{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3538", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Rnnk t", "height": "3371", "width": "2065", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3409", "width": "2003", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3371", "width": "2065", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "THE\\nSOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nTHEIR DISCOVERERS, REAL AND\\nPRETENDED.\\nA REPORT,\\nBY\\nHON. JAMES H. BAKER,\\nRead before the Minnesota Historical Society,\\nFebruary 8, 1887.\\nMINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS,\\nVOL. VI. part I.\\nSAINT PAUL, MINN.\\n:y C\\n1887.\\nBrown, Treacy Co., Printers, S.o*^\\n1 OOT", "height": "3399", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "In Sxoh", "height": "3366", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE\\nSOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nTHEIR DISCOVERERS, REAL AND PRETENDED.\\nA Report, by Hon. James H. Baker, read before the\\nMinnesota Historical Society, Feb. 8, 1887.\\nIn pursuance of a resolution of the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, dated Dec. 13, 1886, your committee herewith\\npresent a summary of their investigations and conclusions,\\ntouching the validity of any and all claims to the discovery\\nof the head waters of the Mississippi river, together with a\\ndetermination of what waters constitute the true and ulti-\\nmate sources.\\nYour committee have faithfully and laboriously read all\\nletters, documents, journals and books, and consulted all\\nmaps obtainable,* which shed any light upon the questions\\nBooks, Letters, and Documents Consulted Letter of William Morrison\\nto Hon. Alex. Ramsey, Feb. 17, 185(), in Minnesota Historical Society s Collec-\\ntions, vol. 1, p 417. Schoolcraft s narratives of the expedition to the source of\\nthe Mississippi, ISUO and 1882. Report of Jean N.. Nicollet, to accompany his\\nmap of the hydro^raphical basin of the upper Mississippi river, 1845. Charles\\nLanman s Canoe Voyage up the Mississippi. .Julius Chambers letters in the New\\nYork Herald, 1872. O. E. Garrison s report for the tenth census of the U. S.\\nRev. J. A. Gilfillan s trip to Itasca, 1881. The United States Surveyor General s\\nmap and field notes, 1x70. Letter from Ivisou, Blakeman, Taylor Co. in\\nScience, Dee. 24, 1886. Owen s Sword and Pen, Phila., 18f-4. Capt. Glazier\\nand his lake, by Henry D. Harrower, of N. Y. Ninth annual report of the\\nGeological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 1880. American Meteoro-\\nlogical .Tournal, 1884. Report by Hopewell Clarke, C. E., of a survey of the\\nalHuents of Itasca, etc.\\nMaps Consulted: Map of Nicollet, attached to his report, 1845. Military\\nmap of Nebraska and Dakota, by Gen. G. K. Warren, 1855. Official map of\\nMinnesota, 1858. Land office surveys of 1875. Map of Glazier s explora-\\ntions, etc.", "height": "3399", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "MINNKSOl A HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\ninvolved. A list of the several authorities constituted, is\\nherewith subjoined.\\nThe definite determination of a great geographical and\\nhistoric fact, intimately interwoven with a pre-eminent\\nphysical feature of our own State, is strictly within the\\nprovince and duty of this Society. The material facts and\\nfindings in this investigation only, can be presented in this\\npaper, together with such references to the evidence on\\nwhich the conclusions are based, as may be deemed\\nmaterial.\\nOne Capt. Willard Glazier, recently assumes to have\\nmade important discoveries at the head waters of the Missis-\\nsippi that he discovered a lake, new and unknown before\\nhis brief visit to the Itascan region, in 1881 and that this\\nlake, called after him Glazier Lake, is the true and ulti-\\nmate source of the great river. He thereafter proceeds to\\nexalt himself, and petition geographical societies and map-\\nmakers, to honor him as the original discoverer of the true\\nsources of the Mississippi, and so displace Schoolcraft and\\nNicollet from the high position and credit they had so long\\nheld in the field of American science and geography. The\\nclaim is a lofty and pretentious one, and should be examined\\nwith scrupulous care. To snatch the hard-earned laurels\\nof Schoolcraft and Nicollet, upon whose work time has set\\nthe seal of more than a half a century of uncontested title.\\nshould not be sanctioned by the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, upon a field so distinctly its own, unless the new\\nclaim rests upon testimony clear, conclusive and indisput-\\nable. This Society owes it to the honored dead, and to the\\ntruth of geographical science in its own territory, to make\\na candid, unbiased, and if possible, a conclusive exposition\\nof the whole matter.\\nThe most distant sources of the Mississippi river have\\ntheir rise in an elevated table land in about N. latitude 47\\nlongitude 95 an area abounding in marshes, creeks and\\nlakes. What one of these should be honored as the true", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 5\\nand principal source, and what explorer first discovered\\nand made known such primal waters, are the questions\\ninvolved.\\nSays the American Encyclopedia, (Edition 1855) We\\nfollow Schoolcraft s map in giving the latitude and longitude\\nof Le Bush Lake (Itasca) as the extreme source of the\\nMississippi. The old geographers, map-makers and his-\\ntorians have thus followed Schoolcraft for fifty years, in ac-\\ncepting the Itascan basin as the authentic source. The\\ngreat discovery of Schoolcraft, July 12, 1832, was confirrn-\\ned by Jean N. Nicollet, a distinguished French scholar,\\nJuly, 1836. Nicollet, with more time and research, found\\nother inconsiderable affluents of Itasca, but holds that Itas-\\nca was the principal basin of the head waters of the\\nMississippi, and says with noble courtesy and loyalty to\\nhistoric truths The honor of having first explored the\\nsources of the Mississippi, and introduced a knowledge of\\nthem into physical geography, belongs to Mr. Schoolcraft\\nand Lt. James Allen. I came only after these gentlemen\\nbut I may be permitted to claim some merit for having\\ncompleted what was wanting for a full geographical\\nknowledge of those sources. This is the modest testi-\\nmony of a true and genuine scientist. Subsequently, at\\nleast a dozen other cultivated, scholarly and professional\\ngentlemen, came after these savans, and at various periods,\\nvisited these head waters, and by their concurrent testimony,\\nrender certain the claims of these two eminent explorers to\\nthe honor of original discovery. And after them all, comes\\nthe government surveyors, (1875), and their work proves\\nthe almost absolute accuracy of the noble and early labors\\nof Schoolcraft and Nicollet.\\nThus stands the general geographic record, until Capt.\\nGlazier flings his glove into the arena in 1881, and chal-\\nlenges existing and accepted history. Glazier appears to\\nbe a writer of war reminiscences, in which he figures\\nLac la Biche.", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\nas the most conspicuous hero, and from what is known\\nof him by his writings he has been fairly denominated\\nan adventurer. There is no evidence going to show\\nthat he is possessed of any quahfications whatever, either\\nas a trained scholar or scientist, fitting him for the import-\\nant labor he had assumed. For he had taken it upon\\nhimself to review the work of men believed to be, in the\\nhighest sense, competent and skilled for geographical ex-\\nploration. They came modestly and conscientiously to\\ntheir work, and years of reflection and consideration elapsed\\nbefore either of them gave the results of their labors to the\\nworld. They performed their work, too, before a white\\nman had yet settled in the territory of Minnesota, and when\\ndanger and privations were the inevitable accompaniments\\nof such early undertakings.\\nBut Glazier appears upon the scene with dramatic bom-\\nbast, and riding across the continent on horseback, in 1876,\\nand musing upon the uncertainty that existed as to its\\ntrue source, resolves to settle the problem. At that very\\nmoment when his steed was slaking its thirst in the\\nFather of Waters, the government surveyors were plat-\\nting the official maps, which were the last links wanting to\\ncorroborate the validity of the work of Schoolcraft and\\nNicollet. In May 1881, Glazier organizes a pleasure excur-\\nsion at St. Paul, and with his party starts on the cars\\nfor exploration in the wilds of Minnesota. He travels\\n155 miles by railroad to the city of Brainerd in one night,\\nand doubtless in a sleeping car. All this through a region\\nover which Nicollet had toiled weeks and months with all\\nthe privations incident to an untrodden wilderness. Thence\\nhe goes by a well established road to Leech Lake, and is\\nthe identical old government wagon road over which all\\nthe supplies were hauled for the North Pacific railroad.\\nFrom this road, another leaves it at Fish Hook Lake and\\nSee Sword and Pen; or, ventures and adventures of Willard Glazier, iic,\\nby John Algernon Owens, Phlla., 1881.", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nruns direct to the Southeast arm of Lake Itasca. From this\\nE. S. Teller cut a road through Town 143, R. 36 W. into\\nthe S. E. corner of Section 26, and terminates just in sight\\nof Elk Lake. Over this road the U. S. Surveyor, Hall,\\ntook his supplies with a team, in 1875, when he went to\\nsurvey those towns.\\nThe whole journey is not rendered perplexing b) a\\nsingle element of doubt. The pursuing of these routes\\nalong established roads and portages, with our Indians\\nas guides, if you please, and denominating it an explora-\\ntion, is so ludicrous to one familiar with the situation, as\\nis the writer, that the whole thing is so supremely ridicu-\\nlous, that, were it not for the seriousness of the situation,\\nwe would dismiss the matter as a joke, and Willard Glazier\\nas merry fellow on a jolly outing.\\nArriving at the Itascan waters, he goes straight to\\nSchoolcraft s Island in the bosom of Lake Itasca, and\\nthence, without impediment or doubt, direct to a new and\\nunknown lake, and at once discovers the original, genu-\\nine, ultimate sources of the great river The directness\\nand celerity of that sort of discovery and exploration, was\\nnever before recorded in serious history. He at once\\nbegins his work of distorting geography and confusing\\nlearned Societies. From Schoolcraft s Island, Lake Itasca,\\nJuly 22d, 1 88 1 he heralded to Geographical Societies and\\nto the world, his pretensions and achievements. He subse-\\nquently published an elaborate map and sent it to the\\nPresident of the American Geographical Society, and pub-\\nlished a minute account of the Recent Discovery of the\\ntrue source of the Mississippi River, illustrated with maps\\nand engravings, in the American Meteorological Journal.\\nAlso in a volume entitled the Sword and Pen, there is\\nreproduced the story of his discovery. He also sent a\\nmap, fortified with his own record of his alleged noble\\ndeed, to the Royal Geographical Society of England. He\\nhas also industriously solicited the mention of his fame and", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\nhis lake into geographical text books and atlases over the\\ncountry. He has left nothing undone to supplant School-\\ncraft and demolish Nicollet. That such Societies should\\nhave received, unquestioned, his brazen statements, and\\nbeen duped by him, is what renders the preparation of this\\npaper a necessity.\\nThe lake which Glazier claims to have discovered,\\nis a small meandered lake, which lies mainly in Sec. 22,\\nTownship No. 143 North, Range 36, West of the 5th\\nPrincipal Meridian. The lake lies South of the South-\\nwest arm of Lake Itasca, and is only 350 feet distant from\\nit. It contains about 250 acres and debouches into Itasca\\nthrough a sinuous stream, 11 84 feet long, in a tamarack\\nswamp. By his own description and map, this is Glazier\\nLake, so-called, and there is no mistaking its identity, for\\nthere is no other.\\nWas Glazier the original discoverer of this lake No\\nno more than he was the discoverer of the sources of the\\nNile, or the mouth of the Mississippi. And even were it\\ntrue that he did, its waters are not the ultimate sources of\\nthe Mississippi. This identical lake is found upon every\\nmap, from that of Nicollet, 1836 and 37, to that of the\\nGovernment surveys, 1875.\\nNow as to the testimony that he did not first discover it.\\nIt is so conclusive as to be crushing\\nI. In 1836-7, Nicollet deposited a map of the Itascan\\nregion in the office of Engineers, U. S. A. By order of\\nthe Senate, Feb. 16, 1841, this map and accompanying\\nreport, was published in Executive Document, No. 237, 2d\\nSession, 26th Congress, in 1843, second edition pub-\\nlished and enlarged, and can be found in any of the public\\nlibraries of the country. Nicollet simply sketches the lake\\nmore as a bay or estuary of Itasca. In that day, by higher\\nwater, which is shown by water-marks to have existed, the\\nlake was certainly identical with Itasca, for the distance is\\nnow only insignificant. As illustrative of this point, the", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nRev. J. R. Gilfillan, visiting them in 1881, the Indians\\ncalled this identical Elk Lake, Gahikgutnag which he\\nsays means, water that juts off to one side, as a thumb\\nfrom a hand. This would indicate that at no remote\\nperiod they were one and the same lake, and that the\\nchannel between them gradually filled, possibly by the aid\\nof beaver dams, and they became apparently separate\\nbodies of water, though only a stone s throw apart at\\nthis time. The Indians from the earliest period, called the\\nwhole Itasca lake system, Oniosh-kos, from the form of an\\nelk, and this protuberance was probably a part of the\\nanimal configuration. At any rate, it is there on Nicollet s\\nofficial map, 1835, more nearly correct than it is on Glazier s\\nmap of 1884.\\n2. In 1855, Henry R. Schoolcraft, yet alive, issued in\\nPhiladelphia, (Lippincott, Grambo Co.,) his Summary\\nNarrative of an exploratory expedition to the sources of the\\nMississippi. With this last edition of his works, Mr. School-\\ncraft presents a revised map of all his discoveries, prepared\\nby Capt. Seth Eastman, U. S. A., and it stands prefacing\\nthe title page, in which map this lake in controversy, is\\ndistinctly defined, together with Nicollet Creek, with its\\nthree ponds, just precisely as described by Nicollet. So\\nthat the French scientist s work received, before he died, the\\nhigh sanction and endorsement of Schoolcraft himself.\\n3. A Military Map of the Northwest was made in\\n1855-6, by the authority of John B. Floyd, then Secretary\\nof War, prepared by Lt. G. K. Warren, of the Typograph-\\nical Engineers, one of the foremost geographers of his\\ntime, from explorations made by him, under directions of\\nA. A. Humphrey, and the following, among other officers,\\nwere consulted in its preparation and are so cited on its\\nmargin: Capt. J. C. Fremont, Capt. John Pope, Gov. I. I.\\nStevens and Lt. James Allen. The greatest care was taken\\nin its preparation. This map clearly and distinctly shows\\nthe lake in controversy, located just where the government\\nsurveys now place it.", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 MINNESOTA HISTORIt Al. COLLECflONS.\\nIn 1872, Julius Chambers, of the New York Herald,\\nvisited the Itascan region. He wrote a series of letters for\\nthe Herald in June and July of that year, and in one dated\\nJuly 6th, he gives a full description of Elk Lake, locating\\nit where it really belongs, and naming it Dolly Varden,\\nalter his canoe. He describes it more accurately than does\\nCapt. Glazier. He pronounces it at that time as a distinct\\nlake from Itasca. This was seven years before Glazier was\\nthere. He made and published a map, showing the lake as\\nrepresented in his letters, in the most distinct and positive\\nmanner, which map is here before us.\\nBut more material than all since the days of Nicollet,\\nwas the actual survey and platting of these townships\\nembracing that entire region, including Itasca and all lakes\\nand streams connected therewith, by authority of the\\ngovernment of the U. S., through the Surveyor General s\\noffice of the State of Minnesota, six years before Capt.\\nGlazier s alleged discovery. The Surveyor General, J. H.\\nBaker, was fully informed of the facts touching the land\\nand water to be surveyed. The lumbermen of Minneapolis\\nhad assured him that they had actually counted the pine\\ntrees on this very lake. They told him of waters beyond\\nthat (Nicollet creek), flowing into the S. W. arm of Itasca,\\nthrough which they could float their logs into this great\\nlake. The contract of surveying Township 143 North,\\nRange 36 West, where these waters are located, was let to\\nCapt. E. S. Hall of St. Cloud, and in Oct. 1875, Hall made\\nthe survey. The map of the Township was duly made up\\nin the Surveyor General s Office from Capt. Hall s care-\\nfully written field notes, made upon the ground with proper\\ninstruments, and attention was especially directed to the\\nlake in question. This Township map was certified to as\\ncorrect by J. H. Baker, Surveyor General, Feb. 3d, 1876,\\nand was by him transmitted to the General Land Office at\\nWashington, and was officially approved by the Commis-\\nsioner of the General Land Office and posted May 3d, 1876.", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 11\\nThis map thenceforth became public property, accessible\\nto all persons, and the supreme authority to all geographers\\nand map-makers in the U. S. The lake in question was\\nmeandered, its outlines marked and four large meander\\nposts set up, two on the East and two on the North, and\\ndistinctly visible when Capt. Glazier was there, for they\\nwere there and visible to travelers this present year. By\\nauthority of instructions from the Government of the U. S.,\\nSurveyor General Baker named the lake in question Elk\\nLake, because he had been directed to retain the name\\ngiven by the Indians to meander lakes, if any such\\nname was in use or known at the time of the survey.\\nCapt. Hall informed the Surveyor General that the Indian\\nname was Elk Lake. This corresponded with the traditional\\nname of the waters. It was therefore so marked on the\\nplat, and approved by the authorities at Washington.\\nWhat person had the right to change the name thus\\nauthoritatively given This official survey and record,\\nthat year, became a part of the great official map of the\\nUnited States, issued under the certificate of the Land\\nCommissioner at Washington, and the lake and name,\\nElk Lake, could have been found there by any person\\nupon the most casual examination.\\nNow all these maps which are here cited, are among the\\npapers of this Society, and with the exception of the\\nChambers map, are distinctly official maps, not issued by\\nprivate individuals, but by the authority of the State or\\nGeneral Government. They are open and accessible to all\\npersons whomsoever. Was Capt. Glazier so excessively\\nstupid, as not to consult all such existing official authorities,\\nbefore starting on so important an undertaking? If so,\\nwhat value can attach to the work of a man neglecting to\\nproperly equip himself for exploration? But it is in\\npositive evidence, that previous to his issuing any map\\nwhatever, he was fully informed that he was claiming\\nwhat did not belong to him, and the government maps", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\nwere shown him with Elk Lake thereon.* But he\\ndefiantly persisted in his assumption.\\nBut there were still other sources of information, besides\\nthese, ready at hand, to throw light upon the subject, if\\nthey had been sought, or wanted. Charles Lanman alleges\\nhe was there in 1846; the Rev. Mr. Ayer and his son,\\nLyman Ayer, of Little Falls, Minnesota, was there in 1849;\\nWm. Bangs, of White Earth, Minn., was there in 1865;\\nO. E. Garrison, for Census Bureau, [880; W. E. Neal, of\\nMinneapolis, was there both in 1880 and in 1881 the Rev.\\nJ. A. Gilfillan, of White Earth, Minn., was there in May,\\n1 881. The facts pertaining to most of the foregoing visits,\\ncould have been easily found in the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, a proper place for any man to go, who desired\\nintelligently to embark in such work.\\nMore than this, in so important a State document as the\\nNinth Annual Report of the Geological and Natural His-\\ntory Survey of Minnesota, 1880, p. 321, C. M. Terry, in a\\npaper therein on the Hydrology of Minnesota, describes\\nElk Lake as a tributary of Itasca, and with judicious\\nand intelligent criticism adds\\nIt is rather a refinement of exactness to call Elk Lake, as some\\nexplorers have, the ultimate source of the Mississippi. Itasca Lake has\\nbeen in possession of the honor so long that its claim ought not to be\\ndisputed, and certainly it is sufficiently minute, remote, and sylvan to\\nanswer all the requirements of an ideal source.\\nThis Mr. Terry, who was employed by State authority,\\nwas a Congregational clergyman and had made natural\\nscience a special study, and was a son-in-law and pupil of\\nDr. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst College, the eminent\\ngeologist. No man in the Northwest was better equipped\\nfor a close study, and intelligent understanding, of the\\nwater systems of Minnesota, In that Report, issued by\\nG. Woolworth Colton, in American Canoeist, Nov. 1886: Mr. Colton made\\nGlazier s map according to his dictation and gives remarlcable testimony as to\\nthe shamelessness of Glazier s iusistauce on perverting the facts.", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 18\\nthe State, Mr. Glazier could have read the full account of\\nthe lake he pretends to have discovered.\\nBut this is not all, for the scientific world in Europe\\nwere also familiar with the results of Nicollet s explorations,\\nand with the situation at Lake Itasca and vicinity. Dr.\\nPeterman s Stieler s Hand iVtlas, published by Justus\\nPerthes, of the Gotha Institute of Geography, contains dis-\\ntinctly this very lake. So that even in European geog-\\nraphies, the redoubtable Glazier could have found the lake\\nhe so brazenly claims.\\nDoes not this record of facts show, that if Glazier had\\nbeen in any respect whatever a student and a scientist,\\nturn which ever way he might, he would have found the\\nlake which has whetted his appetite for glory, or had\\nhe avoided the paths of the scholar and entered any Real\\nEstate Office in St. Paul or Minneapolis, he would have\\nfound his lake distinctly marked and named Elk Lake\\non Warner Foote s Map, which is in such common use\\neverywhere in the State.\\nIn the face of these facts, the bold assumption of the\\nman Glazier, is without a parallel in the annals of geo-\\ngraphical history. His conduct is a total disregard of all\\nthe rules and dignities of a true scientist. Scientific knowl-\\nedge has scarcely before been made the prey of a charla-\\ntan. The measure of his astounding fraud, has not yet fully\\npenetrated the public mind. To begin his absurd under-\\ntaking, he must thrust aside the work of the noble School-\\ncraft the more careful and exhaustive explorations of the\\ngreat scientist, Nicollet to ignore the confirmatory e.xam-\\nination of nearh a dozen explorers and travelers through a\\nseries of years and finalh to set aside the work of the\\ngovernment surveyors, with the official map staring him\\nfull in the face Glazier s motto must be, l audact\\\\\\ntoujours Vmidace!\\nBut in what manner did he conduct his alleged explora-\\ntion With what element of scientific equipment was he", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": ";14 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLBCTTIONS.\\nclothed Without maps and documents throwing such\\nlight as may be upon the region to be explored without\\nany instruments whatever, always so necessary for the\\nsolution of a topographical problem, this geodetic cham-\\npion advances to a review of the work of the great Nicol-\\nlet! His own account is the authority for the facts of this\\nmost extraordinary exploration and discovery. He sights\\nlake Itasca between three and four o clock on July 2ist,\\n1 88 1, and passed directly to Schoolcraft s Island, where he\\nat once went into camp, and retiring early, he did not\\nbegin the exhaustive work of exploration until 8 a. m., of\\nthe 22d then putting his canoes into the water, and fol-\\nlowing the guidance of an Indian, he goes directly to the\\nwaters to be discovered. He enters the lake, hoists a flag,\\nfires a volley, they make speeches, as he alleges, and\\nannounces that he has completed the work begun by De\\nSoto in 1 541 They immediately left the lake, and paddled\\nback into Itasca, and at three o clock in the afternoon of the\\nsame day began the descent of the river. t Thus in seven\\nhours of the 22d of July, 1881, did Capt. Willard Glazier,\\nby his account, accomplish more in the discovery of the\\nsources of the Mississippi, than had been done from the\\ntime of De Soto, three hundred and forty years, till that\\nmemorable hour! Shades of Columbus, of Magellan, of\\nDe Soto, of Henry Hudson, of Nicollet To what a\\nrefinement of labor and economy of time, has Willard\\nGlazier reduced the work of notable geographical explora-\\ntions and discovery Think of the painstaking Nicollet,\\ndevoting days to toilsome labor, and nights to astronomi-\\ncal observations! Think of the months of privation and\\ndanger endured by Schoolcraft and Nicollet, in the inter-\\nests of true science modest, loyal to their noble work,\\nblazing an unknown path to the fountains of the Mis-\\nThose who accompanied him have so stated.\\nt SeeGhizier s paper in .Vraerican Met. Journal, pages 202, 322, 824, 325,\\n327; Sword and Pen, pages -477, 478.", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 15\\nsissippi, and waiting years of reflection and review, before\\ngiving a report to the world But fifty years later comes\\na stripling tourist, and in the midst of a civilized State,\\nwith a million of people, enters a surveyed township,\\nblazed at every quarter section with the axe of the surveyor,\\nand in an exploit of seven hours duration, endeavors to\\nsteal the well earned chaplets from bronzed brows of\\nSchoolcraft and Nicollet, and strives to set them upon the\\nhead of a conscienceless adventurer instead\\nThere were full twenty miles of shore to be examined\\nalong the indentations and arms of Itasca, with its Elk\\nLake annex there were at least fifteen miles of streams,\\nwith their sinuosities to be explored.\\nThis point is of special importance, as it is made inferen-\\ntially to appear in his writings, that he had explored some,\\nat least, of these affluents. But Willard Glazier, being present\\nin our Historical Society Rooms, Feb.7th, at four o clock\\nin the afternoon, confessed to Gen. Baker, in the presence\\nof witnesses.* that he had not ascended any one of them, a\\nfact which was known to this committee by other testimony.\\nGlazier, thus by his own confession, contributed nothing\\nwhatever to geographical knowledge. He addressed himself\\nto no work of a scientist. He did not find, or attempt to find\\nNicollet s creek, which is the main tributary of Itasca he\\ndid not even visit the chief tributary of Elk Lake itself.\\nHis maps of the lake are in themselves misleading, as he\\ncaused it to be made out of all proportion to its real area,\\nand extravagant in its comparative relation to Itasca. He\\nmakes one map in 1884, and another, locating the lake four\\nmiles further South, by his own scale of miles, in 1886.\\nThe latter is to be considered a revision, and places the\\nlake where it does not belong. In neither map is it cor-\\nrect. His maps are therefore, in themselves, outrageously\\nerroneous, and cannot be trusted for truth and fidelity.\\nPresent, J. B. Cbaney and Geo. Hamilton.", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLBCTION8.\\nFurther than this, he distorts geography in the most\\nreckless manner in his letter to the Royal Geographical\\nSociety of England. In that communication, he locates\\nhis lake not less than an entire degree of latitude South\\nof Turtle Lake. This places it South of Crow Wing river\\nand five miles North of the town of Wadena People of\\nMinnesota, how this man perverts the geography of your\\nState! It is here to be observed that in this extraordinary\\nletter to the Royal Society, the entire concluding paragraph\\nis stolen bodily from Schoolcraft (Ed. 1834, page, 59),\\nchanging only the words of Schoolcraft probably. into\\nnot less than, thus adding blunder to theft. Pursue this\\nadventurer in any of his statements concerning this whole\\nthing, and how marvellous are his palpable errors. In one\\nplace he fixes the level of the water of his lake 3 feet\\nabove those of Itasca in another at 7 feet. The facts are,\\nfrom actual levels taken with instruments, the level of Elk\\nLake above Itascan waters, is just 13 inches.\\nAgain, Glazier claims that the water from a lakelet, he\\ncalls lake Alice, (really lake Whipple, as Mr. Gilfillan\\nhas named it), empties into Elk Lake, when, as a topo-\\ngrapically determined fact, they debouch into the West arm\\nof Itasca. Any searcher after geographical truth, in\\nfollowing this rattle-brained adventurer, would be led into\\nhopeless mazes of error and confusion.\\nHis work in distorting the geography of our State, is\\nsimply incredible. He has issued and scattered broad-\\ncast a map, entitled A map illustrative of Capt. Willard\\nGlazier s voyage of exploration to the source of the Mis-\\nsissippi river. Coming into Minnesota, a strolling tour-\\nist, he has, in this map, made a bold and outrageous\\nattempt to change the names of our lakes in an area of\\ncountry 320 square miles in extent, beginning just West of\\nLeech Lake, thence across to the Itasca basin, then follow-\\ning the meanderings of the Mississippi river to Lake\\nWinnebegoshish. In this territory he displaced the ancient", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THK SOURCKS OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 17\\nIndian names, sacred to the people of Minnesota, and old in\\nnomenclature as Leech Lake, Turtle Lake, Winnebegoshish\\nor Cass Lake, coming down from immemorial times, and\\nin their place substituted the following, changing as here\\nnoted\\nKabekona River to Kabekanka.\\nKabekona Lake to Lake Garfield.\\nNeway Lake to Lake George.\\nBowdich Lake to Lake Paine.\\nAssawe Lake to Lake Hattie.\\nPlantagenet Lake to Lake Hennepin.\\nLa Place River to Lake De Soto.\\nHe assumes to name a long chain of lakes and ponds\\nlying between Leech Lake and La Place river, after his\\narmy associates those from La Place river to Itasca, he\\ndevotes to his relatives.\\nDo the people of this State desire to have their ancient\\nand honored nomenclature overthrown by such authority,\\nand graft the Glazier family tree in lieu thereof? Does\\nthis Historical Society wish to admit this quack explorer s\\nname on the map of this State, honored by such historic and\\ntreasured names as Cass, Le Sueur, Morrison, Olmstead,\\nSibley, McLeod, Kittson, Faribault, Ramsey, Rice, Marshall,\\nAitkin, Steele, Becker, Freeborn, Stevens, and other house-\\nhold names, identified with early days and noble deeds\\nIt is in evidence that his lake is named after himself by\\ncollusion the lakelet in Sec. 27 after his daughter a lake\\nnear La Place river, after his brother, George another\\nHattie, after another of his family, and so on. This shows\\nthat he is consumed by egregious vanity, and an inordi-\\nnate desire for notoriety.\\nAs we pursue his devious record, step by step, we find\\nthat not in one thing touching our geography, has he told\\nthe truth. He has perverted the facts of our early history\\ntold stories of imaginary adventures along our noble\\nstreams deluged the country with false and erroneous", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLEC?riONS.\\nmaps of the Northern portion of our State, and sought to\\nrob us of ancient names.\\nNicollet s work was done years before a white man had\\npermanently settled within the boundaries of our State.\\nGlazier s was a jovial picnic within the limits of civili-\\nzation. The settler had already taken up homesteads\\nwithin sight of Elk Lake, years before Glazier was there.\\nYour committee have before them an official letter from the\\nRegister of the Land Office at Crookston, showing the\\ndate of the first settlement, by homestead, to have been\\nAug. 22d, 1878, by Austin Sigimore, on Sec. 22, three\\nyears before the alleged advent of this tourist.\\nHis record of this imaginary exploration abounds in\\natrocious falsehoods. He dignified his geographic romance\\nwith beautiful speeches by his Indian guide, Ge-no-wa-ge-\\nsic. Your committee are in receipt of a letter from the\\nRev. J. A. Gilfillan, which explodes even this element of\\nwild romance into atoms. Read the following\\nWhite Earth, Minn., Jaiiiiarv 7th, 1667.\\nDk.\\\\k Sir: In accordance with your suggestion, I went a few days\\nago and saw Clie-no-wa-ge-sic, with whom I have long been well\\nacquainted. I took with me Glazier s book Sword and Pen, and read\\nhim from it his speech as reported on page 453, beginning My Brother,\\netc., and asked him how it was about that.? He said he never made the\\nspeech reported, Never made any speech at all at Leech JLake, nothing\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0whatever. I then read him, on page 474, about his stepping to the\\nfront, assuming an oratorical attitude etc., and his speech following,\\nbeginning My brother, I have come with you through many lakes and\\nrivers to the head of the Father of Waters, and asked him how about that.\\nHe said he never stood up and extended his arms; never said that no\\nwhite man had yet seen the source of the great river, or that that Lake\\nwas it. The only thing there was to that, was that they, when the\\ncanoes arrived there, told Glazier that that was where he had planted\\ncorn, and that he had hunted all round those shores for many years. As\\nto that speech on page 474, he only told him the above about planting\\ncorn and hunting; never told him that he had now got to the true head,\\nfor he (Che-no-wa-ge-sic), well knew that Lake Breck, the Elk Lake of\\nthe maps, was not the true head, but only the place where the waters\\nwere gathered that he knew that the true head was a little stream a mile\\nor two to the West, running into the West arm of Lake Itasca, putting", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 19\\nhis finger on the map and running it along the stream up to the little\\nlake, Lake Whipple, at N. W. corner of Section 34, according to the\\nGovernment Survey. That Glazier never asked him to take him to\\nthe true head, and he well knew that he did not take him there. That\\nGlazier only asked him if he could take him to that lake which the\\nIndians call Pokegama, and that he replied that he could; but that he\\nknew that that was not the true source; it was only a place where the\\nwaters were gathered.\\nThe above I have copied from my minutes of the interview with\\nChe-no-wa-ge-sic, made immediately after. He is evidently an honest\\nfellow and tells a true story. He did not know why I asked him; I did\\nnot let him know whether I was in Glazier s interest or otherwise, and\\nhe has heard nothing, I believe, of there being any dispute about the\\nmatter, and had no interest but to tell the truth.\\nTo the people of Minnesota who know Mr. Gilfillan,\\nthis will be conclusive. Glazier s other statements have been\\nrepudiated by Channing Paine, the only white person,\\nexcept his brother George, who accompanied him, and\\nnow his noble Indian, his former Che-no-wa-ge-sic, he too\\nhas abandoned this falsifier of history, and left him alone\\nin his fabric of lies.\\nIf it be urged by his friends, that, notwithstanding all\\nthat has been said, he was yet, as he claims, the first to\\ndemonstrate that there were other waters beyond Itasca,\\nand that he showed those waters to be the lake indicated,\\nthere are plenty of answers to that. Chambers had so\\naverred, in 1872, and called the lake Dolly Varden\\nA. H. Siegfried, in Lippincott s Magazine, Aug. 1880, who\\ndeveloped that whole theory of sources and that Glazier\\nknew of it, is shown by his plagiarizing boldly, as usual,\\nfrom the magazine articles in question.\\nIf he still pushes the claim beyond, into his Lake\\nAlice, by debouching its waters into Elk Lake, as he has\\ndone, and there rests his claim, still the government surveys\\nand careful subsequent scientific research, show that that\\nlakelet empties, far away, into Itasca itself There is no\\nlonger a place, nor an evasion, where he can hide from the\\ndisgrace of his false and fraudulent pretensions.\\nBut the flagrant fraud, boldly attempted to be put upon", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLEXTTIONS.\\nthe world by this pretended discovery, is only one of\\nCapt. Glazier s sins against the literary and scientific world.\\nThere is another, equally glaring, ignoble and contempti-\\nble in a scientist, which is kin to his rape of the lake. It\\nserves further to illustrate the character of the man\\nIn 1884, Capt. Glazier contributed to the American\\nMeteorological Journal, what purports to be an elaborate\\naccount of his Recent Discovery of the True Sources of\\nthe Mississippi. In that account, he commits the boldest\\nand most flagrant literary piracy to be found in the\\ncuriosities of all literature. Challenging and denying\\nSchoolcraft s title to the discovery of the sources of the great\\nriver, he yet evidently had in his possession a copy of\\nSchoolcraft s Narrative of an Expedition to Lake Itasca\\nin 1832, the same as published by Harper Brothers, 1834,\\nand if Glazier did not believe in the genuineness of\\nSchoolcraft s discovery, it is patent that he had implicit\\nfaith in the fidelity of the careful Schoolcraft s descriptions\\nof the Indians and of the localities. His plagiarisms are\\nso bold, that Glazier has never presumed to deny the\\ncharge. Stolen from Schoolcraft should stand at the\\nhead of every printed column. These extraordinary\\ncoincidences of whole pages of identical language, were\\nbrought to light by the laborious researches of Henry D.\\nnarrower, an accomplished scholar and geographer, and\\npublished by Ivison, Blakeman. Taylor Co., of New\\nYork, 1886, Mr. Harrower has so completely pilloried the\\nunfortunate Glazier, that he must be solid brass if he can\\nagain lift his head among literary people. It must destroy\\nconfidence in all his literary performances. We have care-\\nfully gone over Mr. Harrower s exhibits of parallel columns,\\ncomparing both with their originals, and are dazed at\\nGlazier s audacity. The lapse of fifty years since School-\\ncraft wrote, had no effect upon Glazier s judgment in\\nappropriating the work of the former. The material\\nincidents of time, place and customs, as changed during", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 21\\nthe time among the Pillager band of Indians, are out-\\nrageously defied by Glazier. He sticks to Schoolcraft in\\nspite of the results of a half century of schools, farming,\\nand the civilizing effects of the government s care of these\\nIndians. Their present condition is well known to these\\ncitizens of Minnesota, and Glazier s stolen account of them\\nfifty years ago, as applicable to-day, is stupid beyond belief\\nSchoolcraft s fine description of a noted chief of 1832, is\\ntaken bodily by this literary thief, and applied to White\\nCloud in 1 88 1. All this is like putting the girl of to-day\\nin the clothes of her great-grandmother, and declaring it\\nis the fashion of the hour.\\nEven in his purported trip of discovery, he follows, with\\nunreserved confidence, Schoolcraft s description of port-\\nages, trails, marshes, swamps, elevations, waters, c.\\nIdentical also, is his copy of the meteorology, zoology\\nand botany of the country. The track and the foot-prints\\nof Schoolcraft are never missed by a hair s-breadth, by\\nthis faithful plagiarist of the great scientist. Schoolcraft s\\nfidelity to nature was never so complimented. If Glazier\\nwas there at all, he saw only with Schoolcraft s eyes.\\nThe same Indians, the same customs, same dances, same\\nsacrifices, same houses, same meals, same salt-cellar, same\\ngrass, same pond-lillies, same rushes, same canoes, same\\nflocks of pigeons, same ripe strawberries, everything alike\\nIndeed, it was not necessary for Glazier to have visited\\nLake Itasca, if he ever did, for he could have copied the\\nnoble pages of Schoolcraft as well in his study, without\\nthe inconvenience of mosquitoes, or the expense of his\\njourney.\\nTo crown his bold plagiarisms with the mede of per-\\nfection. Glazier gives a table in Am. Met. Journal, 1884,\\np. 328, Meteorological Observations at the Head Waters\\nof the Mississippi. It is true we have the evidence that\\nhe had no instruments with him, and took no observations\\nwhatever. But it is only a step from plagiarism, to lying.", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\nIn another volume of Schoolcraft, Narrative of an Expe-\\ndition to the Sources of the Mississippi in 1820, published\\nin Albany, N. Y., 1821, are two meteorological tables,\\ntaken at Big Sandy Lake, pages 268 and 314. Glazier\\nreproduces these identical tables as his own, as if taken\\nat the head waters of the Mississippi.\\nWe have the two tables before us, (Mr. Harrower s keen\\nwork,) and every date, and every barometrical observation,\\nevery hour of the notations, the character of each day and\\nthe direction of the wind, the very thunder, the rain-fall,\\nall are identically the same, for every figure has been com-\\npared. They tally to a dot. But, just sixty-one years\\nbefore, Aug. 2d, 1820, Schoolcraft broke his instrument\\nand his observations ceased, at two p. m. of that day.\\nLoyal and faithful ever, to the great man whose work he so\\nreligiously copied. Glazier ceases his barometrical record\\nat just two p. M., Aug, 2d, 1881\\nDid Glazier think he was plundering neglected and for-\\ngotten books? No American scholar will forget School-\\ncraft, no more than he will neglect Audubon, or bury\\nAgassiz, and more and more as the Indian perishes, will\\nSchoolcraft be recognized as authority and a classic.\\nGlazier does not seek to conceal, or veil his thefts. A\\nthief will seek to disguise his stolen horse by cutting off\\nhis tail, or clipping his hair but Glazier struts in all his\\nborrowed plumage, oblivious to every chance of discovery\\nand dead to every sense of shame. Though his rank\\nplagiarisms have long been made public, he neither modifies\\nhis story nor abates his pretensions. It seems useless\\nfurther to unmask and displume so stolid a man. But\\nwhat the public are entitled to, is the truth of history and\\nan honest geography.", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 23\\nA Critical Review.\\nA critical review of the whole situation was made by\\nHopewell Clarke, a citizen of Minnesota, well known for his\\neminent fitness, experience and capacity for the work, who\\nwas engaged by Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor Co., book\\npublishers of the City of New York, to visit the sources of\\nthe Mississippi river for an accurate topographical survey\\nof that region, with a purpose to carefully review the work\\nof former explorers, and to determine any matters yet\\ndoubtful. Mr. Clark, after a full study of the case, with\\ncompetent assistants, properly equipped with maps and\\ninstruments, did the work thoroughly in 1886. The results\\nof his patient and exhaustive labors, which are before us,\\nconfirm the accuracy of the government surveys. It cer-\\ntifies to the general correctness of Nicollet s report and\\nmaps. Unlike Glazier s, this expedition explored every\\nbay and indentation of the Itascan waters, and followed\\nevery affluent to its ultimate source. They trod in the\\nhonored footsteps of the indefatigable Nicollet. Every\\nlevel was taken with instruments, and every distance\\nmeasured with a chain. They confirm a visit of Nicollet\\nto Elk Lake, by his minute notations of its feeders, which\\ncould only be observed by actual exploration. They fix the\\nlocation of Elk Lake precisely where the government sur-\\nveyors located it and they demonstrate that Glazier both\\ndistorted its size, and placed it too far from the Itascan\\nwaters. He concurs fully with Nicollet, and other reliable\\nexplorers, that the longest, and by far the most important\\nof the affluents of the Itascan basin, is the river, a creek\\nwhich debouches into the Southwest arm of the lake, being\\nsixteen feet wide, two and one half deep at its mouth, and\\nthe one most elevated in source being ninety-two feet\\nabove Itasca, while Elk Lake is but thirteen inches higher.\\nThis expedition confirms the statement by water-marks\\nfound, that Itasca waters were once higher, and Elk Lake\\nonce lower, than they now are, and that the latter, as here-", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\ntofore stated, was doubtless but an estuary of Itasca at the\\ntime of Schoolcraft s and Nicollet s explorations. He\\nfully confirms the general idea of Nicollet that Lake\\nItasca is the first important reservoir and basin of all the\\nsprings that feed the head waters of the Mississippi river.\\nThey find the posts and blazings of the government\\nsurveyors still visible. Men of our own State, worthy\\nto be trusted, they did their work without prejudice or\\nbias, intent only on finding out the truth as to the primal\\nwaters of our great river. They confirm the fidelity of\\nSchoolcraft and Nicollet to every essential fact, and renew,\\nto those daring explorers, the honors they so nobly won.\\nBut why pursue this investigation further? Let this\\nperverter of history and distorter of geography be dis-\\nmissed as a charlatan adventurer, with the contempt he\\nso richly merits.\\nCONCLUSIONS.\\nAfter a most diligent and laborious examination of all\\nthe records, maps and documents bearing upon the case,\\nwhich are now so complete and exhaustive as to be no\\nlonger liable to any material change, your committee, beg\\nleave respectfully to submit the results of their findings\\nI. That Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, accompanied by Lt.\\nJames Allen, in a scientific expedition made by him, July\\n1832, to the head waters of the Mississippi river, did\\ndiscover, locate, delineate and map the general basin,\\nwhich is the first great gathering place and reservoir of the\\nhead waters of that continental stream, and was b\\\\- him\\nnamed Lake Itasca, from the Latin words Veritas caput,\\nthe true head. Tliat he announced the discovery in a\\nnarrative written in a modest, honorable and distinct man-\\nner. That his companion, Lt. Allen, the topographer of\\nthe party, drew a map, which map was deposited, and is\\nnow, in the General Land Ofiice of the U. S., in the City\\nof Washington, which map exhibits the substantial outlines", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 25\\nof Lake Itasca and its general surroundings. That School-\\ncraft s right to the original honor of this discovery can-\\nnot be rightfully questioned or challenged.\\n2. That Jean N. Nicollet, a distinguished French scholar\\nand explorer, did, in August 1836, visit and minutely ex-\\nplore the same region in and about the Itascan basin. That\\nhis work exhibits all the care of a trained scientist, and\\nthat his map, deposited in the office of Engineers, U. S. A.\\n1836-7, is so complete in detail, that all subsequent\\nexaminations and surveys have been but certificators of\\nits general accuracy. That his report is clear, compre-\\nhensive and scientific.\\nThat Nicollet did discover and explore to its sources, a\\ncreek, or river, whose primal springs are now found by\\ngovernment surveys, to be in Sec. 34, Town 143 N., R. 36\\nW., 5th Principal Meridian, and 92 feet above the level of\\nLake Itasca; which creek, or river, has its rise at the foot\\nhills of the Hauteur des Terres, which curve, like a crescent,\\naround its sources, and this is the longest, as it is by far the\\nlargest, tributary of the Itasca basin. To use Nicollet s\\nown language In obedience to the geographical rule,\\nthat the sources of a river are those that are most distant\\nfrom its mouth, this creek is truly the infant Mississippi\\nall others below, its feeders and tributaries. Then he\\nmodestly and courteously adds\\nThe honor of having first explored the sources of the\\nMississippi, and introduced a knowledge of them into\\nphysical geography, belongs to Mr. Schoolcraft and Lieu-\\ntenant Allen. I come only after these gentlemen; but I\\nmay be permitted to claim some merit for having com-\\npleted what was wanting for a full geographical account\\nof these sources. Moreover, I am, I believe, the first\\ntraveler, who has carried with him astronomical instru-\\nments, and put them to profitable account along the whole\\ncourse of the Mississippi, from its mouth to its sources.\\nThis is the essence of the whole story. To these two", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\neminent scholars and scientists belong all the glory of\\nthe discovery of the primal sources of the Mississippi\\nriver.\\nYour committee recommend that this chief tributary\\nof Itasca, should be named Nicollet River in honor of\\nits great discoverer, and that the lakelet in Section 27, be\\nnamed Alpha, as significant of the absolute ultimate\\nsource.\\nRecommended, that the name Glazier Lake be\\nexpunged from the lake in Sec. 22, of the same Town and\\nRange, and that the name Elk Lake be continued as\\nrightfully and appropriately named by the authority of the\\nGovernment of the United States.\\nThat we earnestly and respectfully recommend all\\ngeographers, map-makers and historians, to follow the con-\\nclusions herein reached, as final to a matter of geography\\nwithin our own State.\\nThat we respectfully recommend that the present Legis-\\nlature, by joint resolution, or otherwise, as to them may\\nseem best, take such action as will fix and maintain the\\nnomenclature of the waters as herein indicated.\\nAt the conclusion of the reading of Gen. Baker s Report,\\nEx-Gov. Alex. Ramsey moved that the report be adopted,\\nand published by the Society, which motion prevailed.\\nThe following Resolutions were then read, and unani-\\nmously adopted\\nWhereas, The members of this Society have listened to the reading\\nof the report prepared by Gen. James Heaton Baker on the claims made\\nby Capt. Willard Glazier, to the credit of having in 1881 discovered\\nthe source of the Mississippi river, to-wit: A lake adjoining Lake\\nItasca, designated on the United States surveys as Elk Lake; therefore\\nbe it\\nResolved, That we hereby express as the deliberate judgment of\\nthis Society that the assertions and assumptions of said Glazier, in the\\nmatter named, are baseless and false that he is in no sense whatever a\\ndiscoverer or explorer, the lake which he is now endeavoring to\\nhave called by his name having been originally visited and mapped by\\nSchoolcraft in 1833 again carefully explored and scientifically examined", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE SOURCES OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 27\\nand described in official reports and maps by that accurate and conscien-\\ntious scientist, Jean Nicholas Nicollet in 1836, and was in 1875 fully\\nsurveyed and mapped by the United Slates surveyors, and soon after\\nclaims and pre-emptions were filed on lands adjoining said lake.\\nResolved, That we assert our unqualified belief, based on the thorough\\nand careful investigations of Nicollet, O. E. Garrison and others, and\\nagain, more recently, of those made bv Hopewell Clarke, that the lake\\nwhich Capt. Glazier asserts is the true source of the Mississippi river,\\nis not such m reality, but that the real source of the river is Lake Itasca\\nand its tributaries, arising in sections 27 and 28 of the township in\\nwhich it is located.\\nResolved, That we feel amazed at the presumption and assurance\\ndisplayed by Capt. Glazier; first, in hastily making such an audacious\\nclaim, based, at best upon an uncertain and doubtful foundation and\\nagain, in arrogantly heralding himself to the world as a discoverer,\\nwithout first submitting his claims to some tribunal competent to pro-\\nnounce on their merits and having his alleged discovery examined.\\nAnd further, in deceiving geographical and scientific societies by send-\\ning them an account of his pretended discoveries, and causing to be\\npublished books and magazine articles in which he is praised and puffed\\nin unmeasured terms and held up to the admiration of the country as\\none who had achieved some praiseworthy feat; also, in publishing maps\\nin which the lake in question is represented as four times its real size\\nand placed in a wrong position and lastly, in persuading, by persistent\\nsolicitations, map and school book publishers to place his name to Elk\\nLake and declare it the source of the Mississippi river.\\nResolved, That the wholesale and unblushing plagiarisms by Capt.\\nGlazier from the descriptions of Itasca in the writings of Schoolcraft,\\nSiegfried and others, and of the meteorological tables in the former,\\ntend to throw discredit on all his assertions and to render him unworthy\\nof the respect and confidence which would be due to him, were he really\\nthe discoverer which he claims to be.\\nResolved, That we respectfully ask the legislature to pass, without\\ndelay, the bill recently introduced into the house by Mr. Donnelly, to\\nfix irrevocably on the map of the State the names of the lakes and\\nstreams composing the Itasca sources of the Mississippi river, so that its\\nearliest explorers be not robbed of their just laurels, and to remove\\ntemptations to adventurers in future to gain notoriety by attaching their\\nnames to said lakes.\\nResolved, That we call upon the various geographical, historical and\\nother learned societies throughout the world to join with us in repudi-\\nating Glazier s claims, and ask them, in the spirit of truth and right,\\nthat if they have in their possession, maps with the lake in question so\\nnamed, they erase Glazier s name from them and substitute therefor\\nthat of Elk Lake", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.\\nResolved, That our thanks are due, and are hereby tendered, to Gen.\\nJames H. Baker, for his able and exhaustive report; and also to H. D.\\nHarrower, Esq., of New York, the Rev. J. A. Gilfillan of White Earth,\\nMinn., and to Messrs. Alfred J. Hill, Hopewell Clarke and J. B. Chaney\\nof St. Paul, for valuable aid rendered in the investigation of maps and\\ndocuments relating to the question.\\nLb N 10", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE\\nSOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nTHEIR DISCOVERERS, REAL AND\\nPRETENDED.\\nA REPORT,\\nHON. JAMES H. BAKER,\\nRead before the Minnesota Historical Societv,\\nFebruary 8, 1887.\\nMINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTION,\\nVOL. Vr. PART I.\\nSAINT PAUL, MINN.\\nBrown, Treacv Co., Printeks,\\n1 887.", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "Al/", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3351", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3363", "width": "1921", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3523", "width": "2071", "jp2-path": "sourcesofmississ01bake_0038.jp2"}}