{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3630", "width": "2180", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Glass.\\nBook.", "height": "3630", "width": "2180", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3630", "width": "2180", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3630", "width": "2180", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3630", "width": "2180", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nA PAPER\\nREAD BEFORE THE\\nNew York Historical Society\\nTuesday, December 4, 1888,\\nHON. EDWARD S. ISHAM.\\nNEW YORK:\\nPRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.\\ni:", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nA PAPER\\nREAD BEFORE THE\\nNew York Historical Society\\nTuesday, December 4, 1888,\\nHON. EDWARD S/lSHAM,\\nNEW YORK:\\nPRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.\\n1889.\\nC^", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "~y o 3o\\nAt a stated meeting of the New York Historical Society, held in its\\nHall, on Tuesday Evening, December 4, 1888\\nThe Hon. Edward S. Isham, of Chicago, read the paper of the\\nevening entitled Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nOn its conclusion the Librarian submitted the following resolution,\\nwhich was adopted unanimously\\nResolved, That the thanks of the Society be, and hereby are,\\npresented to the Hon. Edward S. Isham, for his interesting and\\nvaluable paper, read this evening, and that a copy be requested for\\npublication.\\nExtract from the Minutes,\\nAndrew Warner,\\nRecording Secretary.\\nI\\nM\\nK?m", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Officers of the Society, 1889,\\nPRESIDENT,\\nJOHN ALSOP KING.\\nFIRST VICE-PRESIDENT,\\nJOHN A. WEEKES.\\nSECOND VICE-PRESIDENT,\\nJOHN S. KENNEDY.\\nFOREIGN CORRESPONDING SECRETARY,\\nJOHN BIGELOW.\\nDOMESTIC CORRESPONDING SECRETARY,\\nEDWARD F. DE LANCEY\\nRECORDING SECRETARY,\\nANDREW WARNER.\\nTREASURER,\\nROBERT SCHELL.\\nLIBRARIAN,\\nCHARLES ISHAM.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "At a stated meeting of the New York Historical Society, held in its\\nHall, on Tuesday Evening, December 4, 1888\\nThe Hon. Edward S. Isham, of Chicago, read the paper of the\\nevening entitled Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nOn its conclusion the Librarian submitted the following resolution,\\nwhich was adopted unanimously\\nResolved, That the thanks of the Society be, and hereby are,\\npresented to the Hon. Edward S. Isham, for his interesting and\\nvaluable paper, read this evening, and that a copy be requested for\\npublication.\\nExtract from the Minutes,\\nAndrew Warner,\\nRecording Secretary.\\nI\\nM\\na.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Officers of the Society, 1889,\\nPRESIDENT,\\nJOHN ALSOP KING.\\nFIRST VICE-PRESIDENT,\\nJOHN A. WEEKES.\\nSECOND VICE-PRESIDENT,\\nJOHN S. KENNEDY.\\nFOREIGN CORRESPONDING SECRETARY,\\nJOHN BIGELOW.\\nDOMESTIC CORRESPONDING SECRETARY,\\nEDWARD F. DE LANCE Y\\nRECORDING SECRETARY,\\nANDREW WARNER,\\nTREASURER,\\nROBERT SCHELL.\\nLIBRARIAN,\\nCHARLES ISHAM.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.\\nFIRST CLASS FOR ONE YEAR, ENDING 1890.\\nEDWARD F. DE LANCEY, WILLARD PARKER, M.D.,\\nDANIEL PARISH, Jr.\\nSECOND CLASS FOR TWO YEARS, ENDING 189I.\\nBENJAMIN H. FIELD, FREDERIC GALLATIN,\\nCHARLES H. RUSSELL, Jr.\\nTHIRD CLASS FOR THREE YEARS, ENDING 1 892.\\nJOHN S. KENNEDY, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT,\\nGEORGE H. MOORE, LL.D.\\nFOURTH CLASS FOR FOUR YEARS, ENDING 1 893.\\nJOHN A. WEEKES, FREDERICK STURGES,\\nJOHN W. C. LEVERIDGE.\\nJOHN A. WEEKES, Chairman,\\nDANIEL PARISH, Jr., Secretary.\\n[The President, Recording Secretary, Treasurer, and Librarian\\nare members, ex-officio, of the Executive Committee.]\\nCOMMITTEE ON THE FINE ARTS.\\nDANIEL HUNTINGTON, JACOB B. MOORE,\\nANDREW WARNER, HENRY C. STURGES,\\nJOHN A. WEEKES, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT.\\nDANIEL HUNTINGTON, Chairman,\\nANDREW WARNER, Secretary.\\n[The President, Librarian, and Chairman of the Executive Com-\\nmittee are members, ex-officio, of the Committee on the Fine Arts.]", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "FRONTENAC AND MILES STANDISH IN\\nTHE NORTHWEST.\\nOne may well seem challenged for his vindication who\\npresumes to revive in this place discussion of the subject now\\nsuggested. But any one whose thought is engaged by that\\nregion which as a historical unit peculiarly holds the inherit-\\nance of the early New England colonization, will gladly find\\nthere also a revelation of the movement that, perhaps, links\\nthe development of the past with the remote future.\\nThe colonial histories have been said to be important only\\nas leading up to the war of the revolution, and to the estab-\\nlishment, by the federal union, of independence and a dis-\\ntinguished new member of the family of nations. It has been\\nsaid that until then they do not assume the importance and\\nvalue of the history of a nation, finding their ultimate service\\nin the accomplishment of that result. But it has come to be\\nseen that there is a universal history, a line of progressive\\nmovement connecting all historical movements together. The\\nearliest records open with a populous earth, with civil govern-\\nment in operation, and culture and civilization already in course\\nof development. Their beginning is lost, but through ages\\ninconceivably long there has been produced an increasing\\nheritage of principles of universal value both in civil culture\\nand the conditions of its security and advancement. To this\\npriceless and lengthening chain successive historical move-\\nments bring unconsciously their contribution, and in relation\\nto it all peoples become involuntarily one progressive com-\\nmunity. One fastens eagerly upon the links of that chain\\nwherever their gleam can be caught but we are so much\\ninclined to please ourselves with the radiance of some attain-", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 Fronte7iac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nments of our times, with the apparent giving way of some\\nold barriers of thought, and with an obvious amelioration of\\nthe conditions of modern life, that we perhaps mistake a little\\ndawn for the broad day, and fail to observe how close behind\\nus, after all, and even around us, are still the gloom and the\\nshadows of the primal forest that we think we have emerged\\nfrom, and through which has penetrated that painful and un-\\nmeasurable way to the opening of which all historic races\\nhave brought their aid. It may be readily understood that\\nno personal memoirs are intended of the renowned captain\\nof the Pilgrims or of the illustrious governor of New France\\nbut they signally typify two great movements, contemporary\\nand almost equally distinguished, which, though very re-\\nmote in origin, so converged as to expend their force in a\\nsingular degree upon the Northwest, and by their contrasted\\ncharacter and inherent tendencies aid us to get our own bear-\\nings and bring us directly upon vital questions of our own\\ntime.\\nOne of these movements, which was distinctly ecclesiasti-\\ncal and seigniorial, entered upon our continent through the\\navenue of the great St. Lawrence River and the Lakes. The\\nqualities of poverty and discipline, of self-sacrifice and mar-\\ntyrdom, were glorified at Pampeluna in the reveries of Loyola,\\nand found their exponent in that unique Society of Jesus,\\nwhich has been unequalled in the world in the efficient devo-\\ntion of its members to their faith, and above all things to\\ntheir Order. A prodigious opulence and power of the Order\\nitself, with an unparalleled arrogance of dominion arose upon\\npoverty and personal humility in the lower ranks, through\\nmatchless enterprise and skill of administration. Its priests\\nwere sent into every accessible corner of the world. No\\nvoyage of discovery, no tale of any wandering adventurer\\nindicated the existence of an unvisited people, but men went\\ninstantly upon the work of exploration and conversion and\\nno courage could surpass that of men whose exaltation of\\nspirit rose with the appearance of peril and the chance of\\nsuffering and death in remote recesses of savage regions and\\nsavage society.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 7\\nThe civil society of France was rooted in the severest\\nfeudalism of Northern Europe. Feudalism throughout all its\\ngradations was an organization of servitude, mitigated in the\\nupper ranks by arbitrary privileges and prerogatives, which\\ndiminished as the rank descended, so that the burden of\\nservitude accumulated as it fell from grade to grade, and\\nrested with hopeless and crushing oppression upon the great\\nmass of the people at the bottom. We behold it in a retro-\\nspect giving origin to picturesque manners- and architecture,\\nand associated with institutions of piety and charity and the\\ndevelopment of chivalry, the glory of the Crusades, the hero-\\nism of famed men, and the lustre of great events, unite to be-\\nguile our thought from the fact that all that exists of freedom\\nand of popular security in modern states has been won in\\nspite of feudalism, and has been rescued from the doom of\\nslavery to which that institution consigned society. There\\nwas no room within it for any principle of civil liberty. The\\nfirst condition of liberty was what is now called Nihilism.\\nEvery step gained was an annihilation /r 9 tanto of some feu-\\ndal element. The doctrines which live in our Declaration of\\nIndependence and in the Constitution of the United States\\nwere also the first flowers that blossomed at the foot of the\\nFrench guillotine. In the times of Francis I. and Henry IV.\\nthe privilege and prerogative of the twelve peers who stood\\naround the throne of Hugh Capet were shared among two\\nhundred grand seigniors Avho had succeeded them. These\\nrepresented the landed estates, the great titles, the ostentation\\nand arrogance and splendor of living, and the social and po-\\nlitical power which supported the monarchy. They were the\\nclass whose power was broken by Richelieu to build the ab-\\nsolutism of Louis XIV. Outlying these was a large body of\\nthe nobility, and a greater multitude of gentlemen, noble by\\ncaste but untitled, touchy and proud, penniless but ambi-\\ntious, hunting for pocket-money and for fortune, full of the\\nspirit of adventure, infinitely expert with their rapiers, and\\nready to sell them to the service of any superior nobleman\\nwho would employ and pay for them. Their gentility of\\nbirth excluded them by law from ordinary occupations of", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 Frofitenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\ntrade and commerce, but they hovered about the splendors\\nof the Louvre, and the later ones of Versailles, and formed\\nthe retinues of the great nobles. Below these lay the trading\\nand artisan people of the cities and large towns, and the\\nhopeless subjection of the country peasantry. This was, how-\\never, that age that was distinguished by the awakening of the\\nintellect of Europe. Scholarship and science had revived\\nwith printing. Men began to think. Language was improved\\nby Rabelais and Montaigne. Luther, and the deeper heresy\\nof Calvin, set thought free upon ecclesiasticism. Something\\nof art and refinement came in from Italy, and the Italian sur-\\nvival of Roman municipal citizenship had brought about the\\nenfranchisement of the communes. Out of these conditions\\ncame the civil founders of New France.\\nOn the surface of the round globe, in the summer of i534j\\nperhaps no movement of equal portent was less conspicuous\\nthan the slow creeping of the white sails of Jacques Cartier s\\nlittle vessels up the stream of that great flood, the St. Law-\\nrence River. But one ship of adventurers followed another,\\nand Champlain came, and the Jesuits, and the first colony in\\nCanada was founded on the great rock of Quebec in 1608,\\nand more substantially in 1620. In that year the Mayflower\\nlanded her company, and in the same year Frontenac was\\nborn. Year by year colonists came from France shiploads\\nof peasants, traders, seamen from St. Malo and other seaport\\ntowns, a few ruined noblemen, adventurers of every class,\\npenniless gentlemen, officers and soldiers, women in companies,\\nand always Jesuits and a few Franciscan priests, to whom it\\nwas appalling that the heathen Indians should perish when a\\nfew drops of water would bring them to the state of grace of\\nthe baptized but unsanctified hunters of fortune who repre-\\nsented the civil state of France in the New World. A fringe\\nof timorous settlements developed for two or three hundred\\nmiles along the borders of the narrowing river. Behind the\\nsettlements lay a wilderness of distrustful savages. It was\\nthe tentative approach, the stealthy creeping into the bosom\\nof a new world of a form of society that had worn out the\\nconditions of life and subsistence in Europe. It was the fas-", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 9\\ntening of an antique parasite upon a new body pulsating in\\nall the infinite springs and currents that feed the requirements\\nof social and political development. The colony gained vigor\\nand courage as it drew into the presence of that magnificent\\ncitadel of nature whereon the city of Quebec was founded,\\nand which impressed the earliest explorers as a spot appointed\\nby fate to be the capital of an empire. It is upon this cold,\\ngray rock, this anticipation of imperial eminence, that we first\\nbehold, in 1672, the unique and feudal figure of Louis, Comte\\nde Frontenac, the Governor of Canada, and Lieutenant-Gen-\\neral of Louis XIV. of France.\\nThe background against which this figure is projected is\\nthe Europe of Anne of Austria and Mazarin of the regicides\\nand of Cromwell of Louis XIV. and the Prince of Orange\\nof the Venetian wars with the Turks of Turenne, Conde,\\nMarlborough, and Gustavus Adolphus. On it are taking\\nplace historic wars, and battles great in the politics of Europe.\\nThe Czar Peter appears in his shop at Zaandam the Turks\\nof Kara Mustapha, with their horse-tail standards, are before\\nVienna, and John Sobieski is on the heights of the Kalen-\\nberg the royal charters and grants of American territory are\\nissued, and the great movements of colonization are going on.\\nFrontenac himself belonged rather high in the ranks of the\\nnobility, but his fortune was slender and soon wasted. His*\\nlife was spent brilliantly as a soldier in the camps of the Prince\\nof Orange, in command of the regiment of Normandy in Ital-\\nian campaigns, and in the defence of Candia the Crete of\\nAriadne and King Minos. He was made a colonel at seven-\\nteen years of age, and was, it is said, an eminent lieutenant-\\ngeneral at twenty-nine, covered with decorations and scars.\\nIt was was not pleasure, but ambition, that made liim accept\\nan exile in a world of savages and adventurers. There, it\\nseemed, was to be reproduced, in its beginnings, the same\\nsocial system he left at home. There were to be gained new\\nlordships and seigniories and fortunes, with which he might\\nreturn to the court of Versailles.\\nIn France the nobles, who with increasing numbers but\\ndiminishing powers had meddled with the administration of", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10 Front enac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nevery king from Capet to Louis XII,, saw their last vestige of\\nshare in the government disappear on the scaffolds of Riche-\\nlieu. But their prerogatives that Richelieu destroyed were\\nthose that might impede the king. Their rights and preroga-\\ntives as against the social grades below them were not the\\nobjects of his jealousy. When, therefore, great seigniories\\nwere carved out and granted in Canada, and established\\nunder the code of French laws known as the Customs of\\nParis, the political and social conditions of feudal France\\nwere also established, and were fastened upon the reluctant\\nborders of the great river, and the forest freedom of inde-\\npendent tribes. In the midst and at the head of such a sys-\\ntem stood Frontenac at Quebec. He was the fitting repre-\\nsentative of Louis XIV. He was the perfect impersonation\\nof his imperial spirit and policy, and of the political system\\nof his time. Our purpose here is not with the general\\nhistory of Canada, nor with the personal history of Fronte-\\nnac, but with the social and political movement of which he\\nwas the representative. Apart from the easy acquisition of\\nlanded estates, and the hopes that lay in industry and tillage,\\na special allure enticed the traders and emigrants into the\\nnorthern wilderness. All the opulence of this part of the\\nworld lay on the backs of the little animals that roamed the\\nforests or lived on the banks of the numerous and abundant\\nstreams. What diamonds were to Golconda, pearls to Cape\\nComorin, gold mines to Mexico and Peru, wools to the\\nvale of Cashmere, spices and perfumes to Arabia, that were\\nfurs to the vast region lying north of the St. Lawrence and the\\nLakes. A magnificent element of imperial power lay in the\\nfacility which the position of Canada gave for the monopoly\\nof all this trade, which was then the coveted and dispropor-\\ntionate element in the commerce of the world. The most\\nzealous restrictions and regulations to uphold the monopoly\\nchallenged the ingenuity of everyone to evade and defeat\\nthem. Settlers were forbidden to trade with the Indians,\\nexcept as they sold their furs at a fixed price. They\\nwere forbidden to leave the settled country and trade in\\nthe wilderness was forbidden. Noblemen forfeited their", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 1 1\\nrank by trade, and the controlling Jesuits were under the\\ncommon prohibition. But everyone, governor and intend-\\nant, priests and soldiers, gentlemen and all, every officer ot\\nthe government, while watching like a weasel every other\\nofficer, all got as deep as they could with hope of conceal-\\nment into this illicit and contraband trade. Down the St.\\nLawrence and down the stream of the Ottawa the Indian\\ncanoes came paddling every year in fleets, with their freight\\nof peltry. A cunning strife for the advantage of meet-\\ning them earliest on their way, or of meeting the wander-\\ning bands in the woods, and of trading there for their furs\\nequally forestalled the law and the commercial sagacity that\\nought to have waited for the competition of a wider market.\\nThe allurements of traffic and zeal for the conversion of sav-\\nages attracted the spirited adventurers and missionaries far-\\nther and farther up the river-courses and along the lakes into\\nthe recesses of the unexplored world, until they came upon\\nthe streams that pour into the valley of the Mississippi. Fol-\\nlowing up the stream of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, they\\ncame to the upper waters of Lake Huron and to the Sault\\nSt. Marie, so that Lake Erie was the last of the lakes discov-\\nered, and the country lying south of it the last explored by\\nthe French. At certain points which were known to be proli-\\nfic fishing-grounds, and at others where game abounded, the\\nIndians were accustomed to gather in great numbers and for\\nlong sojourns. To these places came the brave missionaries\\nand established their missions. Such places were the mis-\\nsions of St. Esprit, of the Sault Ste. Marie, of St. Ignace, of\\nMichilimacinac, and the head of Green Bay, where Father\\nAllouez founded the mission of St. Francis Xavier. In the\\ndepths of the forest many of these men, pure-spirited and\\ndevoted, sought and found the seal of their consecration in\\nfire and torture. The senses and the intellect stand appalled\\nby the doom to which Pere Brebeuf was consigned and\\nabandoned. The idea of moral government was derided by\\nthe victory of fiends, which lighted the remote recesses of\\nthat forest theatre, while his spirit rose exultant because the\\nprayer of his youth in distant France, and of all his life, was", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Noi thwest.\\nanswered, that God would accord him for reward the honor\\nof martyrdom in the wilderness. Standing before him,\\nyoung Lallement, lashed from head to foot in strips of bark\\nand pitch, ready for the match, revived the memory of the\\nliving torches with which Nero lighted the Vatican gardens,\\nthat are now within the crab-like arms of St. Peter s. Under\\nthe forest the dark earth was dumb, and the stars above were\\nsilent, and through the mist of horror and of distance he\\nmust have seen the door of his humble home by the Seijie,\\nwhile faith struggled to meet its silent reproach of useless\\nabandonment. But wherever these men went they carried\\nthe empire of the king and the supremacy of the Church,\\nWhen they erected by the shore, or carved on the bark of\\ntrees the arms of France, they set above them the cross of\\nthe ecclesiastical dominion.\\nBut Frontenac was the representative of his feudal master\\nin the citadel of Quebec, and of the arms of his civil and po-\\nlitical power. To extend the domain of France, to vindicate\\nin the new world the pre-eminence of his king, to construct\\nand cement the foundations of a grand empire, was the splen-\\ndid dream of Frontenac s ambition. He thought, as the ec-\\nclesiastics also did, that the emigrant colonists and the In-\\ndians could be amalgamated and made the basic population\\nof a civilized and industrial state. He also hoped to build\\nup his own ruined fortunes and confirm them with wealth\\nand distinction. To his mind here was a vast population\\nand a vaster territory ready to be carved into seigniories\\nand to the eyes of the ecclesiastics there was a corresponding\\nfield for ecclesiastical ambition. An alliance of sympathy\\nbetween him and La Salle, and a common interest in the il-\\nlicit traffic of the time, gave him the reinforcement of views\\nand ambition as wide and daring as his own. A military\\nfortress at the very head of the St. Lawrence would mani-\\nfestly extend and confirm the dominion of the king, and with\\nequal certainty anticipate the fur trade in the secret interest\\nof Frontenac and La Salle. By rapid action the governor\\nbuilt the formidable fort named Frontenac, where the city\\nof Kingston stands. Already a large seigniory had been", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 1 3\\ngiven to La Salle, just above Montreal, at La Chine. Sub-\\nsequently Fort Frontenac, with a wide surrounding territory,\\nwas also given to him as a seigniory. A little later, another\\ngreat feudal seigniory, that marked the extension of French\\nempire, was carved out and granted to La Salle, in the heart\\nof Illinois, in the very heart of the continent, near the con-\\nfluence of the greatest rivers, and at a point that seemed to\\ndominate the springs and the courses of political and com-\\nmercial supremacy.\\nThe Northwest lies where the great valleys of the St.\\nLawrence and the Lakes, and the Mississippi, ascending, meet\\nand merge into each other and bearing a similar relation to\\nboth, it geographically dominates that tremendous sweep\\nfrom the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle planted\\nhis Fort St. Louis of the Illinois on the summit of Starved\\nRock, to make it the centre of his colony in the midst of this\\nregion, central and commanding for all the vast extent of\\nnew French empire. A continuous French occupation of\\nIllinois, since his settlement in 1679, marks La Salle as its\\nfounder. The old French town, Kaskaskia, was its capital in\\n17 12, as Fort Chartres, a formidable fortress, was afterward.\\nLying partly at the head of the Lakes and the St. Lawrence,\\nand partly at the head of the Mississippi, which receives the\\nwaters of thirty-five thousand miles of navigable affluents,\\nwalled in from the Atlantic slope by the Apallachian Moun-\\ntains, a superior sentiment of political and social community\\nof the Northwest with these great openings to the outer world\\nis inevitable. The strength of this natural tendency is rarely\\nperhaps appreciated, nor the extent to which it is now neu-\\ntralized, and even overcome, by the effect of the great rail-\\nways which cross the mountain barriers and run directly to\\nthe coast, particularly by that great artificial highway which\\ncomes to the bay of New York through the wonderful gate-\\nway of the Mohawk, where the beetling precipices barely\\nmake room for the passage of the railways, the telegraph,\\nthe canal, the highway, and the river, and that other one\\nwhich comes to the same point by surmounting the Alle-\\nghenies in Pennsylvania. To thus rival and overcome the", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\ninfluence of such vast natural waterways as those of the Lakes\\nand the Mississippi, and consolidate the sentiment of a com-\\nmon country as against Alpine divisions, is an impressive\\nevidence of the social and political force exerted by these ar-\\ntificial avenues of commerce.\\nIt was the imperial political influence and power inherent\\nin this position which was comprehended by Frontenac and\\nLa Salle. La Salle went up the St. Lawrence exploring a\\nway to China. It is amusing at this day to find in the little\\nCanadian town of La Chine, by the rapids, the memento of\\nhis geographical hallucination. Gradually but effectively the\\nvision of Asia and of the opulence that lay in oriental com-\\nmerce faded from the view of the explorers, and one of Eu-\\nropean dominion and feudal seigniories in the heart of the\\nAmerican continent shone in its place.\\nThe emigrant founders of this new empire were not seek-\\ning escape from any obnoxious principles of government, or\\ninstitutions of society of the country they came from. They\\nhad no purpose to improve or to change the church or the\\nstate, or to improve the general condition of the more bur-\\ndened classes. On the other hand, there was no purpose\\nspecifically to extend any particular system of society. The\\nlaw of France, i.e., its political system, went to its colony as\\nof course. But every man hoped under the same social\\nframework to improve his own relative position in the form.\\nFrom the noble to the peasant no one thought of improving\\nthe form of the state but every one hoped for a better rela-\\ntive position in it. The peasant hoped to be a landed pro-\\nprietor under conditions of comfort. The bourgeois trader,\\nand the untitled gentleman who literally found no room for\\nhimself in France, hoped for titles and distinction in the new\\nempire. They made no objection to seigniories, and, on the\\ncontrary, they hoped to become seigniors. The system,\\nhowever, contemplated a vast underlying mass of subject\\npeople, upon whom should devolve the burdens of all servi-\\ntude, and upon whose palpitating bodies the heels of all su-\\nperior classes should, as in France, trample without resist-\\nance and to this fortunate field were relegated, in the mind", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 1 5\\nof the peasant emigrant, the whole vast Indian population, to\\nbe turned toward industry and Christianized and in the\\nminds of the nobles and the priests and the gentlemen, the\\nIndians and the peasant emigrants as well.\\nNow it would be incorrect to say that these people under-\\ntook and expected to transplant to the new world the im-\\nperial splendors of the empire of Louis XIV., and to repro-\\nduce there the glories of Versailles and the lordly life of the\\nFrench nobility in the provinces. It is probable that through\\nthe mist of many intervening years their imagination may\\nhave seen the castellated forms of towers that served to illus-\\ntrate the distinction of their posterity, and the ecclesiastical\\npinnacles that betokened the triumphs of their faith but\\nthey knew that for themselves their homes were to be made\\nin the midst of a wilderness which they must redeem among\\nsavages whom they must reclaim or destroy. They knew\\ntheir lives were doomed to exile, to peril unceasing, to toil\\nwithout respite. Whatever might He in the future, there was\\nfor them nothing of the splendors of French government or\\nsociety. Meanwhile the tenant broke up the forest on the\\nland held of his seignior, and watched from his cabin for the\\nstealthy attack of savages and the seignior, in his log cha-\\nteau, held his courts and contentedly received his feudal hom-\\nage and his feudal rental of farthings and poultry. But\\nthese were the poor and severe beginnings, as he felt assured,\\nof an empire that might some day be splendid, wherein even\\nthe beginnings of rank were of value and in the petty court\\nat Montreal or Quebec the beggarly officers and nobles and\\ngentry and traders, in decorations and costumes that might\\noften forbid them to ridicule the gaudy bedeckings of the for-\\nf est chiefs at a council fire, aped the manners and studied the\\ndistinctions that obtained in France.\\nSo it is true that there was nothing noble or elevated in\\nthe movement itself, nor ennobling or dignifying in the mo-\\ntives or purpose of its participants. It was the most com-\\nmonplace form of colonization, a mere swarming from an oc-\\ncupied to an empty field from a field wherein by their ut-\\nmost endeavor most men could barely hold their own in the", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "1 6 Front enac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nbitter and weary competition for livelihood, to one where the\\nextreme of toil, hardship, and peril promised an ultimate se-\\ncurity, competence, and independence. It is the nature oi\\nsuch movements, because they involve no element of revolt,\\nto carry with them the law and social usage of the parent\\ncountry. The movement is not founded in any new concep-\\ntion or scheme of government or law, but only in the per-\\nsonal interest of each participant, and so the old conditions\\ngo with the emigrant as of course, borne like the moraines on\\nthe backs of glaciers. It was so with Phoenician and Greek\\ncolonies, and Dorian and Corinthian colonies were Dorian\\nand Corinthian themselves to the end. Such colonies there-\\nfore are duplex in character. From the stand-point of the\\nempire or sovereignty which sends them out, they are the\\noutposts of the empire, the propngnacula imperii of Cicero, a\\nmedium of extension of language and administration, and of\\nimperial expansion. The movement is susceptible of becom-\\ning one of momentous historical importance and consequence.\\nBut looked at from the stand-point of the colonist, it is digni-\\nfied by no moral or political purpose. It is wholly contained\\nwithin the limits of the personal self-seeking of the individual\\nemigrant.\\nIt is this social and political freight, which is thus borne\\nwithout conscious purpose by currents of immigration, which\\ngives historical importance to the French establishment in\\nCanada, and its movements into the Northwest. The emi-\\ngrants exhibited the hardihood and endurance common to all\\nwho are pioneers in a new country. The missionaries illus-\\ntrated that zeal for their cause and that faith in their religion\\nwhich is everywhere found among the martyrs to religious\\nbelief and the champions of an ecclesiastical system. These,\\nadmirable as they are, are the commonplaces of history after\\nall, like the courage and the grand exploits of soldiers but\\nthe chance which existed that the feudal conditions of con-\\ntinental Europe might be actually established on this con-\\ntinent, and on the very banks of the Illinois, is a matter that\\nwe may well pause and make the subject of reflection.\\nA seigniory in the time of Frontenac represented the", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 1 7\\naggregate abuse of all the privilege and prerogative ac-\\nquired by the chiefs since the Prankish conquest. With the\\nchanges of society every privilege had been preserved and\\nevery public burden evaded. The nobles held ail the wealth\\nof the country, but the burden of taxes was rolled off upon\\nthe toiling populations who worked the lands and made the\\nhighways, and had nothing left but broken spirits when their\\nwork was done. The seignior lived as a prince among the\\npeople who had once been serfs. He had his precedence,\\nand his ancestral tombs in the church he held his courts of\\nhigh and low jurisdiction, appointed petty officers within his\\nrealm, and enforced his laws by his prison and often by his\\ngibbet. To him went forfeited and confiscated property, all\\nproperty found, and waifs and wrecks and a share of every-\\nthing produced by the labor of his people, and fines on every\\nchange of title. Tolls and contributions and monopolies\\nwere a torment and an oppression. He established his scales,\\nhis markets, and his mill, his oven, Avine-press, and slaughter-\\nhouse, and to these all must come with their tolls. Such\\nwere the seigniories granted and established in New France.\\nFrontenac was gravely rebuked in 1672 by Colbert for the\\nfirst step toward a recognition of the estates and the institu-\\ntion of a municipal government for Quebec. You are al-\\nways, he said, to follow, in the government of Canada,\\nthe forms in use here and since our kings have long re-\\ngarded it as good for their service not to convoke the states\\nof the kingdom, in order, perhaps, to abolish insensibly this\\nancient usage, you on your part should very rarely, or to\\nspeak more correctly, never give a corporate form to the\\ninhabitants of Canada. You should even, as the colony\\nstrengthens, suppress gradually the office of the syndic who\\npresents petitions in the name of the inhabitants; for it is*\\nwell that each should speak for himself and none for all.\\nA writer upon the Constitutional History of Canada illus-\\ntrates the social situation in the following statement\\nAt the time of the Conquest [1763], the seigniors and\\nthe peasants constituted two important factors in the problem\\nParkman s Frontenac, p. 20.\\n2", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "1 8 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nof a new government. The seigniors were entitled, accord-\\ning to the code of feudalism, to erect courts and to preside\\nin them as judges. They could administer what was known\\nas haute, ntoyenne et basse justice. They could take cogni-\\nzance of all crimes committed within their jurisdiction, except\\nmurder and treason. If they did not, in the French period,\\nexercise their tyrannous rights over the lives, limbs, and liber-\\nties of their vassals, it was because they were too poor to or-\\nganize the machinery of seigniorial courts, build dungeons,\\nand retain jailers and executioners. That it was this power\\nto crush, which was wanting to the seigniors, and not the\\nspirit, may be seen in their complaint of the hardship of not\\nbeing permitted, under British rule, to exercise their feudal\\njurisdiction. The feeling of the peasants toward\\ntheir seigniors was fear, not affection. This experience,\\nhowever, is as wide as the circuit of Europe, and as old as\\nfeudalism. In the injuries done him by his seignior the\\nCanadian peasant could only suffer redress he had none.\\nThe people who were not noble, and who were more than\\nnine hundred and ninety-nine out of a thousand, were well\\npleased that the battering-ram of the Common Law had\\nbroken down the fortress of unjust privilege, which in the\\nperiod of French domination had walled in the noble from\\nthe consequences of his acts.\\nSuch, then, was an American seigniory in point of its legal\\nestablishment. The torture of the rack was of common oc-\\ncurrence in the administration of criminal law in Canada.\\nIt has been found agreeable by writers to depict in pleasing\\npictures the Arcadian simplicity and contented peace of the\\nFrench and Indian colonies in Illinois, led by Pere Grav-\\nier, Marest, and others, to the vicinity of Kaskaskia and Old\\nFort Chartres, with their careless and idle lives in their\\nwhite-washed and vine-clad cottages;^ and literature is be-\\nginning to throw over the indolent security of these people\\nthat picturesque aspect of peace which is illustrated by the\\nWatson, Constitutional History of Canada, pp. 11-14.\\nWatson, Constitutional History of Canada, p. 25, Note.\\nBreese, History of Illinois, pp. 195-200, 223-231.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "Front enac and Miles Standish in the Northzvest. 19\\nantitheses of fortresses grass-grown, and of birds nesting in\\nthe very embrasures of the cannon. But this was because\\nonly that part of the machinery of this political and social\\nsystem was in operation which they controlled and operated\\nthemselves, and the iron hand of superior power had not yet\\nbeen felt among them when they passed under the sover-\\neignty of England. They had no Anglo-Saxon comprehen-\\nsion of political rights, or idea of participation in public\\nafifairs no Anglo-Saxon capacity to take it when ofifered.\\nUpon these subjects they were perfectly indifferent, and ut-\\nterly Avithout aspiration or sense of responsibility. They il-\\nlustrated all the characteristics of our Southern African people\\nsince their enfranchisement. Fortunately it is unnecessary\\n1 In the year 1818 the whole people numbered about forty-five thousand souls.\\nSome two thousand of these were the descendants of the old French settlers in\\nthe villages of Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, Prairie du Pont, Cahokia, Peoria,\\nand Chicago. These people had fields in common for farming, and farmed, built\\nhouses, and lived in the style of the peasantry in old France a hundred and fifty\\nyears ago. They had made no improvements in anything, nor had they adopted\\nany of the improvements made by others. They \\\\\\\\^re the descendants of those\\n.French people who had first settled the country, more than a hundred and fifty\\nyears before, under Lasalle, Iberville, and the priests Alvarez, Rasles, Gravier,\\nPinet, Marest, and others, and such as subsequently joined them from New Orleans\\nand Canada and they now formed all that remained of the once proud empire\\nwhich Louis XIV., king of France, and the regent Duke of Orleans, had intended to\\nplant in the Illinois country. The original settlers had many of them intermarried\\nwith the native Indians, and some of the descendants of these partook of the wild,\\nroving disposition of the savage, united to the politeness and courtesy of the\\nFrenchman. In the year 1818, and for many years before, the crews of keel-boats\\non the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were furnished from the Frenchmen of this\\nstock. Many of them spent a great part of their time, in the spring and fall sea-\\nsons, in paddling their canoes up and down the rivers and lakes in the river bot-\\ntoms, on hunting excursions in pursuit of deer, fur, and wild fowl, and generally\\nreturned home well loaded with skins, fur, and feathers, which were with them the\\ngreat staple of trade. Those who stayed at home contented themselves with cul-\\ntivating a few acres of Indian corn, in their common fields, for bread, and provid-\\ning a supply of prairie hay for their cattle and horses. No genuine Frenchman in\\nthose days ever wore a hat, cap, or coat. The heads of both men and women\\nwere covered with Madras cotton handkerchiefs, which were tied around, in the fash-\\nion of night-caps. For an upper covering of the body the men wore a blanket gar-\\nment, called a capot (pronounced cappo), with a cap to it at the back of the\\nneck, to be drawn over the head for a protection in cold weather, or in warm.\\nweather to be thrown back on the shoulders in the fashion, of. a, ca.pe., Noiwith^", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nto explore the outlines of the great dominion that was given\\nto the seignior of Fort St. Louis of the IlHnois, for the present\\nproprietor, even of Starved Rock itself, will search in vain the\\nabstract of his title for the slightest trace of the great seigniory\\nof Robert Cavelier de La Salle.\\nThe other movement came upon our coast at the shallow\\nbay of Plymouth. There came into New England then not\\nonly the Pilgrims, but the constitution of the Mayflower.\\nAn iceberg drifting in the sea is not more cleanly parted\\nfrom its original than the community in the cabin of the May-\\nflower was from the political society it left behind. Conceive\\nstanding this people had been so long separated by an immense wilderness from\\ncivilized society, they still retained all the suavity and politeness of their race.\\nAnd it is a remarkable fact that the roughest hunter and boatman among them\\ncould at any time appear in a ball-room, or other polite and gay assembly, vi-ith\\nthe carriage and behavior of a well-bred gentleman. The French women were\\nremarkable for the sprightliness of their conversation and the grace and elegance of\\ntheir manners. And the whole population lived lives of alternate toil, pleasure,\\ninnocent amusement, and gayety.\\nTheir horses and cattle,for want of proper care and food for many generations,\\nhad degenerated in size, but had acquired additional vigor and toughness, so that\\na French pony was a proverb for strength and endurance. These ponies were\\nmade to draw, sometimes one alone, sometimes two together, one hitched before\\nthe other, to the plough, or to carts made entirely of wood, the bodies of which\\nheld about double the contents of the body of a common wheelbarrow. The\\noxen were yoked by the horns instead of the neck, and in this mode were made to\\ndraw the plough and cart. Nothing like reins were ever used in driving the\\nwhip of the driver, with a handle about two feet, and a lash two yards long,\\nstopped or guided the horse as effectually as the strongest reins.\\nThe French houses were mostly built of hewn timber, set upright in the ground,\\nor upon plates laid upon a wall, the intervals between the upright pieces being\\nfilled with stone and mortar. Scarcely any of them were more than one story\\nhigh, with a porch on one or two sides, and sometimes all around, with low roofs\\nextending with slopes of different steepness from the comb in the centre to the\\nlowest part of the porch. These houses were generally placed in gardens, sur-\\nrounded by fruit-trees of apples, pears, cherries, and peaches and in the villages\\neach enclosure for a house and garden occupied a whole block or square, or the\\ngreater part of one. Each village had its Catholic church ami priest. The\\nchurch was the great place of gay resort on Sundays and holidays, and the priest\\nwas the adviser and director and companion of all his flock. The people looked\\nup to him with affection and reverence, and he upon them with compassion and\\ntenderness. Ford s History of Illinois, pp. 35-38.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 21\\nas sharply as one can of the cleavage that marked the separa-\\ntion and he will hardly exaggerate it. The legal fiction of ex-\\ntra-territorial jurisdiction was put in practical abeyance. With-\\nin the ship floated a political fragment broken off from the peo-\\nple of England. With no charter or incorporation with no\\nauthority from the English sovereign with no grant of ter-\\nritory from any pope or king with a ship hired solely to\\nconvey them across the Atlantic the little people rode the wa-\\nters a moving and unorganized assembly. Within the shelter\\nof Cape Cod they framed a political organization as original\\nas if they were the only inhabitants of the earth. A collec-\\ntive body of individuals, by virtue of the sovereignty which in-\\nhered in them, created themselves a civil body politic for gov--\\nernment. Here were declared the principles of sovereignty\\nin the people, of civil liberty, of justice and equality in laws,\\nand the subordination of each person to the general good.\\nThere was no reservation of the laws of England. They un-\\nderstood that they were erecting a new state upon indepen-\\ndent and original foundations, for the action was thought to be\\nmade necessary by an inclination which developed in certain\\nof the number to assert and use the absolute liberty of indi-\\nviduals who had passed out from under any civil government\\nwhatever. But this new state imparted to its lav/ an original\\nsanction derived from sovereignty within itself, and not from\\nan extension of the sovereignty of England. The act was\\ndeliberate and can bear no other construction. By the effect\\nof this constitution feudalism, with its tenures, entails, and\\nprimogeniture, was extinct among this people. Mr. Bancroft\\nsays it was the birth of popular constitutional liberty, and\\nthat in the cabin of the Mayflower humanity recovered its\\nrights. It is true; and by one act all the constitutional\\nhistory of the states of Europe, from Pompey the Great to\\nJohn Hampden, fell out, and the free principles of the old\\nRoman constitution survived in the constitution of the May-\\nflower.\\n1 Palfrey, History of New EnglanJ, vol. i., p. 164, note i. Goodwin, The\\nPilgrim Republic, p. 62.\\nHistory of U. S., vol. i., p. 310.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 Frontenac and Miles Standish hi the Northwest.\\nThis isolation from the associations of the old world,\\nwhich was intended by the Pilgrims, makes them the expo-\\nnent of a peculiar organization of society. They left behind\\nthem something more than three thousand miles of barren and\\npathless sea. They left behind the political system and the\\necclesiastical system, with their combinations and their com-\\nmingled traditions, which were rooted in the general thought\\nof the communities they abandoned. They had to disengage\\nthemselves from this mental complication. They had to make\\na break with the past. They left the old communities to\\nwork out their results in England by the more or less violent\\nprocesses of social evolution but they needed a new planet\\nor a fresh wilderness for their own scheme of social polity un-\\nentangled with antique traditions that tended against them.\\nIn this light the great Puritan colonization of 1830 contained\\nelements of a different character, and was not of equal dignity\\nwith that of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. While greater in\\nmass and far exceeding in all the elements that constitute so-\\ncial and political power while the details of its turbulent and\\npicturesque history have, because Massachusetts has furnished\\nits literature, overshadowed the consistent and uncomplicated\\nannals of Plymouth, nevertheless, to a degree that cannot be\\nignored and ought not to be obscured, it had the common-\\nplace character of ordinary colonizing movements. There\\nwas not the same sharp-cut cleavage from old-world condi-\\ntions. Like all the colonizing movements of the world, ex-\\ncept that of Plymouth, it carried upon its back the common-\\nplace freight of the traditional law and habit of thought, and\\nsocial usage of the parent country. The basic purpose of the\\nmovement was identical with that of Plymouth to find liberty\\nand a new state in a new world and the difference between\\nPuritan and Non-conformist and Separatist counted for noth-\\ning. The appearance of church loyalty, which expediency\\nhad maintained, dissolved instantly under the independence\\nof the new community and the example and counsel of Plym-\\nouth. A living fire from the altar of Calvin glowed in the\\nsouls of all alike. These were not ruined and debauched\\nDoyle, Puritan Colonies, vol. i., p. 95.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "Fvontenac and Miles Staitdish in the Northwest. 23\\nnoblemen, nor penniless gentlemen, hangers-on of the\\ngreat, and vagabonds by inheritance nor hunters of fortune\\nor glory, nor the refuse of the seaports or the farms, nor the\\ncriminals of the state. They belonged to the manliest and\\nmost intellectually accomplished part of the inhabitants of\\nEngland. They worthily represented the best heart and\\nbrain and character and scholarship of England, the material\\nof the Parliaments of Elizabeth, of Cromwell s army, the as-\\nsociates and friends of Milton and Algernon Sidney. Fron-\\ntenac called them genuine old parliamentarians, and the\\nrebels and old republican leaven of Cromwell. They in-\\ncluded graduates of the great universities of England, and\\namong them men like Thomas Hooker and like John Cotton,\\nwho abandoned the stateliest parish church in England for\\nthe primitive meeting-house of the Massachusetts colony.\\nThe participants in this movement came of a set purpose.\\nThey spurned the mines and the fountains of Indian fable.\\nThey knew history, and they held a philosophy of history by\\nwhich the ultimate goal was not the extension of any form of\\ngovernment, nor of any ecclesiastical system, but the establish-\\nment of whatever would best develop the faculties of every\\nindividual under its influence. The end of history with them\\nwas the development of man not of a government nor of a\\nchurch. It is said that they were animated, like a Greek\\ncolony, with the desire to reproduce the political life of the\\ncountry they were leaving. That was Greek, but with defer-\\nence I think it was neither Puritan nor Pilgrim. They in-\\ntended to leave England behind them. What of Stuart or of\\nTudor or of bishops and archbishops did Standish and Win-\\nslow, or Dudley or Cotton desire to bring to the wilderness\\nIt was the brooding revolution, it was the soul of Cromwell\\nthat came with them. Avoiding the intermediate processes\\nthey proposed to make the perfected results of the revolution\\nthe starting-point for New England. So much was common\\nto them all. But with the Puritan influx of 1630 came also a\\nfreight of old-time tradition and personal and class ambition\\nParkman, Frontenac, 283, 295. Palfrey, History of New England, p. 368.\\nDoyle, Puritan Colonies, vol. i., p. loi.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nthat was pregnant with mischief and fatal to the peace of\\nMassachusetts. With the very first movement there was\\nborne in an oligarchical spirit that gave the colony no rest.\\nIt was civil and it was clerical. The leading men came, with\\nthe idea of establishing rank and class distinction and pre-\\nrogative. There were to be gentlemen and noblemen and\\nthe commoners and the clergy. It is incontestible that at the\\nbeginning hostility to democracy governed the purposes of\\nthe dominant men, civil and clerical. In their interest the\\nlimitation of the capacity to hold office or to vote in elections\\nto the membership of the churches disfranchised the very\\ngreat majority of the people from the outset. In 1676 five-\\nsixths of the people remained outside the church and there-\\nfore disfranchised.^ It is a marvel how the destruction of the\\nhierarchy has resulted in the exaltation of the individual\\npriest in his congregation. The men of better descent,\\nwealth, and influence determined to establish by law in Mas-\\nsachusetts some privileged class. What has been happily\\ncalled the Brahminism and the Brahmin caste of New\\nEngland stands on a very different basis. When confronted\\nby the antagonism of the popular mass they appealed to the\\narbitrament of the ministers or the elders, and the decision\\nnever failed to support them. Nothing of this was in the\\nlittle Plymouth state but this old-world freight of social\\ntradition and habit was borne into and deposited in the midst\\nof the colony of Massachusetts Bay. The stream of demo-\\ncratic principles, to which the great majority was loyal, and\\nwhich was reinforced by the example and influence of Plym-\\nouth, rose round and against this alien mass and finally en-\\ngulfed it. From 1629 to 1690 the struggle with it was unre-\\nmitted. This foreign element is the source of all the indis-\\ncriminate reproach which has been heaped upon the Puritans.\\nIt was like the plunder of Jericho in Joshua s army. There\\ncould be no prosperity till it was out and the men were dead.\\nAll colonial New FIngland has had to bear the stigma of prin-\\nDoyle, Pur. Col., vol. i. pp. 104, 105 Johnston, Connecticut, pp. 64, 67.\\nJohnston, Connecticut, p. 66.\\nHolmes, Elsie Venner, vol. i., p. i 20 Brownson s Quar. Rev., 421.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 25\\nciples it repudiated and finally cast out. There is a strenuous\\neffort constantly made to defend New England against charges\\nof social and church tyranny and persecution. There is no\\nburden on New England to defend herself at all. These\\nthings were never among her principles. They were local to\\nMassachusetts Bay. They were not developed in Plymouth\\nnor in Connecticut. They were the self-assertion of a foreign\\nand extraneous element of a parasite that fastened upon the\\nstate till it was thrown off. It was as hostile, and as incom-\\npatible with the genuine spirit of the Pilgrim and Puritan col-\\nonization, as the schemes and policy of Frontenac and La Salle\\nwould have been. No more unique figures loom out of the\\ncolonial past than those of the gloomy fanatic John Norton\\nand the savage inquisitor John Endicott. Their pitiless souls,\\nregaled by the incense of blood and torment, grow more re-\\npulsive as they recede in time. But Endicott and Norton,\\nand Dudley and Wilson, do not represent the original spirit\\nor the permanent influence of the Puritan colony nor its his-\\ntorical contribution to the future. They belong to an ahen\\nelement that came on the ships as a stowaway, and those\\nwho overthrew this monster of their time are the exponents\\nof New England, which was substantially homogeneous after-\\nward, but not before. When we speak of the Puritan we\\nshould think of him as he stood, less Endicott and less Norton\\nand Dudley; speak of him as he stood by the side and with\\nthe sympathy of Miles Standish, who was no narrow church-\\nman, not even a church-member. The annals of Massachu-\\nsetts would be vastly fewer than they are if there were taken,\\nfrom them all that pertains to the struggle to get rid of that\\nunrepublican freight of individual rank, of class distinction,\\nof clerical abuse of position and influence, and scheming for\\ndominion in political affairs just as the annals of the re-\\npublic would be less if the long struggle to throw out the un-\\nrepublican element of slave tyranny had never arisen to be\\nnarrated. The long struggle with slavery was an episode,\\nan incidental controversy. It was but a clearing of the deck\\nthat the republic might proceed upon her career to work out\\nher contribution to universal history. In like manner all", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nNew England had to wait until Massachusetts had freed her-\\nself from her incubus and brought herself back to the original\\nstarting-point of Plymouth and Connecticut, so that all might\\nmove on together.\\nIn Massachusetts the disfranchised majority, which repre-\\nsented the opposition, had at its side the steady reinforce-\\nment of the sentiment and opinion, and of the consistent\\nexample and tranquil prosperity of the Plymouth community.\\nWithout the example of Plymouth s prosperity the Dor-\\nchester Adventurers would never have developed the colony\\nof Massachusetts Bay, and without the example of its steady\\nand consistent administration of civil affairs the social and\\npolitical character of Massachusetts might have differed\\nwidely from the actual result. The Pilgrims and Puritans\\nwithdrew themselves from England to America in advance of\\nthe storm of the revolution, and the colony of Connecticut\\nhad its origin in a similar movement of protest and secession\\nfrom the alien principles and narrow dominance of Endicott\\nand his party. There can be no doubt of the nature of the\\ndivergence that caused the complete secession of the three\\ncorporate towns of Watertown, Newtown, and Dorchester,\\nunder the leadership of Hooker, and their withdrawal to Con-\\nnecticut. Perhaps they felt it easier to take to the wilderness\\nagain than to remain in the midst of an unanticipated and un-\\nwholesome contention for the rectification of Massachusetts.\\nBut the movement under Hooker was upon the same plane\\nas that of the Mayflower. In both, men bent their thought\\nto the elementary principles of society. They studied the\\napplication of these to practical administration. They framed\\na scheme of social order, to be upheld by the normal action\\nof every individual, each in his place, from the bottom of\\nthe state to the top. The men most reverent to God, and\\nthe most scriptural-minded, discovered that the antique po-\\nlitical principle of the pagan states of Greece and Rome\\nthe sovereignty within the state, the Delphian rhetra to\\nLycurgus Let the power rest with the people, the lib-\\nerty of the individual citizen were less atheistic and more\\nelevating than the theocratic principle that put the symbol of", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 27\\necclesiastical supremacy above the arms of the king in the\\nforests of the Hurons and the Ottavvas. But the manner in\\nwhich these men, without any close example, made it the\\nvital principle of all organized society, and ordered upon it\\ntheir town, their church, and their state, and passed it on to\\nripen into the formula of government of the people, by the\\npeople and for the people, is one of those wonderful things\\nthat, occurring in history, seem the result of some extra-\\nhuman inspiration. They found out such modes of giving it\\neffect as have shown that the individual freedom of small\\ndemocracies, and the patriotism of small independent com-\\nmunities can be securely expanded upon the broadest planes\\nof national and federal life.\\nDuring all the time of the Augean cleansing in Massa-\\nchusetts the principles of the Plymouth colony were repre-\\nsented and maintained by Connecticut. All the distinctive\\nprinciples of the first constitution of Connecticut were ex-\\npressly or by necessary implication in the constitution of\\nthe Mayflower. The overshadowing and final absorption of\\nPlymouth left them to the leadership and maintenance of\\nConnecticut.\\nThe little municipality known as the New England town\\ndeveloped itself almost as a matter of course in Plymouth and\\nin Massachusetts. It cannot be necessary to explore the\\nobscure tim of the German forests for its original suggestion.\\nThe municipal citizenship of the Italian cities survived the\\nwreck of the empire and the succeeding centuries of intel-\\nlectual imprisonment. The idea of corporate political organ-\\nization with election of representatives became thoroughly\\ningrained in the English mind. The conception was im-\\nported from the civil law. When it became necessary in an\\nisolated community of slender numbers to frame some mu-\\nnicipal society, the form, cast in the mould of the English\\nmind, would be sure to take on some such outline. These\\ntowns are found wherever New England emigration has gone.\\nWhen one sees how the local citizenship of Italian cities sur-\\nvived into the renaissance of thought and civic life, he may\\nwell believe that these minute political organizations on their", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nbasis of popular sovereignty, these social and political mole-\\ncules will be henceforth absolutely indestructible. If so, then,\\nas a security for the free conditions under which men may\\nbest develop, they are a priceless contribution to the chain of\\nuniversal history.\\nWherever subsequent migration carried the people of\\nConnecticut, there went this form of the New England town.\\nIn Connecticut the towns created the state and became the\\nsource from which the state derived its powers.^ This was\\nalso true in Vermont, which was the immediate offspring of\\nConnecticut, as Connecticut was of Massachusetts, and at a\\nlater period has surpassed Connecticut in the reinforcement\\nof these primal principles. The towns organized the govern-\\nment of Vermont,^ which separately declared its own indepen-\\ndence of Great Britain, and erected itself into a free and in-\\ndependent state, and so maintained itself for nearly fifteen\\nyears, at first under the name of New Connecticut. This\\nconstitution of the state by the towns furnished the type and\\nthe principle of organization of the Federal Union. Wher-\\never this polity was extended, there went hand in hand with\\nit the cause of secular education. Taken for all in all, the\\nmovement of New England colonization was one of such in-\\ntellectual and moral dignity as makes all the other colonizing\\nmovements of antiquity or of our race commonplace and\\nmean. Before dwellings or subsistence had been adequately\\nprovided, first in Massachusetts and afterward in Connecticut,\\npublic and private benefaction laid the foundations of the two\\ngreat universities of New England and immediately upon\\nthat basis was founded the common school, and it is nobly\\nsaid that neither poverty nor social caste has ever in New\\nEngland barred the road to education or to public honor, nor\\nhas ignorance ever been an excuse for personal degradation\\nor for crime.\\nThe object of the New England colonists was not to ex-\\ntend dominion for England, but to establish their own state.\\nThe Puritans had been sixty years on the coast when the\\nJohnston, Connecticut, p. 62. Vermont State Papers, pp. 65-73, 79-\\nPalfrey, History of New England.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Front enac atid Miles Standish in the Northwest. 29\\nportentous comet of 1680, so ominous to Increase Mather at\\nBoston, was watched by La Salle on the Illinois River on his\\nreturn from the Mississippi. The vigilance and enterprise of\\nthe French had passed up the Lakes and down to the Gulf,\\nand had prepared to check the English colonists at the gate\\nof the Mohawk and at the head of the Ohio, while they were\\nstill confined to their settlements along the coast and had not\\ncrossed the Apallachian chain. They devoted themselves\\nnot to expansion but to establishment, and the confirmation\\nof their security. But there was a vigor in the action by\\nwhich threatening Indian tribes were suppressed that augured\\npower in the future. It was a profound and lasting quiet\\nthat followed the overthrow of the Pequots. Near Fort\\nMiami La Salle found some warriors of King Philip who had\\nfled from the Puritan vengeance, and who joined his party.\\nIt must have been a stunning blow that sent those savages\\nwhirling through the wilderness, till they brought up dazed\\nand tamed near the shores of Lake Michigan. It seems un-\\nexampled, except by the flight of that fragment of people\\nfound on the coast of Africa, near the columns of Hercules,\\nwho claimed to be Canaanites, expelled by the assaults of\\nJoshua, the son of Nun.\\nUnqualified laudation bears always with itself the evi-\\ndence of ill-digested facts and of premature judgment; and\\nperhaps an unwarranted glamour has been thrown over the\\nsubject of schools and of secular learning in the colonial days.\\nBut the conception of it as a vital part of the civic policy, as\\na feature of the civil state, was never clouded for an instant.\\nAlways it remains true, that wherever the genuine influence\\nof New England has gone there you find the widest tolerance\\nof opinion, and that the monsters of superstition are one\\nafter another slain by the steady and free development of\\neducation. The intellectual fibres of all the world, two cen-\\nturies and a half ago, were puckered and strained by the\\nastringent properties of theological speculation, and an in-\\nheritance of theological dogma. To expect to find a man\\nof the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries standing upon\\nthe higher intellectual plane of some more emancipated men", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 Frontenac mid Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nof the nineteenth, and surveying their wider horizon, is a\\ndelusion, and to some extent involves a snare. The extent\\nto which the system of teaching, of conferring actual in-\\nformation and accurate knowledge of particular subjects,\\nwas carried by the common schools among the farming\\npeople and the ordinary classes, and also the real extent of\\nwhat was called learning among physicians and clergymen\\nand the college men, is usually greatly exaggerated, and from\\na modern point of view it cannot seem very great. It was\\nnarrow. It was limited by the resources and habits of\\nthought that belonged to the times. Grammar, mathematics,\\nand geography were not carried very far. There was more\\nof literature, though books were few, and of theology there\\nwas more than enough. There was no skill of engineering to\\nbuild bridges, and but little of the natural sciences chemis-\\ntry, anatomy, physiology and these conditions fettered the\\nstudy of clergymen and of physicians. But the study of the\\ncivil and common law, of history and of the regulations of\\nsociety and government were opened to the highest develop-\\nment of thought, and the intellect of men was trained on\\nthese in public affairs as well as on the abstruse questions of\\nmetaphysics and theology. With voting went debating in\\nthat school of statecraft the town-meeting, and discussion\\nof all the civil polity of the state. But limited and narrow as\\nthe learning taught in the schools of New England may now\\nbe thought to have been, the contrast between the relative\\nestimates in New England and elsewhere of its importance,\\nand between its abundance and the destitution of the rest of\\nthe country, represented an immeasurable abyss. It is this\\ndifference by contrast, not the absolute extent of learning irt\\nNew England, which made her people and her policy so con-\\nspicuous in this regard. Compared, however, with the other\\ncolonies the extent of it was prodigious, and, what is more\\nimportant, it was universally diffused. Public sentiment\\neverywhere demanded its diffusion as the first condition of\\nsociety, and to the utmost extent that the slender resources\\nof the times and the country would allow. It quickened and\\nenlightened mental activity everywhere. It gave intelligence", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 3 1\\nto guide and direct the force of individuals and communities.\\nIt furnished the elements of reason and judgment to opinions.\\nThat it should be adequate to overcome all narrowness and\\nbigotry was not to be expected. That it should cut men\\nabruptly away from their intellectual inheritance of thought,\\nor lift them out of their inevitable environment, was of course\\nimpossible. But many things are charged to narrowness and\\nto bigotry, which had their foundation in the most compre-\\nhensive ideas of social and political emancipation. It may be\\nconvenient enough for the adherents of various forms of ec-\\nclesiastical organization to attribute the resistance of New\\nEngland to Episcopacy and Presbyterianism, as times then\\nwere, to bigotry, but it is false. It was liberality and liberty,\\nnot bigotry or narrowness. It was the protest against being\\nnarrowed. The Church of England and the Scotch Presby-\\ntery represented to them the very abomination of ecclesiasti-\\ncism, from which they had recoiled and fled. They wanted\\nno ecclesiastical organization to confuse loyalty to the organi-\\nzation with fidelity to religion, or to superintend their thought\\nupon any subject or dominate their modes of public educa-\\ntion. They were unable to point to any time or country in\\nwhich the great mass of the population were improved in\\ntheir intellectual and political condition by the control or in-\\nfluence of any ecclesiastical system whatever.\\nAt all times a somewhat equivocal policy disguised the\\nreal determination of all the colonists in the matter of abso-\\nlute independence both of the king and the ecclesiastical\\npower of England. In their own hearts the settlers carried a\\nhabitual sentiment of independence, which was at variance\\nsometimes with their immediate policy and with the for-\\nmal declarations of their public documents. A tendency to\\nassume an independent sovereignty was always active in New\\nEngland from the hour the Mayflower compact was signed.\\nIt asserted itself strongly in the league of the four colonies,\\nand was continually visible in the conduct of public affairs.\\nA war of independence was inevitable from the first political\\nact of the Pilgrims. It was sure to come. John Adams said\\nThe authority of Parliament was never generally acknowl-", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 Fro7ite7iac a?id Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nedged in America. Burdette wrote to Laud in 1637, The\\ncolonists aim not at new discipline, but at sovereignty. An\\nintelligent people, bred to a degree of liberty elsewhere un-\\nknown, trained by peril and hardship to self-reliance and the\\nuse of arms, were little likely ever to be tamed again to\\nsubjection to a distasteful and distant power. To guard\\nagainst this tendency, which would be strengthened by the\\ngrowth of the colonies into the Northwest regions, still more\\nremote, England proposed to close that vast domain against\\npopulation, and impeded and prohibited the settlement of\\nthe Northwest. At one time it was considered, with the\\nsame end in view, whether Canada should not be restored to\\nthe French dominion and finally, by the Quebec Act in\\n1774, on the basis chiefly of the French settlement and occu-\\npation in Illinois, it was intended to permanently detach the\\nNorthwest from the Shore Colonies and link it with Canada,\\nso that its permanent affiliations should be with the St. Law-\\nrence basin and not with the Atlantic slope. Only the Rev-\\nolution broke this purpose. The Northwest was conquered\\nfrom England and the savages, as it had been from France and\\nthe savages. Such was the stake of the Northwest in the\\nRevolution. Nevertheless there was little association and\\nless affiliation between New England and the other English\\ncolonies before the events leading to the Revolution brought\\nthem into combination. Till the time of the Boston Port\\nBill, says Palfrey, Massachusetts and Virginia, the two\\nprincipal English colonies, had with each other scarcely more\\nrelations of acquaintance, business, mutual influence, or com-\\nmon action, than either of them had with Jamaica or Que-\\nbec. But from the moment their action in concert began,\\nthe principles of the Plymouth constitution were asserted and\\nbecame dominant. The Northwest territory grew out of a\\nrequest of Congress that States would cede their western lands\\nto the government to aid a fund for the payment of the public\\ndebt and in 1787 Congress passed an ordinance for the gov-\\nernment of the inhabitants of that territory. By the influence\\nof New England, through this unexampled secondary consti-\\ntution, the territory of the Northwest steadily unified itself", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "FroHfekac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 33\\nand became as distinct a historical unit within the republic\\nas New England was among the colonies. The first provision\\nof the Ordinance of 1787 established entire religious freedom\\nits second, those just and equal principles which are usu-\\nally inserted in bills of rights the third provided for the\\nmanagement and support of schools and the sixth, that there\\nshould be no slavery nothing but freedom within the\\nboundaries of the vast territory which is now Ohio, Indiana,\\nMichigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. This was made by New\\nEngland men a condition upon which alone they stood ready\\nto purchase five million acres of this public domain. No ar-\\ngument or exposition can make more obvious the Mayflower\\ncharacter of the Ordinance of 1787, and it is no empty figure\\nof rhetoric to say that when it went into force Frontenac was\\nsupplanted, and Miles Standish, the captain of the Pilgrims,\\nhad set his feet in victory upon the territory of the North-\\nwest.\\nBy one other Important avenue the New England com-\\nmonwealths have entered upon the Northwest. These col-\\nonists were Englishmen. The entire period of their emigra-\\ntion, commencing in 1620, hardly extended forty years. A\\nsingular sense of satisfaction in their ethnic identity, and a\\ncorresponding sharp dislike of foreigners was always aggres-\\nsively active. By laws and social sentiment and the coldest\\ninhospitality they discouraged their coming even as servants.\\nThey hated Irish and Frenchmen and prelacy under every\\nform uncompromisingly, and were well content that Dutch-\\nmen should keep as far away as they would. Naturalization\\nwas made difficult and inconvenient. Their great pride of\\nrace grew with inherited enmity and suspicion under the in-\\nfluence of their controversies. While the glories of England\\nwere theirs also, the dislike of foreigners came to include her\\nnevertheless, as soon as the spirit of liberty and the purpose\\nof independence defined itself clearly in an issue of arms.\\nAt the close of the Revolution and at the opening of this\\ncentury, and long afterward, the people of New England re-\\nmained, perhaps, the purest part of the English race, multi-\\nWilliam F. Poole, North Am. Rev,, April, 1876, Ordinance of 1787.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34 Frontejtac a7id Miles Standisk in the Northivest.\\nplying in the close seclusion of their own borders, and having\\nlittle communication with the outside world. This character-\\nistic of the New England people, made conspicuous among\\nthe other colonies, was a principal cause there of a bitterness\\nof sentiment and political angularity toward them that fre-\\nquently found more or less definite expression.^ The move-\\nments of this people were confined, until a very modern\\nperiod, entirely within their own borders but of one part of\\nthis territory there is a peculiar record. The native Algon-\\nquin population, never dense, was disposed along the sea-\\ncoast, with an occasional interior tribe not far from the sea.\\nBeyond the Hudson lay the permanent abode of the Mo-\\nhawks and their allied tribes, but Western Massachusetts and\\nVermont, with Northern New Hampshire, appear to have\\nbeen void of any human occupation. Moreover, no indica-\\ntions suggest the presence there, as in some other regions,\\nof any more ancient people. No mounds, no ancient groves,\\nno fragments of antique pottery or primitive weapons speak\\nof primitive races. It is a long way, it is said, from a\\ncromlech to Westminster Abbey, but there are no more\\ntraces of cromlechs than of cathedrals. A few arrow-heads,\\nand relics that signify the occasional passing of savages, out\\nfor hunting or for war, are the only things that check the\\nbound of the imagination to the belief that in all this vast\\nLodge, Eng. Col., 407, 474. Palfrey, Hist, of New Eng., Preface.\\nThe next wish of this traveller will be to know whence came all these peo-\\nple They are a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans,\\nand Swedes. From this promiscuous breed that race now called Americans has\\narisen. 71ie eastern provinces must indeed be excepted as being the unmixed de-\\nscendants of Englishmen. I have heard many wish they had been more inter-\\nmixed also for my part, I am no wisher, and think it much better as it has hap-\\npened. They exhibit a most conspicuous figure in this great and variegated\\npicture they, too, enter for a great share in the pleasing perspective displayed in\\nthese thirteen provinces. I know it is fashionable to reflect on them, but I respect\\nthem for what they have done for the accuracy and wisdom with which they\\nhave settled their territory for the decency of their manners for their early love\\nof letters their ancient college, the first in this hemisphere for their industry\\nwhich to me who am but a farmer, is the criterion of everything. Crevecceur,\\nThe American Farmer, p. 48.\\nSee also Travels through the United States, by the Duke de la Rochefoucault-\\nLiancourt, ii., p. 214. London ed., 1799.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 3 5\\nregion of forest and streams no human being ever had abode\\nfrom the beginning of time till it was occupied by the people\\nof Connecticut. But for nearly a century and a half a shadow\\nof unutterable horror held back the multitude of brave and\\nenterprising colonists who gathered at the very border of the\\nfated domain. Year after year the forest fruits fell unheeded\\nand the foliage decked the earth in colors of gold and red\\nthat matched the imperial splendor of cathedral transepts.\\nThrough successive seasons the streams bounded in the sun\\nand froze into the* silence of death, and the fertile lands that\\nmight have blossomed with harvests lay dull and hopeless\\nunder the stars and the sun; for over them brooded the\\nterror that was the ally of the old lion, Frontenac, and of his\\nsuccessors who held sway at Quebec. In all the wars of\\nFrance and England the American colonies had a frightful\\nparticipation. The Indian allies of the Canadian French\\nwere hurled not only upon the Iroquois tribes that lay within\\nthe gateway of the continent formed by the Mohawk valley,\\nbut upon the settlements of New England. The atroci-\\nties of Deerfield and Haverhill overawed the disposition\\nto settle in undefended places and to invade the region\\nwhere these murderous bands were prowling was to enter\\ninto the shadow of inevitable destruction. The customary\\nroute of Indian foray through the wilderness was to follow the\\nfrozen water-courses, with such portages as were necessary\\nto pass from one to another. The Canadian savages came\\nby Lake Champlain to streams entering it from the East,\\nand thence crossed over to the Connecticut or from Lake\\nGeorge by the portage to the Hudson, and thence up the\\nHoosac to its head-waters, and over the mountains to the\\nDeerfield River. The old Indian trail runs there almost ex-\\nactly over the great railway tunnel. By whichever route,\\nthe war parties came at last upon the settlements through the\\nnarrow gateways of Southern Vermont, and at any hour their\\nplumed and painted shapes might emerge from the forest.\\nSuch a terror brooded over this region till the final conquest\\nof Canada in 1760; but in the meanwhile the Taghconic val-\\nley of Western Vermont and of Western Massachusetts was", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36 Fronteiiac and Miles Standisli in the Northwest.\\nlike the valley of Esdraelon, the passage-way of armies. The\\ncolonial soldiers that engaged in the French and Indian\\nwars about Lake Champlain and Lake George passed forth\\nand back through this valley, the home afterward of Ethan\\nAllen and of Warner, and came to know the most fruitful\\npart of New England and one of them left the memorial of\\nhis passage in the original foundation of Williams College.\\nAs soon as it ceased to be swept by war parties of Canadian\\nsavages the people of Connecticut filled it with their populous\\nand prosperous settlements. I have sketched and dwelt upon\\nthis peculiar, and not too familiar, course of New England\\nsettlement because of the enormous proportional part borne\\nby the people of this region, in the present century, in the\\nemigration from New England to the territory of the North-\\nwest. Like their predecessors of Plymouth and Connecticut,\\nindividual freedom was their civil corner-stone the church\\nwith them hardly preceded the school and none but a free-\\nman ever breathed in the air of Vermont.^\\nThere was almost no emigration from New England prior to\\nthe close of the Revolutionary War, nor was it considerable\\ntill the beginning of the present century. But in 1840 about\\nhalf a million people born there were living in other States.\\nForty years later nothing was more conspicuous than the\\nimpress of New England upon the States of the old North-\\nwest through the presence of her people. In proportion to\\npopulation, by far the largest number is from Vermont, and\\nthe least from New Hampshire. Of the native New England\\npopulation in the Northwest, in 1880, three-fourths were from\\nthe three States of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut\\nVermont contributing about three-fourths as many as Massa-\\nchusetts, and Connecticut less than two-thirds as many as\\nVermont. The part this emigration has borne in the political\\nand social development of the Northwest, in which the rem-\\nnants of French occupation are disappearing, is too famiUar to\\nbe made the subject of present discussion.\\nThompson, History of Vermont, Part 2, p. l6 Hall, Early History of Ver-\\nmont, p. 4.\\nLegislative Act of October 30, 1786. Selectmen of Windsor vs. Jacob, 2 Tyler\\nRep., 194-199. 29 N. E. Reg., 247. Jennings, Memorials of a Century, p. 336.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 37\\nAnd now, if, as Socrates said to Protagoras, we had the\\nresult standing in human shape before us, would it condemn\\nand deride us, or could the Puritan scholars silence that by-\\ndemonstration that some permanent good has been confirmed\\nby them to human society If this shape should interrogate\\nthem, they could say that under their principles of unfettered\\nthought and education there have been developed the most\\nelevating and hopeful conditions for the general good under\\nwhich man ever lived and that it is proven that any eccle-\\nsiastical or political institution that cannot face the freest\\nthought and widest education is certainly charged with mis-\\nchief for society. But the most sinister and shocking thing\\nin the world is that horrid sneer which the satirists have\\npassed down the generations of man, at the infirmity that has\\nsacrificed to the silliest vanities and most selfish ambitions\\nevery guarantee for the survival or growth of any good. It is\\nwell for us to consider in what subtle ways great changes come\\nabout. It is a fact that when the common school was founded\\nnotwithstanding the clerical tyranny of the separate ministers\\nthere was no ecclesiasticism in New England. There was re-\\nligion, absorbing and profound, and the spirit of worship and\\nthe abuse of the influence of the individual minister. But\\nthere was no ecclesiasticism. There was no organization\\nframed not merely to administer religion, but also to formu-\\nlate creeds and to regulate thought by discipline and its own\\nrules. For more than fifty years the celebration of marriage\\nwas permitted to none but the civil magistrates. The sects\\nwhose tendencies were to concentration of authority and to\\ndiscipline never rooted well, but found a cold and reluctant\\nsoil in New England. A system of independent churches\\nconserved among the people the purity of religious faith and\\nsimplicity of service, and equally defended the independence\\nof the mind. There was no organization to confuse itself and\\nits regulations with the religion it represented, and inculcate\\nan absorbing obligation of loyalty to the organization sim-\\nply. If there had been, the principles of New England edu-\\ncation would have been different from what they were. This\\nPalfrey, History of New England, pp. 298-408.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "38 Front enac and Miles Standish in the Northwest.\\nshows under what sunlight our educational principles and the\\nOrdinance of 1787 were born, and under what conditions they\\nmay be stifled. There have such changes come about in forty\\nyears, by the emigration of the native population and the silent\\nsubstitution of another, that, by the census of 1880, seventy-\\ntwo per cent, of the births in New England were within the\\ninclosure of the most intolerant ecclesiasticism of all human\\nhistory. So our primal and basic principles may be insecure.\\nThe doctrine of the Declaration of Independence, that gov-\\nernmental power is derived from the people, is authoritatively\\ndeclared to be atheistical and unscriptural. The old question\\nof supremacy is still alive, therefore, and doctrines concerning\\nthe right and expediency of property, which were discussed\\nby Aristotle and Plato, are filling all industrial communities\\nwith controversies between labor and capital, and revolts\\nagainst accumulation of property. It may be that great mod-\\nifications are yet to be made in the constitution of society,\\nand that education and liberty will have a long work to per-\\nform in dissipating or relieving the burdens of society at this\\npoint on the world s surface, at which men and races are con-\\nvening from all the regions of the earth.\\nAn obscurity equally comprehensive and profound vexes\\nall conceptions of the future of the commonwealth. But it is\\nan ancient teaching that immortal night is called the nurse\\nof the gods, and out of the perplexities of thought well-\\nfounded ideas are slowly evolved. We may believe that the\\nlittle towns, with their citizenship and rights of election and\\nrepresentation, capable of assimilating every new and service-\\nable element that may be developed, will be indestructible\\ngerms of that form of political life that they will survive the\\nwreck of successive national experiments in organizing society\\nand changing its forms, and prove a permanent contribution\\nto Universal History. The products of a historical unit, those\\nconcrete results which are to be carried forward in making up\\nthe course of universal history, are impersonal to the last de-\\ngree. If there may be a Philosophy of History, its indica-\\ntions are to be looked for in them. While in the advanced\\ncondition of the future commonwealth, ideas far differing", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Frontenac and Miles Standish in the Northwest. 39\\nfrom ours upon religion and morals and politics and social ad-\\njustment will apparently prevail, we may expect, if the race\\nadvances, the steady confirmation of the great Pilgrim and\\nPuritan principles, which rest society and government upon\\nthe development of the individual citizen, because the dis-\\nplacement of Frontenac was a surmounting of the fleur-de-lys\\nand the banners of France not merely by the standards of the\\nrepublic, but by the kingliness of intellectual man.", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "u", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3654", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "frontenacmilesst00isha_0056.jp2"}}