrigated, and this circumstance gives such lands great\\nvalue. No more beautiful and productive farms can be found in the world\\nthan can be made in the San Saba valley, and from other irrigable lands in\\nthe county. The county is well supplied with all kinds of oak timber, elm,\\nhickory, j)ecan, black cedar, etc.\\n127. Shackleford.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1858; organized in 1875; Fort Griffin is\\nthe county seat; named for Dr. Shackleford, Captain in Fannin s command.\\nBounded north by Haskell and Throckmorton, east by Stephens, south by\\nCallahan, and west by Jones. For ten years there has been a military post\\nat Fort Griffin; but it is only recently that this county has begun to fill up\\nwith permanent settlers. The lands are very rich. Population in 1870,\\n456; assessed value of property in 1876, $108,472. It is situated upon the\\nClear Fork of Brazos and Hubbard s creek, and includes a large portion of\\nthe very fertile valley of this stream. The Clear Fork enters the county\\nfrom the west and taking up the Elm Fork, flows out into the north. The\\nabandoned Fort Fhantomhill, lies between these two streams, near\\nThe old Mission and Fort of San Saba is in Menard county.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0708.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 697\\ntheir junction, and near the west line of Shackleford county. Willow, Cor-\\nnelius, Baker s, Bonito, Jews, Parody, Liud, Cruizbaur, Crosby s, Hanover\\niind Panther creeks drain the western portion of this county, and are tribu-\\ntaries of the Clear Fork. The east is watered by Asylum, or West Fork of\\nHubbard s creek, by James, Mills, Panther, McKinney, Foyles, Trout and\\nmany other ci*eeks, all furnishing clear and cool water. The divide\\nbetween the waters of Clear Fork and those of Hubbard s creek is an ele-\\nvated range of iiills, densely timbered, and affording plenty of limestone\\nand sandstone rock for all building purposes.\\n128. Shelby. One of the original counties; name changed from Teueha\\nto Shelby by Executive Council in January, 1835 named for General Shelby\\nof Kentucky; Center is the county seat. When the name was changed,\\nEmory Rains and James English were appointed Judges, and George O.\\nLusk, Chief Justice of the count}-. Bounded north by Panola, east by\\nLouisiana, south by Sabine and San Augustine, and west by Nacogdoches.\\nThis is in what was formerly called the Red Lands, and the soil is very\\nproductive; undulating surface, well timbered. In 1842-45, this county\\nwas very much disturbed by the conflicts between the Regulators, who\\ntook the punishment of criminals into their own hands, and the Modera-\\ntors, who attempted to counteract the opposite iiarty. A good many lives\\nwere sacrificed before the supremacy of civil law was restored. Trade is\\ncarried on by water down the Sabine river, by steamboats. Population in\\n1870, 5,732; assessed value of property in 1876, $823,546. There is some\\niron ore in this county, but it has not yet been tested as to its quality.\\nThere is also lignite coal. The agricultural products are corn, cotton, rye,\\noats, barley, Irish and sweet i)otatoes, tobacco, peas and all kinds of Tege-\\ntables in abundance. Rice is also raised on the low, marshy lands also the\\nribbon and Chinese sugar-cane, from which an abundance of fine syrup is\\nmade but no sugar as yet, though this might easily be done. The products\\nraised for market are chiefly cotton and tobacco. The climate is nearly the\\nsame as the other coast counties of Eastern Texas, mild and healthful, with\\nsnow and ice very rarely in winter. The seasons are generally favorable\\nfor crops; droughts sometimes, but not often, cut short the crops.\\n129. Smith. Created from Nacogdoches in 1846 named for General James\\nSmith Tyler, for John Tyler, is the county seat. Bounded north by Wood\\nand Upshur, east by Gregg and Rusk, south by Cherokee, and west by\\nHenderson and Van Zandt. This is a wealthy and populous agricultural\\ncounty, with an abundance of timber, good water and a rich soil. The\\nsessions of the Supreme Court of the State for East Texas meet at Tyler,\\nand also the United States District Court. Zavalla, on the International\\nRailroad, is 35 miles southwest of Longview, and a branch road runs\\nthrougli the county via Tyler, from Zavalla to Mineola, on the Texas and\\nPacific Railroad, near the northwest line of the county. Population iu\\n1870, 16,532; assessed value of property in 1876, $2,452,283.\\n130. Somervell. A small agricultural and stock-raisng county, created", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0709.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "698 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nin 1875; named for Alexander Somervell. Bounded north by Hood, east\\nby Johnson, south by Bosque, and west by Erath. Glenrose is the county\\nseat. It is on the Paluxy creek, two miles from the Brazos river. The\\ncounty has an abundance of timber, and the best of soil and water. Assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $182,313.\\n131. Starr. Created from Nueces in 1848; named for James H. Starr, a\\npioneer settler Rio Grande City is the county seat. Bounded north by\\nDuval and Nueces, east by Hidalgo, southwest by Mexico, and west by\\nZapata. This is a stock-raising county of the southwest, though farming is\\ncarried on to a limited extent. It is a large county, having an area of over\\n2,000 square miles. There is a military post at Ringgold Barracks, on the\\nriver, 130 miles from Corpus Christi. Rio Grande City is 100 miles from\\nBrownsville. The river is navigable during most of the year to Roma in\\nthis county. Population, mostly Mexican, in 1870, 4,151:; assessed value\\nof property in 1876, $981,666.\\n132. Stephens.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1858; named for A. H. Stephens, (formerly\\ncalled Buchanan) Breckenridge is the county seat. Bounded north by\\nThrockmorton and Young, east by Palo Pinto, south by Eastland, and west\\nby Shackleford. It is a well-watered stock-raising county. Population in\\n1870, 330 assessed value of property in 1876, $3, 390.\\nThis county contains some of the finest lands in Northwestern Texas\u00c2\u00bb\\nThe valleys on Hubbard s creek are never forgotten by one who sees them.\\nLevel almost as a billiard-table, and covered with the finest of mesquite\\nyrass, which remains green nearly all winter, it would be difficult to find\\nanything more beautiful and picturesque. East Hubbard s creek and its\\ntributaries water the western and middle portions of the county. The east\\nportion of the county is diversified with hills and valleys, with some fine\\nrunning branches. The greater portion of the land was located and sur-\\nveyed by the Texan Emigration and Land Company, or for the State Uni-\\nversity and Asylum lauds.\\n133. Tarrant.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1849; named for E. H. Tarrant; Fort Worth\\nis the county seat. Bounded north by Wise and Denton, east by Dallas,\\nsouth by Johnson, and west by Parker. It was taken from Navarro.\\nBird s Fort was settled about the time of annexation. It is a well-watered\\ncounty, the Trinity river meandering tln-ough it and well adapted to stock-\\nraising or agriculture. Fort Worth, 32 miles west of Dallas, is tlie present\\nwestern terminus of the Texas Pacific Railroad. Populatiou of county, in\\n1870, 5,788; assessed value of property in 1876, $3,454,603.\\n134. Titus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Red River, in 1846 named for an old settler\\nMount Pleasant is the county seat. Bounded north by Red River, east by\\nMorriss, south by Camp, and west by Franklin. It is a well-timbered,\\nwell-watered agricultural county. Population in 1870, 11,339; assessed\\nvalue of property in 1876, $672,158.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0710.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 699\\n135. Tom Green.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1874 Ben Ficklin is the county seat. This\\nIs an immense county in size, laid out in the mineral region of Western\\nTexas. Ben Ficklin, (Fort Concho) is 215 miles northwest of San Antonio.\\nIt is a military post connected with San Antonio by regular mail stages.\\nColonel Shafter represents that there are in this county numerous springs of\\nwater, and that besides its undeveloped mineral wealth, it will become a\\ngood stock county. Assessed value of property in 1876, $95,700.\\nMrs. Taukersley s commodious stone resideuce is situated on the bank of\\nthe main Concho river, surrounded by extensive fields, which have been\\ncultivated, though not very successfully, irrigation being required in this\\nelevated latitude to make farming a success. A windmill which works a pump\\nserves to irrigate sutficient land to supply the family with vegetables of a\\nsuperior quaUty. The military post Fort Concho is now occupied as Gen-\\neral Grierson s headquarters. The post is situated in the forks of North\\nConcho and Middle Concho, which, after uniting, form the main Concho.\\nThei-e are about 500 negro soldiers at the post at this time, officered with\\nwhites. The post is beautifully situated on an alevated plain. The officers\\nquarters, hospital, and other buildings are of stone. A number of the\\nofficers have tlieir families with them, and well-dressed ladies and beautiful\\nand well-trained children are often seen in groups listening to the music of\\nthe band during dress parade.\\n136. Travis. Created from Bastrop, in 1840; named for William B.\\nTravis; Austin, for Stephen F. Austin, is the county seat. Bounded north\\nby Williamson, southeast by Bastrop, southwest by Hays, and northwest by\\nBlanco and Burnet. In 1836, William Barton settled at Barton Springs, on\\nthe west side of the Colorado i-iver, where he died in 1840. In the same\\nyear that Barton settled on the west side of the river, the Hornsbys settled\\non the prairie which bears their name. Two years later a village called\\nWaterloo was laid out on the river. In 1839, Austin was selected as the\\n;apital by a commission appointed by the Texan Congress. On the very\\nnight in which the Commisioners visited Austin to locate the new capital,\\nMrs. Coleman and her son were killed by the Indians, near Hornsby s\\nprairie. In 1840, the government was transferred to Austin from Houston;\\nbut in 1842, President Houston returned with his Cabinet to Houston,\\nwhere Congress soon afterward assembled. The citizens opposed the\\nremoval of the government archives from their city^ and in 1844, the Land\\nOffice was reopened in that city. On the first of July, 1845, the officers of\\nthe government returned to Austin, whore they have remained ever since.\\nTi-avis county is a rolling prairie county, well adapted to agriculture or\\nstock-raising. The buildings belonging to the different departments of the\\ngovernment occupy a commanding position on Capitol Hill. In the neigh-\\nborhood of the city are located the asylums for lunatics, the blind and the\\ndeaf and dumb. Population of the county in 1870,13,153; assessed value\\nof property in 187G, $11,677,943. Austin is 165 miles from Houston, on the\\nWestern Branch of the Texas Central Ilailroad, and is the present south-\\nwestern terminus of the International llailroad, 260 miles from Lougview.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0711.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "700 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nTravis county contains a great variety of soil, surface and timber. Some\\nsections are rocky and mountainous, with Ijere and tlicre clusters of the\\nvarious species of oak and cedar; while others are slightly rolling, and\\nheavily timbered with live, post-oak and cedar. The bottoms are generally\\ntimbered with hickory, hackberry, elm, cypress, etc., but there is a large\\nsurface of prairie, dotted with farms in a high state of cultivation, and\\nwith extensive and expensive improvements. This county is well watered\\nthe streams Bee, Boggv, Bear, Barton, Bull, Shoal, Cow, Cross, Dry, Gille-\\nland, Onion, Big and Little Walnut, Williamson, AVilbarger and Waller, all\\nrun through parts of it, all emptying into tlie Colorado.\\n137. Tkinitt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Houston, in 1850. Pennington is the county\\nseat. Bounded north bv Houston, east by Angelina, south by Tyler and\\nPolk, and west by San Jacinto and Walker. The surface is undulating and\\ncovered with a dense growth of pine and other timber; well-watered by\\nthe Trinty and Neches rivers and their tributaries. Trinity station on the\\nInternational Great Northern Railroad, is S7 miles from Houston. Pop-\\nulation in 1870, 4,141; assessed value of property in 1876, $654,044.\\n138. Tyler.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Liberty in 18 46; named for Johu Tyler.\\nWoodville is the countv-seat. It is one of the hcavily-timbcrcd, and well-\\nwatered counties of East Texas. Bounded north by Angelina, east by\\nJasper, south by Hardin, and west by Polk. Population in 1870,5,010;\\nassessed value of property in 1876, $507,253. There is an excellent sulphur\\nspring in the northern part of the county, near Mount Hope. It would be\\nan excellent watering-place if conveniently fitted up and attended to prop-\\nerly. The agricultural products of this county are corn, cotton, rye, oats,\\npotatoes, peas, etc., all of which grow well and yield abmidantly. The\\nclimate is mild and pleasant, and the soil of almost every variety and\\nquality black bottom, gray, sandy bottom, black prairie, hummock, etc-\\nThe seasons are gencrallv regular, and a failure of crops on account of\\nfloods or drought is exceedingly rare. Timber is plenriful, and of the best\\nqualitv, and of everv varietv. Tlie Neches river bounds the county on the\\nnorth and east, and is navigable generally from four to six months in the\\nyear for small boats. There are numerous fine creeks traversing the county,\\nand anv number of springs and branches, making this county one among\\nthe best-watered counties in the State. The pasturage is inferior, and cattle\\nand horses do not do well upon it hogs and sheep do well. But very httle\\nwheat has been i-aised here, though as far as the experiment has been madp\\nit has done well. Rve, oats, and tobacco are raised successfully, and lu\\nconsiderable abundance. Pine is the best building material. A family cau\\nlive here comfortably and cheap\u00e2\u0080\u0094 as much so as in almost any other portion\\nof the world. Bntter, milk, cheese, eggs, poultry, etc., can be had in\\nabundance, as there is no market for them. It costs but little to raise hogs,,\\nas the mast is usually good bacon is saved without loss or trouble.\\n139 Upshuk.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Harrison and Nacogdoches in 1846. Gilmer\\nis the countv-seat. Named for Abel P. Upshur of Tyler s cabinet. It is.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0712.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 701\\nbounded north by Camp, east by Marion, south by Gregg and Smith, and\\nwest b} Wood. During the colonial period this section of country was\\noccupied by the Cherokee and Caddo Indians. In 1835 Mr. John Cotton\\nsettled on Big Cow bayou, and the next year Isaac Moody settled ou the\\nCherokee tract. O. T. Boulware established a trading-post near Mr. Cot-\\nton s, in 1838. Alter the Cherokees were expelled in 1839, the country\\nrapidly settled up. The land is well adapted to agriculture, is well Avatered,\\nand has an abundant supply of timber. The Texas and Pacific railroad\\npasses through the southern part of the county, having a station at Big\\nSandy. Population in 1870, 12,039; assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$959,449. The soil, for the most part, is a sandy gray loam, varying in\\ndepth from one to ten feet, and is very productive. Corn, cotton, wheat,\\nrye, oats, bari \\\\v, rice, tobacco, and potatoes, when properly cultivated and\\nplanted, yield an abundance. As an average, on uplands, the yield of corn\\nis about fifteen bushels per acre; cotton, seven hundred pounds; wheat,\\nfrom seven to ten bushels. The county generally is covered with a dense\\ngrowth of forest trees, among which predominate oaks of every variety,\\nhickory and pine. The latter is used for building purposes entirely, though\\noccasionally a brick edifice appears. With few exceptions, the county\\nsupplies its own provisions, on account of the ease with which bacon is\\nsaved. But few have large stocks of cattle, for want of winter range.\\nWith the essentials of life, such as the produce of the barn-yard, dairy, etc.,\\nevery household is bountifully supplied. The county is watered by the\\nSabine, the two Cypresses, and Sandy creek, the latter a tributary of the\\nSabine, abounding in fish at all seasons. Good freestone water is to be\\nhad everywhere by digging from ten to forty feet, and fine springs are\\noccasionally to be found; but, as a general rule, their waters are not used,\\nas well-water is cooler.\\n140. Uvalde.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created from Bexar in 1850, and named for a Mexican\\nColonel, who gained a victory over the Indians in the Uvalde canon.\\nUvalde is the county-seat. Bounded north by Edwards and Bandera, east\\nby Medina, south by Zavalla, and west by Ivinney. The county was settled\\nin 1850, by Messrs. Ware, Hill, Kobinson, Angler, Thompson, Beading,\\nBlack, and others. About two-thirds of t|ie county is prairie; the soil is\\ngood, and in the creek valleys, susceptible of irrigation. It is a fine stock\\ncounty. Uvalde is sixty-five miles west of San Antonio. Population in\\n1870,851; assessed value of property in 1876, $650,586. This county is\\nvery well watered by the Sabiual, Comanche, and Leona streams, with a\\nfew others, and has great advantages for stock-raising, on account of its\\nfine grass and stock-water. Fort Inge is in the southern part, on the Leona.\\nIt is^ not adapted to agriculture, though there are some fine lands, but the\\nseasons are too dry.\\n141. Van Zandt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1848, and named for Isaac Van Zandt.\\nWills is the county-seat. It is bounded north by Hunt and Ilains, cast by\\nSmith, south bv Ilenderson, and west by Kaufman. The surface is rolling\\nis well watered, and pretty well supplied with timber, and the soil is pro-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0713.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "702 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nductive. Wills, the new county-seat, is one hundred and forty miles west\\nof Shrevesport, on the Texas and Pacific raih oad. The population of the\\ncounty in 1870, was 6,444; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,454,497.\\n142. Victoria. Bounded north by De Witt, east by Jackson, south by\\nCalhoun, and west by Goliad. Victoria is the county-seat. It is conjectured\\nthat the Mission San Francisco was commenced on the Gurcitas creek, in\\nthis county, in 1690, by Alonzo de Leon, as some old works still remain\\nthere. In 1714, Don Domingo Ramon founded the Mission of Our Lady\\nof Guadalupe, at Mission Valley, f)artly for the benefit of the Tonkawa\\nIndians of the neighborhood, who then cultivated some land and possessed\\nhorses and cattle, and partly to irrigate the valley for cultivation. The\\ncounty was included in the empresario grant of Martin de Laou, and the\\nsettlement received the name of De Leon s Ranche. In 1825 four leagues of\\nland were set apart for the town of Victoria. In 1835, the judges appointed\\nby the Convention were Placido Benevedes and Francisco Cardinas;\\ncommissioners, Sylvester deLeon, and J. M. Caravahal. In 1836, John\\nM Henry was Chief Justice. John Linn was Alcalde. Both these gentle-\\nmen are still (1878) living in the county. Before the Revolution the\\nDe Leon family were said to have been worth a half million of*dollars.\\nThe county is level and mostly prairie and well adapted to agriculture\\nand stock-raising. Victoria is forty miles from Indianola, on the M. G.\\nR. G. R. R. Population of county in 1870, 4,860 assessed value of prop-\\nerty in 1876, $2,088,548.\\n143. Walker Created from Montgomery in 1846 named for Robert J.\\nWalker, of Tyler s cabinet. Huntsville is the county seat. Bounded north\\nby Madison and Trinity, east by San Jacinto, south by Montgomery^ and\\nwest by Grimes. The principal State penitentiary is at Huatsville, which\\nis connected by a branch railroad with Phelps, on the H. G. N. Railroad,\\nseventy-five miles from Houston. Surface of county undulating; well\\nwatered and timbered. Population in 1870, 9,776 assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $1,518,523.\\n144. Waller Created principally from Austin in 1873 named for Edwin\\nWaller. Hempstead is the county seat. It is fifty miles from Houston, on\\nthe Houston and Texas Central Railroad, and from this place the Western\\nBranch road leaves the Central for the city of Austin, 115 miles distant.\\nBounded north by Grimes, east by Harris, south by Forth Bend, and west\\nby Austin. This county has an immense body of rich land on the Brazos\\nriver and its tributaries surface flat, but affording, in the prairies, fine\\nrange for stock. Assessed value of property in 1876, $1,622,192.\\n145. Washington. Brenham, named for Dr. R. F. Brenham, is the county\\nseat. Bounded north by Lee and Burleson, east by Grimes, south by\\nAustin, and west by Fayette. In 1821, a ferry was established at Washing-\\nton by Andrew Robinson and John \\\\Y. Hall, and the families of Gates,\\nKuykeiidall, Whitesides, Byrd and others settled ii; the neighborhood. The", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0714.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "METHODIST CHTTRCII AND PARSONAGE, CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0715.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0716.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 705\\nfirst land cultivated was at Clay Place, near Independence, in 1822, by\\nMartin Vernor and Moses Shipman. Thers wei e in the neighborhood the\\nClampit, Ileiisley, Cooper, Ross, York, NVa.lker, Stei)henson, Hope, Law-\\nrence and other families. The first tract of land run off in Austin s colony\\nwas by II. Chriesman, October 1st, 1823 the tract settled and still occu-\\npied (1878) by Amos Gates. In 1828, J. P. Cole became Alcalde, and he was\\nChief Justice in 1836. The county originally extended to the Trinity on\\nthe east, and from Harris on the south to the old San Antonio road on the\\nnorth. It is one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State.\\nPopulation in 1870, 23,104; assessed value of property in 1876, $4,736,884.\\n146. Webb Created from Nueces in 1848; named for James Webb.\\nLaredo is the county seat. Bounded north by Maverick and Dimitt, east\\nby La Salle and Encinal, south by Zapata, and west by Mexico. Laredo is\\n140 miles west of Corpus Christi and 165 miles southwest of San Antonio.\\nIt was settled by Mexicans in 1740. In 1767, Governor Pelacios, of New\\nSantander, visited the place and distributed land to the settlers. To each\\nfamily he gave a lot in the town and a tract on the Rio Grande, 1,000 yards\\nin front and 30,000 in depth Tomas Sanches was appointed Alcalde.\\nFriendly relations wei e established with the Indians. The laws of the\\nRepublic were never extended over the territory west of the Nueces\\nriver. In 1842, Laredo was, for a short time, occupied by General Som-\\nervell, in command of the Texas troops. In 1846, it was again captured\\nby Captain Gillespie, of the Rangers, when on the way to join General\\nTaylor at the mouth of the river. In 1847, it was occupied by the soldiers\\nof the United States, under General Lamar. Since that time it has been\\nunder the jurisdiction of the State. It is adapted to stock-raising. Popu-\\nlation in 1870, 2,615; assessed value of property in 1876, $432,661.\\n147. Wharton Created in 1846 from Colorado, Jackson, and Matagoi-da\\ncounties; named for ^V illiam II. and J. A. Wharton. Wharton is the county\\nseat. Bounded north by Colorado and Fort Bend, east by Fort Bend, south\\nby Matagorda, and west by Jackson. Wharton, the county seat, was settled\\nby the Kincheloe family in 1822. The lands on Old Caney and Peach\\ncreeks and th.e Colorado river are considered equal to any in the State.\\nAbout one-half of the county is timbered and the other prairie. East Ber-\\nnard Station, on the Sunset Railroad, is sixty miles west of Houston.\\nPopulation in 1870, 3,426; assessed value of property in 1876, about\\n$500,000. The principal products arc corn, cotton and sugar.\\n148. Williamson Created from Milam in 1846; named for R. M. Wil\\nliamson. Georgetown, named for George W. Glasscock, is the county seat.\\nBounded north by Bell, east by Milam, south by Lee and Travis, and west\\nby Burnet. The surface is undulafing; one-third tinil^cr, rich soil, and\\nwell watered. Round Rock, on the International and Great Northern Rail-\\nroad, is seventeen miles northeast of Austin. Poi)ulation of the county iu\\n1870, 6,368; assessed value of property in 1876, $2,809,464.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0717.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "706 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n149. Wilson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created ill 1860; named for James C. Wilson. Floresville\\nis the county seat. Bounded north by Bexar and Guadakipe, east by Gon-\\nzales, south by Karnes, and west by Atascosa. The surface is gently undu-\\nlating; pretty well supplied with timber, and well adapted to agriculture or\\nstock-raising. Population in 1870, 2,556 assessed value of property in 1876,\\n$830,915. The people derive their income about equally from farming\\nand stock-raising. The soil is generally good and well watered, and the\\ntimber sufficieut for fencing, but the best building material is a fine quality\\nof stone. There are some five or six sulphur springs of superior quality,\\nand much resorted to by invalids. Corn and cotton are the leading staples\\nhere, as elsewhere in the State. Sugar-cane is grown, and tobacco succeeds\\nwell. Grapes and peaches abound; other fruits are also raised. The San\\nAntonio river passes through this county which, with the Cibolo and some\\nsmaller streams and springs, supply the county with water.\\n150. Wise.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1846 from Denton and Cooke; named for Henry\\nA. Wise. Decatur is the county seat. Bounded north by Montague, east\\nby Denton, south by Tarrant and Parker, and west by .Jack. This county is\\nin the upper cross-timbers watered by the west fork of the Trinity river\\nand contains large bodies of excellent prairie and timber land. Foi-t Worth,\\nfifty miles from Decatur, is the nearest railroad station. Population in\\n1870, 1,450 assessed value of property in )876, $897,096. Decatur is situa-\\nted some five miles northeast from the center of the county, on a tall hill\\noverlooking the broad prairie known as the Grand Prairie, extending\\nfrom the -lower to the upper cross-timbers, and spreading itself over a\\nrich and fertile country, covering the principal portion of the eastern half\\nof the countv, as well as the upper cross-timbers, spreading themselves\\nentirely over the West Fork valley, the eastern border of which reaches to\\nwithin one mile of town, covering the entire western portion of the\\ncounty. The West Fork of the Trinity river is a considerable stream Sandy\\nenters the county five miles east of the northwest corner; Denton creek\\nenters the countv fourteen west of the southeast corner; CattelFs creek\\nrises about three miles north from Decatur; Sweet-water rises about two\\nmiles southeast from town and intersects Cattell s about eight mdes east;\\nOliver rises about five miles southeast from town, and crosses the east line\\nof the county nine miles north from the southeast corner. The latter three\\nare perpetual running sreams, of pure, cool, and clear water, fed by numer-\\nous snrincrs issuing from the banks, generally not more than a half or three-\\nquarters o\u00c2\u00b0f a mile apart. Good well-water may be obtained almost anywhere\\nby digging from fifteen to twenty-five feet deep. The face of the county is\\nhio-h and broken. The streams have immense fall, and the banks are high,\\nrendering even the creek-bottoms entirely free from overflow, and hence\\nentirely free from those impurities which originate in localities where stag-\\nnated water is common. The climate is delightful. The winters are mild,\\nexcept occasional northers, which are rather severe, but seldom last\\nloncrer than twenty- four or thirty-six hours. In summer, we nearly alwaya\\nhav\u00c2\u00b0e a cool and exhilarating south breeze astir. The soil is varied from the\\nrich loam of the valleys and fertile black lauds of the high prairies to the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0718.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 707\\nchocolate-sandy in the post-oak woods. The principal timber is post-oak,\\nburr-oak, pecan, walnut, white or cedar-elm, red-elm, cotton-wood, Spanish\\noak, and some short live-oak. Each running stream through the prairie is\\nskirted along its banks with timber snfficient to furnish the prairie i^ortion\\nwith fuel and considerable fencing-timber. The county is more than half\\ntimbered.\\n151. Wood. Created from Van Zandt in 1850; named for George T.\\nWood. Quitman is the county seat. Bounded north by Hopkins and\\nFranklin, east by Upshur, soutli by Smith, and west by llains. Mineola, on\\nthe Texas and Pacific Railroad, is 111 miles westof Shreveport. Population\\nin 1870, 6,894; assessed value of property in 1876, $1,150,705. Corn, cotton,\\nwheat, oats, rye, barley, and potatoes are all produced in abundance corn\\nand cotton take the lead. The climate of Wood county is the same of all\\nthe district lying between Trinity and Red rivers. The soil is of three varie-\\nties, namely, a dark ferruginous soil, a gray sandy soil, and a dark lime soil.\\nThe first embraces the best farming portion of the county, and includes the\\nnorthern and northeastern portions of the county. The gray soil lies\\nmostly on the eastern boundary of the county, and is famous for its first\\nquality of pine timber. The black lime land lies west of the lake fork oi\\nSabine river, and includes a portion of prairie land finely adapted to farm-\\ning and grazing. The varieties of timber are oak, pine, hickory, ash,\\nwalnut, elm, bitter pecan, sweet gum, and maple. The Sabine constitutes\\nthe southern boundary of the county its tributaries are Big Sandy, Little\\nSandy, and Lake Fork; and the tributaries of Lake Fork inside of the\\ncounty are Dry creek, Caney, Running creek, and Brushy.\\n152. Young. Created from Denton and Cooke, in 1856 named for Wil-\\nliam Cocke Young; Graham, for Augustus Graham, the proprietor, is the\\ncounty seat. Bounded north by Archer, east by Jack, south by Palo Pinto\\nand Stephens, and west by Throckmorton. This is one of the most desirable\\nof the new counties in the northwestern portion of Texas having a large\\nproportion of excellent arable land. Before the late war, a military post\\nwas kept up at Fort Belknap; and the Indian reserves were on the fine\\nlands on the Brazos river, in tliis county. Graham was settled in 1875. It\\nis a station for the United States Signal Service, and is destined to become\\nan important city. Its altitude is about 1,000 feet above the sea level.\\nAssessed value of propert}^ in 1876, $892,202.\\nCorn, wheat, oats, rye and barley are the principal products of the county.\\nCotton is cultivated to a limited extent only, because the cereals pay better\\nin consequence of a nearer market. From the Belknap mountain on the\\nwest is the rolling or undulating prairie, extending one hundred miles\\nnorth to Red river. The top of Twin mountain, in the edge of town, com-\\nmands a view around of some 25 or 30 miles, circling the lofty peaks of the\\nBrazos, rich sublime and enchanting to the eye of the fortunate one. Think\\nof 120 miles of river front in this county alone, necessarily affording\\nthousands of acres of the richest bottom lands, beside abundant water.\\nThere are also a number of springs scattei-cd oyer the county. The sheep bus-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0719.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "708 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\niness is keeping pace with the progress of the age. Forty thousand head\\nhave been located within forty miles of Graham during the last six months\\ndoing well, all of them.\\n153. Zapata.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1868; named for a patriot Mexican who dis-\\ntinguished himself in the war for the establishment of the Republic ot the\\nRio Grande. Bartolo is the county seat. Bounded north by Webb and\\nEncinal, southeast by Starr, and southwest by Mexico. It is a stock-i aising\\ncounty on the Rio Grande. Population in 1870, 1,488; assessed value of\\nproperty in 1876, $458,958.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0720.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "UNORGANIZED COUNTIES.\\nBesides the vast territory included in what is called the Pan Handle,\\nthere are seventeen unorganized counties, situated in different parts of the\\nState. Some of these are rapidly settling up, and will soon be organized.\\n1. Archer.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Created in 1858; named for Dr. Branch T. Archer. A late\\nletter says On HoUiday creek, in Archer county, we found large bodies\\nof rich valley land, not an acre as yet in cultivation. We found the best\\nlarge body of land in our line of travel on this creek and its tributaries.\\nFrom Ikard s we traveled up Beaver creek, passing over a rough country,\\ncovered with mesquite brush and mesquite grass. This section is well\\nwatered and affords good shelter in winter for stock, and is a fine stock\\ncountry. There are some fine valley lands on Beaver creek, and enough\\ntimber for fire wood, but no fencing or building timber. Bounded east\\nby Clay, south by Young, west by Baylor, and north by Wichita.\\n2. Batlor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named for Henry W. Baylor bounded north by Wilbarger,\\neast by Archer; south by Throckmorton, and west by Knox. Created in\\n1858. Value of property in 1876, 816,610. It is drained nearly entirely by\\nthe Brazos river and its tributaries, Antelope, Miller s, Paint, and other\\ncreeks. The Big Wichita river passes through its northern limits from west\\nto east. The soil is red loam, in many places with veins of gypsum. The\\ncounty is generally well watered, although the elevated portion of the\\ndivides are sometimes dry, and the water of the Brazos, Big Wichita\\nand some of their tributaries is, on account of its salt and brackish taste\\nunfit for the use of man. An elevated narrow ridge divides the Brazos end\\nBig Wichita, which streams run parallel for some distance, and are at the\\nnearest point only seven miles apart. The timber is as described in Archer\\ncounty. The general character of the county is an undulating prairie, and\\nit is well adapted for pastoral and agricultural purposes. It will soon be\\norganized.\\n3. Concho.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named from its principal river, Concho (shell) created in\\n1858; value of property in 1876, $10,138.\\nThis county is situated upon the Avaters of Colorado and Concho rivers,\\nwest of McCulloch county. The northern half of this county comprises a\\nbeautiful prairie valley its prevailing timber and grass are mesquite wliilst\\nthe southern portion is hilly and broken. In this part of the county there\\nis plenty of good timber, such as live-oak, post-oak, black-jack, etc., and\\ngood limestone rock for building purposes.\\nThe soil in the south of the county is black; in the northern parts, choc-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0721.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "710 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nolate and red loam. The principal streams are, the Colorado in the north-\\neastern corner, the Concho river, with its tributaries Kickapoo, Cottonwood?\\nEola, Snake, Erika, Blanch and other creeks; Brady s creek in the south,\\nand another creek in the east of the county. Concho river is a beautiful\\nstream of clear and pure water, here from fifty to seventy-five feet wide; it\\nhas in many places considerable fall, and could turn a great amount of\\nmachinery. Along this river there is a considerable quantity of walnut,\\npecan, elin, post-oak and other timber; timber of the same kind is also\\nfound along the Colorado and the smaller streams of this county, but in less\\nquantity. \u00c2\u00b0There are a great many fine and bold running springs of pure\\nwater in the county; in fact, the Concho and all its principal branches are\\nfed by innumerable springs. Concho will be a good grain producing\\ncounty but in stock-raising, particularly sheep, it will not be surpassed.\\nIt will soon be organized.\\n4. Crockett.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named for David Crockett; created in 1875. Bounded\\non the north by Tom Green, east by Menard, Kimble and Edwards, south\\nby Kinney, and west by Presidio. This is a very large county in what is\\ncalled the mineral region. The Llano, Nueces and Devil s rivers have their\\nsources in the mountainous region of this county.\\n5. DnnTT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named for Philip Dimitt; created in 1858; value of property\\nin 1876, $4,000. Bounded north by Zavalla, east by La Salle, south by\\nWebb, and west by Maverick. This county is traversed by the Nueces\\nriver and is well adapted to grazing purposes.\\n6. Edwards.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named for Hay den Edwards; created in 1858. Bounded\\nnorth by Kimble, east by Kerr, south by Bandera and Uvalde, and west by\\nCrockett. It is rapidly settling up and will soon be organized.\\nIt is situated upon the head-waters of the Rio Frio, the Medina, Guada-\\nlupe, the east fork of the Nueces and Paint Rock creek, a tributary of the\\nLlano river, and lies west of Kerr and Bandera counties, being situated on\\nthe border of the plains, and is the fountain-head of the above-named\\nstreams. The surface of this county is very broken and cut up in rocky\\nhills and ravines.\\nSome valleys along the above streams and their tributaries, afford all the\\nland suitable for cultivation, but the whole presents a very good stock-\\nrange.\\n7. Encinal\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Means in Spanish, oak grove; created in 1858. Bounded\\nnorth by La Salle, east by Duvall, south by Zapata, and west by Webb.\\nThis is in the stock-raising region of Southwestern Texas.\\n8. Hardeman.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named for Bailey Hardeman created in 1858. Bounded\\nnorth by Greer, east by Wilbarger, south by Knox, and west by Cottle and\\nChildress.\\nThe soil of Hardeman county is a red loam, in places more or less sandy.\\nIt sustains a luxuriant growth of gamma and mesquite grass, even during", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0722.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 711\\nihe dry seasons of 1856 and 1857, The timber is scanty, and consists, along-\\nthe water courses, of elm, hackberry, cottonwood, wild China, and on the\\nhills, of mountain cedar.\\nIf less favorable as a farming county, the county will do very well for\\nstock-rising, as cattle and horses are fond of the salty river- water.\\nA land locater writes: A few miles west of Wanderer s creek are four\\nhigh mounds or peaks, from which we could see the surrounding country\\nfor miles. The tops of these mounds are covered with juniper cedar, and\\nnone of them more than fifty yards in circumference, the tops being a bed of\\ngypsum, perfectly white, and in many places made smooth by the Indians,\\nwho call these hills their medicine mounds, and the sick ones sleep on top\\nof them and use water from a gypsum or mineral spring near one of them.\\nThese hills are called by the whites in this -vicinity Prairie Dog Mountains.\\nWe found Groesbeck creek, the first above Wanderer s creek, filled with\\nfine fish. It is a bold, running stream, there had been no rain here for two\\nmonths. The water in this creek was pretty, sparkling and clear, but so\\nstrongly impregnated with gypsum that Ave found its efiects on us to be\\nsimilar to croton oil. We found two caves near the head of this creek, and\\nexplored them for some distance. The walls were of gypsum, very hard\\nand white, the caves large. We found a natural bridge, one hundred feet in\\nthickness, across a small creek running into Pease I iver on the north side.\\nThe top of the bridge was about one hundred feet wide, the bottom three\\nhundred feet, making a natural bridge for the buffalo to pass over.\\n9. Haskell. Created in 1860 named for Charles Haskell of Fannin s\\nmassacre. Bounded north by Knox, east by Throckmorton, south by\\nShackleford, and west by Stonewall. The following description is by M.\\nWickelaud, surveyor:\\n**It lies upon the Brazos river; the Main Fork and Double Mountain\\nFork of this river enter the county from the west, and their confluence is\\nnear its north line. The Clear Fork of the Brazos touches the southeast\\ncorner of Haskell county, whilst tlie other portions are well watered by\\nAteys, Paint, California, Perry s, Miller s, Antelope, Lake, and other creeks\\nand their tributaries the water in the Main and Double Mountain Fork is\\nunpalatable; there are also several ponds in the northern part of the\\ncounty.\\nIt is comparatively level, mostly undulating, mesquite prairie, though\\nthe northwestern portion of the county, along the Main Fork of the Brazos,\\nis hilly. The hills on the north side of that stream attain a considerable\\nelevation.\\nThe soil is a red loam, in many places with substrata of gypsum, of wliich\\nthere is a considerable quantity in the northwestern part of the county. I\\nalso found very rich specimens of copper ore in tliis n-gioii, of which I\\nbrought home, several times, as much as I could conveniently carry.\\nThe timber in the county consists principally in mesquite, of which\\nthere are extensive forests, and of good quality there is also found along\\nthe stream shackberry, cottonwood, mulberry, chittam, willow, etc. and in\\nthe southeastern part of the county, live-oak, post-oak, elm, and pecan;", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0723.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "712 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand along the Main Fork there is a, considerable amount of short\\ncedar.\\n10. Jones. Named for Anson Jones; created in 1858. It is bounded\\nnorth by Stonewall and Haskell, east by Shackleford, south by Taylor, and\\nwest by Fisher.\\nIt lies south of the above county, and exchasively upon the waters of the\\nClear Fork of Brazos. Some portions of tliis county are well-watered by\\nthe Clear Fork, Elm Fork, Evans creek (all clear and bold running\\nstreams), Hanover, Panther, and numerous other nameless creeks; other\\nportions jire elevated and dry. The southwestern corner of the county\\nincludes some high ranges of hills, which break off in precipitous cliffs. A\\nrange of dry sand-hills, several miles wide, runs north of and parallel with\\nthe Elm Fork.\\nThe soil is a red loam, more or less sandy, turning darker in the south-\\neastern corner of the county; good building rock (sand and limestone), is\\nfound everywhere. The timber is mostly mesquite along the water-courses\\npecan, elm, hackberry, some jjost-oak, wild China, cotton-wood etc. and on\\nthe hills in the south, live oak and cedar are to be found.\\nFort PhantomHill(now unoccupied) lies on the eastern line.\\n11. Knox. Is said to have been named for a county in Ohio is bounded\\nnorth by Hardeman, east by Baylor, south by Haskell, and west by King.\\nWas created in 1858. We copy from Mr. Wickeland s description\\nKnox county is supplied with plenty of water, but nearly all of it is\\nmost disagreeable to the taste, and some of it entirely unfit for the use of\\nman. With the exception of some of the upper bandies of Antelope and\\nLake creeks, and numerous springs along the banks of the Brazos river, all\\nthe water in the county has a brackish, bitter taste. This is owing to the\\nabundance of gypsum through all parts of the country. The water of the\\nBig Wichita and Brazos rivers is also salty from the rich deposits of this\\narticle near their sources.\\nCroton Creek is remarkable for its clear water and great abundance of\\nfish chiefly catfish from which it was named by the Indians, Fish\\nCreek. In the spring of 1856, I camped for several days with a surveying\\nparty on Croton creek, awaiting the arrival of the main camp; w e were\\nwithout provisions, and subsisted entirely on the fish and disagreeable\\nwater of Croton, and from the taste and other peculiarities of the water,\\nthe creek received its name.\\nThe coutry south of the Brazos is an extensive (slightly undulating)\\nmesquite prairie. Northwest of that stream the country is hilly and in\\nl)l:iccs very rugged and broken; a range of hills, running parallel with the\\nBig AVichita, separates the Avater of this stream from that of the Brazos\\nThe basin of the Big Wichita river is narrow and cut up in ravines and\\ndeep gullies and the river, after winding its way through the mountains,\\nmeanders through a series of rich valleys averaging one and two miles in\\nwidth. West of the Brazos, on both sides of Croton creek, is a remarka-\\nble group of hills, of which Kiomiy Peak, though not the largest, is one", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0724.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "GOVERNOR S MANSION. AUSTIN.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0725.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0726.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 715\\nof the most prominent. It is formed like a bell, not more than ten feet\\nacross the top, and is composed principally of sandstone and gypsum.\\nThere are half a dozen disconnected peaks of similar form, whose elevation\\nabove the general level is from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet.\\nThe gypsum is here predominant, and it is found in various formations,\\nfrom the transparent selenite to the hardest alabaster. I have entered caves\\nand ravines in this region, with walls of crystal, but was sometimes received\\nby panthers and bears.\\nThe soil of this county is a red loam, in some places more or less sandy\\nthe rivers have quicksand beds, and are fordable only in a few places.\\nThe timber is chiefly mesquite, and on the hillsides some mountain cedar\\nis to be found. The remaining stumps and roots indicate that there must\\nhave been extensive forests of this timber, and trees of the largest size that\\nwei e destroyed by fire. There is but little timber along the banks of the\\nstreams, only occasionally a grove of cedar, pos.-oak, hackberry, wild\\nChina, cottonwood, etc. About half of the county will make a very good\\ngrain country, but the whole is a most excellent range for horses, sheep, and\\ncattle.\\n12. La Salle. Named for Mous. De La Salle; created in 1858. It is\\nbounded north by Frio, east by M Mullen, south by Encinal, and west by\\nWebb and Dimitt. One of the grazing counties of the Southwest; watered\\nby the Nueces and Frio rivers. Old Fort Ewell is near the Southern bound-\\nary of the county.\\n13. Runnels. Named for Hiram G. Runnels, ex-Governor of Mississippi.\\nBounded north by Taylor, east by Coleman, south by Concho, and west by\\nTom Green. Was created in 1868. In 1876, the assessed value of property\\nwas $1,280. It is well watered by the Colorado river and its tributaries\\nOak, Fish, Valley, Mulatto, Spring, Red, Black, and Flora crocks and in\\nthe South by some smaller branches of the Concho river. The Colorado is\\nhere at common stage of water a clear, bold running stream the water is\\nslightly brackish, still not entirely unfit for use all the smaller streams\\nfurnish plenty of pure water.\\nThe Southern half of the county is a comparatively level prairie, whilst\\ntoward the north and northwest the surface becomes elevated and hilly.\\nThe soil varies from a red loam to dark chocolate. There is a large amount\\nof good land, and altogether this is an excellent county for pastoral and\\nagricultural i)urposes.\\nTimber is plentiful, especially in the northern part, and consists chiefly\\nof mesquite, live-oak, post-oak, blackjack, walnut, pecan, hackberry, cotton-\\nwood, etc.\\nFort Chadbourne is located upon the east bank of Oak creek, outside,\\nbut within a short distance of the western boundary of this county.\\n14. Taylor. Named for the Taylor family; created in 1858. Bounded\\nnorth by Jones, east by Callahan, south by Runnels, and west by Nolan.\\nA German colony has recently purchased land, and settled in this county.\\n39", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0727.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "716 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nIt will soon be organized. The county comprises the country upon the\\nhead waters of the Clear Fork of Brazos, the sources of Pecan bayou, Jim\\nNed, and several other creeks, tributaries of the Colorado. The above\\nstreams furnish plenty of good water.\\nOnly about half of the lands of Taylor county may be recommended as\\ngood fo** farming purposes these include the valleys along the numerous\\nstreams, but the whole of it presents a superior stock-range. The section\\nof the country north of the Clear Fork is elevated, hilly, and rocky; and\\nthere is another group of hills in the Southwestern corner, of which Church\\nIlountaiti is, perhaps, the most conspicuous. Portions of the county are\\nthickly timbered with trees of the best kind and largest size such as live-\\noak, post-oak, mesquite, and cedar the timber along the water-courses is\\nin this and the adjoining counties all alike pecan, hackberry, cottonwood,\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00actc.\\nThe soil in Taylor county varies from dark i-ed to chocolate and black\\nsandy. The limestone formation is predominant, but there is also sand-\\nstone in the hills around Church Mountain, and several other places.\\n15. Throckmorton. Named for Doctor William E. Throckmorton;\\ncreated in 1858. Bounded north by Baylor, east by Young, south by\\nStevens and Shackleford, and west by Haskell.\\nThe Clear Fork of Brazos is the principal stream it enters the county\\nnear its southwest corner, and meanders through the southern portion of it.\\nBesides this, the county is watered by California, Paint, Moss, Cramps,\\nRust s, Crane, Hester s creeks, and other small branches; tributaries of the\\nClear Fork and Elm, Boggy, Race, Antelope, etc., creeks, tributaries of the\\nmain Brazos. The country along the Clear Fork and in the eastern portion of\\nthe county, is hilly, but the whole of it is well timbered. The timber con-\\nsists of the same kinds described in Taylor county. The soil varies from\\nred loam in the north of the county to black with a substratum of clay iu\\nthe southern portion along the Clear Fork. The county is well adapted to\\nthe production of wheat and small grain generally, and is a superior country\\nfor stock-raising. In fact, the region of country watered by the Clear Fork\\nof Brazos and its tributanes is pre-eminently adapted to this business the\\ncattle grow lai-ger and fatter, and it appears come to maturity about one\\nyear sooner than in other parts of the State.\\n16. Wichita. Indian name; created in 1858. Bounded north by Indian\\nTerritory, east by Clay, south bj^ Archer, and west by Wilbarger.\\n17. Wilbarger Named for the Wilbarger family created 1858. Bound-\\ned north by Indian Territory, east by Wichita, south by Baylor, and west\\nby Hardeman, (Wickelanil).\\nThese counties are located on the south bank of Red river and Prairie-\\ndog-town river, the former separating them from the Indian Territory.\\nThe character of land, water and timber is the same in both counties, and\\nthey are therefore described as one body. The surface of the two counties\\nforms a nearly uninterrupted rolling prairie, covered with a heavy growth", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0728.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 717\\nof luxuriant and nutritious grasses. Within the limits of Wilbarger county,\\nfour miles above the northwest corner of AVlchita coijttty7 is the junction of\\nPease and Red rivers, and eight miles northwest^ the said corner is the\\nconfluence of the latter and the Kechee-aque-hono or Prairie-dog-town\\nriver. The bed of Red river at this point is about 500, that of the otlier about\\n500 yards wide but Red river furnishes the most water, and is always run-\\nning, when Prairie-dog river is frequently dry during the summer. The bed\\nof Red river at the mouth of Pease river is a mile wide, and with the clouds\\nof dust and quicksand, stirred up by every breeze, resembles a Sahara\\nen miniature.\\nWilbarger and Wichita counties are well watered by bold running streams\\nand innumerable limpid and pure springs. Pease river enters Wilbarger\\ncounty from the west and runs in a nearly direct course to its junction with\\nRed river. Wanderer s creek is a tributary of Prairie-dog-town river, and\\na very crooked stream, winding its way through a beautiful valley of rich\\nlands. The Big Wichita river crosses the south line of Wilbarger county,\\nand flows in a northeast course through this and the center of Wichita\\ncounty it is a bold running stream, but very crooked the water has a\\nyellowish color, and of a strong brackish taste. I have obtained tolerable\\ngood water by digging holes in the quicksand of the river bed the Indians\\nsometimes follow the same process. Beaver creek is a large tributary of the\\nBig Wichita, and a magnificent stream. From its sources in Hardeman\\ncounty to its junction Avith that river, it waters one of tlie richest and most\\nfertile valleys in the State. The main creek and its numerous branches and\\ntributaries are skirted with a fine growth of timber; other water courses in\\nWilbarger county are Jenny s, Minna s, Lilly s, Burke s, McGee s, and\\nnumerous others, branches of Beaver creek; Reed s and other smaller\\ncreeks, tributaries of Big AYichita, and a number of creeks flowing into Red\\nriver. In Wichita county are Gilbert s creek, a tributary of Red river\\nPlum, Baxter s, Buffalo or Tanahah, Holliday and otiier creeks, branches of\\nBig Wichita and Beaver creek. The Little Wichita flows through the south-\\neast corner of the county.\\nSome of the finest springs of pure water may be found along the banks\\nof Red river. Pease and Prairie-dog river. The St. Andrew Springs, near\\ntlie mouth of Pease river, have gained a reputation and have become a\\ncamping place of military and sinweying expeditions.\\nThe soil of both counties is a rich red loam, in the elevated portions rocky\\nand gravelly. The country in the forks of Pease and Red river is elevated,\\nand hilly at the mouth of Prairie-dog-town river. In these hills there are\\nmany brooks of pure water and cool and limpid springs one of the finest\\nis Pearl Spring. To the admirer of the sublime and beautilnl, I can\\ni-ecommend a visit to this region of country; a most magnificent view pre-\\nsents itself at sunrise to a person standing on the precipitous hills west of\\nthe moutii of tiie Kechee-aque-hono. The Wichita mountains rise in large\\ndark-blue masses from the apparently unlimited carpet of bright buffalo and\\nmesquite grasses. By the dark foliage of tiie timber, you can follow the\\ncourse of tortuous streams and copy a map of the country from the original\\nplot. The mountains appear not very distant, and you propose a short ride", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0729.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "718 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nstill, from your high stand, at the mouth of the Kechee-aque-hono, you\\nwill find it fully twenty miles to the nearest mountains. But do not imag-\\nine this extensive prairie a region of dull monotony! the picture is\\nanimated by droves of mustangs and herds of buffaloes, deer, and antelopes\\nand occasionally chasing Indians will set the whole in motion with the\\nsound of distant thunder.\\nThe timber iu Wichita and Wilbarger counties consists chiefly of mesquite,\\nof which there are extensive forests it covers half of Wichita county.\\nAlong the water courses, especially along Beaver creek and the Little\\nWichita, walnut, pecan, post-oak, chittam, wild China, hackberry, cotton-\\nwood, etc., are found. There is also good building rock in different parts\\nof the county; in Wichita county copper ore of a rich quality was found.\\nIn 1852, Dr. Shumard. one of the State Geologists, found specimens of the\\nsame ore on the opposite bank of Red river. There can be no doubt but\\nthat this county Avill equal any i^ortion of Texas or the United States as a\\ngrain country, and for stock-raising it will equal the range upon the Clear\\nFork of Brazos\\nIn conclusion we will remark, that the eastern border of the red lands of\\nWestern Texas {Bed Loam) is on a nearly dii-ect line drawn from, the\\nmouth of the Little Wichita to the junction of the Concho and Colorado,\\nand thence in the same course to the Rio Grande. The rich red land bottoms\\nof the lower Red river were carried away in small particles from the High-\\nlands of the West.\\nRain is sometimes scarce in the new counties of the northwest when the\\nlower country has plenty of it at other seasons, the northwestern country is\\nflooded when other portions of the State suffer from the drought. For\\ninstance, in the summer of 1857, when the whole country suffered from the\\nextreme drought, the rains were excessive during the months of July and\\nAugust in the country between the Upper Red river and the Brazos these\\nstreams were level with the banks, and sometimes impassable. It is thought\\nthat such rains are pretty regular and account for the June rises in Red\\nriver and Brazos these are certainly not caused by the melting of snow\\nin the mountains, as was formerly supposed.\\nGreer.* Named for John A. Greer created in 1860 lies north of\\nGreer county, containing? 3.4S0 square miles, or 2,227,200 acres, is claimed by the\\nUnited States as having been ceded to the Government by the Choctaws and Chicka-\\nsaws, by a treaty, April 28th, ISGG. (See report of the Secretary of the Interior, for\\n1877, page 76.) This might be a valid title, provided tlie land belonged to the Indians.\\nlUit in ISGO, when the Commissioners on the part of Texas, were engaged iu marking\\nUnit line, AV^illiam II. Russell, the Texas Commissioner, absolutely refused to admit the\\nboundaries claimed by the Indians and at first the United States Commissioner agreed\\nthat the north fork should be regarded as the main fork of Red river. This gave Greer\\ncounty to Texas. In the old maps, Upt)er Red river is laid down as the Keche-ah-que.\\nbono; and is designated by a crooked line, with no tributaries laid down. This is the\\ncase in Nohsh s map, used by John Quuicy Adams, in 1810; and Disturnell s map, used\\nat Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 1848. Texas churns the north fork because that stream cor-\\nresponds more nearly with the general course of Red river, th:ui the middle or south\\nforks; and the course of the north fork was more directly in the direction of the desig-\\nnated initial corner, at the point where the lOOtli meridian of longitude crossed tiie\\nthu ty-six-thirty parallel of latitude.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0730.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 719\\nHardeman and Wilbarger counties. This county is still in dispute being\\nclaimed both by the United States and Texas.\\nThe Pan-Handle, or Llano Estacado. The Legislature, in 1876, laid\\noff fifty-four counties in this immense region of the State. Some of these\\ncounties are already filling up with settlements. The town of Clarendon\\nhas been laid off in Donley county, of which a newspaper account says:\\nFine fields of wild grass abound along the streams and on the uplands of\\nDonley county. These fields will for the first time this year be harvested by\\na mowing machine. The present field crops now growing in Donley\\ncounty are corn, oats, millet and beans. These are growing finely in\\nthe freshly-broken sod ground They have a growth at present equal\\nto that of equal age in the older States. Water can be reached in Don-\\nley county at a depth varying from ten to forty feet on the valleys and\\nlower uplands, and about fifty to seventy-five feet on the highest lands. On\\nthe farming lands generally a well need not be deeper than forty feet.\\nClarendon has a splendid mill site in the limits of the town.\\nThe following are the names given to these counties: Andrews, for\\nRichard Andrews, killed at the battle of Concepcion; Armstrong, for a\\npioneer family Bailey, for an Alamo victim Borden, for Gail Borden, Jr.\\nBriscoe, for Andrew Briscoe Castro, for Henry Castro, Empresario Car-\\nson, for P. Carson, of Burnet s Cabinet Childress, for George C. Childress,\\nwho wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1836 Cockran, for a victim\\nof the Alamo; CoUinsworth, for James Collinsworth Cottle, for C. W.\\nCottle, of the Alamo; Crosby, for Stephen Crosby; Dawson, for Nicholas\\nDawson (Deaf Smith) Donley, for Stockton P. Donley Fisher, for S. Rhoads\\nFisher; Floyd, for a victim of the Alamo Gains, for James Gains, of Gains\\nFerry; Garza, for an old Spanish family; Gray, for Peter W. Gray; Hale,\\nfor J. C. Hale, of San Jacinto; Hall, for Warren D. C.Hall; Hansford,\\nfor James M. Hansford, Speaker of the House of Representatives; Hartley,\\nfor O. C. and R. K. Hartley; Hemphill, for John Hemphill; Howard, for\\nv. E. Howard; Hutchinson, for Andrew Hutchinson Kent, for an Alamo\\nvictim; King, for a victim of the Alamo; Lamb, for Lieutenant Lamb,\\nkilled at Sun Jacinto Lynn, for a victim of the Alamo Lubbock, for T. S.\\nLubbock Martin, for Wiley Martin IMitchell, for Asa and Eli Mitchell\\nMoore, for Commodore E. W. Moore Motley, for Dr. Wm. Motley Nolan,\\nfor Philip Nolan Ochiltree, for W. B. Ochiltree Oldham, for W. S. Old-\\nham Parmer, for Martin Parmer Potter, for Robert Potter, of the navy\\nRandall, fur a soldier; Roberts, for John S. Roberts; Scurry, for W. R.\\nScurry; Sherman, for Sidney Sherman; Stonewall, for T. J. Jackson:\\nSwisher, for James G. Swisher; Terry, for Frank Terry; Wheeler, for\\nRoyal T. Wheeler; and Yoakum, for Henderson Yoakum, historian.\\nIn the general divisions of Texas, in Part 1, we gave a description of this\\nmost interesting, though little known, part of our State, by Colonel Shatter,\\nwho entered it from Fort Concho, on the south. We add some further\\nnotices of the country by persons who entered x ia Red river, on the north.\\nMr. Wickeland and Colonel Emory were connected with the boundary survey\\nin 1859-60", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0731.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "720 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMr. Wickeland estimates the area as 27,250 square miles. He divides the\\nPanhandle as follows: 1st, the southeast part, embracing the upper basin,\\nor valley of Red river 2d, the southwest part, including a portion of Llano\\nEstacado, and 3d, the northern part, watered by the Canadian and its trib-\\nutaries. The first part is mostly fertile, embracing the rich alluvial valley\\nof Red river, making an area of about six thousand square mileSj or near\\nfour millions of acres, from eight hundred to one thousand feet lower than\\nthe plain on the west.\\nThe great width of the plain of the Estacado, west of the sources of\\nRed river, is one hundred and twenty-five miles. It is more or less a roll-\\ning prairie, with an elevation of 4,000 to 4,500 feet above the ocean,\\nand is highest near New Mexico on the west. Want of rains greatly impair\\nits value for agriculture, but, with the exception of some sandy and gravelly\\nbelts, it is covered with a thick growth of gamma and other grasses, afford-\\ning fine pasturage to almost unlimited herds throughout the year. Mr.\\nWickeland says a great portion of this region may be profitably cultivated\\nby using the water that forms into ponds in the depressions after the rains.\\nThe soil is a red loam or clay, more or less sandy. But little is known of\\nthat part of the Panhandle north of the South Fork of Red river. Mr.\\nWickeland explored the country along the boundary line between the Indian\\nTei ritory and the Panhandle, but thinks, as near as he could judge, that the\\ntrue boundary, or the 100th meridian of longitude, is about one degree west\\nof where it was located by Captain Marcy, of the United States Engineers.\\nFollowing Marcy s line, the Canadian is one hundred and five miles north\\nfrom Red river.\\nThe northern portion of the Panhandle is a succession of high rolling\\nprairies, intersected by the numerous narrow valleys of small streams. Tlie\\nprincipal streams are the South and North Forks of the Canadian, Dry\\nriver, the Mesquit creek, and other tributaries of the South Canadian. The\\nNorth Fork has its source in Texas, near the northern boundary, and runs\\nnearly due east. The South Fork comes from the canons of the Rocky\\nMountains, in New Mexico, enters Texas from the west, and also proceeds\\nnearly east.\\nThe Panhandle is only moderately supplied with timber. The wide prai-\\nries are relieved of their monotony by an occasional view of timber growing\\non the banks of the streams and marking their course. Sometimes, also, fine\\ngroves of trees are found on the elevated lands and in ravines, and on the\\nbanks of the Canadian, and here are found excellent cedar, post and bur-\\noak. A few miles north of Marcy s boundary line, on the north bank of\\nthe Soutn Canadian, Mr. Wickeland saw a large forest of oak timber, speak-\\ning of which Lieutenant Abert says: On the 27th of September, in Long.\\n99\u00c2\u00b0 ir, on the north side of the Canadian, I passed through a country\\ncompletely covered with a dense growth of oak, commonly called black-\\njack. This forest stretches back from the river as far as the eye can reach.\\nMr. AV. says that the Antelope Hills lie on the south bank of the Cana-\\ndian, near marking the lOOth meridian, and are sometinies called the\\nboundary hills. Tlie hills are about 100 to 130 feet higli, with a table of\\nsand-stone about fifteen feet thick. They are not situated on the same me-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0732.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "COUNTY SKETCHES. 721\\nridian with the Wichita Mountains, as represented on the maps, and persons\\nlooking for them will be disappointed.\\nA considerable portion of the Panhandle is included in what is called the\\nGypsum Formation. The eastern limits of the Gypsum Formation extend\\nfi-om the sources of the Colorado, in a northeast direction, over the heads of\\nEed river, and crossing the Canadian about two hundred miles west of Fort\\nSmith. This formation is seen in every river bed and caiion as far west as\\nColorado Chiquite, in New Mexico. Wheat and other small grain may be\\nsuccessfully cultivated along the waters of Eed river and the Canadian.\\nThis whole country is admirably adapted to fruits and the grape, and to\\nstock-raising. Mr. Wickeland says he found wild grapes, plums, currants,\\netc., in abundance in all parts of the Panhandle.\\nMajor Emory says: In no part of the world does this luscious fruit (the\\ngrape) flourish with greater luxuriance than in the upper valley of the Rio\\nGrande as far down as the Presidio del Norte, and the same general char-\\nacter of the soil and climate extends to the Panhandle. Mr. Wickeland\\nvisited the Canadian in June and July, 1856, when the whole country west\\nof the Mississippi was suffering from a severe drouth, and he says; Not-\\nwithstanding this drouth, portions of the country were literally covered\\nwith plums and grape-vines loaded with most delicious fruit. Of grapes, I\\nfound two different kinds, both small and sweet, and of a dark blue color.\\nThe plums were frequently an inch in diameter, sweet and of a light yellow\\nand red color, shghtly diflTei ing from the Chickasaw plum. In fact, I went\\non this tour with nine whites and six Indians, without any provisions, and\\nshort of ammunition, and we lived for four weeks entirely on buffalo and\\nfruits. Persons visiting the Panhandle country in fact, the whole of\\nNorthwestern Texas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 will be delighted with the balmy and salubrious air.\\nThe mean temperature in summer I found to be 80 to 82 In the warmest\\nseasons the thermometer hardly ever rises to 95\u00c2\u00b0, and even then the heat is\\nmitigated by the refreshing southern breezes, making the nights cool and\\ndelightful.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0733.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0734.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "COURT HOUSE. FORT WORTH.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0735.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0736.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "Part X.\\nT^l\\\\e S^ridulttLfe, jViki^ufkdtui e^, doir\\\\ir\\\\efde\\nAKD\\nf^ublid Ii\\\\^titutioi\\\\^ of \u00c2\u00a5exk^.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0737.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0738.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.\\nCotton. As cotton furnishes our leading article of export, we place it\\nfirst among our agricultural products. Colonel Jared E. Groce, one of the\\nearliest of Austins colonists, brought cotton seed with him to the Brazos\\nriver in 1821. In 1825 Colonel Groce erected a cotton gin, the first in\\nTexas. The next year the Austins built one on the west side of the\\nBrazos river, about ten miles above Columbia. This was subsequently\\nburned, and the place has been known as the Burnt Gin Place. About the\\nsame time, Robert H. Williams built one on Old Caney, in Matagorda\\ncounty. The staple was then packed in bales ot fifty and one hun-\\ndred pounds, and transported to the Rio Grande on mules; 250 pounds\\nconstituting a mule load. In 1831 Edwin Waller sent a schooner load of\\ncotton from the mouth of the Brazos to Matamoras. The cotton sold for\\nsixty-two and a half cents per pound. Such was the rapid increase in the\\nproduction of this crop that in 1834 it was estimated that the cotton for\\nthat year sold for $600,000. Cotton then brought an exorbitant price.\\nWe have no statistics showing the number of bales annually produced\\nduring the Republic, from 1836 to 1847. In 1848 the cotton crop amounted\\nto 39,774 500 pound bales; in 1819, 38,824 bales; 1850, commercial esti-\\nmate 31,405 bales reported in the U. S. census tables, 58,072. la 1851,\\n45,900 bales; 1852, 62,433 bales; 1853, 85,790 bales; 1854, 110,325; 1855,.\\n80,739; 1856, 116,078; 1857, estimated, 200,000; 1859, 400,000 bales. In i860\\nthe census tables place the crop at 421,463 bales a large estimate. We\\nhave no reliable statistics of the crop during the war. The commercial esti-\\nmate for 1865 was 188,810 bales; 1866, 191,720; 1867, 117,810; 1868, 148,083;\\n1869,246,846; 1870, commercial estimate, 319,274 census report, 350,628\\nbales; 1871,293,450; 1872, 343,450; 1873, 487,771. We have no statistics\\nof the crop of the State of a later date than 1873. It is generally conceded\\nthat two-thirds of the cotton crop passes through Galveston. The amount\\nof cotton received at that point since 1873 is as follows: 1874, 354,927\\nbales; 1875, 465,529; 1876, 491,981. In 1877 the crop Avas cut short by the\\nworms, and the receipts at Galveston were only 451,137 bales. The crop\\nfor 1878 is unusually promising, and it is likely that Galveston will receive\\nfully 600,000 bales. If this is but two-thirds of the crop we may count\\nupon producing this year 800,000 bales, constituting Texas the first cotton\\nproducing State on the continent.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0739.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "728 AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.\\nCorn. As corn, all things considered, is the most valuable and indis-\\npensable crop, we give the report of our corn crop for different decades,\\nas found in the U. S. census reports. In 1850 the crop amounted to\\n6,828,826 bushels; in 1860 to 16,600,702 bushels; and in 1870 to 20,554,538\\nbushels.\\nOats. The census reports give our crop of oats in 1850 at 199,017\\nbushels; in 1860 at 955,865; and in 1870 at 762,693 bushels. Since that\\nperiod there has been a rapid increase in the Texas oat crop. In 1876 large\\nshipments were made from Galveston to New Orleans.\\nPotatoes. The reports of the potato crop, both Irish and sweet, are so\\nmeager that we hardly deem it necessary to reproduce the figures. But\\nthe average production of over 100 bushels to the acre, shows that this is\\nboth a reliable and profitable crop. As increased attention is paid to gar-\\ndening, and our crops become more diversified, potatoes, both Irish aud\\nsweet, will form no inconsiderable item in our agricultural j)roducts.\\nSugar and Molasses. Immense tracts of our alluvial bottom lands, near\\nthe coast, are admirably adapted to the px oduction of the ribbon cane but\\na variety of influences have prevented our farmers from going extensively\\ninto its culture. It has, however, been tried sufiiciently to demonstrate the\\nreliability of this crop, and its adaptation to our soil and climate. Its cul-\\nture was introduced almost simultaneously with the Anglo-American\\ncolonists. In 1830, Mr. Williams, of Liberty, manufactured forty hogsheads\\nof sugai Soon after this, cane was planted on the Brazos river in Brazo-\\nria county, and in Matagoi da county on the Colorado. In 1850 the sugar\\ncrop amounted to 2,782 hhds. and 2,427 barrels molasses. In 1855 the\\ncrop had increased to 4,721 hhds, sugar, and 4,728 barrels molasses. In\\n1856 an early frost killed the cane, and the next year the sugar crop fell off\\nto 124 hogsheads, with a corresponding falling off in the production of\\nmolasses. Since that period the production has been somewhat variable.\\nIn 1868, 1,800 hogsheads were produced; in 1870, 2,200; in 1871, 1,000; in\\n1872, 700 in 1873, 800 in 1874, 1,144 and there has been a steady increase\\nsince that period. The introduction of evaporators and cheaper machinery\\nfor handling and grinding the cane, is stimulating the production, and\\nlarge numbers of small farmers are beginning to plant cane.\\nTobacco. This has been raised in all parts of the State, from the earliest\\nsettlement of the country. During the colonial period, a bill was introduced\\nin the Legislature of the State atSaltillo, prohibiting the raising of tobacco,\\nas the govei nment derived a considerable revenue from the monopoly of\\ntrade in the article. In this bill, an exception was made in favor of Aus-\\ntin s colonists, who, at the request of the Texas delegate, were each permit-\\nted to plant one peck of seed to raise tobacco for his own use. The\\nagricultural report estimates that Texas produces an aggregate of 500\\npounds of tobacco to the acre. Experiments have demonstrated that the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0740.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL EEPOETS.\\n729\\nfinest quality of tobacco used in the manufacture of Havana cigars can be\\nproduced here. The State may, and probably in time will, produce mil-\\nlions of pounds of tobacco per annum.\\nWheat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This great cereal grows luxuriantly over more than one-half of\\nthe State. The census report places the wheat crop of 1850 at 41,720 bush-\\nels: 1860 at 1,478,345: and in 1870 at 1,414,103 bushels. The report from\\nthe Agricultural Bureau estimates tlie crop of 1870 at 1,225,600 bushels;\\n1872 at 1,377,000 bushels. A carefully prepared estimate of the crop in\\n1877 announces that in eighteen grain-producing counties of Northern Texas\\nthe yield was of wheat 3,277,600 bushels; of oats 6,757,500 bushels; and\\nof barley 1,125,000 bushels; and this is but little over half the amount of\\nthese crops in the State. The common wheat is subject to rust, in wet sea-\\nsons hence, some years the yield is very light. The Agricultural Depart-\\nment estimates the average yield per aci-e in 1868 at only eight bushels in\\n1872 eighteen and a half bushels and in 1875 at twenty-five bushels per\\nacre.\\nWe copy the following estimate of the Texas wheat crop from the annual\\nreview of the market, in the Galveston Neivs of September 15, 1878:\\nAs a wheat-growing State,^Texas is destined, at no very distant day, to\\nbecome one of the foremost, if not the foremost in the Union. Yet\\nwhile we may appropriately speculate upon her vast capabilities, it will\\nperhaps subserve no good end to exaggerate.what she has done and is doing\\nin this respect.\\nThe wheat crops of our State since 1875, inclusive\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and previously to\\nthat year it is hardly worth while to take note for our present purpose-\\nhas been greatly over-estimated. The crop of 1875 was a good one as to yield\\nand excellent as to quality, and that year may be regarded as the initial\\nperiod of Texas s successful wheat-growing and milling; for the reputation\\nmade by her that year was so encouraging as to stimulate and cause a rapid\\nincrease of the acreage of wheat and her milling capacity.\\nThe crop, however, in the following year, 1876, notwithstanding an in-\\ncreased acreage though less than promised, on account of the threatening\\nattitude of the grasshoppers about sowing time\u00e2\u0080\u0094 yielded a considerably\\nsmaller return than that of 1875, the season being less favorable, nor was\\nthe grain so good.\\nThe crop of 1877 was still smaller than that of 1876, the rust having cut\\nit short by almost totally destroying the late wheat. Nor was the grain\\nany better than that of 1876.\\nThe crop of the present year, 1878, is perhaps larger than that of 1875,\\nand therefore the largest ever raised in Texas. The grain is also, so far as\\nnatural development is concerned, of excellent quality but, much to be\\nregretted, suffered very great damage by protracted wet weather following\\nclosely after the harvest. Very much of this damage is due to the slothful-\\nness and trust-to luck policy of many farmers. Instead of removing the\\nwheat from the shock and housing or stacking as quickly as possible, many,\\nto save a very trifling amr.unt of labor, left it in the shock awaiting the\\nthresher\u00e2\u0080\u0094 thus laying it liable to be caught, as was the case this year, in a", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0741.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "730\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nprotracted wet spell, when it becomes impossible to rescue it from damage\\nor destruction. Much good wheat remains, however, and it is hoped\\nenough to keep our mills running the better part or all of the season.\\nAfter considerable investigation, we feel warranted in estimating the\\ncrops of the State as follows: 1875, 3,000,000 bushels; 1876, 2,000,000; 1877,\\n1,500,000; and that of 1878, say 3,500,000 at the outside.\\nThe quality of Texas wheat is probably unsurpassed it weighs heavily,\\nit being a common thing to weigh 63 pounds to the bushel, and millers say\\nthat for its looks, its turns out better, stronger flour than any other. It is\\nsusceptible of great improvement by careful selection of seed and more\\ncareful cleaning and grading for market. Thus treated, much of it would\\ngrade No. 1 in St Louis.\\nThe Agricultural Department at Washington publishes annually a report of\\nthe most important crops. These I qports are rather meagre and imper-\\nfect; but we copy a table showing the estimated production of the follow-\\ning articles for a number of years:\\nProducts.\\n1867.\\nCorn\\nWheat\\nRve\\nOats\\nBarley\\nPotatoes.\\nTobacco\\nHay\\n.bushels\\n....do....\\n....do....\\n....do....\\n....do....\\n...do...\\n.pounds.\\ntons\\nTotal\\ny\\n20,716.000\\n794,000\\n100.000\\n813,000\\n41,000\\n303,000\\n110.000\\n17,000\\n28.2\\n9,5\\n16.3\\n23.5\\n24.8\\n130.3\\n500\\n1.7\\n634.604\\n88.07.S\\n6,134\\n34.595\\n1.653\\n2,325\\n220.000\\n10,000\\n873,141\\nSo\\n3. 2\\n1 80\\n1 28\\n79\\n1 10\\n69\\n25\\n16 00\\n15.537,000\\n1,500,660\\n128,000\\n642.670\\n45,100\\n209.007\\n27.500\\n282,200\\n818.371800\\n1868.\\nIndian corn\\nWheat\\nRye\\nOats\\nBailey\\nPotatoes\\nTobacco\\nHav\\n.bushels\\n....do...\\n....do...\\n....do...\\ndo...\\n....do...\\n.pounds.\\ntons\\nTotal\\n21,337,000\\n389,000\\n93,000\\n861.000\\n33,000\\n340,000\\n111.000\\n17.300\\n25\\n6\\n11.8\\n26.6\\n11\\n61\\n460\\n1.25\\n853.480\\n$0 62\\n64,833\\n2 25\\n7,881\\n1 59\\n32.368\\n90\\n3.000\\n2 16\\n5.573\\n1 50\\n238\\n32\\n13.840\\n10 00\\n981,213\\n13.228,940\\n875,250\\n147.870\\n774.900\\n510,000\\n35.520\\n173.000\\n15,816,760", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0742.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.\\n731\\nProducts.\\n1869.\\nQi\\nO\\n3\\nO\\nt-i\\na\\na\\na\\nfl o\\nu\\na\\n.2\\n3\\no\\nH\\nIndian Com\\n.bushels\\n23,000,000\\n1,250,000\\n103.000\\n1,250,000\\n(30,000\\n400,000\\n29\\n11.1\\n17.3\\n28.4\\n26.6\\n112\\n793,103\\n112,012\\n5,953\\n44,014\\n2.255\\n3,571\\nf 73\\n1 70\\n1 10\\n70\\n1 04\\n1 60\\n16,790,000\\n2,125.000\\n113,300\\n875.O00\\n62,400\\n640,000\\nWheat\\nRve\\nOats\\nBarley\\nPotatoes\\nTobacco\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo...\\n...pounds.\\nHay\\n.tons\\n28,000\\n1.69\\n16,568\\n14 18\\n397,040\\nTotal\\n978,076\\n21.002.740\\n1870.\\nIndian Corn\\nWheat\\nRye\\nOats\\n..bushels.\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo\\n23,690,000\\n1,225.000\\n95.000\\n1,500,000\\n54,000\\n400,000\\n26.5\\n11.7\\n19.1\\n21.6\\n30\\n128\\n893,962\\n104,700\\n4,973\\n69.444\\n1,800\\n3,125\\n1 06\\n1 73\\n1 11\\n1 00\\n1 33\\n1 33\\n25,111,400\\n2,119 250\\n105.450\\n1,500.000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a271,820\\n532,000\\nBarley\\nPotatoes\\nTobacco\\ndo....\\ndo....\\n..pounds.\\nHay\\n.tons\\n25,000\\n1.60\\n15,625\\n15 36\\n384,000\\n1,093,629\\n29 S ^o 9-^0\\n1871\\nWheat\\nOats\\nPotatoes\\n..bushels..\\ndo....\\ndo....\\n.....do....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\n...pounds..\\n20,847,000\\n551,000\\n42,000\\n675,000\\n42,000\\n220,000\\n19\\n11.5\\n12.1\\n25.1\\n20\\n105\\n1,097,210\\n47,913\\n3,471\\n26,892\\n2,100\\n2,095\\n1 11\\n1 97\\n1 65\\n1 04\\n1 35\\n1 85\\n23,140,170\\n1,085,470\\n69.300\\n702. OUO\\n56,700\\n407,000\\nHay\\ntons\\n22,500\\n1.07\\n21,0l 8\\n24 33\\n547,425\\nTotal\\n1,200,709\\n90 008 065\\n1872.\\nIndian Corn\\nWheat\\nRye\\nOats\\nBarley\\nPotatoes\\nTobacco\\n.bushels..\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\n.pounds.\\n1\\n27,934,000\\n1,377,000\\n54,000\\n783.000\\n51,000\\n270,000\\n25.3\\n18.5\\n17.2\\n25.4\\n26\\n110\\n1,104,110\\n74,432\\n3,139\\n30,826\\n2,040\\n2,454\\n43\\n1 65\\n1 38\\n81\\n1 00\\n1 89\\n12.011.620\\n2,272,050\\n74.520\\n034.230\\n61 000\\n510,300\\nHay\\ntons\\n34,400\\n1.13\\n30,442\\n13.52\\n465.088\\n1,247,443\\n10,018.808\\nWheat\\nOats\\nPotatoes\\n..bushels.\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo....\\ndo\\n28.016,000\\n1,474,000\\n40.000\\n1,118.000\\n63,000\\n233.000\\n141.000\\n62,000\\n19\\n12.5\\n13\\n27.2\\n70\\n750\\n1.40\\n1,474,526\\n117,920\\n3,077\\n41,103\\n2,005\\n3.32S\\nl,s8\\n44,286\\n75\\n1 35\\n1 11\\n84\\n86\\n1 49\\n22.5\\n10 92\\n21,012.000\\n1,989,!)00\\n44.400\\n939.120\\n54,180\\n347 170\\nHay\\n...pounds..\\n.tons\\n31,725\\n677,040\\nTotal\\n1,686,493\\n25,095,535", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0743.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "ASYLUMS.\\nIn August, 1856, the Legislature set apart one hundred thousand acres of\\nland each, for asylums for lunatics, for the blind, the deaf and dumb, and for\\norphans. The same Act appropriated $50,000 for the lunatic asylum, and\\n$10,000 each, for the blind, and the deaf and dumb.\\nAsylum, Blind.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1857, a site for this institution was selected in the\\nnorth-western suburbs of Austin City Dr. S. W. Baker appointed Superin-\\ntendent, and five pupils received. In 1858, $12,500 Were appropriated by\\nthe Legislature for the erection of buildings\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dr. J. H. Lightfoot, Superin-\\ntendent; ten pupils in attendance. 1861, S. G. Haynie, Superintendent.\\n1862, Rev. Wm. A. Smith, Superintendent. During the war, the institu-\\ntion was without the means of successful operation. 1866, Henry Thomas,\\nSuperintendent. 1867, Dr. S. W. Baker, Superintendent $9,600 expended\\nfor repairs on buildings. 1871, Dr. Alexander, Superintendent buildings\\nenlarged. 1872, E. M. Wheelock and R. M. Mills, Superintendents. 1874,\\nDr. Fi-ank Rainey, Superintendent forty-two pupils in the institution.\\nThe objects of this institution are thus set forth in the report of Superin-\\ntendent AYheelock, in 1872\\nThe Institution for the Blind is not an asylum proper, nor an infirmary\\nfor the restoration of vision, still less a hospital or almshouse, but an educa-\\ntional and industrial home, whose central principle is to render the blind\\nself-dependent and self-supporting. It claims to be a school, like other\\nschools, having its course of study and its system of discipline, but unlike\\nother schools in general, it embraces a mechanical department for the\\ntraining of its pupils in industrial work. Experience has decisively shown\\nthat, under proper training, the education of the blind has borne good\\nfruit in the formation of teachers, mechanics, manufacturers, music teach-\\ners, choristers, organists, piano-tuners, etc. No individuals have turned\\ntheir early advantages to better account, and in all parts of our State can be\\nfound those who once were received as helpless, visionless and friendless\\nchildren into this institution, and are at this moment well-trained in their\\nrespective trades, with minds enlarged and manners softened by scholastic\\ndiscipline, receiving constant employment, and supporting themselves in\\ncomfort from the proceeds of their labor. The age of twenty-four is fixed\\nas the limit for admission, for the reason tliat the training of the blind\\nrequires much time and the docile impressibility of youth, in order to lay\\nthe solid foundation of an industrial and intellectual education. No charge\\nis made for instruction, board or medical services, and the parents and\\nfriends of the pupils are called upon for no outlay beyond their traveling\\nexpenses and the providing of a suitable amount of good and comfortable\\nclothino-. Every indulffonce is allowed consistent with habits of order;\\nkindness is made the rule of government, and so seldom are punishments", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0744.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "MASONIC TKMPLE AT PALESTINE. I. G. X. R. R.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0745.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0746.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. 735\\ninvoked, that it may be said that they do not exist. More than any other\\nafflicted class, the blind need the stimulus of fitting occupation, whether\\namusement, study or work; those are happiest who, with companions of\\ntheir own class, and with constant occupation, tind at every step assist-\\nance, friendly hands and sympathy. Their true happiness is best consulted\\nand best witnessed within the walls of an establishment, where they forget\\nto be gloomy and morose, and where the social atmosphere proves tha\\nblindness is not always melancholy.\\nAsylum, Deaf and Dumb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This Institution is beautifully located on the\\nwest side of the Colorado river, in full view of the city of Austin; went\\ninto operation in 1857, under the superintendence of Dr. J. W. Nostrand,\\nwho continued in the Supex-intendency until 1876. It was opened for the\\nreception of pupils on the first of January, 1857, the trustees having rented\\nthe premises which are still occupied for one year. In 1858, these premises,\\nconsisting of fifty-seven and a half acres of land and several small wooden\\nbuildings thereon, were purchased as the permanent site of the institution,\\nthe Legislature having made an appropriation of $7,500 for that purpose.\\nThe price paid for the land and improvements was $5,500, and the remaining\\n$2,000 were expended in making the necessary alterations and additions for\\nthe accommodation of a larger number of pupils. The institution contin-\\nued to prosper and inci-ease until the breaking out of the war, when it\\nsuffered a temporary check, but at no time have the pupils been dispersed\\nor the regular sessions interrupted. In 1858 there were eighteen pupils.\\nThe report for 1862, shows the total number received to that date, thirty-\\neight; of whom twenty-two were still in the institution. In 1867, $7,500\\nwere expended in repairs. In 1874, there were forty-two inmates of the\\ninstitution. In Governor Coke s message to the Fourteenth Legislature, in\\nJanuary, 1875, he says of this State Institution\\nUnder the excellent management of Superintendent Van Nostrand,\\nwhose qualifications and fitness for the place are very superior, the unfort-\\nunates, who in this institution are receiving the care and aid of the State,\\nare pleasantly situated, and present in their smiling and cheerful faces,\\nabundant evidence of the parental kindness with which they are treated and\\ncontrolled, and of their grateful appreciation of their surroundings. Their\\nready intelligence and the proficiency they exhibit in the various branches\\nof study, indicates capacity and industry in their teachers, as well as a\\nthorough knowledge of the peculiar and difficult system through which\\nthey are taught. It is suggested, for the consideration of your honorable\\nbodies, that while as a school for the education of these afiiicted children,\\nthis institution, thongli limited in its capacity, so far as numbers are con-\\ncerned, is an admirable one, that by extending the education of the pupils\\nto some useful or mechanical trade, by which they would be enabled after\\nleaving school to earn a livelihood, the practical utility of an education\\nthere, would bo very much enhanced, and the benefit conferred would be\\nmore real and substantial. The pupils in this school, with the usual train-\\ning, would make good mechanics or artizans, and good printers. They are\\nquick, intelligent and apt their physical development is generally good,\\n40", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0747.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "736 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nand iivhen their understanding is reached, their action is as prompt and\\nintelligent as that of those not atilicted as they are. It is recommended\\nthat an appropriation be made for the purchase of a printing jn-ess, and so\\nmuch material as may be necessary to be used. in teaching the printer s art,\\nas one of the branches of instruction of this institution. The benefits con-\\nferred will, to them, be great, while the cost to the State will be insignifi-\\ncant.\\nIn March, 1876, General Henry E. M Culloch was appointed Superin-\\ntendent. There were then forty-seven inmates thirty boys and seventeen\\ngirls.\\nAsylum, Orphan. No State Orphan Asylum has ever been opened. In\\n1867-68, an orphan asylum primarily for the children of deceased Confed-\\nerate soldiers was opened at Bayland, in Harris county, by Rev. Mr.\\nPreston. He was succeeded in the SuiDcrintendency by Major H. F. Gil-\\nlette. It is under the management of a board of trustees, who perform all\\ntheir duties gratuitously. In 1873, the Legislature gave to this institution\\na portion of the land set apart in 1856, for an orphan asylum. We have no\\nstatistical report.\\nAsylum, Lunatic. In 1857, a site was selected three miles north of Aus-\\ntin, and Dr. Perry appointed Superintendent. 1858, Dr. C. G. Keenan,\\nSuperintendent. 1862, Dr. J. M. Steiner, Superintendent. Dr. Steiner\\nreports that since the institution was opened, sixty-seven patients had\\nbeen received: 49 males and 18 females; and of this number 21 had been\\nrestored to their proper mind and returned to their friends. In 1865, Dr.\\nB. Graham was Superintendent. 1866, Dr. Beall, Superintendent; 54\\npatients. 1867, the admission of freedmen necessitated an enlargement of\\nthe premises, and $35,000 was expended in the purchase and impi ovements\\nof the Cross propei ty. 1870, $20,000 appropriated for new buildings;\\nJames A. Corley, Superintendent; 83 inmates. 1871, 95 inmates; 48 males\\nand 47 females (12 colored). 1872, J. F. Weisselberg, Superintendent;\\naverage number of inmates, of whom 20 per cent, were restored. 1874,\\nDr. B. R. Wallace, Superintendent; 127 inmates. 1876, September 1st, 201\\npatients 119 male and 82 female.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0748.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "PUBLIC BUILDINGS.\\nState House.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The most conspicuous public building in Austin is the State\\nHouse, beautifully situated on a commanding eminence at the head of the ave-\\nnue, in the northeastern portion of the city. The foundation-stone was laid\\nwith appropriate ceremonies, July 4th, 1852. It is three stories, 140x90 feet\\nfloor of the lower story oolile marble, inlaid in cement. Two passages, 20 feet\\nwide, cutting each other at right-angles, run through the length and breadth\\nof this story. There are twelve rooms, occupied by the Executive Depart-\\nment for ofEces, etc. A broad stairway ascends from the front to the second\\nstory, and another from the Inside reaches this story in the rear of the build-\\ning. The second story contains the Senate Chamber and the Hall of the\\nHouse of Representatives, with some committee rooms, etc. The third story\\nhas the geological cabinet. State library, and other rooms used by commit-\\ntees, etc. It is built of the limestone of the neighborhood; foundation ten\\nfeet in tlic ground. From the bottom of the wall to the top of the dome it\\nis 101 feet. The original cost was estimated at $150,000, and $25,000 for\\nfurniture.\\nRooms of the Supreme Court. This building is in the inclosed area of\\nthe Capitol grounds, a little )iorthwest of the main building. It was built\\noriginally for a land office then fitted up for the State Department, and,\\nin 1870, refitted and appropriated to the uses of the Supreme Court.\\nThe General Land Office. This building stands outside of the Cap-\\nitol inclosure upon an eminence on the east side of Congress avenue, and\\nnearly fronting the Governor s House. It is built of stone, of a harder\\nkind than the Capitol. It is two full stoi ies in lieight, with semi-circular\\nwindows and high commanding roof. It contains fifteen rooms, connected\\nwith each other by corridors and spiral stairways. On account of its loca-\\ntion and construction, it is much the most pleasing of the public buildings\\nin appearance. Cost, $39,000. Built, 1851-2.\\nThe Treasury Department. This edifice is situated within the Capitol\\nground, to the rear of the Capitol, on the east. It is of the same material\\nas the Capitol, being two stories in height, and entered by a flight of wind-\\ning, stairs through a portico into the secontl story. The basement is\\nstrongly vaulted. The Comptroller and Auditor have their oflices in this\\nbuilding, which contains some twelve rooms. It is square-roofed, well\\nsupplied, as are all the public buildings, with ample cisterns. Cost, $35,000.\\nThe Governor s House. This is a brick edifice located upon an eminence\\non the west side of Congress avenue, near the Capitol. It is two stories,\\nhaving a portico extending along its whole front, with six Ionic columns\\nand square roof. It is enclosed by a neat paling, with graded grounds, and\\nis a neat structure. Whole cost, $17,000. Built in 1855.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0749.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "CHURCHES.\\nDuring the eighteenth and. earlier years of the nineteenth century the\\nEomau Catholic religion was established by law, and uo other form of\\nChristianity existed, as will be seen in the history of the Old Missions.\\nThose established for the conversion of the Indians were under the jurisdic-\\ntion of Fathers of the Order of St. Francis. In 1790, Texas belonged\\nto the bishopric of Guadelaxara, and in 1793 to that of Monterey. The\\nMissions were secularized. In 1805, Bishop Primus Feliciana Maria visited\\nTexas to regulate the affairs of the Church. There were priests at various\\npoints: at Spanish Bluff, Jose Angel Cabaso; at Sau Antonio, Father\\nMcGuire at the Alamo, Clement Delgado, and at Paso del Norte, Jose\\nPrado. In 1830, there were regular priests at San Antonio, Goliad and\\nNacogdoches. Father Henry Doyle was the minister for the Irish colonists\\nat San Patricio. In 1831, Austin s colony was visited by Father Michael\\nMuldoon. At Brazoria, Mr. Muldoon was entertained by John Austin, and\\nat San Felipe by Samuel M. Williams. He passed through the principal\\nsettlements, baptizing and marrying such as desired these rites. In the ab-\\nsence of a priest, parties were married by a bond before an Alcalde. At\\nAbner Kuykendall s, ou Mill creek. Father Muldoon married four couples\\nand baptized over one hundred. His charge was $25 for marrying and $2\\nfor administering baptism. After the revolution, Galveston was erected\\ninto a See under Bishop Odin. The cathedral was built in 1847-8.\\nWhen Bishop Odin was transferred to the Arch-Episcopal See of New\\nOrleans, he was succeeded in the See of Galveston by Bishop Dubois. lu\\n187 -i, two new dioceses were formed that of San Antonio, Bishop Pellicer,\\nand Brownsville, Bishop Mauncy. The new Bishops were consecrated by\\nBishop Perche, at Mobile, December 8th, the Feast of the Immaculate Con-\\nception. In 1875, there were in the three dioceses eighty-three priests,\\neighty-five churches, one hundred and sixty-five chapels, and an estimated\\njiopulation of 200,000. (See statistical table below.)\\nB^vPTiST. Among the early colonists in Texas were a few belonging to\\nthe Baptist church. In 1825, Elder Joseph Bays visited Texas and preached\\nat the house of Moses Shipman, on the Brazos. In 1829, Thomas Hanks\\npreached at the same place, and the same year Thomas J. Pilgrim organized\\na Sunday school in San Felipe. A church was organized in Austin s colony\\nin 1833. In 1837, Elder Z. N. Morrell organized a church in Washington.\\nIn 1838, Union Church, near Nacogdoches, was constituted by Elder Isaac\\nReed. In 1*839, churches were organized at Independence, Washington\\ncounty at Travis, Austin county, and at Plum Grove, Fayette county. The\\nUnion Association was formed at Travis, October 8th, 1840. Elder Iluckins\\norganized tlie church in Galveston in 1840, and that in Houston the next\\nyear. During IS 11 the church in Gonzales was organized by Elder Morrell.\\nlu 1843, the Sabine Association was formed, five churches being represented.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0750.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "illiilil", "height": "3337", "width": "2073", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0751.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0752.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "PROTESTANT CHURCHES. 741\\nIn the same year Border Church was organized in Harrison county by Elder\\nLemuel Herrin, and that in Huntsville by Elder Morrell. In 1846, Baylor\\nUniversity was chartered; Lake Soda Association was formed in 1847, and\\nthose of Trinity river and Ked river in 1848. The State Convention was\\norganized at Anderson in 1848. From a table before us, we learn that in\\n1853 there were eleven associations of the regular Baptists, and three of the\\nAnti-Mission, one hundred and fifty churches, and about ten thousand mem-\\nbers. In 1868, a General Association was formed in North Texas. In 1875,\\nthere wei-e forty-three associations, nine hundred and ninety-five churches,\\nsix hundred and four ordained ministers, and 54,000 members.\\nNecrology. In 1847, Rev. William M. Tryon died of yellow fever in\\nHouston; in 1854, Thomas Chilton in Huntsville; 1859, J. B. Stiteler; 1865,\\nMichael Ross; 1867, Noah Hill and S. G. O Brj^an; 1868, D. B. Morrell;\\n1873, R. E. B. Baylor. (See note, page 744.)\\nChristians, or Disciples of Christ Have had preachers and regular\\ncongregations in Texas since the days of the Republic. We have no relia-\\nble statistics of the denomination. In Governor Hubbard s speech at the\\nCentennial, he places the number of their members in the State at 7,000.\\nEpiscopal, Protestant. In 1838, Rev. Caleb S. Ives collected a congre-\\ngation and built a church in Matagorda. The same year Rev. R. M.\\nChapman organized a parish in Houston. In 1840, Bishop Polk visited\\nTexas, and in 1841 Rev. Benjamin Eaton was sent as a missionary to Gal-\\nveston and Houston. Having built a church in Galveston in 1842, Mr.\\nEaton became its permanent rector, [n 1843, Rev. Charles Gillette supplied\\nthe parish in Houston. In 1844, Rev. G. W. Freeman was consecrated\\nmissionary bishop of Arkansas and Texas. The diocese of Texas was or-\\nganized at a convention held at Matagorda, January 1st, 1849. In the\\nconvention six clergymen represented six parishes. In 1854, there were\\nreported sixteen parishes and fourteen clergymen. In 1859, Texas was\\nconstituted a separate diocese, and Rev. Alexander Gregg constituted bishop.\\nIn 1874, two new dioceses wei e formed: that of Western Texas, Right\\nRev. W. B. Elliott, bishop, and Northern Texas, Right Rev. Alexander C.\\nGarrett, bishop. In Governor Hubbard s Centennial speech he places the\\nnumber of communicants at 3,000.\\nRev. Mr. Ives died in Matagorda in 1849, and Rev. B. Eaton in Galveston\\nin 1871.\\nMethodist Episcopal Church, South. Rev. Henry Stephenson, of the\\nM. E. Church, preached in Austin s colony in 1824. A camp-meeting was\\nheld and a church organized near San Augustine in 1833, and a similar\\nmeeting held and a second church organized near the residence of Rev.\\nJohn W. Kenney, in Austin county, in 1834. In 1837, the M. E. Church\\nsent three missionaries to the Republic: Rev. Martin Ruter, D.D,, Rev. R.\\nAlexander, and Rev. Littleton Fowler. The Texas Annual Conference was\\norganized at Rnterville by Bishop Waugh, December 25th, 1840. In 1844,\\nthe Church separated into two distinct organizations, the Texas Conference", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0753.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "742\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nadhering to the M, E. Church South, and the same year the East Texas\\nConference was organized by Bishop Janes. The West Texas Conference\\nwas set off by Bishop Pierce in 1858 the Northwest Conference by Bishop\\nMarvin, in 186G; the North Texas Conference was organized by Bishop\\nM Tyeirc, at Waxahachie, in 1867, and the German Conference was organ-\\nized by Bishop Keener, in Houston, in 1874. Tlie following figures, taken\\nfrom the published minutes, show the number of ministers, traveling and.\\nlocal, and members, white and colored, for the years given:\\nYears.\\nItinerant.\\nLocal.\\nWhite.\\nColored.\\n1S40\\n19\\n86\\n244\\n280\\n40S\\n25\\n182\\n461\\n526\\n755\\n1,743\\n10,489\\n30,661\\n34,772\\n72,509\\n237\\nIfSSO\\n1,847\\nI860\\n7,355\\n1870\\n2,007\\n1878\\nNote. For further information, see Thrall s History of Methodism in Texas.\\nMethodist Episcopal (JVbr//i). The Texas Conference of the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church was organized by Bishop Simpson, in Galveston, in 1867.\\nTwo other Conferences were oi ganized by Bishop Harris, in 1874; and a\\nfourth by Bishop Peck, in 1876. Our latest statistics are for 187-4. There\\nwere then 189 traveling and 248 local preachers; 16,930 full members, and\\n3,706 probationers; 105 church buildings, and 12 parsonages. Value of\\nchurch property, $123,005.\\nMethodist Episcopal, (African) Has two Conferences in Texas. This\\nchurch is served by Bishops of their own color, and composed entirely of\\ncolored people. In 1873, they reported 5,783 full members, and 1,291 pro-\\nbationei s; 91 local preachers, and 54 churches, valued at $43,609.\\nMethodist Episcopal, (Colored). Has also an efficient organization of\\nConferences, districts, circuits, etc., but we have no statistics.\\nMethodist Protestant. This body dispenses with Bishops. It has, we\\nbelieve, two annual Conferences in Texas. We have no statistical report.\\nIn Governor Hubbard s Centennial speech, he places the number of mem-\\nbers at 2,000.\\nPresbttekian.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As early as 1834, Eev. P. H. Fullenwider, of the Pres-\\nbyterian Church, preached in Texas. During the summer of that year, he\\nassisted in holding a camp-meeting in Austin county. In 1838, Rev. Hugh\\nWilson organized a church at San Augustine, and another at Independence.\\nDuring the same year, Ilcv. John M CuUough organized a church in Gal-\\nveston, and llev. Wm. Y. Allen in Houston. The Brazos Presbytery was\\norganized at Gay Hill, Washington county, April 3d, 1840. Two new\\nPresbyteries were organized in 1850, and in 1851, a Synod was organized\\nat Austin. The following are the statistics for 1877-78: Ministers 81,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0754.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "PROTESTANT CHURCHES. 743\\nlicentiates 1, candidates 5, chui ches 141, elders 337, deacons 173, mem-\\nbers added on examination 462, on certificate 507 total membership\\n5,351. Adults baptized 139, infants 261, number of baptized non-commun-\\nicants 1,073, number of children in Sabbath-schools and Bible classes 4,127.\\nAmount contributed for sustentation $895.00, Evangelistic fund $539.00,\\ninvalid fund $383.00, foreign missions $796.00, education $898.00, publica-\\ntion $312.00, presbyterial $597.00, pastors salaries actually paid $34,690.00,\\ncongregational $20,012.00, miscellaneous $2,161.00, making a total of money\\nraised $61,283.00, which is $11.45 to each communicant.\\nNecrology. Rev. John LimTser died in 1848; L. S. Gibson in 1853;\\nJerome Twitchell, lost at sea in 1856; Dr. Daniel Baker died in 1857;\\nThomas Castleton in 1865, lost at sea Rufus W. Baylie in 1866 Hugh Wil-\\nson in 1868 John M CulIough in 1870; Wm. C. Blair in 1873.\\nPresbyteriAn {North. The Presbytery of Austin is a body connected\\nwith the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, (familiarly\\nknown as the Northern Presbyterian (/hurch) was organized July 16th,\\n1868; three ministers and an equal number of churches being represented.\\nThe following statistics of this bod) were furnished by Rev. E. B. Wright,\\nof Austin, in 1875 12 churches, 9 ministers and one licentiate, 420 chui ch\\nmembers, 700 members of Sabbath-school, and raised for all purposes,\\n$8,787.\\nPresbyterian {Cumherland) Rev. Sumner Bacon, of the Cumberland\\nPresbytei ian Church, visited Texas in 1828 and in 1832 he was employed\\nas a colporteur of the Natchez Tract Society, and assigned to work in Texas.\\nIn 1834, Rev. Milton Estell organized a church in Red River county and in\\n1836, Mr. Bacon organized one near San Augustine. The first Presbytery\\nwas oi-ganized with the church near San Augustine, in 1837. The Red\\nRiver and the Colorado Presbyteries were organized in 1841. The Synod\\nwas organized at Nacogdoches in 1842, Sumner Bacon, Moderator. The\\nBrazos was organized in 1849, and the Colorado Synod in 1853. The Gen-\\neral Assembly of this church met in Jefferson, Texas, in 1875. There were\\npresent, Revs. Sumner Bacon and M. Estell, who organized the first\\nchurches of the denomination in the State and Rev. Mr. Await, the first\\nminister of this church ordained in Texas. Our latest statistics are from\\nthe report to the General Assembly in 1874 177 ministers, 205 congrega-\\ntions, 8,450 members, and jDroperty valued at $147,571.\\nWe annex the following, condensed from the United States census repoi ts,\\ngiving all the figures furnished in reference to the various church organiza-\\ntions, for the three censuses since the annexation of Texas to the Union", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0755.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "744\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n1850.\\nAll Deuominations A\\nEuptists\\nChristian\\nEpiscopal, Protestant\\nLutheran\\nMethodist\\nPresijy terian, Regular\\nPresbyterian, other\\nRoman Catholic\\n1860.\\nAll Denominations\\nBaptists\\nChristian\\nEpiscopal, Protestant\\nLutlieran\\nMethodist\\nPresbyterian, Regular\\nPresbyterian, other\\nRoman Catholic\\n1870.\\nAll Denominations\\nBaptists\\nChristian\\nEpiscopal, Protestant\\nLutheran\\nMethodist\\nPresbyterian, Regular\\nPresbyterian, other\\nRoman Catholic\\n341\\n82\\n5\\n5\\n2\\n17(j\\n45\\n3\\n13\\n1,034\\n280\\n53\\n19\\n19\\n410\\n72\\n52\\n33\\n647\\n211\\n17\\n31\\n21\\n244\\n70\\n14\\n36\\n63,571\\n1U,6S0\\n100\\n1,025\\n1,300\\n33.045\\n8.320\\n195\\n6,7ti0\\n271,196\\n77,435\\n15,4 5\\n8,528\\n3,510\\n103,799\\n19,067\\n19.350\\n12,772\\n199,100\\n61,700\\n4,450\\n11,400\\n7,650\\n119.100\\n22,750\\n4,850\\n16,000\\n204,93(\\n21,090\\n150\\n15.100\\n1,000\\n58,195\\n20,070\\n74,700\\n1,095,254\\n228,030\\n27,305\\n111.250\\n20,5i 0\\n314,434\\n120,550\\n47,430\\n189,900\\n1,055,430\\n196.540\\n11.630\\nJ0I\u00c2\u00bb,400\\n47,000\\n251.140\\n128,500\\n14.100\\n264,200\\nNote. Since the above was in type, later statistics have been received. For\\nthe Baptist Church for 1879, reported by Rev. Wm. Carey Crane, D. D., LL.\\nD., President Baylor University, Independence: The v^rhite Baptists in Texas\\nhave 52 Associations; 943 ordained ministers; 75,143 members; 1,183 churches;\\nand the colored Baptists have 23 Associations; 509 churches, and 50.000 members.\\nTotal membership, 125,143. Total value of church property, $1,015,200.\\nRev. Mr. Wofford, editor of the Texas Observer, reports for the Cumberland\\nPresbyterian Church, for 1S78: 4 Synods; 16 Presbyteries; 1S5 ordained min-\\nisters 37 licenciates, and 37 candidates for the ministry about 400 congregations,\\nand iS,ooo members.\\nRev. P. St. John, of Corpus Christi, reports for the Catholic Church in\\nTexas: Two Dioceses, and one Vicarate apostolic; churches and chapels, 112;\\npriests, loi ecclesiastical students, 9; academies and convents, 25; colleges, 6;\\nparochial schools, 20; charitable institutions, 4; catholic population, 104,000.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0756.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "TEXAS MILITARY INSTITUTE. AUSTIN.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0757.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0758.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "COMMERCE.\\nComparatively little attention has been paid to the preservation of the\\nhistory of our commerce and navigation. As early as 1835, the late Com-\\nmodore Morgan sent one of his steamships, the Columbia, to Galveston.\\nWe believe Mr. Morgan owned a controlling interest in the steamships,\\nNew York, Capt. Wright, and the Neptune, Captain Rollins, which ran\\nbetween New Orleans and Galveston in 1841-45. In 1847, by the purchase\\nof the steamships Palmetto, Capt. Smith, and the Galveston, Captain Crane,\\nMessrs. Harris and Morgan obtained control of the carrj ing trade between\\nNew Orleans and the Texas coast. In 1848, those steamers were sent to\\nMatagorda Bay, and a little later, to other points in the west down as low\\nas Brazos St. Jago. In 1849, Captain Jerry Smith took from Matagorda\\nBay the first cargo of cattle shipped from Texas. In 1857, (Jommodore\\nVanderbilt opened a new route via Berwick Bay but this soon passed into\\nthe hands of Mr. Morgan, who gained control of the railroad from New\\nOrleans to Berwick. In 1867, Mr. Morgan deepened the channel at Eed\\nFish and other bars, so that his steamers now ascend Bufialo bayou to\\nChnton, a few miles below Houston. He also purchased a controlling\\ninterest in the Houston and Texas Central Railway. Commodore Morgan\\ndied in May, 1878.\\nA newspaper contributed the following sketch of one of the first sail\\nvessels in the Texas trade: This ship, the Star Republic, was originally\\na barge. She was built by Sylvester Gildersleeve, at Portland, Conn., for\\nthe Galveston trade in 1842. She was owned by S. Gildersleeve, Wm.\\nHendley and J. J. Hendley, and sailed fi-ora New Yoi-k on her first voyage\\nthe 12th day of October of that year, and arrived in Galveston on the 25th\\nof the same month, making the passage in thirteen days. J. J. Hendley\\ncommanded her. She was consigned to Messrs. Meugurs Garcia, mer-\\nchants of Galveston. In July, 1842, she was taken to Portland, Maine,\\nand changed into a ship. She sailed from New York on the 3d of October,\\nthe same year, and arrived in Galveston on the 18th of same month, making\\nthe passage in fifteen days. During her stay at Galveston, sixteen vessels\\nof foreign tonnage were lying in the harbor, and the Star Republic was the\\nonly one that flew the American flag. This was before annexation. She\\nwas a fast and favoi ite ship, and often made passages in from twelve to\\nfifteen days. She was in the 6th of October hurricane off the northcst\\npoint of Abasco in 1844. Her foreyard broke in the slings, her maintop-\\nmast was carried away, and her sails blew from the yards after they were\\nfurled. The light-house on Sand Key was blown down, and Key West\\ninundated in the same hurricane. In September, 1855, Captain D. N. Moss\\ntook command of the ship, and J. J. Hendley retired from the sea and\\nbecame a partner in the mercantile firm of Wm. Hendley Co. This ship\\nwas the pioneer of the Texas and New York line of packets, and Avas the\\nfirst vessel that flew the national flag of the Republic of Texas for her pri-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0759.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a248\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nvate signal. She was sold in 1847 to make room for the following vessels\\nof larger capacity: S. F. Austin, J. W. Fannin, AV. B. Travis, W. H.\\nWharton, Montauk, National Guard, J. C Kuhn, S. Gildersleeve and B.\\nE. Milam. In 1849 she burned at sea, 150 miles north and east from Cape\\nHatteras.\\nA model of this ship figures conspicuously among the curiosities that are\\npreserved by Captain Hendley in his studio.\\nBefore the late civil war the commerce with the northern cities and\\nEuropean ports was carred on, mostly in sail vessels, though occasionally a\\nsteamer would engage for a short period in the trade. Since the close of\\nthe war, steamship lines have been established between Galveston and New\\nYork and also with European ports. We have no accurate statistics of the\\nshipping business of any Texas port except Galveston; and it is, perhaps\\nsafe to assume that Galveston controls two-thirds of the trade of the State.\\nFrom the annual review of the News we take some figures, illustrative\\nof the business of that city.\\nCOASTING TRADE OF GALVESTON FROM 1870 TO 1877.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NO. OF VESSELS.\\nTotals for Fiscal Years.\\n3 q;\\n1876-7 388 407.382\\n1875-6 428 485,535\\n1874-5.\\n1873-4.\\n1872-3.\\n1871-2.\\n1870-1.\\n460 428 ,334\\n490 450.8311\\n636 5G9.206\\n481 j 346.473\\n522 362 ,8! to\\nTotals for Fiscal Years.\\n1876-7.\\n1875-6.\\n1874-5.\\n1873-4.\\n1872-3.\\n1871-2.\\n1870-1.\\n3\\n301\\n311\\n531\\n315\\n422\\n49.-1\\n591:\\n263.792\\n290,956\\n2N5.970\\n274,919\\n424.848\\n:!22.565\\n349.990\\nFOREIGN TRADE.\\nTotal for Fiscal Year ending June 30th.\\nENTERED.\\nNo.\\nTons.\\n1877\\n167\\n177\\n167\\n206\\n156\\n115\\n137\\n99,386\\n1876\\n85,598\\n1875\\n99,175\\n1S74\\n124,316\\n1S73\\n7i\u00c2\u00bb.170\\n1872\\n50.933\\nISTl\\n70.508\\nCLEARED.\\nNo. Tons.\\n165\\n191\\n208\\n241\\n175\\n116\\n103\\n102,744\\n107.192\\n127.577\\n145,237\\n92.998\\n54.589\\n83,059\\nA\\nsscls.\\nTons.\\nTotal\\nvc\\nnum\\nston\\nclurin\\nt sou,\\n3er of Documented Vessels\\nowned\\nin\\nthe District of Gal-\\n197\\n9\\n16\\n9,310\\nBuilt\\ng the year.\\n239\\nLost\\nwrecked or\\nabandoned.\\n3S7", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0760.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "FOREIGN TRADE.\\n749\\nThe appai-ent deci-ease in the number of vessels entered coastwise may be\\naceounted for by the tact that the Morgan steamers do not generally enter\\nat this port. They only touch here to land part of cargo, passengers and\\nmails, after which they receive a permit to proceed to Clinton with original\\nmanifest, where the entry is made.\\nIMPORTATIONS\\nImportations of free commodities\\nImportations of dutiable commodities.\\nTotal\\n1876-77.\\n$1,155,808\\n201,680\\n$1,147,328 $1,357,488\\nCOUNTRIES WHENCE IMPORTED.\\nImported From.\\nValue.\\n1877-78.\\nValue.\\n1876-77.\\nBrazil\\n$916,505\\n965\\n186.242\\n38,614\\n3,023\\n375\\ni ,664\\n$1,117,739\\n96\\nCuba\\nEngland\\n168,347\\n52 634\\nMexico\\nGermany\\n9.687\\nFrame\\n7,945\\nCentral America\\nBritish West Indies\\nSpain\\n43\\n436\\nPortugal\\n561\\nScotland\\nTotal\\n$1,147,328\\n$1,357,488\\nEXPORTATIONS.\\nCountries to which Exported\\nValue.\\n1877-78.\\nValue.\\n1876-77.\\nEngland\\n9,198.112\\n1,426.819\\n437.379\\n685,083\\n11 343 8-^1\\nFrance\\n1,426 5.M\\nl,306.s,-).s\\n945 9 1\\n(Germany\\nIreland\\nNorway and Sweeden\\n79 ^42\\nNei herlands\\n53.350\\n42,444\\n7-) )00\\nItaly\\n43 000\\nCentral America\\n10 000\\nMexico\\n8.04.-1\\n53,400\\n58,500\\n117963032\\n8 319\\nCuba\\n6,900\\nRussia\\nTotal\\n15,242 747", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0761.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "750 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nDUTIES COLLECTED IN PORT OF GALVESTON, FROM 1870 TO 1878.\\nI otal 1877-78 P2.3o2 73\\nTotal 1S7C-77 9 i-9 ^0 49\\nTotal 1^75-76 ^^M 77\\nTotal 1S74-75 U4.136 So\\nTotal ls7:J-74 21Mlo 00\\nTotal 1S72-73 492.428 80\\nTotal 1n71 -72 f)72.5,S2 31\\nTotal 1-70-71 633.21S 19\\nTotal 1809-70 277,750 29\\nDebt, State. From the reports of the Comptroller, it appears that the\\nState debt was, in 1872, $1,810,576 in 1873, $1,797,894 in 1874, $3,425,328\\nin 1875, $5,551,637; in 1876, $6,067,836; in 1877, $6,116,924; in 1878,\\n$5,121,911.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0762.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "f\\nIf\\n1\\n1\\n1\\n^1\\njl\\n1\\nli\\nOLEANDER GROVE, GALVESTON, TEXAS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0763.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0764.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION,\\nUnder Spanish and Mexican domination, the law contemplated the estab-\\nlishment of public free schools, where elementary instructions should be\\ngiven, but none such were estabhshed. Almonte, in his report of the state\\nof society in Texas, in 1834, mentioned three schools in the province taught\\nby private teachers. One of these schools was in San Antonio, the teacher\\nreceiving $25 per month from his patrons another was in Brazoria, and\\nthe third at Jonesburg, on Eed river.\\n1836. In their Declaration of Independence the Texans complain that\\nMexico had failed to provide the means of instruction which had been\\npromised to the children of the colonists. Section 10 of the general pro-\\nvisions of the constitution of 1836, declares It shall be the duty of Con-\\ngress, as soon as circumstances will admit, to provide by law a general\\nsystem of education.\\n1839. Congress gave fifty leagues of land for a State University, and\\nthree leagues to each county for school purposes.\\n1840. Congress gave all counties an additional league of school land, and\\nextended the privilege to all counties that should be organized in the future.\\n1845. The Constitution, article 10, says: The Legislature shall, as early\\nas practicable, establish free schools throughout the State, and shall furnish\\nmeans for their support by taxation on property. One-tenth of all the rev-\\nenue was set apart for school purposes.\\n1849. Governor Wood, in his message to the Legislature, calls attention\\nto the subject of education thus: The Constitution of our State enjoins\\nupon the Legislature the duty of making suitable provisions as early as\\npracticable, for the support and maintenance of free public schools.\\n1854. The school fund of the State amounted to $128,668. To this was\\nadded this year $2,000,000 of the amount received from the United States\\nfor the sale of the Santa Fe territory. Laws were made for the distribu-\\ntion, pro rata, of the interest of the school fund to the various counties, the\\nmoney to be applied to the payment of the tuition of indigent children.\\nUnder the law of 1854, money was distributed as follows\\nNo. Money Per\\nPupils. Distributed. Capita.\\nloKK 65,463 f 40.587 ^.63\\njoKR 72826 101.588 1.38\\nillj 87,000 106 000 1.21\\n{^rj 102,772 105,815 1.03\\nio?Q 101,031 113,154 1.12^\\nlofin 104,477 104,447 1.00\\nl8Tl^v/^\\\\v^\\\\v^v^y^ 105,200 65,224 .02\\nThe first free school established in the State was in the city of San Anto-\\nnio, in 1854. The Comptroller of the treasury was then ex-ojfficio Superin-\\ntendent of Instruction.\\nAfter the war the Constitution of 1866 reaffirmed the article in the Consti-\\ntution of 1845, and also set apart every alternate section of land, surveyed\\nby railroads, to school purposes. A State School Board was created, and\\nPryor Lea appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction. He was suc-\\nceeded in the summer of 1867, by E. M. Wheelock.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0765.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "754 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\n1868. The Keconstruction Convention set apart all the proceeds of thw\\nsales of public lands for school purposes, and to this sum added one-fourth\\nof the State revenue, and a poll-tax of one dollar ^on each male citizen\\nbetween twenty-one and sixty years of age. The permanent school fund\\namounted at this time to, say, $2,000,000.\\nBy this Constitution, all between the ages of six and eighteen years,\\nwere included in the scholastic population. It also required the Legisla-\\nture to establish public free schools throughout the State, for at least four\\nmonths in each year and set apart to the school-fund all the proceeds of the\\nsales of public lands; a poll-tax of one dollar from every male citizen\\nbetween the ages of twenty-one and sixty years, and also set apart one-\\nfourth of tiie revenue for school purposes.\\nIn the United States census tables for 1870, it is stated that 65,205\\nchildren attended school of whom 61,016 were white, and 4,189 colored.\\nCost of education during the year, including colleges, academies, etc.,\\n414,870 of which $7oO was from endowment, $15,220 from school fund,\\nand $398,890 from tuition.\\nIlliteracy; 1850-1870. In 1850, there were 10,525 whites over twenty-\\none years of age, unable to read and write. Of this number 2,488 were\\nforeign-born. In 1860, the number of white illiterates was 18,414 of whom\\n6,644 were foreign-born. In 1870 there were illiterates, over twenty-one\\nyears of age, white, 37,150; and colored 94,818. Including all illiterates,\\nten years old and upwards, thei-e were 221,705 of whom 70,845 were white,\\n(including 18,369 foreign-born), and 150,617 colored.\\nIn 1871, a school board was organized, consisting of the Governor, Attor-\\nney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction. John C. Degrees\\nfilled the latter office. A system of free schools was inaugurated through-\\nout the State. The first annual report represented that 1,324 schools had\\nbeen opened, taught by 1,578 teachers; and into which 73,804 pupils had\\nbeen enrolled. In 1872, the scholastic population amounted to 228,355\\nentered schools, 127,672; taught by 2,625 teachers; average attendance,\\n81,653 total cost, $1,222,221 of which the State paid $482,753; the remain-\\nder paid by the counties, cost per month, $1.43. In 1873, the scholastic\\npopulation was 280,000; entered public schools, 129,000 average attend-\\nance, 83,000; number of teachers, 2,207; average salary of teachers, $57\\nper month.\\nIn 1874, O. N. Hollinsworth, Superintendent of Public Insti uction\\nscholastic population, 313,061 entered public schools, 161,670; cost per cap-\\nita per month, $1.56, or for four months, the time required by the Constitu-\\ntion, $6.24; equal to $1,008,820.\\nThe State school fund derived from school bonds, poll tax, and one-fourth\\nof the revenue derived from taxation, amounted to $546,985. The Legisla-\\nture appropriated $500,000, to be distributed pro rata to the several counties.\\nIn 1875, the scholastic population amounted to 339,000. Appropriated to\\neach child, $1.47\u00c2\u00a7.\\nIt is estimated that for the year 1878-9, $900,000 may be appropriated for\\nthe public schools. The scholastic population, as far as reported to the\\nComptroller s office, is as follows:", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0766.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION.\\n755\\nSCHOLASTIC POPULATION.\\n[Between eight and fourteen years of age.]\\nCSOUNTIES.\\nAnderson\\nAngelina\\nArau;\u00c2\u00abas\\nAtascosa\\nAustin\\nBandera.\\nBastrop\\nBee\\nBell\\nBexar\\nBlanco\\nBosque\\nBowie\\nBrazoria\\nBrazos\\nBrown\\nBurleson\\nBurnet\\nCaldwell\\nCalhiiin\\nallahuu\\nCameron\\nCamp\\nCass\\nChambers\\nCherokee.\\nClay\\nColeman\\nCollin\\nColorado\\nComal\\nComanche\\nCook\\nCoryell....\\nDallas\\nDelta\\nDenton\\nDewitt\\nDuval\\nEastland\\nEdwards\\nEllis\\nEl Paso\\nErath\\nFalls\\nFannin\\nFayette\\nFort Bend\\nFranklin\\nFreestone\\nFrio\\nGalveston\\nGillespie\\nGoliad\\nGonzales\\nGrayson\\nGrogg\\nGrinv S.\\nGuadalupe\\nHamilton.\\nHardin\\nHarris\\nHarrison\\nHays\\n1878.\\n2,069\\n917\\n145\\n1,001\\n2,220\\n311\\n1,7 3\\n370\\n2,119\\n1,033\\n505\\n1,422\\n1.035\\n1,623\\n1,799\\n1.133\\n1.293\\n831\\n1,457\\n201\\n191\\n1,660\\n653\\n1,980\\n295\\n2,207\\n2S1\\n429\\n3,275\\n2,397\\n1,237\\n1,086\\n2,359\\n1,849\\n2,913\\n7(i8\\n2,446\\n1,732\\n629\\n661\\n49\\n2,887\\n628\\n1,771\\n2 250\\n3,753\\n3,856\\n1,374\\n613\\n1,800\\n321\\n2,878\\n841\\n740\\n1,891\\n6,010\\n1,048\\n2,610\\n1,383\\n854\\n2()8\\n3.952\\n3,490\\n1,132\\n1877\\n1,746\\n834\\n145\\n913\\n1,633\\n260\\n1,668\\n321\\n1,583\\n587\\n456\\n1,141\\n680\\n904\\n1,371\\n772\\n940\\n760\\n885\\n193\\n104\\n1,708\\n551\\n1,819\\n288\\n1,814\\n247\\n271\\n2,584\\n1,782\\n784\\n962\\n1,650\\n1,399\\n3,409\\n660\\n1,820\\n1,364\\n348\\n1,534\\n628\\n1,429\\n1,653\\n2.342\\n2,\u00c2\u00bb85\\n963\\n522\\n1,323\\n102\\n2,669\\n729\\n517\\n1,-547\\n3,464\\n869\\n3,082\\n1,270\\n726\\n215\\n3.082\\n4.(108\\n919\\nCounties.\\nHenderson\\nHidalgo\\nHill\\nHood\\nHopkius\\nHouston\\nHunt\\nJack\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2lackson\\nJasper\\nJert erson\\nJohnson\\nKarnes\\nKaufman\\nKendall\\nKerr\\nKimble\\nKinney\\nCamar\\nLampasas\\nLavaca\\nLee\\nLeon\\nLiberty\\nLimestone\\nLive Oak\\nLlano\\nMadi ou\\nMarion\\nMason\\nMatagorda.\\nMaverick\\nMcCulloch\\nMcLenuan\\nMcMullen\\nM. diua\\nMenard\\nMilam\\nMontague\\nMontgomery.\\nMorris\\nNacogdoches.\\nNavarro\\nNewton\\nNueces\\nOrange\\nPalo I iuto\\nPanola\\nParker\\nPecos\\nPolk.\\nI residio\\nRains\\nlied Kiver.\\nliefugio\\nRolicrtson\\nRockwell\\nRunnels\\nRusk\\nSabine\\nSan Augustine\\nSan Jacinto.\\nSan Patricio\\nSan Saba\\n1878.\\n1877\\n1,411\\n1,411\\n399\\n41 4\\n1,938\\n1,053\\n732\\n6;;4\\n2.429\\n2,1)19\\n2,214\\n1.026\\n1.849\\n1,849\\n629\\n493\\n416\\n317\\n930\\n777\\n460\\n830\\n2.236\\n1,976\\n407\\n407\\n1,881\\n1.216\\n390\\n33S\\n276\\n209\\n127\\n94\\n280\\n208\\n3,31)9\\n2,643\\n775\\n541\\n1,727\\n629\\n966\\n892\\n1,.535\\n1,699\\n782\\n494\\n1,968\\n1,417\\n220\\n182\\n624\\n610\\n713\\n582\\n1,817\\n1.390\\n280\\n226\\n579\\n406\\n295\\n186\\n1!\u00c2\u00bb4\\n207\\n3,424\\n2,755\\n72\\n50\\n751\\n609\\n102\\n84\\n2,007\\n1,526\\nl,2:rs\\n1,097\\n794\\n714\\n692\\n516\\n1.8.55\\n1 579\\n2.781\\n2,153\\n681\\n604\\n926\\n665\\n429\\n322\\n680\\n519\\n1,.545\\n1.58S\\n2,121\\n1,4.53\\n122\\n146\\n1,127\\n861\\n24S\\n161\\n455\\n347\\n2,178\\n1.773\\n199\\n192\\n2,800\\n2,100\\n366\\n279\\n50\\n3,176\\n2.144\\n745\\n665\\n678\\n804\\n966\\n845\\n110\\n110\\n673\\n553", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0767.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "756\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSCHOLASTIC POFVhATlON.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nCounties.\\nShackelford.\\nSlifllty\\nSmith\\niiiei vell...\\n!5t..n-\\nStephens\\nTanint\\nTavlor\\nTitus\\nT ra Green.\\nTravis\\nTrinity\\nTyler\\nUpshur\\nUvalde\\nVan Zandt...\\nVictoria\\nWalker\\nWaller\\nWashington.\\nWebb\\nWharton\\n1878,\\n1S77.\\n185\\n112\\n1,500\\n1,196\\n2,8B6\\n2,119\\n378\\n243\\n1,007\\n897\\n397\\n148\\n2,27-t\\n3,9(i(5\\n89\\n58\\n833\\n728\\n179\\n102\\n4.700\\n2,386\\nG12\\n4S3\\n850\\n796\\n1,393\\n926\\n291\\n258\\n1.413\\n1,467\\n1,.3S7\\n962\\n1.606\\n1.226\\n1,439\\n861\\n3,572\\n2,578\\n450\\n350\\n543\\n626\\nCounties.\\nWilliamson\\nWilson\\nWi e\\nWood\\nYouno;\\nZapata\\nCITIES.\\nTyler\\nBreuham\\nGreenville\\nDallas.\\nGainesville\\nCastroville\\nNavasota\\nH tney Grove.\\nSan Antonio\\nParis\\nFort Worth\\nCorpus Christi.\\nLawrence\\nRockdale\\n1878.\\n,476\\n921\\n.S07\\n.3(13\\n462\\n173\\n663\\n,352\\n211\\n1.53\\n184\\nlo5\\n,511\\n705\\n677\\n442\\n54\\n158\\n1877.\\n1,476\\n606\\n1.571\\n1,000\\n298\\n173\\n218\\n288\\n82\\n1,210\\n1,526\\n440\\n417\\nTotal, 1877.\\nTotal, 1878.\\n160.017\\n207.168\\nNote. Reports received at the last moment show scholastic census of the following\\ncouniies: Fort Bend, 1,374; Harrison, 3.490; Webb, 451; Menard, 102; Clay, 3 )1;\\nShackelford, 185; Lampasas, 775. Dallas city supplemental report adds 566 to the first\\nreport.\\nHigher Schools. The report of the Commissioner of Education at\\nWashington has never been full as to Texas institutions of learning. With-\\nout entering into minute details, we may state that since an?iexation, the\\nleading Christian denominations have had schools under their supervision\\nwhere the higher classes and mathematics and sciences have been taught.\\nThe Baptists have two Universities; one at Independence, Washington\\ncounty, and the other at Waco, M Lennan county. The Cumberland Pres-\\nbyterians have the Trinity University, at Tehuacana, Limestone county.\\nThe Methodists, the Southwestern University, at Georgetown, William\u00c2\u00abon\\ncounty Soule University, at Chappell Hill, and a number of other institu-\\ntions in different parts of the State. The Old School Presbyterians have\\nAustin College, first at Iluntsville, but recently transferred to Sherman.\\nThere are also, probably scores of academies and high schools for both\\nsexes, in successful operation in different parts of the State.\\nState Agricultur.vl and MEcnANiCAL College at Bryan, or rather\\nCollege Station, Brazos county. By an act of Congress, the United States\\ngave to the State of Texas 180,000 acres of land scrip to found an Agricul-\\ntural College. The scrip was sold in 1871 for $156,600 and the same year\\nthe college was located on the Central Railroad, about four miles south of\\nBryan, and a contract let out for a building, to be of brick, on a foundation", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0768.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "THE LAND OFFICE OF TEXAS. AUSTIN.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0769.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0770.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION. 759\\nof stone, 78x150 feet, covered with slate. In 1875, a Board of Dii-ectors\\nwasappointed, of whom the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and Speaker\\nof the House were ex-qfficio members; in addition to which there was\\nappointed one from each Congressional district, as follows E. B. Pickett,\\nCharles De Morse, Isaac F. Graves, H. H. Davis, C. S. West Mr. West\\nresigned in 1876, and A. J. Peeler was put in his place and S. F. Stock-\\ndale. The Board met and selected gentlemen for the different professor-\\nships, and the school opened on the 4th of October, 1876. The Legislature,\\nat different times, appropriated the following sums for the college build-\\nings: In 1871, $75,000 1874, $40,000 and in 1875, $32,000.*\\nThe following were appointed professors at the organization Thos. S. Garthright\\n(Mississippi), President; Alexander Hogg (Alabama), professor pure mathematics; E.\\nP. W. Morris (Austin), professor applied mathematics and tactics John T. Hand\\n(Tyler), professor belles lettres, English literature, Latin and Greek; C. P. B. Martin\\n(Montgomery county), professor agricultural chemistry; Wm. A. Banks (Austin), pro-\\nfessor modern languages; Gen. Hamilton P. Bee, steward and general superintendent.\\nAt the meeting of the Board of Directors, in 1878, Gen. L. M. Lewis, of Missouri, was\\nappointed to a professorship, and the office of steward and general superintendent\\ndispensed with.\\n41", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0771.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "LIVE STOCK.\\nCattle.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fathers who fouuded the old missions, introduced some\\ndomestic auimals into Texas. In 1821-22, Abner Kuykeudall brought to\\nthe Brazos seventy head of cattle; and th-e next year, Randall Jones,\\nin Louisiana, traded a negro man for sixty head, which he introduced into\\nPort Bend county. In 1831, Messrs. M Neil and Bingham had each 600\\nhead, and Taylor White, on the Trinity, had 3,000. Almonte estimated\\nthat in 1834 the department of the Brazos had 25,000 head of cattle, and\\nthat of Nacogdoches, 50,000 head.\\nThere were in Texas in 1846, 382,783 head of cattle; in 1855, 1,363,688; in\\n1860, 3,786,443; in 1865, 2,741,358; in 1870,3,651,310; in 1875,3,182,904;\\nin 1876, 2,810,309\u00e2\u0080\u0094 valued at $15,023,701. In 1877, 3,413,356, valued at\\n$18,931,356. The reports of the Agricultural Department at Washington\\nvary considerably from those of our own Comptroller. For instance, in\\n1870, the Comptroller s repoi t places the number of cattle at 3,651,316,\\nvalued at $13,581,272; and the agricultural report for the same year makes\\nthe number of stock cattle 3,500,000, valued at $21,350,000 and to this adds,\\nmilch cows number 615,000, valued at $6,562,000 total number, 4,115,000;\\ntotal value, $27,912,000; an enormous increase over the assessed number\\nand value.\\nThe cattle of Texas are now driven north to market. In 1873, and again\\nin 1874, about 200,000 were taken across Red river and exp orted by water.\\nIn 1875, 116,000 crossed Red river; in 1876, 151,000; and it was estimated\\nthat over 300,000 were taken out over that route in 1877.\\nGoats and Hogs. See statistics of wealth articles taxed.\\nHorses and Mules. In the Comptroller s reports these come in one\\nclass. Number in 1846, 35,648, valued at $1,510,950. Number in 1850,\\n89,223; 1855, 177,444, valued at $7,803,588; 1860, 330,807, valued at $15,899,-\\n430 1865, 451,400, valued at $14,015,877 1870, 625,585, valued at $16,437,-\\n075 (the agricultural report for the same year places the whole luimber at\\n702,500, valued at $27,507,874) in 1874 there were 871,278, valued at\\n$21,187,030; 1875,838,232, valued at $20,792,220; 1876, 848,084, valued at\\n$19,371,347; 1877, 985,581, valued at $20,507,477. Notwithstanding the\\ngeneral impression that Texas is a great country for cattle, the above figures\\nshow that horses and mules exceed in value by millions, the value of horned\\ncattle. Again, notwithstanding the great value of our live stock, one good\\ncotton crop of 800,000 bales, on a good market, would bring in enough\\nmoney to buy all the cattle, horses and mules in the State\\nSheep.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1865, there were in the State, 941,413; in 1870, 1,047,986; in\\n1874, 1,632,971; in 1876, 2,601,071; in 1877, 2,582,610; valued at $3,092,680.\\nThe sheep and wool business in the State is yet in its infancy.\\n760", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0772.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "PENITENTIARIES.\\nIn the year 1846 the Legislature made provision for establishing a State\\npenitentiary, and the next year it was located at Hnntsyille. James\\nGillespie was Superintendent and Abner H. Cook, Contractor. During the\\nyears 1848-49, 11,000 square yards were inclosed with a brick wall and\\nbuildings erected containing 240 cells. This was done mostly by convicts.\\nThe first convict was received October 1st, 1849. In 1850, ten were admit-\\nted and nine remained at the close of the year. Twenty-seven were ad-\\nmitted in 1851; lort}--three in 1852; thirty-one in 1853; thirty-six in 1854;\\nthirty-nine in 1855 forty-three in 1856, and tifty in 1857. At the close of\\n1857, out of 280 admitted, there were 102 still in the institution.\\nin 1856, machinery was procured for the manufacture of cotton and\\nwoolen goods, and a building erected for the machinery, 270x50 feet. Forty\\ncotton looms and 286 spindles were put in operation, and 200 spindles for\\nwool.\\n1861-1864.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 During the war Thomas Caruthers was Superintendent. In\\na report to the Legislature, August 31st, 1863, Mr. Caruthers reported that\\nin twenty-one months there had been manufactured 2,233,587 yards of\\nOsnaburgs, 406,025 yards cotton jeans, and 322,890 yards Kerseys, etc. The\\nincome of the institution amounted to $1,521,687, largely in excess of ex-\\npenditures.\\nIn 1865 there were 118 convicts; in 1866, James Gillespie was Superin-\\ntendent 298 convicts classed 98 Americans, 35 Mexicans, 155 negro men\\nand 10 women. In 1867 Thaddeus C. Bell was Superintendent 483 convicts,\\n179 of whom were employed on railroads, under the supervision of the\\nPublic Labor Board. In 1870, A. J, Bennet, Superintendent 484 convicts.\\n1871, 994 convicts. On the 5th of July, the Penitentiary was leased to\\nWard, Dewey Co., for fifteen years the lessees to have the use of the\\nbuildings and labor of the convicts; and to pay the State, for the first five\\nyears, Iig5,000 per annum; for the next five years $10,000 per annum; and\\nfor the last five years $20,000 per annum.\\nIn 1872, A. D. Malloy, Inspector. In September, 1873, there were 883\\nconvicts. 1874, J. K. P. Campbell, Inspector; 1454 convicts of whom 676\\nwere kept in the grounds at Iluntsville and the others hired out on rail-\\nroads, plantations, etc.\\nIn 1875 provision was made for locating two additional penitentiaries, one\\neast of Trinity, and one west of the Colorado. The Commissioners locaLcd\\nthem respectively at Rusk, and at San Marcos. Five thousand acres of land\\nwere purchased near Rusk, upon wliich a suitable building has been\\nerected. It was completed early in January, 1879. The foundation is laid\\nwith iron cfre rock, and the remainder with yellow ochre rock. The cell\\nhouse is divided into two wings, each 273 feet long, 42 feet wide, by 40 odd\\nfeet high. Each of these wings contains a double tier of cells, four cells\\nhigh each tier contains 264 cells. Total number of cells, 528. These cells\\nare eight by six. The domestic building contains on the ground floor one\\n761", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0773.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "762 HISTO.EY OF TEXAS.\\ndining-room, 40x100; one kitchen, 25x40; bakery, 20x40; one store-room^\\n10x26; one laundry, 40x45; one drying-room, 10x26. The second floor\\ncontains chapel, 40x100; one hospital, 40x40, with medicine room over\\nstaircase. Library, 25x34, and one epidemic hospital, 20x40.\\nComplaints having been made to the Governor, of the treatment of con-\\nvicts, a Commission was appointed, who, after investigating the subject,\\nreported that there were grounds for the complaints.\\nIn 1876 there were 1,723 convicts, of whom 1280 were hired to outside\\nparties. H. K. White, Inspector.\\n1877, April 2d, the Contractors, Ward, Dewey Co., retui-ned the Peni-\\ntentiary to the control of the State Executive, who leased it to Burnett\\nKilpatrick. There were 1,582 convicts. Ou the 16th of December it was\\nleased to E. H. Cunningham, of Bexar county.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0774.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "MARKET HOUSE, HOUSTON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0775.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0776.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "POPULATION.\\nIt is supposed that in the year 1744 there were 1,500 Europeans in\\nTexas and an equal number of civiUzed Indians. Twenty years later there\\nwere only about half as many. lu 1806 there were 7,000; in 1830, 20,000;\\nin 1836, Mr. Mortit estimated the population at 52,470. In 1847 the first\\ncensus was taken. There were then 100,508 wliites, ten free negroes, and\\n35,267 slaves. Total, 135,775.\\nThe following is from the census reports\\nCensus Reports.\\nTotal Population\\nWhites\\nColored\\nNative Born\\nForeign Born.\\n1870.\\n818,579\\n567,700\\n253,475\\n756,168\\n66,411\\n1860.\\n604,215\\n430,891\\n182,921\\n560,793\\n43,422\\n1850.\\n212,592\\n154,034\\n58,558\\n194,433\\n17,681\\nPopulation, Nativity of. As reported in 1870, 254,091 white, and\\n134,306 colored, were natives of Texas; 41,663 white, and 20,550 colored,\\nwere natives of Alabama; 38,849 white, and 11,772 colored, were boru\\nin Tennessee; 28,639 white, and 13,805 colored, in Mississippi; 26,326\\nwhite, and 14,801 colored, in Georgia; 17,608 white, and 6,608 colored,\\nwere natives of Arkansas; 11,233 white, and 7,421 colored, natives of\\nNorth Carolina; 15,235 white, and 12,045 colored, natives of Louisiana;\\n10,569 white, and 7,155 colored, were from South Carolina; 8,480 white,\\nand 13,683 colored, from Virginia.\\nForeign Born. Besides the 62,411 reported in 1870 as foreign born, 107,-\\n327 had one or both parents foreign born. Of the foreign born, 23,976 were\\nGermans, 22,510 Mexicans, and 6,753 were from Great Britain. Cameron\\ncounty has the largest foreign born population 6,266 Mexicans. Bexar\\nreports 2,309 Mexicans and 1,829 Germans. Other counties having a large\\nGerman population were: Fayette, 2,128; Austin, 2,110; Galveston, 1,923;\\nComal, 1,878; Harris, 1,834; Washington, 1,701; Gillespie, 1,245; Dewitt,\\n544; Colorado, 776; Guadalupe, 736; Bastrop, 937; Travis, 641; Starr\\ncounty, 2,846 Mexicans; Hidalgo, 1,602; Nueces, 1,266; Maverick, 1,120;\\nEl Paso, 1,024 Webb, 954, and PresicUo, 772.\\nPresent Population. Approximately, our present population is 2,000,-\\n000. A little less than 500,000 are assessed for the poll tax and estimating\\nfour persons for each one taxed, the population would fall a Uttle short of\\ntwo millions it is pnobably above that number.\\n765", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0777.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\nIt would be tedious and unprofitable to enumerate the numerous\\ncharters for railroads during the Republic. No roads were built or even\\ncommenced. In 1852, preliminary surveys were made upon two lines of\\nroad, and some work done the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado road,\\nand the Memphis and El Paso road. Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado\\nroad, gauge four feet eight and a half inches, was commenced under the\\nsupervision of General Sidney Sherman, at Harrisburg, in 1852. The sec-\\nond locomotive west of the Mississippi was on this road. It reached\\nStafford s Point in 1853, Walker s in 1854, and Richmond, thirty-two\\nmiles from its initial point, in 1855. The Brazos was crossed by a tempo-\\nrary bridge, nearly on a level with the water. It reached the Colorado at\\nEagle Lake, sixty-five miles, in 1859; Alleytou in 1860, and Columbus,\\nwhere the Colorado was bridged, in 1866. By an act of the Legislature, in\\n1870, the charter was changed, and San Antonio became its objective point.\\nSince that period it has been known as the Sunset Route, or the C, H.\\nS. A. Railway. Thomas W. Pierce, of Boston, became the President\\nand principal owner of the road. It reached Shulenburg in 1873 Luling\\nin 1874, and Kingsbury in 1875. In January, 1876, the citizens of Bexar\\ncounty voted the company $300,000 in county bonds, to secure the speedy\\nconstruction of the road to San Antonio. It reached the Guadalupe river\\nat Marion, 184 miles from Harrisburg, in September, 1876. In Januai y,\\n1877, the terminus for passengers was changed from Harrisburg to Houston.\\nOn the 15th of January it reached San Antonio. From this point it may\\nbe extended to the Rio Grande by any route the company may select. As\\nthe road is now built, it has a length of 215 miles, of which thirty-six miles\\nare steel rail, and the remainder of the best iron T rails, and all fish plated.\\nThere are 14 3-10 miles of pile and trestle bridges, 1,401 lineal feet of iron\\ntruss bridges, and 3,112 feet of combination truss bridging on the line, all of\\nwhich are iironounced by competent judges as first-class in every respect and\\nthe entire road as A No. 1 in every particular of its component parts, in-\\ncluding track.\\nOfficers. Thomas W. Pierce, President H. B. Andrews, Vice-President;\\nCharles Babbidge, Ti-easurer and Assistant Secretary; Jacob E. Fisher,\\nSecretary, Assistant Treasurer and Auditor; James Converse, Chief En-\\ngineer and General Superintendent. General offices: Houston, Texas.\\nSTATIONS AND DISTANCES, SUNSET ROUTE.\\n^liles. Stations. Miles.\\nGalveston\\nHouston 212\\nHarrisburg 214\\n8 Pierce Junction. 206\\n19 Stafford 193\\n766", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0778.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "EAILEOADS. 767\\n26 Walker 188\\n32 Richmond 182\\n42 Randon 172\\n51 East Bernard 163\\n60 West Bernard 154\\n68 Eagle Lake 146\\n81 Alleyton 133\\n81 Columbus 130\\n94 Borden 120\\n100 Weimar 114\\n109 Schulenburg 105\\n122 Flatonia 92\\n134 Waelder 80\\n147 Harwood 67\\n156 c Luling 58\\n168 Kingsbury 46\\n178 Seguin 36\\n189 Marion 25\\n200 Converse 13\\n213 San Antonio\\nGalveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad. In 1856-7 twenty-five\\nmiles of this road was built from Virginia Point, opposite Galveston, toward\\nHouston, and reached the southern suburb of that city in 1858. Galveston\\nvoted $100,000 in bonds to build a bridge fi-om the Island to the main land,\\nwhich was completed in 1860. In 1863, by order of General Magruder, the\\nroad was extended through the city of Houston, to connect with the Texas\\nCentral road. In 1876, the gauge was changed from the broad to the\\nstandard gauge. Line of road, Galveston to Houston, 50 miles sidings\\nand other tracks, 12.50 miles; gauge, 4 feet 8h inches; rail, 56 pounds.\\nDuring the year 1876 the whole road was thoroughly repaired and fish-bar\\nrails substituted in the place of the chair rails on all but nine miles of the\\nmain track, and new bridges constructed over several small creeks and\\nbayous, while the bay bridge, H miles, was replied and strengthened\\nthroughout. The track has been raised and ballasted with shell and sand,\\na locomotive and train of cars having been constantly and exclusively em-\\nployed on this work for more than a year. This company has also fitted up\\nlarge, commodious and dry cotton yards, where that staple can be handled\\nwith greater dispatch and be free from destruction by fire.\\nThe stations on this road are: Galveston, Pooleville, Eagle Grove, Vir-\\nginia Point, Highland, Dickinson, Clear Creek, AVebsterville, Summit,\\nAllen s, Harrisburg and Houston, of which all except Galveston, Houston\\nand Harrisburg are nominally meeting points.\\nRolling stock consists of fifteen locomotives, nine passenger cars, six\\nbaggage, mail and express cars, 242 freight cars.\\nOfficers. John Sealy, President; H. M. Iloxie, Vice-President and Man-\\nager; F. P. Killecn, Secretary; J. IL Hutchiiigs, Treasurer; O. G. Murray,\\nGeneral Freight and Passenger Agent; J. II. Crowley, Master of Trans-\\nportation; John G. Conlon, Master Mechanic.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0779.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "768 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nHouston and Texas Central Railroad.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This was originally chartered\\nas the Galveston and lied Eiver Head. Its gauge was five and a half feet.\\nIt was first chartered in 1848. In 1852 the charter was amended and work\\nwas commenced in 1853. Paul Bremond took out the first shovel-full of\\ndirt in the city of Houston. Compared with roads built more recently, its\\nprogress was slow. It reached Cypress, twenty-five miles, in 1856 Hock-\\nley, ten miles further, in 1857, and Hempstead, fifty miles from Houston,\\nin 1858; Navisota in 1859, andMillican, eighty miles from Houston, in 1860.\\nAfter the war closed, work was resumed, and the road reached Bryan, 100\\nmiles, in 1867; Calvert, 130 miles, in 1868; Bremond, 115 miles, in 869;\\nGroesbeck, 170 miles, in 1870; Corsicana, 210 miles in 1871. From Corsi-\\ncana onward, the gauge was changed to the standard gauge, and subse-\\nquently, the entire road was made to conform to that gauge. The road\\nreached M Kinney in 1872, and in March, 1873, reached Denison, where it\\nformed a junction with the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Eoad, opening con-\\nnection with St. Louis. In 1876, the road passed into the control of Com-\\nmodore Charles Morgan.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\nHouston 311\\n5 Eureka 336\\n12 Gum Island 329\\n18 ...Thompson s 322\\n25 Cypress 315\\n35 Hockley 305\\n40 Waller 300\\n50 Hempstead 290\\n62 Courtney 278\\n70 Navasota 270\\n80 Millican 260\\n88 Wellborn 252\\n99 Brj^an 241\\n107 Benchley 233\\n113 Sutton 227\\n120 Hearne 220\\n128 Calvert 212\\n137 Hammond 203\\n142 Bremond 198\\n155 Kosse 85\\n101 Thornton 179\\n170 Groesbeck 170\\n1 81 Mexia I59\\n189 Wortham 151\\n199 Richland 141\\n211 Corsicana 129\\n221 Rice 120\\n231 Ennis HO\\n239 Palmer 102\\n240 Ferris 95\\n254 Hutohins 87", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0780.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "VIEW OF SAN PEDRO SPRINGS, SAN ANTONIO.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0781.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0782.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "EAILEOADS.\\n771\\nj^Iiles Stations. Miles.\\n265..* Dallas 76\\n277 Kichardson 64\\n282 Piano ^9\\n29(5 o McKiiiney 45\\n3Q2 Melissa\\noi 9 Van Alstyne 20\\n319 Howe\\n329 Sherman 1^\\n34]^ ..Deuison\\nOfficers.\\nC. A. Wlutney, New Orleans, president; G. Jordan, Houston, vice-presi-\\ndent; A. S. Richardson, Houston, secretary E. W. Cave, Houston, treas-\\nurer; A. H. Swanson, Houston, general superintendent; J. Waldo,\\ngeneral freight and ticket agent.\\nLine of Boad.\\nMiles.\\nMain line\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Houston to Denison 343\\nBranches\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hempstead to Austin 115\\nBremond to Waco 47\u00e2\u0080\u0094162\\nTotal length of lines owned and operated by the company 505\\nSiding and other tracks, 65 miles; gauge, 4 feet 8^ inches; rail, 56 lbs,\\nHouston and Texas Central Western Branch) .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Twenty-five miles of\\nthis road from Hempstead to Brenham was completed in 1865; in 1869, it\\nwas extended to Burton, thirteen miles west of Brenham in 1870, to Led-\\nbetter; and in 1871, to Austin, 165 miles from Houston. Stations and\\ntowns on the line\\nHouston to Hempstead\\nBliles.\\n50\\nChappell Hill ^1\\nBrenham\\nBurton\\n84\\nLedbetter\\nGiddings\\nPaige 1^\\nMacDade 12^\\nElgin\\nManor\\nAustin\\n{Waco Branch) .\u00e2\u0080\u0094WsiS built from Bremond to Marlin, eighteen miles, in\\n1870 and reached Waco, forty-five miles, in 1871. In 1877, this road was\\nextended in a northwestern direction eleven miles to White Rock; making\\nit fifly-six miles from Bremond. Stations and distances", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0783.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "772 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMiles^\\nHouston\\n142 Breiuond\\n9 Reasau 1^^\\n9 Marian\\n8 Perry\\n10 Harrison\\nn Waco\\n18T\\n11 White Rock 1\u00c2\u00bb!^\\nThe following statement of the condition of the roads now in progress at\\nGalveston, is from the Annual Review for September, 1878:\\nGalveston AVhauf Company s Railroad. Directory. J. L. Darragh^\\nI. Dyer, J. G. DuflBeld, John Sealy, C G. Wells and H. Rosenberg on the\\npart of the company, with his honor Mayor D. C. Stone and aldermen J.\\nH. Hurt and J. Runge on the part of the city. J. L. Darragh, president,\\nThos. C. Shearer, acting secretary.\\nLine of road, 2| miles; gauge, 4 feet, 8^ inches; rail, 56 lbs. This road\\nwas constructed by the AVharf Company to connect the Galveston, Houstoa\\nand Henderson, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe and others that may here-\\nafter be constructed Avith the different wharves, so that freight cars can be\\nloaded and unloaded directly alongside of ships lying at the various wharves.\\nIt commences on Thirty-seventh street, Galveston, where it intersects the\\nGalveston Houston and Henderson, runs thence in a northeasterly direc-\\ntion to Thirty-fifth street, where it meets the Gulf, Colorado and Santa\\nFe road, thence runs east on Avenue A to the eastern portion of the city,\\nwith l)ranches extending directly on the New wharf, Lufkin s wharf, the\\nNew York Steamship wharf, the Brick w^harf and Morgan s Line wharf.\\nGalveston, Brazos and Colorado, {In Progress) Line of road, 15^\\nmiles; gauge of road, 3 feet; rails, 30 lbs. Rolling stock: 3 locomotives, 4\\npassenger cars, 89 freight cars. Entire cost, $165,000.\\nThis road is now in the hands of David E. Small and Edward Samuels, of\\nPennsylvania, represented in Galveston by Messrs. Sloan Gonzales. The\\nroad having been in the hands of lessees during the greater part of the sea-\\nson, and no report having been made, it is impossible to give report of\\noperations. The road and rolling stock have been put in good order and\\nthe rt)ad is being worked to its utmost capacity. Negotiations are in pro-\\ngress looking to an early extension of the line.\\nGulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railw\\\\t. Officers. M. Kopperl, pres-\\nident; Jas. Sorley, vice president; C. C. Allen, secretary; R. J. John, treas-\\nurer; George B. Nichols, superintendent; B. M. Temple, chief engineer.\\nLine of road (completed) Galveston to the Brazos river, 48 miles\\ngauge, 4 feet 8i inches; rails, 56 lbs.\\nA contract has recently been made with Messrs. Denistown, Cross Co.,\\na responsible firm of London, England, for placing $2,700,000 of the compa-\\nny s first mortgage bonds, which sum, with the local aid subscribed on the\\nline of the road, it is estimated will be sufficient to complete and equip the", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0784.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "RAILEOADS. 773\\nroad to Belton, Bell county, a distance of 220 miles from Galveston. Thi\\ncontract has been approved by the board of directors, and will be ratified\\nby the stockholders at a general meeting.\\nAt the present terminus of the road on the Brazos river, a substantial all-\\niron bridge, 485 feet, is being erected, and in a short time will be crossing\\nthat stream. The grade will be completed to the eighty-first mile by the\\n15th of October, 1878, and the rails and fastenings have been purchased and\\nare on the way to finish the road, under the construction contract to that\\npoint, at Bovine Bend, by the 28tli of November. By the 31st of October,\\n1878, the road will be completed to Richmond, 63 miles from Galveston,\\nthere forming a connection with the Galveston, Harrisburg and San AntoniO\\nRailroad, thus putting Galveston in direct communication with points here-\\ntofore tributary to other markets. Rolling stock has been ordered to equip\\nand operate the line so completed.\\nHouston and Texas Western. Gauge, 3 feet; rail, 30 lbs. In operation\\nfrom Houston to Pattison, forty-one miles. OflScers: T. W. House, pres-\\nident; Peter Floeck, vice-president; J. G. Tracy, secretary J. W. Good-\\nwin, superintendent. General ofBces Houston.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\nHouston 41\\n6 Westheimer 35\\n12 Piney Point 29\\n22 Habermacher 19\\n30 Wimberly 11\\n41 Pattison\\nThe Houston East and West Texas Railway. Officers. Paul Bre-\\nmond, president; Samuel S. Timpson, secretary.\\nThis enterprise, familiarly known as the Bremond road, is being pushed\\nto the Trinity river, and will be completed to that point by December next.\\nForty miles have been finished, aud for that distance there are daily trains.\\nFive additional miles are ready for the iron, which will be laid immediately.\\nMr. Bremond has purchased iron sufl3.cicnt to carry the road to the Trinity,\\nand the right of way for nearly the whole distance has been cleared. There\\nare nine mills in active operation upon this road as far as it has been built,\\nwhich are turning out each week a vast amount of excellent lumber, and\\nthe revenue from this source alone is paying a large per cent, on the capital\\ninvested. The town of Cleveland, named for Judge Chas. Cleveland, of\\nGalveston, will be reached before another month shall have passed, and a\\nconsiderable business will spring up at that point as soon as trains can be\\nrun from it to Hou^^ton. The construction of the road is in every particular\\nfirst-class, the work having been done by Messrs. Snelling Harper uj) to\\nthe forty-mile point. Mr. Snelling now has control of the construction,\\nMr. Harper having died within the past few months. Recently Mr. Bre-\\nmond has bonded the road for 87.000 per mile, at 7 pev cent, interest, and\\nhe bond is considered a number one security. There can be no doubt that", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0785.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "774 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthis enterprise is one of the most promising in the Southern States. Once\\nacross the Trinity river, a magnificent farming country will be reached, and\\nalong the whole line of that river to the town of Nacogdoches, the pine,\\nwalnut, white oak, hickory and other valuable timber trees cannot be sur-\\npassed in this country. The Houston East and West Texas Kailway is going\\nto be the means of developing a country now without railroad facilities,\\nand the State of Texas would be better off if she had more Paul Bremouds\\nwithin her limits.\\nThe principal office of the company is at Houston.\\nTexas Transportation Cojipant. This short road was built in 1876 to\\nconnect with the town of Clinton, where Mr. Morgan s steamers land, with\\nHouston. It is seven and one-half miles long. The road is built of steel\\nrails, tied with water-seasoned cypress and equipped in the best, most sub-\\nstantial style receives other companies cars at Houston, pulling them with\\ntheir powerful engines to the wharf, immediately alongside Mr. Morgan s\\nsteamships, which receive and transport produce to all ports.\\nTexas and New Orleans Railroad. Ten miles of this road from Hous-\\nton eastward was built in 1859. In 1860 it was completed eighty miles to\\nBeaumont, and in 1861 to Orange, 106 miles from Houston, and at the close\\nof the war the road was suspended. In 1876 a re-organization of the com-\\npany took place, and soon afterward re-commenced business.\\nOfficers of the Boad.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John T. Terry, President; J. F. Crosby, Vice-\\nPresident and General Manager; T. W. House, Treasurer; B. F. Merritt,\\nSecretary; P. B. Watson, Auditor; C. A. Burton, Superintendent; W. II.\\nMasters, General Freight and Passenger Agent; C. C. Barr, Chief En-\\ngineer N. R. Olcott, General Laud Agent.\\nLength of line in operation, Houston to Orange, 106 miles gauge 4 feet\\nSh inches; weight of rail per yard, 66 pounds.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\nHouston 106\\n12 Shelden 94\\n20 Crosby 86\\n35 Dayton 71\\n40 Liberty 66\\n53 Devers 53\\n67 Sour Lake 39\\n83 Beaumont 23\\n93 Terry 13\\n106 Orange\\nInternational and Great Northern Railroaj) Company, May 1st, 1878.\\nLine of Road.\\nMiles.\\nHouston to Longview, Texas 235\\nPhelps (66 miles north of Houston) to Huntsville 8\\nPalestine (152 miles north of Houston) to Austin 181\\ng I Troupe (198 miles north of Houston) to Mineola 45\\nW Houston to Columbia 61-285\\nTotal length of all lines owned and operated 520", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0786.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "rORMER MILITARY HEADQUARTERS, SAN ANTONIO.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0787.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0788.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "EAILROADS. 777\\nSidings and other tracks, 20 miles gauge of road, 4 feet 8^ inches rail,\\n56 pounds.\\nThe Houston and Great Northern road was commenced in the city of\\nHouston in 1870 reached the Trinity, 88 miles, in 1871, with a branch to\\nHuntsville, 8 miles, in 1872. It reached Palestine, 152 miles, and in 1873\\nwas combined with the International Eailroad.\\nHOUSTON DIVISION.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\nHouston 232\\n5 Cross Timbers 226\\n12 Prairie 220\\n19 Westfleld 213\\n23 Spring 209\\n27 Hartley s 205\\n28 Haltom s 204\\n30 Egypt 201\\n33 Parker 199\\n34 Medley s 198\\n36 Grand Lake 196\\n38 Berings 184\\n47 Willis 177\\n55 Waverly 171\\n66 Phelps 1 65\\n71 Dodge 161\\n79 Riverside 153\\n86 Trinity 146\\n95 Red Branch 137\\n100 Lovelady 132\\n113 Crockett 119\\n120 Stark 112\\n126 Grapeland 106\\n138 Elkhart 93\\n151 Palestine 81\\nBRAZOS DIVISION.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles^\\nAustin 262\\n11 Duval 250\\n19 Round Rock 243\\n22 Palm Valley.. 238\\n27 Hutto 234\\n36 Taylor 226\\n48 Everett 213\\n52 Watson 210\\n61 Rockdale 200\\n69 Milano 192\\n81 Gause 181\\n91 Hearne 1 70\\n105 Englewood 156", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0789.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "778 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nBRAZOS DIVISION. CONTINUED\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\n115 Lake 147\\n125 Marques 136\\n137 Jewett 125\\n14G Buffalo 116\\n154 Keechi 108\\n164 Oakwoofls 98\\n171 Douglass. 90\\n180 Palestine 81\\nRED RIVER DIVISION.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\n151 Palestine 81\\n162 NeJies 69\\n167 Price s 65\\n168 Earl s 63\\n178 o .Jacksonville 54\\n184 Eeynolds. 48\\n196 Troupe 36\\n204 Jarvis 28\\n210 Overton 22\\n220 Kilgore 12\\n227 Foots 5\\n232 Longview\\nCOLUMBIA. DIVISION.\\nMiles. Stations. 3Iiles.\\n50 Houston\\n44 Pierce Junction 6\\n29 Areola 20\\n22 Sandy Point 28\\n18 China Grove 82\\n13 Chenango 36\\n8 Oyster Creek 41\\nColumbia 50\\nNORTHERN DIVISION.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\no Troupe 44\\n11 WTiitehouse 33\\n19 Tyler 25\\n33 Lindale 11\\n44 Mineola\\nHUNTSVILLE BRANCH.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\nriiolps 8\\n8 Huutsville", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0790.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "EAILROADS. 779\\nThe Directory. Samuel Sloan, Moses Taylor, T. W. Pearsall and John\\nS. Barnes, New York Cilj^, New York; James A. Baker, Houston, Texas;\\nR. S. Hayes, H. M. Hoxie, D. S. H, Smith and Ira H. Evans, Palestine,\\nTexas.\\nOfficers. Samuel Sloan, President; R. S. Hayes, Vice-President and\\nReceiver; D. S. H. Smith, Treasurer; Ira H. Evans, Land Commissioner;\\nGeorge J. Pollock, Accountant; H. M. Hoxie, General Superintendent;\\nAllen McCoy, General Freight Agent J. 11. Page, General Passenger and\\nFi eight Agent; O. H. Dorance, Master of Transportation; T. K. McFar-\\nland, General Baggage Agent; Jacob S. Wetmore, Assistant Treasurer and\\nTransfer Agent, New York.\\nPrincipal ofSces and address, Palestine, Texas; fiscal agency and transfer\\noffice, New Y^ ork.\\nThe International Railroad was chartered in 1870, to run diagonally\\nacross the State from northeast to the southwest. To this road the State\\npromised a bonus of $10,000 per mile. It was commenced at Hearne, on the\\nCentral, and foi ty-one miles built to Jewett, in 1871 in 1872 it was built to\\nOverton, 109 miles; in 1873 it reached Longview, and formed a junction\\nwith the Texas Pacific. The track was also extended soutwest across the\\nBrazos, fifteen miles. In 1874, it reached Rockdale, and Round Rock in\\nJuly, 1876, and Austin, December, 1876.\\nThe State having failed to issue the bonds to the company on the portion\\nof the road already built, and the Constitution having been changed so us to\\npermit the giving of land to corporations, in 1875, the Legislature passed a\\nbill, substituting twenty sections of land, per mile, instead of the $10,000 in\\nbonds the entire property of the company to be exempt from taxation for\\ntwenty-five years. This compromise was accepted by the company.\\nThe Columbia division of this road was known, before the war, as the\\nSugar road. It was built from Houston to Pierce Junction in 1856; and\\nextended to Columbia, in 1860. Haviug failed to pay the interest on the\\nmoney loaned by the State from the school fund, it was sold out, and became\\nthe property of the H. G. N. road,\\nTexas Pacific Road. This was formerly known as the Southern Pacific,\\nand was sometimes called the Memphis El Paso road. Commenced at\\nShreveport, Louisiana, in 1858 reached Mai shall, Texas, forty-two miles,\\nin 1859, and Longview, in 1870 Dallas, in August, 1873 and Fort Worth,\\nin Jiuy, 1876. In 1873, a section of the northern branch of this road was\\nopened from Sherman to Brookston in March, 1875, it reached Paris, and\\nClarksville, in July, and Texarkana in August.\\nBoard of Directors (Report for 1878.) Thomas A. Scott, Pennsylvania;\\nFrank S. Bond, Pennsylvania; John C. Brown, Tennessee; W, AV Keefer,\\nPennsylvania II. H. Houston, Pennsylvania R. D. Barclay, Pennsylvania\\nMarshall O. Roberts, New York; Henry G. Stebbins, New York; William\\nThaw, Pennsylvania; W. T. AValters, Maryland; Alfred Gaither, Oliio;\\nW. C. Hall, Kentucky; W. S. McManus, Pennsylvania; T. L. Nesmith,\\nCalifornia; W. M. Harrison, Texas. General Office, 275 South Fourth\\nstreet, Philadelphia.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0791.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "780 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nPresident, Thomas A. Scott; vice presidents, Frank S. Bond, John C\\nBrown; assistant to the president, James P. Scott; treasurer, George D.\\nKrumbhaar secretary, Charles E. Satterlee. Transfer agency, 60 Exchange\\nplace, New York. E. B. Hart, transfer agent.\\nThe number of miles of road (main track) operated was the same at the\\ncommencement as at the close of the year, and is described as follows\\nMiles.\\nFrom Shreveport to Fort Worth 219 69-lOa\\nFrom Texarkana to Sherman 155 12-100\\nFrom Marshal to Texarkana Junction 69 6-100\\nTotal length of main ti-ack 443 86-100\\nThe average number of miles operated the previous year 414 75-100\\nWhich shows an increase over last year of.. 29 11-100\\nA fraction over 7 per cent.\\nAt the commencement of the year the company had 36 94-100 miles of\\nside tracks, and at the close of the year it had 39 44 100 miles, showing that\\n2h miles of siding was added during the year. The total length of main\\ntracks and sidings, May 31, 1878, was 483 30-100 miles.\\nJ. S. Noble, Superintendent Trans-Continental and Jefferson divisions,\\nTexarkana, Texas.\\nGeorge E. Wright, General Baggage Agent, Mai shall, Texas.\\nGeneral Offices, Marshall, Texas.\\nExecutive Office, 275 South Fourth street, Philadelphia, Pa.\\nJEFFERSON AJ\u00c2\u00abD SOUTHERN DIVISION.\\nMiles. stations. Miles.\\nTexarkana 254\\n6 Texarkana Junction 248\\n16 Sulphur 238\\n20 Alamo 234\\n26 Lanark 228\\n31 Atlanta 223\\n39 Hoxie s 215\\n44 Kildare 210\\n49 Lodi \u00e2\u0099\u00a6,205\\n59 Jefferson 195\\n65 Woodlawn 189\\n-^4 Marshall ISO\\n79 Abney s 175\\n83 Millwood 171\\n88 Hallville 166\\n94 Mason Springs 160\\n97 Long\\\\iew Junction 157\\n98 Longview 156\\n101 Willow Springs 153\\n110 Gladewater 144", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0792.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "COMAL, RIVER, NEAR NEW BRAUNFELS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0793.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0794.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS. 783\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\n116 Neal s 138\\n121 Big Sandj^ 133\\n123 Chilton 131\\n12G Hawkins 128\\n134 Lake Fork 120\\n143 Mineola Ill\\n150 Silver Lake 104\\n157 Grand Saline 97\\n168 Edgewood 86\\n174 Will s Point 80\\n183 Elmo 71\\n190. Terrell 64\\n194 LawTence 60\\n202 Forney 52\\n209 Mesquite 45\\n215 Scyene Siding. 39\\n221 H. T. C. Crossing 33\\n223 Dallas 32\\n228 Eagle Ford 26\\n234 Grand Prairie 20\\n241 Ai-lington. 13\\n248 Village Creek. 6\\n254 Fort Worth\\nTRANS-CONTINENTAl, DIVISION.\\nMiles. stations. Miles.\\no Texarkana 154\\n6 Texarkana Junction 148\\n17 Vlialey s 137\\n22 New Boston 132\\n34 DeKalb 120\\n44 Douglas 110\\n52 o Annona 102\\n60 Clarksvllle 94\\n67 Bagwell s 86\\n73 Bennett s 81\\n80 Blossom Prairie 74\\n90 Paris 64\\n98 Brookston 56\\n111 Honey Grove 42\\n121 .Dodd s 33\\n127 Bonham 27\\n138 Savoy 16\\n146 Choctaw 8\\n154 Sherman\\nMARSHALL ^VND SHREVEPORT SOUTHERN DIVISION.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\nShreveport 40\\n4 Race Track 37\\n42", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0795.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "784 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nMiles. Stations. Jlliles.\\n5 Jewella 3G\\n8 Beckville 32\\n11 Flounioy s 29\\n15 Greenwood 25\\n21 Waskom 19\\n24 Jonesville IG\\n32 Scottsville 8\\n40 Marshall\\nHenderson and Overton. Webster Flanagan, president; W. S. Moss,\\nvice president; A. B. Collins, treasurer; B. S. Wathen, secretary and super-\\nintendent.\\nLine of road, Overton to Henderson, 15 miles. Sidings half a mile.\\nGauge 4 feet 8^ inches. Rail 56 pounds.\\nTtlek Tap {.\\\\^arro w-Gauge) James P. Douglas, pi-esident; W. J.\\nGoodman, vice president; E. C. Williams, treasurer; Charles T. Bonner,\\nsecretary.\\nLine of road: Tyler to Ferguson, 21 miles; sidings and other tracks, one\\nmile. Gauge, 3 feet. Weight of rail in use, 30 pounds.\\nDallas and Wichita. W. H. Gaston, president; J. W. Calder, vice\\npresident; George Shields, secretary.\\nLine of road: Dallas to Louisville, 22^ miles; gauge of road, 4 feet 8^\\ninches. Rail, 56 pounds. Ten miles constructed within past year. Expen-\\nditures and earnings about $1,500 per month. Receiver appointed in June,\\nand now in charge of the road.\\nEast Line Railway. Wra. M. Harrison, president E. W. Taylor, vice\\npresident; W. H. Cook, secretary; W. B. Ward, superintendent; T. J.\\nRogers, auditor; J. P. Russell, general freight agent; S. D. Rainey, Jr.,\\ngeneral ticket agent; B. H. Eppei-son, E. W. Taylor, W. B. A^^ard, L. A.\\nEllis, W. M. Harrison, J. P. Russell, J. H. Bemiss, S. D. Rainey, Jr.; T. J.\\nRogers, directors.\\nThis enterprise, begun and carried out by Jefferson men and capital, is a\\ngrowing interest in east Texas. The road was commenced in June, 1876,\\nfirst 20 miles completed December 1st, 1876. By September 1st, 1877, 13i\\nadditional miles were completed, making 33^ miles of road in operation on\\nthat date. By December 1st, 1877, 16i additional miles were completed, to\\nPittsburg, Camp county, making 50 miles oi road in operation on that date.\\nAt this writing the road is completed and in running order 10 miles further,\\nmaking a grand total of 60 miles now in operation.\\nCorpus Christi, San Diego and Rio Grande (In progress) President,\\nU. Lott; vice president, W. L. Rogers; secretary, J. B. Mitchell; treas-\\nm er, George F. Evans; assistant secretary and treasurer, Wm. A. Lott.\\nThis road is now open for business to Collins, Nueces county, 40 miles\\nfrom Corpus Christi. Gauge of road, 3 feet. Railj, 30 pounds.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0796.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "EAILROADS. 785\\nRio Grande. Line of road, Brownsville to Point Isabel, 22 miles,\\ntjrauge, 4 ieetSh inches. Rail, 56 pounds.\\nThis road runs from Brownsville, on the Rio Grande river, to Point\\nIsabel, where Mr. Morgan s ships connect with it. It is now in the hands\\nof Mr. M. J. Gomila, receiver, by whom it is operated. No report of its\\noperations has arrived.\\nGulf, Western Texas and Pacific. Henry Sheppard, president and\\nsuperintendent; M. D. Monserrat, secretary, treasurer and general agent.\\nPrincipal office, Indianola, Texas.\\nLine of road, Indianola to Cuero, 68.8 miles sidings and other tracks, 4\\nmiles gauge, four feet 8i inches. Rail, 56 pounds.\\nThe G. W. T. P. was originally the San Antonio Mexican Gulf road\\nand was built fi-om Port Lavaca to Victoria, in 1857-1860. Totally de-\\nstroyed during the war rebuilt after the war but not proving pi-ofltable,\\nit was purchased by Mr, Charles Morgan the terminus taken from Lavaca\\nto Indianola, and the road extended to Cuero, in 1874.\\nMiles. Stations. Miles.\\n70 Indianola\\n58 Lavacca 12\\n45 Placedo 25\\n30 Victoria 40\\n15 Thomaston 55\\n10 Burns 60\\nCuero 70\\nFor the fiscal year ending August 31, J 877, there were issued land certifi-\\ncates to the different railroads in Texas, as follows: 1218 certificates to\\nInternational and Great Northern Railroad Company for 779,520 acres, none\\nto State; 2991 certificates to Texas and Pacific Railroad Company for\\n1,914,240 acres; 881 certificates to Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio\\nRailroad Company for 563,840 acres; 536 certificates to East Line and Red\\nRiver Railroad Company for 343,040 acres; 248 certificates to Galveston, B.\\nand C. Narrow Gauge Railroad Company for 158,720 acres; 298 certificates\\nto Tyler Tap Railroad Company for 190,720 acres 352 certificates to Texas\\nand Western Narrow Gauge Railroad Company for 225,280 acres; 192 cer-\\ntificates to Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad Company for 122,880; 160\\ncertificates to Corpus Christi, San Diago and Rio Grande Railroad Company\\nfor 102,400 acres 240 certificates to Henderson and Overton Branch Rail-\\nroad Company for 153,600 acres 184 certificates to Dallas and Wichita Rail-\\nroad Company for 117,760 acres. The same number of certificates were\\nissued to the school fund in each case. Makiiur in tlie aggregate 7300 cer-\\ntificates with 4,672,000 acres to the raikoads, and 3,892,480 for the State.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0797.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "TELEGRAPHS AND TAXES.\\nTelegraph Lines. On the 24th of January, 1860, telegi aphic communi-\\ncation was established between Galveston and Houston, and the lines were\\ngradually extended to the principal cities of the State. Tliere are two\\nlines in Texas: the Western Union and the Military Line. In 1875, Con-\\ngress made an appropriation to connect the military po^ts on the frontier\\nby telegraph, and the lines were built during the year 1876. The Western\\nUnion has in operation about 2,000 miles and the Military Line probably\\n1,500 miles.\\nTOTAL AGGREGATE TAXABLE PROPERTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1846-77.\\nYttars Aggregate\\nTaxable Property,\\n1846 $34,391,175\\n1847 37.5(i2.505\\n1S48 43,812,537\\n1849 46,241,689\\n1850 51,814,615\\n1851 69,739,581\\n1852 80,754,094\\n1853 99,155,114\\nl854 120,981,617\\n1855 149,521 ,451\\n1856 161,304,025\\n1857 183,591.205\\n1858 193.(;3G,S18\\n1859 224 ,353,266\\n1860 29 ^.315,659\\n1861 256,784.482\\n1864 358,101,886\\n1SG5\\n1SG6 122,749,123\\n1867 170,005,545\\n1868 144,260.244\\n1869 149.655,386\\n1870 170,473.778\\n1871 222,504,073\\n1872 207,920.526\\n1873 223.410.920\\n1874 241,8il,SGa\\n1875 250,853,790\\n1876 248 ,41 5 .850\\n1877 .318,985,765\\nThe following table exhibits the amount of pi operty in each county, and\\nthe summary following describes the different kinds of property taxed", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0798.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "VIEW OF COMMERCE STREET, SAN ANTONIO.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0799.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0800.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "TAXABLE PROPERTY.\\nASSESSMENT FOR 1877-78.\\n789\\nCOUNTY.\\nAnderson\\nAngelina\\nAransas\\nAtascosa..\\nAustin.\\nBandera.\\nBastrop..\\nBee\\nBell\\nBexar\\nBlanco\\nBosque\\nBowie\\nBrazoria.\\nBrazos.\\nBrown\\nBurleson.\\nBurnet\\nCaldwell..\\nCalhoun.\\nCallahan..\\nCameron.\\nCamp\\nCass\\nChambers.\\nCherokee\\nClay\\nColeman..\\nCollin\\nColorado\\nCo null.\\nComanche\\nConcho.\\nCook\\nCoryell...\\nDallas....\\nDelta\\nDenton..\\nDeAVitt...\\nDuval\\nEastland..\\nEllis\\nEl Paso...\\nErath\\nFalls\\nFannin\\nFayette...\\nFort Bend\\nFranklin..\\nFreestone.\\nFrio\\nGalveston.\\nGillesi ie..\\nGoliad....\\nGonzales.\\nGrayson.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Gregg....\\nTotal\\nValuation.\\n$2,466,535\\n618.034\\n637.4S1\\n711,332\\n2,508.091\\n331,169\\n2,634.015\\n1,005,580\\n3,387,970\\n8,509,634\\n706,729\\n1,582.179\\n1,445,318\\n2,382,984\\n2,302,534\\n1,206,560\\n1,588,097\\n1,153,165\\n1,707,646\\n696,924\\n125,400\\n1,656.238\\n676,776\\n1,621,344\\n410,045\\n1,878,562\\n822,766\\n736.828\\n5,576,170\\n2.735,621\\n1,272.660\\n1,090,435\\n84,569\\n2,446,077\\n1,809,246\\n9,268,770\\n694.444\\n3,149.672\\n2,058,974\\n968.002\\n461,714\\n4,248,764\\n421.436\\n1,614,323\\n2,815.086\\n3,790,930\\n4.797.853\\n2.126.111\\n536.695\\n1,928.722\\n554. 6S2\\n22.913.359\\n961 ,6:!0\\n1.360,339\\n2.9(;8.s(;i\\n6.(;(;s.2: .5\\n1,125,219\\nAd Valorem\\nTax.\\n$12,232 94\\n3.091 30\\n3,186 75\\n3,540 67\\n12,540 46\\n1,655 84\\n13.172 31\\n5,027 68\\n16,889 84\\n42,548 05\\n3,534 43\\n7,910 18\\n7,255 95\\n11,915 27\\n11.512 25\\n6,082 78\\n7,940 49\\n5,776 24\\n8,538 23\\n3,465 72\\n627 40\\n8,281 25\\n3,386 81\\n8.092 10\\n2.050 20\\n9.392 80\\n4.114 33\\n3,088 56\\n27,880 85\\n13,678 71\\n6,362 80\\n5,455 21\\n409 15\\n12,230 38\\n9,055 40\\n46,343 85\\n3,472 22\\n15.74S 36\\n10,294 99\\n4.839 18\\n2.308 57\\n21,243 75\\n2.107 23\\n8,072 88\\n14.075 40\\n18.952 79\\n23,985 81\\n10.681 02\\n2,663 48\\n9,648 88\\n2,773 38\\n114,506 83\\n4,808 15\\n0,796 52\\n41.810 94\\n33.312 53\\n5,627 09\\nPoll Tax.-\\n$5,982\\n1,434\\n490\\n1,296\\n5,032\\n778\\n5,300\\n884\\n5,734\\n3.:!Ni\\n1.232\\n3,312\\n2,376\\n3.600\\n5,044\\n2,738\\n3,264\\n1,984\\n2,786\\n780\\n394\\n4,480\\n1,568\\n4,834\\n768\\n5,186\\n1.052\\n1,002\\n8,250\\n5.436\\n1,772\\n2,960\\n14\\n5,258\\n4,176\\n8,372\\n2.004\\n5,240\\n3,348\\n760\\n1,104\\n4,836\\n1.322\\n3,926\\n5,614\\n6.238\\n7,828\\n3,148\\n1,542\\n4,666\\n422\\n3,116\\n1,664\\n1,764\\n4.616\\n11.616\\n2,500\\nTotal Tax.\\n$18,314 94\\n4.525 30\\n3,676 75\\n4,852 67\\n17,602 46\\n2,433 84\\n18,472 31\\n5,911 68\\n22,623 84\\n45.934 05\\n4,766 43\\n11 ,222 18\\n9,631 95\\n15,575 27\\n16,55() 25\\n8,770 78\\n11,204 49\\n7,760 24\\n11,324 23\\n4,245 72\\n1,021 40\\n12,761 25\\n4,954 81\\n12,926 10\\n2,818 20\\n14.558 80\\n5,160 33\\n4,690 56\\n36,130 85\\n19,114 71\\n8,134 80\\n8,415 21\\n423 15\\n17,488 38\\n13,231 40\\n54,715 85\\n5,476 22\\n20,988 36\\n13,642 99\\n5,599 18\\n3,412 57\\n26,079 75\\n3.420 23\\n11.998 88\\n19,689 40\\n25.190 79\\n31,813 81\\n13,829 02\\n4,205 48\\n14,314 88\\n3.195 38\\n117,682 83\\n6,474 15\\n8,560 52\\n19,150 94\\n44,958 53\\n8,127 09", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0801.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "790\\nHISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nASSESS^IENT FOR 1877-78\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contintted.\\nCOUNTY.\\nGrimes\\nGuadalupe.\\nHamilton\\nHardin\\nHarris\\nHarrison\\nHays\\nHenderson.\\nHidalgo\\nHill\\nHood\\nHopkins\\nHouston\\nHunt\\nJack\\nJackson\\nJasper\\nJetterson\\nJohnson\\nKarnes\\nKaufman\\nKendall\\nKerr\\nKimball\\nKinney\\nLamar\\nLampasas..\\nLavaca\\nLee\\nLeon\\nLiberty\\nLimestone\\nLive Oak\\nLlano\\nMeCulloch.\\nMcLennan\\nMcMullen\\nMadison\\nMarion\\nMason\\nMatagorda\\nMaverick\\nMedina\\nMenard\\nMilam\\nMontague..\\nMontgomeiy.\\nMorris\\nNacogdoches\\nNavarro\\nXewton\\nXueces\\nOrange\\nPalo pinto...\\nPanola\\nParker\\nTotal\\nValuation.\\nAd Valorem\\nTax.\\n$2,718,355\\n2,488.716\\n847,498\\n321.431\\n11,438.650\\n3,062,287\\n1,353,040\\n1,212,439\\n375,531\\n2,583,419\\n850,910\\n1,989.704\\n1.974,147\\n2,171,571\\n774,470\\n876,030\\n522,062\\n954,393\\n2,659,390\\n1,009,000\\n2,854,269\\n497,826\\n404,370\\n211.291\\n425,056\\n4,730.723\\n1,035,504\\n2,474,785\\n1,661,892\\n1,025,733\\n820.202\\n2.297,762\\n845.247\\n546.351\\n523,902\\n5,529.817\\n159,039\\n716,062\\n1,853.297\\n539.411\\n1,270.025\\n,469,635\\n1,056,401\\n,103,019\\n2.438,906\\n1.082.460\\n1,302.303\\n441.497\\n1.237.368\\n4.375.515\\n334.869\\n2.452,841\\n526,845\\n740,833\\n1.269.890\\n1,782.564\\n$13,599 15\\n12,443 15\\n4.253 44\\n1,607 06\\n57,198 25\\n15,316 09\\n6,765 20\\n6,002 21\\n1.877 84\\n12,942 09\\n4.254 55\\n9,948 37\\n9,876 66\\n10,857 85\\n3,867 95\\n4,383 71\\n2,610 31\\n4.772 84\\n13,293 76\\n5.045 46\\n14,274 46\\n2,490 07\\n2,021 85\\n1,056 45\\n1,131 75\\n23,653 50\\n5,177 68\\n12,368 03\\n8,309 56\\n8,126 35\\n4,101 01\\n13,980 62\\n4,229 34\\n2,731 75\\n2,613 41\\n27,651 79\\n789 19\\n3,578 55\\n9,269 51\\n2,697 05\\n6,350 88\\n2,846 93\\n5.282 00\\n980 48\\n12.194 48\\n5.405 61\\n6.511 96\\n2.208 SG\\n6,187 76\\n21.877 72\\n1,674 34\\n12.264 19\\n2.634 22\\n3,554 16\\n6,349 45\\n8,954 83\\nPoll Tax.\\nTotal Tax.\\n$6,786\\n2,874\\n2,130\\n500\\n6,694\\n6,688\\n2,128\\n2,930\\n608\\n5,402\\n1,960\\n4,366\\n4,146\\n5,692\\n1,488\\n880\\n1,548\\n924\\n5,960\\n1,014\\n4,248\\n906\\n682\\n348\\n590\\n9,440\\n1,746\\n4,008\\n3,130\\n4,560\\n1.472\\n4,760\\n506\\n1,274\\n496\\n8,572\\n258\\n1,920\\n3,326\\n778\\n1.486\\n690\\n1,412\\n150\\n5,712\\n3.292\\n2,634\\n1,394\\n3,950\\n6,902\\n1,206\\n1,239\\n298\\n1,670\\n4,146\\n3,698\\nf20,385 15.\\n15,317 15\\n6,383 44\\n2,107 06.\\n63,887 25\\n22,004 09\\n8,893 20\\n8,992 21\\n2,485 84\\n18,344 09\\n6,214 55\\n14,314 37\\n14,022 6\\n16,549 85\\n5.355 95\\n5,263 71\\n4,158 31\\n5,698 84\\n19,253 76.\\n6.059 46\\n18,522 4\\n3,396 07\\n2.703 85\\n1,404 45\\n2.721 75\\n33,098 50\\n6,923 68\\n16.466 03\\n11,439 56\\n12.686 35\\n5.573 01\\n18,740 62\\n4,785 34\\n4,005 75\\n3,109 41\\n36,223 79\\n1,056 19\\n5,498 55\\n12.595 51\\n3.475 05\\n7.836 88\\n3.042 93\\n6,694 00\\n1.142 48\\n17,906 48\\n8,697 61\\n9,145 96\\n3,602 85\\n10,137 76\\n28,779 72\\n2.880 34\\n13,512 19\\n3,452 22\\n5,224 16\\n10,495 45\\n12,652 88.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0802.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "TAXABLE PROPERTY.\\nASSESSMENT FOR 1877-78\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Contintjed.\\n791\\nCounty.\\nPolk\\nPresidio\\nPecas\\nRains\\nRed River\\nRefugio\\nRobertson.\\nRockwall\\nRusk\\nSabine\\nSomervell\\nSan Augustine\\nSan Patricio\\nSan Saba\\nShackelford\\nShelby\\nSan Jacinto\\nSmith\\nStarr\\nStephens\\nTarrant\\nTitus\\nTaylor\\nTom Green\\nTravis\\nTriuitjr\\nTyler\\nT Jpshur\\nUvalde\\nVan Zandt\\nVictoria\\nWalker\\nWliarton\\nWaller\\nWashington\\nWebb\\nWilliamson\\nWilson\\nWise\\nWood\\nYoung\\nZapata\\nTotal\\nValuation.\\n$717,354\\n747,881\\n375,900\\n3!J9,572\\n2,303,320\\n1,141,994\\n3,644,630\\n709,476\\n2,313,523\\n328,079\\n230,125\\n481.260\\n864,812\\n1,029,512\\n493,776\\n782,475\\n666,859\\n3,552,188\\n1,026,511\\n586,348\\n4,515,815\\n709,616\\n43,209\\n754,787\\n10,739,100\\n715,592\\n666,437\\n1,185,093\\n828,725\\n1,676,053\\n2,306,262\\n1,464,699\\n876,384\\n1,733,948\\n4,067,355\\n1,091,658\\n3,755,950\\n1,049,827\\n1,525,075\\n1,615,818\\n714,607\\n386,391\\nAd Valorem\\nTax.\\n$3,588 27\\n3,739 40\\n1,879 48\\n1.997 69\\n11,516 59\\n5,727 74\\n18,223 15\\n3,547 38\\n11,567 62\\n1,640 53\\n1,154 70\\n2,406 34\\n4,324 06\\n5,150 63\\n2,468 58\\n3,912 38\\n3,336 04\\n17,759 10\\n512 56\\n2,931 75\\n22,577 08\\n3,849 54\\n216 04\\n3,773 88\\n53,698 08\\n3,575 65\\n3,334 02\\n5,930 46\\n4,142 26\\n8,382 93\\n11,531 31\\n7,323 39\\n4,387 40\\n8,684 25\\n23,351 76\\n5,458 29\\n18,786 35\\n4,249 01\\n7,629 92\\n8,079 10\\n3,573 81\\n2,907 25\\nPoU Tax.\\n$2,086\\n564\\n720\\n1,056\\n5,326\\n548\\n8,328\\n868\\n6,266\\n1,392\\n780\\n1,518\\n384\\n1,814\\n702\\n2,892\\n2,144\\n6,492\\n1,210\\n722\\n7,348\\n1,934\\n126\\n492\\n10,260\\n1,482\\n1,848\\n2,934\\n802\\n2,932\\n2.242\\n3,462\\n1,452\\n3,324\\n8,556\\n1,564\\n4,400\\n1.778\\n3,940\\n3,222\\n1,240\\n400\\nTotal Tax.\\n$5,674 27\\n4,303 40\\n2,599 48\\n3.053 69\\n16,842 59\\n6,275 74\\n26,551 15\\n4.415 38\\n17,833 62\\n3,032 53\\n1,934 70\\n3,924 34\\n4,708 06\\n6,964 63\\n3,070 58\\n6,804 38\\n5,480 04\\n24.251 10\\n6,342 56\\n3,653 75\\n29,925 08\\n5,783 54\\n342 04\\n4,265 88\\n68,958 08\\n5,057 65\\n5,182 02\\n8,864 46\\n4,944 26\\n11,314 93\\n13.773 31\\n10.785 39\\n5,839 40\\n12,008 25\\n31,907 76\\n7.022 29\\n23,186 35\\n7,027 01\\n11,569 92\\n11,301 19\\n4,813 81\\n2,367 25", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0803.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "792 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSUM^IARY OF ASSESSMENTS.\\nRENDERED PROPERTY.\\nDescription of Property. Valued at\\nNumber of acres, 61,445,03!) $125,621,392\\nTown lots 49,419,067\\nNumber miles of railroad, 1,763 667-1000 14,959.643\\nNumber miles of telegraph, 2,231 51-1000 145,860\\nNumber acres, land certificates, 890,255 211 ,572\\nNumber of steamboats and sailing vessels, etc., 356 184,072\\nNumber of carriages, buggies, etc., 131,075 4,919,446\\nManufacturers tools, implements, etc 3,955,874\\nMaterials and manufactured article? 307,802\\nNumber of horses and mules, 966,977 20,242,896\\nNumber of cattle, 3.263,373 18,048,668\\nNumber of jacks and jennets, 5,299 178,816\\nNumber of sheep, 2,227,839 2,829,404\\nNumber of goats, 223,417 161,134\\nNumber of hogs, 1,286,933 2,257,002\\nGoods, wares and merchandise 16,427,407\\nMoney on hand 8,507,337\\nMiscellaneous property 24,441,356\\nTotal value $292,818,743\\nState ad valorem tax, per cent $1,404,244 68\\nState poll, 230,069, at $2 each 460,138 GO\\nTotal State tax $1,924,382 68\\nAverage value of land per acre $2 04^\\nTJNRENDERED PROPERTY.\\nDescription of Property. Valued at\\nNumber of acres, 15,035,411 $19,462,180\\nTown lots 2,789,878\\nNumber miles of railroad, 18 81,000\\nNumber miles of telegraph, 12 5,000\\nNumber acres, land certificates, 19,392 2,840\\nNumber of steamboats, sailing vessels, etc., 217 239,000\\nNumber of carriages, buggies, etc., 845 42,597\\nManufacturers tools, implements, etc 59,290\\nMaterials and manufactured articles 525\\nNumber of horses and mules, 18.584 284,581\\nNuml)er of cattle, 149,983 883,342\\nNumber of jacks and jennets, 72 3.985\\nNumber of sheep, 65.533 78.601\\nNumber of goats, 5.201 3.550\\nNumber of hogs, 5,976 11,558\\nGoods, wares and merchandise x,333,910\\nMonej on hand 317,176\\nMisceUaneous property 518,009\\nTotal value $26,117,022\\nState ad valorem tax, of 1 per cent $130,583 78\\nNumber polls, 2,335, $2 each 4,670 00\\nTotal, $135,253 78\\nAverage value of land per acre $1 29\\nTotal amount of property rendered and unrendered $318,985,765\\nState ad valorem tax, of 1 per cent $1,594,828 46\\nPoll tax 464.808 00\\nTotal $2,059,636 46", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0804.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "MASONIC HEADQUARTERS OF STATE, HOUSTON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0805.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0806.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE.\\nPREAMBLE.\\nHumbly invoking the blessing of Almighty God, the people of the State\\nof Texas do ordain and establish this Constitution.\\nARTICLE I.\\nBILL OF RIGHTS.\\nThat the general, great, and essential principals of liberty and free gov-\\nernment may be recognized and established, we declare\\nSection 1. Texas is a free and independent State, subject only to the\\nConstitution of the United States and the maintenance of our free insti-\\ntutions and the perpetuity of the Union depend upon the preservation of the\\nright of local self-government unimpaired to all the States. g\\nSec, 2. All political power is inhei-ent in the people, and all free govern-\\nments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit. The\\nfaith of the people of Texas stands pledged to the preservation of a repub-\\nlican form of government, and, subject to this limitation only, they have at\\nall times the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their government\\nin such manner as they may think expedient.\\nSec, 3. All free men, when they form a social compact, have equal rights\\nand no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emolu-\\nments, or privileges, but in consideration of public services.\\nSec. 4. No i-eligious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any\\noffice, or public trust, in this State; nor shall any one be excluded from\\nholding office on account of his religious sentiments, provided he acknowl-\\nedges the existence of a Supreme Being.\\nSec. 5. No person shall be disqualified to give evidence in any of the\\ncourts of this State on account of his religious opinions, or for the want of\\nany religious belief, but all oaths or affirmations shall be administered in\\nthe mode most binding u[)on the conscience, and shall be taken subject to\\nthe pains and penalties of i)erjury.\\nSec. G. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty\\nGod according to the dictates of their own consciences. No man shall be\\ncompelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain\\nany ministry, against his consent. No human authority ought, in any case\\nwhatever, to control or interfere with the rights of conscience in matters\\nof religion, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any relio-ious\\nsociety or mode of worship. But it shall be the duty of the legislature to\\npass such laws as may be necessary to protect equally every reliii^ious\\ndenomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode oi public wor-\\nship.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0807.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "796 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 7. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for\\nthe benefit of any sect, or religious society, theological or religious semi\\nnary nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such\\npurposes.\\nSec. 8. Every person shall be at liberty to speak, write, or publish his\\nopinions on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege;\\nand no law shall ever be passed curtailing the liberty of speech or of the\\npress. In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the con/\\nduct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is\\nproper for pubJic information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence.\\nAnd in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the right to determine\\nthe law and the facts, under the direction of the coui-t, as in other cases.\\nSec. 9. The people shall be secure, in their persons, houses, papers, and\\npossessions, from all unreasonable seizures or searches, and no warrant to\\nsearch any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue without\\ndescribing them as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported\\nby oath or affirmation.\\nSec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a speedy\\npublic trial by an impartial jury. He shall have the right to demand the\\nnature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have a copy thereof.\\nHe shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself He shall have\\nthe right of being heard by himself or counsel, or both; shall be confronted\\nwith the witnesses against him, and shall have compulsory process for\\nobtaining witnesses in his favor. And no person shall be held to answer\\nfor a criminal offence, unless on indictment of a Grand Jury, except in\\ncases in which the punishment is by fine or imprisonment otherwise than in\\nthe penitentiary, in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the army\\nor navy, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public\\ndanger.\\nSec. 11. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for\\ncapital offences, when the i^roof is evident; but this provision shall not be\\nso construed as to prevent bail after indictment found, upon examination\\nof the evidence in such manner as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 12 The writ of habeas corpus is a writ of right, and shall never be\\nsuspended. The Legislature shall enact laws to render the remedy speedy\\nand effectual.\\nSec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,\\nnor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. All courts shall be open, and\\nevery person, for an injury done him in his lands, goods, persoij, or reputa-\\ntion shall have remedy by due course of law.\\nSec. 14. No person, for tlie same offence, shall be twice put in jeopardy\\nof life or liberty nor shall a person be again put upon trial for the same\\noffence after a verdict of not guilty in a court of competent jurisdiction.\\nSec. 15. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. The Legisla-\\nture shall pass such laws as may be needed to regulate the same, and ta\\nmaintain its purity and efficiency.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0808.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. i^l\\nSec. 16. No bill of attaindei ex post facto law, retroactive law. or auy\\nlaw impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made.\\nSec. 17. No pei son s property shall be taken, damaged or destroyed for\\nor applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless\\nby the consent of such person; and when taken, except for the use of the\\nState, such compensation shall be first made, or secured by a deposit of\\nmoney and no irrevocable or uncontrollable grant of special pri^dlegcs or\\nimmunities shall be made; but all privileges and franchises granted by the\\nLegislatui e, or created under its authority, shall be subject to the control\\nthereof.\\nSec. 18. No person shall ever be imprisoned for debt.\\nSec. 19. No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, prop-\\nerty, privileges, or immunities, or in any manner disfranchised, except by\\nthe due course of the law of the land.\\nSec. 20. No person shall be outlawed; nor shall any person be trans-\\nported out of the State for any offence committed within the same.\\nSec. 21. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of\\nestate and the estates of those who destroy their own lives shall descend\\nor vest as in case of natural death.\\nSec. 22. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war\\nagainst it, o/ adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort; and no\\nperson shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two wit-\\nnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.\\nSec. 23. Every citizen shall have the right to keep and bear arms in the\\nlawful defence of himself or the State; but the Legislature shall have\\npower by law to regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to pi event\\ncrime.\\nSec. 24. The military shall at all times be subordinate to the civil au-\\nthority.\\nSec. 25. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in the house of\\nany citizen without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a\\nmanner prescribed by law.\\nSec. 26. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free\\ngovernment, and shall never be allowed nor shall the law of primogeni-\\nture or entailments ever be in force in this State.\\nSec. 27. The citizens shall have the right, in a peaceable manner, to\\nassemble together for their common good, and apply to those invested with\\nthe power of government for redress of grievance or other purposes, by\\npetition, address, or remonstrance.\\nSec. 28. No power of suspending laws in this State shall be exercised\\nexcept by the Legislature.\\nSec. 29. To guard against transgressionsof the higher powers herein dele-\\ngated, we declare that everything to this liill of Eights is excepted out", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0809.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "798 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nof the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate,\\nand all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void.\\nAKTICLE II.\\nTHE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT.\\nSection 1. The powers of the government of the State of Texas shall be\\ndivided into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to\\na separate body of magistracy, to wit: those which are legislative to one,\\nthose which are executive to another, and those which are judicial to another\\nand no person, or collection of persons, being of one of these departments^\\nshall exercise any power prooerly attached to either of the others, except iu\\nthe instances herein expressly permitted.\\nARTICLE III.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nSection 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate\\nand House of Representatives, which together shall be styled The Legis-\\nlature of the State of Texas.\\nSec. 2. The Senate shall consist of thii ty-one members, and shall never\\nbe increased above this number. The House of Representatives shall consist\\nof ninety-three members until the first apportionment after the adoption of\\nthis Constitution, when, or at any apportionment thereafter, the number of\\nRepresentatives may be increased by the Legislature, upon the ratio of not\\nmore than one Representative for every fifteen thousand inhabitants ^^ro-\\nvided, the number of Representatives shall never exceed one hundred and\\nfifty.\\nSec. 3. The Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the term\\nof four years but a new Senate shall be chosen after every apportionment,\\nand the Senators elected after each apportionment shall be divided by lot\\ninto two classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated\\nat the expiration of the first two years, and those of the second class at the\\nexpiration of four years, so that one-half of the Senators shall be chosen\\nbiennially thereafter.\\nSec. 4. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by\\nthe qualified electors, and their term of office shall be two years from the\\nday of their election.\\nSec. 5. The Legislature shall meet every two years, at such time as may\\nbe provided by law, and at other times, when convened by the Governor.\\nSec. 6. No person shall be a Senator, unless he be a citizen of the United\\nStates, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of this State, and\\nshall have been a resident of this State five years next preceding his election,\\nand the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be\\nchosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-six years.\\nSec. 7. No person shall be a Representative, unless he be a citizen of the\\nUnited States, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of this State,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0810.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "POST OFFICE, GAIiVESTON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0811.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0812.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION 801\\nand shall have been a resident of this State two years next preceding his\\nelection, the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be\\nchosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-one years.\\nSec. 8. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications and election of\\nits own members but contested elections shall be determined in such manner\\nas shall be provided by law.\\nSec. 9. The Senate shall, at the beginning and close of each session, and\\nat such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members President\\npro tempore, who shall perform tlie duties of the Lieutenant-Governor in\\nany case of absence or disability of that officer, and whenever the said office\\nof Lieutenant-Governor shall be vacant. The House of Representatives\\nshall, when it first assembles, organize temporarily, and thereupon proceed\\nto the election of a Speaker from its own members and each House shall\\nchoose its other officers.\\nSec. 10. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do busi-\\nness, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the\\nattendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as\\neach House may provide.\\nSec. 11. Each House may determine the rules of its own proceedings\\npunish members for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two-thirds^\\nexpel a member, but not a second time for the same offence.\\nSec. 12. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish\\nthe same and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any\\nquestion shall, at the desire of any three members present, be entered on\\nthe journals.\\nSec. 13. AVhen vacancies occur in either House, the Governor, or the\\nperson exercising the power of the Governor, shall issue writs of election\\nto fill such vacancies and should the Governor fail to issue a writ of elec-\\ntion to fill any such vacancy within twenty days after it occurs, the return-\\ning officer of the district in which such vacancy may have happened, shall\\nbe authorized to order an election for that purpose.\\nSec. 14. Senators and Representatives shall, except in cases of treason,\\nfelony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session\\nof the Legislature, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing\\none day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the i)lace at\\nwhich the Legislature is convened.\\nSec. 15. Each House may punish, by imprisonment, during its sessions,\\nany person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly conduct in its\\npresence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings; provided, such impris-\\nonment shall not at any one time, exceed forty-eight hours.\\nSec. 16. The sessions of each House shall be open, except the Senate when\\nin executive session.\\nSec. 17. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn\\nfor more than three days, nor to any other place than that where the Legis-\\nlature may be sitting.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0813.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "802 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 18. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which\\nhe may be elected, be eligible to any civil office of profit under this State\\nwhich shall have been created or the emoluments of which may have been\\nincreased during such term; no member of either House shall, during the\\nterm for which he is elected, be eligible to any office or place, the appointment\\nto which may be made, in whole or in part, by either brancli of the Legis-\\nlature and no member of either House sliall vote for any other member\\nfor any office whatever, which may be tilled by a vote of the Legislature,\\nexcept in such cases as are in this Constitution provided. K^or shall any\\nmember of the Legislature be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any\\ncontract with the State, or any county thereof, authorized by any law passed\\nduring the term for which he shall have been elected.\\nSec. 19. No judge of any court. Secretary of State, Attorney-General,\\nclerk o any court of record, or any i^erson holding a lucrative office under\\nthe United States, or this State, or any foreign government, shall, during\\nthe term for which he is elected or appointed, be eligible to the Legislature,\\nSec. 20. No person who at any time may have been a collector of taxes,\\nor who may have been otherwise entrusted with public money, shall be\\neligible to the Legislature, or to any office of profit or trust under the State\\ngovernment, until he shall have obtained a discharge for the amount of\\nsuch collections, or for all public moneys with wliich he may have been en-\\ntrusted.\\nSec. 21. No member shall be questioned in any other place for words\\nspoken in debate in either House,\\nSec. 22. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure\\nor bill, proposed, or pending before the Legislature, shall disclose the fact\\nto the House of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon.\\nSec. 23. If any Senator or Eepresentative remove his residence from the\\ndistrict or county for which he was elected, his office shall thereby become\\nvacant, and the vacancy shall be filled as provided in section 13 of this arti-\\ncle.\\nSec. 24. The members of the Legislature shall receive from the public\\nTreasury such compensation for their services as may, from time to time,\\nbe provided by law, not exceeding five dollars per day for the first sixty\\ndays of each session and after that not exceeding two dollars per day for\\nthe remainder of the session except the first session held under this Con-\\nstitution, when they may receive not exceeding four dollars per day for the\\nfirst ninety days, and after that not exceeding two dollars per day for the\\nremainder of the session. In addition to the per diem the members of each\\nHouse shall be entitled to mileage in going to and returning from the seat\\nof government, which mileage shall not exceed five dollars for every twenty-\\nfive miles, the distance to be computed by the nearest and most direct route\\nof travel by land, regardless of railways and water routes; and the Comp-\\ntroller of the State shall prepare and preserve a table of distances to each\\ncounty seat now or hereafter to be estalished, and by such table the mileage\\nof each member shall be paid; but no member shall be entitled to mileage", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0814.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 803\\nfor any extra session that may be called within one day after the adjourn-\\nment of a regular or called session.\\nSec. 25. The State shall be divided into senatorial districts of contiguous\\nterritory, according to the number of qualified electors, as nearly as may be,\\nand each district shall be entitled to elect one Senator, and no single county\\nshall be entitled to more than one Senator.\\nSec. 26. The members of the House of Representatives shall be appor-\\ntioned among the several counties, according to the number of population\\nof the State, as ascertained by the most recent United States census, by the\\nnumber of members of which the House is composed Provided, that when-\\never a single county has sufficient population to be entitled to a Representa-\\ntive, such county shall be formed into a separate representative district, and\\nwhen two or more counties are required to make up the ratio of represen.\\ntation, such counties shall be contiguous to each other; and when any one\\ncounty has more than sufficient population to be entitled to one or more\\nRepresentatives, such Representative or Representatives shall be appor-\\ntioned to such county, and for any surplus of population it may be joined\\nin a representative district with any other contiguous county or counties.\\nSec. 27. Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be general\\nthx-oughout the State, and shall be regulated by law.\\nSec. 28. The Legislature shall, at its tirst session after the publication of\\neach United States decennial census, apportion the State into senatorial and\\nrepresentative districts, agreeably to the provisions of section 25 and 26 of\\nthis article and until the next decennial census, when the first apportion-\\nment shall be made by the Legislature, the State shall be, and it is hereby;\\ndivided into senatorial and representative districts, as provided by an ordin-\\nance of the Convention on that subject.\\nPROCEEDINGS.\\nSec. 29. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, Be it enacted by the\\nLegislatui e of the State of Texas.\\nSec 30. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so\\namended in its passage through either House as to change its original pur-\\npose.\\nSec 31. Bills may originate in either House, and when passed by such\\nHouse, may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other.\\nSec. 32. No bill shall have the force of law until it has been read on three\\nseveral days in each House, and free discussion allowed thereon; but in\\ncases of imperative public necessity (which necessity shall be stated in a\\nlireamble, or in the body of the bill), four-fifths of the House in which the\\nbill may be pending may suspend this rule, the yeas and nays being taken\\non the question of suspension, and entered upon the journals.\\nSec 33. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Rep-\\nresentatives, but the Senate may amend or reject them as other bill^.\\nSec 34. After a bill has been considered and defeated by either House of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0815.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "804 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nthe Legislature, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into a\\nlaw during the same session. After a resolution has been acted on and\\ndefeated, no resolution containing the same substance shall be considei-ed at\\nthe same session.\\nSec. 35. No bill (except general appropriation bills, which may embrace\\nthe various subjects and accounts for and on account of wliich moneys are\\nappropriated) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be expressed\\nill its title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not\\nbe expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof\\nas shall not be expressed.\\nSec. 36. No law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title but\\nin such case the act revived or the section or sections amended shall be re-\\nenacted and published at length.\\nSec. 37. No bill shall be considei ed, unless it has been first referred to a\\ncommittee and reported thereon and no bill shall be passed which has not\\nbeen presented and referred to and reported from a committee at least\\nthree days before the final adjournment of the Legislature.\\nSec. 38. The presiding officer of each House shall, in the presence of the\\nHouse over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by\\nthe Legislature, after their titles have been publicly read before signing;\\nand the fact of signing shall be entered on the journals.\\nSec. 39. No law passed by the Legislature, except the general appropria-\\ntion act, shall take effect or go into force until ninety days after the adjourn-\\nment of the session at which it was enacted, unless in case of an emergency,\\nwhich emei gency must be expressed in a preamble or in the body of the act,\\nthe Legislature shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to\\neach House, otherwise direct said vote to be taken by yeas and nays, and\\nentered upon the journals.\\nSec. 40. When the Legislature shall be convened in special session, there\\nshall be no legislation upon subjects other than those designated in the pro-\\nclamation of the Governor calling such session, or presented to them by the\\nGovernor; and no such session shall be of longer duration than thirty\\ndays.\\nSec. 41. In all elections by the Senate and House of Representatives,\\njointly or separately, the vote shall be given viva voce, except in the election\\nof their officers.\\nREQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS.\\nSec. 42. The Legislature shall pass such laws as may be necessary to\\ncarry into effect provisions of this Constitution.\\nSec. 43. The first session of the Legislature under this Constitutiow shall\\nprovide for revising, digesting, and publishing the laws, civil and criminal\\nand a like revision, digest, and publication may be made every ten years\\nthereafter; provided, that in the adoption of and giving effect to any such\\ndigest or revision, the Legislature shall not be limited by Sections 35 and\\n36 of this article.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0816.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "VIEW OF CORK FIELD IN BRAZOS BOTTOM, ROBERTSON COUNTY.\\nTaken MavISth, 1878, ou I. G. N. R. R.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0817.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0818.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 807\\nSec. 44. The Legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all\\nofficers, servants, agents, and public contractors, not provided for in this\\nConstitution, but shall not grant extra compensation to any officer, agent,\\nservant, or public contractor, after such public service shall lun-e been\\nperformed or contract entered into for the performance of the same; nor\\ngrant by appropriation or otherwise, any amount of money out of the treas-\\nury of the State, to any individual, on a claim, real or pretended, when the\\nsame shall not have been provided for by pre-existing law nor employ any\\none in the name of the State unless authorized by pre-existing law.\\nSec. 45. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall\\nbe vested in the courts, to be exercised in such manner as shall be provided\\nby law and the Legislature shall pass laws for that purpose.\\nSec. 46. The Legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of\\nthis Constitution, enact effective vagrant laws.\\nSec. 47. The Legislature shall pass laws prohibiting the establishment\\nof lotteries and gift enterprises, in this State, as well as the sale of tickets\\nin lotteries, gift enterprises, or other evasions involving the lottery princi-\\nple, established or existing in other States.\\nSec. 48. The Legislature shall not have the right to levy taxes or impose\\nburdens upon the people, except to raise revenue sufficient for the econom-\\nteal administration of the government, in which may be included the follow-\\ning purposes\\nThe payment of all interest upon the bonded debt of the State\\nThe erection and repairs of public buildings\\nThe benefit of the sinking fund, which shall not be more than two per\\ncentum of the public debt and for the payment of the present floating debt\\nof the State, including matured bonds for the payment of which the sinking\\nfund is inadequate\\nThe support of public schools, in which shall be included colleges and\\nuniversities established by the State and the maintenance and support of\\nthe Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas\\nThe payment of the cost of assessing and collecting the revenue and the\\npayment of all officers, agents, and employees of the State government, and\\nall incidental expenses connected therewith;\\nThe support of the Blind Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the\\nInsane Asylum, the State Cemetery, and the public grounds of the State;\\nThe enforcement of quarantine regulations on the coast of Texas\\nThe protection of the frontier.\\nSec. 49. No debt shall be created by or on behalf of the State, except to\\nsupply casual deficiencies of the revenue, repel invasion, suppress insurrec-\\ntion, defend the State in war, or pay existing debt; and the debt created to\\nsupply deficiencies in the revenue shall never exceed in the aggregate at any\\none time two hundred thousand dollars.\\nSec. 50. The Legislature shall have no power to give or to lend, or to\\nauthorize the giving or lending, of the credit of the State in aid of, or to any\\nperson, association, or corporation, whether municipal or other; or to\\n43", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0819.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "808 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\npledge the credit of the State in any manner whatsoever, for the payment\\nof the liabilities, present or prospective, of any individual, association of\\nindividuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever.\\nSec. 51. The Legislature shall have no power to make any grant, or au-\\nthorize the making of any grant, of public money to any individual, asso-\\nciation of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever; provided,\\nthat this shall not be so construed as to prevent the grant of aid in case of\\npublic calamity.\\nSec. 52. The Legislature shall have no power to authorize any county,\\ncity, town, or other political corporation, or subdivision of the State, to\\nlend its credit or to grant public mone\\\\ or thing of value, in aid of or to anj\\nindividual, association, or corporation whatsoever; or to become a stock-\\nholder in such corporation, association, or company.\\nSec. 53. The Legislature shall have no power to grant, or to authorize\\nany county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensation, fee, or\\nallowance to a public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service has\\nbeen rendered, or a contract has been entered into, and performed in whole\\nor in part nor pav, nor authorize the payment of, any claim created against\\nany county or municipality of the State, under any agreement or contract,\\nmade without authority of law.\\nSec. 54. The Legislature shall have no power to release or alienate any\\nlien held by the State upon any railroad, or in anywise change the tenor or\\nmeaning, or pass any act explanatory thereof; but the same shall be enforced\\nin accordance with the original terms upon which it was acquired.\\nSec. 55. The Legislature shall have no power to release or extinguish, or\\nto authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebt-\\nedness, liability, or obligation of any incorporation or individual to this\\nState, or to any county, or other municipal corporation therein.\\nSec. 56. The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this\\nConstitution, pass any local or special law, authorizing:\\nThe creation, extension, or impairing of liens;\\nRegulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards, or school districts\\nChanging the name of persons or places; changing the venue in civil or\\ncriminal cases\\nAuthorizing the laying out, opening altering, or maintaining of roads,\\nhighways, streets, or alleys\\nRelating to ferries and bridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge companies,\\nexcept for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries\\nbetween this and any other State\\nVacating roads, town plats, streets, or alleys\\nRelating to cemeteries, graveyards, or public grounds not of the State;\\nAuthorizing the adoption or legitimation of children;\\nLocating or changing county seats;\\nIncorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing their charters\\nFor the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the\\nplaces of voting;", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0820.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 809\\nOranting divorces\\nCreating offices, or prescribing tlie powers and duties of officers, in\\ncounties, cities, towns, election or school districts\\nChanging the law of descent or succession\\nRegulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence\\nin any judicial proceeding or enquiry before courts, justices of tlie ppace,\\nsheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, or other tribunals, or providing or\\nchanging methods for the collection of debts, or the enforcing of judgments,\\nor prescribing the effect of judicial sales of veal estate;\\nRegulating the fees, or extending the powers and duties of aldermen,\\njustices of the peace, magistrates, or constables;\\nRegulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing\\nof school-houses, and the raising of money for such purposes\\nFixing the rate of interest\\nAffecting the estates of minors, or persons under disability;\\nRemitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, and refunding moneys legally\\npaid into the treasury;\\nExempting property from taxation\\nRegulating labor, trade, mining, and manufacturing\\nDeclaring any named person of age;\\nExtending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or otherwise\\nrelieving any assessor or collector of taxes from the due performance of his\\nofficial duties, or his securities from liability;\\nGiving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds;\\nSummoning or impanelling grand or petit juries;\\nFor limitation of civil or criminal actions;\\nFor incorporating railroads or other work of internal improvements;\\nAnd in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no\\nlocal or special law shall be enacted provided, that nothing herein contained\\nshall be construed to pi ohibit the Legislature from passing special laws for\\nthe preservation of the game and fish of this State in certain localities.\\nSec. 57. No local or special law shall be passed, unless notice of the inten-\\ntion to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the\\nmatter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state the\\nsubstance of the contemplated law, and shall be published at least thirty\\ndays prior to the introduction into the Legislature of such bill, and in the\\nmanner to be provided by law. The evidence of such notice having been\\npublished shall be exhibited in the Legislature before such act shall be\\npassed.\\nSix. 58. The Legislature shall hold its sessions at the city of Austin,\\nwhich is hereby declared to be the Seat of Government.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nEXECUXrV E DEPARTMENT.\\nSection 1. The Executive Department of the State shall consist of a\\nGovernor, who shall be the chief Executive Officer of the State, a Lieutenant-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0821.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "810 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nGovernor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Treasurer,\\nCommissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney-General.\\nSec. 2. All the above officers of the Executive Department (except Sec-\\nretary of State) shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the\\ntime and places of election for members of the Legislature.\\nSec. 3. The returns of every election for said Executive Officers, until\\notherwise provided by law, shall be made out, sealed up, and transmitted\\nby the returning officers prescribed by law, to the seat of government,\\ndirected to the Secretary of State, who shall deliver the same to the Speaker\\nof the House of Representatives, as soon as the Speaker shall be chosen and\\nthe said Speaker shall, during the first week of the session of the Legisla-\\nture, open and publish them in the presence of both Houses of the Legisla-\\nture. The person, voted for at said election, having the highest number of\\nvotes for each of said offices respectively, and being constitutionally eligible,\\nshall be declared by the Speaker, under sanction of the Legislature, to be\\nelected to said office. But if two or more persons shall have the highest\\nand an equal number of votes for either of said offices, one of them shall be\\nimmediately chosen to such office by joint vote of both Houses of the Leg-\\nislature. Contested elections for either of said offices shall be determined\\nby both Houses of the Legislature in joint session.\\nSec. 4. The Governor shall be installed on the first Tuesday after the or-\\nganization of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and shall\\nhold his office for the term of two years, or until his successor shall be duly\\ninstalled. He shall be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United\\nStates, and shall have resided in this State at least five years immediately\\npreceding his election.\\nSec. 5. He shall, at stated times, receive as compensation for his services\\nan annual salary of four thousand dollars, and no more, and shall have the\\nuse and occupation of the Governor s mansion, fixtures, and furniture.\\nSec. 6. During the time he holds the office of Governor he shall not hold\\nany other office, civil, military, or corporate nor shall he practice any pro.\\nfession, and receive compensation, reward, fee, or the promise thereof, for\\nthe same; nor receive anj^ salary, reward, or compensation, or the promise\\nthereof, from any person or corporation, for any service rendered or per-\\nformed during the time he is Governor, or to be thereafter rendered or per-\\nformed.\\nSec. 7. He shall be commander-in-chief of the military forces of the State,\\nexcept when they are called into actual service of the United States. He\\nshall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws of the State, to\\nsuppress insurrections, repel invasions, and protect the frontier from hostile\\nincursions by Indians or other predatory bands.\\nSec. 8. The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the\\nLegislature at the seat of government, or at a different place in case that\\nshould be in possession of the public enemy, or in case of the prevalence of\\ndisease thereat. His proclamation therefor shall state specifically the pur-\\npose for which the Legislature is convened.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0822.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "TREMONT STREET, GALVESTON.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0823.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0824.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 813\\nSkc. 9. The Governor shall, at the commencement of each session of the\\nLegislature, and at the close of his term of office, give to the Legislature\\ninformation, by message, of the condition of the State and he shall recom-\\nmend to the Legislature such measures as he may deem expedient. He\\nshall account to the Legislature for all public moneys received and paid out\\nby him from any fund subject to his order, with vouchers and shall accom-\\npany his message with a statement of the same. And at the commencement\\nof each regular session he shall present estimates of the amount of mouey\\nrequired to be raised by taxation for all purposes.\\nSec. 10. He shall cause the laws to be faithfully executed; and shall con-\\nduct, in person, or in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, all inter-\\ncourse and business of the State with other States and with the United\\nStates.\\nSec. 11. In all criminal cases, except treason and impeachment, he shall\\nhave power, after conviction, to grant reprieves, commutations of punish-\\nment, and pardons and, under such rules as the Legislature may prescribe,\\nhe shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures. With the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate, he may grant pardons in case of treason, and to this\\nend he may respite a sentence therefor, until the close of the succeeding\\nsession of the Legislatui-e 2^^ ovidecl, that in all cases of remissions of tines\\nand forfeitures, or grants of reprieve, commutation of punishment, or par-\\ndon, he shall tile in the office of the Secretary of State his reasons therefor.\\nSec. 12. All vacancies in State or district offices, except members of the\\nLegislature, shall be filled, unless otherwise provided by law, by appoint-\\nment of the Governor, which appointment, if made during its session, shall\\nbe with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate present. If\\nmade during the recess of the Senate, the said appointee, or some other per-\\nson to fill such vacancy, shall be nominated to the Senate during the first\\nten days of its session. If rejected, said office shall immediately become\\nvacant, and the Governor shall, without delay, make further nominations,\\nuntil a further confirmation takes place. But should there be no confirma-\\ntion during the session of the Senate, the Governor shall not thereafter\\nappoint any person to fill such vacancy who has been rejected by the Senate\\nbut may appoint some other person to fill the vacancy until the next session\\nof the Senate, or until the regular election to said office, should it sooner\\noccur. Appointments to vacancies in offices elective by the people shall\\nonly continue until the first general election thereafter.\\nSec. 13. During the session of the Legislature the Governor shall reside\\nwhere its sessions are held, and at all other times at the seat of govermnent,\\nexcept when, by act of the Legislature, he may be required or authorized\\nto reside elsewhere.\\nSec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed both Houses of the Legisla-\\nture shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve, he\\nshall sign it; but if ho disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections,\\nto the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the olijcctious\\nat large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recou-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0825.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "814 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nsideratioii, two-thirds of tlie members present agree to pass the bill, it shall\\nbe sent, with the objections, to the other Ilonse, by which likewise it shall\\nbe reconsidered and, if approved by two thirds of the members of that\\nHouse, it shall become a law but in such cases the votes of both Houses\\nsliall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting-\\nfor and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House re-\\nspectively If any bill shall not bo returned by the Governor with his\\nobjections within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre-\\nsented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed\\nit, unless the Legislature, by its adjournment, prevent its return in which\\ncase it shall be a law, unless he shall file the same, with his objections, in\\nthe oflSce of the Secretary of State, and give notice thereof by public proc-\\nlamation within twenty days after such adjournment. If any bill presented\\nto the Governor contains several items of appropriation, he may object to\\none or more of such items, and approve the other portion of the bill. In\\nsuch case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement\\nof the items to which he objects, and no item so objected to shall take effect.\\nIf the Leijislature be in session he shall transmit to the House in which the\\nbill originated a copy of such statement, and the item objected to shall be\\nseparately considered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of such items\\nbe approved by two-thirds of the members present of each House, the same\\nshall be part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of the Governor.\\nIf anv such bill, containing several items of appropriation, not having been\\npi esenied to the Governor ten days (Sundays excepted) prior to adjourn-\\nment, be in the hands of the Governor at the time of adjournment, he shall\\nhave twenty days from such adjournment within which to file objections\\nto a7iy items thereof and make proclamation of the same, and such item\\nor items shall uot take effect\\nSec. 15. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of both\\nHouses of the Legislature may be necessary, except on questions of adjourn-\\nment, shall be presented to the Governor, and, before it shall take effect,\\nshall be appi-oved by him or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by both\\nHouses; and all the rules, provisions, and limitations shall apply thereto as\\nprescribed in the last preceding section in the case of a bill.\\nSec. 1G. There shall also be a Lieutenant-Govei uor, who shall be chosen\\nat every election for Governor by the same electors, in the same manner,\\ncontinue in office the same time, and possess the same qualifications. The\\nelectors shall distinguish for whom they vote as Governor and for whom as\\nLieutenant-Governor. The Lieutenant-Governor shall by virtue of his office\\nbe President of the Senate, and shall have, when in Committee of the Whole,\\na right to debate and vote on all questions and wheu the Senate is equally\\ndivided, to give the casting vote. In case of the death, resignation, removal\\nfrom oflice, inability, or refusal of the Governor to serve, or of his impeach-\\nment or absence from the State, the Lieutenant-Governor shall exercise the\\npowers and authority appertaining to the office of Governor until another\\nbe chosen at the periodical election, and be duly qualified; or until the\\nGovernor impeached, absent, or disabled, shall be acquitted, return, or his\\ndisabilitv be removed.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0826.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 815\\nSec. 17. If, dnring the vacancy in the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-\\nGovernor should die, resign, refuse to serve, or be removed from office, or\\nbe unable to serve, or if lie shall be impeached or absent from the State\\nthe president of the Senate, for the time being, shall, in the like manner,\\nadminister the government until he shall be superseded by a Governor or\\nLieutenant-Governor. The Lieutenant-Governor shall, while he acts as\\npresident of the Senate, receive for his services the same compensation and\\nmileage AVliich shall be allowed to the members of the Senate, and no more\\nand during the time he administers the Government, as Governor, he shall\\nreceive in like manner the same compensation which the Governor would\\nhave received had he been employed iu the duties of his office, and no more.\\nThe president, for the time being, of the Senate, shall, during the time he\\nadministers the government, receive in like manner the same compensation\\nwhich the Governor would have received had he been employed in the\\nduties of his office.\\nSec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor or president of the Senate succeeding\\nto tl ie office of Governor shall, during the entire term to which he may\\nsucceed, be under all the restrictions and inhibitions imposed in this Consti-\\ntution on the Governor.\\nSec. 19. There shall be a Seal of the State, which shall be kept by the\\nSecretary of State, and used by him officially under the direction of the\\nGovernor. The Seal of the State shall be a star of five i^ointSj encircled by\\nolive and live-oak branches, and the words, The State of Texas.\\nSec. 20. All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the\\nState of Texas, sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and at-\\ntested by the Secretary of State.\\nSec. 21. There shall be a Secretary of State, who shall be appointed by\\nthe Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who\\nshall continue in office during the term of service of the Governor. He\\nshall authenticate the publication of the laws, and keep a fair register of\\nall official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when required,\\nlay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers relrtive thereto, before\\nthe Legislature, or either House thereof, and shall perform such other duties\\nas may be required of him by law. He shall receive for his services au\\nannual salary of two thousand dollars, and no more.\\nSeo. 22. The Attorney-General shall hold his office for two years and\\nuntil his successor is duly qualified. He shall repi*esent the State in all suits\\nand pleas in the Supreme Court of the State in which tlie State may be a\\nparty, and shall especially enquire into the charter rights of all private cor-\\nporations, and from time to time, in the name of the State, take such action\\nin the courts as may be proper and necessary to prevent any private cor-\\nporation from exercising any power or demanding or collecting any species\\nof taxes, tolls, freight, or wharfage, not authorized by law. He shall, when-\\never sufficient cause exists, seek a judicial forfeiture of such charters, un-\\nless otherwise expressly directed by law, and give legal advice in writing to\\nthe Governor and other executive officers, when requested by them, and\\nixjrform such other duties as may be required by law. He shall reside at", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0827.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "816 HISTOEY or TEXAS.\\nthe seat of government daring his continuance in office. He shall receive\\nfor his services an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and no more,\\nbesides such fees as may be prescribed by law; provided, that the fees\\nwhich he may I eceive shall not amount to more than two thousand dollars\\nannually.\\nSec. 23. The Comptroller of Public Accounts, the Treasurer, and the\\nConnnissioner of the General Land Office shall each hold office for the term\\nof two years, and until his successor is qualified receive an annual salary\\nof two thousand and five hundred dollars, and no more reside at the cap-\\nital of the State during his continuance in office and perform such duties as\\nare or may be required of him by law. They and the Secretary of State\\nshall not receive to their own use any fees, costs, or perquisites of office.\\nAll fees that may be payable by law for any service performed by any officer\\nspecified in this section, or in liis office, shall be paid, when received, into\\nthe State Treasury.\\nSec. 24. An account shall be kept by the officers of the executive depart-\\nment, and by all officers and managers of State institutions, of all monej-s\\nand choses in action received and disbursed or otherwise disposed of by\\nthem, sevex allv, from all sources, and for every service performed; and a\\nsemi-annual report thereof shall be made to the Governor under oath. The\\nGovernor maj at any time, require information in writing from any and all\\nof said officers or managers, upon any subject relating to the duties, condi-\\ntion, management, and expenses of their respective offices and institutions,\\nwhich information shall be required by the Governor under oath, and the\\nGovernor may also inspect their books, accounts, vouchers, and public funds\\nand any officer or manager who, at any time, shall wilfully n^ake a false\\nreport or give false information, shall be guilty of perjury, and so adjudged\\nand punished accordingly, and removed from office.\\nSec. 25. The Legislature shall pass efficient laws facilitating the investi-\\ngation of breaches of trust and duty by all custodians of public funds, and\\njiroviding for their suspension from office on reasonable cause shown, and\\nfor the appointment of temporary incumbents of their offices during such\\nsuspension.\\nSec. 26. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of tAVO-thirds\\nof the Senate, shall appoint a convenient number of notai ies public for\\neach county, who shall perform such duties as now are or may be pre-\\nscribed by law.\\nARTICLE V.\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\nSection 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Su-\\npreme Court, in a Court of Appeals, in District Courts, in County Courts, in\\nCommissioner s Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, and in such\\nother courts as may be established by law. The Legislature may establish\\nCriminal District Courts, with such jurisdiction as it may prescribe, but no\\nsuch court shall be established unless the district includes a city containing at\\nleast thirty thousand inhabitants, as ascertained by the census of the United", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0828.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "THE STATE INSANE ASYLUM. AUSTIN.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0829.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0830.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 819\\nStates or other official census j^rovided, such town or city shall support\\nsaid Criminal District Courts when established. The Criminal District\\nCourt of Galveston and Harris counties shall continue with the district,\\njurisdiction, and organization now existing by law, until otherwise pro-\\nvided by law.\\nSec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two Asso-\\nciate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concur-\\nren^,e of two judges shall be necessary to the decision of a case. No person\\nshall be eligible to the office of Chief Justice or Associate Justice of the\\nSupreme Court unless he be at the time of his election a citizen of the United\\nStates and of this State, and unless he shall have attained the age of thirty\\nyeai S, and shall have been a practising lawyer or a judge of a court in this\\nState, or such lawyer and judge together, at least seven years. Said Chief\\nJustice and Associate Justices shall be elected by the qualified voters of the\\nState at a general election, shall hold their offices for six years, and shall\\neach receive an annual salary of not more than three thousand five hundred\\nand fifty dollars. In case of a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice or Asso-\\nciate Justice of the Supreme Court, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until\\nthe uext general election for State officers, and at such general election the\\nvacancy for the unexpired term shall be filled by election by the qualified\\nvoters of the State.\\nSec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which\\nshall be co-extensive with the limits of the State but shall only extend to\\ncivil cases of which the District Courts have original or appellate jurisdic-\\ntion. Appeals may be allowed for interlocutory judgments of the Dis-\\ntrict Courts, in such cases and under such regulations as may be provided\\nby law. The Supreme Court and the Judges thereof shall have power to\\nissue, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, the writ of\\nmandamus, and all other writs necessary to enforce the jurisdiction of said\\ncourt. The Supreme Court shall have power, upon affidavit or otherwise,\\nas by court may be thought proper, to ascertain such matters of fact as may\\nbe necessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court\\nshall sit for the transaction of business from the first Monday in October\\nuntil the last Saturday of June of every year, at the seat of government,\\nand at not more than two other places in the State.\\nSec. 4. The Supreme Court shall appoint a clerk for each place at which\\nit may sit, and each of said clerks shall give bond in such manner as is now\\nor may hereafter be required by law shall hold his office for four years,\\nand sliall be subject to removal by said court for good cause entered of\\nrecord on the minutes of said court.\\nSec. 5. The Court of Appeals shall consist of three judges, any two of\\nwhom may constitute a quorum, and a concurrence of two judges shall be\\nnecessary to a decision of said court. They shall be elected by the qualified\\nvoters of the State at a general election. They shall be citizens of the\\nUnited States and of this State shall have arrived at the age of tiiirty years\\nat the lime of election each shall have been a practising lawyer, or a judge\\nof a court in this State, or such lawyer and judge together, for at least", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0831.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "S20 illSTOKY OF TEXAS.\\nseven years. Said judges shall hold their offices for a term of six years, and\\neach of tliem shall receive an annual salary of three tliousand five hundred\\nand fifty dollars, which shall not be increased or diminished during their\\nterm of office.\\nSec. 6. The Court of Appeals shall have appellate jurisdiction co-exten-\\nsive Avitli the limits of the State in all criminal cases, of whatever grade,\\nand in all civil cases, unless hereafter otherwise provided by law, of which\\nthe County Courts have original or appellate jurisdiction. In civil cases its\\nopinions shall not be published unless the publication of such opinions be\\nrequired by law. The Court of Appeals and the judges thereof shah have\\npower to issue the writ of habeas corpus; and under such regulations as\\nmay be prescribed by law, issue such writs as may be necessary to enforce\\nits own jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals shall have power, upon affida-\\nvits, or otherwise, as by the court may be thought proper, to ascertain such\\nmatters of fact as may be necessary to the exercise of its jurisdiction. The\\nCourt of Appeals shall sit for the transaction of business from the first Mon-\\nday of October until the last Saturday of June of every year, at the capital,\\nand at not more than two other places in the State, at which the Supreme\\nCourt shall hold its sessions. The court shall appoint a clerk for each place\\nat which it may sit, and each of said clerks shall give bond in such manner\\nas is now or may hereafter be required by law shall hold his office for\\nfour years, and shall be subject to removal by the said court for good cause,\\nentertd of record on the minutes of said court.\\nSec, 7, The State shall be divided into twenty-six judicial districts,\\nwhich may be increased or diminished by the Legislature. For each district\\nthere shall be elected, by the qualified voters thereof, at general election\\nfor members of the Legislature, a judge, who shall be at least twentj^-five\\nyears of age, shall be a citizen of the United States, shall have been a prac-\\ntising attorney or a judge of a court in this State for the period of four\\nyears, and shall have resided in the district in which he is elected for two\\nyears next before his election; shall reside in his district during his term of\\noffice shall hold his office for the term of four j-ears shall receive an\\nannual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, which shall not be increased\\nor diminished during his term of service and shall hold the regular terms\\nof court at one place in each county in the district twice in each year, in\\nsuch manner as may be prescribed by law. The Legislature shall have\\npower by general act to authorize the holding of special terms, when nec-\\nessary, and to provide for holding more than two terms of the court in any\\ncounty, for the dispatch of business and shall provide for the holding of\\nDistrict Courts when the judge theieof is absent, or is from any cause dis-\\nabled or disqualified from presiding.\\nSec. S. The District Court shall have original jurisdiction in criminal\\ncases of the grade of felony of all suits in behalf of the State to recover\\npenalties, forfeitures, and escheats; of all cases of divorce; in cases of\\nmisdemeanors involving official misconduct; of all suits to recover damages\\nfor slander or defamation of character; of all suits for the trial of title to\\nlaud, and for the enforcement of liens thereon of all suits for trial of right", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0832.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 821\\nto propei ty levied on by virtue of any writ of execution, sequestration, or\\nattachment when the property levied on shall be equal to or exceed in\\nvalue five hundred dollars; and of all suits, complaints, or pleas whatever^\\nwithout regard to any distinction between law and equity, when the matter\\nin controversy shall be valued at, or amount to five hundred dollars, exclu-\\nsive of interest; and the said courts and the judges thereof shall have\\npower to issue writs of habeas corpus in felony cases, mandamus, injunction,.\\ncertiorari, and all writs necessary to enforce their jurisdiction. The District\\nCourts shall have appellate jurisdiction and general control in pi-obate\\nmatters over the County Court established in each county for appointing\\nguardians, granting letters testamentary and of administration, for settling\\nthe accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians, and for the trans-\\naction of business appertaining to estates; and original jurisdiction and\\ngeneral control over executors, administrators, guardians, and minors,\\nunder such regulations as may be prescribed by the Legislature. All cases\\nnow pending in the Supreme Court, of which the Court of Appeals has\\nappellate jurisdiction under the provisions of this Article, shall, as soon as\\npracticable after the establishment of said Court of Appeals, be certified,\\nand the records ti ansmitted to the Court of Appeals, and shall be decided\\nby such Court of Appeals as if the same had been originally appealed to\\nsuch court.\\nSec. 9. There shall be a clerk for the District Court of each county, who\\nshall be elected by the qualified voters for the State and county officers,\\nand who shall hold his office for two years, subject to removal by informa-\\ntion, or by indictment of a grand jury, and conviction by a petit jury. In\\ncase of vacancy the judge of the District Court shall have the power to ap-\\npoint a clerk, who shall hold until the office can be filled by election.\\nSec. 10. In the trial of all causes in the District Courts, the plaintiff or\\ndefendant shall, upon application made in open court, have the right of trial\\nby jury; but no jury shall be impai.c led in any civil case unless demanded\\nby a party to the case, and a jury fee be paid by the party demanding a jury,\\nfor such sum, and with such exceptions as may be jirescribed by the Legis-\\nlature.\\nSec. 11. No judge shall sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or\\nwhere either of the parties may be connected with him by affinity or con-\\nsanguinity, within such degree as may be prescribed by law, or where he\\nshall have been counsel in the case. When the Supreme Court, or tiie Ap-\\npellate Court, or any two of the members of either, shall be thus disquali-\\nfied to hear and determine any ease or cases in said court, the same shall be\\ncertified to the Governor of the State, who shall immediately commission\\nthe requisite number of persons learned in the law, for the trial and deter-\\nmination of said cause or causes. When a judge of the District Court is\\ndisqualified by any of tliG causes above stated, the parties may, by consent,\\nappoint a pi-oper person to try said case; or upon their failing to do so, a\\ncompetent person may be appointed to try the same in the couiU v where it\\nis pending, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. And the District\\nJudges may exchange districts, or hold courts for each other, wheu they", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0833.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "822 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nmay deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law. The dis-\\nqualification of judges of inferior tribunals shall be remedied, and vacan-\\ncies in their offices shall be filled, as prescribed by law.\\nSec. 12. All judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District\\nCourts shall by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace through-\\nout the State. The style of all writs and process shall be The State of\\nTexas. All pi osccutions shall be carried on in the name and by the au-\\nthority of The State of Texas, and conclude against the peace and\\ndignity of the State.\\nSec. 13. Grand and petit juries in the District Courts shall be composed\\nof twelve men but nine members of a grand jury shall be a quorum to\\ntransact business and present bills. In trials of civil cases, and in trials of\\ncriminal cases below the grade of felony, in the District Courts, nine mem-\\nbers of the jury, concurring, may render a verdict, but when the verdict\\nshall be rendered by less than the whole number, it shall be signed by every\\nmember of the jury concurring in it. When, pending the trial of any case,\\none or more jurors not exceeding three, may die, or be disabled from sitting,\\nthe remainder of the jury shall have the power to render the verdict: pro-\\nvided, that the Legislature may change or modify the rule authorizing less\\nthan the whole number of the jury to render a verdict.\\nSec 14. The Judicial Districts in this State and the time of holding the\\ncourts therein are fixed by ordinance forming part of this Constitution,\\nuntil otherwise provided by law.\\nSec. 15. There shall be established in each county in this State a County\\n(/ourt, which shall be a coui t of record; and there shall be elected in each\\ncounty, by the qualified voters, a County Judge, who shall be well informed\\nin the law of the State; shall be a conservator of the peace, and shall hold\\nbis office for two years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified.\\nHe shall receive as a compensation for L... services such fees and perquisites\\nas may be jirescribed by law.\\nSec. 16. The County Court shall have original jurisdiction in all misde-\\nmeanors, of which exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to the Justice s\\nCourt, as the same are now or may be hereafter prescribed by law, and\\nwhen the fine to be imposed shall exceed two hundred dollars; and thej^\\nshall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil cases when the matter\\nin controversy shall exceed in value tAVo hundred dollars, and not exceed\\nfive hundred dollars, exclusive of interest; and concurrent jurisdiction with\\nthe Districts Courts, when the matter in controversy shall exceed five hun-\\ndred and not exceed one thousand dollars, exclusive of interest but shall\\nnot have jurisdiction of suits for the recovery of land. They shall have ajj-\\npellate jurisdiction in cases, civil and criminal, of which Justice s Courts\\nhave original jurisdiction, but of such civil cases only when the judgment\\nof the court ai)pcalcd from shall exceed twenty dollars, exclusive of costs,\\nunder such regulations as may be prescribed by law. In all appeals from\\nJustice^s Courts, there shall be a trial de novo in the County Court, and\\nwhen the judgment rendered or fine imposed by the County Court shall not", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0834.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PALESTINE.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0835.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0836.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 825\\nexceed one hundred dollars such trial shall bo final but if the judgment\\nrendered or fine imposed shall exceed one hundred dollars, as well as in all\\ncases, civil and criminal, of which the County Court has exclusive or concur-\\nrent original jurisdiction, an appeal shall lie to the Court of Appeals,\\nunder such regulations as may be prescribed by law. The County Courts\\nshall have the general jurisdiction of a Probate Court. They shall jirobate\\nwills, apjwint guardians of minors, idiots, lunatics, person non compos\\nmenh s, and common drunkards, grant letters testamentary and of admin-\\nistration, settle accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians, trans-\\nact all business appertaining to the estates of deceased persons, minors,\\nidiots, lunatics, persons nan comjws mentis, and common drunkards, in-\\ncluding the settlement, partition, and distribution of estates of deceased\\npersons, and to apprentice minors, as provided by law. And the County\\nCourts, or judges thereof, shall have power to issue writs of mandamus,\\ninjunction, and all other writs necessary to the enforcement of the jurisdic-\\ntion of said courts; and to issue writs of habeas corpus in cases where the\\noffence charged is within the jurisdiction of the County Court, or any other\\ncourt or tribunal inferior to said court. The County Court shall not have\\ncriminal jurisdiction in any county whei*e there is a Criminal District Court,\\nunless expressly conferred by law and in such counties appeals from Jus-\\ntice s Courts and other inferior courts and tribunals, in criminal cases, shall\\nbe to the Criminal District Courts, under such regulations as may be pre-\\nscribed by law, and in all such cases an appeal shall lie from such District\\nCourts to the Court of Appeals. Any case pending in the County Court,\\nwhich the County Judge may be disqualified to try, shall be transferred to\\nthe District Court of the same county for trial and where there exists any\\ncause of disqualifying the County Judge for the trial of a cause of which\\nthe County Court has jurisdiction, the District Court of such county shall\\nhave original jurisdiction of such cause.\\nSec. 17. The County Court shall hold a term for civil business at least\\nonce in every two months, and shall dispose of probate business, cither in\\nterm-time or vacation, as maybe provided bylaw; and said court shall\\nhold a term for criminal business once every mouth, as may be pi ovided by\\nlaw. Prosecutions may be commenced in said court by information filed by\\nthe County Attorney, or by affidavit, as may by provided by law. Grand\\njuries impanelled in the District Courts shall inquire into misdemeanors,\\nand all indictments therefor returned to the District Courts shall forthwith\\nbe certified to the County Courts, or other inferior courts having jurisdic-\\ntion to try them, for trial and if such indictment bo quaslied in the county\\nor other inferior court, the person charged shall not be discharged if there\\nis probable cause of guilt, but may be held by such court or magistrate to\\nanswer an information or affidavit. A jury in the County Court shall con-\\nsist of six men but no jury shall be impanelled to try a civil case, unless\\ndemanded by one of the parties, who shall pay such jury fee therefor, in\\nadvance, as may be prescribed by law, unless he makes affidavit that he is\\nunable to pay the same.\\nSec. 18. Each organized county in the State, now or hereafter existing,", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0837.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "826 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nshall be divided from time to time, for the convenience of the people, into\\nprecincts, not less than fonr and not more than eight. The present County\\nCourts shall make the first division. Subsequent divisions shall be made by\\nthe Commissioners Court, provided for by tliis Constitution. In each such\\nprecinct there shall be elected, at each biennial election, one Justice of the\\nPeace and one Constable, each of whom shall hold his office for two years,\\nand until his successor shall be elected and qualified: 2 )rovicled, that in any\\nprecinct in which there may be a city of eiglit thousand or more inhabitants,\\nthere shall be elected two Justices of the Peace. Each county shall in like\\nmanner be divided into four commissioners precincts, in each of which there\\nshall be elected, by the qualified voters thereof, one County Commissioner,\\nwho shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor shall be\\nelected and qualified. The County Commissioners so chosen, with the\\nCounty Judge, as presiding officer, shall compose the Count} Commission-\\ners Court, which shall exercise such jjowers and jurisdiction over all\\ncounty business as is conferred by this Constitution and the laws of this\\nState, or as may be hereafter prescribed.\\nSec. 19. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in criminal matters\\nof all cases where the penalty or fine to be imposed by law may not be more\\nthan for two hundred dollars, and in civil mattei S of all cases where the\\namount in controversy is two hundred dollars or less, exclusive of interest,\\nof which exclusive original jurisdiction is*uot given to the District or\\nCounty Courts; and such other jurisdiction, criminal and civil, as may be\\nprovided by law, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law and\\nappeals to the County Courts shall be allowed iu all cases decided in Jus-\\ntice s Courts where the judgment is for more than twenty dollars exclusive\\nof costs, and iu all criminal cases, imder such regulations as may b^ pre-\\nscribed bylaw. And the Justices of the Peace shall be ex-q^cto notaries\\npublic and they shall hold their courts at such times and places as may be\\nprovided by law.\\nSec. 20. There shall be elected for each county, by the qualified voters, a\\nCounty Clerk, who shall hold his office for two years, who shall be Clerk of\\nthe County and Commissioners Courts and Recorder of the county, whose\\nduties, perquisites, and fees of office shall be prescribed bv the Legislature,\\nand a vacancy in whose office shall be filled by the Commissioners Court,\\nuntil the next general election for county and State officers; i^rovided, that\\niu counties having a population of less than eight thousand persons there\\nmay be an election of a single clerk, who shall perform the duties of District\\nand County Clerk.\\nSec. 21. A County Attorney, for counties in which there is not a I esideut\\nCriminal District Attorney, shall be elected by the qualified voters of each\\ncounty, who shall be commissioned by the Governor, and hold his office ^cv\\nthe term of two years. In case of vacancy, the Commisioners Court of\\nthe county shall have power to appoint a Count} Attornej until the next\\ngeneral election. The County Attorneys shall represent the State iu all\\ncases in the District and inferior courts in their I espective counties but if\\nany county shall be included in a district iu which there shall be a District", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0838.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 827\\nAttorney, the respective duties of District Attorneys and County Attorneys\\nshall in such counties be regulated by the Legislature. Tlie Legislature\\nmay provide for the election of District Attorneys in such districts as may\\nbe deemed necessary, and make provision for tlie compensation of District\\nAttorneys and County Attorneys i^ i ovided, District Attorneys shall receive\\nan annual salary of five hundred dollars, to be paid by the State, and such\\nfees, commissions, and perquisites as may be provided by law. County At-\\ntorneys shall receive as compensation only such fees, commissions, and\\nperquisites as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 22. The Legislature shall have power, by local or general law, to\\nincrease, diminish, or change the civil and criminal jurisdiction of County\\nCourts and in cases of any such change of jurisdiction the Legislature\\nshall also conform the jurisdiction of the other courts to such change.\\nSec. 23. There shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county a\\nSheriff, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, whose duties,\\nand perquisites, and fees of office, shall be iirescribed by the Legislature,\\nand vacancies in whose office shall be filled by the Commissioners Court\\nuntil the next general election for county or State officers.\\nSec. 24. County Judges, County Attorneys, Clerks of the District and\\nCounty Courts, Justices of the Peace, Constables, and other county officers,\\nmay be removed by the Judges of the District Courts for incompetency,\\nofficial misconduct, habitual drunkenness, or other causes defined by law,\\nupon the cause therefor being set forth in writing, and the finding of its\\ntruth by a jury.\\nSec. 25. The Srpreme Court shall have power to make rules and regu-\\nlations for the government of said court, and the other courts of the State,\\nto regulate proceedings and expedite the dispatch of business therein.\\nSec. 26. The State shall have no right of appeal in criminal cases.\\nSec. 27. The Legislature shall, at its first session, provide for the transfer\\nof all business, civil and criminal, pending in District Coui ts, over which\\njurisdiction is given by this Constitution to the County Courts, or other\\ninferior courts, to such County or inferior courts, and for the trial or dis-\\nposition of all such causes by such County or other inferior courts.\\nSec. 28. Vacancies in the office of judges in the Supreme Court, of the\\nCourt of Appeals, and District Court, shall be filled by the Governor until\\nthe next succeeding general election and vacancies in the office of County\\nJudge, and Justices of the Peace, shall be filled by the Commissioners\\nCourt, until the next general election for such offices.\\nARTICLE VI.\\nSUFFRAGE.\\nSection 1. The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote\\nin this State, to wit:\\nFirst. Persons under twenty-one years of age.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0839.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "828 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSecond. Idiots and lunatics.\\nThird. All paupers supported by anj county.\\nFourth. All persons convicted of any felony, subject to such exceptions\\nas the Legislature may make.\\nFifth. All soldiers, marines, and seamen employed in the service of the\\narmy or navy of the United States.\\nSec. 2. Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifica-\\ntions, Avho shall have attained the age of twe)ity-one years, and who shall\\nbe a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State\\none year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the dis-\\ntrict or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector\\nand every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing\\ndisqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared\\nhis intention to become a citizen of the United States in accordance with the\\nFederal Naturalization Laws, and shall have resided in this State one j ear\\nnext preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which\\nbe offei S to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector; and all electors\\nshall vote in the election precinct of their residence provided, that electors\\nliving in any unorganized county may vote at any election jpreciuct in the\\ncounty to which such county is attached for judicial purposes.\\nSi:c. 3. All qualified electors of the State, as herein described, who shall\\nhave resided for six months immediately preceding an election within the\\nlimits of any city or corporate town, shall have the right to vote for Mayor\\nand all other elective officers; but in all elections to determine expenditure\\nof money or assumption of debt only those shall be qualified to vote who\\npay taxes on property in said city or incorporated town provided, that no\\npoll tax for the payment of debts thus incurred shall be levied upon the\\npersons debarred from voting in relation thereto.\\nSec. 4. In all elections by the people the vote shall be by ballot, and the\\nLegislature shall provide for the numbering of tickets, and make such other\\nregulations as may be necessary to detect and punish fraud, and preserve\\nthe purity of the ballot box; but no law shall ever be enacted requiring a\\nregistration of the voters of this State.\\nSec. 5, Voters shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the\\npeace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and in\\ngoing to and returning therefrom.\\nARTICLE VII.\\neducation. THE PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS.\\nSection 1. A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the pres-\\nervation of the liberties and rights of the people, it shall be the duty of the\\nLegislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for the\\nsupport and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools.\\nSec. 2. All funds, lands, and other property heretofore set apart and ap-\\nprojjriated for the support ol public schools ail tlie alternate sections of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0840.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "SPANISH FANDANGO.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0841.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0842.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 831\\nlaud reserved by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may here-\\nafter be made to railroads, or other corporations, of any nature whatsoever:\\none-half of the public domain of the State; and all sums of money that may\\ncome to the State from the sale of any ijortion of the same, shall constitute\\na j)erpetual school fund.\\nSec. 3. There shall be set apart annually not more than one-fourth of the\\ngeneral revenue of the State, and a poll tax of one dollar on all male inhab-\\nitants in this State between the ages of twenty-one and sixty years, for the\\nbenefit of the public free schools.\\nSkc. 4. The land herein set apart to the public free school fund shall be\\nsold under such I egulations, at such times, and on such terms as may be\\nprescribed by law and the Legislature shall not have power to grant any\\nrelief to the i)urchasers thereof. The Comptroller shall invest the proceeds\\nof such sales, and of those heretofore made, as may be directed by the\\nBoard of Education herein jirovided for, in the bonds of this State, if the\\nsame can be obtained, otherwise in United States bonds; and the United\\nStates bonds now belonging to said fund shall likewise be invested in State\\nbonds, if the same can be obtained on terms advantageous to the school\\nfund.\\nSec. 0. The principal of all bonds and other funds, and the principal\\narising from the sale of the lands hereinbefore set apart for said school\\nfund, shall be the permanent school fund; and all the interest derivable\\ntherefrom, and the taxes herein authorized and levied, shall be the available\\nschool fund, which shall be applied annually to the support of the public\\nfree schools. And no law shall ever be enacted appropriating any part of\\nthe permanent or available school fund to any other purpose whatever nor\\nshall the same or any part thereof ever be appropriated to, or used for the\\nsupport of any sectarian school and the available school fund herein pro-\\nvided shall be distributed to the several counties according to their scholastic\\npopulation, and applied in manner as may be provided by law.\\nSec. 6. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties\\nof this State for education or schools, are of right the property of said\\ncounties respectively to which they were granted, and title thereto is vested\\nin said counties, and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be avail-\\nable against the title of any county. Each county may sell or dispose of its\\nlands in whole or in part, in manner to be provided by the Commissioners\\nCourt of the county. Actual settlers residing on said lands shall be pro-\\ntected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their set-\\ntlement, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, at the price fixed by\\nsaid court, Avhich price shall not include the value of existing improvements\\nmade thereon by such settlers. Said lands and the proceeds thereof, when\\nsold, shall be held by said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of public\\nschools therein said pi oceeds to be invested in bonds of the State of Texas,\\nor of the United States, and only the interest thereon to be used and ex-\\npended annually.\\nSec. 7. Separate schools shall be pi-ovided for the white and colored\\nchildren, and impartial provision shall be made for both.\\n44", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0843.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "832 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 8. The Governoi Comptroller, and Secretary of State shall consti-\\ntute a Board of Education, who shall distribute said funds to the several\\ncounties, and perform such other duties conceruiug pubhc schools as may\\nbe prescribed by law.\\nASYLUMS.\\nSec. 9. All lands hei-etofore granted for the benefit of the Lunatic, Blind,\\npeaf and Dumb, and Orphan Asylums, together with such donations as\\nmay have been made or may hereafter be made to either of them, respect-\\nively, as indicated in the several grants, are hereby set apart to provide a\\npermanent fund for the support, maintenance, and improvement of said\\nasylums. And the Legislature may provide for the sale of the lands and\\ninvestment of the pi oceeds in manner as provided for the sale and invest-\\nment of school lauds in Section 4 of this Article.\\nUNIVERSITY.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature shall, as soon as practicable, establish, organize,\\nand provide for the maintenance, support, and direction of a university of\\nthe first class, to be located by a vote of the people of the State, and styled\\nThe University of Texas, for the promotion of literature, and the arts\\nand sciences, including an agricultural and mechanical department.\\nSec. 11. In order to enable the Legislature to perform the duties set forth\\nin the foregoing section, it is hereby declared that all lands and other prop-\\nerty heretofore set apart and appropriated for the establishment and main-\\ntenance of The University of Texas, together with all the proceeds of\\nsales of th3 same, hei etofore made or hereafter to be made, and all grants,\\ndonations, and appropriations that may hereafter be made by the State of\\nTexas, or from any other source, shall constitute and become a permanent\\nuniversity fund. And the same as realized and received into the Treasury\\nof the State (together with such sums, belonging to the fund, as may now\\nbe in the Treasury), shall be invested in bonds of the State of Texas, if the\\nsame can be obtained if not, then in United States bonds and the interest\\naccruing thereon shall be subject to appropriation by the Legislature to\\naccomplish the purpose declared in the foregoing section 2^^ ovided, that\\none-tenth of the alternate sections of the lands granted to railroads, reserved\\nby the State, which were set apart and appropriated to the establishment of\\nThe University of Texas, by an act of the Legislature of February 11,\\n1858, entitled An act to establish The University of Texas, shall not be\\nincluded in or constitute a part of the permanent university fund.\\nSec. 12. The land herein set apart to the university fund shall be sold\\nunder such regulations, at such times, and on such terms, as may be pro-\\nvided, by law and the Legislature shall provide for the prompt collection,\\nat maturity, of all debts due on account of university lands, heretofore sold,\\nor that may hereafter be sold, and shall in neither event have the power to\\ngrant relief to the purchasers.\\nSec. 13. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, established\\nby an act of the Legislature, passed April 17, 1871, located in the county of", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0844.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 833\\nBrazos, is hereby made and constituted a brancli of tlie University of Texas,\\nfor instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and the natui al sciences\\nconnected thei ewith. And the Legishiture shall, at its next session, make\\nan appi opriation, not to exceed forty thousand dollars, for the construction\\nand completion of the buildings and improvements, and for providing the\\nfurniture necessary to put said college in immediate and successful opera-\\ntion.\\nSec. 14. The Legislature shall also, when deemed practicable, establish\\nand provide for the maintenance of a college or branch university for the\\ninstruction of the colored youths of the State, to be located by a vote of\\nthe people; provided, that no tax shall be levied, and no money appropria-\\nted out of the general revenue, either for this purpose or the establishment\\nand erection of the buildings of the University of Texas.\\nSec. 15. In addition to the lands lieretofore granted to the University of\\nTexas, there is hereby set apart and appropriated, for the endowment,\\nmaintenance, and support of said University and its branches, one millio n\\nacres of the unappropriated public domain of the State, to be designated\\nand surveyed as may be provided by law and said lands shall be sold under\\nthe same regulations, and the proceeds invested in the same manner as is\\nprovided for the sale and investment of the permanent University fund\\nand the Legislature shall not have power to grant any relief to the purchas-\\ners of said lands.\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nTAXATION AND REVENUE.\\nSection 1. Taxation shall be equal and uniform. All property in this\\nState, whether owned by natural persons or corporations, other than munic-\\nipal, shall be taxed in proportion to its value, which shall be ascertained as\\nmay be provided by law. The Legislature may impose a i)()ll tax. It may\\nalso impose occupation taxes, both upon natural persons and upon corpoi-a-\\ntions, other than municipal, doing any business in this State. It may tax\\nincomes of both natural persons and corporations, other than municipal,\\nexcept that persons engaged iu mechanical and agricultural pursuits shall\\nnever be required to pay an occupation tax: provided, t\\\\YAi two hundred\\nand fifty dollars worth of household and kitchen furniture, belonging to\\neach family in this State, shall be exempt from taxation; awd iwovided fur-\\nther, that the occupation tax levied by any county, city, or town, for any year,\\non persons or corporations pursuing any professions or business, shall not\\nexceed one-half of the tax levied by the State for the same period on such\\nprofessions of business.\\nSec. 2. All occupation taxes shall be equal and uniform upon the same\\nclass of subjects within the limits of the authority levying the tax but the\\nLegislature may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property\\nused for public purposes; actual places of religious worship; places of\\nburial not held for private or corporate profit; all buildings used exclusively\\nand owned by persons or associations of persons for school purposes (and\\nthe necessary furniture of all schools), and institutions of purely public", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0845.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "834 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncharity; and all laws exempting property from taxation other than the\\nprojierty above mentioned, shall be void.\\nSec. 3. Taxes shall be levied and collected by general laws and for pub-\\nlic purposes only.\\nSec. 4. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not\\nbe surrendered or suspended by act of the Legislature, by any contract or\\ngrant to which the State shall be a pai ty.\\nSec. 5. All property of railroad companies, of whatever description, lying\\nor being within the limits of any city or corporated town within this State,\\nshall bear its proportionate share of municipal taxation; and if any such\\nproperty shall not have been heretofore rendered, tlie authorities of the\\ncity or town within which it lies shall have power to require its rendition,\\nand collect the usual municipal tax thereon, as on other property lying\\nwithin said municipality.\\nSec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in pursuance of\\nspecific appropriation made by law nor shall any appropriation of money\\nbe made for a longer term than two years, except by the first Legislature to\\nassemble under this Constitution, which may make the necessary appropria-\\ntions to carry on the government until the assemblage of the Sixteenth Leg-\\nislature.\\nSec. 7. The Legislature shall not have power to borrow, or in any manner\\ndivert from its purpose any special fund that ma} or ought to, come into\\nthe Treasury and shall make it penal for any person or persons to boiTOw,\\nwithhold, or in any manner to divert from its purpose any special fund, or\\nany i)art thereof.\\nSec. 8. All property of railroad companies shall be assessed, and the\\ntaxes collected in the several coupties in which said property is situated, in-\\ncluding so much of the road-bed and fixtures as shall be in each county.\\nThe rolling stock may be assessed in gross in the county whei-e the principal\\noffice of the company is located, and the county tax paid upon it shall be\\napportioned by the Comptroller, in proportion to the distance such I oad\\nmay run through any such county, among the several counties through\\nwhich the road passes, as a part of their tax assets.\\nSec. 9. The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay\\nthe public debt, shall never exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dollars\\nvaluation, and no county, city, or town shall levy more than one-half of said\\nState tax, except for the payment of debts already incurred, and for the\\nerection of public buildings, not to exceed fifty cents on the one hundred\\ndollars in any one year, and except as in this Constitution is otherwise pro-\\nTided.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature shall have no power to release the inhabitants\\nof, or property in, any county, city, or town, from the payment of taxes\\nlevied for State or county purposes, unless in case of great public calamity\\nin any such county, city, or town, when such release may be made by a vote\\nof two-thirds of each House of the Legislature.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0846.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "BAILEOAD BRIDGE, BRAZOS RIVER, NEAR HEARNE, I. G. N. R. R.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0847.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0848.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION 837\\nSec. U. All property, whether owned by persons or corporations, shall\\nbe assessed for taxation, and tlie taxes paid in the county wliere situated,\\nbut the Legislature may, by a two-thirds vote, authorize the payment of\\ntaxes of non-residents of counties to be made at the office of the Comptrol-\\nler of Public Accounts. And all lands and other property not rendered for\\ntaxation by the owner thereof shall be assessed at its fair value by the proper\\nofficer.\\nSec. 12, All property subject to taxation in, and owned by residents of,\\nunorganized counties, shall be assessed and the taxes thereon paid in the\\ncounties to which such unorganized counties shall be attached for judicial\\npurposes; and lands lying in and owned by non-residents of unorganized\\ncounties, and lands lying in the territory, not laid off into counties, shall be\\nassessed and the taxes thereon collected at the office of the Comptroller of\\nthe State,\\nSec. 13, Provision shall be made by the first Legislature ior the speedy\\nsale of a sufficient portion of all lands and other property for the taxes due\\nthereon, and every year thereafter for the sale of all lands and other prop-\\nerty upon which the taxes have not been paid, and the deed of conveyance\\nto the purchaser for all lands and other property thus sold shall be held to\\nvest a good and perfect title in the purchaser thereof, subject to be impeached\\nonly for actual fraud provided, that the former owner shall, within two\\nyears from date of purchaser s deed, have the right to redeem the land\\nupon the payment of double the amount of money paid for the laud.\\nSec. 14, Thei-e shall be elected by the qualified electors of each county,\\nat the same time and under the same law regulating the election of State\\nand county officers, an assessor of taxes, who shall hold his office for two\\nyears, and until his successor is elected and qualified.\\nSfic. 15, The annual assessment made upon landed property shall be a\\nspecial lien thereon, and all property, both real and personal, beloiigiii to\\nany delinquent taxpayer, shall be liable to seizure and sale for the payment\\nof all the taxes and penalties due by such delinquent and such property\\nmay be sold for the payment of the taxes and penalties due by such delin-\\nquent, under such regulations as the Legislature may provide.\\nSec. 16, The sheriff of each county, in addition to his other duties, shall\\nbe the collector of taxes therefor. But in counties having ten thousand\\ninhabitants, to be determined by the last preceding census of the United\\nStates, a collector of taxes shall be elected to hold office for two years, and\\nuntil his successor shall be elected and qualified.\\nSec. 17. The specification of the objects and subjects oi taxation shall\\nnot deprive the Legislature of the power to require other subjects or\\nobjects to be taxed in such manner as may be consistent with the principles\\nof taxation fixed in this Constitution.\\nSec, 18. The Legislature shall provide for equalizing, as near as may be,\\nthe valuation of all property subject to or rendered for taxation (the County\\nCommissioner s Court to constitute a board of equalization) and niav also\\nprovide for the chissification of all lands, with reference to their value iu\\nthe several counties.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0849.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "838 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nARTICLE IX.\\nCOUNTIES.\\nSection 1. The Legislature shall have power to create counties for the\\nconvenience of the people, subject to the following provisions:\\nFirst. In the territory of the State exterior to all counties now existing^\\nno new counties shall be created with a less area than nine hundred square\\nmiles, in a square form, unless prevented by pre-existing boundary lines.\\nShould the State lines render this impracticable in border counties, the area\\nmay be less. The territory referred to may, at any time, iu whole or in\\npart, be divided into counties in advance of population, and attached, for\\njudicial and land-surveying purposes, to the most convenient organized\\ncounty or counties.\\nSecond. Within tlie territory of any county or counties now existing, no\\nnew county shall be created with a less area than seven hundred square\\nmiles, nor shall any such county now existing be reditced to a less area\\nthan seven liundred square miles. No new counties shall be created so as\\nto approach nearer than twelve miles of the county seat of any county from\\nwhich it may, in whole or in part, be tal^en. Counties of a less area than\\nnine hundred, but of seven hundred or more square miles, within counties\\nnow existing, may be created by a two-thirds vote of each House of the\\nLegislature, taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals. Any\\ncounty now existing may be reduced to an area of not Jess than seven hun-\\ndred square miles, by a like two-thirds vote. When any part of a county i\\nstricken off and attached to or created into another county, the part sticken\\noff shall be holden for and obliged to pay its proportion of all the liabilities\\nthen existing of the county from which it was taken, in such manner as\\nmay be prescribed by law.\\nThird. No part of any existing county shall be detached from it and\\nattached to another existing county until the proposition for such change\\nshall have been submitted, in such manner as may be provided by law, to a\\nvote of the electors of both counties, and shall have received a majority of\\nthose voting on the question iu each.\\nCOUNTY SEATS.\\nSec. 2. The Legislature shall pass laws regulating the manner of remov-\\ning county seats, but no county seat situated within five miles of the geo-\\ngraphical centre of the county shall be removed, except by a vote of two-\\nthirds of all the electors voting on the subject. A majority of such electors,\\nhowever, voting at such election, may remove a county seat from a point\\nmore than live miles from the geographical centre of the county to a point\\nwithin five miles of such centre, in either case the centre to be determined\\nby a certificate from the Comissiouer of the General Land Office.\\nAETICLE X.\\nRAILROADS.\\nSection 1. Any railroad corporation or association, organized under the\\nlaw for the purpose, shall have the right to construct and operate a railroad\\nbetween any points within this State, and to connect at the State line with", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0850.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "COJfSTITUTION. 839\\nrailroads of other States. Every railroad company shall have the right,\\nwith its road, to intersect, connect with, or cross any other railroad and\\nshall receive and transport each the other s passengers, tonnage, and cars,\\nloaded or empty, without delay or discrimination, vinder such regulations\\nas shall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 2. Railroads heretofore constructed, or that may hereafter be con-\\nstructed in this State, are liereby declared public highways, and railroad\\ncompanies common carriers. The Legislature shall pass laws to correct\\nabuses and prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in the rates of\\nfreight and passenger tariffs on the differerit railroads in this State and\\nshall from time to time pass laws establishing reasonable maximum rates\\nof charges for the transportation of passengers and freight on said railroads,\\nand enforce all such laws by adequate penalties.\\nSec. 3. Every railroad or other corporation, organized or doing business\\niu this State under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a\\npublic ofli e or place in this State for the transaction of its business, where\\ntransfers of stock shall be made, and where shall be kept, for inspection\\nby the stockholders of such corporations, books, iu which shall be recorded\\nthe amount of capital stock subscribed, the names of the owners of the\\nstock, the amounts owned by them respectively, the amount of stock paid,\\nand by whom, the transfer of said stock, with the date of the trensfer, the\\namount of its assets and liabilities, and the names and places of residence\\nof its officers. The directors of every railroad company shall hold one\\nmeeting annually in this State, public notice of which shall be given thirty\\ndays previously, and the prosiilent or superintendent shall report annually,\\nunder oath, to the Comptroller or Governor, their acts and doings, which\\nreport shall include such matters relating to railroads as ma} be prescribed\\nby law. The Legislature shall pass laws enforcing by suitable penalties the\\nprovisions of this section.\\nSec. 4. The rolling stock and all other movable property belonging to\\nany railroad company or corporation in this State shall be considered per-\\nsonal property, and its real and personal property, or any part thereof, shall\\nbe liable to execution and sale in the same manner as the property of iiuli-\\nviduals; and the Legislature shall pass no laws exempting any such prop-\\nerty from execution and sale.\\nSec. 5. No railroad or other corporation, or the lessees, i^urchasers, or\\nmanagers of any railroad corporation, shall consolidate the stock, property,\\nor franchises of such coriwration with, or lease or purchase the works or\\nfranchises of, or in anyway control any railroad corporation oAvniiig or\\nhaving under its control a parallel or competing line; nor shall any officer\\nof such railroad corporation act as an officer of any other railroad corpora-\\ntion owning or having the control of a parallel or competing line\\nSec. 6. No railroad company organized under the laws of this State shall\\nconsolidate by private or judicial sale or otherwise with any railroad com-\\npany organized under the laws of any other State or of the United States.\\nSec. 7. No law shall be passed by the Legislature granting the right to\\nconstruct and operate a street raih oad wiihin any city, town, or village, or", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0851.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "840 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nupon any public highway, without first acquiring the consent of the local\\nauthorities having control of the street or highway proposed to be occupied\\nby such street railroad.\\nSec. 8. No railroad corporation in existence at the time of the adoption\\nof this Constitution shall liave the benefit of any future legislation, except-\\non condition of complete acceptance of all the provisions of tliis Constitu-\\ntion ajiplicable to railroads.\\nSec. 9. No railroad hereafter constructed in this State shall pass within a\\ndistance of three miles of any county seat without passing through the\\nsame, and establishing and maintaining a depot therein, unless prevented\\nby natural obstacles, such as streams, hills, or mountains provided, such\\ntown or its citizens shall grant the right of way through its limits, and suf-\\nficient ground for ordinary depot purposes.\\nARTICLE XI.\\nMUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.\\nSection 1. The several counties of this State are hereby recognized as\\nlegal subdivisons of the State.\\nSec. 2. The construction of jails, court-houses, and bridges, and the es-\\ntablishment of county poor-houses and farms, and the laying out, construc-\\ntion, and repairing of county roads shall be provided for by general laws.\\nSec. 3. No county, city, or other municipal corporation shaU hei-eafter be-\\ncome a subscriber to the capital of any private corporation or association,\\nor make any appropriation or donation to the same, or in anywise loan its\\ncredit but this shall not be construed to in any way affect any obhgation\\nheretofore undertaken pursuant to law.\\nSec. 4. Cities and towns having a population of ten thousand inhabitants\\nor less, may be chartered alone by genei-al law. They may levy, assess,\\nand collect an annual tax to defray the current expenses of their local gov-\\nernment, but such tax shall never exceed, for any one year, one-fourth of\\none per cent., and shall be collectable only in current money. And a\\nlicense and occupation tax levied, and all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and\\nother dues accruing to cities and towns shall be collectable only in current\\nmoney.\\nSec. 5. Cities having more than ten thousand inhabitants may have their\\ncharters granted or amended by special act of the Legislature, and may\\nlevy, assess, and collect such taxes as maybe authorized by law, but no tax\\ni or any purpose shall ever be lawful, for any one year, which shall exceed\\ntwo and one-half per cent, of the taxable property of such city; and no debt\\nshall ever be created by any city, unless at the same time provision be made\\nto assess and collect aiuiually a suflScient sum to pay the interest thereon\\nand create a sinking fund of at least two per cent, thereon.\\nSec. 6. Counties, cities, and towns are authorized, in such mode as may\\nnow or may hereafter be p rovidcd by law, to levy, assess, and collect the\\ntaxes necessary to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund to satisfy any", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0852.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "ARANSAS BAY.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0853.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0854.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 843\\nindebtedness heretofore legally made and undertaken but all such taxes\\nshall be assessed and collected separately from that levied, assessed, and\\ncollected for current expenses of municipal government, and shall, when\\nlevied, specify in the act of levying the purpose therefor; and such taxes\\nmay be paid in the coupons, bonds, or other indebtedness for the payment\\nof which such tax may have been levied.\\nSec. 7. All counties and cities bordering on the coast of the Gulf\\nMexico are hereby authorized, upon a vote of two-thirds of the tax-payer^\\ntherein (to be ascertained as may be provided by law) to levy and collect\\nsuch tax for construction of sea-walls, breakwaters, or sanitary purposes, as\\nmay be authorized by law, and may create a debt for such works and issue\\nbonds in evidence thereof. But no debt for any purpose shall ever be in-\\ncurred in any manner by any city or county, unless provision is made at the\\ntime of creating the same, for levying and collecting a sufficient tax to pay\\nthe interest thereon and provide at least two per cent, as a sinking fund\\nand the condemnation of the right of way for the erection of such works\\nshall be fully provided for.\\nSec. 8. The counties and cities on the Gulf coast being subjected to calam-\\nitous overflows, and a very large proportion of the general revenue being\\ndei ived from those otherwise prosperous localities, the Legislature is espe-\\ncially authorized to aid by donation of such portion of the public domain as\\nmay be deemed proper, and in such mode as may be provided by law, the\\nconstruction of sea-walls, or breakwaters, such aid to be proportioned to\\nthe extent and value of the works constructed, or to be constructed, in any\\nlocality.\\nSec. 9. The property of counties, cities, and towns owned and held only\\nfor public purposes, such as public buildings and the sites therefor, fire-en-\\ngines and the furniture thereof, and all property used or intended for ex-\\ntinguishing fires, public grounds, and all other i^roperty devoted exclusively\\nto the use and benefit of the public, shall be exempt from forced sale and\\nfrom taxation: provided, ixolhing heroin shall prevent the enlbrccment of\\nthe vender s lien, the mechanic s or builder s lien, or other liens now exist-\\ning.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature may constitute any city or town a separate and\\nindependent school district. And when the citizens of any city or town\\nhave a charter, authorizing the city authorities to levy and collect a tax for\\nthe support and maintenance of a public institution of learning, such tax\\nmay hereafter be levied and collected, if, at any election held for that pur-\\npose, two-thirds of the tax-payers of such city or town shall vote for sucli\\ntax.\\nARTICLE XII.\\nprivate corpouations.\\nSection 1. No private corporations shall be created except by general\\nlaws.\\nSec. 2. General laws shall be enacted providing for the creation of private\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0corporations, and shall tlicroin pnn idc lully for the adequate protection of\\nthe public and of the individual stockholders.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0855.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "844 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 3. The right to authorize and regulate freights, tolls, wharfage, or\\nfares levied and collected or pi oposed to be levied and collected by individ-\\nuals, companies, or corporations, for the use of highways, landings, wharves,\\nbridges, and ferries, devoted to public use, has never been and shall never\\nbe relinquished or abandoned by the State, but shall always be under legis-\\nlative control and depend u^jou legislative authority.\\nSec. 4. The first Legislature assembled after the adoption of this Consti-\\ntution shall provide a mode of procedure by the Attorney-General and\\nDistrict or County Attorneys, in the name and behalf of the State, to pre-\\nvent and punish the demanding and receiving or collection of any and all\\ncharges of freight, wharfage, fares, or tolls, for the use of property de-\\nvoted to the public, unless the same shall have been specially authorized\\nby law.\\nSec. 5. All laws granting the right to demand and collect freights, fares,\\ntolls, or wharfage shall at all times be subject to amendment, modification,\\nor repeal by the Legislature.\\nSec. 6. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money paid,\\nlabor done, or property actually received, and all fictitious increase of stock\\nor indebtedness shall be void.\\nSec. 7. Nothing in this Article shall be construed to divest or affect rights\\nguaranteed by any existing grant or statute of this State, or of the Republic\\nof Texas.\\nARTICLE XIII.\\nSPANISH AND MEXICAN LAND TITLES.\\nSection 1. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, which have here-\\ntofore accrued to the Republic and State of Texas, under their constitutions\\nand laws, shall accrue to the State under this Constitution, and the Legis-\\nlature shall provide a metht)d for determining what lands have been for-\\nfeited, and for giving effects to escheats; and such rights of forfeitua e\\nand escheats to the State shall, ipso facto, inure to the protection of the in-\\nnocent holders of junior titles, as provided in Sections 2, 3, and 4 of this\\nArticle.\\nSec. 2. Any claim of title or right to land in Texas, issued prior to the\\nloth day of November, 1835, not duly recorded in the county where the\\nland was situated at the time of such record, or not duly archived in the\\nGeneral Land Office, or not in the actual possession of the grantee thei eof,\\nor some person claiming under him, prior to the accruing of junior title\\nthereto from the sovereignty of the soil, under circumstances reasonably\\ncalculated to give notice to said junior grantee, has never had, and shall\\nnot have, standing or effect against such junior title, or color of title, ac-\\nquired without such or actual notice of such prior claim of title or right;\\nand no condition annexed to such grants, not archived, or recorded, or oc-\\ncupied as aforesaid, has been, or ever shall be released or waived, but actual\\nperformance of all such conditions shall be proved by the person or persons\\nclaiming under such title or claim of right in order to maintain action", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0856.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 845\\nthereon, and the holder of such junior title, or color of title, shall have all\\nthe rights of the Government which have heretofore existed, or now exist,\\narising from the non-performance of all such conditions.\\nSec. 3. JSfon-payment of taxes on any claim of title to land, dated prior\\nto the 13th day of November, 1835, not recorded or archived, as provided\\nin Section 2, by the person or persons so claiming, or those under whom he\\nor they so claim, from that date up to the date of the adoption of this Con-\\nstitution, shall be held to be a presumption that the riiiht thereto has re-\\nverted to the State, and that said claim is a stale demand, which presump-\\ntion shall only be rebutted by payment of all taxes on said lands, State,\\ncounty, and city or town, to be assessed on the fair value of such lands by\\nthe Comptroller, and paid to him, without commutation or deduction for\\nany part of the above period.\\nSec. 4. No claim of title or right to land, which issued prior to the 13th\\nday of November, 1835, which has not been duly recorded in the county\\nwhei e the land was situated at the time of \u00c2\u00a7uch record, or which has not\\nbeen duly archived in the General Land Office, shall ever hereafter be de-\\nposited in the General Land Office, or recorded in this State, or delineated\\non the maps, or used as evidence in any of the courts of this State, and the\\nsame are stale claims; but this shall not affect such rights or presumptions\\nas arise from actual possession. By the words duly recorded, as used\\nin Sections 2 and 4 of this Article, it is meant that such claim of title or\\nright to land shall have been recorded in the proper office, and that mere\\nerrors in the certificate of registration or informality, not affecting the\\nfairness and good faith of the holder thereof, with which the record was\\nmade, shall not be held to vitiate such record.\\nSec. 5. All claims, locations, surveys, grants, and titles, of any kind,\\nwhich are declared null and void by the Constitution of the Kepublic or\\nState of Texas, are, and the same shall remain forever, null and void.\\nSec. 6. The Legislature shall pass stringent laws for the detection and\\nconviction of all forgers of land titles, and may make such appropiiatious\\nof money for that purpose as may be necessary.\\nSec. 7. Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this Article shall not be so construed\\nas to set aside or repeal any law or laws of the Republic or State of Texas,\\nreleasing the claimants of headrights of colonists of a league of land, or\\nless, from comDliance with the conditions on which their grants were\\nmade.\\nARTICLE XIV.\\nPUBLIC LANDS AND LAND OFFICE.\\nSection 1. There shall be one General Land Office in the State, which\\nshall be at the seat of government, where all land titles which have emana-\\nted or may hereafter emanate from the State shall be registered, except\\nthose titles the registration of which may be prohibited by this Constitu-\\ntion. It shall be the duty of the Legislature at the earliest practicable\\ntime to make the Land Office self-sustaining, and from time to time tlie\\nLegislature may establish such subordinate offices as may be deemed\\nnecessary.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0857.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "846 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 2. All unsatisfied genuine land certificates barred by Section 4, Arti-\\ncle 10, of the Constitution of 1869, by reason of the holders or owners there-\\nof failing to have them surveyed and returned to the Land Office by the\\nfirst day of January, 1875, are hereby revived. All unsatisfied genuine land\\ncertificates now in existence shall be surveyed and returned to the General\\nLand Office within five years after the adoption of this Constitution, or be\\nforever barred; and all genuine land certificates hereafter issued by the\\nState shall be surveyed and returned to the General Land Office Mi thin five\\nj ears after issuance, or be forever barred provided, that all genuine land\\ncertificates heretofoi e or hereafter issued shall be located, surveyed, or\\npatented only upon vacant and unappropriated public domain, and not\\nupon any land titled or equitably owned under color of title from the sover-\\neignty of the State, evidence of the appropriation of which is on the county\\nrecords or in the General Land Office or when the appropriation is evi-\\ndenced by the occupation of the owner, or of some person holding for him.\\nSec. 3. The Legislature shall have no power to grant any of the lands of\\nthis State to any railway comjJany except upon the following restrictions\\nand conditions:\\nFirst. That there shall never be granted to any such corporation more\\nthan sixteen sections to the mile, and no reservation of any part of the\\npublic domain for the purpose of satisfying such gi ant shall ever be made.\\nSecond. That no land certificate shall be issued to such company until\\nthey have equipped, constructed, and in running order at least ten miles of\\nroad and on the failure of such company to comply with the terras of its\\ncharter, or to alienate its land at a period to be fixed by law, in no event to\\nexceed twelve years from the issuance of the patent, all said land shall be\\nforfeited to the State and become a portion of the public domain, and liable\\nto location and survey. The Legislature shall pass general laws only, to\\ngive effect to the provisions of this section.\\nSec. 4. No certificate for land shall be sold at the Land Office except to\\nactual settlers upon the same, and in lots not to exceed one hundred and\\nsixty acres.\\nSec. 5. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to railway companies,\\nwhere the charter or law of* the State required or shall hereafter require\\ntheir alienation within a certain pei iod, on pain of forfeiture, or is silent on\\nthe subject of forfeiture, and which lands have not been or shall not here-\\nafter be alienated, in conformity with the terms of their charters, and the\\nlaws under which the grants were made, are hereby declared forfeited to\\nthe State and subject to pre-emption, location, and survey, as other vacant\\nlands. All lands heretofore granted to said railroad companies, to which no\\nforfeiture was attached on their failure to alienate, are not included in the\\nforegoing clause but in all such last-named cases it shall be the duty of the\\nAttorney General, in every instance where alienations have been or hereafter\\nmay be made, to inquire into the same, and if such alienation has been made\\nin fraud of the rights of the State, and is colorable only, the real and bene-\\nficial interest being still in such corporation, lo institute legal proceedings\\nin the county where the seat of government is situated, to forfeit such lauds", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0858.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "COLORADO RIVER BRIDGE, AUSTIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I. G. N. R. R.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0859.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0860.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 849\\nto the State, and if such alienation be judicially ascertained to be fVauduIent\\nand colorable as aforesaid, such lands shall be forfeited to the State and be-\\ncome a part of the vacant public domain, liable to pre-emption, location, and\\nsurvey.\\nSec. 6. To every head of a fjimily without a homestead there shaU be do-\\nnated one hundred and sixty acres of public land, upon condition that he\\nwill select and locate said land, and occupy the same thi ee years, and pay\\nthe office fees due thereon. To all single men of eighteen years of age and\\nupwards shall be donated eighty acres of public land, upon the terms and\\nconditions prescribed for heads of families.\\nSec. 7. The State of Texas hereby releases to the owner or owners of the\\nsoil all mines and minerals that may be on the same, subject to taxation as\\nother property.\\nSec. 8. Persons i-esiding between the Nueces river and the Rio Grande,\\nand owning grants for lands which emanated from the government of Spain,\\nor that of Mexico, which grants have been recognized and validated by the\\nState, by acts of the Legislature, approved February 10, 1852, August 15,\\n1870, and other acts, and who have been prevented from complying with\\nthe requirements of said acts by the unsettled condition of the country,\\nshall be allowed until the first day of January, 1880, to complete their sur-\\nveys, and the plats thereof, and to return their field-notes to the General\\nLand Offlce and all claimants failing to do so shall be forever barred: pro-\\nvided, nothing in this section shall be so construed as to validate any titles\\nnot already valid, or to interfere with the rights of third persons.\\nARTICLE XV.\\nimpeachment.\\nSection 1. The power of impeachment shall be vested in the House of\\nRepresentatives.\\nSec. 2. Impeachment of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Attorney-\\nGeneral, Treasurer, Commissioner of the General Land Office, Comptroller,\\nand the Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District Court\\nshall be tried by the Senate.\\nSec. 3. When the Senate is sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the Sena-\\ntors shall be on oath, or affirmation, impartially to try the party impeached,\\nand no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of\\nthe Senators present.\\nSec. 4. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall extend only to removal\\nfrom office, and disqualification from holding any office of honor, trust, or\\nprofit, under this State. A party convicted on impeachment shall also be\\nsubject to indictment, trial, and punishment, according to law.\\nSec. 5. All officers against whom articles of impeachment may be pre-\\nferred shall be suspended from the exercise of the duties of their office,\\nduring the pendency of such impeachment. The Governor may make a\\nprovisional appointment to fill the vacancy occasioned by the suspension of\\nan officer, until the decision on the impeachment.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0861.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "850 HISTOEY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 6. Any Judge of the District Courts of the State who is iucompetent\\nto discharge the duties of his office, or who shall be guilty of partiality, or\\noppression, or other official misconduct, or whose habits and conduct are\\nsuch as to render him unfit to hold such office, or who shall negligently fail\\nto perfoi m his duties as judge, or who shall fail to execute in a reasonable\\nmeasure the business in his courts, may be removed by the Supreme Court.\\nThe Supreme Court sliall have original jurisdiction to hear and deteruiine\\nthe causes aforesaid when presented in writing upon the oaths, taken before\\nsome Judge of a Court of Eecord, of not less than ten lawyers, practising in\\nthe courts held by such judge, and licensed to practise in the Supreme\\nCourt; said presentment to be founded cither upon the knowledge of the\\npersons making it or upon the written oaths as to the facts of creditable wit-\\nnesses. The Supreme Court may issue all needful process and prescribe all\\nneedful rules to give effect to this section. Causes of this kind shall have\\nprecedence and be tried as soon as practicable.\\nSec. 7, The Legislature shall provide by law for the trial and removal\\nfrom office of all officers of this State, the modes for which have not been\\nprovided in this Constitution\\nADDRESS.\\nSec. 8. The Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District\\nCourts, shall be removed by the Governor on the address of two-thirds of\\neach House of the Legislature, for wilful neglect of dutj^, incompetency,\\nhabitual drunkenness, oppression in office, or other reasonable cause which\\nshall not be sufficient ground for impeachment; 2^ ovided, hoiaever, that the\\ncause or causes for which such removal shall be required shall be stated at\\nlength in such address and entered on the journals of each House a7ul pro-\\nvided furthe} that the cause or causes shall be notified to the judge so in-\\ntended to be removed, and he shall be admitted to a hearing in his own de-\\nfence before any vote for such address shall pass; and in all such cases,\\nthe vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals of\\neach House respectively.\\nAETICLE XVI.\\nGENERAL PROVISIONS.\\nSection 1. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, before they enter\\nupon the duties of their offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation:\\nI, do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully and im-\\npartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as\\naccording to the best of my skill and ability, agreeably to the Constitution\\nand laws of the United States and of this State; and I do further solemnly\\nswear (or affirm), that since the adoption of the Constitution of this State,\\nI, being a citizen of this State, have not fought a duel with deadly weapons,\\nwithin this State nor out of it, nor have I sent or accepted a challenge to\\nfight a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as second in carry-\\ning a challenge, or aided, advised, or assisted any person thus offending.\\nAnd I furthermore solemnly swear (or affirm), that I have not directly", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0862.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 851\\nnor indirectly paid, offered, or promised to pay, contributed nor promised\\nto contribute any money, or valuable thing, or promised any public office\\nor employment, as a reward for the giving or withholding a vote at the\\nelection atVhich I was elected (or if the office is one of appointment, to\\nsecure my appointment). So help me God.\\nSec 2. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and\\nfrom the right of suffrage, those who may have been or shall hereafter be\\nconvicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes. The privilege\\nof free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections, and pro-\\nhibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence therein from power,\\nbribery, tumult, or other improper practice.\\nSec. 3. The Legislature shall make provisions whereby persons covicted\\nof misdemeanors and committed to the county jails in default of payment\\nof fines and costs, shall be required to discharge such fines and costs by\\nmanual labor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 4. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of tliis\\nConstitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a chal-\\nlenge to fight a duel Avith deadly weapons, either within this State or out\\nof it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly assist in any manner those\\nthus offending, shall be deprived of the right of suffrage, or of holding any\\noffice of trust or profit under this State.\\nSkc. 5. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office of\\nprofit or trust in this State, who shall have been convicted of having given\\nor offered a bribe to procure his election or appointment.\\nSec. 6. No appropriation for private or individual purposes shall be made.\\nA regular statement, under oath, and an account of the receipts and expen-\\nditures of all public money shall be published annually, in such manner as\\nshall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 7. The Legislature shall in no case, have power to issue Treasury\\nWarrants, Treasury Notes, or paper of any description intended to cir-\\nculate as money.\\nSec. 8. Each county in the State may provide, in such manner as may be\\nprescribed by law, a manual-labor poorhouse and farm, for taking care of,\\nmanaging, employing, and supplying the wants of its indigent and poor in-\\nhabitants.\\nSec. 9. Absence on business of the State, or of the United States, shall\\nnot forfeit a residence once obtained, so as to deprive anyone of the riglit o\\\\\\nsuffrage, or of being elected or appointed to any office, under the exceptions\\ncontained in this Constitution.\\nSec. 10. The Legislature shall provide for deductions from the salaries of\\npublic officers who may neglect the performance of any duty that may be\\nassigned them by law.\\nSec. 11. The legal rate of interest shall not exceed eight per cent, per\\nannum, in the absence of any contract as to the rate of interest and by", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0863.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "852 V HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\ncontract parties may agree upon any rate not to exceed twelve per cert, per\\nannum. All interest charged above this last-named rate shall be deemed\\nusurious, and the Legislature shall, at its first session, provide appropriate\\npains and penalties to prevent and punish usury.\\nSec. 12. No member of Congress, nor person holding or exercising any\\noffice of profit or trust under the United States, or either of them, or under\\nany foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the Legislature, or hold\\nor exei cise any office of profit or trust under this State.\\nSec. 13. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may\\nbe necessary and proper to decide differences by arbitration, when the\\nparties shall elect that method of trial.\\nSec. 14. All civil officers shall reside within the State and all district or\\ncounty officers within their districts or counties, and shall keep their offices\\nat such places as may be required by law and failure to comply with this\\ncondition shall vacate the office so held.\\nSec. 15. All property, both real and personal, of the wife, owned or\\nclaimed by her before marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, devise,\\nor descent, shall be her separate property and laws shall be passed more\\nclearly defining the rights of the wife, in relation as well to her separate\\nproperty as that held in common with her husband. Laws shall also be\\npassed providing for the registration of the wife s separate property.\\nSec. 16. No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, or ex-\\ntended with banking or discounting privileges.\\nSec. 17. All officers within this State shall continue to perform the duties\\nof their offices until their successors shall be duly qualified.\\nSec. 18. The rights of property and of action which have been acquired\\nunder the Constitution and laws of the Kepublic and State shall not be\\ndivested; nor shall any rights or actions which have been divested, barred,\\nor declared null and void by the Constitution of the Republic and State, be\\nre-invested, renewed, or reinstated by this Constitution; but the same shall\\nremain precisely in the situation in which they were before the adoption of\\nthis Constitution, unless otherwise herein provided and provided further,\\nthat no cause of action heretofore barred shall be revived.\\nSec. 19. The Legislature shall prescribe by law the qualification of grand\\nand petit jurors.\\nSec. 20. The Legislature shall, at its first session, enact a law whereby the\\nqualified voters of any county, justice s precinct, town, or city, by a majority\\nvote, from time to time, may determine whether the sale of intoxicating\\nliquors shall be prohibited within the prescribed limits.\\nSec. 21. All stationery and printing, except proclamations and such print-\\ning as may be done at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, paper, and fuel used in\\nthe legislative and other departments of the government, except the judi-\\ncial department, shall be furnished, and the printing and binding of the laws,\\njournals, and department reports, and all other printing and binding and", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0864.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "BIRD S-EYE VIEW OF HOUSTON", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0865.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0866.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 855\\nthe repairing and lUrnishlng the halls and rooms used for the meetings of\\nthe Legislature, and its committees, shall be performed under contract, to\\nbe given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maxhnnm price, and\\nunder such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. No member or officer\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of any department of the government shall be in any way interested in such\\ncontracts; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the\\nGovernor, Secretary of State, and Comptroller.\\nSec. 22. The Legislature shall have the power to pass such fence laws,\\napplicable to any subdivision of the State, or counties, as may be needed to\\nmeet the wants of the people.\\nSec. 23. The Legislature may pass laws for the regulation of live stock\\nand the protection of stock-raisers in the stock-raising portion of the State,\\nand exempt from the operation of such laws other portions, sections, or\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0counties; and shall have power to pass general and special laws for the\\ninspection of cattle, stock, and hides, and for the regulation of brands; o-\\nvidcd, that any local law thus passed shall be submitted to the freeholders\\nof the section to be affected thereby, and approved by them, before it shall\\ngo into effect.\\nSec. 24. The Legislature shall make provision for laying out and working\\npublic roads, for the building of bridges, and for utilizing tines, forfeitures,\\nand convict labor to all these iDurposes.\\nSec. 25. That all drawbacks and rebatement of insurance, freight, trans-\\nportation, carriage, wharfage, storage, compressing, baling, repairing, or\\nfor any other kind of labor or service, of or to any cotton, grain, or any\\nother produce or article of commerce in this State, paid, or allowed, or con-\\ntracted fur to any common carrier, shipper, merchant, commission mer-\\nchant, factor, agent, or middle-man of any kind, not the true and absolute\\nowner thereof, are forever prohibited, and it shall be the duty of the Legis-\\nlature to pass effective laws punishing all persons in this State who pay,\\nreceive, or contract for or respecting the same.\\nSec. 26. Every person, corporation, or company that may commit a homi-\\ncide, through wilful act, or omission, or gross neglect, shall be responsible,\\nin exemplary damages, to the surviving husband, widow, heirs of his or her\\nbody, or such of them as there may be, without regard to anj^ criminal pro-\\nceeding that may or may not be had in relation to the homicide.\\nSec. 27. In all elections to fill vacancies of office in this State, it shall be\\nto fill the unexpired term only.\\nSec. 28. No current wages for personal service shall ever be subject to\\ngarnishment.\\nSec. 29. The Legislature shall provide by law for defining and punishing\\nbarratry.\\nSec. 30. The duration of all offices not fixed by this Constitution shall\\nnever exceed two years.\\nSec. 31. The Legislature may pass laws prescribing the qualifications of\\n45", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0867.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "856 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\npractitioners of medicine in this State, and to punisli persons for mal]prac-\\ntice, but uo preference sliall ever be given by law to any schools of medi-\\ncine.\\nSec. 32. The Legislature may provide by law for the establishment of a\\nBoard of Health and Vital Statistics, under such rules and regulations as it\\nmay deem proper.\\nSec. 33. The accounting officers of this State shall neither draw nor pay\\na warrant upon the treasury in favor of any person for salary or compensa-\\ntion as agent, officer, or appointee, who holds at the same time any other\\noffice or position of honor, trust, or profit under this State or the United\\nStates, except as prescribed in this Constitution.\\nSec. 34. The Legislature shall pass laws authorizing the Governor to lease\\nor sell to the government of the United States a sufficient quantity of the\\npublic domain of the State, necessary for the erection of forts, barracks,\\narsenals, and military stations, or camps, and for other needful military\\npurposes and the action of the Governor therein shall be subject to the\\napproval of the Legislature.\\nSec. 35. The Legislature shall, at its first session, pass laws to protect\\nlaborers on public buildings, streets, roads, railroads, canals, and other\\nsimilar public works, against the failui e of contractors and sub-contractors\\nto i^ iy their current wages when due, and to make the corpoivation, com-\\npany, or individual for whose benefit the work is done, responsible for their\\nultimate payment.\\nSec. 36. The Legislature shall, at its first session, provide for the payment,\\nor funding, as they may deem best, of the amounts found to be justly due\\nto the teachers in the public schools, by the State, for service rendered prior\\nto the first day of July, 1873, and for the payment by the school districts in\\nthe State of amounts justly due teachers of public schools by such district\\nto, 1876.\\nSec. 37. Mechanics, artisans, and material men, of every class, shall have\\na lien upon the buildings and articles made or repaired by them, for the\\nvalue of their labor done thereon, or material furnished therefor; and the\\nLegislature shall provide by law for the speedy and efficient enforcement of\\nsaid liens.\\nSec. 38. The Legislature may, at such time as the public interest may\\nrequire, provide for the office of Commissioner of Insurance, Statistics, and\\nHistory, whose term of office, duties, and salary shall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 39. The Legislature may, from time to time, make appropriations\\nfor preserving and perpetuating monioruils of the history of Texas, by\\nmeans of monuments, statues, i^aintings, and documents of historical value.\\nSec. 40. No person shall hold or exercise, at the same time, more than\\none civil office of emolument, except that of Justice of the Peace, County\\nCommissioner, Notary Public, and Postmaster, unless otherwise specially\\nprovided herein.\\nSec. 41. Any person who shall, directly or indirectly, offer, give, oi", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0868.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 857\\npi omise any money or thing of value, testimonial, privilege, or personal\\niidvantage, to any executive or judicial officer or member of the Legislature,\\nto intiueuce him in the j)ei formauce of any of his public or official duties,\\nshall be guilty of bribery, and be punished in such manner as shall be pro-\\nvided by law. And any member of the Legislature, or executive or judicial\\nofficer who shall solicit, demand, or receive, or consent to receive, directly\\nor indirectly, for himself or for another, from any company, corporation, or\\nperson, any money, appointment, employment, testimonial, reward, thing\\nof value or employment, or of personal advantage or promise thereof, for\\nhis vote or official influence, or for withholding the same, or with any under-\\nstanding, expressed or implied, that his vote or official action shall be in any\\nway influenced thereby, or who shall solicit, demand, and receive any such\\nmoney or otlier advantage, matter, or thing aforesaid for another, as the\\nconsideration of his vote or official influence, in consideration of the pay-\\nment or promise of such money, advantage, matter, or thing to another,\\nshall be held guilty of bribery, within the meaning of the Constitution, and\\nshall incur the disabilities provided for said ofiences, with a forfeitui e of the\\noffice they may hold, and such other additional punishment as is or shall be\\nprovided by law.\\nSec. 42. The Legislature may establish an Inebriate Asylum for the cure\\nof drunkenness and reform of inebriates..\\nSec. 43. No man or set of men shall ever be exempted, relieved, or dis-\\ncharged from the performance of any public dutj^ or service imposed by\\ngeneral law, by any special law. Exemptions from the performance of\\nsuch public duty or service shall only be made by general law.\\nSec. 44. The Legislature shall prescribe the duties and provide for the\\nelection by the qualified voters of each county in this State, of a County\\nTreasurer and a County Surveyor, who shall have an office at the county seat,\\nand hokl their office for two years, and until their successors are qualified;\\nand shall have such compensation as may be i)rovided by law.\\nSec. 45. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for collecting,\\narranging, and safely keeping such records, rolls, correspondence, and other\\ndocuments, civil and military, relating to the history of Texas, as may be\\nnow in the possession of parties willing to confide them to the care and\\npreservation of the State.\\nSec. 46. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing and disciplin-\\ning the militia o t the State, in such manner as they shall deem expedient,\\nnotincompatable with the Constitution and laws of the United States.\\nSec. 47. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms shall not\\nbe compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service.\\nSec. 48. All laws and parts of laws now in force in the State of Texas,\\nwhich are not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, or to this\\nConstitution, shall continue and remain in force as the laws of this State,\\nuntil they expire by their own limitation or shall be amended or repealed by\\nthe Legislature.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0869.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "858 HISTORY OF TEXAS.\\nSec. 49. The Legislature shall have power, and it shall be its duty, to\\nprotect by law from forced sale a certain portion of the personal pi operty\\nof all heads of families, and also of unmarried adults, male and female.\\nSec. 50. The homestead of a family shall be, and is liereby protected from\\nforced sale for the payment of all debts, except for the purchase-money\\nthereof, or a part of such purchase-money, the taxes due thereon, or for\\nwork and material used in constructing improvements thereon, and in this\\nlast case only when the work and material are contracted for in writing,\\nwith the consent of the wife, given in the same manner as is required in\\nmaking a sale and conveyance of the homestead nor shall the owner, if a\\nmarried man, sell the homestead without the consent of the wife, given in\\nsucli manner as may be prescribed by law. No mortgage, trust deed, or\\nother lien on the homestead shall ever be valid, except for the purchase-\\nmoney therefor, or improvements made thereon, as hereinbefore provided,\\nwhether sucli mortgage, or trust deed, or other lien shall have been created\\nby the husband alone, or together with his wife and all pretended sales of\\nthe homestead involving any condition of defeasance shall be void.\\nSec. 51. Tlie homestead, not in a town or city, shall consist of not\\nmore tliau two hundred acres of land, whicli may be in one or more parcels,\\nwith the improvements thereon; the homestead in a city, town, or village\\nshall consist of lot, or lots, not to Exceed in value five thousand dollars, at\\nthe time of their designation as the homestead, without reference to the\\nvalue of any improvements thei-eon provided, that the same shall be used\\nfor the purpose of a home, or as a place to exercise the calling or business of\\nthe head of a family provided also, that any temporary renting of the home-\\nstead shall not change the chai acter of the same, when no other homestead\\nhas been acquired.\\nSec. 52. On the death of the husband or wife, or both, the homestead\\nshall descend and vest in like manner as other real property of the deceased,\\nand shall be governed by the same laws of descent and distribution, but it\\nshall not be partitioned among the heirs of the deceased during the lifetime\\nof the surviving husband or wife, or so long as the survivor may elect to\\nuse or occupy the same as a homestead, or so long as the guardian of the\\nminor children of the decea=?ed may be i^ermitted, under the order of the\\nproper court having the jurisdiction, to use and occupy the same.\\nSec. 53. That no inconvenience may arise from the adoption of this Con-\\nstitution, it is declared that all process and writs of all kinds which have\\nbeen or may be issued and not returned or executed when this Constitutioh\\nis ad:)pted, shall remain valid, and shall not be in any way affected be the\\nadoption of this Constitution.\\nSec. 54. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the custody\\nand maintenance of indigent lunatics, at the expense of the State, under\\nsuch regulations and restrictions as the Legislature may prescribe.\\nSec. 55. The Legislature may provide annual pensions, not to exceed one\\nhundred and fifty dollars per annum, to surviving soldiers or volunteers in\\nthe war between Texas and Mexico, from the commencement of the revo-", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0870.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "SA\\\\ PEDRO SPRINGS.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0871.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0872.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION. 861\\nlution in 1835, until the 1st ol January, 1837 and also to the surviving-\\nsigners of the Declaration of Independence of Texas and to the surviving\\nwidows continuing unmarried of such soldiers and signers provided, that\\nno such pension be granted except to those in indigent circumstances,\\nproof of which shall be made before the. County Court of the county where\\nthe applicant resides, in such manner as may be provided by law.\\nSec. 56. The Legislature shall have no power to appropriate any of i\\\\v\\npublic money for the establishment and maintenance of a bureau of immi-\\ngration, or for any purpose of bringing immigrants to this State.\\nSec. 57. Three millions acres of the public domain are hereby appropriated\\nand set apart for the purpose of ei ecting a new State capitol and other\\nnecessar}^ public buildings at the seat of government, said lands to be sold\\nunder the direction of the Legislature and the Legislature shall pass suit-\\nable laws to carry this section into effect.\\nAETICLE XVII.\\nMODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE.\\nSection 1. The Legislature, at any biennial session, by a vote of two-\\nthirds of all the members elected to each House, to be entered by yeas and\\nnays on the journals, may propose amendments to the Constitution, to be\\nvoted upon by the qualified electors for members of the Legislature, which\\nproposed amendments shall be duly published once a week for four weeks,\\ncommencing at least three months before an election, the time of which shall\\nbe specified by the Legislature, in one weekly newspaper of each county, in\\nwhich such a newspaper may be published and it shall be the duty of the\\nseveral returning officers of said election to open a poll for, and make returns\\nto the Secretary of State, of the number of legal votes cast at said election\\nfor and against said amendments; and if more than one be proposed, then\\nthe number of votes cast for and against each of them and if it shall ap-\\npear from said return that a majority of the votes cast have been cast in\\nfavor of any amendment, the said amendment so receiving a majority of the\\nVotes cast shall become a part of this Constitution, and proclamation shaU\\nbe made by the Governor thereof.\\nDone by the delegates of the people of Texas, in Convention assembled,,\\nin the city of Austin, on this the twenty-fourth day ot November, in th0\\nyear of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.\\nIn testimony whereof we hereunto subscribe our names\\nEdwaud B. Pickett,\\nPresident of the Convention.\\nLeigh Chalmers,\\nSecretary of the Convention.", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0873.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "k", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0874.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0875.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0876.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0877.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0878.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3310", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0879.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 646 630 8\\nrv;", "height": "3478", "width": "2013", "jp2-path": "pictorialhistory01thra_0880.jp2"}}