{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3664", "width": "2264", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "7.\\n.0\\n9^\\nI\\no5 Ov\\no\\n^M^: ^-c.\\nv^\\nCV o v^\\n-o^ s\\n-x^^\\nxV\\niT^ o^\\n2 t\\no\\nz\\nV 4^\\nA^ A^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^ao^\\nN^\\n.1\\no (I D y^\\n^G\\n^..s- A^\\nrO^\\n^AO^\\n6 Q.\\n9^/", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "S^^\u00c2\u00b0- i\\nv\\nJl 1 7 1\\nn ft s V\\nJ\\ni a t, \\\\v\\nit it\\nr.P\\no\\nAV\\n0^ ^Q.\\nV A^\\n^o/\\no S\\nN", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "OLm^u\\na.\\nyC-\u00c2\u00ab-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "WILLARD GLAZIER.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0010.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "HEADWATERS\\nOF THE\\nMISSISSIPPI;\\nBiographical Sketches of Early and Recent Explorers op the Great\\nRiver, and a Full Account op the Discovery and Location\\nOF ITS True Source in a Lake beyond Itasca.\\nBY\\nCAPTAIN WILLARD GLAZIER,\\nAuthor of Three Years In the Federal Cavalry, Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape, Bat-\\ntlesfor the Union, Heroes of Three Wars, Pecnilarides of American Cities,\\nOcean to Ocean on Horseback, Down the (ireat Klver, Etc\u00c2\u00bb\\ngtlltt^trctt^tr*\\n-\u00c2\u00abs-\\n^N 26 1894 i\\nChicago and New York\\nRAND, McNALLY COMPANY.\\n1893.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0011.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by\\nWILLAKD GLAZIER,\\nIn the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0012.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "f\\nTO\\nALICE,\\nWHO SHAKED THE FATIGUES AND PRIVATIONS OP MY\\nSECOND EXPEDITION TO THE HEADWATERS OP\\nTHE MISSISSIPPI; STOOD WITH ME AT THE\\nSOURCE; AND DRANK FROM ITS\\nREMOTEST SPRINGS,\\nIS LOVIN^GLY INSCRIBED\\nBY\\nTHE AUTHOK.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0013.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0014.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nKOM the authenticated discovery of\\nthe Mississippi by Hernando de Soto\\nin 1541^ to the location of its True\\nSource in 1881, comparatively little\\nis known of the early pioneers or\\nof the series of explorations which\\nfinally led to a solution of the mys-\\ntery that surrounded its Headwaters\\nfor a period of over three hundred years. The Great\\nEiver and its tributaries have been revealed to the\\nworld through a multitude of daring enterprises, the\\nmotives and incidents of which are familiar to but\\nfew of the present generation. Both the early and\\nmore modern explorers wrote much, but published\\nlittle, and for the latter reason, tlie records of their\\ntravels have seldom found their way to the eye of the\\ngeneral reader.\\nIt is the purpose of this volume to present as far\\nas possible, from all available sources, some idea of\\nthe circumstances which led to certain important\\ndiscoveries in North America, together with such\\nsketches of the old and recent explorers of the Mis-\\nsissippi as the plan of the work will permit. Few\\nor no attempts were made up to 1805 to penetrate the\\nsecret of the origin of the river, in which year Lieu-\\ntenant Pike, commissioned by the Government, sig-\\n(7)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0015.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "8 PREFACE.\\nnally failed of his object. The efforts of General\\nCass in 1820, and of Beltrami three years later,\\nthough well directed and zealously executed, also fell\\nshort of the attainment of the desired end the Foun-\\ntain-head of the Mississippi was unseen and unknown\\nto them. Schoolcraft, in 1832, approached more\\nnearly the solution of the problem than any of his\\npredecessors, and, in the discovery of Lake Itasca,\\nbelieved he had reached the extreme head of the\\nriver. He published his discovery to the world, and\\nit was generally accepted on his authority. For\\nfifty years Lake Itasca was laid down in the maps as\\nthe Source of the Father of Waters, still not a few\\nexpressed their doubts of the genuineness of the dis-\\ncovery, and the Indians of Northern Minnesota\\ndenied it altogether. Nicollet, a French savant, who\\nfollowed in the footsteps of Schoolcraft in 1836,\\nstrangely confirmed the latter in what has since been\\nproved to be a geographical error.\\nRumors having reached the author of the present\\nvolume, from various sources, of the doubtful cor-\\nrectness of Schoolcraft in assuming Itasca to be the\\nPrimal Reservoir of the river, he determined to inves-\\ntigate the matter in the interest of geography, and,\\nhaving time at his disposal in the summer of 1881,\\norganized an expedition to proceed to the Headwaters.\\nThe result was the discovery of a body of water lying\\nimmediately to the south of Lake Itasca, and emp-\\ntying into the latter through a perennial stream, the\\nmouth of which was entirely concealed from view by\\na dense growth of lake vegetation and fallen trees.\\nThis lake, having an area of 255 acres, a circumfer-\\nence of between five and six miles, and an average\\ndepth of forty-five feet, being above Itasca, necessarily", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0016.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. 9\\ninvalidated the claim of Schoolcraft^ and the author s\\nlocation of the True Head of the Mississippi is now\\nrecognized by nearly all of the geographers and edu-\\ncational publishers of this country and Europe.\\nBetween 1541 and 1881, every part of the Great\\nRiver had been visited by intrepid explorers, with the\\nexception of its almost inaccessible Source of the\\nfinal discovery of which full particulars will be found\\nin Part Third of this volume.\\nDuring the ten years that elapsed between 1881 and\\n1891, spasmodic efforts, partaking for the most part\\nof a disingenuous and personal character, were made\\nby a few cavilers to discredit the author s discovery,\\nand it was thought by his friends and those who\\nbelieved in his claim that a further investigation at\\nthe Head of the river might have the effect of throw-\\ning more light upon the question, and possibly of\\nconvincing the opposition. Accordingly, a Second\\nExpedition was projected, and undertaken in August,\\n1891, composed of geographers, scientists, practical\\nsurveyors, and men of culture; a detailed account of\\nwhich appears in the following chapters, for which\\nthe author respectfully bespeaks the reader s fair and\\ncandid consideration.\\nAn itinerary of the journey to the Headwaters of\\nthe Great River will be found in the early chapters of\\nPart Third, in which occasional but brief reference\\nis made to men and places, which may be of some\\npractical utility to the tourist contemplating a pil-\\ngrimage through Northern Minnesota to the Source\\nof the Mighty River.\\nThe writer makes no pretension to have exhausted\\nthe topics he has treated, or to placing his work in\\ncomparison with more elaborate productions; but", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0017.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "10\\nPKEFACE.\\npresents it to the reader simply as an epitome of the\\nhistory of our magnificent river a river in many\\nrespects without a peer.\\nThe illustrations accompanying this volume\\nare from drawings by True Williams, of Chicago, and\\nthe camera of Fred J. Trost, of the firm of Van Loo\\nTrost, Toledo, Ohio the latter a member of the\\nExpedition of 1891, and the first to photograph\\nscenery at the Headwaters of the Mississippi.\\nChicago, January 14, 1893.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0018.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nALVAE NUNEZ CABE(;A DE VACA.\\nDe Yaca Pineda De Narvaez Expedition Florida Ponce\\nde Leon Tampa Bay Illusions Weary of the Sea No\\nSigns of Gold Disappointment Much Harassed Hunger\\nand Fatigue A Council Boats Built Sail West More\\nMisfortune Narvaez Lost at Sea De Vaca Shipwrecked\\nFour Survivors De Vaca Saved Six Years with the\\nIndians Western Wilderness Bison The Rockies De\\nVaca and the Mississippi His Adventures Returns to\\nSpain-rluterview with the King Rio de la Plata\\nExiled to Africa Recalled Death of De Vaca His Life\\na Roma\\nCHAPTER 11.\\nHERisTANDO DE SOTO.\\nDiscoverer of the Mississippi Birthplace Family Misfor-\\ntunes Out-of-door Sports Don Pedro De Soto and Isa-\\nbella Betrothed Don Pedro s Vexation His Treatment\\nof De Soto They Sail for South America Pedro Plans De\\nSoto s Death De Soto Joins Pizarro Battle with Uracca\\nDe Soto s Bravery Codro De Soto and Isabella Letters\\nIntercepted A Messenger His Fate De Soto s Revenge\\nDon Pedro s Successor Cordova De Soto Attacks\\nPedro Pedro Orders Him to be Slain Pizarro s Raid\\nUpon Peru Requests the Aid of De Soto De Soto Rejoins\\nPizarro Apology for De Soto.\\nCll)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0019.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "12 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nDE SOTO WITH PIZAEEO.\\nA Dark Page A Lover of Adventure Soldierly Qualities\\nOvertures to De Soto He Starts South Deceived Pizar-\\nro s Abject Nature Outrages on the Peruvian King\\nPizarro s Plunder Natives Abandon the City Cruelties\\nof Pizarro De Soto Crosses the Andes A Peaceful\\nEmbassy Novel Spectacle Magnificent Highway\\nStrength of the Nation Peruvian Camp The Inca s\\nEnvoy Gifts and Friendly Greetings Pizarro Meets the\\nInca Consternation of the Inca Made Prisoner De Soto s\\nConduct The Inca Burned at the Stake De Soto s Anger\\nPeruvians Burn Their Capital Peru Conquered De\\nSoto Proposes to Return to Spain.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nDISCOVEEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nDon Pedro Dies Isabella Disinherited Cabe9a de Vaca\\nExpedition to North America Governor of Cuba Many\\nJoin De Soto Sail for Cuba Isabella Regent of Cuba\\nFleet Reaches Florida Reconnoitering Juan Ortiz\\nReputed Gold Fields\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Lady of the Countree A\\nHostage Disappointments Discontent De Soto Hopeful\\nThe Mississippi Reached Rio Grande Crossed on Rafts\\nNo Gold Found De Soto Despondent Health Under-\\nmined\u00e2\u0080\u0094His Death Buried in the River Band Disorgan-\\nized.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nMAEQUETTE AN^D JOLIET.\\nFather Marquette His Birth Sails for Canada. Arrives at\\nQuebec\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Studies Indian Languages Ordered to Lake\\nSuperior Ste, Marie du Sault Michilimackinac Policy\\nof the French Louis Joliet\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meets La Salle The Un-\\nknown River Lake Michigan Allouez and Dablon\\nThe Mississippi Hostile Natives Indian Village\\nTheManitous Missouri River Ohio River Mosquitoes\\nDescending the Mississippi Progress Arrested Resolve to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0020.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "CONTEJ^TS. 13\\nReturn Ascend the Illinois Joliet Leaves Marquette\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGoes to Quebec Loses All His Papers Makes His Report\\nfrom Memory Anticosti Royal Pilot Dies Buried in\\nLabrador Marquette Dies in Michigan A Herald of\\nWestern Civilization.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nEGBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE.\\nBirth Sails for Canada Great Schemes Father Dollier\\nExpedition Starts Joliet and Perd Discovery of the\\nOhio Returns to France King Louis Returns to Can-\\nada Fort Frontenac Again Visits France Minister Col-\\nbert Returns to Canada De Tonty Plans Misfortune\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Jealous Enemies The Griffin Fresh Troubles\\nIroquois Exploration on Mississippi Creve-Coeur Plans\\nDefeated Father Hennepin.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nLA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI.\\nLa Salle Returns to Canada More Disaster Starts Out\\nAgain- -T resh Supplies Reverses Indian Vengeance\\nThe Great River Meets Tonty Attack by Iroquois\\nChicago River Tamaroas Prudhomme Lost Nearing\\nthe Gulf\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Natchez Tribe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Father Membr6\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Open\\nSea\u00e2\u0080\u0094 La Salle Takes Formal Possession Louisiana Fight\\nwith Indians La Salle Falls 111 Recovers Prepares to\\nReturn to Quebec His Plans Disappointment\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Returns\\nto France.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nLAST VOYAGE AKD DEATH OF LA SALLE.\\nKing Louis Listens to La Salle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Twenty Vessels Sail for\\nCanada Misunderstanding Reach the Gulf Misfortune\\nPresaged\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General Discontent A Faithless Captain Fort\\nSaint Louis La Salle Undaunted Christmas Approached\\nLa Salle s Kephew His Death Determined On Also\\nThat of La Salle Assassination of La Salle Body Left to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0021.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "14 CONTENTS-\\nthe Beasts of Prey All in Confusion Villainy Avenged\\nDuhaut Killed La Salle s Venture Entirely Defeated\\nThe Greatest of Explorers.\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nFATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN.\\nGoes to Canada as a Missionary Fello\\\\y-Passenger with\\nLa Salle Ordered to Fort Frontenac Joins La Salle A\\nDoubtful Narrative of Adventures Proceeds Up the ]Mis-\\nsissippi Discovers Saint Anthony Falls Attacked by\\nSioux Captured Life Threatened Diplomacy His\\nPrayers Held a Captive Learns the Sioux Language\\nDescends the River Returns to the Sioux Village Leaves\\nfor Canada Sails for France Publishes His Journal\\nMuch Criticised by Cotemporaries.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nLA HONTAN CHAELEVOIX CARVER.\\nLa Hontan Visits the Mississippi The Long River Much\\nCriticised Nicollet Defends Him Cannon River\\nDescends the Mississippi Discoveries Charlevoix Com-\\nmissioned by French Government New France Quebec\\nProceeds Westward\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Mississippi Beautiful Scen-\\nery New Orleans Returns to Europe History of New\\nFrance Captain Jonathcin Carver Leaves Boston A\\nNorthwest Passage Reaches the Mississippi Ascends the\\nRiver Surprised by Indians Lake Pepin Ancient Re-\\nmains Saint Anthony Falls Carver River Sioux Vil-\\nlage Becomes a Chief Great Storm Indians Terrified\\nCarver s Courage Carver s Cave Indian Council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gift of\\nLand Saint Croix River Lake Superior Journeys East\\nward Sails for England Reports to Government Re-\\nverses Overtake Him Dies, Aged 48.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0022.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "COI^^TEN TS. 15\\nCHAPTER I.\\nEXPEDITIONS OF LIEUTEKAXT PIKE.\\nEnters the Army Ordered on Exploration Headwaters of\\nthe Mississippi Twenty Mm under His Command\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Leaves\\nSaint Louis Ascends the River Disadvantages Winter\\nOvertakes Him Much Suffering Travels on Snow-shoes\\nSandy Lake Leech Lake Cass Lake Mantle of Snow\\nMeets Fur Traders Hospitably Received Explains His\\nObject Turtle Lake Returns to Saint Louis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Narra-\\ntive\u00e2\u0080\u0094Second Expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rocky Mountains Pike s Peak\\nRio Grande Taken Prisoner by Spaniards Ordered to\\nLeave Their Territory Reports to His Government Pro-\\nmoted Expedition Against York, Canada Magazine Ex-\\nplodes Fatally Injured and Dies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Zealous Officer.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHE CASS EXPEDITION.\\nWar of 1812 Cass Joins the Forces as Colonel General Hull\\nCross s the Detroit River Hull Surrenders to the\\nEnemy Cass Goes to Washington on Parole Promoted\\nAppointed Governor of Michigan Territory Treats with\\nthe Indians Suggests an Expedition to the Northwest\\nSchoolcraft Headwaters of Mississippi Upper Cedar\\nLake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Secretary of War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Black Hawk War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Minister to\\nFrance\u00e2\u0080\u0094 U. S. Senator Candidate for President Secre-\\ntary of State A Scholar of Fine Attainments Wrote\\nSeveral Works Dies at Detroit, Aaed 84.\\n^to\\nCHAPTER III.\\nBELTRAMI AND THE JULIAN SOURCE.\\nNative of Venice Educated for the Law\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appointed Judge\\nExtraordinary Energy and Capacity The Carbonari", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0023.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "16 CONTENTS.\\nOrdered into Exile Travels through Europe Visits the\\nUnited States Turns to Exploration Valley of the Missis-\\nsippi Talioferra Embarks for Fort Snelling Will Seek\\nthe Source of the Mississippi Major Long s Expedition\\nBeltrami Offers to Accompany Him Attempts Made to\\nDissuade Him Determines to Go Restless and Adventur-\\nous The Expedition Leaves Fort Snelling The Saint\\nPeter A Curious Contrast Lake Traverse Red River\\nPembina Dissatisfied Leaves Pembina Two Chippewas\\nand an Interpreter Kills Two White Bears Interpreter\\nLeaves Beltrami Also the Two Indians Great Portage\\nRiver Source of Red River of the North Highest Land\\nof North America Sources of the Mississippi Lake\\nJulia Beltrami in Error La Biche Lake Visits New\\nOrleans Mexico Philadelphia Returns to Europe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dies\\nin Italy, Aged 75.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nSCHOOLCRAFT AND LAKE ITASCA.\\nNative of New York Middlebury College Visits the Missis-\\nsippi Valley Geological Investigations Mines and Min-\\nerals of Missouri Goes to Washington President Mon-\\nroe Calhoun Offers Schoolcraft a Position as Geologist to\\nCass Expedition Embarks at Detroit The Mississippi\\nCassina Again Commissioned Upper Mississippi\\nSioux and Chippewas Sandy Lake Council Visits Cass\\nLake In Search of the Source of the Great River\\nOzawindib\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Schoolcraft Island William Morrison Lake\\nItasca Crow Wing River Indian Council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appointed\\nIndian Agent The Six Nations Married to an Indian\\nSecond Marriage\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Author of Several Works Visits Europe\\nDies in Washington, Aged 71.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nINVESTIGATIONS OF NICOLLET.\\nNative of Savoy, France \u00e2\u0080\u0094Enters College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Prof essor of Mathe-\\nmatics\u00e2\u0080\u0094Legion of Honor Ruined Financially Comes to\\nAmerica Explores the Mississippi Baltimore\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sum-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0024.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "CONTEN^TS. 17\\nmoned to Washington To Explore Headwaters of Missis-\\nsippi Prehistoric Relics Pipe-Stone Quarry Cannon\\nRiver His Indian Guide Red River Crow Wing\\nLeech Lake Flat-Mouth Lake Itasca Nicollet Creek\\nLake Bemidji Cass Lake Returns to Leech Lake\\nEntertained by Flat-Mouth 111 Health Dies at Washing-\\nton.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nEXPLOITS OF CHARLES LANMAN.\\nLeaves Saint Louis in 1846 An Excursion History and Tra-\\ndition Lake Pepin Legends and Romance Winona\\nRed Wing Saint Peter River Sioux and Dakotas\\nA Dog-feast Saint Anthony Falls Crow Wing River\\nA Wolf Killed Chased by Wolves Crow Wing Village\\nWilliam Morrison The White Panther Chief Hole-in-\\nthe-day Indian Traders Lake Winnebegoshish Bear\\nHunt Cass Lake The Chippewa Nation Lake Itasca.\\n-o-\\n^avt ^ijxvb*\\n-o\\nCHAPTER I.\\nRECEKT EXPLORATION S.\\nLake Itasca Schoolcraft Nicollet Lake Beyond Itasca\\nPrimal Reservoir Misrepresentations Further Investiga-\\ntion Partisan Opposition Antagonism to Geographical\\nTruth Error of Schoolcraft.\\nCHAPTER 11.\\nJOURi^EY TO MINI^ESOTA.\\nA Second Expedition Leave Milwaukee Through Wiscon-\\nsin The Dalles The Mississippi King of American\\nRivers La Crosse Origin of Name Nathan Myrick\\n2", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0025.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "18 COI^TEKTS.\\nGrowth of La Crosse Immense Advantages Population\\nMinnesota Wicona The Republican D. Sinclair\\nGrowth of Winona A Beautiful City Commercial Im-\\nportance Enterprise.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nWIl^OJS^A TO MIKKEAPOLIS.\\nRoute A Contrast Different Modes of Traveling Canoe-\\ning Wabasha Pepin Lake of Tears- Le Sueur Carver\\nLake City Picturesque Scenery Maiden Rock Red\\nWing Swiss Missionaries Population Hastings Saint\\nCroix River Saint Paul,\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nEAKLY HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.\\nFifty Years Ago A Wilderness Indians Pioneer Times\\nFather Menard Carver s Treaties Elected Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pike,\\nCass, Beltrami Schoolcraft Nicollet Fremont Long\\nKeating Explorers of Minnesota Hennepin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Renville\\nProven9alle Morrison Faribault Morrison and Lake\\nItasca Minnesota Territory Governor Ramsey General\\nSibley Great Natural Resources.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nTHE TWIN CITIES.\\nSaint Paul and Minneapolis Phenomenal Growth ^First\\nBuilding i.i Saint Paul The Je?uits-^A Log Chapel\\nDedicated to the Apostle Paul The Capital Population\\n18i9, 1854, 1856, 1880, 1890\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Location\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Five Bridges-\\nHead of Navigation Well-built City Large Trade\\nState Capitol\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Institutions of Learning Religion and\\nEducation The Press Resorts Carver s Cave White\\nBear Lake Smaller Lakes Minneapolis Saint Anthony\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Colonel J; H. Stevens\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Suspension Bridge Saint\\nAnthony Falls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Tragic Story\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lumber Businrss\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Great\\nFlour Mills\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Beautiful Residences- University\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Athen-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0026.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "CONTEIS-TS. 19\\naeum The Press Resorts Healthful Climate Minne-\\nhaha Lake Minnetonka,\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nPRBPARATIOK FOR SECOlSrU EXPEDITIOI^.\\nMembers of Expedition Route to the Headwaters Press\\nComments Saint Paul Dispatch Olohe Northwestern\\nPresbyterian Red Wing Argus Albany Knickerbocker\\nDubuque Trade Journal Boston Herald Philadelphia\\nTimes Geographical News.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nMIKKEAPOLIS TO PARK RAPIDS.\\nLeave Minneapolis Saint Cloud Brainerd New Englanders\\nPine Park Sanitarium Y, M. C. A. Miss Grandel-\\nmeyer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lake Itasca Turtle Lake Dr. Seal Chenowage-\\nsic Judge Holland Dr. Rosser Caplain Seelye George\\nS. Canfield Wadena Park Rapids Henry R. Cobb E.\\nM. Horton Shell Prairies.\\nCHAPTER YIII.\\nTHROUGH THE WILDERNESS.\\nC. D. Cutting and Son Surveyors Horton and Keay Adams\\nand Son Delezene Equipment Jerry Start from\\nPark Rapids Virgin Forest Dinner Creek Fording\\nMorrison River Camp Munsell Mule Lake Shooting\\na Bear A Correspondent Height of Land Lake Gamble\\nBear Creek View of Lake Itasca Embark for School-\\ncraft Island.\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nHEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nCamp Shure Nicollet Creek Bogs and Ponds Dead Lakes\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hauteur de Terre Infant Mississippi Pokegama\\nPrimal Reservoir Schoolcraft His Narrative Quoted\\nPoem One Hour on the Island Passed out of the Lake\\nNicollet Coasted Itasca Nicollet Creek Floating Bog\\nGovernment Survey Hopewell Clarke Edwin S. Hall.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0027.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "20 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nJOUKN AL OF THE EXPEDITION\\nField Notes Permanent Headquarters Camp Trost Trolling\\nNicollet Creek Exaggeration Lake Glazier Appear-\\nance of the Lake Coasting Itasca Affluents Eagle s Nest\\nExcelsior Creek Harriet Promontory Deer Tracks A\\nCascade Variety of Trees Hernando de Soto Lake\\nCharacter Overdrawn A Dead Lake A Pleasing Inci-\\ndent Moses Lagard Horton Creek Lake Alice Meas-\\nurements Stars and Stripes Investigations Ended A\\nFew Remarks Record of the Expedition Surveyors\\nReport Botany of the Region Salute the Flag Sunday\\nDivine Service First Sermon at the Source.\\nCHAPTER XL\\nRETURlsr TO MIN^NEAPOLIS.\\nTablets Erected Tents Struck Preparations for Departure\\nReturn Journey Camp Horton Red Squirrels Crane\\nLake Morrison River Fording the Stream Shell Prai-\\nries Park Rapids Central House Dr. Winship A Heavy\\nStorm Discomfort Senior Member of the Expedition\\nLagard Leaves the Party Messrs. Horton and Keay\\nLeave for Wadena Merchants Hotel J. E. Reynolds^\\nLittle Falls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Antlers Mayor Richardson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Com-\\nrade Sutton Arrive in Minneapolis A Joint Report\\nMembers of the Expedition Return to Their Homes.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nINDORSEMENT AND CONCLUSION.\\nTrue Source Unanimously Indorsed Gratuitous Assertions of\\nOpponents Corroborative Testimony Surveyor Horton\\nMeasured All Affluents of Lakes Itasca and Glazier Excel-\\nsior Creek Lake Glazier The Source of the River.\\nAssistant Surveyor Keay: Perfectly Familiar with the\\nRegion Lake Glazier the Primal Reservoir. Dr. A. Mun-\\nsell: Agrees with All the Members of Expedition Lake\\nGlazier is the True Source. J. C. Crane: Personal Inves-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0028.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "COI^TENTS. 21\\ntigation Traced and Measured all Feeders\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lake Glazier\\nis the True Source. D. S. Knowlton: Lake South of Itasca\\nis the Veritable Source Geographers Justified in Recog-\\nnizing It. Charles E. Harrison: Captain Glazier s Claim\\nFully Justified. Henry R. Cobb: Lake Glazier the Largest\\nBody of Water having Connection with Mississippi through\\nItasca. Fred. J. Trost: Perfectly Certain Lake Glazier is\\nthe True Source. Albert W. Whitney: Lake Glazier\\nFulfills All Conditions Necessary for the Real Source.\\nW. S. Shure: Explored All the Region Lake Glazier is\\nthe Source. Conclusion Claim of the Author Adverse\\nStatements Can Not be Substantiated The Author s Posi-\\ntion Same as Schoolcraft s Conclusions of Second Expedi-\\ntion Incontrovertib\\n-o-\\n^ppenbix^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a00-\\nFirst Glazier Expedition His Claim Material for Considera-\\ntion Ten Years of Controversy Reasons for the Expedi-\\ntion Source Still in Doubt Companions Reach Brainerd\\nConveyance to Leech Lake Indian Agency Major\\nRuffee Chenowagesic Kabekanka River Lake Garfield\\nA Portage Lakes Bayard, Stoneman, Pleasanton, Custer,\\nand Kilpatrick Portages Lakes Gregg, Davies, and Sher-\\nidan Lakes George and Payne River Naiwa Lake\\nElvira De Soto River Lake Itasca and Schoolcraft Island\\nOmushkos Coasting Itasca Six Small Feeders Dis-\\ncovery of the Source Its Affluents Error of Schoolcraft\\nPokegama Lake Glazier Elk Lake Infant Mississippi\\nResults of First Expedition Schoolcraft and Nicollet\\nNicollet Creek Critics and Cavilers Correspondence\\nRelating to First Expedition Voice of the Press Cor-\\nrespondence Previous to Second Expedition After the\\nReturn Editorial Comment Indorsements of the Glazier\\nClaim.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0029.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPage.\\nPortrait of the Author, Frontispiece.\\nDe Vaca Crossing the Continent, 33\\nHernando De Soto, 40\\nThe Inca Receiving De Soto, _ 55\\nBurial of De Soto at Midnight, 1 71\\nMarquette and Joliet Descending the Mississippi, 85\\nEarly Map of the Illinois, 106\\nLa Salle Taking Possession of the Valley of the Mississippi, 1 21\\nAssassination of La Salle, 144\\nHennepin at the Falls of Saint Anthony, 154\\nCarver and the Thunder-storm, 168\\nPike Exploring on Snow-shoes, 177\\nCass Expedition Leaving Detroit, 183\\nBeltrami Surprised by Indians, 193\\nSouthern End of Lake Itasca, 203\\nNicollet at Lake Itasca, 215\\nLanman Pursued by Wolves, 222\\nDalles of the Wisconsin, 240\\nView of Maiden Rock Lake Pepin, 252\\nMap of the Upper Mississippi, 267\\nWhite Bear Lake, 277\\nFalls of Minnehaha, 287\\nLake Minnetonka, 294\\nMembers of the Second Expedition 303\\nIn Pine Park, Brainerd, 314\\nLog-boom on the Upper Mississippi, 316\\nThe Mississippi at Brainerd, 318\\nA Pioneer of Northern Minnesota, 321\\nMain Street, Wadena, 323\\nWaiting for the Train, Wadena, 325\\nView of Park Rapids, 327\\nStarting from Park Rapids, 330\\n(22)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0030.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS. 23\\nPage.\\nBruin at Bay, 335\\nMap of the Headwaters, 340\\nMouth of the Infant Mississippi, 343\\nMaps of Schoolcraft and Nicollet, 349\\nLake Glazier, 353\\nNightfall at Our Encampment, 355\\nEagle s Nest, 357\\nMouth of Excelsior Creek, 359\\nCaught in Lake Glazier, 361\\nOn an Indian Trail at the Headwaters, 363\\nStrange Meeting in the Wilderness, 365\\nOutlet of Lake Glazier, r 367\\nLake Alice, 309\\nGlen Alice, 371\\nA Talk on the Promontor}-, 373\\nFirst Sermon at the Source of the Mississippi, 375\\nLake Crane, 380\\nExpedition Fording a Stream, 384\\nAn Abandoned Claim, 386\\nA Frontier Bank, 388\\nThe Menahga House, 391\\nMerchants Hotel and Park, Wadena, 393\\nAPPENDIX.\\nMap of Lake Glazier and Its Feeders, 408\\nLake Garfield, 433\\nLake Sheridan, 456\\nBird s-eye View of Lake Glazier, 507", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0031.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0032.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nALVAR KUNEZ CABEgA DE VACA.\\nHE position which this early explorer\\nholds among his contemporaries is very\\nimportant, so far as the narrative of\\nhis travels in the New World is con-\\ncerned, but historians differ widely in\\ntheir estimation of what is due him as\\na discoverer, and will probably never be able to settle\\nsatisfactorily the question as to whether or not he was\\nthe first European to see the Mississippi.\\nIn the confusing mazes of opinion, which are really\\nall that are to be consulted in regard to the earliest\\ndiscoveries of the Great River, there have been some\\nsuggestions of an expedition as early as 1519, under\\nDon Alonzo Alvarez Pineda, an officer in the service\\nof the Governor of Jamaica; justified by the Spanish\\nhistorian Navarrete, who writes that Pineda discov-\\nered the Mississippi at that time, and named it Rio\\ndel Espirito Santo/ being influenced to undertake\\nthis exploration by the universal enthusiasm excited\\nby the conquest of Mexico by Cortez.\\nThe aim and object of those who, like De Vaca,\\npenetrated the wildernesses of North America was\\nostensibly to search out the reputed mines of gold and\\nsilver, rather than to explore the unknown regions\\nfor the enlightenment of their countrymen and the\\n(25)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0033.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "26 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nadvancement of science; so that tlie recitals of their\\njourneyings were more the detailed accounts of the\\nobstacles which confronted them, and the hardships\\nwhich they passed through in pursuit of the coveted\\ntreasure, than careful reports of geographical re-\\nsearch.\\nIt is this vagueness of description in De Vaca^s nar-\\nrative which has caused so much speculation among\\nthose interested in the history of our Great Central\\nEiver, and which has baffled those who wish to do jus-\\ntice to its discoverer. If he crossed the Rio Grande\\nof the later Spaniards, he has given no evidence that\\nwould distinguish it from the other rivers of the\\nSouth, and which would place him unquestionably\\namong the great explorers. On the other hand, those\\nwho follow De Soto in his march through the wilder-\\nness can not doubt that he and his companions saw\\nthe Mississippi, or that the disappointed cavalier met\\ndeath upon its shores. It is therefore to him that\\nhistorians generally give the contested honor. The\\npurpose of these pages is not, however, to advance\\nany personal theories, or to assume the championship\\nof those who have long since passed away, and whose\\nclaims could only be considered through uncertain and\\nintricate hypotheses, but only to give a brief account\\nof their lives, as bearing more or less directly upon\\nthe history of the Great River.\\nDe Vaca first comes into prominence as the lieuten-\\nant of Panfilo de Narvaez in the expedition organized\\nfor the conquest and colonization of ^^the whole\\nnorthern coast of the Gulf an enterprise suggested\\nstrangely enough by the personal pique of the com-\\nmander, who, having failed in his raid upon Oortez,\\nin Mexico, as the lieutenant of the jealous Velasquez,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0034.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "CABEgA DE VACA. 27\\nwished to redeem his somewhat tarnished record by\\nglorious action in a new field. Appealing to the Em-\\nperor Charles V., he obtained a commission to invade\\nthe country and to assume the title of Adelantado of\\nthose lands wliich he should discover within the Km\\nits of what was then known as Florida a large area\\nembracing the present division and extending for an\\nalmost indefinite distance toward the northwest.\\nThus encouraged by the crown^ he sailed from San\\nLucar on the seventeenth of June, 1527, with a com-\\npany of six hundred, and a fleet of five vessels. At\\nHispaniola, where a six-weeks^ halt was made to fur-\\nther prepare for the journey, more tlian a hundred\\nof the volunteers abandoned the expedition; while at\\nTrinidad, whither two vessels had been sent, in charge\\nof De Vaca and Captain Pantoja, to obtain provisions,\\nboth crews perished in a violent storm, those only\\nescaping who had gone ashore. Without having\\nsighted the coast of Florida, Narvaez had thus lost\\na sixth of his men.\\nSoon overtaking the shipwrecked party, he estab-\\nlished winter quarters at Xagua, twelves leagues be-\\nyond, where in February he joined the expedition\\nwith reinforcements, and arranged for the final voyage.\\nThe Land of Flowers, through which Ponce de\\nLeon had traveled in search of fabled treasures and\\nthe magical Fountain of Youth, was still hidden\\nbeyond the blue waters of the Gulf, and the shadow\\nof coming misfortunes, which superstition hinted at,\\nfound no place among the eager adventurers.\\nOn the eleventh of April Florida was reached, and\\na landing made just north of Tampa Bay, where the\\ncolors of Spain were unfurled and the soil solemnly\\nappropriated in the name of Charles V. It had been", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0035.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "28 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nthe intention to enter the larger bay to the south, but\\nthrough a miscalculation of the j^ilot, Miruelo, the\\nships had passed it, and the destiny of the expedition\\nbecame thus entirely changed.\\nNarvaez and his officers now anticipated a tri-\\numphal march through a country which they had\\npeopled with a race far superior to the Mexicans or\\nPeruvians; whose towns were to be rich in the wealth\\nof precious metals, and whose inhabitants, milder\\nthan the South Americans, would offer them no\\nresistance; a country whose limits they believed\\ninclosed an empire greater than Montezuma s, and\\nwithin whose confines were to be found splendors yet\\nundreamed of.\\nTheir illusions were soon dispelled. Advancing\\nupon an Indian village, whose cabins could be seen at\\nthe head of the little bay in which the ships were\\nanchored, they were fearlessly met by the natives,\\nwhose temerity somewhat surprised them. After a\\nfriendly reception they were requested by unmistak-\\nable signs to leave, and the firmness of the Indians so\\nimjoressed Narvaez who, although a man of unques-\\ntioned courage, was lacking in decision that he called\\na consultation of his principal officers to determine\\nupon the wisest course. They concluded to follow the\\ncoast by land in search of the bay which they had at-\\ntempted to reach the Espirito Santo of De Soto s later\\nexpedition the ships to take a similar course and meet\\nthem at that point. De Vaca was strongly opposed\\nto this plan, but his companions were thoroughly\\nweary of the sea, and were eager to seek their for-\\ntunes on terra firrtia. Had they been more famil-\\niar with the country, the enterprise would not have\\nterminated so disastrously; for exploring parties.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0036.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "CABEgA DE YACA. 29\\nsent out at the beginning of the march, found the\\nbay they were in search of, and, failing to recognize\\nit, believed they had been unsuccessful; while another\\nparty, meeting Indians who wore golden ornaments,\\nwere told by them of a place to the north, which they\\ncalled Abalachie, where the metal could be found.\\nBy following this direction they would have undoubt-\\nedly reached the mines of Upper Georgia, which\\nwould have amply satisfied them; but instead they\\nentered Appalachee toward the south, where they\\nfound nothing but poor villages and no sign of the\\ncoveted treasure.\\nFrom the old narratives, full as they are of exag-\\ngerations, we catch a glimpse of a magnificent type\\nof the Indian here; living in wretched huts in the\\nmost primitive way, and totally lacking in those\\ngraces with which the imaginative Spaniards had\\nclothed them, yet none the less admirable, and pos-\\nsessed of courage,antelligence, and a certain physical\\nelegance.\\nAfter spending more than three weeks with these\\nAppalachians, who were described as men of gigantic\\nproportions, the company made preparations to move\\non toward Haute, where they were told they would\\nfind an abundance of food, and a very rich region.\\nIf Narvaez had been enterprising enough at this\\npoint to verify the statements of the Indians, which\\nwere made chiefly to induce him and his men to leave\\ntheir village, he would have found a broad expanse\\nof fertile and populous country all about him; but,\\nlacking in those active and daring qualities which\\nhave ever characterized the successful explorer, he\\nwas easily led by the cunning natives and persuaded\\nthat the ^good lands lay beyond.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0037.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "30 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nAt Halite^ as at Appalachee, the Spaniards met only\\ndisappointment, for the inhabitants, learning of their\\napproach, had abandoned and burned their homes\\nand made away with their provisions. It was as\\nthough some enchantment preceded them to de-\\nstroy the villages and to lay waste the fields. They\\nwere harassed on every side by hostile natives, who\\nwatched for them whenever they ventured beyond\\ncamp, and who sent showers of arrows into their\\nranks on the march; until at last, worn out with\\nhunger, sickness, and fatigue, and thoroughly dis-\\ncouraged, their only desire was to escape. The ships\\nhad not been heard from, and were supposed to have\\nreturned to Havana, but De Vaca, with Captains Cas-\\ntillo and Dorantes and an escort of fifty foot soldiers,\\nwent to the Gulf, which was about a day s journey\\naway, to see if there might be a sail in sight. The\\nbroad expanse betrayed no sign, and they were obliged\\nto return with the disheartening news. A council\\nwas then called and a plan discussed which only\\nhopeless men could have determined upon. Imme-\\ndiately the forest was converted into a ship-yard,\\nwhere two hundred and forty men worked with the\\nenergy of despair. Within six weeks they had com-\\npleted a fleet of five boats out of whatever materials\\nwere available, and by the twenty-second of Septem-\\nber, 1528, were ready to embark. ^^Narvaez com-\\nmanded the first boat; the second was in charge of\\nEnriquez, the controller, and Juan Suarez, the com-\\nmissary; in the third went Captains Castillo and\\nDorantes; in the fourth. Captains Tellez and Penalosa,\\nand in the fifth, Cabega de Vaca each boat carrying\\nabout forty-eight men.\\nAs it would have been disastrous to remain longer", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0038.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "CABEgA DE VACA. 31\\non shore, where provisions were becoming more\\nscarce, where their lives were continually exposed to\\nthe attacks of the Indians, and where the miasma of\\nthe swamps began to breed a deadly fever, these two\\nhundred and forty half -starved and disappointed men\\nimmediately put to sea, which was dangerous for\\nloosely constructed craft at any season, but doubly\\nso during the autumn months. They took a westerly\\ncourse along the coast, with the idea of reaching the\\nEiver of Palms and the Spanish settlements in Mex-\\nico which on the maps of the time had been inaccu-\\nrately placed believing they would be less exposed\\nthan by -striking out across the Gulf; but notwith-\\nstanding this caution the company was destined to\\ndestruction, and misfortune met it on every hand.\\nNarvaez, separated from his crew, which had gone\\nashore, was swept out to sea in a violent storm and\\nnever seen again. De Vaca^s party, and those of Cas-\\ntillo and Dorantes-, were shipwrecked upon the Island\\nof Santa Eosa, where nearly all perished; while those\\nwho were with Enriquez and Juan Suarez suffered\\nthe most terrible privations and at last they too mis-\\nerably perished. The ninety-six men in the boats\\ncommanded by Captains Tellez and Penalosa, going\\nashore near Pass Christian for water and provisions,\\nwere killed by the natives, who could easily overcome\\nthem, so weak had they become bodily and in\\nnumbers.\\nThere were now only four survivors of that great\\nexpedition which a short time before had left the Bay\\nof the True Cross believing their arms irresistible and\\ntheir success assured; these were De Vaca, Castillo,\\nDorantes, and the Moor Estevanico. Through the\\ninevitable changes of a life among a strange and half-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0039.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "32 EAELY EXPLORERS.\\nsavage people, this little company soon became sepa-\\nrated and its members subjected to a kind of servi-\\ntude. For six years De Vaca stayed among the coast\\ntribes, carrying on a system of trade with the Indians\\nof the interior, and becoming familiar with their\\nlanguage and customs, until at last he was able to\\ncommunicate with his companions with whom he\\nhoped to reach the Spanish settlements in Mexico.\\nThis plan was, strangely enough, promoted by the\\nIndians, who began to hold the white men in super-\\nstitious awe, calling them medicine men,^^ and\\nbelieving them endowed with supernatural powers.\\nDe Vaca, with amusing frankness, describes his\\nmodus operandi, which was to say a paternoster and\\nan ave maria over the patient; and he mentions the\\ngenerosity of the Indians, who, after treatment,\\noften gave the great ^medicines all they possessed,\\nand accom23anied them in a kind of triumphal pro-\\ncession from place to place. In this way they pene-\\ntrated the Western Wilderness, traversing the bison\\nplains and the adobe towns of the half-civilized\\nnatives of New Mexico, perched on their rocky\\nheights, and crossing the rugged and magnificent\\npasses of the Kockies.\\nMr. John O Shea, who has made a careful studv of\\nthe subject, in his Discovery and Explorations of\\nthe Mississippi, says: In this long wandering he\\n(De Vaca) must have reached and crossed the Missis-\\nsippi, but we in vain examine his narrative for some-\\nthing to distinguish it from any other large river that\\nhe met. In fact, it is entirely through conjecture\\nthat De Vaca is given the benefit of a doubt. By\\nsome unexplained circumstance, he and his compan-\\nions may have entirely failed to cross the stream, and", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0040.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "S^^l^^^ri^^\\no\\nm\\no\\no\\nO\\nCO\\ntn\\nO\\nH\\nI\\nm\\no\\no\\nm\\n~i\\n(33)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0041.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "34 EAELY EXPLORERS.\\nagain, he may have been, as Mr. O Shea adds, the\\nfirst European who launched his boat upon its\\nwaters.^\\nUpon coming to a large stream, to the westward,\\nthe last in that lonely journey across the country,\\nDe Vaca and his companions met a party of Indians,\\nfrom whom they learned that white men had recently\\nbeen seen near there, both on the water and on horse-\\nback, and traces of their late passage were soon dis-\\ncovered. In a short time they were overtaken, and\\nfound to be a band of Spaniards from a Mexican colony.\\nThe meeting was a strange one, and the four wanderers\\nwere greeted as those returned from the dead.\\nClothed in the rough dress of the natives, which\\nlong association had thrust upon them; changed by\\ncontact with their peculiar life, and bronzed by expos-\\nure to wind and sun, their appearance produced a\\nsingular effect upon their countrymen, none the less\\nheightened by a mysterious air, which had been capri-\\nciously assumed. They had explored the wonders of\\na new land, and had visited unknown peoples what\\nwonder, then, that they should entertain their un-\\nquestioning friends with tales of adventure, the more\\nfascinating because the more highly colored? The\\nSpaniards, with their natural love of the marvelous,\\nlistened spellbound while De Vaca related the\\nexperiences which he and his fellow-travelers had\\npassed through, regarding them with mingled curios-\\nity and admiration. They were received with the\\ngreatest sympathy by the Spanish authorities in\\nMexico, and, having all their wants supplied, were\\nsoon enabled to return to their native land, where\\ntheir recitals awakened even deeper interest and\\nenthusiasm.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0042.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "CABEgA DE YACA. 35\\nEstevanico, the Moor, preferred to remain in Mex-\\nico, where he became the guide of Francisco Narco de\\nNizza, and ultimately perished at the hands of the\\nIndians, who suspected him of treachery, because\\nhe announced himself as the emissary of the white\\npeople.\\nDe Vaca reached Havana on the fourth of May,\\nremaining there a month to await the arrival of the\\ntwo other vessels, on which Castillo and Dorantes had\\ntaken passage; then, eager to return to Spain, and to\\nconfer with his Sovereign upon the things which he\\nhad seen, he sailed for Lisbon, which was reached on\\nthe fifteenth of August, 1537.\\nIt was De Vaca^s policy, upon his return, to be non-\\ncommittal, as he was anxious to privately inform the\\nKing of the resources of what he called the richest\\ncountry in the world, and to beg the privilege of\\nreturning to Florida in the service of his country;\\nbut Charles, with royal partiality, was listening to\\nthe requests of his more influential subjects, and\\nDe Vaca was obliged to content himself with the\\ntitle of Adelantado of the province of Eio de la\\nPlata, a commission requiring active duty and some\\ndanger.\\nWhile discharging the functions of this office, he\\nbecame involved in a quarrel with one of his country-\\nmen, whose jealousy he had excited, which ultimately\\nresulted in his arrest and dismissal. Eight years of\\nexile in Africa followed, which, to one long accus-\\ntomed to the privations of a strange country and\\npossessed of a strong love of adventure, must have\\nhad its compensations.\\nUpon his recall in 1552 he was given a judgeship\\nin Seville, where he died in 1564.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0043.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "36 EAKLY EXPLOKERS.\\nThe story of his life, from beginning to end, is a\\nromance, in which the scenes and people of primitive\\nAmerica are invested with the charm of history s\\ndistant twilight, into whose shadows many a stu-\\ndent has ventured in the cause of truth. Among\\nthese, several have become convinced, from their own\\nresearches, that the honor of the discovery of the Mis-\\nsissippi rightfully belongs to the brave lieutenant of\\nPanfilo Narvaez; and George Fairbanks, in his His-\\ntory of Florida, even pays him the tribute of saying\\nthat ^ujion some high blufE of that wondrous stream\\nshould be placed a monument to this European who\\nfirst visited its shores.\\nWhether or not future investigation will uncrown\\nthe old hero De Soto for one who may have unjustly\\nremained unrecognized is a question which only time\\ncan answer; but whoever the claimant, we are ready\\nto say: Honor to whom honor is due.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0044.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nHEENAN^DO I)E SOTO.\\nHE discovery of tlie Mississippi is\\nvery generally ascribed to Hernando\\nDe Soto, who, in his adventurous\\nmarcli in pursuit of gold and glory,\\nreached the Great Eiver in April,\\n1541, near the site of the present\\ncity of Natchez.\\nIn the opinion of most historians\\nno white man s eye had ever before beheld that flood\\nwhose banks are now inhabited by busy millions, and\\nin following the achievements of its discoverer, we\\nfind it filled with new interest. From the cold springs\\nthat rise in the northern wilderness, to the great torrent\\nthat mingles with the tropical Gulf three thousand\\nmiles below, the Spaniard who lies buried beneath its\\nwaters still claims an undying tribute. His ambitious\\nmarch westward, through treaclierous swamps and\\nover flower-dotted prairies, in pursuit of the fabled El\\nDorado; the desjierate encounters with Indians, who\\nat every turn tried to resist tlie advance of his steel-\\nclad band; the delays and disappointments, and the\\nultimate shattering of their castles in Spain, all\\nform a narrative romantic and fascinating as one of\\nthe enchantments of the Arabian Nights. Indeed,\\nwere it not that the contemporaneous accounts tally\\nso nearly, we of a later day would be inclined to\\n(37^", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0045.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "38 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\naccept the adventures of these helmeted cavaliers with\\nmuch less allowance.\\nSo closely is the life of De Soto identified with the\\nhistory of exploration in the Valley of the Mississippi,\\nand so brilliant a touch has his presence added to its\\nearly annals, that any sketch of the Great Kiver with-\\nout mention of him would lose its most attractive\\nfeature. He was born in the little walled town of\\nXeres, in the province of Estramadura, Southern\\nSpain, in the year 1500, just at the threshold of the\\nnew century, destined to be one of the brightest in\\nthe annals of the Old World, and one of the most\\nsignificant in the history of the New. The ancestral\\ncastle in which he first saw light, once the scene of\\nwealth and magnificence, had become, through re-\\npeated misfortunes to his family, only the dilapidated\\nabode of a haughty race, and Hernando found him-\\nself, like many another young Sjoaniard of his time,\\nthe heir of poverty and pride. His early surround-\\nings, and the enforced idleness which peculiar cir-\\ncumstances pressed upon him, no doubt greatly\\ninfluenced his after career. His father was unable to\\ngive him the advantages which were accessible to the\\nsons of richer noblemen, and custom forbade that the\\nfamily fortunes should be retrieved by work; so the\\nbright boy passed his childhood in comparative idle-\\nness, indulging at his will in the out-of-door sports,\\nfor which he had a great fondness, and visiting\\noccasionally the neighboring monasteries, where he\\nprobably received the religious bent that afterward\\nproved such a strong force in his character.\\nWhile a mere lad, De Soto came under the notice\\nof Don Pedro de Avila, Count of Piiiio en Eostro,\\nand this wealthy nobleman, impressed by the manly", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0046.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "HERN AKDO DE SOTO. 39\\nbearing of the boy, and his personal attractiveness, be-\\ncame liis patron, and offered him all the privileges of\\nan own son. He was sent to one of the leading Spanish\\nuniversities probably that of Saragossa where his\\nskill in fencing and horsemanship was perfected, and\\nwhere he received the further training that fitted him\\nfor subsequent events. He was prominent at the\\ntournaments, and always excited the envy of com-\\npetitive cavaliers in these exhibitions of martial\\nprowess.\\nIn the intervals between the university terms, Don\\nPedro s protege found a welcome in his foster-father s\\nhome, where he became a great favorite; and so sure\\nwasHhe confidence which his friend reposed in him,\\nthat when the former was appointed Governor of\\nDarien, he asked De Soto to remain with his family\\nin the castle near Badajoz. Here, during Don Pedro s\\nabsence, De Soto formed a strong attachment for the\\nGovernor s second daughter, Isabella, a beautiful girl\\nof sixteen, who, in accordance with the custom of\\nher country and station, had already been presented\\nat court and received many flattering attentions.\\nYet, notwithstanding the attractions of her more\\neligible suitors. Donna Isabella showed a partial pref-\\nerence for her poor cavalier, and in time the mutual\\nsentiment was sealed by a betrothal. The two were\\nconstantly thrown together, and being congenial in\\ntastes passed many happy days in their common home.\\nAt this time young De Soto possessed all the charms\\nof mind and person that would win for him the\\nadmiration of his associates. He was tall and erect,\\nwith the perfect grace that is acquired by familiarity\\nwith athletic exercise; his features were handsome,\\nand suited his well-poised head; his bearing was", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0047.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "V^WS^T-^.\\nu^^r-^^^rwszr^\\nHERNANDO DE SOTO.\\n(40)\\n3sd", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0048.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "HERNAKDO DE SOTO. 41\\ndignified, and his character without reproach. It\\ncan not be wondered at, therefore, that two such\\nattractive beings should have been drawn together,\\nor that they should have become an example of love\\nand devotion for centuries afterward.\\nUpon the return of Don Pedro from Darien five\\nyears later, to arrange his private affairs preparatory\\nto a more prolonged sojourn in the New World, his\\ndaughter s betrothal was made known to him. At\\nfirst he was disposed to ridicule the affair; but\\nupon being persuaded by Isabella s governess that the\\ngirl returned the affection, and that she had declared,\\nif her wish were opposed, she would enter a convent,\\nthe matter became more serious, and finally took such\\nan offensive aspect that the count was beside himself\\nwith vexation. He was the more disturbed from the\\nfact that a short time before Isabella had been sought\\nin marriage by one of the nobility a young man near\\nof kin to royalty itself; and that his daughter should\\nbe indifferent to the bright prospects of such an\\nalliance, and prefer a dependent upon her father s\\nbounty, was more than the haughty noble could\\nendure. He began to treat his former favorite with\\ndislike and even contempt, and, while feigning indif-\\nference to the situation, formed a scheme for the\\nseparation of the objects of his displeasure, and tried\\nto prevent their further intercourse.\\nBeing possessed of an extremely sensitive nature,\\nDe Soto felt keenly the rebuke of his benefactor.\\nHe could boast of an ancestry as ancient and honor-\\nable as that of Don Pedro, and by the rules of Span-\\nish heraldry was entitled to adniission into the\\nnoble order of Santiago. He therefore resented the\\nmarked discourtesy shown him, and determined to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0049.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "42 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nbreak down the mock barrier which had been raised\\nagainst him, by becoming rich. Accordingly, when\\nDon Pedro, with every pretension of friendship,\\ninvited Hernando to accompany him upon his second\\nvoyage to the New World, with the promise of a\\ncaptaincy, and suggestions of the fabled wealth of\\nAmerica, the offer was gladly accepted. The young\\nman s parents were dead, and even had they not been,\\ntheir circumstances would hardly have been such as\\nto allow them to lend their soti any assistance; besides,\\nhe was without friends, and this opportunity seemed\\nto promise the fulfillment of his hopes.\\nAlthough every precaution had been taken to pre-\\nvent a final meeting of the lovers, the watchers were\\nevaded, and Hernando and Isabella met again to renew\\ntheir pledge and to say farewell. They talked long\\nand earnestly of the future, and parted with Isabella s\\nmemorable words, Hernando, remember that one\\ntreacherous friend is more dangerous than a thousand\\navowed enemies. Soon after this interview Don\\nPedro and his followers embarked at San Lucar, and\\nsailed toward the yet unexplored and attractive con-\\ntinent which had burst upon the vision of Columbus\\nbut a short time before, and which had already begun\\nto dazzle the eye of Europe with its magnificent pos-\\nsibilities.\\nIn the course of this voyage the wily Governor\\ndoubtless perfected his plans for the ruin of his\\nunsuspecting protege, whom he had determined to\\nsubject to such trying circumstances that he would\\nbe powerless to oppose them. With the cleverness of\\nthe arch fiend himself, he arranged perilous expedi-\\ntions, in which De Soto s life would be more or less\\nexposed, and, presupposing that the young captain", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0050.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "IIEllN-A:N-t)0 DE SOTO. 43\\nwould be gratified by the confidence thus placed in\\nhim^ congratulated himself upon the outcome.\\nUpon their arrival at Darien, De Soto was given\\ncommand of a troop of horse, and with tliese steel-\\nclad followers began the brilliant career which has\\nfilled many a page of early history with valiant deeds,\\nand touched them with the fascinating color of\\nromance. The field for daring adventure was most\\nprolific, and wherever the cavalry led, there could be\\nseen the white plume of De Soto. His contempo-\\nraries, however, have not charged him with any of\\nthe disgusting crimes of which his brother officers\\nwere guilty, and which were often done in obedience\\nto Don Pedro s command. Upon one occasion he\\nrefused to obey a distasteful order and sent the Gov-\\nernor his decided disapproval. This involved him in\\na duel with one of his most desperate companions,\\nwho was sent to him with the message, and whom\\nDe Soto took occasion to visit with his scorn; but his\\nold-time training and unerring arm gave him the\\nadvantage in the encounter, and he escaped unhurt.\\nA similar instance of his moral courage occurred\\nduring Pizarro s raid upon the territories of the\\nIndian Uracca in 1521.\\nThat outraged monarch, having suffered beyond\\nendurance from the unprovoked attacks of the Span-\\niards, at last made preparation to resist them. He\\ngathered about him a force of some twenty thousand\\nwarriors, armed with their deadly arrows and wooden\\nswords, and these, under his leadership, started\\ntoward the camp of the enemy. Don Pedro, learn-\\ning of the intended attack, made plans to circumvent\\nthe Indians, who were much stronger in numbers,\\nand sending a party under Espinosa by sea, along the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0051.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "44 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nwestern coast of Uracca s dominions, and another by\\nland under Pizarro, attempted to rout the opposing\\nforces by a surprise. De Soto and his troo]) joined\\nPizarro s division. Uracca, with a thousand men,\\nperceiving the approach of Espinosa from the coast,\\nwent bravely to the attack, and succeeded in com-\\npletely demoralizing the Spanish soldiery; but De\\nSoto, having heard the noise of battle from a distance,\\nleft his position and hurried with all dispatch to the\\naid of his distressed countrymen, thus turning the\\nfortunes of the day.\\nThe approach to the scene of conflict was through\\nan almost impassable part of the country, cut up by\\nhuge rocks and seamed with chasms, and over this\\ndifflcult way the dauntless captain led his hesitating\\nfollowers by his own example and by the electrifying\\nwar-cry, Saint lago to the rescue!\\nThe charge of this unexpected force, and above all\\nthe sight of the unfamiliar horses, whose riders were\\nproof against the showers of arrows sent into theii*\\nmidst, struck terror into their hearts and caused\\nthem to retreat to the hills in consternation; but\\nhaving regained their courage there, they began such\\na vigorous onslaught upon the Spaniards in the\\nvalley below, that those warriors quickly retreated to\\ntheir ships to avoid the hail of poisoned darts. See-\\ning this action on the part of their recent conquerors,\\nthe Indians ran down from their shelter and renewed\\nthe attack. In a moment the quick eye of De Soto\\nsaw their movement, and, knowing tlieir fear of\\nhorses, ordered his men to face about. This\\nfrightened the pursuers, who were now willing to\\nwatch the Spaniards from a safe distance. At this\\npoint Pizarro and Espinosa met to discuss the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0052.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "HERKANDO DE SOTO. 45\\nsituation, and decided ujion retreat. De Soto could\\nnot endure such cowardice. He knew that although\\nthe numbers of the Spaniards were considerably less\\nthan those of the enemy, the latter could never cope\\nwith the trained soldiers arrayed against them, and h^\\nfelt besides, a certain responsibility for his country s\\nglory. He therefore looked upon the cowardly action\\nof his su2: erior officers with ill-concealed disgust, and\\navailed himself of the first opportunity to display his\\nsentiment. This occurred but a short time after-\\nward when, having abandoned the field, the Spanish\\nforces fell upon a small village farther up the coast\\nand began their murderous work.\\nThe men of the village were away, and the pillagers,\\ntaking advantage of their absence, undertook to make\\nprisoners of the women and children. This again\\nexcited the indignation of De Soto, who informed\\nEspinosa that if his severe measures were not sus-\\npended, and the captives released, he would withdraw\\nhis men and leave him to his fate. Espinosa under-\\nstood the strength of this threat, and considering the\\nconsequences, sullenly consented.\\nAfter this affair, De Soto went to Darien with mes-\\nsages to the Governor, and upon his return found the\\nforce at Borrica hemmed in by Uracca s men. By a\\nfew masterly sallies he succeeded in dispersing the\\nbesiegers, and while engaged in this way was able to\\nsave the life of one Micer Codro, who afterward\\nreturned the kindness by risking his life for him.\\nCodro was an Italian scientist and astrologer, who had\\nbeen exiled from his native country under the convic-\\ntion of being a magician, and had come to America\\nwhen Don Pedro s predecessor, Vasco ISTufiez de Bal-\\nboa, was Governor. Under this mild administration", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0053.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "46 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nthe student had pursued his favorite studies unmo-\\nlested, and had won the friendship of the natives,\\nbut in the excitement of the encounter with their\\nnew foes they mistook him for an enemy, and would\\nhave killed him had not De Soto interposed. Although\\nhe showed very little gratitude at the time, being, as he\\nafterward expressed it, too much his debtor to make a\\nsufficient acknowledgment, he later performed a kind-\\nness which few men would have dared to undertake.\\nWhen De Aviki wished to send messages to Spain,\\nand was deliberating as to whom he might intrust\\nwith the valuable papers, knowing too well that none\\nof his favorites was reliable, he fixed upon the sim-\\nple-minded Italian.\\nUpon leaving Spain, Don Pedro had taken every\\nprecaution to prevent any correspondence between\\nDe Soto and his daughter. All letters were inter-\\ncepted, and a violation of his commands was j^unisha-\\nble by death; but Codro was willing to risk the\\npenalty that he might in a small way return the\\nobligation to his friend. For five years no communi-\\ncation had passed between the lovers, and now that\\nan opportunity offered, De Soto feared to involve the\\nbearer of his message. However, he was persuaded\\nto accept the favor, and intrusted Micer Codro with\\na letter to his ladv-love, for whom he still entertained\\nfeelings of the tenderest affection. The Italian gladly\\ndelivered the message to Donna Isabella, receiving her\\nwarmest gratitude in return, and offered to carry\\nher answering letter; but unfortunately for those\\nconcerned, the incautious man stated, upon his arrival\\nat Badajoz, that he had a packet for Don Pedro^s\\ndaughter, which aroused the suspicion of the vigilant\\ninmates of the castle.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0054.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "HERJ^ANDO DE SOTO. 47\\nThe same ship that carried Codro back to Darien,\\nbore communications to Don Pedro convicting the\\nbearer of his letters, and virtually sealing his fate.\\nWithin a few days after his return he was sent upon\\na supposed mineralogical survey to the gulf of San\\nMiguel and was never seen again. His fate was even\\nunknown until after the disgraceful expedition to\\nNicaragua, when De Soto came by chance upon the\\ncaptain and his crew whom Don Pedro had com-\\nmissioned to murder Codro. These wretches were\\nboasting of the way in which they had tortured their\\nvictim, and were laughing at his death agonies, when\\nDe ^oto, overhearing the remarks, and burning with\\nrevenge, rushed upon the leader and dispatched him\\nwith his sword. Then, turning to the crew, who\\nwere long accustomed to such violent- sights, and\\nwho were more than half inclined to sympathize with\\nthe avenger, he made such a bitter charge against\\nthem that they were glad to escape without punish-\\nment. When Codro was expiring, he had declared\\nthat his tormentor would soon follow him, and it was\\nwhen the murderer was laughing at the possibility,\\nthat De Soto came forward and fulfilled the prophecy.\\nSome time before this De Soto had been sent by\\nthe Governor to Nicaragua in search of a passage,\\nwhich was supposed to exist, connecting the two\\noceans. After having explored seven hundred miles\\nof sea coast in a fruitless search for the imaginary\\nstrait, the expedition returned; but not without some\\nrecompense, for the rich country through which they\\nhad passed had yielded them a magnificent bounty.\\nDe Soto was beginning to realize his ambition. He\\nhad always maintained an independent attitude toward\\nthe Governor, but now that he had acquired a small", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0055.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "48 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nfortune he could better afford to show his indiffer-\\nence. He was first to acquaint Don Pedro with the\\nfact that his successor, whom the King of Spain had\\nsent, was ah^eady on the way to Darien. This in-\\nduced the guilty official to seek refuge in Nica-\\nragua, for he hardly exj)ected to be treated with\\nmore clemency than he himself had shown toward\\nhis predecessor, and, once in the neighboring terri-\\ntory, he could put an end to Cordova, for whom he\\nentertained the strongest hatred and envy. He there-\\nfore went to Leon, and, under pretense of good will,\\nsent messengers to acquaint that official of his coming.\\nHe Avas welcomed in the public square, where he\\ndrew up his soldiers in such order as to presage\\ntreachery to his kindly host; but this honest-hearted-\\nruler had no fear of the man from whom he had\\nreceived his authority. Now that his superior had\\narrived, he proceeded to extend the courtesies of\\nhosjntality, and to give an account of his own\\nadministration. He had not gone far in his recital\\nwhen Don Pedro, according to a pre-arranged plan,\\nordered his headsman, who was standing in readiness,\\nto put an end to the unsuspecting Cordova, whose\\nhead an instant later was rolling in the dust.\\nDe Soto, who, with his men, had taken a position\\non the side of the square opposite to Don Pedro and\\nhis guards, now spurred to desperation at sight of his\\nfriend^s murder, dashed with drawn sword upon Don\\nPedro and would have dispatched him, had he not,\\nby a sudden self-mastery, forborne for the sake of\\nIsabella, and, without a sign of resistance from the\\nsoldiers, returned to his place. An instant later, Don\\nPedro, having recovered from his momentary conster-\\nnation, called out: Hernando De Soto you are", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0056.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "HERKANDO DE SOTO. 49\\nordered to dismount and submit yourself to the pun-\\nishment you have just seen inflicted upon your trait-\\norous comrade. Soldiers, drag him from his horse\\nif he refuses to obey.\\nFor a time the men held back, but one of them at\\nlast stepped forward in obedience to the order. With\\na powerful sweep of his sabre De Soto cleaved his\\nhelmet in twain, and Don Pedro, seeing that to insist\\nwould be dangerous, since he was not supported,\\nallowed the matter to pass.\\nBy a complication of circumstances the King s em-\\nissary never landed at Darien, and reassured, Don\\nPedro again assumed the authority which he had not\\nreally given up. Pizarro was now projecting an\\nunprovoked raid upon Peru in quest of gold and\\nglory, and was calling upon the Governor for rein-\\nforcements. He desired especially the cooperation of\\nDe Soto, who, he knew, would be a strong ally. The\\nproposition was submitted to De Soto, who unac-\\ncountably accepted it, greatly to the satisfaction of\\nDon Pedro and Pizarro, but unfortunately for his\\nown good name. It might be said in defense of this\\ncourse, however, that continued disappointments had\\ndriven the Spaniard almost to desperation, and, uncer-\\ntain of the future, he recklessly joined his fortunes\\nwith the murderous adventurer in the hope that he\\nmight be able to acquire the wealth and renown\\nwhich was his ultimate and absorbing aim.\\n4", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0057.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nDE SOTO WITH PIZARRO.\\nLEAVING Darieii, we turn to a new chap-\\nter in the career of De Soto his con-\\nnection with Francisco Pizarro in the\\nconquest of PerU;, which forms the most\\nromantic, if not the most noteworthy,\\nperiod of his stirring and adventurous\\nlife.\\nIt is possible that reference to the expedition of\\nPizarro may not seem entirely consistent with one of\\nthe chief purposes of this volume, which is to pre-\\nsent De Soto as the discoverer of the Mississippi\\nRiver; still, the narrative of his heroic deeds would\\nbe incomplete without alluding briefly, at least, to\\nthat dark page in his history, which, were it possi-\\nble, I would gladly strike from his soldier escutch-\\neon.\\nIt is not strange that the invasion and conquest of\\none of the richest countries of South America should\\nhave presented some attractions to this lover of\\nadventure, nor that when Pizarro found himself con-\\nfronted by overwhelming numbers in the mountain\\nfastnesses of Peru, he shoukl have remembered the\\ngallant and chivalrous De Soto, who had given ample\\nproof of his soldierly qualities. When, therefore, he\\nnrged the Governor to send his captain forward,\\nholding out to that officer, meanwhile, the promise of\\nsecond in command in the coming expedition, he\\n(50)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0058.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO WITH PIZAERO. 51\\nknew that the inducement would hardly fail. In\\nconfirmation of his prediction, De Soto started south-\\nward, soon afterward, with two ships and a small but\\nstrong force, in the direction of the Island of Puna,\\na strip of land separated from the mainland by a\\nnarrow channel, where Pizarro had been in possession\\nfor a short time. Upon his arrival there, De Soto\\nfound to his surprise that the promise of the lieuten-\\nancy was only a ruse which had been resorted to in\\norder to secure his services, as that position was\\nalready filled by Pizarro^s elder brother, Hernando.\\nThe honor only rested nominally upon the latter,\\nhowever, for from the moment that De Soto entered\\ncamp he was accorded the honors due to his deserved\\nrank, and the general sentiment was never opposed\\nby Pizarro, who, in his abject nature, did not dare to\\nshow any resentment toward a man so vastly his supe-\\nrior, and upon whose cooperation he must com-\\npletely rely.\\nDuring his short stay within the territory of the\\nPeruvian monarch, ostensibly to convert its people to\\nChristianity, all manner of outrages had been com-\\nmitted by Pizarro and his confederates, and reports\\nof his crimes had reached the mainland before the\\ncoming of De Soto. It was therefore the policy of\\nthe commander-in-chief to remain in the background,\\nwhile his lieutenant, with a small following, went to\\nreconnoitre the country and to see what manner of\\npeople they would have to encounter. As the rafts\\nbearing the steel-clad warriors were slowly pushed\\nashore, the natives, naturally alarmed at the unusual\\nsight, and determined to put an end to the invaders\\nwho were bringing destruction to their homes, at-\\ntempted to make some resistance; but the invincible", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0059.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "52 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nSpaniards soon gained the advantage and began\\ntheir march toward Tumbez. Some time previously\\nPizarro had visited this town, and while craftily\\nholding in check his desire for plunder, in order that\\nhe might form some idea of its wealth, had inspired\\nthe hospitable citizens with confidence, and had been\\ngiven the freedom of a trusted friend; but the later\\nnews of his cruelties on the neighboring island had\\ngiven them an idea of his intentions, so that upon\\nhis second visit he found only abandoned and dis-\\nmantled houses.\\nThis was a disappointment to the conquerors,\\nbut they were not limited in their new field. With\\nan escort of sixty horsemen and twenty foot soldiers,\\nDe Soto was soon sent to explore the towns lying\\nfarther in the interior. The natural fearlessness of\\nthe man who, free from the guilty motives that actu-\\nated his commander, could penetrate the lonely and\\nunknown passes of this South American country\\nwithout forebodings, won for him the confidence and\\ngood-will of the peaceful Peruvians. It is not prob-\\nable that he believed he was violating any moral law\\nin pursuing this course, nor that he need expect any\\nresistance from the natives. The expedition was\\napproved by his Catholic Majesty, the King of\\nSpain, and any gold of which he or his companions\\nmight come into possession was to be obtained by\\nlegitimate means, for he especially enjoined his men\\nnot to commit any violence. In fact, everything\\ntended to give his advance into the territories of the\\nInca the appearance of a peaceful embassy. The\\ngleam of shield and sword, the grace of richly capari-\\nsoned steeds, the proud bearing of the helmeted cava-\\nliers, and the waving of silken banners contributed", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0060.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO WITH PIZARRO. 53\\nto make the passing of the glittering cavalcade a\\nnovel and awe-inspiring spectacle; while the lovely\\nscenery of Pern, although lately marked by the\\ndemolition of civil war^, in turn won the admiration\\nof the Spaniards.\\nIn slowly pursuing their course through the narrow\\ndefiles and along the fertile valleys, De Soto and his\\nfollowers came upon the great highway leading to\\nthe capital of the empire, which extended for fifteen\\nhundred miles across the varied passes of the Andes.\\nThis stupendous evidence of engineering skill, ac-\\ncomplished by a comparatively obscure people,\\nintimated to the Spaniards the possible strength of\\na nation which they had come to molest, and which,\\nhad their ultimate aims been known, could have\\ncrushed them at a single blow. Like the native\\nhouses, this road had been constructed of great\\nblocks of stone, so dexterously fitted together as to\\nmake it appear one solid mass of masonry. Continu-\\ning their way upon this magnificent thoroughfare,\\nthe adventurers found themselves nearing the head-\\nquarters of the Peruvian camp, which was located\\nabout three miles from the town of Caxamarca. At\\nGuoncabama they were met by the Inca s envoy,\\nbearing gifts and friendly greetings to Pizarro, and\\nwere asked to return with him to their chief.\\nWith some hesitation, De Soto consented, retrac-\\ning his course to San Miguel, the town which\\nPizarro was founding, some ninety miles south of\\nTumbez.\\nIt is said that the superstitious Pizarro, while\\nengaged in a close battle with the Indians a short\\ntime before, had seen spirits hovering in the air above\\nthe contesting ranks; those on his side apparently led", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0061.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "54 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nby one resembling Saint Michael, wliile those of the\\nenemy represented the forces of the Dark Angel.\\nIn the heat of the encounter. Saint Michael and\\nhis host were seen to meet and overcome the oppos-\\ning ranks, which Pizarro took as a sign of his own\\ntrinmph. With renewed vigor the battle was con-\\ntinued, the Spaniard vowing, if his men conquered,\\nhe would do something in honor of the friendly\\nsaint. The result was the building of a town which\\nwas to become the center of a large colony, and\\nwhose patron was to be San Miguel.\\nHaving entered its walls, the Inca^s envoy, with\\nall the ceremony of an ostentatious court, delivered\\nthe greetings and gifts of his Sovereign to the Spanish\\ngeneral; but Pizarro, notwithstanding these tokens\\nof amity, suspected Attahuallapa of treachery, and\\nfeared to be drawn into some snare.\\nDe Soto s report of the magnificence of the larger\\ntowns through which he had passed, and the friend-\\nliness of the people, in a measure reassured him, and\\nmore effectually aroused his craving for plunder, for\\nduring De Soto s absence he had. conceived a design\\nto seize the Inca in his own stronghold, and to assume\\ncontrol of the rich dominions which would thus fall\\ninto his victorious hand. These designs had not been\\nmade known to De Soto, who, he knew, would have\\nrejected them. It was therefore innocently that\\nhis lieutenant conducted him to the presence of the\\nPeruvian ruler, and in the name of the King of Spain\\nbesonght an interview.\\nThe first meeting of the Inca and De Soto was a\\nnoble sight, and one which the historian has delighted\\nto describe. On the wide plain beyond Caxamarca\\nstretched the tents of the Indian army a force", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0062.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "m\\nz\\no\\nm\\no\\nm\\nz\\nQ\\no\\nm\\no\\nr\\n(55;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0063.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "56 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nnumbered by thousands with the gorgeous pavilion\\nof the Inca in their midst; and here, sheltered by\\nhis protecting legions, the Indian ruler awaited the\\napproach of the Spaniard. When within a few\\npaces of the Inca, partly out of respect to the dignity\\nof his presence, and partly to lessen the fears of the\\nattendants, who were unable to emulate the proud\\nindifference of their King at siglit of the spirited\\nwhite horse which the stranger rode, that gallant\\ncavalier dismounted, and advanced to offer his salu-\\ntations.\\nIn reply to his request that Pizarro be granted an\\naudience, the Inca appointed the next day, and, as\\nDe Soto noticed during their conversation that\\nAttahuallapa betrayed some interest in the restless\\nmovements of the horse, which had been left in\\ncharge of an attendant, he mounted and performed\\nseveral equestrian feats, greatly to the astonish-\\nment and terror of the awed retainers. This over,\\nDe Soto retired, bearing the royal message to Pizarro.\\nIt was not until late in the afternoon of November\\nsixteenth, 1532, that the Inca, with his splendid\\ncortege, approached the public square of Caxamarca,\\nthe place which had been agreed upon for the\\nmeeting. Already the body of armed warriors,\\ndrawn up in imposing array, awaited his coming:\\nAttaiiuallapa, dressed in the gorgeous robes of nis\\noffice, his handsome head bound in the variegated\\nturban from which hung the scarlet tassel, the insignia\\nof his rank, his pensive features standing out in\\nstriking contrast against the glittering palanquin,\\npresented an impressive and suggestive spectacle to\\nthe Spaniards.\\nFriar Vincent, Pizarro s spiritual adviser, and the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0064.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO TVITH PIZARRO. 57\\nchief among the missionary band, so-called, now\\nadvanced toward the King with upheld crucifix, and\\nin the language of his priestly office exhorted him to\\nembrace the Catholic faith, presenting some of its\\ndoctrines, and saying tliat it was for this that his\\ncountrymen had entered the Peruvian territories.\\nThe abruptness and strangeness of the address\\nsomewhat surprised Attahiudlapa, who, with becom-\\ning firmness, refused to relinquish the religion of his\\nfatliers, and awaited the further pleasure of his\\ninexplicable guests. Friar Vincent immediately re-\\nported his non-success to Pizarro, and, incensed at\\nthe proud bearing of the Peruvian, encouraged his\\nmaster to set upon the obstinate unbelievers. The\\ntime for action had come. If the opportunity were\\nlost, the Spaniards might be surrounded and an-\\nnihilated, for their leader well knew that his out-\\nrages would, sooner or later, raise rebellion. In a\\nmoment the squai c was a battle-ground, the Peruvian\\nretainers, filled with consternation, and defenseless,\\nwere being hewn down, or attempting to escape the\\nmassacre; the bearers of the royal palanquin were\\ngiving way before the deadly swords of their assailants,\\nand the Inca was at the mercy of Pizarro and his\\nmen. A body of desperate Indians had burst through\\nthe stone inclosure of the square and were fleeing\\ntoward the distant tents, hotly pursued by a body of\\nhorsemen; but their object gained, the troops were\\nrecalled and the carnage stopped.\\nWhat part De Soto took in this perfidious affair\\nhas not been recorded. With the friendly feeling he\\nentertained for Attahuallapa, it is not probable that he\\nwould enter into any conspiracy against him, or that\\nhe would countenance such a breach of military honor.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0065.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "58 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nIf he was a witness of the scene, and made no attempt\\nto prevent it, this is the darkest accusation that can be\\nbrought against him, but his subsequent kindness to\\nthe outraged monarch would seem to deny even this.\\nDuring the dark days that followed, De Soto made\\nfrequent visits to the captive, and Attahuallapa, rec-\\nognizing his superior qualities and sense of honor,\\nsoon gave him his confidence. Through De Soto the\\nagreement was drawn up by which the Inca was to be\\nrcloased upon the payment of the fabulous sum which,\\nin his desperation, he had offered. This ransom,\\nconsisting of two rooms closely filled with gold and\\nsilver ornaments, taken from temple and home, was\\ngladly given by the faithful Peruvians for the return\\nof their Sovereign, whom they reverenced almost to\\nidolatry; but even this did not satisfy Pizarro. He\\nfeared to release Attaliuallapa, as he might, when\\nreturned to his people, excite their sense of injustice.\\nHe therefore notified his officers of his intentions\\nupon the Inca s life, which he had long determined\\nto take, giving as his reason the involved position of\\nthe Spanish troops, and hinting that the Peruvians\\nwere already preparing for an attack.\\nDe Soto, who felt that his honor, as well as that of\\nPizarro, was at stake, had been continually urgi)ig\\nAttahuallapa^s release, and refused to believe the\\nreport of an uprising; but Pizarro, with his usual cun-\\nning, suggested that his incredulous lieutenant take\\na body of horse and reconnoitre that part of the coun-\\ntry supposed to be the gathering place of the enemy ^s\\nforces. This De Soto undertook without delay, hop-\\ning the sooner to set the prisoner at liberty; while\\nPizarro, relieved of his presence, prepared to carry\\nout his terrible purpose.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0066.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO WITH PIZAERO. 59\\nThe Inca once out of the way, the Peruvians would\\nbe thrown into a state of confusion, thus making the\\nseizure of the capital easy, and safety assured for\\nthe Christian missionaries/^\\nWhen Attahuallapa was informed of his fate, he\\nseemed overcome by its cruelty, and called excitedly\\nfor his friend De Soto, who he hoped might mitigate\\nthe sentence; but Pizarro mockingly informed him\\nthat Dc Soto was far away and powerless to lend\\nhim any assistance. Although he had received very\\nlittle encouragement, he confidently believed that\\nPizarro would keep his promise and treat him honor-\\nably. The sudden crushing of his hopes was there-\\nfore doubly cruel.\\nThe execution was arranged to take place at night-\\nfall, and the soldiers, bearing torches, were called\\ntogether at a given signal from their leader. The\\nInca, his wretched captivity about to end, was once\\nmore led out under the open sky, shackled hand\\nand foot, and bound to the stake. Friar Vincent\\napproached and again exhorted him to embrace the\\nfaith of Rome, with the promise that the manner of\\nhis death would be mitigated by the act; but to this\\nhypocritical appeal Attahuallapa refused to listen,\\naccepting his fate with courageous firmness.\\nDe Soto, soon returning from his fruitless expedi-\\ntion, found the Inca dead and the Spaniards plan-\\nning to take possession of his dominions. His grief\\nand anger knew no bounds. Going to Pizarro s tent,\\nhe bitterly accused him of the murder and threatened\\nto report the crime to the King of Spain; then\\nthrowing down his glove in the presence of those who\\nhad heard his accusation, he challenged them to deny\\nthe guilt of their chief. Receiving no response, he", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0067.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "60 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nturned and left the tent, with mingled feelings of\\nhatred and remorse. The fact that he should have\\njoined them afterward in their march toward Cuzco\\nseems strangely inconsistent; but to abandon his\\ncountrymen in their hour of peril would have appeared\\ncowardly, and Hernando De Soto was not the one to\\nretreat.\\nThe advance upon the capital brought ruin and\\ndesolation to the villages along the route, for wiiile\\nDe Soto, with his stout-hearted band, was hurrying\\nforward, sparing always private property, while occa-\\nsionally plundering the temj^les and shrines, Pizarro,\\nwith his freebooters, was pillaging and plundering in\\nevery direction. In this way the road, was cleared,\\nand the attacks of the natives repulsed by the swords of\\nDe Soto^s men, while Pizarro reaped the benefits. In\\nthe meantime, Tapaxpa, the grief-stricken son of\\nAttahuallapa, had been seized and declared his\\nfather s successor, that Pizarro might still hold the\\nInca in his power. Another captive was one of\\nthe most influential of the nobilitv, a man trusted\\nand loved by the Peruvians, whom Pizarro guarded and\\ndeclared to be held as a hostage, threatening to put\\nhim to death at the first sign of rebellion from the\\npeople. This unfortunate victim, upon a slight out-\\nbreak during the march toward Cuzco, was notified\\nthat his end was near, and was tendered the consola-\\ntions of the church; but this offer presented no attrac-\\ntions to one who had suffered such injustice at the\\nhands of its fanatical devotees, and he told them that\\nhe did not understand their religion, and all he had\\nseen of it had not impressed him favorably.\\nWhen within a short distance of the capital, De\\nSoto s troop was assailed by a desperate band of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0068.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "DE SOTO WITH PIZARRO. 61\\nPeruvians, who had taken a position on high ground\\nabove the pass through which the Spaniards were\\nmoving, and who determined to make a last effort to\\ndestroy their enemies. Stones were hurled from the\\noverhanging cliffs, and showers of arrows sent clash-\\ning down upon the steel armor of horse and rider,\\nbut De Soto quickly dashed up the steep defile, and,\\nonce on the level plain, routed the enemy. The\\nnews of defeat was soon spread, and, having lost all\\nhope, the Peruvians hurried to the city and apj)lied\\nthe torch to every wall. As the conquering army\\napproached, they sa\\\\^ its palaces and temples in\\nflames and its inhabitants vanished. Hurrying\\nhither and thither, they attempted to rescue part of\\nthe gold and silver which had not been carried away,\\nbut the conflagration was too great, and the splendid\\ntreasures of the Inca were lost in the ruins.\\nThe conquest of Peru accomplished, and his desire\\nfor gold thoroughly satisfied, De Soto now turned\\nwith renewed craving to the peaceful confines of\\nSpain, and to the long-delayed meeting with Donna\\nIsabella. He, therefore, prepared to return, that he\\nmight claim the hand of his lady-love, and share with\\nher his splendid fortune. A good share of Attahual-\\nlapa s ransom had fallen to him, and he had accepted\\nit rather than allow it to go into the hands of Pizarro.\\nWhile following the fortunes of his associates in Peru,\\nhe seems to have attempted in a degree the moderation\\nof their terrible deeds, and the upholding of his coun-\\ntry s honor. That he did not do so more effectually\\nis the one great reproach which humanity raises\\nagainst him; the one great blemish upon an other-\\n,wise admirable and chivalrous career.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0069.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nDISCOVEEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nWO years of luxury and inactivity in Spain\\nafter the hardships of the Peruvian ex-\\npedition, had satisfied the restless spirit\\nof De Soto, and quite exhausted the\\nwealth which he had accumulated.\\nUnsparingly the golden treasure of\\nthe Inca had been given in exchange for\\nthe extravagances which attracted the wealthier\\ngrandees, and the envied cavalier again found it neces-\\nsary to seek his fortune beyond the sea. While he was\\nstill in South America with Pizarro, Don Pedro had\\ndied, leaving the greater share of his wealth for the\\nerection of a convent, over which his elder daughter\\nwas appointed abbess, and disinheriting his former\\nfavorite on account of her faithful attachment to Don\\nHernando, for whom, to the last, he entertained the\\nstrongest dislike. Isabella was therefore unable to\\nfollow her generous impulses and avoid another\\nseparation.\\nAt this time all Europe was stirred by the tales of\\nCabega de Vaca, one of the adventurers who had\\nescaped the fate of his companions under Narvaez in\\nFlorida, and who suggested to his credulous country-\\nmen untold regions of gold in the chimerical El\\nDorado. His words had magical effect. Immedi-\\nately the rich fields of North America were the\\n(62)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0070.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 63\\nengrossing topic, the cynosure of ambitions fortune-\\nseekers. Very naturally, De Soto came into promi-\\nnence, and was soon known to be contemplating an\\nexpedition thither. He believed that he would find\\nan easier road to fortune in the land which De Vaca\\nhad described than in the mountains of Peru, and\\nhe accordingly appealed to King Charles V., offering\\nto meet all expenses and to reserve a fifth of the\\ntreasure for the crown if His Majesty would sanction\\nthe undertaking.\\nWith admirable generosity, Charles gave his con-\\nsent, offering his zealous subject the governorship of\\nCuba, with other high-sounding dignities, and grant-\\ning him an estate, with the title of Adelantado, in\\nFlorida. Enthusiastic knights from every direction\\nnow hastened to place themselves under the leader-\\nship of De Soto, and to make preparations for their\\nvoyage. The magnificence of the equipments was in\\naccordance with their inflated ideas, representing\\nvast sums of money, and appearing more suitable for\\na triumphal march through the reputed land of gold,\\nthan for the toilsome and dangerous campaigns which\\nwere actually to be endured.\\nThe passage of De Soto and his followers through\\nher streets, en route to the ships, formed probably\\nthe most brilliant pageant which the citizens of San\\nLucar had ever witnessed.\\nWith waving pennants, and decks glittering with\\nthe armor of nine hundred knights, the fleet moved\\nslowly out of port, taking a southerly course in the\\ndirection of the Canary Isles. Within two weeks\\nthey cast anchor at Gomera, sailing from thence to\\nSan lago de Cuba, which was reached toward the\\nlatter part of May. As the distance lessened between", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0071.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "64 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nthem and their El Dorado, the adventurers, impa-\\ntient of dehiy, urged the termination of the voyage;\\nand De Soto, equally eager, hastened forward to\\nHavana, where final arrangements were to be made.\\nTwo brigantines were sent out from here to discover\\nthe most practicable route for the expedition, and\\nupon their return knight and lady bade adieu; the\\ngreat band of explorers, now ten hundred strong,\\nwere animated with the hope of their future achieve-\\nments, while Isabella having been appointed regent\\nduring the Governor s absence, assumed the responsi-\\nbilities of the office with many sad forebodings.\\nSeven days later, on Whitsunday, 1539, the fleet\\nreached the quiet waters of Tampa Bay, which they\\nnamed Espirito Santo, in honor of the clay. Here\\nthey met the first opposition. On the high hills\\nalong the shore the beacons of the unknown natives\\nwere sending out a menacing signal, and De Soto,\\nwishing to avoid any unnecessary encounter, pru-\\ndently made a landing two leagues beyond. A mj^rch\\nof a few miles through the enchanted wilderness,\\ngorgeous in its luxuriant tangles of tropical vegeta-\\ntion, brought the Spaniards to an abandoned village,\\nthe home of the Indian chief Ucita, where the first\\nencampment was made. Here, instead of the rude\\ndwellings of the northern tribes, they found houses\\nof wood, some of them adorned with hangings of\\nfinely cured and handsomely colored skins, with floor\\nmats of the same soft texture; while the dwelling of\\nthe cacique, standing apart upon a little eminence,\\nbore traces of being more fancifully arranged than\\nthe rest.\\nAs soon as he had taken possession of this con-\\nvenient camp, De Soto sent messengers to Ucita", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0072.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 65\\nstating the peaceful object of his journey, and asking\\nfor his friendship; but the chief ignored these ad-\\nvances, and kept his whereabouts a secret.\\nUnfortunately for those who were to follow him,\\nNarvaez had thoroughly antagonized the natives\\nthrough whose territories he had passed, and had\\naroused in them a stubborn and bitter hatred. Wher-\\never he had gone he had given fresh cause for revenge,\\nand to the chief whose good-will De Soto was now\\nseeking, he had offered the most shocking atrocities.\\nIt was therefore useless to remain longer at this\\npoint, with the hope of receiving any information or\\nof obtaining guides. Troops were sent out in every\\ndirection to reconnoitre. One of these parties, upon\\nleaving camp, came upon a body of Indians, who,\\nfrightened at the appearance of the strangers, ran\\ninto the woods. One of their number, however,\\nremained in sight, and, advancing, made the sign of\\nthe cross, greatly to the astonishment of the Span-\\niards. When the mysterious figure reached them, they\\nlearned that he was Juan Ortiz, a survivor of the\\nNarvaez expedition, who had been captured by the\\nIndians, and, after suffering many persecutions at the\\nhands of his captors, had finally escaped and received\\nthe protection of a friendly chief.\\nAfter hearing the story of their countryman^s\\nadventures, and rejoicing in his recovery, the men\\nanxiously questioned him concerning the reputed\\ngold fields. But Ortiz, having been confined to the\\nlimits of a single tribe, was neither able to give them\\nany information nor to act as their guide. Upon\\nfinding no sign of the coveted treasure, and dis-\\ncouraged by the hardships which had already been\\nmet with, De Soto sent the ships back to Cuba, and", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0073.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "66 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nplanned a march toward the north. Hunger had\\nah eady begun to threaten the band, but, finding\\noccasional fields of maize, and here and there a fertile\\nstretch of country, the men bravely advanced under\\nthe leadership of their dauntless captain, baffling\\nnative treachery, and encountering the difficulties of\\nswamp and forest, where their lives were continually\\nin jeopardy.\\nStill led on by rumors of gold, De Soto and his\\nfollowers reached the domain of Vitachuco, the\\ncacique whose stratagem brought about one of the\\nmost picturesque episodes in the history of the\\nexpedition. This Indian, harboring a deadly revenge\\nagainst the Spaniards, notwithstanding the passive\\ntolerance of his brother chiefs, determined to annihi-\\nlate the invaders when he should have them in his\\npower. Under the guise of friendship he invited\\nthem to his village, and while showing them every\\nattention formed a plot for their destruction as ingen-\\nious as it was deadly.\\nOn an appointed day the Spaniards were to be\\ninvited to witness some maneuvers of Vitachuco s\\nwarriors, the Indian weapons to be concealed in the\\nlong grass, and at a given signal from the chief, the\\nconspirators were to seize the hidden arms and rush\\nupon their defenseless guests Vitachuco, with twelve\\nchosen braves, to single out the leader. De Soto,\\nhaving been warned by the faithful Ortiz, was pre-\\npared to meet the forces of the enemy on their own\\nground, and when the fatal day arrived accepted the\\ninvitation of the chief with evident pleasure. The\\nscene of conflict, as the old historians describe it, was\\na magnificent one. Out on the sunny plain stretched\\nthe long line of warriors drawn up in martial array.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0074.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "DISCOVEKY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 67\\ntheir treacherous weapons hidden in the long grass;\\nwhile opposite, De Soto, with his followers, was\\nwatching with intent gaze the dexterous movements\\nof the Indians, and waiting for the cacique s signal.\\nIn an instant the warning came. AVith the swiftness\\nof eagles the traitorous band closed upon the Span-\\niards; but finding, to their astonishment, that they\\nmust deal with a force as carefully armed and as\\nfully prepared as themselves, their onset was soon\\nrepulsed.\\nLeaving Vitachuco, the expedition moved on toward\\nthe north until the Great Morass was reached; thence\\nto the southwest toward Appalachee Bay, where the\\nboats from Cuba were met and sent westward in\\nsearch of a favorable port. The march was then\\ndirected toward the northeast, where there was a\\nregion abounding in pearls and gold, whose Sovereign\\nwas the gentle and amiable Queen called by the old\\nchroniclers the Ladie of the Countree. The Span-\\niards seem to have received every kindness at her\\nhands, and to have found a fabulous amount of pearls\\nof high value, and yet they kept the ^Madie as a\\nhostage, it is said, to insure the non-resistance of her\\npeople. Under some pretext, however, she effected\\nher escape, a gallant Spaniard disappearing at the\\nsame time, and upon this episode a Southern writer\\nhas woven his romantic tale of Andres Vasconselos.^^\\nStill deceived by the misrepresentations of their\\nguides, and by the finding of the pearls, the travelers\\npursued their ignis-fatuus through the fields of\\nSouth Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, whither it\\nled them many a weary march. Then turning south-\\nward they reached Mauvilla, from which the present\\ntown of Mobile probably derived its name. Here", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0075.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "68 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\ntheir slaves were captured and the pearls lost with\\nthem^ but De Soto^ determined to avenge the robbery,\\nmade a violent attack upon the place, setting fire to\\nthe houses in which his valuable treasures were con-\\nsumed. Here also the ships sent from Ap2:)alachee\\nwere heard from, but for various reasons De Soto did\\nnot wish to have their arrival known. He had hoped\\nto send back to Cuba glowing accounts of the country\\nand to make presents of pearls and gold, but both\\nthese plans had become im2)ossible. He feared, too,\\nif those who were with him once saAv the means of\\nabandoning the enterprise, they would leave him\\npowerless to advance, for with the disheartening\\nopposition which he had met during eighteen\\nmonths, the courageous spirit of De Soto was still\\nunwilling to acknowledge failure. Having, therefore,\\nplanned the course he would pursue, he held no com-\\nmunication with Maldonado, the captain of the\\nships, but turned resolutely away, determined to\\nsend no news of himself until he had found some\\nrich country.\\nAfter waiting many weeks for some sign of the\\nexpedition, Maldonado returned to Cuba, where the\\nGovernor and those who were with him were lamented\\nas dead.\\nIn the meanwhile, De Soto was taking a north-\\nwesterly course through the fields and forests of what\\nis now the flourishing State of Mississij^pi, and slowly\\napproaching that Great Stream with which his destiny\\nbecame so closely linked. As he advanced, the In-\\ndians became more hostile, contesting the way with\\narrow and tomahawk and harassing the encampment\\nat night. His m\u00c2\u00bbn, too, were discontented, having\\nseen hundreds of their companions perish from", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0076.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 69\\nexposure and violence, and having found no recom-\\npense for their wearisome marches. Yet under these\\nembarrassments the intrepid cavalier led them on,\\napparently stimulated by defeat and strengthened by\\ndifficulty.\\nAt last the shores of the Mississippi were reached,\\nit is conjectured, between the thirty-fifth and\\nthirty-sixth parallels of latitude, a few miles below\\nMemphis. What impression the river made upon\\nDe Soto and his companions as they came suddenly\\nupon it can only be imagined. It was then, as\\nit is now, a turbulent flood, whirling along on its\\nmuddy surface a mass of logs and driftwood from\\nthe forest banks above, where the white man was\\nunknown and the Indian was still monarch. Thev\\nhad found nothing in all their wanderings that\\nwould compare with it, no valley enriched by so dig-\\nnified a stream, so they named it Rio Grande.\\nFinding it thus unexpectedly, the Great River no\\ndoubt had its effect upon the minds of the explorers,\\nwho, notwithstanding repeated disa23pointments,\\ncould yet find something in the hidden regions of an\\nunknown country to stimulate their energies. In-\\nstead therefore of turning back when this new bar-\\nrier crossed their way, rafts were built and the entire\\ncompany carried to the other side. Parties were then\\nsent hither and thither to explore the country and to\\ninquire after the yellow metal, but the interpret-\\ners gave them the old response gold could be found\\nfarther on in the mountains to the west. Still\\ndeceived and suspected by the Indians, who only\\nwished to be rid of them, the Spaniards passed over\\nmiles of that great Western country which remained\\na wilderness long after their feet had penetrated its", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0077.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "70 EAELY EXPLORERS.\\nsolitudes; occasionally finding a friendly chief, or a\\nrich section, where the confident De Soto would lay\\nplans for the establishment of a powerful and wealthy\\ncolony. So amid repeated discouragements and\\nfruitless wanderings the expedition reached again the\\nFather of Waters, whence a few months before they\\nhad started forth reanimated.\\nDe Soto, the ever buoyant leader, teeming with\\nnew schemes and always ready to face difficulties,\\nnow began to give way to an irresistible despondency.\\nAll of his hopes were vanished, his health was under-\\nmined by continued hardship, and those about him\\nwere impatient to return to Cuba.\\nSeeing his further efforts unavailing, he decided\\nupon returning to the coast, and accordingly sent a\\nparty down the stream to make investigations; but\\nthey could get no information, and the canebrakes\\nand other obstructions met with in the tortuous\\ndescent deterred their progress.\\nA low fever began to waste his strength and he had\\nno power to resist it. So lay the Chevalier De Soto\\nupon his death-bed, broken in body and spirit, and un-\\nconscious of the great part he was to play in the history\\nof the river, within sight of whose shores he expired.\\nOn the twenty-first of May, 1542, he called those\\nwho remained of his brave band about him, to give\\nthem his last messages and to appoint his successor.\\nThere has been much conjecture regarding the\\ndeath of De Soto, some historians expressing a con-\\nviction of foul play, and bringing together circum-\\nstantial evidence to confirm it; but whether or not\\ntheir surmises were correct must ever remain a mys-\\ntery.\\nAfter dark on the day of his death, the burial rites", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0078.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "c\\no\\nD\\nm\\nen\\nO\\no\\nI\\n(71)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0079.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "72 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nwere performed iij^on the shore of the river, but,\\nfinding that Indians visited the spot the next day, mak-\\ning strange signs, they feared to leave the remains,\\nlest they should be disinterred and subjected to dis-\\nhonor. The cacique who had accompanied them on\\ntheir journey also asked where the white chief was,\\nand they, thinking, if his death were known, some\\nassault would be made, replied that he had gone to\\nHeaven to confer with the Great Spirit, and would\\nsoon return to lead them to the land of gold. At\\nmidnight, under pretense of going to fish, they\\nexhumed the body, and, cutting a place for it in the\\ntrunk of a live-oak, carried it out into the middle of\\nthe stream, and there in silence lowered it to its last\\nresting place.\\nWith no one of Don Hernando s force to stimulate\\nand encourage, the band was soon disorganized and\\nscattered in different directions; the greater number\\nstarting toward the Southwest in search of a Spanish\\ncolony said to have been founded upon the chores of\\nthe Gulf. With the energy of desperate men they\\nlaunched their small fleet of rudely constructed boats\\nonce more upon the open sea, sometimes overtaken by\\nstorms and driven ashore, sometimes iujured by rocks,\\nuntil at last they reached the flourishing little Mex-\\nican town of Panuco. Here they were received as\\nthose returned from the dead, and were soon given\\nan opportunity to reach their home and friends.\\nOthers tried to return to Cuba by another route, and\\neither miserably perished on the way or were never\\nheard from; so that of all the brilliant company\\nwhich sailed from Havana three vears before, onlv\\na remnant was left to tell the tale of suffering and\\ndisappointment.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0080.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 73\\nDe Soto, whose enterprise had been looked upon\\nas a magnificent venture, destined, perhaps, to change\\nthe financial condition of Spain, and to establish her\\njurisdiction in a new and rich country, was now con-\\nsidered as a man who had perished in a worthless\\ncaase; whose early triumphs were shadowed by fail-\\nure.\\nThe planting of the cross upon the banks of the\\ngreat North American River had not attained the sig-\\nnificance which later chroniclers ascribed to it, and\\ninvestigation had not yet been sufficiently thorough to\\nattach importance to the event. Time, however,\\nhas, in a measure, thrown light upon the page of\\nhistory, and has done justice to the Early Explorers,\\nnot least among whom is the brave knight and\\nChristian gentleman, Don Hernando De Soto, To\\nhim falls the honor of the discovery of the Missis-\\nsippi the noble Father of Waters.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0081.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nMARQUETTE AND JOLIET.\\nEFORE Columbus opened a new field for\\nexploration on the Western Continent,\\nEurope had been speculating upon a\\npossible route to Asia and the East\\nthrough untried channels. What lay\\nbeyond the great ocean, and whither\\nwould it lead the venturesome mariner,\\nwere questions already being asked by\\nthose progressive spirits, whose queries in all ages have\\ninspired the scientist and the explorer.\\nWhen, in the attempt to solve the important prob-\\nlem, the shores of a new country were accidentally\\ndiscovered, the excitement which this created for a\\ntime banished the original motive; but, as explora-\\ntion began in turn to be directed toward the unknown\\nregions of America, zealous adventurers hoped to find\\nthe fancied channel within its boundaries.\\nFrom the Canadian settlements along the Saint\\nLawrence those daring expeditions were first projected\\nwhich began the spread of the Gospel among the\\nsavage tribes of the West; and which, placing within\\nthe knowledge of men untraveled territories, added\\nnew glory to the name of France. This, too, in the\\nface of continual encounters with the treacherous\\nnatives, whose tomahawks had already dyed wood-\\nland and valley with the white man^s blood.\\nAs early as 1658, two fur traders had reached the\\n(74)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0082.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. 75\\nwestern end of Lake Superior, where they were told\\nby the Sioux of a great river, whose valley their\\nIndian fancy had enveloped in mystery and romance.\\nUp and down its windings many a war and hunting\\nparty had passed in the centuries before the European\\ncame, investing it with traditions which even now\\ncling to it, and which leave some faint trace of a pre-\\nhistoric era. Of this the traders told upon their\\nreturn to Canada, exciting the greatest interest in the\\nwestern river, and reviving the old theory of an\\ninternational waterway. The Indians had described\\nit; the Jesuits were eager to discover it, and to be\\nthe first to plant the cross upon its shores. They\\nwere very nearly deprived of the honor of first reaching\\nit, however, by the ambitious Sieur de La Salle, who\\nbelieved its course lay toward the Red Sea by which\\nname the Gulf of California was then known and\\nwho was willing to put his entire fortune into an\\nexpedition for its discovery; but by a complication of\\nevents, his plans failed, and he returned without\\nhaving accomplished his purpose. By the time he\\nprepared for a second expedition, the Jesuits had\\nexplored more than a thousand miles of the river, had\\nsown the first seeds of their religion along its shores,\\nand had become convinced that its course lay in the\\ndirection of the Gulf of Mexico, and not, as was\\nsupposed, in the direction of the Pacific.\\nThe two men who had been chosen by the Canadian\\nofficials to conduct this enterprise were singularly\\nfitted for the service, and in their different roles of\\nexplorer and missionary are admirable examples of\\nthe courage and loyalty which characterized the early\\npioneer.\\nFather James Marquette, the elder of the two.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0083.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "76 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nwas born in 1637, in tlie picturesque old cathedral\\ntown of Laon, about ninety miles northeast of the\\nFrench capital. Here, under the gentle guidance of\\nhis mother and the Church, he received that early\\ntraining which influenced him, at the age of seven-\\nteen, to renounce the world and attach himself to the\\norder of the Jesuits.\\nTwelve years were spent in the quiet pursuits of\\nteaching and study, and then, eager to follow the\\nexample of his patron saint. Frauds Xavier, whose\\nlife and death among the half -civilized nations of the\\nOrient had deeply impressed him, he was given an\\nopportunity to follow his bent by being transferred\\nfrom the province of Champagne, which contained\\nno foreign mission, to that of France. In 1GG6, he\\nsailed for Canada, full of enthusiasm for the noble\\ncause which he had espoused, and buoyant with life\\nand health. His inclination toward an active career\\nwas doubtless inherited from his soldier and statesmen\\nancestors, who were ever ready to defend their country\\nand their King, and whose loyal services were among\\nthe proudest records of Laon. In this country the\\nname is also deserving of honor, not only for the\\nsake of the priest-explorer, but because of the enlist-\\nment of three Marquettes in the cause of American\\nindependence.\\nAt the time of Marquette^s arrival at Quebec, the\\nmission fields of the New World were greatly in need\\nof reinforcements, and the sight of this earnest\\nyoung Jesuit must have been encouraging to the good\\nVicar Apostolic, Francis de Laval, who, since his\\nappointment as bishop of Petrea, had labored unceas-\\ningly to establish order in his outlying stations, and\\nwho wished to extend the influence of the Church to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0084.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLTET. 77\\nthe more distant tribes. Filled with the zeal which\\nhas ever characterized the members of the Society of\\nJesus^ he longed to penetrate the Great West him-\\nself^ and to plant the cross in its wildest haunts.\\nThis wish he could not realize; but he was none the\\nless ambitious in appointing others to the work. He\\nsoon sent Marquette with Father Druilletes to study\\nthe Montagnais language, which was a key to the\\nothers, that the young man might be prepared for\\nthe mission of Tadoussac, which was first planned for\\nhim; but his field was changed, and he was ordered\\nin 1668 to the Ottawa mission on Lake Superior.\\nStarting from Quebec, on the twenty-first of April,\\nwith three companions, Marquette was joined by a\\nparty of Nezperces, with whom he began the journey\\nup the Saint Lawrence and through the lakes; invoking\\nthe protection of the Virgin Mary, whom he wor-\\nshiped with the simple devotion of a child, and,\\nunder her guidance, reaching his distant station of\\nSte. Marie du Sault.\\nIt is impossible to mistake the sincerity of Mar-\\nquette^s character. Possessed of an imaginative and\\ngentle nature, he gave all of his energies to his holy\\ncalling, and combined in his own person the sturdy\\nqualities of the explorer with the ideal virtues of the\\nsaint. In his lonely home on Lake Superior he\\nlabored unceasingly, instructing first the Algonquins\\nat Ste. Marie^s, and later, at Lapointe, the Hurons and\\nOttawas, who had been driven westward by the\\nvengeful Iroquois; writing to his superior at Quebec\\nof the progress he was making, and the difficulties\\nwhich confronted him, and, with all his Christian\\nlabors, learning the languages of the tribes who fre-\\nquented the region of the northern lakes.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0085.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "78 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nThrough the intercourse which frequent contact\\nwith the visiting tribes thus brought about, Mar-\\nquette first began to entertain the hope of some day\\nleaving his mission in other hands, and of carrying\\nout his favorite wish to see the Mississippi, and to\\nconvert the tribes upon its shores. While at Ste.\\nMarie^s he had heard from the Sioux of the Great\\nRiver, and again at Saint Ignace by which name the\\nmission at Michilimackinac was known the Illinois\\nbrought him word of the stream into which their\\nriver found its way.\\nFor a time it seemed that his wish could not be\\nrealized. The Hurons and Ottawas became involved\\nin a quarrel with the Sioux, and were again obliged\\nto flee from their angry neighbors. Each tribe\\nsought a different retreat the Ottawas going to the\\nIsland of Manataulin followed by Father Louis Andre,\\nwhile the Hurons took up their abode at Michili-\\nmackinac, whither Father Marquette accomj)anied\\nthem. To one less strong of purpose, this new field\\nwould have been discouraging, but with unfailing\\npatience he erected a chapel and established a mission\\nupon the bleak coast, which later became an impor-\\ntant point for the Indians returning from their hunt-\\ning excursions. Meanwhile, events were culminating\\nat Quebec in such a way as to bring Marquette to a\\nspeedy realization of his hopes.\\nIt was the policy of the French to explore and\\noccupy the interior of the country as rapidly as\\npossible, and to this end the Governor was seeking\\ncompetent men to carry on the enterprise. The\\ninfluence of the Jesuits was strong at that time, and\\ntherefore the choice of emissaries under their patron-\\nage would naturally follow. Probably for this reason", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0086.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AN D JOLIET. 79\\nthe intend an t^ Talon, before leaving the colony,\\nrecommended Lonis Joliet for the discovery of the\\nMississippi, although Joliet had proven himself worthy\\nof the project, and was a man of wide experience.\\nThe choice of the one who was to accompany him\\nfell to Marquette, on account of his familiarity with\\nthe Indians and their language, and of his knowledge\\nof the country, and also, it may be supposed, in\\nacknowledgment of his zealous labors in the remote\\nmissions of the West. To him the appointment meant\\nthe crowning of his life work; the golden oppor-\\ntunity for which he had waited; and if ambition for\\nhis Order entered somewhat into his thoughts, it was\\na pardonable ambition, in which self-glory bore K\\nvery small, and the salvation of a heathen race a\\nvery large, part.\\nAs to Joliet, very little has been found concerning\\nhis early career beyond a few distinct facts, and the\\ndetailed record of his life only begins with the expe-\\ndition to the Mississippi in company with Marquette.\\nThis omission in the old manuscripts has been a\\nsource of regret to American historians, who would\\nhave taken some pride in writing the biography of an\\nexplorer born in their own country. To the efforts\\nof Mr. Shea we are indebted for nearly all of the\\ninformation that has been gained concerning him.\\nBorn in 1645 in Quebec, then a great stronghold\\nof the Jesuits, he was early placed under their in-\\nstruction, and determined to become a priest. At\\nseventeen he received the minor orders, and at twenty-\\none excited the admiration of his superiors by his\\nintelligent reasoning in the philosophical discussions\\ninaugurated by the sages of the colony. His real\\nprovince, though, was soon found to be widely different", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0087.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "80 EAKLY EXPLORERS.\\nfrom that of his brother priests^ and, becoming con-\\nvinced that his inclinations were antagonistic to his\\noffice, he soon renounced his vows and took up the\\npractical occupation of a fur trader, remaining, how-\\never, partial to the order which he had left. His keen\\nintelligence and natural hardihood rendered him great\\nassistance in his roving tours over the country, and\\nhe became valuable to the authorities in Quebec as\\nan explorer. Talon sent him, in 1669, with Pere, to\\nsearch for and report upon the copjoer mines of Lake\\nSuperior; and although the expedition was a failure,\\nhe had made careful maps of the route passed over,\\nand by them was able to offer suggestions to Pollier\\nand his companions, whom, with La Salle, he met at\\nthe head of Lake Ontario, bent upon exploring the\\nmystery of the great unknown River of the West.\\nLa Salle and the priests soon separated; the latter\\ntaking the route which Joliet had indicated, in order\\nto visit those tribes which he had described as being\\nsadly in need of their assistance, while the former,\\nprevented from carrying out his plans for reaching\\nthe Mississippi, was obliged to postpone his under-\\ntaking and return to Canada.\\nAs late as 1673 no important move had been made\\ntoward the interesting interior, so that the appoint-\\nment in that year of Marquette and Joliet to search\\nout the unknown river meant a new era in the his-\\ntory of American exploration.\\nHaving accepted the resjDonsibility of the expedi-\\ntion, Joliet started in the autumn to meet his fellow\\nvoyager, reaching the mission of Saint Ignace on the\\nfestival of the Immaculate Conception, a time singu-\\nlarly happy to Marquette, who wrote in his journal:\\nThe day of the Immaculate Conception of the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0088.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. 81\\nBlessed Virgin Mary whom I have always invoked,\\nsince I have been in this country, to obtain of God\\nthe grace to be able to visit the nations on the River\\nMississippi, was identically that on which M. Joliet\\narrived with orders of the Comte de Frontenac, our\\nGovernor, and M. Talon, our intendant, to make this\\ndiscovery with me. I was the more enraptured at\\nthis good news, as I saw my designs on the point of\\nbeing accomplished, and myself in the happy necessity\\nof exposing my life for the salvation of all these\\nnations, and particularly the Illinois, who had, when\\nI was at Lapointe du Saint Esprit, very earnestly\\nentreated me to carry the word of God to their\\ncountry. This entry, as indeed his entire journal,\\nshows the enthusiasm that burned in the soul of Mar-\\nquette for the uplifting of the heathen nations among\\nwhom he had chosen to pursue his life work.\\nAs for Joliet, he had become greatly interested in\\nthe Eiver Mississippi while on his western hunting\\nexcursions, during which he received glowing\\naccounts of it from the Indians. It was his ambi-\\ntion to reach it, and, as he had promised Frontenac,\\nto see its mouth yet notwithstanding the eager-\\nness of both men, it was deemed prudent to devote\\nthe winter months to investigation, that if the\\nenterprise were hazardous, as Marquette says, ^it\\nshould not be foolhardy. They accordingly ques-\\ntioned all Indians who had any knowledge of the\\nregion, and with information gathered from personal\\nobservation mapped out the route, and the tribes\\nthey were likely to encounter. In the spring their\\nplans were matured, and, devoutly placing themselves\\nunder the protection of the Blessed Virgin Immac-\\nulate, they began their journey on the seventeenth\\n6", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0089.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "82 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nof May, letting their paddles play joyously over a\\npart of Lake Huron and that of the Illinois Lake\\nMichigan into the Bay of the Fetid, according to\\nMarquette s sprightly account.\\nFollowing the northern shore of Lake Michigan\\nuntil it turns southward, they coasted on down to\\nthe inlet now known as Green Bay; then into a small\\ntributary stream, reaching the village of the Menom-\\nonees, or Wild Rice, Indians, where they were\\nseriously cautioned against going farther. In vain\\nthese superstitious children of the forest sought to\\ndissuade their white brothers. Marquette paid no\\nheed to their stories, assuring them that he and the\\nSieur Joliet could protect themselves, and that he\\nmust not turn back when there were souls to save.\\nAt the head of Green Bay the travelers were wel-\\ncomed by Fathers Allouez and Dablon, who had been\\nlaboring among the savage tribes of that region\\nfor tliree years, in an attempt to convert them to\\nChristianity.\\nFather Allouez had bravely entered the field in\\n1669 to found the mission of Saint Francis Xavier,\\nwhere he was joined the next year by his brother mis-\\nsionary. Together they had visited the villages of\\nthe Pottawattamies, Winnebagoes, Sacs, Mascoutins,\\nMiamis, Kickapoos, and Foxes, who lived in what\\nDablon enthusiastically called an earthly paradise,\\nand from them they also heard of the Great Eiver,\\nwhich rose far in the north, and which they had\\nhoped some day to see. With the natural sympathy\\nof men of broad purpose and brave deeds, they now\\nrejoiced with their more fortunate brothers, who\\nwere about to realize a kindred wish; and with every\\nencouragement saw the\u00c2\u00ab:i again on their way.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0090.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "MAEQUETTE A:N D JOLIET. 83\\nThe voyagers now paddled into Fox River, finding\\nit easy of access near its mouth, but farther up, where\\nthey were obliged to get into the water and carry the\\nboats, its stones and pebbly bottom made their\\npassage difficult. Reading the narrative at this\\npoint, one fancies that Father Marquette and his\\nsturdy com23anion must have enjoyed their journey\\nwith the relish of a modern canoeist; forgetting for\\nthe moment the perils of travel in the midst of savage\\ntribes, and only realizing the beauties about them.\\nFor two hundred and sixty miles they followed this\\nstream, noticing as they passed along the changes of\\nscene, and stopping near tlie village of the Mas-\\ncoutins ^to drink the mineral waters. At Mas-\\ncoutins itself, we have, through Marquette s journal,\\na picturesque view of an Indian village, built on an\\neminence overlooking the river; with a great cross\\nin the midst of its lodges, hung with colored skins\\nand bows and arrows as a thank offering to the great\\nManitou, who had given them an abundance of game\\nduring the winter, when a famine had been expected.\\nSoon after disembarking here, Marquette and\\nJoliet called the chiefs about them to explain the\\nreason of their journey, and to ask for guides, as\\nthey would soon reach unfamiliar streams. Their\\nrequest was quickly granted, for the Miamis, who\\nbelonged to the head tribe of the town, were very\\nfriendly with the French.\\nThe route beyond was through the unknown coun-\\ntry, for exploration had ceased at Mascoutins, and\\nthe only information that had been gained concern-\\ning it was from Indian descriptions, with which con-\\nsiderable superstition had been mingled.\\nAt the head of the Upper Fox River the Frenchmen", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0091.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "84 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nleft the waters on which they had come from Que-\\nbec^ and making a portage, with the assistance of\\ntheir Miami guides, were soon launched upon the\\nbroad stream of the Wisconsin. Their anxiety to\\nreach the Great Eiver now filled their thoughts and\\nhurried their paddles, as they glided down the sandy\\nchannel, past bar and island and forest-covered bank.\\nWith feelings of mingled pride and gratitude the\\nbrave men approached the goal of their hopes, and,\\nagain quoting the simple but forcible words of the\\nmissionary, they safely entered the Mississippi on\\nthe seventeenth of June, with a joy that he could not\\nexpress. Evidently, from Marquette s preliminary\\ndescription of the river, the Indians from whom he\\nreceived his information had a very good idea of its\\nfeatures, for he speaks of the lakes from which it\\nhad its source in the North.\\nIt is a characteristic of the Indian that he has very\\naccurate ideas of location; often exerting his faculty\\nin this direction to a remarkable degree; and if given\\nmaterials, will map out familiar localities with an\\nexactness which has often been of the greatest service\\nto his white brothers. In changing his abode to meet\\nthe exigencies of summer and winter, this trait\\nbecomes almost an instinct.\\nAfter having gone more than three hundred miles\\nwithout meeting anything more startling than the\\ntimid denizens of forest and prairie, the travelers\\nwere filled with apprehension. At every turn, they\\nexpected to come upon hostile natives or to be over-\\nwhelmed by them in ambush; and the greatest care\\nwas taken to prevent surprise. In the evening a\\nsmall fire was made on the shore, where their food\\nwas prepared; but this was left as darkness came on.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0092.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "(O\\nc\\nm\\nH\\nd :fe;\\nm\\no\\no\\nr\\nm\\nH\\nD\\nm\\no\\nm\\nz\\no\\nz\\nCD\\nH\\nI\\nm\\nto\\nin\\nTJ\\n(85)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0093.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "86 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nand a safer shelter found in the boats moored far out\\nin the stream, from whose silent retreat a sentinel\\nalways kept guard. In this way they pursued\\ntheir course for some time; but on the twenty-fifth of\\nJune, while passing closely to the shore, footprints\\nwere discovered on the sand, from which a path was\\nseen to extend over the prairie. This the explorers\\ndetermined to follow, leaving the boats in charge of\\ntheir men and warning them to be on the lookout.\\nRealizing the danger to which they were exposed,\\nMarquette and Joliet advanced in silence until within\\nsight of the Indian village whither the path led;\\nthen, recommending themselves to the protection of\\nHeaven, made their presence known by crying out\\nwith all their strength. At this the Indians rushed\\nfrom their cabins in consternation, but perceiving\\nthe peaceful intent of the strangers, they made no\\nattempt to prevent their approach. Four old men\\nwere sent out to greet them, bearing aloft the calu-\\nmet their universal emblem of good-will and when\\nthey had come within a few paces of the Frenchmen,\\nMarquette began the parley by asking the Indians\\nwho they were. To the surprise and pleasure of\\ntheir visitors they replied that they were Illinois, and\\nin token of peace offered their pipes, at the same\\ntime inviting the strangers to their village.\\nThe reception which Marquette and his companion\\nreceived at the hands of this friendly tribe is strongly\\ncharacteristic of Indian customs, and of their fond-\\nness for a certain savage formality. Seeing the black\\ngown of the priest, which even then had become a\\ntruce through the faithful exertions of the earlier\\nevangelists, the two explorers were welcomed to the\\nvillage and escorted to the tent of one of the chiefs.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0094.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. 87\\nAt his door that august personage appeared entirely\\nnaked^ that lie might, according to his heathen\\nnotions, show the greater respect for his guests; and\\nlifting his hands as if to shield his face, cried out,\\n^How bright is the sun, Frenchmen, when you\\ncome to visit us then, standing aside, he bade them\\nenter his tent. Within, a curious and silent assem-\\nblage confronted them, from whose midst, now and\\nthen, came the reassuring ejaculation, uttered in their\\nlow guttural, Well done, brothers, to visit us!\\nAfter observing the ceremony of smoking the cal-\\numet, a universal token of peace among the Indians,\\nthe Frenchmen were invited to visit the great sachem,\\nwhose town lay a short distance beyond. A crowd of\\ncurious Indians followed them, resorting to the most\\nludicrous methods in order to get a good look at their\\nwhite brothers, and the scene described by Mar-\\nquette is extremely amusing. They threw them-\\nselves on the grass by the wayside, they ran ahead,\\nthey turned and walked back to see us again, he\\nwrites, and ^^all this was done without noise and with\\nmarks of a great respect entertained for us.\\nThus escorted, they made their way to the chief,\\nand were in turn welcomed by him with the usual\\ndemonstrativeness of the race. He had, besides, a\\nreason for being on good terms with the French, as the\\nIllinois nation were then the direct objects of Iroquois\\nwrath owing to a complicated rivalry in connection\\nwith the fur trade and were in need of an alli-\\nance with Canada. To be skeptical, therefore, the ex-\\ntent of the chief ^s personal regard might be questioned.\\nHe tried to dissuade his guests, in the name of all the\\nIllinois, from going farther on their perilous mission,\\nrecounting the dangers to which they would be", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0095.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "88 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nexposed, and putting forth all liis Indian eloquence in\\ntheir interest; but Marquette answered that he feared\\nnothing, and that he would gladly risk his life in the\\nservice of the Great Spirit; an assertion which he\\nbelieved beyond the comprehension of his hearers,\\nalthough he must have had abundant proof of their\\nown capacity for self-sacrifice and loyalty.\\nOn the next day, at three o clock in the afternoon,\\nMarquette and Joliet, having rejoined their men,\\nembarked in the presence of six hundred Illinois,\\nwho had assembled to give them farewell.\\nPassing slowly down the river, the explorers\\nstopped occasionally to notice the rare plants and\\nfruits which grew upon the banks, and to enjoy the\\nbeauties of a scene which even now enchants the\\nbeholder.\\nA surprise met them in their peaceful descent, and\\nturned their contemplation of nature to the arts of\\nman. On the high rocks which overhung the stream,\\nsome original Indian had skillfully painted two fig-\\nures, which, from Marquette s account, must have\\nbeen the artist s conception of Matcha Manitou, or\\nthe Evil One. The terrible aspect of these monsters\\nmade a deep impression upon the good priest, who\\nsays they were so well painted that he could not\\nbelieve the work done by an Indian, and for whose\\nawe-inspiring effect he vouched by saying that the\\nboldest Indian dared not gaze too long upon them.\\nWhile still talking of the strange impression the\\nManitou s had exerted over them, the little party of\\nmen were suddenly aware of another surprise in their\\nway. They were coming within the disturbing influ-\\nence of the muddy Missouri, which, pouring its full\\nflood into the main stream, seemed almost to threaten", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0096.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. 89\\ndestruction to the frail fleet. Here the Indians\\ndescribed the coarse of the great tributary of the\\nMississippi, and suggested a route through its chan-\\nnel by which the Gulf of California might be reached\\nindirectly; a course since found to be practicable by\\ntopographical surveys. This suggestion aroused Mar-\\nquette s love of adventure and missionary zeal, and\\nhe wrote if God would give him strength he would\\n^not despair of one day making its discovery.\\nA tew days later the mouth of the Ohio, or beau-\\ntiful river, was reached, upon whose banks dwelt\\nthe peaceable Shawnees, fugitives from the unpro-\\nvoked assaults of the Iroquois.\\nThe travelers now became exposed to the attacks of\\nthe merciless mosquito, which proved to have no more\\nreverence for a black gown than for any other garb.\\nMarquette, appreciating the cleverness of the In-\\ndians, describes their methods of defense in dealing\\nwith the little animals, as he calls them. They\\nraise a scaffolding, he says, the floor of which is\\nmade of simple poles, and consequently a mere grate-\\nwork to give passage to the smoke of a fire which\\nthey build beneath. The Indians sleep on the poles,\\nhaving pieces of bark stretched above them to keep\\noff the rain. By following this example as far as\\ntheir limited means would allow, the Frenchmen\\nimprovised a screen out of their sails, and, thus pro-\\ntected, kept their way down to the warmer cli-\\nmates.\\nBelow the Ohio they came to an Indian village, and,\\nanticipating trouble, Marquette held up his safe-\\nguard, the handsome calumet presented by the great\\nsachem of the Illinois. For an instant it seemed\\nthat their friendly sign was disregarded, and Mar-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0097.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "90 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nquette s quick ear caught what he believed to be the\\nword of battle; but it proved to be an invitation to\\nland, which was gladly accepted by the fatigued and\\nfamished travelers, who were later treated to buffalo-\\nsteak, beards oil, and white plums.\\nUpon receiving the joyful assurance that they were\\nnow only ten days^ journey from the Gulf, the party\\nagain resumed their way, no longer content to glide\\non at the will of the current, but with vigorous pad-\\ndle-strokes pushing their canoes forward. Down\\nthey sped between the solitary banks, for nearly three\\nhundred miles, until they reached the village of\\nMitchigamea, where their right of way was for the\\nfirst time seriously questioned.\\nSeeing the men on shore running back and forth\\nbrandishing their weapons, the terrified voyageurs\\ncommitted themselves to the protection of Heaven,\\nand with abated breath held the canoes in mid-\\nstream while Marquette exposed the peaceful talis-\\nman. Its magic effect appeared to fail with the\\nthreatening warriors, who now pushed out into the\\nwater in their canoes, or swam toward the fleet with\\nuplifted clubs. At this moment the older warriors\\nappeared upon the scene, and, noticing the peace-\\npipe, averted the danger just when the party had\\ngiven up hope. They asked the strangers ashore,\\ntreated them with surprising hospitality, and invited\\nthem to stay over night, an invitation which was\\naccepted, as Marquette says, ^^not without some\\nuneasiness. Besides this, they found it difficult to\\nmake each other understood, as the Indians did not\\nspeak any of the languages with which Marquette\\nand Joliet were familiar; but at last resorting to\\nsigns, and the aid of an Indian among them who", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0098.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLTET. 91\\ncould speak a little Illinois, tliey told the Frenchmen\\nthat they could obtain all the information they desired\\nat the next village below. Early the following morn-\\ning, therefore, they launched their canoes, and, with\\nsome relief, started on their way toward Akamsea\\nArkansas accompanied by ten of their late enter-\\ntainers, and the Illinois interpreter.\\nWhen within a mile and a half of their destination\\ntwo canoes were seen approaching, in one of which\\nstood a chief holding the calumet, and singing an In-\\ndian song of peace. These preliminaries over, the fore-\\nmost canoe was turned about to guide the visitors to the\\ntown. Here Marquette and Joliet were royally re-\\nceived, and as soon as ceremony allowed, and the priest\\nhad made his usual exhortation, eager inquiry was\\nmade concerning the subject nearest their thoughts.\\nHow many days^ journey was it to the sea? and what\\ndid the men of Akamsea know of the river beyond?\\nThey were told that ten days^ journey would bring\\nthem to the Gulf, but that the tribes below were\\nunknown to them, since their enemies prevented any\\nintercourse. They also warned the Frenchmen against\\nexposing themselves to the attacks of their warlike\\nneighbors, from whose depredations they had so often\\nsuffered.\\nSoon after this friendly council the sachems came\\ntogether and deliberated upon the destruction of their\\nguests, whom they had seemed but a short time before\\nto regard with so much solicitude; but the chief be-\\ncame aware of their movements and prevented vio-\\nlence; further proving his protection by dancing the\\ncalumet and presenting the pipe to the priest at its\\nconclusion.\\nMarquette and Joliet now met to discuss their", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0099.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "9^ EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nplans. They had heard of the Mexicans through the\\nIndians, and believed it would be foolhardy to expose\\nthemselves to capture by the former who looked upon\\ntheir expedition as an encroachment or to massacre\\nby the latter, by further following the river, whose\\ncourse they were now convinced lay toward the Gulf of\\nMexico. They argued that their lives were of value to\\ntheir country, and that they had attained the object of\\ntheir journey namely, the discovery of the Missis-\\nsippi, and the location of its mouth. Accordingly,\\nthey resolved to turn back, beginning the ascent of the\\nriver on the seventeenth of July, 1G73, and believing\\nthemselves within a short distance of the Gulf, al-\\nthough in reality it was some seven hundred miles\\nbelow.\\nRetracing their course up the Illinois, they en-\\ncountered near its head the friendly Kaskaskias, who\\nbegged Marquette to return to them, and instruct\\nthem in the Faith. This he promised to do, and,\\ntaking leave of them, he and his companions were\\nescorted to Lake Michigan by a chief of the tribe,\\nwhere they embarked for Green Bay. By September\\nthe mission of Saint Francis Xavier was reached,\\nwhence the expedition had started four months before.\\nJoliet now took leave of his fellow traveler, and,\\nwith the maps and papers relating to their recent\\nexplorations, started for Quebec. Down through the\\nlakes he hurried to bear the tidings of the successful\\nenterprise to Frontenac and to seek his deserved\\nreward; but the good fortune which had smiled upon\\nhim thus far now seemed suddenly to desert him.\\nJust above Montreal his boat was capsized, his papers\\nlost, and all that remained to him was his life, which,\\nhe wrote, he ardently desired to employ in any service", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0100.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AN D JOLIET. 93\\nwhich his Excellency might please to direct; a loyal\\noffer, and worthy a more generous acknowledgment\\nthan the Government deemed fit to give.\\nAfter carefully drawing up a report from memory,\\nJoliet again presented himself to the authorities at\\nQuebec; but the Mississippi was not then of so much\\nimportance as Canadian affairs, and its exploration\\nwas not met with the enthusiasm that it would have\\nreceived later.\\nUpon failing to procure a grant from the King, of\\nthe countries which he had visited, Joliet next turned\\nhis attention to the Indian trade on Hudson Bay, and\\nin this interest left Quebec in 1679. Here he found\\nthe English in undisturbed possession, and reported\\nthe case to the Canadian officials, which resulted in\\nthe establishment of competitive trading stations for\\nthe purpose of dispossessing the foreign rivals. This\\nservice was rewarded, and later Joliet received a grant\\nof the Island of Anticosti, in consideration of his\\nservices on the Mississippi. Again in 1694, after\\nexploring the coast of Labrabor, in the employ of a\\ncompany interested in the whale and seal fisheries\\nthere, he was made royal pilot for the St. Lawrence\\nand hydrographer at Quebec. Thus, rich in honors,\\nthe great explorer of the Mississippi passed his latter\\nyears, and was buried on one of his own Islands of\\nMignan, on the coast of Labrador, probably in 1700.\\nHis fellow traveler had, meanwhile, met his death in\\nthe lonely forests of Michigan, twelve hundred miles\\naway. In fact, when the expedition to the Mississippi\\nreturned to Green Bay, Marquette was already suffer-\\ning from the malady which ultimately killed him,\\nand which he had contracted from the exposure and\\nhardships of the journey.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0101.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "94 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nDuring the autumn and winter he stayed at the\\nmission to gain strength for his return to Kaskaskia^,\\nwhere he hoped to found the mission of the Immacu-\\nlate Conception, and by October of the following\\nyear started out with a band of Illinois and Potta-\\nwattamies and two Frenchmen, Pierre Porteret and\\nJacques to fulfill his promise to the Illinois.\\nThe party paddled up the Bay to the northern end,\\nand thence by portage gained Lake Michigan, which\\nthey reached in the stormy month of November.\\nCautiously skirting its western shore, they pushed\\ntheir canoes into the Chicago River a month later,\\nwhere Marquette again became prostrated, and was\\nobliged to postpone his visit to Kaskaskia till the fol-\\nlowing scoring. The Indians went on, but Pierre and\\nJacques built a small hut on the river bank, where\\ngame was abundant, and there they guarded their\\nmaster till the snows were gone and the stream cleared\\nof ice.\\nThrough all the bitterness of this winter in the\\nwilderness Marquette suffered patiently the ravages\\nof disease, but at last, despairing of his life, and\\nunwilling to abandon his darling wish, he begged his\\ncompanions to perform with him a novina, or nine\\ndays devotion to the Virgin. At the end of this\\ntime he believed their prayers were answered, and by\\nthe thirtieth of March again undertook to reach\\nKaskaskia. The route thither was familiar to Mar-\\nquette and one of his men, who had passed over it on\\ntheir return to Green Bay; and, excepting the incon-\\nvenience caused by the freshets and the priest s\\nphysical condition, the journey was comparatively\\neasy.\\nWhen the party reached Kaskaskia the greatest joy", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0102.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. 95\\nwas manifested, and Marquette was urged to stay with\\nthe people and be their father; but he knew his days\\nwere numbered, and that what he had to do must be\\ndone quickly. He passed from lodge to lodge explain-\\ning the mysteries of his religion, and persuading his\\nhearers by his own magnetic earnestness; and then,\\nthat he might more deeply influence their impres-\\nsionable natures, called them to a great council in the\\nopen fields, where he made a final exhortation.\\nSome four thousand souls listened to this appeal and\\nreceived the first instruction in the Faith, which was\\nkept alive there by Marquette s successors in the\\nmission field of his founding.\\nNow, satisfied that he had accomplished his pur-\\npose, and anxious to reach again the station of\\nMichilimackinac, Marquette bade farewell to his\\nIllinois children and started for Lake Michigan. On\\nits waters the canoe was once more launched, in the\\npresence of a faithful band which had followed him\\nthither.\\nAlong the eastern border of the lake the solitary\\nboat sped, urged on by the steady paddle strokes of\\nPierre and Jacques, who, seeing the emaciated form\\nand failing strength of their dying master, attempted\\nto reach Saint Ignace before it was too late.\\nTheir exertions were in vain. On the nineteenth\\nof May, when they were yet many days journey from\\ntheir destination, Marquette, feeling his time was\\ncome, asked to be taken ashore. His companions,\\ngrief-stricken and disappointed, begged permission to\\nhurry on to Michilimackinac; but Marquette could\\nnot mistake the approach of death, and with gentle\\nfirmness insisted that they stop at a place which he\\nhad pointed out, that he might be buried there. It", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0103.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "96 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nwas on the sloping bank of a small stream which\\npoured its waters into the great lake from the east.\\nHere the two men built a rude shelter of bark and\\nlaid the dying priest, receiving at his hands the sac-\\nrament of penitence and making their last confession.\\nMarquette in turn asked their forgiveness for the\\ntrouble he had caused them, and told them how\\ngrateful he was to be permitted to die as he had\\nalways wished, alone in the wilderness after the man-\\nner of Saint Francis Xavier. Then seeing that his\\nfriends were weary, he persuaded them to rest, telling\\nthem he would call when he needed them. Shortly\\nafter, they heard a feeble voice, and, overwhelmed with\\nsadness, answered its summons. He asked that the\\ncrucifix which he had worn be held over him, and,\\nplacing his eyes on the sacred emblem, expired.\\nThe next year, 1676, a hunting party of Kiskakon\\nOttawas, whom the priest had once instructed, on\\npassing his grave, reverently opened it, and, caring for\\nthe remains after their custom, bore them to Saint\\nEsprit with all the ceremony observed at the funerals\\nof their great chiefs; and so, honored by those for\\nwhom he had given his best energies, the priest-\\nexplorer found his final resting place.\\nWhat Marquette accomplished as a missionary will\\nbe variously estimated, but what he and his fellow\\nvoyager Joliet accomplished in the field of early\\nexploration can never be overestimated. They hold a\\nplace unchallenged in the history of the Mississippi,\\nand honored by those who appreciate the heralds of\\ncivilization.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0104.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nROBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE.\\n^0 one whose splendid ambition and un-\\nfailing patriotism won for him in his\\nday only disappointment and the death-\\nblow of the assassin^ impartial Time\\nhas meted out his sure reward; and the\\nLa Salle of two centuries ago, now\\nstands a giant among the great explor-\\ners. He was one of those countless\\nheralds who proclaimed the wonders of a New World;\\nbut pre-eminently alone in the brilliant planning\\nwhich sought to make the ^New France an added\\nkingdom to the Old. Because then, he was not only\\nthe explorer but the man of thought, he has gained a\\nloftier place among his fellows, and a truer claim to\\nrenown.\\nAs a school-boy of Rouen, where he was born in\\n1643, the unusual traits of the later man began to\\nattract the attention of his family, and he was given\\nan education in accordance with the liberality of the\\nCaveliers and his own capabilities; but the Order of\\nthe Jesuits, which had earlier appealed to him,\\nbecame, as he reached manhood, an unbearable\\nrestraint; and throwing olf the irksome bonds to-\\ngether with his inheritance, which, according to a\\nlaw of the Order, must be forfeited the free-spirited\\nLa Salle obeyed his mastering impulse and sailed in\\n1666 for Canada.\\n7 (97)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0105.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "98 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nDuring the quiet years in France, when all his nat-\\nural love of action was confined within the chambers\\nof his fertile brain, La Salle acquired his aptitude for\\ngreat schemes; but conceiving them without the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00bapower of putting them into effect gave him also that\\nfatal lack of attention to detail which resulted in many\\nan ultimate defeat. His broad mind could take in\\nwith quick perception vast enterprises of commerce\\nand colonization in America, but repeated reverses\\nand an untimely death prevented him from seeing\\ntheir successful issue. With such abilities Eobert de\\nLa Salle entered the attractive boundaries of the New\\nWorld. His elder brother. Abbe Jean Cavelier, of the\\nSeminary of Saint Sulpice, belonged to an influential\\ncorporation which owned Montreal and a widespread-\\ning tract along the Saint Lawrence; and it was perhaps\\ndue to his influence that La Salle was offered gratui-\\ntously, soon after his arrival, a large property about\\nnine miles above the city for a settlement. The\\nobject of the priests in thus dealing out their lands\\nwas to establish a line of outposts along tlie river in\\nfront of their island, as a defense against Iroquois\\nincursions.\\nFor its new proprietor the exposed position of this\\nproperty had no terrors. He immediately began the\\nbuilding of his embryo village, hurrying up the pali-\\nsades in anticipation of a surprise from the Indians,\\nand marking out the twenty-acre farms beyond the\\ndefenses, which were offered on easy terms to those\\nwho would join his enterprise; while with the care of\\nhis new seigniory he threw himself into the study of\\nIndian languages with a zeal which betokened design.\\nFrom time to time straggling red meji were\\nadmitted within the joalisade to dispose of furs or to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0106.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "ROBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE. 99\\ntalk with the white chief; and as La Salle had a great\\ninfluence over them, he heard many a story of the\\nunknown lands to the west, and of the river that\\nreached to the sea. The old idea of a route to China\\nand Japan suggested itself to him and aroused his\\nambition. With characteristic dispatch, he went to\\nQuebec to confer with the Governor, obtaining\\nauthority to carry on an expedition to the Great\\nRiver, but no money to aid the enterprise. This\\nlack of co-operation in funds did not deter the young\\nexplorer, however. He soon persuaded Qaeylus, tlie\\nSuperior of Saint Sulpice, to buy back part of his lands\\nbeyond Montreal, and the rest he was able to sell to\\na certain Jean Milot. With this he bought the\\nnecessary equipments and secured his men.\\nSome time before this the Seminary had decided to\\nsend missionaries to the more western tribes, that the\\nJesuits might not overreach them in christianizing\\nthe heathen nations of the New World. Nor was this\\nall. They saw that the rival Order, in penetrating\\nthe remote regions of the Northwest, would gain a\\nfoothold there which it would be difficult to sup-\\nplant. For these reasons an expedition had been\\nplanned by them, and the leadership given to Dollier\\nde Casson, a priest of Saint Sulpice.\\nGreatly to La Sailers annoyance, the Governor urged\\nthat Dollier join him in the exploration of the Mis-\\nsissippi, and as the young man was somewhat\\nindebted to the Seminary and to Oourcelles, he could\\noffer no protest. Consequently, on the sixth of July,\\n1669, the two parties left the little settlement beyond\\nMontreal, to begin the difficult ascent of the Upper\\nSaint Lawrence. A party of Seneca Iroquois took the\\nlead^ and were to guide the expedition to the Ohio,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0107.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "100 EARLY EXPLOEERS.\\nwhich they had told La Salle reached to the sea; but\\ninstead of going directly to the river according to\\nagreement, the dissimulating Indians went to their\\nown village near the Genesee; telling the white men\\nthey would find other guides there. La Salle was not\\nsufficiently familiar with the Iroquois language to\\nmake a personal appeal, and the expedition was\\ndelayed; but there happened to be an Indian from a\\nneighboring tribe present at the time, who offered\\nto take the party to his own village, promising to find\\nsome one there to act as guide. This offer was\\naccepted, and again the march was resumed. A\\nShawnee prisoner was at last secured, who said he\\ncould reach the Ohio in six weeks; but just as prep-\\narations were being made to start out, news came\\nthat two Frenchmen had arrived at the next village.\\nThey proved to be Joliet and Pere, recently sent by\\nTalon to look for the copper mines of Lake Superior.\\nJoliet had mapped out the route he had taken, and,\\ngiving D oilier a duplicate of this, told him of the\\ntribes about the upper lakes who were sadly in need\\nof spiritual guidance. The priest immediately re-\\nsolved to follow these suggestions, although La Salle\\nreminded him that the Jesuits were already in the\\nfield; but Dollier was not to be dissuaded, and he be-\\nlieved, moreover, that this change of plan would not\\ninterfere with the intended exploration of the Mis-\\nsissippi. La Salle, unwilling to follow this lead,\\nand determined to carry out his own plans, in his\\nown way, no doubt urged his weak physical condition\\nas a pretext for separating from the Sulpitians. At\\nany rate, Dollier soon started on his fruitless mission\\nnorthward, while La Salle remained behind in the\\nIndian village.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0108.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "ROBERT CAYELIER DE LA SALLE. 101\\nFrom all that has been found relating to the next\\ntwo years, it is evident that La Salle was unable to\\nreach the Mississippi; but during that time he un-\\ndoubtedly made the discovery of the Ohio, and carried\\non extensive explorations in other quarters. Unfor-\\ntunately, the only record that remains of this part of\\nhis career is an anonymous manuscript of somewhat\\ndoubtful accuracy, supposed to have been written\\nfrom conversations with La Salle himself, and from\\nwhich Francis Parkman, with careful explanations,\\nhas made a few extracts in his Discovery of the\\nGreat West. These relate simply to his explorations\\non the Ohio and Illinois rivers, and to his voyage\\nthrough the lakes. Reference is also made to the\\nstatement that La Salle, in descending the Illinois,\\nreached a river corresponding in description to the\\nMississippi, which he is said to have followed as far\\nas the thirty-sixth degree of latitude, becoming con-\\nvinced that it emptied into the Gulf of Mexico; and\\nwhich, the anonymous writer continues, he intended\\nto further explore when equipped in such a way as to\\nmake it practicable. This seems to admit of ques-\\ntion. If La Salle had made such a discovery, it is\\nnot likely that he would have remained silent in\\nregard to it when Frontenac appointed Joliet for that\\nservice; nor that, being on the most friendly terms\\nwith the Governor, he should have made no immediate\\nmention of it.\\nThis doubtful period over, La Salle again emerges\\ninto the full light of authentic history, and we find\\nhim at Quebec discussing his plans with Frontenac.\\nThese plans were concerning the settlement of the\\nGreat West, and the development of commerce along\\\\\\nthe Mississippi. He saw that delay would be fatal to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0109.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "102 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nthe interests of France, and he therefore made arrange-\\nments to confer with the King that he might obtain\\nhis approval and aid. Frontenac, f^^Hy in sympathy\\nwith his jDrojects, was unable to give more than his\\nhearty recommendation; but this had its value, and\\nLa Salle started for France bearing the most flatter-\\ning letters from him.\\nOnce at court, there was mo difficulty in gaining\\nattention, and Louis, recognizing the ability and zeal\\nof his young petitioner, soon became interested in his\\nschemes. La Salle returned to Canada with a patent\\nof nobility in consideration of recent explorations,\\nand with a grant of a fort at the head of Lake\\nOntario which he afterward named for Frontenac,\\nand which, by its favorable position for the fur trade,\\nwould aid him in many an enterprise.\\nCarefully guarding every interest. La Salle now\\nbegan to make improvements upon the fort, replac-\\ning Frontenac s hurriedly constructed buildings and\\npalisades with stone, and having a few heavy boats\\nbuilt; for where the light Indian canoe had formerly\\nbeen a convenience in making the frequent journeys\\nup and down the river and through the lakes, when\\nvery little freight was carried, larger craft would\\nnow be indispensable. This done. La Salle again went\\nto France to report to the minister and to receive a\\nfurther sanction to his explorations. These he in-\\ntended to prosecute on the Mississippi with a view to\\nopening a direct route to France; thus to throw into\\nher ports the monopoly of furs furnished by the great\\nwestern hunting grounds of America, and to found a\\nchain of commercial villages along its banks. He\\nasked, besides, the privilege of holding exclusive right\\nto the trade in buffalo skins. These petitions were", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0110.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "ROBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE. 103\\nfavoraoly received by Colbert, and in addition large\\nsums of money were advanced by his relatives. Men\\nwere engaged and the necessary supplies procured,\\nand with these. La Salle again returned to Canada.\\nOn the way over he became acquainted with his new\\nlieutenant, Henri de Tonty, who had been recom-\\nmended to him during his brief stay in France, by the\\nPrince de Conti, as a man in every respect worthy of\\nconfidence. La Salle, with keen discrimination, soon\\nrecognized this, and, himself possessed of rare per-\\nsonal qualities, easily made him his friend. He wrote\\nback to the Prince extolling Tonty^s ^Hionorable\\ncharacter and amiable disposition, and referred to\\nhis hardihood in starting out to begin a fort at\\nNiagara at a season when any but him would have\\nhesitated.\\nThe building of this fort was a triumph for La\\nSalle, and he had made no small effort toward its\\naccomplishment. To this end he had encouraged La\\nMotte to negotiate with the chief of the Senecas.\\nHis lieutenant was, in a measure, successful; but\\nLa Salle, understanding the value of the full and\\nfriendly approval of the Iroquois, and confident of\\nsecuring a personal favor, had stopped on his way up\\nfrom Fort Frontenac to ratify La Motte s transac-\\ntions, and had gained permission from the reluctant\\nIndians to build a vessel above the falls for naviga-\\ntion on the upper lakes. An unimpeded way to suc-\\ncess was now opened, and La Salle hastened to for-\\nmulate his plans. Misfortune, however, met him at\\nthe very start. When he and Tonty reached the gar-\\nrison at Niagara, they found that the boat bringing\\nsupplies, on which they had come part of the way,\\nhad been wrecked within nine or ten leagues of its", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0111.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "104 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\ndestination and all the provisions lost, the crew being\\nable to save only the anchor and cables for the new\\nvessel.\\nThis loss placed La Salle in an unpleasant predica-\\nment. His men, but half-hearted in their devotion\\nto his interest, and disaffected by his enemies, were\\nready to desert upon the slightest provocation. At\\nthis crisis he immediately prepared to return to Fort\\nFrontenac for provisions, leaving Tonty in command,\\nand relying upon his Mohican hunter to supply the\\nmen with game during his absence. Nothing daunted,\\nhe began the two hundred and fifty mile journey over\\nthe midwinter snows on foot, only to find, u^^on\\nreaching the fort, that the greater share of his prop-\\nerty had been seized by over-anxious creditors, and his\\nreputation injured by jealous enemies; but he still\\nhad friends, and these again came to his assistance.\\nWhen at last he reached Niagara, after an absence of\\nnearly six months, he found his new boat, the\\nGriffin,^^ finished, and his men, under Tonty^ s\\nguardianshi]), still committed to his service. The\\ncommander returned, affairs were quickly arranged at\\nthe fort, the Griffin was towed up stream, and the\\nentire company boarded her on the seventh of August,\\n1679; sang the Te Deum, fired a salute, and set the\\nsails for the eventful voyage across Lake Erie, whose\\nwaters had never before borne more than the fairy\\nweight of an Indian canoe. Reaching the strait of\\nDetroit, they passed between the forest-fringed banks\\nand then out into the sparkling lake, which, in\\ncrossing, they called Sainte Claire; moving again\\nthrough the narrowed outlet until it brought them\\nupon the broad expanse of Lake Huron.\\nWhen the boat was well under way, promising a", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0112.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "ROBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE. 105\\nspeedy journey to Micliilimackinac, a furious gale\\novertook her, and for a time caused the greatest excite-\\nment among her passengers. La Salle encouraged\\nthe men to ask the aid of Heaven, and ^all fell to\\ntheir prayers, but the godless pilot, who was loud in\\ncomplaint against his commander for having brought\\nhim, after the honor he had won on the ocean,\\nto drown at last ignominiously in fresh water.\\nWith the abating of the tempest the clamor ceased,\\nand the Griffin again moved forward over the\\nbecalmed lake.\\nFresh trouble awaited La Salle at Saint Ignace. He\\nfound that the advance ]3arty which he had sent on to\\ntrade for him had deserted, and that the aid which he\\nhad expected from this quarter was not to be realized.\\nHe was able to secure a small cargo of furs, and this\\nhe sent back to satisfy his creditors in Canada, charg-\\niug the pilot to return as soon as he had fulfilled the\\ncommission, and meet him at the mouth of the Saint\\nJosej^h. Meanwhile, La Salle, with fourteen men\\nand four canoes, heavily laden, started down Lake\\nMichigan toward the rendezvous, every mile of the\\nway being contested by the stormy elements. When\\nat last they reached the Kiver Saint Joseph, the men,\\nhalf-starved and weary, urged that the expedition\\nmove on to the village of the Illinois, where they\\nwould find shelter and jirovisions; but La Salle had\\ntold Tonty to meet him at this place after his journey\\nto Saint Mary s, and therefore he would not leave.\\nInstead, he put the men to work on a fort to divert\\ntheir minds, and stolidly waited. At the end of three\\nweeks Tonty came, bringing only half his men, the\\nothers having stopped by the way for food and rest.\\nSoon afterward they came up with the party, and on", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0113.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "WM Tacaogane\\nR:,. MC N CO-.|Enc\\nEARLY MAP OF THE ILLINOIS.\\n(106)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0114.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "ROBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE. 107\\nthe third of December all started up the Saint\\nJoseph.\\nLa Sailers Mohican had remained a little behind\\nthe others, and when the expedition had reached the\\npoint where the portage was supposed to be, they\\nwere unable to discover it. La Salle went ashore to\\nsearch for it, and while wandering through the\\nforest lost his way. Night came and with it a light\\nsnow. Hurrying forward, with the hope of coming\\nupon his party, he reached the river and fired his\\ngun as a b.ignal. Receiving no answer, he continued\\nalong the shore, where he saw a short distance beyond\\na fire in the brush. Supposing this to be the bivouac\\nof his men he hastened toward it, but found to his\\nsurprise that the spot was deserted. Near the fire\\nwas a couch of dry grass, still warm, and bearing the\\nimpress of a recent occupant, but no answer came to\\nhis call although he used all of the Indian languages\\nat his command. To follow Parkman s description,\\nLa Salle then, with admirable coolness, took posses-\\nsion of the quarters he had found, shouting to their\\ninvisible proprietor that he was about to sleep in his\\nbed; piled a barricade of bushes around the spot,\\nrekindled the dying fire, warmed his benumbed hands,\\nstretched himself on the dry grass, and slept undis-\\nturbed till morning. When he reached his party\\nthe Mohican had already found the portage, and\\npreparations were immediately begun to transport the\\nbaggage to the Kankakee. On this stream they\\nbegan the journey down to the Illinois, reaching at\\nlast the long-wished-for lodges where they were to\\nfind food and shelter.\\nThe Indians had not yet returned from the winter s\\nhunt, and the encampment was deserted, but La", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0115.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "108 EAKLT EXPLORERS.\\nSalle s men found the pits in which the provisions\\nwere stored, and from these a quantity of corn was\\ntaken, the intention being to meet the Indians on\\ntheir return and recompense them for their intru-\\nsion. Having thus satisfied their hunger, the party\\npushed forward, reaching Peoria Lake on the third\\nof January, 1680. Just below here they came in\\nsight of the Illinois camp. La Salle had been warned\\nby the Outagamies whom he met on Lake Michigan\\nto beware of these, as they were angered with the\\nFrench, believing they had incited the Iroquois\\nagainst them. He had also to appease them for the\\nraid upon their corn-pits. It was therefore necessary\\nto use the utmost caution in approaching them. The\\ncanoes were put in line, the men were told to drop\\nthe oars and take up their weapons, and thus formid-\\nably the little flotilla swept down to meet friend\\nor foe. La Salle, closely followed by his men, leaped\\nfrom his boat into the midst of the astonished\\nIndians, who, convinced of his friendliness, soon laid\\naside their weapons. With his usual fearlessness he\\nthen harangued them, telling them if they would\\npermit him to build a fort in their country as a defense\\nagainst the Iroquois, that he would join them in\\nresisting those enemies in case of attack. Explana-\\ntions were made and payment offered for the corn,\\nand, while asking favors, the intrepid La Salle\\nappeared to be conferring benefits. The Illinois\\nreceived his blandishments and threats as he intended\\nthey should, and the conference ended favorably for\\nthe Frenchmen.\\nThat same night, however, a Mascoutin chief, insti-\\ngated by La Salle s enemies, came to the camp to\\ntell the Indians in solemn council that their visitors", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0116.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "ROBEET CAVELIER DE LA SALLE. .109\\nwere friends of the Iroquois, now on their way to the\\ntribes beyond the Mississippi, whom they intended to\\nstir up against the Illinois; and that if the Illinois\\nwished to protect themselves they would soon be rid\\nof them. La Salle was informed of the proceedings\\nby a chief whose friendship he had won by generous\\ngifts, and was thus enabled to meet the excuses which\\nthe Indians oifered on the following afternoon. The\\nchiefs resorted to a very cunning method, as they\\nthought, to dissuade the Frenchmen from going to\\nthe Great Eiver, telling them of terrible monsters,\\nwhirlpools, and rapids, in their way, but La Salle\\npaid no heed to these fabrications, soon convincing\\nthe Indians of the friendliness of his visit. Some of\\nhis men fell into the snare laid for them, and, terrified\\nby the lies invented to deceive them, deserted during\\nthe night, rather than risk the fancied dangers.\\nLa Salle now decided to pass the remainder of\\nthe winter in the Illinois country, that he might\\nbuild a fort there, and be prepared for explo-\\nration on the Mississijopi in the spring. He se-\\nlected a place of considerable strength, on a hill a short\\ndistance back from the river, and here palisades were\\nthrown up and winter quarters provided. La Salle\\nand Tonty occupied a plank cabin in the center of the\\ninclosure, the priests were in another, and the men\\nhad their huts at the four angles. Thus sheltered\\nfrom the cold, and protected from any sudden out-\\nbreak of the Indians, the isolated party waited for the\\nsnows to disappear.\\nAs an expression of his sorrow at the continued round\\nof disappointments which had followed him, La Salle\\ngave this fort the name of Creve-coeur. Here circum-\\nstances again obliged him to undertake a journey to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0117.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "110 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nFort Frontenac, for nothing had been heard from the\\nGriffin since she had left Michilimackinac, and it\\nwas now impossible to hope for her return. In her\\nlosS;, the ex^^lorer once more saw his plans defeated,\\nfor she was to have brought the chains and anchor for\\nthe new vessel in which he intended to make his\\njourney down the Mississippi, and the provisions nec-\\nessary to assure the services of his men. There was\\nno alternative; La Salle must either return to Fort\\nFrontenac or risk the failure of his enterprise. To\\nhim the latter course was impossible, and he quickly\\nprepared for the perilous journey, seeing half the\\nwork done on the vessel before starting, lest the men\\nshould attempt to desert during his absence or refuse\\nto undertake its building. He also commissioned\\nHennepin, much against the wishes of the priest, to\\ntake two men and explore the Illinois to its mouth,\\nand thence to the headwaters of the Mississippi a\\ncircumstance which has a significance; for, if La\\nSalle was not aware of the previous expedition of\\nMarquette and Joliet, as some writers affirm, it is not\\nprobable that he would have authorized Hennepin to\\nmake this journey; for, in that case, the honor of the\\ndiscovery would be lost to him. Nor is it probable\\nthat, being, as he knew, within easy distance of the\\nGreat River, he should have betrayed so little eager-\\nness to reach it. In fact, corroborative evidence\\nseems to show, without a doubt, that La Salle was\\nperfectly familiar with the explorations of his prede-\\ncessors, and that his aim was not to search out an\\nunknown river, but to complete the work begun in\\n1673.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0118.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nLA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI.\\n^yT was just on the verge of spring, 1G81,\\nwhen the streams were too full of ice\\nto allow the passage of a canoe, and\\nthe ground too unstable for snow-shoes,\\nthat La Salle, with his Mohican and\\nfour others, began the trying journey\\nfrom Fort Creve-coeur, on the Illinois,\\nto Canada the most arduous ever made by French-\\nmen in America.\\nThrough the dismal forests and over treacherous\\nswamps the men made their way, braving the dangers\\nof the wilderness and sturdily enduring the ills which\\nexposure and hardship brought upon them. On\\nEaster Monday they reached the Falls of Niagara,\\nwhere La Salle learned that the ^Griffin was indeed\\nlost; that a ship laden with valuable supplies coming to\\nhim from France had foundered at the mouth of the\\nSaint Lawrence, and that twenty men sent to his assist-\\nance from Europe had in one way or another become\\ndispersed through the machinations of his enemies.\\nAt Fort Frontenac he found only stronger evidence of\\ndisaster; but pressing on to Montreal he succeeded in\\nmaking good his losses and in convincing those who\\nattempted to thwart him that he was superior to their\\nefforts.\\nIn starting out with his fresh supplies for the Illi-\\nnois country, the customary halt was made at the\\n(111)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0119.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "112 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nf ort^ and here the unhappy news from Tonty awaited\\nhim. His men^ taking advantage of the temporary\\nabsence of his lieutenant, had mutinied, destroyed\\nFort Creve-coeur, and taking everything that was\\navailable had gone on to Fort Miami on the Saint\\nJoseph to wage a similar destruction. At Michili-\\nmackinac they had seized a quantity of furs belong-\\ning to La Salle, and again at Niagara had continued\\ntheir robberies. Word was brought that they even\\nintended to kill their late leader, and were on their\\nway to carry out their sinister purj)ose; but such\\nreverses only tended to strengthen La Sallals deter-\\nmination and 230wers of endurance. He quickly and\\neffectually dealt with the deserters, putting them into\\ncustody where they were to await the arrival of\\nFrontenac, while he prepared to return to the Illinois\\ncountry for the relief of Tonty and those who had\\nremained with him. This time he took a new route,\\nby way of the Humber, Lake Simcoe, the Severn and\\nGeorgian Bay, and thence to Michilimackinac; leav-\\ning his lieutenant La Forest at the latter place with\\nhalf the men to attend to his business affairs, while he\\nhurried southward. By chance Tonty and Father\\nMembre were at the same time retreating from the\\ndangerous battle-ground of the Iroquois and Illinois,\\nand making their way to the mission at Green Bay.\\nHaving left a small detachment on the Saint Josej^h\\nto wait for La Forest, La Salle anxiously pressed\\non to the Illinois, there to find the ghastly relics of\\nwar; and instead of the flourishing village which he\\nhad passed in the spring, desolated lodges and the hor-\\nrid evidences of Indian vengeance. The thought of\\nwhat might have befallen his friend gave him no\\nrest, and with gloomy forebodings he continued his", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0120.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 113\\nway down to the mouth of the river, finding all\\nalong the abandoned camp-fires of the Illinois in\\nretreat, with those of their pursuers on the opposite\\nbank, but no traces of those he sought. It was at\\nthis unfortunate moment that La Salle saw for the\\nfirst time the Great River toward which his mind s\\neye had so often turned, and with whose future his\\nthoughts had long been occupied. Even then he\\nmight have followed it to the sea, putting aside the\\nsearch for his friends, and relying upon the support\\nof the few men who had accompanied him to its\\nshores, and who offered to make the journey with\\nhim; but he was too deeply concerned about Tonty,\\nand too well satisfied with certain other plans to\\nobey the temporary impulse, and therefore deter-\\nmined to wait. On the return to the Saint Joseph\\nsome traces were found of the recent passage of white\\nmen, which assured La Salle that Tonty had escaped\\nthe Iroquois massacre; and he was further gratified\\nto find that during his absence the men at Fort Mi-\\nami had repaired the injuries done by the deserters\\nand had cleared a large tract of land for cultivation.\\nThus favored, he prepared to remain at the fort for\\nthe winter, in order to carry out his great scheme of\\nalliance among the western tribes which the recent\\nIroquois invasion had made possible. It was his\\nidea to conciliate the small tribes who had separated\\non account of slight grievances, and ally them, with\\nthe Illinois, to the French; nominally to resist their\\ncommon enemy the Iroquois, but really to establish\\nFrench interests and secure the western trade in furs.\\nHaving heard in the course of his travels of the\\nsafety of Tonty, La Salle sent La Forest on to Mich-\\nilimackinac to meet him and to await his own arrival\\n8", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0121.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "114 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nthere; while he, in the meantime, continued his\\ndiplomatic mission among the red men. In these\\nnegotiations his remarkable influence with the Indi-\\nans gave him the advantage, and while he intimi-\\ndated, persuaded and flattered, they regarded him\\nwith mingled admiration and fear. He accomplished\\nall that he had desired, and then hastened to Michili-\\nmackinac, where in the joy of meeting Tonty the\\nhabitual reserve of his calm nature for once broke its\\nbonds.\\nTonty, and Father Membre who had been with him,\\nhad had a very trying and dangerous experience after\\nleaving Fort Creve-coeur. They had gone wp the Illi-\\nnois together to examine a hill which La Salle had\\nsuggested as a strong place in case of necessity, and\\nduring their absence the men at the fort deserted\\nand the Iroquois war-party approached almost simul-\\ntaneously. The fancied presence of Frenchmen\\namong the latter, due to the caprice of two Iroquois\\nchiefs Avho had arrayed themselves in a few articles\\nof European dress, placed Tonty and his companions\\nin a delicate position with the Illinois, who suspected\\nthat they were being betrayed. The situation re-\\nquired the utmost caution. Tonty stoutly denied\\nthe charge made against his countrymen, and to\\nprove his honesty of design, offered to negotiate with\\nthe enemy. This offer was accepted with some sus-\\npicion, but the volunteer was given a belt of wampum\\nas a truce, and accom^oanied by Boisrondet and two\\nothers, started toward the band of already frenzied\\nsavages. Ashe came within dangerous range of tlieir\\narrows and saw that hostilities were not suspended,\\nhe sent his companions back, and holding up the\\npacific symbol advanced alone.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0122.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 115\\nOnce in tli^ir midst a curious crowd of half-mad-\\ndened Iroquois pressed about the mediator, and a\\nyoung warrior among them, believing him to be an\\nIllinois, thrust a knife deep into his side; but one of\\nthe chiefs, calling attention to Tonty^s unpierced\\nears, saved him from further molestation, and\\nwrap23ed a wampum belt over the wound to stop- the\\nflow of blood.\\nHaving done all he could to awe the invaders and\\nsecure an advantage for the Illinois, Tonty returned\\nhalf-fainting, with his peaceful messages; but the\\nwary Iroquois were not thus easily to be disposed of.\\nUnder the guise of friendship they approached the\\nIllinois village, taking in with quick comprehension\\nthe real force of their adversaries, and contemptu-\\nously provoking a quarrel.\\nThe position of the Frenchmen soon became dan-\\ngerous.\\nTonty saw that the Illinois could not resist their\\nenemies, and had done all he could to aid them;\\nwhile they too began to realize the situation and\\nwere leaving the field. At this point he and his\\ncompanions prudently decided to retire; and finding\\nan old canoe, the little party embarked in it and qui-\\netly ascended the river. On the way the boat was\\nupset, and while a halt was made to repair it Father\\nRibourde, who was one of the number, wandered\\naway and was never again seen. Boisrondet also be-\\ncame lost in the forest, but escaped the lurking red-\\nskins and was able to find his way back. At the\\nhead of the Illinois the canoe entirely gave out, and\\nfrom there on to Green Bay the three refugees were\\nobliged to make their way on foot, finding sustenance\\nin herbs and roots which they dug up as they went", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0123.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "116 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nalong. By the latter part of November they reached\\nthe town of a friendly Pottawattamie chief who had\\nin several instances shown himself favorable to the\\nFrench, and whose assertion that he knew but three\\ngreat captains in the world, Frontenac, La Salle and\\nhimself, went far to prove his good-will.\\nEarly the following spring they started for Michili-\\nmackinac, and there waited for La Salle.\\nThat indefatigable traveler was now preparing to\\nreturn a third time to Fort Frontenac to straighten the\\ntangled thread of his affairs, to quiet his creditors, and\\nto test again the unfailing friendship of Frontenac.\\nThis time, instead of choosing a party entirely of\\nwhite men, whose good faith he had found wanting\\nin many a bitter experience, he secured eighteen Li-\\ndians from the Abenaki and Mohican tribes, with\\nthe extra encumbrance of ten squaws whom the\\nIndians insisted upon taking along to do camp work.\\nBesides tliese there were twenty-three Frenchmen\\nand three paj^ooses, and with this strange following\\nLa Salle again undertook the exploration of the Mis-\\nsissippi. On the fourth of January, 1682, he reached\\nthe Chicago Eiver, where he found Tonty, Father\\nMembre and a small party waiting with sledges.\\nThree weeks later they made the portage to the Illi-\\nnois, passed down the river on the ice, and found the\\nfamiliar village, which had been re-inhabited since\\nthe late invasion, entirely deserted, the Indians hav-\\ning gone down to the old site of Fort Creve-coeur on\\nPeoria Lake for the winter. At this point the river\\nwas^ as usual, open, and the canoes were put into the\\nwater, which quickly carried them down to the Mis-\\nsissippi. There they were delayed a week by floating\\nice; but at last on the thirteenth of February were", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0124.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE EXPLOHES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 117\\nable to begin the descent of the river, not as La Salle\\nhad once hoped, with spread sail and imposing cere-\\nmony, bnt with a modest flotilla of Indian canoes.\\nUpon passing the Missouri Father Membre wrote that\\nthe water was ^Miardly drinkable, an expression\\nwhich might amnse those familiar with the muddy\\ntorrent, and who know the condition of the main\\nstream even before it is adulterated by its boisterous\\ntributary. Beyond this, on the last bank, they came\\nupon the village of the Tamaroas, where they landed\\nand left indications of their presence for the absent\\nhunters; being careful to express the peaceful intent\\nof their journey, and thus secure a friendly reception\\nwhen they should return.\\nNotwithstanding La Salle s eagerness to push for-\\nward, the expedition was repeatedly delayed that the\\nmen might hunt and fish; for having come unen-\\ncumbered with provisions excepting a quantity of\\nIndian corn, the party relied completely upon game\\nand an occasional donation from the Indians. Dur-\\ning one of these halts for food near the Third Chick-\\nasaw Bluffs, one of the men, Peter Prudhomme,\\nbecame separated from his companions and was not\\nfound for nine days. In the course of the search for\\nhim a report was brought to La Salle that a fresh\\nIndian trail had been discovered. The missing man\\nwas immediately supposed to have fallen into the\\nhands of the unknown savages; and fearing treachery\\nto the entire party. La Salle set the men to building\\na fort. Prudhomme was found a few days later in\\nan exhausted condition but unharmed, and La Salle\\nleft him with two or three others in charge of the\\nfort which he had named in his honor, while the\\nmain party resumed the journey.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0125.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "118 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nGradually the influence of winter had passed away\\nas the canoes sped toward the Gulf; and to La Salle\\nwho had so often felt the bitterness of the cold sea-\\nsons in the northern wilderness, the gracious warmth\\nof the South must have had its charm.\\nBelow fort Prudhomme the voyagers w^ere over-\\ntaken by a dense fog in which they were obliged to\\nmake their way for forty leagues, and on the third of\\nMarch, while still impeded by it, they were startled\\nby war-cries and the sound of the tocsins on the west\\nbank. Immediately they were on the qui vive, while\\nLa Salle with his usual caution moved to the side of\\nthe river opposite that from which the sounds were\\nheard, had palisades thrown up, and within an hour\\nwas ready to meet the Indians.\\nAfter an exchange of friendly signs the entire party\\ncrossed the river and entered the Indian camp, where\\nfor several days they were feasted and treated with\\nthe utmost generosity, and on the fourteenth of\\nMarch they raised a cross in the village bearing the\\narms of France, and took possession of the country\\nwith solemn ceremony. These proceedings, while\\nwholly incomprehensible to the Indians, were wit-\\nnessed by them with apparent pleasure, and Membre\\nhad so far succeeded in explaining the sacred mean-\\ning of the cross that upon the return of the expedi-\\ntion it was found to be surrounded by a palisade.\\nThis tribe, perhaps the same Akamseas which\\nMarquette and Joliet encountered, further showed\\ntheir good-will by supplying the party with provis-\\nions and giving them guides to conduct them to the\\nvillages below. The expedition embarked from here\\non the seventeenth of March, encountering on the\\ndownward journey several friendly tribes, and at last", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0126.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 119\\nstopping near the village of the Taensas, which lay\\ninland on a bayou formed by a change in the course\\nof the river. La Salle was himself too fatigued to\\ngo to the village, but he sent Tonty and Father Mem-\\nbre with presents to the chief, being unwilling to\\nmiss any opportunity to gain the favor of the red\\nmen along his route.\\nComing within sight of the Taensa village, Tonty\\nand his companion were not a little surprised to find\\ninstead of the ordinary Indian lodges houses made\\nof mud and straw, and other evidences of an approach\\nto civilization. The people of this tribe wore gar-\\nments of white cloth ingeniously woven from the\\nbark of trees, had some furniture in their dwellings,\\nand like the Indians whom De Soto encountered,\\nunderstood the use of metals; but while the Spanish\\nadventurer had been deceived in regard to the mines,\\nthey were now discovered to the later Frenchman,\\nwhose ambition, however, reached so far beyond the\\naccumulation of personal wealth that he gave them\\nhardly a passing thought.\\nThe chief of this village paid La Salle the honor\\nof a visit, coming to him with all the ceremony of a\\nmore civilized potentate, and returning with the\\npleased satisfaction of a child over the gifts which\\nhis white brother had lavishly but prudently be-\\nstowed.\\nFrom here La Salle again ordered the advance, and\\nthe expedition moved forward without encountering\\nany Indians until the twenty-sixth of March, when a\\ncanoe was seen on the river twelve leagues below.\\nThe impetuous Tonty immediately gave chase, but\\nwas ordered to return by La Salle, who saw that a\\nband of warriors had assembled on the shore ready to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0127.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "120 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\ngreet the strange intruder with a shower of arrows.\\nHe was soon sent back with the calumet and was\\nkindly received, learning that the Indians belonged\\nto the Natchez tribe, and that they desired the white\\nmen to visit them at their village. It lay three\\nleagues inland, but, says Membre, the Sieur de La\\nSalle did not hesitate to go there. He raised a large\\ncross bearing the arms of France in the midst of the\\nlodges, taking possession of the country in the name\\nof the French King, much to the amusement of his\\nunsuspecting entertainers.\\nAt the village of the Koroa, who were allies of the\\nNatchez, lying ten leagues below, the Frenchmen\\nwere again generously received, and La Salle was pre-\\nsented with a peace-pipe from the chief; but further\\ndown they met with a different reception, for, coming\\nunexpectedly upon a party of Quini23issa fishermen,\\nthe frightened Indians fled, while their friends from\\nthe shore covered their retreat with drawn bows.\\nSeeing that to further follow them was useless, the\\nvoyagers kept their way, soon reaching the last and\\nmost peaceful village on their route. Here they dis-\\nembarked and advanced toward the lodges, but no\\none appeared to resent their intrusion, and gaining\\nconfidence as they neared the silent habitations, they\\ncautiously peered within their gloomy recesses. There\\nthey found a sickening sight, for less friendly visitors\\nhad preceded them, and with fearful vengeance had\\nsent their unsuspicious victims with scalping-knife\\nand tomahawk to the happy hunting grounds.\\nAt last, says Father Membre, after a naviga-\\ntion of about forty leagues, we arrived on the sixth\\nof April at a point where the river divides into three\\nchannels. The Sieur de La Salle divided his party the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0128.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "im)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0129.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "122 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nnext day into three bands, to go and explore them.\\nHe took the western, the Sieur Dautray the south-\\nern, the Sieur de Tonty, whom I accompanied, the\\nmiddle one. These three channels are beautiful and\\ndeep. The water is brackish; after advancing two\\nleagues it became perfectly salt, and advancing on we\\ndiscovered the oj)en sea, so that on the ninth of April,\\nwith all possible solemnity, we performed the cere-\\nmony of planting the cross and raising the arms of\\nFrance.^ The priests then chanted, the ^Vexilla\\nRegis and the ^^Te Deum, the men shouted\\nVive le Eoi/ and La Salle, after taking formal pos-\\nsession of the Great River, of all rivers that enter\\ninto it, and of all the country watered by them, read\\na document certifying the fact and amply proving\\nthe credit due him. This he asked those who were\\nwith him to sign, taking in the meanwhile a careful\\nestimate of the latitude of the mouth. By this act\\nall of the country ^^from the Alleghenies to the\\nRocky Mountains, from the Rio Grande and the\\nGulf to the farthest springs of the Missouri, was\\nappropriated by this zealous subject of the Grand\\nMonarch, and named in his honor Louisiana.\\nThe supply of provisions was now entirely ex-\\nhausted, but when the descent of the river was com-\\nmenced there were opportunities to obtain food\\nfrom the Indians or by the hunt.\\nOn the thirteenth of April the smoke of the Quin-\\nipissa village was seen, and a party was sent out to\\nreconnoitre. Four squaws were taken, and by keep-\\ning three of them as hostages while the fourth was\\nsent back with presents, a small quantity of corn was\\nobtained. The gift was grudgingly given, however,\\nand La Salle s men were obliged to act with the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0130.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 123\\nutmost caution in order to avoid treachery. Being\\ninvited to a feast at the village, they soon discovered\\nthat the pretended hospitality was only a ruse in-\\ntended to ensnare them; for stray Indians were\\nseen approaching, armed and evidently ready to give\\nthe white men a surprise. La Salle and his follow-\\ners kept their weapons well in sight and no assault\\nwas then attempted; but the following morning\\nbefore dawn the sentinel heard a rustling in the cane-\\nbrakes near the camp, and giving the alarm, a band\\nof prowling red-skins was discovered. Showers of\\narrows responded to the guns of the white men, and\\nalthough it rained, a spirited fight ensued; but the\\nIndians losing heavily without being able to injure\\ntheir antagonists, soon fled. Thoroughly exasperated.\\nLa Sailers men were on the point of burning the\\nvillage of their would-be murderers, but their leader\\nrestrained them, foreseeing a future need of their\\ngood-will. When the party reached the villages\\nfarther up the river they found that their late ene-\\nmies had stirred up a feeling of distrust against them,\\nbut La Salle skillfully regained the confidence of the\\ndisaffected chiefs and was allowed to continue unmo-\\nlested. He was soon delayed by something more\\nserious than savage opposition, however, for near\\nFort Prudhomme he fell ill and was oblio^ed to remain\\nthere several weeks, while Tonty in the meanwhile\\nwent on to Michilimackinac, from whence he sent a\\nreport of the recent expedition to the Governor.\\nFrontenac no longer held that office, having been\\nreplaced by La Barre, a man of altogether different\\ncharacter and strongly prejudiced against La Salle.\\nThe latter, having recovered, hastened to meet\\nTonty and leave instructions with him regarding the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0131.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "124 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nfort which he intended to build on the Illinois^ while\\nhe prepared to go to Quebec. His affairs were now\\nin a lamentable condition, and it was necessary to\\ntake active steps to right them. Scores of creditors\\nin Canada were waiting for the explorer s great\\nschemes to materialize, while he, thoroughly confi-\\ndent of success, was yet able to reassure them. As\\nbefore suggested, his intention was to make the new\\nfort a large trading post and the center of a prosper-\\nous colony, while by virtue of its position it would be\\na stronghold against the Iroquois. Around it would\\ngather the numerous tribes of the West seeking pro-\\ntection, who would pour into its storehouses the\\nwealth of unlimited hunting grounds. It was to be\\nthe first in a chain of similar colonies which he in-\\ntended to establish along the entire length of the\\nGreat River, to which the projected post at the Gulf\\nwas to be the key. In this the ambitious La Salle\\ncould see the prosperous accomplishment of all his\\nplans. France benefited; the New World committed\\nto her interests; creditors appeased, and his own\\nunceasing efforts crowned. But he was doomed to\\ndisappointment. Reports were brought of an im-\\npending Iroquois invasion, and instead of hastening\\nto France as he had intended, he was obliged to\\nremain at the new fort Saint Louis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to prepare for\\nattack. From here he sent men to Quebec to obtain\\nsupplies, in anticipation of a siege, but so great was\\nLa Barre s jealousy of La Salle that he detained them.\\nIt is even said that he encouraged the Iroquois in\\nmaking their raid upon the western tribes, that La\\nSalle might be involved in the general ruin, thus sac-\\nrificing his country s interests to his personal ambi-\\ntion; but whether or not this has any foundation,,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0132.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "LA SALLE EXPLORES THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 125\\nit is evident that he took extreme measures to thwart\\nthe explorer, attempting even to prejudice the King,\\nand so far succeeding that Louis, in a letter to the\\nGovernor, expressed his belief in the uselessness of\\nLa Salle s discoveries. He then assumed the respon-\\nsibility of seizing Fort Frontenac under some slight\\npretext, following up this piracy by sending an offi-\\ncer to take possession of Fort Saint Louis with orders\\nto La Salle to report at Quebec.\\nAs the Iroquois had not made the expected raid,\\nLa Salle was at the time going to Canada, en route\\nfor France. He therefore met the Governor s emis-\\nsary on the way, but maintaining his usual composure\\nsent back word to Tonty to receive the Chevalier\\nde Baugis well; while he, still undaunted, sought to\\nredress his wrongs and claim an unprejudiced hear-\\ning at the Court of Versailles.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0133.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nLAST VOYAGE AND DEATH OF LA SALLE.\\nOUIS^ partially influenced by the opinions of\\nhis late minister, and no doubt stirred\\nby the earnestness of the explorer him-\\nself who, still inspired by the vast\\npossibilities o f the New World, was\\nanxious that France should realize and\\nprofit by them had listened favorably\\nto La Sailers proposals, and had con-\\nfirmed his approval by letters patent bearing his\\nroyal sign and seal. Colbert had previously discussed\\nwith La Salle the feasibility of ^finding a port\\nwhere the French might establish themselves and\\nharass the Spaniards in those regions from whence\\nthey derive all their wealth, and this scheme, again\\nbrought to the notice of the King, prompted that\\nenthusiasm which led him to provide more than had\\nbeen asked for the success of the enterprise. Should\\nthe friendly relations maintained between France and\\nSpain prevent any immediate encroachment upon\\nthe Mexican possessions of the latter, the policy of\\nLa Salle was to follow the original plan of establish-\\ning a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, where\\nhe would be prepared at the slightest intimation of\\nhostilities to make a raid upon the Mexican mines.\\nIn this case he further intimated that if the Span-\\niards should delay satisfying the King at the conclu-\\nsion of a peace, an expedition at this point will oblige\\n(126)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0134.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 127\\nthem to hasten its conclusion, and to give His\\nMajesty important places in Europe in exchange for\\nthose which they may lose in a country of the posses-\\nsion of which they are extremely jealous/^\\nWhile these motives evidently excited the King s\\ninterest in the enterprise and secured his hearty coop-\\neration, the first object of the expedition was nomi-\\nnally the subjection and conversion of the savage\\nnations of America, and it was therefore in conform-\\nity to these motives that La Salle was careful to\\ninclude among those who were to form his company\\na sufficient number of missionaries. Agents were\\nsent to Rochefort and Eochelle to secure soldiers and\\nartisans; several families were enlisted for the colony,\\nand by the twenty-fourth of July, 1684, all preparations\\nwere completed, the company was aboard the boats, and\\ntogether with twenty other vessels bound for Canada,\\nthe fleet sailed from Eochelle. The Canadian vessels\\nno doubt bore the letters to La Barre expressing the\\nKing s disapproval of his late proceedings, and re-\\nquiring the return of all property seized unlawfully\\nbelonging to his protege, the Sieur de la Salle.\\nThe naval command of La Salle s expedition had\\nbeen given to Captain de Beaujeu, whom Le Clercq\\nsays was known for valor, experience, and meritorious\\nservice; who had indeed been a naval captain for\\nthirteen years, as he himself tells Seignelay in one of\\nhis letters of complaint; but his long position of\\nauthority and natural pride made him chafe under\\nthe calm assumption of one whom he contemptuously\\ncalls a civilian and who was possessed of quite as\\nmuch hauteur as himself. The King moreover had\\ngiven La Salle almost unlimited authority, which\\neasi ly gave him the advantage in matters of dispute.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0135.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "128 EAKLY EXPLORERS.\\nOnce at sea^ this unfortunate feeling of antagonism\\nsoon manifested itself, and a trifling accident which\\noccurred when the fleet was about fifty leagues out\\nwas considered by some La Salle among them to\\nhave been deliberately planned. This was the break-\\ning of the bowsprit of the royal ship Jolj/ which\\nwas under the personal command of Beaujeu. It was\\nnecessary to return in order to repair the injury, and\\nin the meantime the ships bound for Canada, which\\nwere to have kept with the smaller fleet as far as\\nCape Finisterre, continued to that point alone. On\\nthe eighth of August La Salle s party reached the Cape,\\nand on the twentieth sighted the Island of Madeira.\\nHere Beaujeu wished to cast anchor for water and pro-\\nvisions, as there had been some misunderstanding at the\\nstart about the length of the voyage and the number\\nof passengers; but La Salle considered this unneces-\\nsary, and feared besides that the Spaniards might\\nhear of their coming, which would place them under\\nsuspicion.\\nAlthough La Salle s reasons for passing the island\\nwere excellent, Beaujeu and, in fact, the entire crew\\nwere out of humor with his decision, and Joiitel, look-\\ning back over the disastrous period which followed,\\nsays: These misunderstandings laid the\\nfoundation of those tragical events which afterward\\nput an unhappy end to M. de La Salle s life and\\nundertaking, and occasioned our ruin.\\nBeaujeu then declared that no stop should be\\nmade but at the Island of Saint Domingo.\\nIn passing the Tropic of Cancer on the way thither,\\nthe sailors prepared to carry out their usual practice\\nof ducking. A tub was placed on deck and\\neverything made ready for the ludicrous and annoying", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0136.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 129\\nceremony, when La Salle interfered, saying that\\nthose under his command should have no part in\\nit; thereupon Beaujeu forbade the men to put the\\nplan into execution, and this again brought the\\nchief into disfavor.\\nTogether with these tempests on board the boats,\\nthe fleet was several times threatened, with storms\\nfrom without. The Aimable and the \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Belle/\\nwith the heavily loaded ketch Saint Francis/ often\\nbecame separated from the Joly and were obliged\\nto lie to for fair weather, or follow as their heavier\\ncargoes permitted. During one of these storms off\\nSaint Domingo the vessels became dispersed, the\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^Joly as usual keeping the lead. La Salle in the\\nmeantime had expressed his desire to stop at Port de\\nPaix, which was a convenient point, and where he was\\nto obtain supplies for the expedition according to a\\npre-arranged plan with M. de Cussy, Governor of the\\nIsland of Tortuga; but Beaujeu, evidently to gratify\\npersonal pique, passed the place in the night, anchoring\\non the twenty-seventh of September at Petit Gouave on\\nthe other side of the island. This was a great annoy-\\nance to La Salle, the more so as he was himself ill,\\nami was every day becoming more convinced, not\\nonly of Beaujeu s indifference, but of the utter\\nwortlilessness of the men whom his agents had\\nsecured to aid him in his enterprise. He accepted\\nthe situation with characteristic fortitude, however,\\nand on the day following the arrival at Petit Gouave,\\nhaving somewhat recovered from his illness, he went\\nashore to send messages to De Oussy, Begon the\\nintendant, and the Marquis de Saint Laurent, Lieu-\\ntenant-governor of the islands. He then provided\\nmore comfortable quarters for the sick, who numbered\\n9", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0137.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "130 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nmore than fifty and whose makidies in most cases\\nhad been brought on by their own excesses.\\nAt this nnfortunate time he was himself attacked\\nby a violent fever and was delirious for several days,\\nonly regaining consciousness long enough to realize\\nthe condition of his affairs. His men being under\\nno restraint became more dissipated than ever, and\\nBeaujeu at this crisis held coolly aloof. Word was\\nalso brought of the loss of the Saint Francis/^ one of\\nthe disastrous results of the captain s obstinacy. She\\nhad been taken by the Spaniards while attempting\\nto come up with the other vessels after a storm. It\\nprobably afforded La Salle small satisfaction to learn\\nfrom his friends on the island that this would not\\nhave occurred if Beaujeu had stopj)ed at Port de Paix.\\nHaving made reparation as far as i)ossible for this\\nloss. La Salle hastened the embarkation, as his men\\nwere fast becoming demoralized and many of them\\nhad already deserted. At a council of pilots held to\\ndecide upon the point to be reached before making\\nthe final voyage, the Island of Cuba or Cape Saint\\nAnthony was determined upon. At night, on the fifth\\nof December, they cast anchor in a small creek on the\\nIsle of Pines, where they stayed for three days wait-\\ning for fair weather. Here, according to Joutel,\\nLa Salle ^shot an alligator dead, which the soldiers\\nproceeded to boil and eat; but the fastidious narrator\\nremarks that they had ^good stomachs, and that\\nhe could not relish the meat, for it had a taste of\\nmusk.\\nQuantities of wild swine were seen, which were\\nprobably of the breed of those the Spaniards left\\nin the islands when they first discovered them. One\\nof these was killed and sent to La Salle, who divided", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0138.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 131\\nthe feast with the naval commander. Again on the\\neighth sails were set, with Cape Saint Anthony as the\\nobjective, which was reached four days later; hut the\\nwinds being unfavorable the expedition halted only\\none night there, moving away on the thirteenth.\\nThe winds being again unfavorable, Beaujeu sug-\\ngested that the boats return to the cape, to which\\nLa Salle agreed, being careful not to give the ca})tain\\nany cause to complain. On the eighteenth of the\\nsame month tlie fleet started forward in a fresh wind,\\nmoving generally to the northwest, and on the first\\nof January, 1G85, was driven toward the coast by the\\ncurrent. It was then decided that a boat be sent out\\nto discover land. La Salle, Beaujeu, and D Aire being\\namong the passengers. The result was unsatisfac-\\ntory, and the wind rising, forced them back to the\\nships. A few days later a calm tempted La Salle to\\ngo ashore again to get some idea of his position; but\\nthe pilot took exception to the number of men who\\nwere to accompany him, and he unaccountably aban-\\ndoned the idea. The ships were at that time 2)roba-\\nbly near one of the mouths of the Mississi2)pi, and\\nhad an exploration been made La Salle s entire des-\\ntiny might have been altered. He seemed, however,\\nto have been entirely ignorant of the locality, believ-\\ning he was yet far to the eastward near the Bay of\\nAppalachee. He was therefore satisfied to send out\\nthe pilot and one of the masters of the boat La\\nBelle, who soon returned on account of a fog. The\\npilot s companion reported that he believed there was\\na river beyond the shoals that had been sighted on\\nthe sixth, and yet, says Joutel, M. de La Salle\\ntook no notice of it, nor made any account of that\\nreport. Soon after this another attempt was made", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0139.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "132 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nto reach the shore, as the supply of water had given\\nout, Joutel being sent in charge of the boats. On\\nnearing land a number of Indians were seen walking\\nalong the sandy beach, who signaled to the crew to\\ncome on, but the sea was very high and tlie boats\\nwould be in danger of going aground. Joutel now\\ndetermined, if possible, to get the Indians to come\\nout, that he might take them back to the Aim-\\nable, where La Salle could question them. He there-\\nfore signaled to them in turn, putting a handker-\\nchief on the end of his fire-lock in token of peace.\\nIn an instant their swarthy bodies were seen battling\\nwith the waves, but they could not stand against\\nthem ami were forced back to shore. With quick\\nintelligence they devised a plan, however, and soon\\nput it into execution. Finding a large piece of\\ntimber, they threw it into the water and arranged\\nthemselves on either side of it, each man putting one\\narm around it and swimming with the other. When\\ntliey reached tlie boats they were taken in, naked and\\nstreaming, and carried back to the vessel. The trip\\nwas useless, however, for La Salle could neither under-\\nstand them nor make them understand him. He\\ngave them beads and trinkets, according to his cus-\\ntom, which were tied in their hair and about their\\nnecks, and thus adorned they were taken out to the\\nplace of meeting, from whence they swam ashore.\\nWhen not hindered by calms the shij^s now bore\\nsteadily westward, expecting to find some signs of the\\nMississippi, and still misguided by the advice received\\nat Saint Domingo. Frequent landings were made\\nin the meantime for fresh water and game, and\\nhaving reached the sandy shores of Texas, where the\\nwestern curve of the Gulf commences, without finding", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0140.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 133\\n^^the fatal river/^ as Joutel calls it. La Salle pro-\\nposed to return and make investigations about the\\npoint which had been passed on the sixth of January;\\nbut ill success had somewhat weakened his cause,\\nand Beaujeu, probably glad of the opportunity, now\\noffered objections. In the first place he sent D Aire\\nwith various grievances; among others that La Salle\\nwho had hurried ahead in the ^Aimable, eagerly\\nseeking the Mississippi had designedly left him. He\\nthen complained that provisions had fallen short and\\nthat there would not be enough to last for the return\\nvoyage to France; but it was not La Salle s intention\\nto return without making another attempt to find\\nhis river, and he therefore offered to supply Beaujeu s\\nship, the Joly, with two weeks provisions from\\nhis own. Beaujeu was dissatisfied with this, and left\\nLa Salle without further discussing the matter.\\nMeanwhile boats went ashore for water and to give\\nthe men a chance to hunt. La Salle being among the\\npassengers. Here D Aire again came to him to talk\\nabout the provisions, still insisting that the Joly\\nbe supplied for a longer period than two weeks.\\nLa Salle not only explained that this would be ample\\ntime to carry out his plans, but that a larger supply\\nwould necessitate rummaging the liold of the Aim-\\nable. D Aire returned with La Salle s messages,\\nwhile the latter, wishing to find a river which would\\ngive a better supply of water than the one near which\\nthe vessels were then anchored, sent on a small party\\nto explore. After following the shore line for some\\ndistance they found a great river. Signals were\\nraised for the boats to join them, and La Salle hoped\\nthis might l)e one of the mouths of the Mississippi.\\nSoundings were made all along and stakes set to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0141.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "134 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nguide their passage, for La Salle desired that they\\ncome to anchor at this point. He then sent the pilot\\nof La Belle to assist in bringing in the fly-\\nboat, but Beaujeu, angry about the provisions and\\nthwarted in his already meditated plan of desertion,\\nrefused to let him come aboard, saying he could get\\nalong very well without his help.\\nAnother event occurring soon after seemed to pre-\\nsage misfortune. La Salle had set some men to hew-\\ning down a tree on the river bank, and while at work\\nthey were surprised by Indians and several of their\\nnumber captured. The rest ran terrified to report\\nto La Salle, who immediately caused the party to\\npursue tlie savages with drums beating. This had\\nthe desired effect of scaring them. He then had ten\\nof the men lay aside their arms and with him\\napproach the Indians, as he wished to get what\\ninformation he could from them and secure the\\ncaptives peaceably. This was of no avail, however,\\nfor they could not make themselves understood, and\\nthey had led away the men during the conference.\\nLa Salle was therefore obliged to follow them to their\\nvillage. On the way there the Indians were attracted\\nby the ships, which could be plainly seen, and La\\nSalle, following their gaze, noticed with some uneasi-\\nness that the Aimable was under sail and moving\\nin the wrong direction; yet he was determined to\\nrescue the captives, and therefore did not turn back.\\nSoon the report of a cannon broke the stillness. The\\nIndians, terrified, fell upon their faces, while La Salle,\\nlooking over the Gulf, saw the Aimable with\\nfurled sails stranded upon the shoals. The signal\\nof distress meant an inestimable loss, for on this ship\\nwere almost all the tools and ammunition for the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0142.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "DEATH OV LA SALLE. 135\\nO\\nexpedition; and although the accident was due to\\ndirect opposition to La Salle s orders perhaps even to\\ntreachery Miis intrepidity did not forsake him and\\nhe applied himself without grieving to remedy what\\nmight be. Notwithstanding the weight of anxiety\\npressing upon him, he waited for the release of his\\nmen, and then harrying to the shore did all in his\\npower to recover part of the cargo of the ruined ves-\\nsel. Some gunpowder and flonr were saved, but\\nwhile the work was going on the sky became overcast\\nand a storm broke upon the dismal scene.\\nA party of Indians taking advantage of the general\\nconfusion came down to the beach to plunder, but\\nLa Salle s effectual tactics were resorted to, and the\\ndrums soon put them to flight. Later they succeeded\\nin stealing a roll of blankets, and volunteers were\\nsent to recover them, but finding that the squaws\\nhad already cut them up for skirts, they indiscreetly\\nshowed their anger and further excited the savages by\\ntaking some of their canoes. The result was fatal;\\nfor, being unfamiliar with the frail craft and delayed\\nby obstructions, they made very slow progress and\\nwere overtaken by darkness not far below the Indian\\nvillage. The vengeful inhabitants had stealthily\\nfollowed them, and when their victims were asleej^\\nsent a salute of arrows into tlieir midst, killing two of\\nthe men and wounding La Salle s nephew, Moranguet.\\nThe latter, however, was not too badly hurt to dis-\\ncharge his gun at the unseen assailants, which for a\\ntime frightened them off.\\nThis affair, coupled with recent disasters, tended\\nto increase the general discontent, and Beaujeu now\\nprepared to return, saying that as the Mississippi\\nor at least what was supposed to be that river had", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0143.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "136 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nbeen reached, his obligation was practically at an end.\\nLa Salle was evidently very Avilling to forego his\\nassistance, merely requesting that some ammunition\\nwhich belonged to him on board the ^Joly be\\nturned over to him; but Beaujeu, perhaps with a\\nlingering feeling of spite, gave as an excuse for not\\nmeeting this request the fact tliat the goods lay at the\\nbottom of the hold, and by searching for them he\\nwould endanger the vessel. Besides this, he allowed\\nthe entire crew of the Aimable to follow her cap-\\ntain and return with him to France.\\nThat this conduct was the result of deliberate\\ntreachery was confirmed by later events; and it has\\neven been proved that the faithless captain after\\nleavinof La Salle went himself in search of the Mis-\\nsissippi, found it, and, although provisions had been\\nalarmingly short before, remained in the vicinity of\\nits mouth long enough to enable the engineer Minet\\nto make two maps. He then set sail, gracefully turn-\\ning his back upon the lonely shores of the Gulf,\\nwhere far to the westward within what is now\\nknown as Matagorda Bay the abandoned and well-\\nnigh despairing little colony under La Salle was left\\nto accomplish the great ends which that intrepid\\nexplorer had planned.\\nAlthough the outlook was rather disheartening\\nafter the departure of the Joly, no time was given\\nover to idle lamenting. From the wreck of the\\nAimable, Fort Saint Louis was built, the colonists\\nand some of the men were safely domiciled within its\\npalisades, and Joutel left in command, while La\\nSalle went to discover if the river they had reached\\nwere indeed what he had hoped the western mouth\\nof the Mississippi.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0144.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 137\\nOrders were left to liold no communication with\\nIndians and to fire upon any avIio might approach.\\nLa Salle hearing shots a few days afterward, and\\nfearing they might be a signal of distress, returned\\nto see if all was well. He had found in the mean-\\ntime that the great river which they had hap-\\nlessly come upon was not the one on which the colo-\\nnists were to find a home and fortune; but their\\nimmediate wants must be supplied, and for this\\nreason La Salle selected a more convenient place to\\nthe eastward of Fort Saint Louis, on a small river\\nwhich he named La Vache.\\nJoutel, abandoning the old fort to join the j)arty\\nhere some time later, found a forlorn condition of\\nthings. Owing to the scarcity of timber, the men,\\nwomen, and children were living in wretched little\\nhuts and tents, the crops were a miserable failure,\\nand in fact failure seemed to typify the whole enter-\\nprise. La Salle, however, was still hopeful and\\nundaunted. He sent Joutel back to Fort Saint Louis\\nwith La Belle, the only boat now left, to get the\\ntimber which had been squared and hidden in the\\nsand. With this, new buildings were thrown up and\\nmore comfortable quarters established; yet the seem-\\ning air of prosperity still covered miserable realities,\\nfor disease and death were every day adding to the\\noverwhelming numbers who had perished within the\\nyear.\\nThere was now no time to be lost, and La Salle with\\nthirty men went once more in search of the fatal\\nriver. This time, anticipating bad faith, he left\\nadditional orders with Joutel telling him to receive\\nno man of those who went with him except he\\nbrought a message from him in writing. It soon", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0145.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "138 EARLY EXPLOREKS.\\ntranspired that this order was not made without\\nreason.\\nOne evening a few weeks after La Salle s depart-\\nure the sentinel keeping his lonely watch within the\\nfort was startled by the sound of a voice coming from\\nthe direction of the river, calling Dominick! the\\nname of the younofcr Duhaut. Joutel was summoned,\\nand in an instant all the men were assembled in the\\nopen inclosure. The commander advanced to see\\nwho the intruder might be, and found Duhaut in a\\ncanoe near the shore. Joutel was in doubt as to\\nwhether or not he ought to enforce La Salle s order,\\nbut Duhaut told a very plausible story of becoming\\nseparated from the party and of being unable to\\novertake it, and Joutel saw no other course but to\\nallow him to enter. Thus it pleased God, he\\nsays, ^Hhat he who was to be one of the murderers\\nof M. de La Salle should come off safe and surmount\\nalmost infinite dangers. Some time after this La\\nSalle himself returned with a few ragged and weary\\nmen, after an unsuccessful tramp through forests and\\nover prairies in quest of the river which the explorer\\nwas destined never to reach.\\nOn the day of his arrival Joutel happened to be\\nwalking on top of one of the buildings, and seeing a\\nbody of men advancing over the prairie hurried out\\nto meet them. They proved to be La Salle and eight\\nof his followers, the remainder having been left on\\nthe bank of a river which was thouo-ht to be the Mis-\\nsissippi, while the crew of the Belle, with the\\nboat itself, which had kept along the coast, had dis-\\nappeared and was supposed to be lost. With this\\nthe last ho2~\u00c2\u00bbe of returning to France was aban-\\ndoned; the Mississippi was still undiscovered; every", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0146.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 139\\nimclertakiiig had failed, and at last, borne down by a\\nweight of anxiety and wearied with his fruitless wan-\\nderings. La Salle fell dangerously ill; but his sturdy\\nframe and indomitable spirit soon overcame this weak-\\nness, and he prepared again not only to find the Missis-\\nsippi, but to ascend it to the Illinois and thence to\\nCanada, where he intended to get vessels and provis-\\nions for the relief of his people. At the end of April\\nhis party of twenty volunteers, bearing their light\\npacks of clothing and ammunition, issued from the\\ngate of the little stockaded fort, quietly and reso-\\nlutely, to undertake another of those journeys which\\nhad so often proved perilous and unavailing. As\\nusual, a remnant of their number returned to tell the\\nstory of another failure; some having deserted and\\nothers perished.\\nThese continual misfortunes were naturally dis-\\nheartening, and yet the chief still planned to accom-\\nplish his purpose. Another ex^^edition was discussed;\\npreparations were begun; and as it was decided to\\nwait till the end of the hot weather before undertak-\\ning it, the men were put to work making clothing\\nout of sails, and hewing timber for future use, for\\nwork was always La Salle s antidote for discontent.\\nIn the meantime Christmas approached, and the\\nisolated band far away in the wilderness assembled\\nin the rough chapel to celebrate the mass. On\\nTwelfth Night they again came together after the\\nusual custom, to perform the quaint old ceremony of\\nTlie King Drinks; but when they lifted the cups\\ntheir lips were moistened, not with the merry wine\\nwhich their countrymen were sii)ping in France, but\\nwith the simple nectar of the New World s springs.\\nThe following day, the seventh of January, those", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0147.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "140 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nchosen to accompany La Salle on his last journey,\\nsaid farewell to the forlorn little colony left behind,\\nonce more encouraged by the words and example of\\ntheir leader. Much the same direction that had\\nbeen taken before was followed by this latter party\\nthat is, toward the northeast. On the fourteenth,\\nwhile crossing a prairie, herds of buffaloes were seen;\\nsome of them running as if pursued by Indians,\\nwhile others, beginning to catch the infection, were\\nmoving in frigiitened groups toward the travelers.\\nSoon a hunter appeared, and La Salle, having ordered\\none of the pack-horses to be unloaded, sent one of\\nhis men to pursue the red-skin, who, finding himself\\ncaptured, concluded he was a lost man. He was\\nsomewhat surprised, however, to find himself kindly\\ntreated which but for La Salle s wise interposition\\nwould not have been the case and upon being\\nreleased soon afterward walked cautiously away till\\nwell out of range, when he began running for dear\\nlife. Soon after this a band of Indians was seen\\nadvancing, but La Salle had his men continue the\\nmarch until within hailing distance, when a halt Avas\\ncalled At this the natives halted also, while La Salle,\\nlaying down his gun, walked toward the chief, sig-\\nnaling him to come forward. A sort of peace was\\nmade, joresents were distributed, and the two parties\\nseparated. La Salle and his men pushing on over the\\nstill familiar route, and occasionally meeting Indians\\nwith whom peace was established.\\nOn the eleventh of March they came to a place\\nnear which La Salle in a j^revious journey had hidden\\nsome corn and beans, and as provisions were scarce\\nDuhaut, Heins, Liotot the surgeon, Nika his Mohe-\\ngan hunter, and Saget his footman were sent with a", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0148.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 141\\nparty of Indians to get the stores. They were found\\nrotted, but when returning Nika shot two bullocks,\\nand Saget was sent back to inform his master.\\nMoranguet, La Salle s nephew, and De Marie were\\nsent with horses to bring back the meat for drying;\\nbut when they reached the hunting party they found\\nthat tlie meat had already been smoked, although it\\nwas not ready; while Duhaut and his companions\\nhad, according to custom, laid aside the marrow-\\nbones and a few other parts to roast. At this the\\nquick-tempered Moranguet fell into a rage, menacing\\nDuhaut and the others, and at the same time taking\\npossession of all of the meat. This impassioned\\nbehavior roused like a fire-brand the smoldering\\nhatred of the men, who already had causes of offense\\nagainst the nephew of their chief.\\nIn an instant a thousand real and imaginary griev-\\nances were recalled. In the first place, Duhaut and\\nLiotot had invested large sums of money in an enter-\\nprise which seemed destined to fail, and in follow-\\ning which they had met only privations and losses;\\ntheir leader, habitually cold and reserved, had uncon-\\nsciously done much to help on tlie general disaffec-\\ntion, while Liotot whose brother had been sent back\\nalone by La Salle during one of the marches, and bad\\nbeen massacred by Indians on the way had a per-\\nsonal sorrow to avenge. They bad moreover a\\ngrudge against Moranguet and were determined to\\nkill him.\\nTaking the pilot Tessier, Heins the buccaneer, and\\nL Archeveque into their confidence, they went aside\\nto deliberate upon their murderous purpose; and hav-\\ning determined to put ]^ika and Saget out of the\\nway because they were faithful to La Salle, they", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0149.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "142 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nwaited, after the manner of tlieir kind, for the dark-\\nness.\\nThe evening meal was eaten in silence, each man\\nbusy with his own thoughts, and when it was finished\\nthe watches were arranged. Moranguet was to keep\\nthe first, Saget the second, and Nika the third.\\nTaking his post, gun in hand, Moranguet guarded\\nthe apparently sleeping figures of his companions\\nuntil his time was up; then calling to Saget ho\\nwrapped himself in his blanket and lay down to rest.\\nThe end of the third watch was the signal for the\\nassassins to begin their work. Duhaut, Ileins,\\nTessier, and L Archeveque stood guard while the\\nsurofeon with sure aim struck the death-blow. Nika\\nand Saget did not stir, Ijut Moranguet made a convul-\\nsive effort to sit up, which was quickly prevented by\\na second stroke. This slaughter,^^ says Joutel,\\nhad yet satisfied but one part of the revenge of\\nthose murderers. To finish it and secure themselves\\nit was requisite to destroy the commander-in-chief.^^\\nTheir unhappy victim was already planning to meet\\nhis murderers; for becoming uneasy at the delay of\\nMoranguet, and fearing the party might have fallen\\ninto the hands of the Indians, he determined to go in\\nsearch of them. He also, it is said, had forebodings\\nof another kind, and asked his men if Duhaut, Liotot,\\nand Ileins had not betrayed some signs of discontent.\\nEeceiving no definite answer, he started out accom-\\npanied by Father Douay, leaving Joutel in charge of\\nthe camp.\\nOn the way he talked to the priest of God s mercy\\nin having protected him from the countless dangers\\nwith which he had been encompassed during his\\ntwenty years of travel in America; but his manner", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0150.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 143\\nsuddenly changing, he became so overwhelmed with\\nsadness that his companion declares he did not know\\nliim.\\nAs they advanced toward the river, on whose\\nfarther shore the murderers had their camp. La\\nSalle, noticing two eagles circling in the air over-\\nhead, discharged his gun at them. The shot Avarned\\nthe conspirators. Duhaut and L^Archeveque went\\nu]) the river, crossing over without being seen.\\nDuhaut tlien dropped into the long grass, while his\\nservant remained in sight, and La Salle noticing him\\nasked Avhere Moranguet was. L^ Archeveque replied in\\na broken voice that he was along the river, and at\\nthe same instant, as La Salle turned to follow the\\ndirection, Duhaut raised and fired. The bullet\\nreached its mark and La Salle fell, pierced through\\nthe brain.\\nFather Douay, who was standing beside him,\\ntremblingly expected the same fate; but Duhaut\\nreassured him, telling him that it was desjjair that\\nhad driven him to the deed.\\nThe murderers now gathered about their victim,\\nwhile Liotot, remembering the death of his brother,\\ncried out in scorn, There thou liest, great Baslia!\\nThere thou liest! Then dragging the corpse into\\nthe bushes they left it a prey to the beasts.\\nDuhaut and his confederates now returned to camp,\\nwhere they were soon the masters, the terror of their\\npresence causing the most abject submission. Joutel,\\nmeanwhile, had gone off to a neighboring hill to\\nwatch some horses grazing in the bottom, and thither\\nL Archeveque, who had a kindness for him, went\\nto warn him. The news was a great blow to this\\nofficer, and he had besides something to fear on his", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0151.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "(144)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0152.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "DEATH OF LA SALLE. 145\\nown account. There was, however, no alternative,\\nand trusting to a kind Providence he went back to\\ncamp, where he was greeted by Duhaut s menacing\\nremark, Every man ought to command in his turn.\\nSafety demanded silence, while those who would\\nhave brought the guilty ones to justice were\\nrestrained by the priest Cavelier, who reminded them\\nthat vengeance belonged to God.\\nWith the death of the leader, whom Douay called\\ntheir guardian angel, everything was thrown into\\nconfusion. The new commander took possession of\\nall the stores and the men dared offer no resistance.\\nThere came a time, however, when their villainy was\\navenged; and strangely enough this was brought\\nabout by one of their number, the buccaneer Heins.\\nWhile he seems to have conspired with them against\\nMoranguet, there is no evidence to show that he took\\na part in the murder of La Salle, who had always\\nbeen partial to him. When, therefore, Duhaut and\\nLiotot were on their way to Canada, Heins, who\\nrefused to go with them farther, demanded his share\\nof the goods. Duhaut and Liotot refused, giving as\\nan excuse the fact that they were entitled to them\\nas a recompense for their losses. ^So you will not\\ngive them to me? demanded the buccaneer. No,^\\nreplied they. Thereupon he drew his pistol from\\nhis belt and fired at Duhaut, saying as he did so,\\n^^You are a villain. You killed my master. A\\nFrenchman who was then with Heins mortally\\nwounded Liotot, and after the latter had made a con-\\nfession of his crime, the same man stepped forward\\nand discharged a blank cartridge against his head.\\nIn a moment more his liair had caught fire, then his\\nclothing, and so, consumed by the flames, he perished.\\n10", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0153.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "146 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nJoutel, the two Caveliers, Father Doiiay, and a few\\nothers afterward made their way to Fort Saint Louis\\non the Illinois^ where they waited for Tonty, who had\\ngone to the Iroquois war, and from whom they hiter\\nreceived money to return to France; concealing from\\nhim for certain reasons the fact of La Sailers death,\\nTonty, having previously heard that the latter was\\nsomewhere on the Gulf and in distress, had made a\\ndifficult journey to find him, with the hope of lend-\\ning him succor; but, failing in the attempt, was\\nobliged to return again to his post on the Illinois.\\nOn the way up the Mississippi he left a letter with\\nthe Quinipissa tribe since become friendly to the\\nFrench and D Ibberville, passing that way thirteen\\nyears later, found the message, which had been care-\\nfully preserved by one of the chiefs.\\nAs to the little Texan colony of Saint Louis, which\\nLa Salle left when he went on his last journey in\\nsearch of the fatal river, the only record that\\nremains of it is in the Spanish account of the expedi-\\ntion of Don Alonzo de Leon, where it is said that the\\nSpaniards upon reaching Bay Saint Bernard, known by\\nthe French as Bay Saint Louis, came upon a ruined\\nfort where the dead bodies of several foreigners were\\nfound, who had evidently been massacred by the\\nIndians. Don Alonzo Avas moved to com})assion at\\nthe sight, and although he afterward learned from\\ntwo Frenchmen who had been Avith La Salle\\nL Archeveque was one the motives which had moved\\nthe explorer Avhen he brought his people there, he\\nstill manifested the greatest concern and pity. At\\nthe same time, however, he informed his govern-\\nment of the affair, that its Mexican colonies might\\nbe protected f i-om the inroads of others, which this", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0154.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "dp:ath of la salle. 147\\ndaring though unsuccessful venture seemed to\\npresage.\\nSo perished the plans of one of the greatest of\\nexjDlorers^ who belonged not to the age of the\\nknight-errant and the saint, but to the modern\\nworld of practical study and J^ractical action/ and\\nto whom the enterprising spirit of a nineteenth-\\ncentury civilization looks back with admiration and\\npraise.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0155.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nFATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN.\\nHE life of this sturdy Franciscan, whose\\nvery garb has so often been the means\\nof condemning him, possesses no small\\namount of attractiveness, notwith-\\nstanding the just criticisms that have\\nbeen leveled against it by those who\\nhave made it a study; and even in folloAving Henne-\\npin s accounts, exasperating as they are by the doubts\\nwhich they excite of the author s veracity, it is still\\nimpossible to resist the clever stretching of truth\\nwhich made them popular above those of his fellow\\ntravelers, not only in France, but in the other coun-\\ntries of Europe.\\nWith La Hontan and a few others of like reputa-\\ntion, he is condemned to that amiable class who\\nseem to tell truth by accident and fiction by inclina-\\ntion yet for want of something better we are left\\nto the mercy of these capricious historians, who with\\nall their fabrications have given us records of the\\nhighest value.\\nMoved by impulse while still a student, Hennepin\\nentered the order of Saint Francis that he might pass\\nthe remainder of his days in a life of austerity.\\nThis step was evidently a mistake. He soon became\\nimpatient with convent monotony, and in reading of\\nthe travels of his brother priests his craving for\\nadventure asserted itself. He was permitted to\\n(148)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0156.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "FATHER LOUIS HEN N EPIN 149\\nvisit the Franciscan churches and convents of Ger-\\nmany and Italy, which in a measure satisfied him;\\nbut returning from this tour he found his inclina-\\ntions thwarted by one of his superiors who did not\\napprove of them, and who sent him to a convent in\\nHainault, where he stayed a year preaching.\\nAny tiling was better than this, and at the end of\\nthat time he received permission to go to Artois, and\\nfrom there was sent to Calais, where he artlessly com-\\npromised himself by confessing that he often hid\\nbehind the tavern doors while the sailors were talking\\nover their cruises, declaring that he could have\\npassed whole days and nights without eating in this\\nagreeable occupation, because by this means lie was\\nenabled to learn something new about the manners\\nand mode of life of foreign nations.\\nBy these stories his ^*^old inclination was also\\naroused, and starting out again he wandered about as\\na missionary through the towns of Holland, although\\nthe country was then shadowed by the desperate con-\\nflicts of the Prince of Orange and Louis XIV.\\nAt Maestricht, at the time of the siege, he worked\\nin the hospitals among the wounded for eight months,\\nand, catching a zeal from his labors there, was next\\nministering to the soldiers on the bloody field of\\nSeneff, where his unflinching charity, though in a\\nmeasure vaunted by himself, was none the less\\nadmirable.\\nFrom war-scourged Holland he was recalled to\\nRochelle, having been elected by his superiors to\\nmake one of the quintette of missionaries to be sent\\nto Canada at the request of Frontenac. This oppor-\\ntunity was gratifying to the restless priest, and he\\nhastened back to France to prepare for the vovage.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0157.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "150 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nLa Salle, with his grant of Fort Frontenac and new\\npatent of nobility, and Francis de Laval, soon to\\nbecome Vicar Apostolic of New France, were two of\\nhis fellow passengers, whom he variously impressed\\non the way to Canada. He says that De Laval upon\\ntheir arrival at Quebec commissioned him to preach\\nthe Advent and Lenteii sermons to the nuns of the\\nHotel Dieu; but curious in the meantime to see the\\ncountry about him, he traveled to the neighboring\\ntowns with his portable chapel service and snow-shoes\\nstrapped to his back, sturdily enduring hunger and\\nfatigue, and, worse still, the frosts which often\\npenetrated to his very bones.\\nFrom Quebec he was sent with Father Buisset to\\nFort Frontenac to instruct the Indians there, and\\nwhile laboring in the new field still roamed about in\\nevery direction, visiting the Five Nations, and even\\ngoing as far as Albany, where the Dutch invited him\\nto make his home.\\nAt the end of two years La Salle had returned from\\nFrance with permission to carry on his discoveries,\\nand Hennepin, hearing of his arrival, hurried down\\nto Quebec, where he hoped to find messages giving\\nhim permission to join in the enterprise. To his\\ndelight La Salle brought a favorable letter from\\nFather Le Fevre, his Provincial, and after going into\\nretreat for a time, he went back to Fort Frontenac,\\nwhere with La Motte and a crew of sixteen he was\\nsent forward to Niagara. Then followed the build-\\ning of the fort there; the negotiations with the\\nSenecas; the triumphant sail of the Griffin, and\\nfinally the establishment of Fort Creve-coeur.\\nFrom here La Salle sent the restless Eecollet on to\\nthe Mississippi, before making his brave journey", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0158.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "FATHEit LOUIS IIEMNKPIN. 151\\nback to Canada for the relief of tliemenwlio deserted\\nliini. Hennepin was reluctant in accepting this\\ncommission^ not probably for want of courage, for\\nhe more than once proved that he was not lacking in\\nthat quality, but perhaps because the journey would\\nbe a tedious one, and he was at the time suffer-\\ning from an abscess in the mouth. He offered to\\nexchange places with Father Membre, who was dis-\\ngusted with the Illinois, and who came down to Fort\\nCreve-coeur to pour his trials into the ears of his\\nbrother missionaries. This set the Father thinking,\\nsays Hennepin, and he preferred to remain with\\nthe Illinois, of whom he had some knowledge, rather\\nthan expose himself to go among unknown nations.\\nThere was then no escape, for La Salle, always it\\nseems harboring a little feeling of antagonism against\\nthe self-assertive priest, threatened to write to Hen-\\nnepin s sujieriors in France if he refused to obey his\\nwish; while the venerable Father Ribourde, himself\\none of the bravest of the band of missionaries, encour-\\naged his younger brother with priestly consolation.\\nOn the twenty-ninth of February, 1680, La Salle and\\nthe men from the fort came down to the river to bid\\nHennepin and his companions farewell. By the\\nwater s edge lay moored the birch canoe which was to\\ncarry them througji unknown dangers; its crannies\\nfdled with hatchets and beads, as passports to the\\nstrange tribes of the Upper Mississipj)i.\\nHennepin embraced all the men in turn, receiving\\nFather Ribourde s blessing and an encouraging word\\nfrom La Salle, whom at the last ho accuses of rashly\\nexposing his life; then, with a stroke of the paddles\\nthe canoe was started down the stream and its occu-\\npants lost to sight.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0159.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "152 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nIn the evening a party of Illinois, returning to their\\nvillage with the spoils of the hunt, startled the priest\\nand his companions and almost succeeded in influ-\\nencing Accault and Du Gay to abandon their jour-\\nney, but the men knew if they did this the men at\\nthe fort would see them, and they decided to keep on\\ntheir way. Near the mouth of the river they came\\nto a camp of the Tamaroa and were invited to their\\nvillage on fehe Mississippi. Hennepin, however, pre-\\nvailed upon the men, who intended to do some trad-\\ning, to wait until they reached the Upper River, and\\nso prevented a delay. The keen-eyed Indians had\\nnoticed in the meantime that the white men s canoe\\nwas stored with arms for their enemies, and were\\ndetermined to get possession of them. They accord-\\ningly started out in pursuit; but their heavy wooden\\nboats were no match for the canoe and they were\\nsoon far behind. Resorting to another means, they\\nsent a party of young warriors along the shore to\\nintercept the white men at a narrow point. The\\npursued saw their camp-fire at night, and, warned by\\nit, hurried to an island on the opposite side of the\\nriver, leaving their dog in the canoe as sentinel,\\nwhile they, expecting to be followed, silently waited\\nfor the signal to embark. Their fears were ground-\\nless. The Indians failing to overtake them returned,\\nleaving them to continue their journey to the Missis-\\nsippi, where they were detained by floating ice until\\nthe twelfth of March.\\nHere the speculations regarding Hennepin s move-\\nments begin. In his first account, published in 1683,\\nhe describes the journey northward, and his capture\\nby the Sioux, making no reference to a descent of\\nthe river, and again in the journal published fourteen", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0160.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "FATHER LOUIS HENKEPIK. 153\\nyears later he declares that he descended the Missis-\\nsippi to the Gulf; although he concealed the fact, he\\nsays, in order that La Salle, who wished to keep all\\nthe glory and all the knowledge of it to himself/\\nmight not be offended! This remarkable voyage,\\naccording to a coincidence of dates in the two\\naccounts, was made in forty-three days; but as La\\nSalle cantionsly remarks: ^It is necessary to know\\nhim somewhat to tell how much credence should\\nbe given to these declarations. It is generally\\nbelieved that the earlier work is the more reliable that\\nit is even accurate and therefore the experiences of\\nthe eccentric priest on the Upper Mississippi may be\\naccepted with a good share of faith. Taking him at\\nhis word then, he and his companions passed in their\\nupward course the rivers emptying into the main\\nstream from the east and west, coming at last to\\nthe falls which he named in honor of Saint Anthony\\nof Padua.\\nThe journey was not altogether one of privations.\\nTliere was an abundance of game, deer, buffalo, bear,\\nand wild turkey, on which they had a continual\\nfeast; making amends for their Lenten indulgence\\nby saying prayers three times a day, their chief peti-\\ntion at these times being that they might not be sur-\\nprised by the ?iatives at night, for with all their\\ncourage they valued their scalps as highly as their\\nless venturesome brothers. This petition was granted\\nsoon after their midday devotions on the eleventh of\\nApril. A war-party of a hundred and twenty Sioux\\non their way to the lower tribes suddenly came upon\\nthem. In an instant their arrows were whirring\\naround them and their canoes had hemmed them in;\\nbut the old warriors noticing the calumet which", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0161.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HENNEPIN AT THE FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY.\\n(154)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0162.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "FATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN. 155\\nHennepin held, kept the young men from violence.\\nThe Indians then attempted to terrify the group on\\nthe shore; some of them leaping into the water and\\nothers darting i\\\\]) in their canoes, accompanying their\\nmaneuvers with piercing yells. All this had the\\ndesired effect. Hennepin hastened to give them\\nthe all-powerful tabac/ and they were partially\\nappeased. Hearing them repeat the words Miam-\\niha, Miamiha, and inferring from this that they\\nspoke of the Miamis, whom with the Illinois they\\nwere about to attack, he took up a stick and mark-\\ning with it on the -sand attempted to explain that\\nthe Miamis were no longer in their villages, but had\\nlied beyond the Mississippi; whereupon four old men\\nplaced their hands on his head and began to wail.\\nThis demonstration somewhat disturbed Hennepin,\\nthe more so as the Indians refused to smoke his\\npeace-pipe. With quick thought, he drew forth a\\ntattered handkerchief and made a sign as if to wipe\\naway their tears. The stolid faces showed no evi-\\ndence of pleasure. Soon, With yells capable of\\nstriking the most resolute with terror, they crossed\\nthe river, obliging Hennepin and his companions to\\ngo with them. They then assembled in council,\\nwhile the unconscious objects of their discussion,\\nwithdrawn a short distance from the camp, were\\nmaking their fire for supper. In the midst of these\\npreparations two chiefs apj^roached to inform them\\nby signs that the warriors had decided to tomahawk\\nthem; and Hennepin, duly impressed by the infor-\\nmation, again hastened to appease the would-be\\nmurderers, by throwing into their midst a present of\\nknives, hatchets, and tobacco, and at the same time\\nresorting to diplomacy, took one of the hatchets.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0163.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "156 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nbowed his head before the astonished Indians and by\\nsigns gave them to understand that they might then,\\nif they wished, carry out their purpose.\\nThis pleased his audience, and although the peace-\\npipe was still refused, they invited him and his com-\\npanions to share their feast of beaver with them.\\nAt night, anticipating trouble, Accault and Du Gay\\nslept on their arms; but Hennepin affirms that he\\ntook no precaution, having determined to give him-\\nself up without resistance. He bore his part in keep-\\ning guard, however, that the Indians might not\\nsurj^rise them while asleep.\\nThe night at last wore away without any disturb-\\nance, and in the morning their fears were dispelled.\\nNarrhetoba, one of the warriors, painted from head\\nto foot, came to them and asked for the calumet, and\\nreturning to his camp made all the Indians smoke;\\nafter which he told the white men they must return\\nwith them to his country.\\nHennepin was now greatly perplexed in performing\\nhis devotions, for the Indians, watching him as he\\nprayed, muttered, with dark faces, ^Ouackanche\\nmeaning that the book out of which he read was a\\nspirit. Du Gay and Accault, fearing for their lives,\\nbegged the priest to go apart to pray; ^^but,^^ says\\nHennepin, the morel concealed myself, the more\\nI had the Indians at my heels. Resorting to another\\nmethod, he chanted his prayers aloud with the book\\nopened on his knee, while the canoes were in motion,\\nand the Indians, thinking the book made him sing to\\nplease them, no longer disturbed him.\\nAnother danger threatened them in the meantime;\\nfor Aquipaguetin, a chief whose son had been killed\\nby the Miamis, was angry with the white men", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0164.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "FATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN. 157\\nbecause they had prevented him by their information\\nfrom taking his revenge. He attem2)ted to excite\\nthe other chiefs against them by wailing his grief\\nevery night; and Hennepin attributes the escape from\\nthis danger to the fact that the Indians wished to\\nkeep the good-will of the French, who could furnish\\nthem with iron that has understanding, meaning\\nguns and ammunition. The priest then complains of\\nthe harsh treatment to which he and his companions\\nwere subjected, and says that there was no oppor-\\ntunity to go up or down the river to explore, as the\\nIndians kept a vigilant watch thus denying his later\\nassertion that he descended the river to the Gulf.\\nHaving finally reached the end of their journey by\\nwater, the party met to decide upon what should be\\ndone with the Frenchmen, and at last they were dis-\\ntributed among the three families of the tribe who\\nhad lost children in battle. This done, their goods\\nwere appropriated and their canoe destroyed to pre-\\nvent their return.\\nWhen within a short distance of the village the\\nFrenchmen saw to their horror bunches of straw\\nhanging to the posts of the cabins; and taking this\\nas a sign that they were to perish at the stake, were\\nfilled with apprehension. Besides they noticed that\\nthe Indians, having painted Du Gay s face and\\nfastened a tuft of white feathers in his hair, made\\nhim sing and shake a gourd filled with pebbles; but\\nthey soon found these fears to be groundless, for they\\nwere feasted and given the calumet to smoke.\\nStimulated at last by hunger, Hennepin undertook\\nto master the language of his adopted people; learn-\\ning first their word Taketchiabihen, or What do\\nyou call that, and, with the help of the children.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0165.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "158 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\ngradually acquiring the names of the things he saw.\\nHe also won their good-Avill by attempting to cure them\\nwith a little bundle of medicines which he carried in\\nhis sleeve.\\nIn the early part of July the Sioux went south-\\nward on their annual hunting excursion^ and at the\\nsame time Hennepin and Du Gay, through the influ-\\nence of a friendly chief, were allowed to descend to\\nthe Wisconsin, where they expected to find traders\\nand a supply of ammunition Du Gay and Accault\\nprobably intending to use it to trade with the Indians\\nfor furs. On the way down they were overtaken by\\nthe hunters, and Aquipaguetin, who by an inexplica-\\nble turn of affairs had assumed the protection of\\nHennepin, came up to the priest and asked him if he\\nhad found the Frenchmen who were to bring the sup-\\nplies. Upon receiving an unsatisfactory answer, the\\nchief started on himself to the rendezvous, intending\\nto seize what he could; but finding no sign of the\\ngoods or the white men he returned, thoroughly out\\nof humor with his adopted son, and vexed that he\\nhad made the trip in vain.\\nSoon after this the bunting-camp was thrown into\\na state of excitement by a report of the old men, who\\nas usual had been stationed on the hill-tops to keep\\nthe watch. They had seen two warriors in the\\ndistance, they said, which immediately started a\\npursuit.\\nOnly two women of a neighboring band of Sioux,\\nwho had strayed from their party, were overtaken, but\\nthey said that their hunters had met five spirits,\\nmeaning Europeans, near Lake Superior, who,\\nknowing that there were white men with this tribe,\\nhad expressed their desire to visit them.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0166.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "FATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN. 159\\nOn the return of the jiarty to their northern home\\nthese five spirits^ were met, and found to be Du\\nLhut and four companions, come to explore the Great\\nRiver and to make peace with the tribes along their\\nroute.\\nThey accompanied the Sioux back to their villages,\\nbut as the cold months were coming, and the necessity\\nof staying longer practically at an end, Du Lhut and\\nIlennejiin came together to discuss returning to\\nCanada. Haviug arranged their plans, Du Lhut\\nthen told tlie Indians that the Frenchmen must leave\\nthem. At first this announcement was received with\\nsome opposition, but the head chief finally consented\\nand traced himself the route they were to take.\\nEverything ])eing in readiness, the eight travelers\\nbade adieu to their Sioux friends and started back to\\ncivilization. Descending the Mississippi as far as\\nthe Wisconsin, they followed the course which Joliet\\nand Marquette had taken seven years before; down\\nthe Fox River, across Lake Winnebago, and thence\\nto Lake Michigan, continuing through the chain of\\nlakes to the settlements in Canada. From here\\nHennepin went to France, and was soon afterward\\nin Amsterdam with his manuscript attempting to\\nfind a publisher. Failing there he went to Utrecht,\\nwhere his second journal appeared in 1G07. His\\nlater life is comparatively unknown; but from a\\nletter dated at Rome, 1701, he is supposed to have\\nbeen at the convent of Aracoeli, and attem^^ting to\\ninterest certain persons in the mission field of the\\nMississippi country, where he hoj^jcd to renew his\\nlabors. As to the contradictory accounts which he\\npublished relating to his explorations and those of\\nLa Salle, there has been much comment, not only by", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0167.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "160 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nlate critics, but by the men of his time. Among the\\nlatter he made a feeble attempt to justify himself,\\nbut this effort was far from convincing his accusers\\nthen, and has even less weight now. From the\\ndoubtful pages unanswered questions still arise. What\\nwas Hennepin s real mission to the Mississippi? Why\\ndid he apparently avoid La Salle? And did he\\nactually precede the latter in the exploration of the\\nlower river? But with all this, the careful critic\\nputting the journal to the test has found one certain\\ntruth, and the historian with impartial applause hails\\nthe explorer of the Upper MississipjDi, Father Louis\\nHennepin.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0168.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nLA HONTAN^ CHARLEVOIX CAKVER.\\nITH La Salle and Hennepin^ the\\nexploration of the Mississippi was\\njiractically ended, although its\\nfarthest fountains were still undis-\\ncovered; yet, to these travelers\\nwho had followed its winding\\ncourse of three thousand miles, it\\nhad not lost the old appellation of\\n^^the unknown river of the West.\\nOne of those to follow the great explorers in the\\nvalley of the Great Eiver was the Baron La Hon^tan,\\nwhose accounts in his own day were looked at\\naskance generally, and loudly disclaimed by the\\nJesuits, but which have at last received a partial\\njustification by Jean Nicollet and a few others.\\nOn the twenty-fourth of September, 1688, when\\nthe tragic news of La Salle s death had reached the\\nupper station. La Hon tan left Michilimackinac on\\nhis way to the Great River, following the route of\\nJoliet and Marquette, witnessing the calumet dance\\nin his honor at the mouth of the Fox, and passing\\nthence to the upper river, from which he made the\\nportage to the Wisconsin.\\nWhen the Mississippi was reached he went north-\\nward, and, as he says, entered a river coming into\\nLake Pepin from the west, which he speaks of as\\nthe Long River. At this point the critics challenge\\nH (161)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0169.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "162 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nhim. They find nothing that corresponds to his\\ndescription, and yet the Baron, unconscious of the\\nfroAvniug tribunal, loads his readers up the mysteri-\\nous stream, past great Indian villages and through a\\nmarvelous country in the months of November and\\nDecember, when all other rivers, of that section at\\nleast, are sealed with ice before Christmas.\\nNicollet, however, has an excuse for this. He finds\\na similarity between La Hontan s Long River and\\nCannon River, which, he says, is one of the last to\\nfreeze, and is generally a late resort of wild fowl.\\nHe finds, moreover, evidences of old Indian villages\\nalong the course of this stream, by a kind of grass\\nthat always grows where settlements have been, but\\nhe adds that he ^^does not pretend to justify La lion-\\ntan s gross exaggeration of the length of the river,\\nand of the numerous population on its banks.\\nNicollet s view is no doubt a just one. La llontan\\nknew that others were more or less familiar with that\\npart of the Mississippi which he described, and that it\\nwould not be long before his relations would be put\\nto the test. Perrot had been all through the region\\nthat is, as far as any one had gone and knew every\\npart of it; yet the discoverer of the Long River\\ndid not hesitate to publish, with elaborate detail, the\\naccount of his voyage.\\nThe geogra^^hers of Europe, quick to make addi-\\ntions to their incomplete maps of North America,\\nsoon gave the stream a prominent place; but the\\nFrench, never over-credulous, did not accept it with-\\nout question, and in 1716, a priest of Versailles wrote\\nto De L Isle, geographer of the Academy of Sci-\\nences, Would it not be well to efface that great\\nriver which La Hontan says he discovered? All the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0170.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "LA HONTAN^ CHARLEVOIX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CARVER. 163\\nCanadians, and even the Governor-general, have told\\nme that this river is unknown;^ while Charlevoix\\nmakes the sweeping assertion that ^^the episode of\\nthe voyage up the Long River is as fabulous as the\\nBarrataria of Sancho Panza.\\nWhen La Hontan re-enters the Mississippi, his\\naccount is more charitably received. Li his descent\\nof the river he made a partial exploration of the Mis-\\nsouri and Saint Peter, which has placed him among\\nthe men who first pushed beyond known boundaries,\\nand which has won for him the honor of being the\\ndiscoverer of those two great tributaries.\\nCharlevoix, a man of ability and honor, was\\ncommissioned by the French government to visit New\\nFrance in 1721, for the purpose of describing its con-\\ndition and possibilities. Had he not accepted this\\ncommission, La Hontan would have had one critic\\nless, and Europe, figuratively on tip-toe with curios-\\nity, would have been deprived of one of the truest\\npictures of the affairs of her sister continent; but\\nCharlevoix was a Jesuit, and an observer who had\\nalready spent four years in Canada, and he did not let\\npass an opportunity for wider travel.\\nPeaching Quebec in the spring of 1721, he began\\nhis journey westward, writing at frequent intervals\\nto his friend the Countess Lesdigueres, who has in\\nturn bequeathed the letters to history. On his way\\nto Three Rivers he tells her that he set out from\\nPointe aux Trembles with a horse blind of an eye,\\nwhich he afterward exchanged for a lame one, and\\nthen again for one that was broken-winded.\\nFollowing the route which had attracted all of the\\nearly travelers up the Saint Lawrence and through\\nthe lakes he modified, on the way, many of their", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0171.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "164 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nwild exaggerations and added many details of his\\nown. On Lake Superior he learned the strange tra-\\nditions of the Indians in regard to the vast inland sea,\\nwhich they believed was formed by Michabon, the\\ngod of the waters, to supply them with beaver. Hg\\nfound pieces of copper on its shores, and says that one\\nof the priests of his order, belonging to the mission of\\nSaint Mary s, had found large quantities of it in so\\npure a state that he was able to make ornaments of\\nit for the mission chapel.\\nFrom Lake Michigan he entered the Saint Joseph,\\ncrossing to the Kankakee, and thence down to the\\nMississippi, where the light birch-bark canoes were\\nexchanged for heavier boats; but the men, accustomed\\nto light paddles, made awkward work of rowing, and\\nPere Charlevoix, in his hollowed-out walnut tree,\\nfound it perilous, as well as interesting, to descend\\nthe Mississippi. He enjoyed his experiences, how-\\never, and wrote enthusiastic descriptions of the beau-\\nties of the scenery and the pleasures of unconven-\\ntional travel, which, he said recalled the ancient\\nPatriarchs, who lived in tents and had no fixed place\\nof abode.\\nDuring his journey down the river, Charlevoix\\nmade frequent excursions on the tributary streams\\nand into the adjacent country, and, traveling thus\\nleisurely, reached in December the straggling huts of\\nNew Orleans, which, viewed from Versailles by the\\nFrench Monarch and his extravagant subjects,\\nappeared a future center of unlimited wealth. Char-\\nlevoix himself, coming upon it at a time when\\nenthusiasm for its future was at its height, believed\\nthat this city, the first which one of the greatest\\nrivers of the world has seen rise upon its banks/", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0172.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "LA HOI^TAN CHARLEVOIX CARVER. 165\\nthe wild and desert place still covered by canes and\\ntrees/^ would one day be an opulent city and the\\nmetropolis of a great and rich colony. This^, how-\\never^ was his opinion when he had but entered the\\nplace. After looking about and taking a careful\\naccount of its position he wrote in quite another\\nstrain. He could not s^e the obstacles overcome by\\nscience after the marvelous strides of a century and a\\nhalf^ nor the power of steam upon the Great Eiver,\\nwhich would insure the prosperity of the Crescent\\nCity. From here he sent the last of his witty let-\\nters to the Countess^ by which his personal experi-\\nences in the New World close. Upon his return to\\nEurope he published his History of New France,\\nwhich is valued now quite as much as when little\\nwas known of North America, while its author will\\nalways hold an important place in the scenes which\\nhe describes.\\nAfter Charlevoix, Captain Jon^athan Carver\\nwas the next explorer of importance in the Valley\\nof the Mississippi, and the variation from the long-\\nline of Spanish and French names which followed in\\nsuccession from the early discovery of the river, tells at\\nonce of the great change which had made the English\\nmasters and dissolved the power of New France.\\nCarver himself bore arms in his country^s cause,\\nbarely escaping the massacre of Fort William Henry,\\nand winning his captaincy by the same spirit which\\ntwo generations before had given the governorship of\\nConnecticut to an ancestor.\\nWhen peace was declared, the young captain deter-\\nmiued to explore the newly acquired British posses-\\nsions, that government miglit be acquainted with\\ntheir extent and condition. He also had in mind", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0173.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "166 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\nthe discovery of a northwest passage between Hud-\\nson s Bay and the Pacific Ocean; and with these\\nobjects in view left Boston in June, 1766. At Macki-\\nnac the English governor of the fort gave him a\\nsmall supply of goods for use among the Indians,\\npromising to send him more to Saint Anthony Falls;\\nand with this equipment he started with his men\\none a French -Canadian and the other a Mohawk.\\nAs far as Prairie du Chien he had the company of\\ntwo traders, but there the party separated, Carver\\ngoing on up the river.\\nOn the tenth day, at evening, the encampment was\\nmade and the boats moored near the shore. As soon as\\nit was dark, Carver, as usual, ordered his men to take\\ntheir rest, while he sat up to write his notes by the light\\nof a candle. About ten o clock, stepping out of his\\ntent to see what the weather was, he saw at a little dis-\\ntance something that had the appearance of a herd\\nof beasts, but, unable to distinguish them in the\\nstarlight, he stood closely watching their movements.\\nSuddenly one of their number raised up and disclosed\\nthe figure of a man. Carver, recognizing the situa-\\ntion, gave the alarm, and his men, having snatched\\ntheir weapons, started in the direction of the boat,\\ntoward which the savages were hurrying. ^^What\\ndo you want? called out the bold Yankee, where-\\nupon the Indians, evidently wanting only to escape\\nalive from such an awe-inspiring white chief, fled\\nprecipitately to the woods, where Carver gave up the\\npursuit. The men were now badly friglitened and\\nwanted to turn back, but Carver, knowing the most\\neffectual cure, threatened to call them ^old women,\\nand by his own example shamed them.\\nBelow Lake Pepin the explorer discovered a strange", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0174.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "LA HOKTAN CHARLEVOIX CARVER. 167\\nrelic of the past^ which led him as such discoveries\\nhave led many others to think that this continent,\\nwhose ancient history is an unsolved mystery,\\nwas once the home of civilized nations. He found\\nthe grass-grown remains of a carefully constructed\\nintrenchment, jirotected in the rear by the river, and\\nbearing the imprint of centuries.\\nFrom here he went to Saint Anthony Falls and\\nthen on as far as the Saint Francis, a distance which\\nhad been reached only by Father Hennepin and him-\\nself. Then paddling up the Saint Peter, he came to\\na north branch which had not been named, and in\\norder to distinguish it he called it Carver Eiver,\\nby which name it is still known.\\nBy the seventh of December he reached the west-\\nern limit of his travels. Through the dishonesty of\\nthe men intrusted with supplies from Mackinac, it was\\nimpossible to go farther, and he was detained for the\\nwinter at the Sioux village at the head of the Saint\\nPeter. Here he learned their language and received\\nthe honors of a great chief, for, by a service which\\nhe had rendered one of the river bands, his fame\\nhad reached the farthest lodges. The event which\\nhad won him this distinction took place during his\\nascent of the river. He was stopping a day or two\\nwith the Indians at their encampment when some\\nhunters of the band announced that a war-party of\\nthe Chippewas was approaching, large enough, they\\nsaid, *^^to swallow them all up.\\nThe Sioux, terrified by this news, begged their\\nguest to lead them to battle, believing in the superior\\npowers of the white, man; but Carver, unwilling to\\nantagonize the Chippewas, and yet wishing to retain\\nthe good-will of the Sioux, knew not what to answer.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0175.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "o\\nI-\\nDC\\nLU\\nQ\\nZ\\nD\\nX-\\nUJ\\ncr\\nu\\na:\\nu\\n(168)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0176.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "LA H0:N TAIT CHARLEVOIX CARVER. 169\\nIn this extremity, lie offered to act as mediator,\\nalthough the Indians doubted his success, as their\\npeace-pipes had been repeatedly disregarded. Carver,\\nhowever, started toward the enemy, as the brave\\nTonty had done before him, and so completely won\\nover the chiefs that the war-party turned back, while\\nthe delighted Sioux quickly decamped before the\\nenemy had time to repent of their action.\\nEarly in the spring the Indians prepared to visit\\nthe cave below the present city of Saint Paul, which\\nthey called the dwelling of the Great Spirit, where\\nthey held their councils.\\nOn the way down the river, the party was overtaken\\nby a terrific storm. The Indians, terrified and imag-\\nining it to be a sign of the wrath of the Great Spirit,\\nrushed into the woods; but Carver, who had accom-\\npanied them, afraid to be near the trees, stood out in\\nan open space, while the savages looked on with\\nsuperstitious admiration.\\nHaving been admitted to the great council at the\\ncave, and honored with the title of chief, Carver\\nmade use of this incident to impress the minds of his\\nhearers. You may remember, he said, ^^the day\\nwhen we were encamped at Wadej^aw Mijiesoter, the\\nblack clouds, the wind, the fire, the stupendous noise,\\nthe horrible cracks, and the trembling of the earth,\\nwhich then alarmed you and gave you reason to think\\nyour gods were angry with you; not unlike these are\\nthe warlike implements of the English when they\\nare fighting the battles of their great King.\\nAt this council the gift of land was supposed to\\nhave been agreed upon which made Carver and his\\nheirs owners of a large tract of land on tlie Upper Mis-\\nsissippi, and over which there has since been much liti-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0177.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "170 EARLY EXPLORERS.\\ngation; but, as there was not sufficient proof of such\\na grant having been made; as Carver himself does not\\nmention it in his writings, and as the King had made\\na proclamation three years before forbidding private\\nindividuals to buy or accept land from the Indians,\\nthe court having the case in hand settled it by resolv-\\ning that the prayer of the petitioners be not\\ngranted/ The cave in which the meeting took place\\nis now known as ^Carver s Cave/^\\nDisappointed in not finding his supplies at the\\nFalls, and obliged to abandon further exj^loration.\\nCarver left his Sioux friends and started down the\\nriver for Prairie du Chien. On the way he Avas surprised\\nby a party of Chippewas, and, fearing it might be\\nthe same which had attempted to plunder him some\\ntime before, he was inclined to avoid them; but he\\nknew the Indians too well to show such a disposition,\\nand finally crossed the river to their camp. A few of\\nthe savages came down to the shore to meet him,\\nextendina: their hands in welcome: but back of them\\nstood their chief, a tall fellow, painted and tattooed,\\nwho fiercely watched the strangers. Carver, deter-\\nmined not to betray any signs of awe, approached\\nthis august personage and extended his hand^ The\\nchief witl)held his, and, scowling down upon the\\nwhite men, said in Chippewa, English no good.\\nCarver did not like the way the Indian grasped his\\ntomahawk, and said he expected the laconic sentence\\nwould be followed by a blow; but drawing his pistol\\nfrom his belt, he carelessly played with it as he j)assed\\nthe chief, and in token of his fearlessness resolved to\\nremain with the Indians that night.\\nEarly in the morning he continued his way to\\nPrairie du Chien, and having attended to his affairs", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0178.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "LA HONTAN CHARLEVOIX CARVER. 171\\nthere^ re-ascended the river witli the intention of\\nreaching Mackinac by way of Lake Superior. Enter-\\ning the Chippewa River, he crossed to a branch of\\nthe Saint Croix, descended it to the fork, and thence\\nup another branch to the source. From here the\\nboats were launched on a little brook, which, strug-\\ngling along, was gradually increased by rivulets, and\\nat last developed into a swift stream, and on they\\npaddled to the great lake.\\nFrom Mackinac, Carver hurried eastward, reach-\\ning Boston in October, 1768, from whence he sailed\\nfor England. There he re2:)orted to the Government,\\nasking for reimbursements and the privilege of dis-\\nposing of his manuscripts. The last petition was\\ngranted, but the explorer was afterward requested to\\ndeliver np all of his papers. This obliged him to\\nbuy back his manuscript at an advance, but no com-\\npensation was made him. He then obtained a j/osi-\\ntion of clerk in a lottery office, but reverses overtook\\nhim, and finally, at the age of forty-eight, he died of\\nwant in the heart of the great metropolis.\\nWith him ends the long line of the early explorers\\nof the Great River. Each, looking upon the splen-\\ndid stream and the valley it enriched, had prophe-\\nsied; but none so well as this last, who said: There\\nis no doubt but that, at some future period, mighty\\nkingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and\\nstately palaces and solemn temples, with gilded spires\\nreaching to the skies, supplant the Indian huts,\\nwhose only decorations are the barbarous trophies of\\ntheir vanquished enemies.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0179.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0180.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "PART SECOND.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0:0:\\nEXPLORATION\\nor THE\\n^ppsv pltesftsrertppt\\n:o:-\\nSUBJECTS:\\nChapter Pag:e\\nI. EXPEDITIONS OF LIEUTENANT PIKE.... 175\\nII. THE CASS EXPEDITION 180\\nIII. BELTRAMI AND THE JULIAN SOURCE 185\\nIV. SCHOOLCRAFT AND LAKE ITASCA 197\\nV. INVESTIGATIONS OF NICOLLET 208\\nVI. EXPLOITS OF CHARLES LANMAN 218", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0181.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0182.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nEXPEDITIONS OF LIEUTENANT PIKE.\\nEBULON MONTGOMERY PIKE\\nwas the son of a captain in the Revo-\\nkitionary army, and was the first\\nof the more recent explorers of the\\n^^^1^^^^^^ Mississippi and the country border-\\n^rWif: ing upon it. He was born January\\nfifth, 1779, at Lambertville, New Jersey, a village\\nnear the Delaware River, but received his education\\nat Easton, Pennsylvania, whither the family had jire-\\nviously removed. At the age of twenty he became\\nan ensign in his father s regiment, and in 1806 had\\nattained the rank of captain.\\nAfter the purchase of Louisiana from the French\\nin 1803, General Wilkinson was appointed by the\\nUnited States Government to the military command\\nof the Territory, with headquarters at Saint Louis.\\nThis immense acquisition embraced all the country\\nwest of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky\\nMountains, and from the Mexican dominions on the\\nsouth to Canada on the north. A desire was soon\\nfelt by the Government and people to learn some-\\nthing of the new region, and an order was received\\nby the general commanding to detach a competent\\n(175)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0183.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "176 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nofficer for the work of exploration. Lieutenant Pike\\nwas selected for the undertaking and ordered to pro-\\nceed up the Mississippi to its Headwaters, and, if\\npracticable, trace it to its ultimate source.\\nPhysically and mentally, Pike was well equipped\\nfor the work, and would probably have succeeded in\\nhis attempt to reach the head of the river if he had been\\nbetter advised, before starting, of the difficulties he\\nwould have to encounter. He was eager for the work\\nassigned him, and, with twenty men under his com-\\nmand, left Saint Louis, the capital of the newly-\\nacquired Territory, August ninth, 1805, and com-\\nmenced the ascent of the river. He\u00c2\u00bb labored under\\ngreat disadvantages, which materially affected the\\nresults of his expedition. He was four months too late\\nin the season to reach his destination, and was with-\\nout an aide, or even a scientific observer. He knew\\nnothing of the climate of the region he was about to\\nvisit, and neither guide nor interpreter had been\\nassigned him by the authorities. That he accom-\\nplished what he did is altogether owing to his energy,\\nvigilance, and enterprise, his knowledge of hunting\\nand forest life, and his habits of mental and military\\ndiscipline. After great labor, many adventures, and\\nsome casualties, he reached a point one hundred and\\ntwenty miles north of Saint Anthony Falls, and here\\nwinter overtook him. The absence of all preparation\\nagainst the intense cold resulted in much suffering\\nand danger to life. To protect himself and his men,\\nhe devoted twelve days to the erection of a block-\\nhouse as a temporary shelter, and after a short rest\\nfor recuperation, determined on resuming his journey\\nup the river, which was covered with snow to a\\ndepth of several feet. Leaving a small detachment", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0184.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "m\\nm\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0V\\nr\\nO\\nz\\nQ\\nO\\n2\\nz\\no\\nI\\nO\\nm\\n12\\n(m;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0185.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "178 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nof his disabled men and his boats in charge of a non-\\ncommissioned officer at the block-house, he set forth\\non roughly constructed snow-shoes, with small hand-\\nsiedges, and, by great energy and perseverance,\\nreached, at successive periods, Sandy Lake, Leech\\nLake, and ultimately advanced as far north as Upper\\nEed Cedar Lake, now known as Cass Lake, an expan-\\nsion of the Mississippi, in latitude 47\u00c2\u00b0 42 30 The\\nwhole region was covered with a mantle of snow.\\nHere he met some straggling members of the North-\\nwest Fur Company, of Montreal, who welcomed the\\nexplorer to their winter quarters, and extended to\\nthe party the usual hospitality to travelers.\\nPike explained that the object of his visit was to\\ndiscover the Source of the Mississippi, and was in-\\nformed by the fur traders that the extreme Head of\\nthe river was in Turtle Lake, in confirmation of which\\nthey produced a roughly-sketched map of the section.\\nBelieving that he had now accomplished the object\\nof his mission, he made no further effort in that\\ndirection, but prepared for a speedy return to Saint\\nLouis. Nine months had ela2:)sed since leaving its\\ngenial climate for the frozen North, during which\\ninterval he and his party of sturdy soldiers had under-\\ngone much suifering from the rigor of the long-\\ncontinued winter intensified by the absence of prep-\\naration in the shape of warm clothing and a proper\\nsupply of food.\\nThe narrative of the Pike expedition was not pub-\\nlished until 1810, in which Turtle Lake is assumed to\\nbe the Source of the Great River, which, however,\\nhas been conclusively disproved by more recent\\nexplorers.\\nIn 1806-7, Pike was again despatched by the Gov-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0186.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "EXPEDITIONS OE LIEUTENANT PIKE. 179\\nernment on a geographical exploration over parts of\\nthe immense Territory of Louisiana, in the course\\nof which he reached the front range of the Eocky\\nMountains, and discovered what is known as Pike s\\nPeak, 14,336 feet in height above the sea, on the\\nsummit of which there is now a United States signal\\nstation. The headwaters of the Eio Grande River\\nwere also reached. He was here taken prisoner by\\nthe Spaniards for being found on Spanish territory,\\nand conveyed to Santa Fe, now the capital of New\\nMexico, where all his papers were seized; but, after\\ntrial, he was released and ordered to leave the coun-\\ntry. He reached Nachitoches, about twenty-five\\nmiles from th e Texas line, July first, 1807, and\\nreceived the thanks of the Government for his enter-\\nprise and successful labors. As a reward he was\\npromoted from the rank of major, in the following\\nyear to that of lieutenant-colonel, and in 1812, to\\nthat of assistant quartermaster-general.\\nIn 1813, Pike was appointed to the command of\\nan expedition against York, Upper Canada. He\\nreached York with the fleet conveying the troops for\\nthe attack. The general, with the main body, landed,\\nand the enemy falling back before him, he captured\\nthe main redoubt and halted his men. While Gen-\\neral Pike and many of his soldiers were resting on\\ntlieir arms, preparatory to an attack on the next\\nredoubt, the magazine of the fort exploded, and,\\nbeing fatally injured, he survived but a few hours.\\nHe died April twenty-seventh, 1813, and bears the\\nreputation of a brave and zealous officer.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0187.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nTHE CASS EXPEDlTIOi^^.\\nFTER an interval of nearly fifteen years,\\nthe enterprising soldier and states-\\nman, General Cass, Governor of\\nMichigan Territory, tendered his\\nservices to the Government as an\\nexplorer in the little-known region\\nof the Great Lakes and the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi, pre-\\nvionsly visited by Pike.\\nLewis Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire,\\nOctober ninth, 1782. He was the eldest son of Jona-\\nthan Cass, a captain in the Continental Army during\\nthe War of the Revolution. On the conclusion of\\npeace with England, he was promoted to the rank of\\nmajor and assigned to General Wayne s command,\\nthen in the territory northwest of the Ohio. Lewis\\nremained with the family in Exeter and attended the\\nacademy. Major Cass, in 1799, removed his family\\nto Wilmington, Delaware, in which town Lewis be-\\ncame a SQccessful school-teacher.\\nThe following year found the major and his family\\non their way to the West. They descended the Ohio\\nfrom Pittsburg in a flat-boat, and traveled on foot for\\nmany miles. They reached Marietta, the pioneer\\ntown of Southern Ohio, in October, 1800, and near\\nhere the family settled upon a tract of land granted\\nMajor Cass by the Government in consideration of\\nC180)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0188.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "THE CASS EXPEDITIOiq 181\\nhis military service. The site was on Muskingum\\nRiver, near Zanesville. Lewis, however, remained at\\nMarietta and studied law in the office of Governor\\nMeigs. He was admitted to the bar in 1803, and\\nbegan practice in Zanesville. He married Elizabeth\\nSpencer, of Virginia, in 1806, and shortly after\\nbecame a member of the Ohio Legislature.\\nThe supposed treasonable movements of Aaron Burr\\nwere at this period a source of uneasiness to the Gov-\\nernment, and Lewis Cass, being on the committee ap-\\npointed by the local Legislature to inquire into Burr s\\nproceedings, framed a law authorizing the authorities\\nto arrest the men and capture the material provided\\nfor their expedition down the Ohio. He also drew up\\nan official communication to the President, express-\\ning the views of the Ohio Legislature on the subject\\nof Burr s designs and movements. President Jeffer-\\nson s attention was attracted to this able document,\\nand he appointed the author marshal of the State.\\nOn the breaking out of the second war with England,\\nin 1812, Cass joined the forces at Dayton under the\\ncommand of General Hull, with the rank of colonel\\nof the Third Ohio Volunteers, proceeding at once to\\nDetroit. When the army crossed the Detroit River\\ninto Canada, Colonel Cass was in command of the\\nadvance guard, and drove in the British outposts.\\nShortly after this, General Hull surrendered to the\\nenemy, and Cass was included in the capitulation and\\nparoled. He forthwith proceeded to Washington and\\nreported the surrender to the Government. He was\\nsoon exchanged as a prisoner on parole, and was at\\nonce appointed to the Twenty-seventh Regiment of\\nInfantry, and, shortly afterward, promoted to the\\nrank of brigadier-general.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0189.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "182 EXPLORATION^ OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nAt the close of the campaign, General Cass was\\nplaced in command of the Territory of Michigan,\\nwith headquarters at Detroit. He also received the\\nappointment of Civil Grovernor of the^Territory.\\nIn 1814, Governor Cass, associated with General\\nHarrison, was authorized to treat with the Indians of\\nMichigan, who had been hostile to the United States\\nduring the war. The greater part of Michigan was\\nat this period a vast wilderness, inhabited by about\\nfifty thousand savage Indians. No surveys had been\\nmade and no roads had been opened, the Indians\\nbeing relentless in their hostility to any encroach-\\nment of the whites, who numbered only some five or\\nsix thousand, inclusive of the settlers in Detroit.\\nUnder these discouraging circumstances, Cass as-\\nsumed the responsibilities of Governor and Superin-\\ntendent of Indian affairs in the Territory.\\nThe Northwestern Territory was, up to this period,\\nimperfectly known, and, at the suggestion of Gov-\\nernor Cass, an expedition was organized in 1820, in\\nwhich he himself bore a conspicuous part. Accom-\\npanied by Schoolcraft, the geologist and ethnol-\\nogist, and six other gentlemen, with Indian guides,\\nthey embarked on the twenty-fourth of May, at\\nDetroit, in three large canoes, for the exploration of\\nthe Great Lakes and the Headwaters of the Mississippi.\\nThe nearest approach they made to the Source of the\\nGreat River was at Upper Cedar Lake, subsequently\\nnamed Cass Lake, about two hundred miles to the\\nnorth of the lake now recognized as the True Head.\\nBefore returning to Detroit, the expedition had\\ntraversed five thousand miles of the Northwestern\\ncountry.\\nGeneral Cass was appointed Secretary of War by", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0190.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "(183)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0191.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "184 EXPLORATIOK OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nPresident Jackson in 1831, and during his incum-\\nbency the Black Hawk War occurred. In 1836, he\\nsubmitted an elaborate report to Congress upon the\\nmilitary defenses of the United States, and shortly\\nafter resigned his secretaryship and was appointed\\nUnited States minister to France. In January, 1845,\\nhe was elected a member of the United States Sen-\\nate, and was subsequently re-elected for a second\\nterm. He was a prominent candidate for the Presi-\\ndency, but was unsuccessful. In Mr. Buchanan s\\nadministration he became Secretary of State. During\\nthe Civil War his sympathies were with the North,\\nand his life was spared to witness the ultimate\\ntriumph of the Government over a rebellion that for\\na time threatened its existence.\\nGeneral Cass was a scholar of fine attainments\\nand a prudent and cautious legislator. He was also\\npersonally popular throughout the country. He pub-\\nlished several works, among them, ^Inquiries Con-\\ncerning the History, Traditions, and Languages of\\nthe Indians Living within the United States, and\\n^France, Its King, Court, and Government. He\\ndied at Detroit, January seventeenth, 1866, at the\\nage of eighty-four.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0192.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE III.\\nBELTRAMI AND THE JULIA:N SOURCE.\\nI lACOMO Constantino Beltrami, a native\\nof Bergamo, in the Republic of Venice,\\nson of Giambattista and Catterina Bel-\\ntrami, was born in 1779, the youngest\\nof ten children. His father held an\\ninfluential position as Chief of the Cus-\\ntoms of the Republic, and the youngest\\nson was educated for the law. At the\\nage of twenty-eight he was appointed judge of the\\nCourt at Udine. By untiring zeal he gained the ap-\\nprobation of the Government, and was promoted to\\nthe office of judge of the Civil and Criminal Court.\\nThe extraordinary energy and capacity shown by him\\nin certain important matters of state led the Minister\\nof Justice to write and compliment him on his suc-\\ncess, at the same time predicting his elevation to the\\nPresident s chair of the Court, for which he had\\nalready been proposed to the French Emperor. This\\npromise, however, was never realized, the Empire\\nhaving met with severe reverses which crip]3led its\\nexercise of authority over the foreign states annexed\\nto France. In some way it was, moreover, strongly\\nsuspected that Beltrami had become involved in the\\npolitical schemes of the Carbonari a powerful secret\\nsociety pervading Europe whose aim was the\\ndestruction of the Empire and the deposition of all\\n(185)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0193.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "186 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\ndespots. In deference to the French, he was ordered\\ninto exile without trial. This was in 1821.\\nBeltrami had a passion for the acquisition of lan-\\nguages, both ancient and modern, and while still\\nyoung had become familiar with Latin and Greek\\nliterature, and also with several modern languages.\\nFrank and faithful in his intercourse with men, he\\nwas an enemy to all kinds of flattery and obsequious-\\nness, and was, at the same time, capable of great\\nself-denial for the sake of principle. He was well\\nknown to be a patriot, and had suffered persecution,\\nending in expatriation, to which latter he submitted\\nwithout complaint, but loving his country none the\\nless.\\nOn quitting his native land, he traveled through\\nFrance, England, and Germany, and made many\\nfriends among the literati of the continent, and, in\\n1822, crossed the ocean to the United States. At\\nthis period he was about forty-four years of age.\\nFinding himself now in the New World, with\\nwhose history he was entirely familiar, parts of which,\\nhe soon learned, were still little known to the inhab-\\nitants, his mind turned to travel and exploration.\\nThe Valley of the Mississippi was a point of great\\ninterest to him, and, desiring to know more concern-\\ning it than he could gather from books, he proceeded\\nto Pittsburg, descended the Ohio Eiver in company\\nwith Major Talioferra a fellow-countryman long\\nsettled in America, an officer in the United States\\narmy, and agent for Indian affairs on the Upper Mis-\\nsissippi and embarked with him for Fort Snelling,\\nMinnesota, which they reached May twentieth, 1823.\\nIt was his wish to accompany Major Talioferra up the\\nRiver Saint Peter, at that time unexplored, with the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0194.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "BELTEAMI AND THE JULIAIf SOURCE/ 187\\nintention of proceeding farther toward the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi. Major Talioferra/ says\\nBeltrami, in A Pilgrimage in Europe and America/\\n*^had led me to entertain the hope that we should\\nhave proceeded together up the Eiver Saint Peter,\\nwhich has never yet been explored, the source\\nof which is occupied by the most wild and powerful\\ntribes of Sioux, and, as yet, only vaguely defined,\\nwhile the surrounding territory abounds in buffalo.\\nIt was my intention to proceed thence to the sources\\nof the Mississippi, which are still absolutely unknown.\\nThwarted in my project, I was on the point of\\nchanging my direction for the south, intending to\\ntraverse by land, with a Canadian interpreter and an\\nIndian guide, the desert tracts which separate Fort\\nSnelling from Council Bluffs. But at this period.\\nMajor Long, of the United States Topographical\\nEngineers, arrived at the Fort, charged with an expe-\\ndition to the northern boundary of the vast empire\\nof the United States. I participated in the very\\ngreat surprise manifested by the Fort at the arrival\\nof an expedition so completely unknown to the\\ngarrison.\\nBeltrami s great desire of pushing his rambles far-\\nther north was mentioned to Major Long, and the\\nformer asked permission to accompany the expedition\\nsimply in the character of a foreigner who was anx-\\nious to see the country and to study the Indian char-\\nacter. An attempt was made to dissuade him from\\nthis. The sufferings and dangers he would have to\\nencounter were set before him, but at these he simply\\nlaughed as childish terrors. Continuing he says:\\nThey next attacked me on what they thought my\\nweak side my purse. After so long a digression", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0195.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "188 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nfrom my original route, which was to lead me direct\\nfrom Philadelphia to New Orleans, it might reasonably\\nbe supposed to be rather in a declining state; the\\nmore so, as the curiosities I had bought of the savages\\nhad greatly contributed to diminish its contents.\\nBut a little fund which I kept in reserve disconcerted\\nthis attack also. I even sacrificed my beautiful\\nrepeater, that I might leave this still untouched, and\\nbought a horse, and all jjrovisions that were said to be\\nnecessary, with the proceeds. When they saw I was\\ndetermined to go, the amiable Snelling family\\ncarried their politeness so far as to offer me pecuniary\\nassistance, with the most honorable and disinterested\\nconfidence, a thing by no means common, especially\\ntoward a person of whom they knew nothing but what\\nthey had seen.\\nThe expedition of Major Long consisted of himself\\nas chief, an astronomer, a mineralogist, a physician,\\na zoologist, an artist, an interpreter for the Sioux, a\\nyoung Canadian interpreter for the Algonquin lan-\\nguage, twenty-eight troopers, one officer, and Mr.\\nSnelling, son of Colonel Snelling, commandant of the\\nFort.\\nSo many imaginary difficulties, says Beltrami,\\n^were not auspicious. I foresaw all the vexations I\\nshould have to experience. jyjy intention\\nof going in search of the real sources of the Missis-\\nsippi was always before my eyes. I was therefore\\nobliged to sacrifice my pride, and my feeling of what\\nwas due to me, to the desire of seeing places which\\none can hardly expect to visit twice in one s life, and\\nof gaining information one can gain nowhere else;\\nand I gave myself up to all I foresaw I should have\\nto endure from littleness and jealousy.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0196.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "BELTRAMI AND THE JULIAN SOURCE. 189\\nBeltrami was possessed of a restless and adventur-\\nous spirit^ and accordingly made his arrangements,\\ndespite all discouragement, to accompany Major\\nLong^ s expedition through Northern Minnesota to\\nPembina, on the Eed River of the North. They left\\nFort Snelling on the evening of July seventh, 1822.\\nThe expedition was divided into two bodies, one of\\nwhich went by land with twenty horses; the other\\nembarked in five Indian canoes on the Eiver Saint\\nPeter. The Major traveled by canoe, says Bel-\\ntrami, and I followed him, with the intention of\\ngoing sometimes by water and sometimes by land\\naccording to the curious or interesting objects either\\nroute might offer. It* was arranged that the two\\ndivisions should meet every evening.\\nThe first evening the entire party encamped on the\\nsouthern bank of the Saint Peter, near the village of\\nthe chief. Black Dog, which Beltrami visited, but\\nfound vacant. Hunger had roused these savages,\\nhe says, from their habitual indolence, and had\\ndriven them aAvay to hunt deer and buffalo in more\\ndistant forests and prairies. A hut, which was shut\\nand which I opened, afforded me some shelter from\\nthe mosquitoes, which attacked me on every side.\\nBehind the door I found, hung like a curtain, a deer-\\nskin, which the savages doubtless looked upon as the\\nguardian mamtou of their dwelling. ^y^\\ndined at the Prairie des Frangois, so called from the\\nfirst Frenchmen who pushed their discoveries from\\nCanada to this spot, where they were all killed by the\\nIndians. Proceeding up the Saint Peter, when sixty\\nmiles from the Fort the travelers by canoe encount-\\nered a violent rapid, and Avere compelled to disem-\\nbark and drag their canoes through the water. It is", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0197.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "190 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\ndescribed as a most romantic spot. Rocks, pictur-\\nesquely grouped, between which the winding stream\\nrushes and breaks with violence; a little woody island\\nin the middle; banks clothed with stately trees on the\\none side, and broken into steep and rugged rocks on\\nthe other, composed a varied and interesting picture,\\nto which I contrived to add a touch of the grotesque.\\nBeing obliged to get on board the canoe to cross a\\ndeep gulf, my sailors were so deficient, either in\\nstrength or in skill, that they suffered it to be carried\\naway and dashed in pieces against a rock, upon which\\nI remained perched.\\nIn the evening the expedition halted at an Indian\\nencampment, and Beltrami, always observant, wit-\\nnessed what he calls a most curious contrast. A\\nwoman in the deepest affliction was tearing off her\\nhair, which she offered as a sacrifice to the spirit of\\nsome dead relative, whose lifeless remains were\\nstretched upon a rude scaffold, while a group of sav-\\nages were eating, drinking, singing, and dancing\\naround another dead body, exposed in the same man-\\nner to the view of passers-by.\\nJuly thirteenth they all proceeded by land. One\\nof the interpreters pointed out the direction in which\\nthe Blue Earth River falls into the Saint Peter.\\n^This was the highest point of the Saint Peter\\nreached by Father Hennepin. The Blue Earth River\\nis very celebrated among the Indians. They perform\\nan annual pilgrimage to it to collect the blue earth off\\nits banks, of which they make dye and paint.\\nLake Traverse was reached July twenty-fourth\\ntwo hundred and eighty miles north-northwest of\\nFort Snelling. It is on one of the highest plateaus\\nof North America. It has no tributary streams,^", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0198.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "BELTRAMI AND THE JULIAN SOURCE. 191\\nBeltrami asserts, and no one knows whence it\\nderives its waters/ Its length is about eighteen miles\\nand its width about four miles.\\nThe party took leave of Lake Traverse with a salute\\nof musketry. The country around was all prairie,\\nand the buffaloes appeared for the first time in large\\nnumbers, one of which was shot by Beltrami.\\nOn July thirty-first, the expedition reached the Eed\\nRiver, which descends from the eastward through\\na lake of the same name. To quote Beltrami:\\nGeographers tell us that it takes its appellation\\nfrom the red sand or gravel which covers its bed;\\nbut there is nothing red about it. The origin of\\nits name is widely different. The river and the\\nlake form the frontier line which separates the ter-\\nritory of the Sioux from that of the Chippewas. It\\nmay be easily imagined that the waters of a stream\\nso situated must have often been red with the blood\\nof the slain, and that it has thus received from both\\nthe contending parties the name of the Bloody\\nRiver. The lake is in like manner called the Bloody or\\nRed Lake.\\nOn August third the expedition arrived at the cel-\\nebrated colony of Pembina, founded by the Earl of\\nSelkirk two hundred and sixty miles from Lake\\nTraverse.\\nAltogether dissatisfied with his surroundings, Bel-\\ntrami left the colony on the ninth in company with\\nan interpreter and two Chippewas. He traveled in a\\nsoutheasterly direction, and on the fourth day killed\\ntwo white bears. The white bear, he asserts, is\\nthe only wild beast of these regions that is danger-\\nous. He always attacks the traveler. The black\\nbear is timid, and, on the approach of man, betakes", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0199.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "192 EXPLORATION? OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nhimself to flight. He feeds entirely on fruits during\\nsummer and autumn. When the cold weather com-\\nmences he hides himself in the hollow of some tree\\nor in a hole he digs for himself in the earth. Here\\nhe remains completely motionless for the whole win-\\nter.\\nOn the fifth day out from Pembina^ still proceed-\\ning in a southeasterly direction, Beltrami and his\\ncompanions arrived at Eobber s River, which, he\\nexplains, was so named because a Sioux, in his flight\\nfrom the vengeance which had been pronounced\\nagainst him for murder, kept himself concealed, and\\nrobbed on this spot for several years, escaping the\\nobservation of his persecutors and enemies, by whom\\nhe was surrounded.\\nThe interpreter was compelled to leave him here,\\nand he was therefore alone with the two Indians.\\nThese also shortly left, to proceed to their destinations.\\nThis occurred on August fifteenth. After encount-\\nering many difiiculties and dangers, pulling his canoe\\nup the stream as he was unable to handle the paddle\\nwith the dexterity required he met, on the morning\\nof the eighteenth, two canoes filled with Indians,\\nincluding women and children, and persuaded one of\\nthe men to accompany him as far as Eed Lake. On\\nreaching the lake, another interpreter joined him\\nthe son of a Canadian fur trader and an Indian woman.\\nHis hut was twelve miles distant, which they reached\\non the tAventy-first.\\nHaving rested a few days with the Canadian, Bel-\\ntrami left Red Lake on the morning of the twenty-\\nsixth, in the direction of Great Portage River. This\\nstream, he says, is so called by the Indians because a\\ndreadful storm that occurred on it blew down a vast", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0200.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "13\\n(193)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0201.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "194 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nnumber of forest trees on its banks, which perfectly\\nobstructed its channel, and so impeded its navigation\\nby canoes as to make an extensive, or great port-\\nage, necessary. This* impediment, however, does\\nnot appear to have existed at the time of Beltrami s\\nvisit, as he embarked in his canoe and proceeded up\\nits current. He crossed two lakes formed by the\\nriver in its course, each about five or six miles in cir-\\ncumference. To these lakes he gave the name of the\\nLakes of Wild Rice. After proceeding five or six\\nmiles farther always in a southerly direction he\\nentered a large lake, or expansion of the river,\\nwith a circumference of twenty miles. This lake, he\\nstates, is situated at a very short distance from high\\nlands, which divide the waters flowing northward\\nfrom those which take a southerly direction. He at\\nlength reached the source of tlie Red River, which, he\\nsays, ^^S23rings out of the ground in the middle of a\\nsmall ^orairie. A small hill overhangs the\\nsource, and I am now, he exclaims, on the highest\\nland of North America. Casting my eye around, I\\nperceive the flow of waters to the south toward the\\nGulf of Mexico; to the north toward tlie Frozen Sea;\\non the east to the Atlantic, and on the west toward\\nthe Pacific Ocean. A platform crowns this supreme\\nelevation, and, what is still more astonishing, in the\\nmidst of it rises a lake. The source of the Red River\\nis at the foot of the hill, and filtrates in a direct line\\nfrom the north bank of the lake. On the other side\\nof the hill, toward the south, and equally at the foot\\nof the hill, other sources form a beautiful little\\nbasin about eighty feet in circumference. These\\nwaters filtrate from the lake on the top of the hill\\ntoward its southwestern extremity. These sources are", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0202.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "BELTRAMI AND THE JULIAN SOURCE. 195\\nthe actual sources of the Mississippi. This lake,\\ntherefore, supplies the most southern source of Eecl\\nor Bloody River, and the most northern source of the\\nMississippi sources until now unknown. The small\\nlake has no surface issue and no inlet. Its waters\\nhoil up in the middle. All my sounding lines have\\nbeen insufficient to ascertain its depth. The lake is\\nabout three miles round. It is formed in the shape\\nof a heart. I have given it the name of a respected\\nlady, and have called it Lake Julia; and the sources\\nof the two rivers, the Julian source .of the Red River,\\nand the Julian source of the Mississippi which,\\nin the Algonquin language, means Father of Waters.\\nThe Julian source of the Mississippi runs directly\\nsouth by a narrow stream of three miles length into\\nTurtle Lake. If I had not been afraid of adventuring\\nmy canoe amidst the almost impassable brambles and\\nbrushwood, I should have commenced the navigation\\nof the river from the very spot on which it sj)rings.\\nThe famous Mississippi, whose course is said to be\\nthree thousand miles, and which bears navies on its\\nbosom, and steamboats superior in size to frigates, is,\\nat its source, merely a petty stream of crystalline\\nwater, concealing itself among reeds and wild rice,\\nwhich seem to exult over its humble birth.\\nBeltrami did not visit Lake Itasca. He says it was\\ncalled by the Indians Biche Lake, from the French\\nLac la Biche or Elk Lake. This lake, he asserts on\\nthe authority of others, is the western source of the\\nMississippi.\\nWe may here observe that the Lake Julia of Bel-\\ntrami is not recognized by geographers as possessing\\nany valid or reasonable title to be considered the\\nSource of the Mississippi. The stream flowing from it", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0203.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "196 EXPLOEATIOK OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nis merely an affluent of the Great River, entering it\\nover three hundred miles below Lake Itasca. It was\\nshown by Schoolcraft that Lake Itasca was at least\\none hundred miles more distant from the mouth of\\nthe Mississippi than Lake Julia. Beltrami^s enthu-\\nsiasm led him into an error which is not surprising,\\nas little or nothing was known of the region he trav-\\nersed, at the period of his journey south from Pem-\\nbina. In common with Pike, Cass, Schoolcraft,\\nNicollet, and others, he fully believed in his alleged\\ndiscovery, which more modern investigation, how-\\never, has disproved.\\nOn his return, travel-worn, from the Upper Mis-\\nsissip|3i, in the autumn of 1824, he decided to visit\\nNew Orleans, in which city he remained for a time,\\npreparing an account of his travels and discoveries\\nfor the j)ress. From New Orleans he embarked for\\nMexico, and traversed that country from east to\\nwest, after which he returned to the United States\\nand proceeded to Philadelphia. Here arrangements\\nwere made for the publication of his book. Return-\\ning to England shortly after, his other works were\\ngiven to the press in London.\\nThe last years of the life of Beltrami were spent\\non his estate in Italy, surrounded by friends. His\\nheight was six feet, and it is said he was proud of\\nbearing, high-spirited, but always the gentleman.\\nHis death occurred in February, 1855, at the age of\\nseventy-five years.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0204.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nSCHOOLCRAFT AXD LAKE ITASCA.\\nENKY ROWE SCHOOLCRAFT, who\\nsucceeded General Cass in Missis-\\nsippi exploration, was born in Albany\\nCounty, New York, March twenty-\\neighth, 1793, during the second\\npresidential term of Washington.\\nHis great-grandfather on the paternal side was James\\nCalcraft, an Englishman, who, in the reign of George\\n11. embarked with a detachment of troops intended\\nto act against the French in Canada.\\nAt the conclusion of the campaign he remained in\\nAmerica, settled in Albany County, and for many\\nyears conducted a school in this settlement. For\\nsome unknown reason he changed his family name\\nfrom Calcraft to Schoolcraft, by which he was known\\nfor some time before his death, which took place at\\nthe great age of one hundred and two years. His\\nson Lawrence was the father of Henry, whose youth\\nwas spent in the village of Hamilton, about thirty\\nmiles from Utica. As a boy he showed an inclination\\nfor study, and while at JMiddlebury College he gave\\nmuch attention to the various branches of science,\\nmore especially chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and\\nethnology.\\nIn 1817, at the age of twenty-four, he was led by a\\nspirit of enterprise to the Valley of the Mississippi,\\ntraveling through Missouri and Arkansas. During\\n(197)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0205.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "198 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nthis journey he collected a large number of geolog-\\nical and mineralogical specimens. In 1819 he pub-\\nlished a work on the mines and mineral resources of\\nMissouri, and proceeded to Washington, where he\\nwas favorably received by President Monroe, and by\\nCalhoun and Crawford, members of the Cabinet.\\nSecretary Calhoun, who was struck by the earnest-\\nness of his views and scientific attainments, offered\\nhim the situation of geologist and mineralogist to an\\nexploring expedition which the AVar Department was\\nabout to dispatch to the Headwaters of the Missis-\\nsippi River under the leadership of General Cass.\\nThe point of embarkation of this expedition was at\\nDetroit, where the Indian canoes were secured which\\nwere to be the chosen conveyances.\\nAt four o clock on the afternoon of the twenty-\\nfourth of May, 1820, the small fleet was in readiness,\\nand in the midst of an interested assemblage the\\nvoyageurs, with a swift stroke of their paddles,\\npushed away from shore, chanting one of their ani-\\nmated boat songs.\\nFrom Lake Saint Clair the expedition moved along\\nthe southern shore of Lakes Huron and Superior, up\\nthe Saint Louis River, and by the Savannah to the\\nMississippi, which was ascended as far as Upper Red\\nCedar Lake, named by Schoolcraft, in honor of their\\nleader, Cassina, and which, he says in 1820, may\\nbe considered the true source of the Mississippi River,\\nalthough the greatest body of water is said to come\\ndown the Leech Lake Branch.\\nOne night was spent on the shore of Cass Lake,\\nand, as it was impracticable, at that season of the\\nyear, to go farther, preparations were made to embark\\nbefore daylight the next morning, the twenty-second", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0206.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLCRAFT AND LAKE ITASCA. 199\\nof July the very day on which, sixty-one years later,\\nmy exploring party stood upon the solitary shores of\\nthe lake beyond Itasca, and knew it to be indeed the\\nTrue Source of the Great River.\\nFrom Cass Lake the party descended the river to\\nthe Wisconsin, where Schoolcraft obtained permission\\nfrom the Governor to go down to the lead mines of\\nDubuque. Rejoining his companions, the journey\\nwas commenced to Green Bay, where the party sepa-\\nrated, the Governor and his escort going on to\\nDetroit, while a detachment under Captain Douglas\\nwent around Lake Michigan to make a topographical\\nsurvey. The information obtained by this expedition\\nconcerning the condition of the Indians, the natural\\nhistory and mineralogy of the region along the\\nLTpper Lakes made a valuable addition to the popu-\\nlar knowledge of the Northwestern frontier, while,\\nwitli the treaty concluded at the Sault, the safety of\\nthe country was made much more secure.\\nAgain, in 1830, Schoolcraft was commissioned to\\nlead an expedition into the Upper Mississippi Valley\\nto attempt a reconciliation between the Sioux and\\nChippewas, who had renewed their old hostilities; but\\nthese instructions did not reach him at the Sault\\nuntil August, and he reported that it was then too\\nlate to undertake such an enterprise, as the Indians\\nwould have gone to their hunting-grounds, and a\\nreturn would be prevented by the frozen streams.\\nThe following year these instructions were repeated,\\nand arrangements for it were completed at Saint\\nMary s. A geologist and botanist accompanied the\\nexpedition, and the small body of military were\\nunder the command of Lieutenant Robert E. Clarv.\\nAt this time Schoolcraft crossed the ^Head mine", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0207.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "200 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\ncountry^ carefully following trails, intercepting war\\nparties, and enforcing the peace policy of the Gov-\\nernment. It was evident that measures should\\nimmediately be taken to quell the discontent rising\\namong the different tribes, and a report to this effect\\nwas sent to Washington. Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of\\nWar, approved of this suggestion, and Schoolcraft\\nwas again put in charge of an expedition which was\\nto ascertain the condition and sentiment of the tribes\\nof the Upper Mississippi.\\nA small body of infantry, commanded by Lieuten-\\nant James Allen, escorted the party, and a represen-\\ntative of the American Board of Commissioners for\\nForeign Missions joined the expedition to discover\\nthe needs of the Indians of the region.\\nFrom Saint Mary s the same course was followed\\nas in the expedition of 1820. At Sandy Lake a\\ncouncil of the lower tribes was called and an appoint-\\nment made to meet them again at the Eiver Des\\nCorbeau, and having sent a boat laden with presents\\nand supplies down the Mississippi to await his return,\\nSchoolcraft went on to Cass Lake, from which point\\nhe intended to prosecute his explorations about the\\nHead of the Mississippi, which he had learned, since the\\nexpedition of 1820, was to be found beyond Cass Lake.\\nOn one of the larger islands of this lake, called\\nG-rand Island, there was a Chippewa settlement, of\\nwhich Ozawindib was chief; and, as the place was\\nfavorable for a camp, most of the men were left\\nhere in charge of an officer, while the explorers of the\\nparty, embarked in light canoes and proceeded in\\nsearch of the source of the river. Ozawindib\\nvolunteered to guide the party.\\nPassing westward from Cass Lake the chief brought", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0208.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLCRAFT AND LAKE ITASCA. 201\\nthe party to the junction of tlie East and AVest forks\\nof the river, but instead of following the larger\\nstream which leads directly to Lake Itasca he pushed\\nhis canoe into the milder current of the East Fork,\\nand down this the voyagers paddled.\\nA miserable night was spent on the low shore of\\nthis stream and a day of hard paddling followed;\\nincidents which can only be appreciated by those who\\nhave had similar experiences.\\nThe region, rich in game, kept the men supplied,\\nand a deer was killed beyond Lake Plantagenet;\\nbut we were impelled forward by higher objects\\nthan hunting, writes Schoolcraft, and adds: It\\nwas, indeed, geographical and scientific facts that we\\nwere hunting for. To trace to its source an impor-\\ntant river, and to fix the actual point of its origin,\\nfurnished the mental stimulus which led us to care\\nbut little where we slept or what we ate.\\nOn the thirteenth of June the source of the East\\nFork was reached. From here the ^lortage was com-\\nmenced over the highlands which surround the\\nremoter lakes. The journey now became more diffi-\\ncult. An Indian trail was found with the usual\\nsigns of camps along its route.\\nJust below the highlands breakfast was prepared,\\nas the men had not broken their fast since starting\\nupon the trail at dawn, yet in their eagerness to move\\nforward the journey was soon resumed and the labo-\\nrious tramp through thicket and marsh begun.\\nWith a canoe on his back, Ozawindib led the way,\\nthe voyageurs and members of the expedition follow-\\ning. Gradually the ground began to rise, the under-\\nbrush became less dense, and Ozawindib, throwing\\nthe canoe from his shoulders, sat down and lit his", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0209.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "202 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\npipe in token that the first Onwaybee/ or rest, was\\nreached. At the summit of the last hill, Schoolcraft,\\nwho had been keejDing close at the chiefs heels, ran\\nahead of him, and, as he says, ^*^got the first glimpse\\nof the glittering nymph we had been pursuing/^\\nAs there was no time to lose, owing to the pressing\\nengagement made by Schoolcraft to meet Indians in\\ncouncil on the twenty-fourth of July, at the mouth\\nof Crow Wing Eiver, a small fire was at once made\\non the beach for the Indians to melt their pitch and\\nrepair the canoes. This done, all re-embarked and\\npaddled for an island in the center of the lake which\\nthey had now entered. This island has since been\\nnamed after Schoolcraft.\\nTwenty-eight years before, the fur trader, William\\nMorrison, had built his cabin on this island, but at\\nthat time the question of the Source of the river had\\nnot assumed any especial importance, being generally\\nunderstood to lie somewhere among the upper lakes.\\nWhen, therefore, his successor made known the\\nimportance of this glittering nymph, which he\\nhad named Itasca, he was given the credit of its\\ndiscovery, since Morrison, either from neglect or\\nindifference, had made no mention of it. School-\\ncraft^s own description of the lake as he saw it at this\\nmemorable time, is most graphic: There was not a\\nbreath of wind. We often rested to behold the scene.\\nIt is not a lake overhung by rocks. Not a precipice\\nis in sight, or a stone, save the pebbles and boulders\\nof the drift era which are scattered on the beach. The\\nwater-fowl, whom we disturbed in their seclusion,\\nseemed rather loath to fly up. At one point we\\nobserved a deer standing in the water and stooping\\ndown, apparently to eat the moss.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0210.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "(203)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0211.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "204 EXPLORATIOiq OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nItasca is indeed a most beautiful and tranquil sheet\\nof water^ and characteristically different from the lake\\nbeyond, which impresses the beholder, not with its\\ntranquillity, but with a certain wild and rugged soli-\\ntude, perhaps more imposing to a lover of sterner\\naspects.\\nAt their island camp the travelers busied them-\\nselves with their different occupations; Schoolcraft\\nstudying the geology, the botanist examining the\\nplants, while Lieutenant Allen made a rough map of\\nthe lake. Having faith in the descriptions of his\\nguide, the explorer believed that an arm of the lake\\nstretched southward, receiving a small brook at its\\nextremity, but owing to the limitation of time, and\\nto an apparent reliance upon Ozawindib as a topog-\\nrapher, no attempt Avas made to verify this fact or\\neven to coast the shores. Before tents were struck\\nin the afternoon, Schoolcraft directed a flag to be\\nhoisted, and having made a cursory examination,\\nthe party embarked and proceeded down the West\\nFork of the river, en route to Cass Lake.\\nHere Ozawindib was dismissed, and the original\\nparty left in camp on Grand Island, joined the expe-\\ndition. Having returned to Leech Lake, Flat-Moutli\\nentertained them, and at the council which Schoolcraft\\ncalled there, represented the warriors of his tribe.\\nIn the course of his remarks this formidable Chip-\\npewa handed the White Chief a bundle of forty-\\nthree small sticks. ^This is the number of Leech\\nLake Chippewas killed by the Sioux since the treaty\\nof Prairie-du-Chien,^ then, lifting up a string of\\nsilver medals, smeared with vermilion, he continued,\\nTake notice, they are bloody. I wish you to wipe\\nthe blood off, I can not do it. I find myself in a war", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0212.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLCEAFT AND LAKE ITASCA. 205\\nwith this people, and I believe it has been intended\\nby the Creator that we should be at war with them.\\nMy warriors are brave; it is to them that I owe\\nsuccess/\\nThis speech evinced the feelings of the Indians at\\nthe time of Schoolcraft s visit to the Headwaters of\\nthe Mississippi. The explorer himself alludes with\\nevident forebodings to the uprising under Black\\nHawk on Rock Eiver. and found it necessarv to\\nmake as imposing a display as possible of the small\\nforce with him. Several days later the rendezvous\\nat the mouth of Crow Wing Eiver was reached, the\\ncouncil held, and the usual policy observed.\\nIn 1832 Schoolcraft was appointed Indian Agent\\nfor the tribes of the Lake Region, and established his\\nheadquarters at Mackinaw, where the following year\\nhe married the grand-daughter of a noted Ojibway\\nchief, who had received her education in Europe.\\nAt the time of his journey to Lake Itasca he was a\\nmember of the Michigan Legislature, and was subse-\\nquently made Assistant Superintendent of Indian\\nAffairs. In 1845, he was designated, by the New\\nYork Legislature, a commissioner to take the census\\nof the Indians in the State, and collect information\\nconcerning the Six Nations, and having performed\\nthis task to the satisfaction of the authorities, he\\nwas authorized by Congress to obtain reports relating\\nto all the Indian tribes of the country and to collate\\nand edit the results of his labors. The remaining\\nyears of his life were spent in this work. He was\\nelected a member of several scientific societies in this\\ncountry and Europe; the degree of LL. D. being\\nconferred on him by the University of Geneva. He\\nis the author of thirty-one works treating of various", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0213.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "206 EXPLORATIOJT OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nbranches of science in connection with his extended\\nexplorations through various sections of the country.\\nHe is also the author of several poems of merit,\\nlectures, and numerous reports on Indian subjects.\\nIn 1852 his Indian wife died, and five years later\\nhe married Miss Mary Howard of Beaufort, South\\nCarolina; a highly educated and accomplished woman,\\nwho became his assistant and amanuensis during the\\npre2)aration of his last work when he was helpless\\nwith paralysis.\\nThe early period at which Schoolcraft entered the\\nfield of observation as a naturalist, the enterprise and\\ninterest he manifested from the outset in the geology\\nand geography of the Great West, and his subsequent\\nresearches as an ethnologist in investigating the\\nIndian languages and history, entitle him to the\\nhighest consideration. No explorer has done more\\nthan he to enlighten the nation on matters of the\\ngreatest importance connected especially with the\\nGreat Lakes and the Mississippi Valley. He was an\\nexample of what talent and zeal united with energy\\nof character may accomplish in the cause of letters\\nand science by the mere force of application, without\\nthe advantages of hereditary wealth, the impulse of\\npatronage, or the prestige of early academical honors.\\nWe are indebted to him for our first accounts of\\nthe mineral wealth of the great valley beyond the\\nAlleghenies, and he approached more nearly to the\\nTruje Source of the Great Eiver of North America than\\nany of his predecessors. His error in supposing that\\nhe had reached the Source of the Mississippi can not\\nbe placed to his discredit, as circumstances beyond\\nhis control prevented the consummation of his efforts.\\nHe pursued the stream to the points at which it had", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0214.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLCRAFT AND LAKE ITASCA. 207\\nbeen explored in 1805 by Lieutenant Pike, and in\\n1820 by General Cass, and reached Lake Itasca, July\\ntwenty-first, 1832. In the following year he published\\nthe account of his discovery.\\nIn 1841, he removed from his Northwestern resi-\\ndence at the Sault, to the city of New York, and in\\nthe following year visited England, France, Germany,\\nPrussia, Belgium, and Holland.\\nTwenty years were still left him in which to enjoy\\nthe deserved appreciation of his labors and the\\nbenefits of his wide travels. He died in Washington,\\nDecember tenth, 1864, at a time when the capital\\nwas in a ferment over the Civil War; but his person-\\nality was not lost in the nation^s sorrow, for as long as\\nthe great North American River has a history, the\\ndiscoverer of Itasca will not be forgotten.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0215.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nINVESTIGATIONS OF NICOLLET.\\nN his own country this scholarly explorer\\nleft some trace of his abilities; yet only\\nsuch as would make him known in the\\ncircle in which he moved the circle\\nof the scholar and the man of science.\\nAt Chises, in Savoy, where he was born\\nin 1786, Nicollet began life as a farmer\\nboy, working in the fields and leading the cows to\\npasture; but the turning point came when, at twelve\\nyears, he commenced to read. From this time he\\nmade such rapid progress, that he soon entered the\\ncollege of his native place, finishing his course there\\nwith such success that he was able at its completion\\nto take the assistant professorship of mathematics at\\nChambery.\\nFrom here he went to the French capital with a\\nrecommendation to Tochon and Bouvart, two noted\\nsavants; and was soon in his favorite element study-\\ning astronomy with Laplace, and acting as secretary\\nand librarian of the Royal Observatory.\\nWith quick advancement, this position was soon\\nexchanged for an appointment in the Bureau of\\nLongitudes and a professorship of mathematics in the\\nCollege of Louis le Grand; while he held at the same\\ntime the post of examiner of candidates for the Naval\\nSchool. In 1825 he received the Cross of the Legion\\nof Honor. Unfortunately, soon after this, Professor\\n(208)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0216.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "INVESTIGATIONS OF NICOLLET. 209\\nNicollet was seized with a desire for riches, and\\nbeginning to speculate on a small scale with satisfac-\\ntory results, he finally risked all; only to find him-\\nself, after the revolution of 1830, involved in the\\ngeneral ruin.\\nAll France was at this time in a ferment; Paris\\nwas the theatre of action; and the outbreak of July\\ncaused a fall in the public funds which threatened\\ndisaster to more than one fortune.\\nThrough these events Nicollet was driven back to\\nhis accustomed labors, wiser for the bitter experience.\\nIt is only necessary to follow his life to this point to\\ndiscover the spirit which led him, in December, 1831,\\nto come to America for the purpose of contributing\\nto the progressive increase of knowledge in its phys-\\nical geography. His predecessors had, with a few\\nexceptions, been led to make their journeys either to\\ngratify a love of adventure or to satisfy a natural\\ncuriosity; but he dignified his explorations by making\\nthem in the name of science.\\nHis plan was to explore the Allegheny range ^^in\\nits various extensions through the Southern States;\\nto ascend the Red and Arkansas rivers and the Mis-\\nsouri i^art way, and to explore the Mississippi River\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^from its mouth to its very source.\\nAfter devoting five years to the carrying out of\\nthis plan, Nicollet returned to Baltimore. His work\\nwas not unknown to Government, and he soon received\\na notice from the War Department to go to Washing-\\nton that arrangements might be made for an expedi-\\ntion to the country lying about the Headwaters of tlie\\nMississippi, which would enable him to complete his\\nmap of that region, and Lieutenant Fremont, of the\\n14", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0217.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "210 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nCorps of Topogi-apliical Engineers had been engaged\\nto accompany him.\\nThe Coteau des Prairies seems to be the point from\\nwhich the explorer looked out upon the region\\nembraced within the limits of his riiap, and indeed\\nit commands a view of the green turf that forms\\nthe basin of the Ked Eiver of the North, the forest-\\ncapped summits of the Hauteur des Terres that sur-\\nround the source of the Mississippi, the granite\\nvalley of the Upper Saint Peter, and the depressions\\nin which are Lake Traverse and the Big Stone Lake.\\nPassing up the Saint Peter, Nicollet left the main\\nstream at the Sioux Portage, following this trail to\\nthe mouth of the AVaraju, by which he ascended to\\nthe Shetek lakes and thence to the Coteau.\\nIn going from the Shetek lakes to the Red Pipestone\\nQuarry, the party came uj^ton the ruins of ancient\\nbreastworks similar to those found by Carver on the\\nMississippi, and recalling again the pre-historic man\\nwho fought and lived in this ^old, old land which\\nmen call new.\\nUpon nearing the quarry where the Indians from\\nthe surrounding nations come to get the favorite\\nmaterial for their pipes a place believed by them to\\nbe under the control of the Great Spirit, who salutes\\nthe visitor with thunder and lightning, Nicollet and\\nhis party were overtaken by a heavy storm and were\\nobliged to wait until it had passed over; but the\\nexplorer humorously remarks that the Great Spirit\\nsoon showed his good favor, for the sun came out\\nagain, and the journey was resumed. Camp was\\nmade on this consecrated ground and the travelers\\nhad the pleasure of watching at sunset the illumined\\nbluffs which seemed like the ruins of some ancient", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0218.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "in^vestigatio:n^s or nicollet. 211\\ncity built of marble and porphyry/ Nicollet men-\\ntions, in describing this remarkable place, the customs\\nobserved by the Indians when they come for the pipe-\\nstone. Some one of their number is selected to work at\\nthe quarry, and before the journey is made, this one\\nmust observe a three-days purification. At the end\\nof this time he and his companions start out for the\\ncoveted stone, and having reached the quarry, after\\noifering gifts to the presiding deity, the man goes to\\nwork. He cuts into the rock wherever his judgment\\nadvises; but if he fails to select the most favorable\\nspot he is discarded and another takes his place.\\nIn speaking of the Cannon Eiver which Nicollet\\nexplored, and Avhich lies within his romantic Undine\\nKegion toward which the Saint Peter dijDS in its\\nmidway curve, he gives his reason for believing this\\nstream identical with La Hontan s ^^Long Eiver\\nand has therefore called it after that early explorer.\\nWith amusing incidents he describes the character-\\nistics of each waterway which he traversed, from\\nDevil s Lake to the smallest tributary of the Missis-\\nsi pjoi.\\nReturning from the former on his way to the\\nvalley of the Red River he mentions the strange\\nbehavior of his Indian Dixon who generally kept\\nahead of the party as guide. He had a habit of\\nmaking the signal to rest by sitting down and light-\\ning his pipe while he waited for the others to come\\nup, but invariably sat facing them. On one occasion,\\nhowever, Nicollet, who was closely following him,\\nnoticed that he had stopped on the crest of a hill,\\nsat down with his back to the others and without\\nchanging his position stolidly waited. Upon reach-\\ning the inexplicable savage he found him looking off", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0219.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "212 EXPLOKATIOK OF THE UPPEK MISSISSIPPI.\\nin ecstatic contemplation over the magnificent\\nvalley of the Eed Kiver of the North. The party had\\nknown for some time that they must be near it, but\\nwere unprepared for this strange introduction.\\nUpon reaching Crow Wing River on his way to\\nthe source of the Mississippi, Nicollet determined\\nto follow another course than that pursued succes-\\nsively by Pike, Cass, and Schoolcraft; he therefore\\nwent to Leech Lake by a route lying between the\\nCrow AVing and the Mississippi.\\nThe first three days of his stay at Leech Lake were\\nfar from pleasant. Flat-Mouth, head- chief of the\\nChippewas, and father of the chief of the same name\\nwho entertained my party in 1881, was absent at the\\ntime, and the missionary of the place, Eev. Mr.\\nBoutwell, was detained by high winds on the ojjposite\\nside of the lake. Nicollet afterward discovered that\\nthe annoyance from the Indians was due to their\\nimpression that he was poor, as he had very few\\npresents for them, and this caused them to look upon\\nhim with contempt and even to threaten his life.\\nWhen Mr. Boutwell arrived peace was in a measure\\nrestored and a mutual sympathy sprang up between\\nthe two Frenchmen.\\nMr. Boutwell had come to Leech Lake some time\\nbefore to work among the pillagers, a name given\\nthe Indians there by the Schoolcraft party, whose\\nsupplies they had molested, and of which they had\\nsince proudly boasted. Boutwell was a man of zeal\\nand devotion and no doubt exerted a strong influence.\\nFrom Leech Lake, Nicollet started for the Head-\\nwaters of the river in a canoe, accompanied by his\\nguide Brunet, Desire, a voyageur, and a Chippewa\\ncalled Kegwedzissag. He followed the course of the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0220.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "INVESTIGATION S OF NICOLLET. 213\\nKabekonaug River, whose shores were so thickly\\nwooded that in order to make a passage it was\\nnecessary to cut away the overhanging branches.\\nThis protection, with that of the hills on either side,\\nhave given its waters a very even temperature, so\\nthat Nicollet paddling through them in August was\\nsurprised to find that they had reached only 54\u00c2\u00b0.\\nFrom this stream a portage was made to La Place\\nRiver which was followed to its source, and here near\\nSchoolcraft^s old camp-ground, Nicollet made some\\nastronomical observations although he was assailed\\nby torrents of mosquitoes, which three times extin-\\nguished the lights of his lanterns.\\nNotwithstanding the party was awake by four\\no^clock the next morning to make the final portage to\\nItasca, the march was not begun until half past six;\\nbut the leader of the expedition excuses this tardiness\\nby referring to the heat and mosquitoes which is quite\\nenough to elicit the sympathy of those who have felt\\nthe effect of this combination. When at last the\\nsignal was given, Brunet took up the canoe. Desire\\nand Kegwedzissag assumed their respective burdens,\\nwhile Nicollet distributed about his person his instru-\\nments, cloak, gun, powder-flask, shot-bag, and a\\nluxury seldom known to the explorer his umbrella.\\nIt will be readily conceived from this description of\\nmy equipment, he says, ^^that although the one\\nleast loaded, I was the most inconvenienced.\\nNecessity engrossed me with the safety of my instru-\\nments. I will .confess it, my mind frequently\\nbecame bewildered, so that twice during the portage\\nI lost my way; twice I got bogged in marshes from\\nwhich I extricated myself by walking over slippery\\nand decayed trunks of trees; and twice I reproached", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0221.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "214 EXPLORATION^ OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nmyself with the rashness that had led me upon such\\na journey.\\nThe six-mile portage which has proved so trying to\\nthe travelers who have chosen to reach Itasca bv this\\nroute, took Nicollet five hours to cross, bringing him\\nto the shore of the lake before noon, where he took a\\nbarometrical observation.\\nPassing down the southeast arm the party halted\\nat Schoolcraft Island and pitched tents, while\\nNicollet fixed his artificial horizon for observations\\nupon the stump of Schoolcraft s flag-pole raised there\\nfour years before. He then proceeded to explore the\\nlake, noticing the creek entering the southeast arm and\\nothers entering the southwest arm, one of which\\nNicollet Creek he followed to its source in a\\npond which at that time was connected with two\\nlower ponds by a small rivulet; and this stream he\\nevidently considered the source of the Great River.\\nHe says in conclusion, After having devoted tliree\\ndays to an exploration of the sources of the Mis-\\nsissippi, and spent portions of the nights iti mak-\\ning astronofnical observatio7is, I took leave of Itasca\\nLake, to the examination of luhich the expedition\\nthat preceded me hy four years had devoted but a\\nshort time.\\nPassing out of Lake Itasca the Indians paddled\\nbriskly enough to bring the party to Lake Bemidji\\nfor an evening encampment, and Nicollet, entering\\nupon the unbroken sheet of water, was deeply\\nimpressed by its solitary beauty. Cass Lake was\\nreached early the next day, and three hours were\\nspent here to enable Nicollet to make his astronom-\\nical observations; but hearing the warning cry of the\\nloon, which almost invariably presages a storm, all", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0222.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "o\\no\\nm\\nH\\nm\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e-\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abik.\\n(215^", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0223.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "216 EXPLORATIOK OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nliurried toward Leech Lake, which was reached at ten\\no clock at night.\\nNicollet and his little following were barely under\\nshelter when a violent storm burst upon them. Dur-\\ning their absence, Flat-Mouth had returned from the\\ntrading posts, whither he had gone for ammunition,\\nvowing vengeance against the Sioux and declaring that\\nthe stain of Chippewa blood had been long enough on\\nhis grounds, and that it was time he should wipe it out,\\nbut he had not succeeded in getting what he wanted\\nand was therefore disappointed. He did not forget,\\nhowever, the courtesy due Nicollet in return for the\\nill-treatment which he had received at the hands of\\nhis men, and accordingly called a council that he\\nmight show his white brother the esteem in which\\nhe was held. Nicollet spent three evenings with this\\nintelligent Indian, and drank tea with him out of\\nlino China ware. On one of these visits he showed\\nhis host a rare snuff-box, ornamented with a picture\\nof Napoleon at the Island of Saint Helena. Flat-\\nMouth examined this closely, asked many questions\\nabout the white chief, and said with eloquent conceit:\\nWell, it is strange, on whatever side I turn it, the\\nfigure looks at me and seems to say, thou art my\\nbrother warrior.\\nHaving gained the required rest, Nicollet bade\\nfarewell to his friend Boutwell and to his Indian\\nhost, and began the descent of the river, deploring\\nthat ill-health and lack of time prevented him at the\\nvarious points from inserting additional matter con-\\ncerning them in his report, which he believed would\\nbe interesting to the general reader. This ill-health\\nreally obliged him to leave unfinished much of his\\nwork, and prevented him from revising his report.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0224.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "INVESTIGATIONS OF NICOLLET. 217\\nwhich was returned to him for that purpose while he\\nwas in Washington. lie never recovered his strength,\\nand died at the National Capital in September, 1843.\\nIt is to be regretted that more has not been written\\nconcerning the life and works of this scientist and\\nexplorer, and that an edition of his journals has not\\nbeen published for distribution beyond the Bureau of\\nthe Corps of Topographical Engineers at Wash-\\nington.\\nHis comprehensive map of the Hydrographical Basin\\nof the Upper Mississippi, while it is not complete, in\\nso far as it does not show the heart-shaped lake with\\nits feeders to the south of Itasca, is, besides this,\\nvery accurate and admirable. In fact, it gives\\nNicollet a distinct and conspicuous place among the\\nexplorers of the Mississippi; not because he saw so\\nmuch more than those who had preceded him, but\\nbecause he gave the knowledge of what he saw to the\\nworld. It is this inclination, often followed at the\\nexpense of convenience and safety, which deserves\\nappreciation.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0225.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nEXPLOITS OF CHAKLES LAi^MAN.\\nHIS adventurous author and traveler\\npublished, in 1847, an interesting and\\nsomewhat sensational account of his\\njourney to, and wanderings through\\nthe wild region surrounding the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi.\\nLeaving the city of Saint Louis in\\nthe summer of 1846, with a party of excursionists, in\\na small steamer that plied between that city and the\\nhead of navigation on the river, he jotted down in\\nhis diary everything he considered worthy of note.\\nHe had set out with the design of reaching, if possi-\\nble, the extreme head of the Mississippi, by whatever\\nconveyance he could secure after leaving the boat\\nat Saint Peter now known as the Minnesota River.\\nThe small duodecimo, in which the traveler records\\nhis experiences, is full of personal adventure of a\\nrather romantic character; traditions picked up from\\nloquacious and superstitious Indians, and bits of local\\nhistory, are tinged by a lively imagination.\\nFrom the outset of his novel journey, the author\\ngossips pleasantly with his readers concerning every\\npoint passed by the vessel, but his descriptions are\\nout of date, the journey having been made over fifty\\nyears ago, when flourishing cities that now adorn the\\nriver banks, were mere villages or collections of log\\n(218)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0226.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "EXPLOITS OF CHARLES LA]S MAN. 219\\nhuts, some having no existence whatever at the\\ntime.\\nPassing Eock Island and Prairie du Chien, con-\\ncerning both of which the traveler gives rein to an\\nexuberant fancy, and has much to disclose in the\\nshape of history and tradition, he discourses with\\nenthusiasm ujdou Lake Pepin and its extraordinary\\nnatural beauty. Surrounded by undulating hills\\ncovered with velvety grass to their summits, and\\nabounding with almost every variety of game, the\\nshores of the lake are covered with the most valuable\\nagates and carnelians/ a statement which will be\\nreceived with a grain of allowance in the present day,\\nhowever true it may have been a half century ago.\\nLegends and romantic stories succeed each other, and\\nare intensely interesting if they are not all strictly\\nveracious. But the author gives them as he heard\\nthem from Indians and others, and himself occasion-\\nally expresses a doubt of their truth. The legend of\\nthe unfortunate Winona is of course related, but\\nneed not be repeated here.\\nThe little steamer proceeded on her course up the\\nriver, passing Red Wing, Si village of about six\\nhundred souls and the mouth of Saint Peter River\\nwas at length reached the head of navigation on the\\nMississippi. Landing at this point the writer says:\\nMy sojourn here has been interesting from many\\ncircumstances. I feel that I am on the extreme verge\\nof the civilized world, and that all Iteyond is a myste-\\nrious wilderness. He gives an account of an encamp-\\nment of Sioux and Dakota Indians near the mouth of\\nthe Saint Peter, at one of whose feasts he was permit-\\nted to be present. It was announced throughout the\\nvillage that the Indians were to have a Dog Feast, in", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0227.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "220 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nwhich none but the bravest and most distinguished\\nwarriors were allowed to participate. The idea that\\nlies at the bottom of this rite is that, by eating of a\\ndog s liver, the heart is made strong. The feast took\\nplace on the open prairie and was attended by about\\none hundred bra,ves, while there must have been a\\nthousand spectators. The first step in the ceremony\\nwas for the Indians to seat themselves in a circle\\naround a large pole and devote a few moments to\\nsmoking. Their only article of clothing was the\\nclout, and their only weapon a long knife.\\nSuddenly a whoop was given and the whole party\\nrose and commenced dancing to the monotonous\\nmusic of a drum. Then broke upon the ear, thfe\\nhowl, and in a moment more, the dying groan of a\\ndog, from without the circle of dancers. The carcass\\nwas thrown into their midst by a woman. A chorus\\nof deafening yells resounded through the air, the\\ndog was immediately opened, his liver taken out,\\nsuspended on the pole by a string, and the dance\\nresumed. The dancers then, one after another,\\nstepped up and took a bite of tlie yet warm and quiv-\\nering liver. Soon as this was all eaten, another dog\\nwas thrown into the ring, and the same horrible cere-\\nmony repeated; and so they continued until the\\ncarcasses of ten dogs were lying at the foot of the\\npole in the center of the dancing crowd.\\nLeaving the Saint Peter, Lanman makes his way\\nto Saint Anthony Falls. Their original name,\\nhe explains, ^^was Owah Menah, meaning Falling\\nWater, adding, ^^they owe their reputation prin-\\ncipally to the fact that they veto the navigation of\\nthe Upper Mississippi.\\nLanman journeyed from the Falls of Saint Anthony", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0228.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "EXPLOITS OF CHARLES LANMAN. 221\\nto Crow Wing Eiver on horseback, and, as usual, met\\nwith many adventures and some hair-breadth escapes.\\nHe was accompanied by a French-Canadian as guide.\\nThe trail lay for the most part along the eastern shore\\nof the Great River. Their supplies consisted of\\na small stock of bread and pork, and a blanket,\\ntogether with a gun each, and ammunition. Deer,\\nprairie-birds, and grouse were plentiful, and at sun-\\nset the first day Lanman had fifty prairie-birds fast-\\nened to his saddle, while the Frenchman had bagged\\na fine deer. A large wolf was also killed by a shot\\nfrom the guide, and its skin taken by him. Shortly\\nafterward they were chased by a herd of wolves,\\nwhen the horses took fright, became unmanageable,\\nand ran for their lives, leaving their enemy soon out\\nof sight.\\nCrow Wing was at length reached, which the\\nauthor describes as a beautiful spot, situated on the\\neast side of the Mississippi, at the mouth of a river\\nof the same name. Here he was fortunate in meet-\\ning William Morrison, the trader, whose reputation\\nas an upright, intelligent, and noble-hearted man\\nwas co-extensive with the entire wilderness of the\\nNorthwest. Lanman and Morrison became very\\nfriendly. The latter was a Scotchman by birth and\\nat the time of meeting Lanman was somewhat\\nadvanced in life. He had resided in the Indian\\ncountry about thirty-five years, and is eulogized by\\nthe author as possessing all the virtues of the\\ntrader, and none of his vices. His wife was an\\nIndian and had borne him a number of bright chil-\\ndren. He was much liked by the Chippewas, to\\nwhom he was always a good friend and counselor.\\nLanman spent ten days with him the most delight-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0229.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "p;\\nLU\\n_J\\no\\nQ\\nUJ\\nD\\nc/)\\nDC\\nZ)\\nQ.\\nZ\\n(323)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0230.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "EXPLOITS OF CHARLES LANMA:N 223\\nful days I ever experienced. Morrison undertook to\\nact as his guide for a time, and together they wan-\\ndered over the res^ion of Northern Minnesota.\\nCD\\nAmong other tales of this locality told by Lanman\\nis the following: A famous battle was once fought\\nhere between the Sioux and Chippewas. A party of\\nthe former had gone up Crow Wing River for the pur-\\npose of destroying a certain Chippewa village. They\\nfound it inhabited only by women and clnldren,\\nevery one of whom they murdered in cold blood, and\\nburned their wigwams. It so happened that the\\nChippewa warriors had been expecting an attack, and\\nhad consequently hidden themselves in deep holes on\\na high bank of the river at Crow Wing, intending to\\nfall upon the Sioux party on their way up the river.\\nBut they were sadly disappointed. While watching\\nfor their enemy they were suddenly startled by a tri-\\numphant shout that floated down the stream. In\\ngreat surprise they looked, when lo! the very party\\nthat they came after were in full view, shouting and\\ntossing up the scalps of the women and children.\\nThe Chippewas remained in ambush for a few min-\\nutes, and when the Sioux came within reach of their\\narms every one of them was killed, while their canoes,\\nplunder, and bodies were suffered to float down the\\nstream. And the narrator adds, ^Hhe pall of night\\nrested upon the hills, the glens, the waveless river,\\nand the Chippewa camp.\\nMany legends are associated with Crow Wing,\\namong them the following about a white panther,\\nwhich was religiously believed by the Chippewas.\\nThe panther in question was the prophet or oracle of\\na certain Chippewa tribe and possessed the gift of\\nspeech. Lanman in all seriousness proceeds as fol-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0231.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "224 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nlows: ^^A young Chippewa brave was anxious to\\navenge the death of a brother, and sought the ora-\\ncle to learn the success of his projected expedition.\\nThe panther told him that he must not go; but the\\nyoung man heeded him not, and, heading his party,\\nwent. Every one of his followers was killed, himself\\nescaping by the merest accident. Thinking that the\\nwhite panther had in some way caused the calamity,\\nhe recklessly stole upon the creature in the darkness\\nof midnight and slaughtered it. The dying words of\\nthe oracle were: Cruel and unhappy warrior, I\\ndoom thee to walk the earth forever a starving and\\nundying skeleton. The Chippewas say that the\\nspecter, whenever the moon is tinged with red or the\\naurora borealis floods the sky with purple, may be\\nseeii flitting along the banks of Mee-see-see-pee.\\nCrow Wing was at the time of Lanman s visit the\\nhome of the head chief of the Chippewa nation named\\nHole-in-the-day. Our traveler visited him in his\\nlodge frequently, and describes him as about sixty\\nyears of age, stern and brave, but mean, vain,\\ntreacherous, and cruel. In proof of his treachery\\nand cruelty the following incident is related as a fact:\\nHe and some six warriors while on a hunting tour,\\nwere hospitably entertained in a Sioux lodge, where\\nresided a family of seventeen persons. The two\\nnations were at peace, and for a time their intercourse\\nhad been perfectly friendly. On leaving his host,\\nHole-in-the-day shook him cordially by the hand,\\nwith a smile upon his countenance, and departed.\\nAt midnight, when the Sioux family were wrapped\\nin peaceful slumber, Hole-in-the-day and his men\\nretraced their steps, and, without any provocation,\\nfell upon the sleeping family and cruelly murdered", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0232.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "EXPLOITS OF CHARLES LANMAIT. 225\\nevery member, even the lisping babe. Hole-in- the-\\nday told this story of himself to Lanman^, and\\nboasted of it as of something creditable!\\nThe Indian trader fifty years ago was the patriarch\\nand counselor of the wilderness. As the agent of\\nsome fur company, his business was to trade with the\\nIndians for their furs and pelts. He was generally\\nof French descent, and his ancestors were traders.\\nHe was, of course, a native of the wild region he\\ninhabited raised in utter ignorance of civilized life.\\nHis nearest white neighbor, also a trader, would\\npossibly be two hundred miles away. His dwelling\\nwas built of logs and contained one large room and\\na loft. His merchandise was composed chiefly of\\nsalt pork, flour, blankets, colored cloth, and various\\nkinds of trinkets. His family consisted of an Indian\\nwife and several half-breed children. Adjoining the\\ntrader^s home Tt^as about one acre of ploughed ground\\non which he raised a few vegetables; and a solitary\\ncow yielded him the only luxury he enjoyed.\\nOn his way up the Mississippi, Lanman came to\\nLake Winnibegoshish. The river he found so wind-\\ning that in some cases, by making a portage of about\\nfifteen rods, he saved three or four miles of canoeing.\\nThe stream averaged about a quarter of a mile in\\nbreadth, and flowed rapidly over a rocky bed. Lake\\nWinnibegoshish is fifteen miles in length and about\\nten miles in width. It is nearly round, has no\\nislands, and is surrounded with a gravelly beach.\\nThe water is clear but shallow. The surrounding\\ncountry is a dead level, covered with trees, inter-\\nspersed with lakes and rice swamps, where immense\\nnumbers of water-fowl have lived and multiplied for\\ncenturies.\\n16", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0233.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "226 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\nThe only inhabitants found on the shores of\\nWimiibegoshish/ says the traveler, were three\\nbands of Chippewas, numbering in all about three\\nthousand souls. Immediately on my arrival\\nI heard something about a contemplated bear hunt.\\nA number had already been killed, and there was a\\nfording place on the Mississippi, not far away, where\\na good marksman might take one at almost any time.\\nA present of tobacco soon initiated me into the good\\ngraces of the party of hunters, and I was allowed\\nto accompany them. We started at sunset and\\ndescended the river in a canoe to the crossing, where\\nwe concealed ourselves in a recess of the forest, seated\\non a rock that commanded an opening between the\\ntrees. It Avas quite dark, as there was no moon.\\nHere we spent an hour in perfect silence. Finally,\\none of the Indians tapped me on the shoulder and\\npointed to a large black object which\u00c2\u00ab[ soon saw was\\na bear just wading into the water. Bruin took it\\nquite leisurely, as is his wont, little dreaming that an\\nenemy was so near. Just as his feet touched the\\nbottom of the stream, the Indian gave me a nod, and\\nraising our guns simultaneously, three of us fired at\\nthe animal, striking him in a vulnerable spot. We\\nsoon shipped him on board our canoe and paddled\\nback to the village. Morrison estimated his weight\\nto be about three hundred pounds.\\nEed Cedar Lake, since named Cass Lake by School-\\ncraft in honor of General Cass, the Territorial Gov-\\nernor of Michigan, was reached in a few days. It\\nderived its original name, in Indian, from the tree\\nthat mostly abounds upon its shores. In the center\\nof the lake is a large island and several small islands\\noccupy other portions of the lake. The entire region", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0234.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "EXPLOITS OF CHARLES LANMAN 227\\nwatered by the unnumbered lakes of the Upper Mis-\\nsissippi, was formerly inhabited by the Chippewa\\nnation. The hospitality of the tribes was proverbial\\nin times past, ere they came to know the whites too\\nwell and to taste of their ^fire water. When a\\nstranger entered their cabin, he was invited to a seat\\non their best mat, and always treated with the very\\nbest they possessed in the way of food. If a chief\\nwas visited at an untimely hour at midnight, for\\nexamj^le he would arise, stir up his fire, and give\\nthe intruder a j^ipe with the air of a gentleman. If\\ncalled upon when the caller knew the chief had\\nreason to consider him an enemy, he would not tell\\nthe caller to leave his wigwam, but possibly in an\\nunguarded moment, in the latter s own wigwam, he\\nwould cleave his skull with a tomahawk. They were\\nvery affectionate to their wives and children. When\\na party of them were in a state of starvation, and\\none individual happened to have a bear or deer, the\\nlatter would distribute it equally at a feast, and they\\nwould never refuse to present to a brother Chippewa,\\nor white man whom they esteemed, any I3ipe, weapon,\\nor ornament that may have been solicited. They\\nstill treat their infirm people with tender care. As the\\nChippewa Country was mostly covered with a dense\\nforest, the people were unacquainted with the use of\\nthe horse. Their mode of hunting the buffalo was\\nto drive them over bluffs, or shoot them while dis-\\nguised in the ^kin of a wolf or buffalo. Their only\\nvehicle for locomotion and transport was the birchen\\ncanoe. The bark of the birch tree, out of which it\\nwas made, is still found in abundance throughout the\\nentire territory, and they used it, not only for canoes,\\nbut for their lodges, their grave-houses, their baskets.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0235.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "228 EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.\\ntheir dishes, and exquisitely worked boxes which they\\ndisposed of as curiosities.\\nIn the month of July, 1846, Lanman entered Lake\\nItasca and described it as a small sheet of water\\nabout five miles long and one to two miles wide, con-\\ntaining only one island. Its Indian name was\\nOmushhos. He followed Schoolcraft in pronouncing\\nthis lake the head of the Mississippi. This is easily\\nunderstood in the light of my discovery of 1881.\\nNeither Schoolcraft or Lanman had visited, or sus-\\npected the existence of the beautiful sheet of water\\nto the south of Itasca, effectuallv screened from view\\nby the high ridge whicli separates the two lakes.\\nSchoolcraft did not see it for reasons I shall present\\nin a future chapter, and Lanman makes no allusion\\nto it. To the south of Itasca is the ridge or eleva-\\ntion of wood-crowned hills. The whole region to\\nthe north of Itasca he correctly describes as woody,\\nlow, and marshy. The trees are pine, oak, elm, maple,\\nbirch, poplar, jack-pine, and tamarack. The region\\naround this lake was formerly famous for the num-\\nber of its wild animals, and Itasca derived its name\\nOmushkos, by which it is still known to the Indians,\\nfrom a monstrous elk the Englisli of Omushhos\\nwhich, according to the legend, measured the\\nlength of two canoes, and with his horns could split\\na pine tree.^\\nIt may be stated that Lanman is not considered a\\nreliable authority in matters relating to the Upper\\nMississipjDi and its neighboring territory. He was not\\nin a strict sense an explorer, nor does he claim to have\\nbeen such. His journey appears to have been under-\\ntaken chiefly for the gratification of a commendable\\ncuriosity. In 1846, the year of his romantic journey,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0236.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "EXPLOITS OF CHAELES LANMAi;r. 229\\nthe Valley of the Mississippi, above the Falls of Saint\\nAnthony, was known only to Indian traders, mostly\\nof French origin, and probably to one or two specu-\\nlative and intrepid travelers prospecting for the use-\\nful and precious metals. Lanman does not pretend\\nto have discovered anything. Had he given more\\nattention to exploration, he might have made an\\nimportant addition to our geographical knowledge\\nwhile canoeing on the southwestern arm of Itasca,\\nand thus have forestalled the author of the present\\nvolume. Lanman^s experiences are interesting mainly\\nfrom the many Indian traditions he recounts, and\\nhis descriptions of regions and scenery but little\\nknown even in the present day.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0237.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "5*", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0238.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "PAET THIED\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0:o:\\nDISCOVERY\\nOF THE\\n^vne ^onvcs.\\n:o:\\nSUBJECTS:\\nChapter Page\\nI. EARLY AND RECENT EXPLORATION... 233\\nn. JOURNEY TO MINNESOTA 237\\nIIL WINONA TO MINNEAPOLIS 246\\nIV. EARLY HISTORY OF MINNESOTA 257\\nV. THE TWIN CITIES 265\\nVI. PREPARATION FOR SECOND EXPEDITION 297\\nVII. MINNEAPOLIS TO PARK RAPIDS 315\\nVIII. THROUGH THE WILDERNESS 326\\nIX. HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI 339\\nX. JOURNAL OF THE EXPEDITION 354\\nXI. RETURN TO MINNEAPOLIS 381\\nXII. INDORSEMENT AND CONCLUSION 396", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0239.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0240.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nKECENT EXPLORATIONS.\\nOR nearly fifty years prior to 1881, it\\nliad been generally accepted as estab-\\nlished beyond question that the ulti-\\nmate Source of the Mississippi was\\nin Lake Itasca, Northern Minnesota.\\nHenry Rowe Schoolcraft, geologist\\nof the Cass expedition and leader of\\na subsequent exploring party, had\\nannounced to the world his discovery of this lake in\\nthe year 1832, and pronounced it the True Head of\\nthe Great River.\\nGeographers, map-makers, educational publishers,\\ncollege faculties, and teachers, invariably published\\nand taught that the Source of the Mississippi was in\\nthe lake thus designated by Schoolcraft. A few,\\nhowever, pioneers and others, who had come in con-\\ntact with Indians on the Chipj)ewa Reservation,\\nstoutly denied the claim of Itasca to the distinction\\ngiven it by its discoverer; this fact, coupled with an\\neager desire to ascertain the truth or error of School-\\ncraft, led me to organize an expedition having for its\\nobject the possible settlement of the mooted ques-\\ntion. That expedition resulted in locating a hitherto\\nunrecognized lake to the south of Itasca, as the\\n(233)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0241.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "234 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nPrimal Eeservoir, on the twenty-second of July,\\n1881.\\nThe discovery that a lake of fair proportions above\\nand beyond Itasca was the True Source of the Mis-\\nsissippi was followed by an attempt to discredit the\\nvalidity of my published statements, and misrepresen-\\ntations were made which rendered it expedient in the\\nestimation of my friends, that further investigation\\nsliould be undertaken in that quarter and that I should\\nresume the pen in defense of the truth of my position.\\nNo sooner had I announced a new source for the\\nMississippi than several critics jumped to their feet\\nand declared that there was nothing beyond Itasca\\nworthy of the slightest consideration. When, how-\\never, I had proved most conclusively that that lake\\nwas not the remotest water, some of my opponents\\nrather reluctantly granted that there might possibly\\nbe a few ponds and puddles in that vicinity, but, if\\nso, they were of little consequence, else the early\\nexplorers would have given them due prominence in\\nthe accounts of their explorations.\\nHaving made it entirely clear to most geographers\\nthat there was such a lake as I had described, and\\nthat it was a direct and permanent feeder of Lake\\nItasca, it was now asserted by a few cavilers that it\\nhad been previously seen and that even if it were\\naccepted as the source, I was entitled to but little credit\\nfor establishing its true relation to the Mississippi.\\nAgain, it was the argument of certain parties who\\nimagined that they had interests inimical to mine,\\nthat the explorations of the eminent French scientist,\\nNicollet, which tended largely to confirm Schoolcraft,\\nwere conducted during the ^^dry season,^ and, not-\\nwithstanding that the lake which I had fixed upon", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0242.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "RECEI^ T EXPLORATIOI^ S. 235\\nin July was between five and six miles in circumfer-\\nence and covered an area of two hundred and fifty-\\nfive acres, with an average depth of forty-five feet, its\\nbasin may not have exhibited water during the month\\nof August when the region was visited by the distin-\\nguished Frenchman in 1836.\\nFinally, on learning that the lake in question was\\nbeing almost universally adopted, one or two exceed-\\ningly zealous partisans feeling, I presume, that they\\nhad a mission, or rather that they were called\\nupon, to investigate my explorations, sent out what\\nthey were pleased to denominate ^^expeditions to\\nexamine and report upon their findings in the locality\\nundei discussion. The first of the so-called expedi-\\ntions visited the Head of the Mississippi in October\\n1886, and is alleged to have consisted of three persons\\nalthough the name of but oue appeared in the report.\\nA subsequent expedition took place in the summer\\nand autumn of 1889, and was, to say the least, con-\\nspicuous for its contradictions.\\nAlthough the leaders of both of these investigatiug\\nparties were pleased to denounce me in unmeasured\\nterms, their own reports were very conflicting; one\\nof them even going so far as to pluck the laurel from\\nthe brow of Schoolcraft in order that he might\\nbestow it upon his greater favorite, Mcollet, while\\nthe other was for a long time in doubt as to the\\npropriety of deciding between a pond, a puddle, a\\nrivulet, or spring. The investigations of this\\n^^enterprising explorer culminated in his fixing\\nupon two lakes having no surface connection with\\nLake Itasca or the Mississippi, as the Fountain-\\nhead. A very notable feature of their various\\nmodest reports was that they were made in the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0243.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "236 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\ninterest of their employers, and were filled with\\nvulgar abuse of everyone connected with the expedi-\\ntion of 1881.\\nThe antagonism thus developed by an honest\\nattempt to establish a geographical truth, together\\nwith the fact that, even at this late day, some of our\\nleading educators still believe in the error of Lake\\nItasca, led me to decide upon another visit to the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi, for the purpose of\\nmaking a most thorough investigation, in an earnest\\neffort to settle the vexed question which had occupied\\nthe attention of geographers for over ten years.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0244.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nJOURKEY TO MIIy^N^ESOTA.\\nETERMINED upon a second expe-\\ndition to the Headwaters of the\\nMississip^^i, I immediately began\\npreparations for the accomplish-\\nment of my purpose while at\\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin, during the\\nmonth of May, 1891, just ten years\\nafter starting from Cleveland, Ohio,\\non my first journey to that region.\\nWishing to reach Northern Minnesota as early as\\npracticable, I left Milwaukee on the fourteenth of\\nJuly, accompanied by Pearce Giles of Camden, New\\nJersey, who assisted in the organization of my former\\nexpedition, and who has since been an earnest\\nadvocate of my position in relation to the hjource of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nWe availed ourselves of the Chicago, Milwaukee\\nand Saint Paul Railway in our tour across Wisconsin.\\nThe season and route fixed upon for our trip were\\nsuch as to present the charming scenery and rich\\nproducts of its soil to the best possible advantage.\\nMany and wonderful are the changes which have\\ntaken place in the picturesque region which lies\\nbetween Lake Michigan and the Mississippi since the\\nzealous Jesuit missionary. Father James Marquette,\\npaddled his birch canoe down the beautiful river from\\nwhich the State derives its name.\\n(237)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0245.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "238 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nAlthougli a slight digression^ it may not be entirely\\nforeign to our purpose, or uninteresting to the reader,\\nif we briefly note the transformation which two hun-\\ndred years have wrought in this rich and populous\\nsection of our Great Eepublic; for it was through\\nthe rivers of Wisconsin that not only Marquette and\\nJoliet, but also their immediate successors, La Salle,\\nHennepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix, and Carver, found\\ntheir way to the Father of Waters.\\nIt is hardly probable that the old explorers, even\\nin their most sanguine moments, ever dreamed of the\\nbrilliant future which awaited the field of their\\nexplorations. Then, all of the vast tract of country\\nthrough which they passed was an unbroken wilder-\\nness. Now, its productive farms, its factories, rail-\\nways, and above all the schools and churches, mark\\nits development and tell the story of onward strides\\nin progress and civilization.\\nAn hour s ride from Milwaukee brought us to\\nWaukesha, a delightful summer resort, sometimes\\nstyled the Saratoga of the West. It is the capital of\\nWaukesha County, and is noted for the efficacy of its\\nmineral springs. This beautiful village is situated\\non the Fox River, twenty-one miles southwest of\\nMilwaukee, in one of the most fertile valleys of the\\nState, and has many attractions aside from the health-\\ngiving properties of its famous springs.\\nLeaving Waukesha, our journey led us through\\nseveral villages to Watertown on the Black River,\\nforty-three miles west of Milwaukee. This quiet\\nlittle city is the center of one of the richest agri-\\ncultural sections of Wisconsin; it is located on both\\nsides of the river in Dodge and Jefferson counties, in\\na valley from which gentle hills rise on every side.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0246.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "JOURNEY TO MINNESOTA. 239\\nIt is reputed to have six public schools, two colleges,\\nfifteen churches, three national banks, and four\\nweekly papers. The river affords abundant water-\\npower, and several mills and factories were observed\\nas we passed through the city. The growth of Water-\\ntown has been comparatively slow, its population\\nhaving increased but little over eight thousand in the\\ncourse of twenty years.\\nOur route from Watertown was northwesterly to\\nPortage, which is picturesquely situated at the head\\nof navigation on the Wisconsin River, eighty-three\\nmiles from Milwaukee. This section of the State was\\nfor many years celebrated for its extensive pine forests,\\nbut they have long since yielded to the axe of the\\nlumberman, and Portage now has graded schools,\\ndaily and weekly papers, and a flourishing trade with\\nthe surrounding country, which was not more famous\\nin the past for its lumber than it is to-day for the\\nrich products of the farm.\\nFrom Portage we proceeded up the Wisconsin to\\nKilbourn City, passing through a portion of the\\nDalles, which enjoy a deservedly world-wide repu-\\ntation for their scenic attractions. America has a\\ngreat variety of grand and beautiful scenery, possibly\\nexcelling in this particular all other countries of the\\nglobe, and I have seen nothing anywhere so near to\\ncivilized lines that surpasses the Dalles of the Wis-\\nconsin River. Here the largest stream in the State\\nflows through a wild gorge for a distance of nearly\\nten miles, so narrow in many places that there is just\\nroom for a small steamer to pass. The place is sur-\\nrounded by a cluster of beautiful lakes, and the land-\\nscape resulting from such a happy combination of\\nrural attractions is picturesque and enchanting.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0247.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Sb.\\nH\\\\5 VC\\nDALLES OF THE WISCONSIN.\\n(340)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0248.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "JOURl^EY TO MII^I^ESOTA. 241\\nEegretting that a sojourn at the Dalles was\\nincompatible with the chief objects of our journey,\\nwe rolled on toward our evening destination, reach-\\ning the bluffs which overlook the Mississippi at\\nLa Crosse, a few minutes after five o clock.\\nAlthough I have often seen the Great Eiver during\\nthe past twenty years and stood upon its banks many\\ntimes since my canoe voyage of 1881, I could not, on\\nviewing it again, readily repress emotions of affection\\nfor the mighty stream which has for so long a period\\noccupied a large share of my time and attention.\\nWho among reflective travelers will think it strange\\nthat long association, even with a river, may not\\nsometimes lead to a sentimeiit very nearly akin to\\nlove? Who that has traced the tortuous course of\\nany of the great streams of Earth, from source to\\nsea, will wonder at the deep and tender regard which\\nI always feel when looking upon this King of American\\nrivers?\\nThousands upon thousands of logs, numerous saw-\\nmills, and acres of lumber yards, betokened our\\nproximity to La Crosse, the second city of Wisconsin\\nand one of the most enterprising in the Valley of the\\nMississippi.\\nDuring my descent of the river ten years ago, I\\nhalted three days at La Crosse, at which time I learned\\nsomething of its early history and development.\\nThe name of this ambitious young city is said to be\\nderived from the invigorating game of La Crosse,\\nthe favorite sport of the Indians, who were wont to\\nassemble for this purpose on the level prairie upon\\nwhich the city now stands. To indulge in their\\nathletic matches, it is recorded, that they gathered\\nhere in large numbers annually, the plain being con-\\n16", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0249.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "242 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nveniently adapted to the accommodation of the\\nvarious tribes who desired to see and participate in\\nthe sj^ort. Nathan Myrick, the first white settler,\\nbecame such an enthusiastic admirer of the exciting\\ngame that he named the spot, on which his solitary\\ncabin Avas built. La Crosse, and thus the name of the\\naboriginal sport became perpetuated in that of the\\ncity.\\nLa Crosse claims, and with good grace, to be the\\nsecond city in commercial and manufacturing\\nimportance in the State of Wisconsin. The prairie\\non which it is built is seven miles in length by two\\nand a half in breadth. Its distance below Saint Paul\\nby the river, is one hundred and ninety-seven miles;\\nwhile by railway it is only one hundred and twenty-\\nnine miles from the same city.\\nThe Black and La Crosse rivers fall into the Missis-\\nsippi at this point, the former being a most important\\nlumbering stream.\\nThe growth of La Crosse is in keeping with the\\ndevelopment of the Northwest. Myrick, the first\\nsettler, landed here in November, 1841, with a boat-\\nload of goods and notions from Prairie du Chien,\\nwhich he traded with the red men for their furs. In\\nthe course of ten years the trading-post established by\\nhim, had drawn other settlers to it, and it became an\\nincorporated town. Five years later, in 1856, it had\\nattained sufficient size and importance to be made a\\ncity. To-day it has a population of over thirty\\nthousand of as industrious and prosperous citizens as\\nare to be found on the banks of the Great River.\\nThe geographical location of La Crosse is doubtless\\none of the chief secrets of its rapid progress and\\npresent flourishing condition. The products of one", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0250.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "JOURNEY TO MINNESOTA. 243\\nof the leading agricultiiml States of the Union,\\ntogether with a portion of the vast supplies which\\nreach its shores from Minnesota and Northern Iowa,\\ngive to the city immense advantages, occupying, as it\\ndoes, a commanding position on the river for attract-\\ning commercial relations with its sister cities. In\\naddition to the facilities offered for transportation by\\nnumerous water lines. La Crosse has access to several\\nrailways which center here. The Mississippi and its\\ntributaries embrace over sixteen thousand miles of\\nnavigable water; the former alone presenting a\\nstretch of nearly two thousand miles of uninter-\\nrupted navigation, affording the cheapest kind of\\ntransportation, of the benefits of which La Crosse\\navails herself to a very large extent, and to this\\nadvantage is mainly due her growth in population\\nand wealth.\\nThe commerce and manufactures of a city depend,\\nin a great measure, upon the resources of the State\\nin Avliich it is situated. Wisconsin is one of our\\nrichest agricultural States. It is larger than New\\nYork, Rhode Island, and Connecticut combined, and\\nin the fertility of its soil is second to none. A con-\\nsiderable percentage of the wheat crop of the United\\nStates is grown in this province. Its immense corn-\\nfields, comprising several millions of acres, are\\nanother source of wealth; while the hay-producing\\narea is double that of Iowa. Twenty-five million\\npounds of butter and twenty million pounds of cheese\\nare manufactured annually in Wisconsin, most of\\nwhich is shipped to Eastern and European markets.\\nThe soil and climate of this State are especially\\nfavorable to the growth of the 2)otato. Flax rais-\\ning is also a leading industry, the yield being over", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0251.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "244 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nthirty million pounds a year. Thus in agricultural\\nresources the Badger State possesses every advan-\\ntage for developing great commercial and manu-\\nfacturing cities, and the favorable position of La\\nCrosse eminently fits her for reaping the full benefit\\nof the conditions so generously j^rovided.\\nAfter a halt of twenty minut ^s for connections\\nand refreshments^ we steamed out of La Crosse and\\nwere soon wending our way over the railway bridge\\nwhich spans the Mississippi at this point.\\nHaving reached the Minnesota side of the river,\\nwe rushed along toward Winona, our evening desti-\\nnation, where we had supper and remained for the\\nnight. The following morning a few hours were pleas-\\nantly and profitably spent in a stroll through the\\nleading streets of the city, during which we called\\nat the office of the Reiniblican in anticipation of\\nmeeting its editor, Hon. D. Sinclair, who, we\\nregretted to learn, was then out of town attending\\nan editorial convention at Saint Paul. Mr. Sinclair\\nwas an early pioneer of Minnesota, and, in addition\\nto conducting one of the first journals of the State,\\nwas at this time postmaster and prominently men-\\ntioned as a candidate for the mayoralty. He has\\nfor several years past shoAvn much interest in the\\ncontroversy relating to the True Source of the Mis-\\nsissippi, and the columns of his paper have ever been\\nopen to those who are disposed to discuss without\\nprejudice the geographical question which, since\\n1881, has been of more than local interest.\\nThe growth of Winona since my former visit has\\nbeen gradual and substantial. Several new public\\nbuildings were noted in various parts of the city of\\nwhich her intelligent citizens are justly proud.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0252.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "JOURNEY TO MIN KESOTA. 245\\nIn its location and surroundings, Winona is\\nextremely picturesque, standing as it does on a\\nplateau nine miles long by three broad on the west\\nbank of the river, and environed by lofty bluffs, the\\nsurface of which, in some cases, from base to summit\\nappears of a velvety smoothness, having more the\\nsemblance of art than of Nature.\\nThe city is laid out with the utmost regularity, the\\nstreets wide and chiefly at right angles; the business\\nblocks compactly built of wood and stone are gener-\\nally of a very substantial character. Many of the\\nprivate residences are elegantly designed and are\\nsuggestive of wealth and refinement. The whole\\nappearance of the place betokens business activity\\nand prosperity. In population, AVinona is the fourth\\ncity in the State, and claims to be third in commer-\\ncial importance. It is the river outlet of a large\\nportion of Minnesota and several counties of Northern\\nWisconsin, and as a primary grain market, ranks\\nfourth in the United States.\\nBesides water communication north and south,\\nWinona has within her limits the stations of the Chi-\\ncago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul; the Green Bay,\\nWinona and Saint Paul, and several branch lines of\\nrailway.\\nAs a lumber distributing point, this city is one of\\nthe most important of the Upper Mississijopi, while\\nits saw-mills, flour-mills, wagon factories and other\\nmanufacturing establishments give a very good idea\\nof the extent to which its capital and industries have\\nbeen developed in the course of a few years by its\\nenterprising inhabitants.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0253.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE III.\\nwi:n oi^a to min keapolis.\\nE coutinued our journey up the Mississippi,\\nat ten o^clock on the following morning,\\nand our train making brief stops at the\\nvarious stations between Winona and\\nMinneapolis, afforded but little opportu-\\nnity for obtaining glimpses of the cities\\nand towns which dot the river banks.\\nQuite in contrast with my voyage down\\nthe Mississippi in a canoe, was this trip up stream\\nby rail. Everything was reversed. Instead of leis-\\nurely disembarking at the water front, we now\\nwhirled along in rear of the numerous places which,\\nduring the descent of the river, had arrested my\\nattention. The journey then covered a period of\\nseveral days; by rail it can be completed in a cor-\\nresponding number of hours.\\nReflecting upon the various modes of journeying,\\nI am led to say as the result of much experience, that\\nhe who looks at the country from the window of a\\nrailway car, can at best have only an imperfect idea\\nof the many objects of interest which are constantly\\nbrought to his notice. During a horseback journey\\nfrom ocean to ocean in 1876, I became satisfied that\\nan equestrian tour wherein the rider mounts and dis-\\nmounts at will as he jogs along over the highway,\\nchatting with an occasional farmer, talking with the\\npeople in town and viewing rural scenes at his pleas-\\n(246)\\nI", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0254.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "WINOKA TO MIKKEAPOLIS. 24?\\nure, presents many attractive features to the student\\nand tourist; but notwithstanding all that may be said\\nin favor of the horse^ I can not but feel, after\\nan equally extended experience in the canoe, that he\\nwho wishes to view the landscape, to commune with\\nKTature, to see men and note the products of their\\ntoil, to learn something of their manners and customs\\nfrom a novel standpoint, will find our rivers and the\\nlight craft, Avhich readily thread these waterways,\\nbest adapted to his purpose.\\nIn support of the river and canoe for a tour of\\nobservation, a contemporary says: Other roads do\\nsome violence to Nature and bring the traveler\\nto stare at her; but the river steals into the scenery\\nit traverses without intrusion, silently creating and\\nadorning it, and is free to come and go as the\\nzephyr.\\nThe voyager in his canoe near the surface of the\\nwater, floats along seeing hill and dale and woodland\\nvery much as they appeared to the settler in pioneer\\ndays in all their picturesque beauty. Each stroke of\\nthe paddle, each bend in the river brings before the\\neye new scenes as the enchanted traveler glides\\nonward in his course.\\nThe canoe employed for such journeys need not\\nnecessarily be a birch-bark, or a Eushton, or a\\nRob Roy; any one of these patterns and many others\\nwill meet every requirement of the voyager. In my\\ndescent of the Mississippi, I used the birch-bark at\\nthe headwaters of the river, for the reason that it is\\nbest adapted to the rough treatment which is unavoid-\\nable whenever a swift current with an uncertain bed\\nis encountered; as this canoe is easily repaired with\\npitch if rendered unseawortliy by contact with", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0255.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "348 DISCOVEEY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nobstructions. On reacliing Aitkin we replaced the\\nIndian with modern canoes in which we continued our\\nvoyage to the Gulf.\\nTaking it for granted that the tourist has decided\\nupon the river as the most practicable highway for\\nhis purpose and that he has fixed upon the canoe as\\nthe most suitable conveyance at his command, he\\nvery naturally casts about for a desirable field in\\nwhich to conduct his observations. If he is a resi-\\ndent of the Valley of the Mississippi and would like\\nto know more of the romantic history of North\\nAmerica, it is not necessary that he should make an\\nextended journey to the classic Hudson, or the Cana-\\ndian lakes, or ship his canoe to the sandy shores of\\nNew Jersey, or the rugged coast of New England.\\nRight here in the great basin of the Father of Waters,\\nunlimited opportunities may be found for gliding\\nthrough fertile regions that are as beautiful and invit-\\ning to-day as they were before the touch of civilization\\nhad wrought its mighty change. The Rock, Wiscon-\\nsin, Chippewa, Saint Croix, and Minnesota are among\\nthe most interesting affluents of the Upper Mississi]3pi,\\nand the sights and experiences which are character-\\nistic of this section of the Great River may reasonably\\nbe looked for upon any of the streams which are\\ndirectly tributary to it.\\nTo return to our journey, we find that we have\\npassed Minneiska and are now at Wabasha, a small\\ntown on the west bank of the river at the foot of\\nLake Pepin. It is twelve miles below Lake City; is\\nan important grain market and has a population of\\nbetween three and four thousand.\\nLeaving Wabasha we move northward along the\\nwestern shore of Pepin occupied with thoughts of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0256.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "WINONA TO MINNEAPOLIS. 249\\nthe aboriginal legends wliich will always be associated\\nwith this beautiful sheet of water; thinking also of\\nFather Hennepin and his adventures among the\\nIndians^ he who was the first white man to break the\\nsolitude of these northern wilds, and who suffered\\ncaptivity here; for it will be remembered that having\\nmade Hennepin and his companions prisoners, the\\nsavages held a consultation near the lake for the pur-\\npose of deciding what they should do with their cap-\\ntives. Some were in favor of giving them their\\nliberty, while others insisted that they should be put\\nto death. Those who were in favor of the latter\\ncourse cried and moaned throughout the night hop-\\ning by their tears to prevail upon the remainder of\\nthe tribe to consent to the murder of the whites.\\nThis experience led Hennepin to christen this mag-\\nnificent sheet of water, the Lake of Tears, which title,\\nit would seem, should have been retained when we\\nconsider the peculiar circumstances under which the\\nadventurous Frenchman was induced to bestow it.\\nThe name which the lake now bears is evidently of\\nFrench origin, but I have been unable to ascertain\\nwho applied it, or what incident led to its adoption.\\nBeing released from captivity through the compas-\\nsion and influence of Wah-zee-koo-tay, the great\\nNahdawessy chief, Hennepin, still undaunted, pro-\\nceeded up the Mississippi to the Falls of Saint\\nAnthony, which he named in honor of his patron\\nsaint.\\nFollowing Hennepin, Baron La Hontan journeyed\\nthrough Lake Pepin, and many leagues to the north-\\nward, located his Longue Eivierre, that romance of\\ngeography, which he described as having a due\\nwestern course, but which, it was subsequently", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0257.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "250 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nascertained, was a creature of liis imagination, or\\nrather, a singular combination of truth and fiction.\\nThen came the gallant Le Sueur in 1700. Pad-\\ndling up the lake, he continued the ascent of the\\nMississippi to the mouth of the Minnesota Eiver, and\\nthence up that stream to its Blue Earth tributary.\\nThis daring spirit erected a log fort on the banks of\\nthe Mankato, and was the first to break the virgin\\nsoil of Minnesota with spade and pickaxe, which was\\ndone in digging for copper ore, large quantities of\\nwhich, or a green earth supposed to be ore of that\\nmetal, he had conveyed to France. Le Sueur was\\ndoubtless the first white man who supplied the Indians\\nof the Northwest with firearms and other products of\\ncivilized labor, and to his truthful journal we are\\ngreatly indebted for much of the reliable data we\\npossess of the Indian races of the Upper Mississippi.\\nAfter the lapse of a considerable period, Captain\\nJonathan Carver, a native of New England, passed\\nthrough Lake Pepin during his journey up the Mis-\\nsissippi. He had long contemplated such an expedi-\\ntion, but circumstances did not favor him until 1776.\\nWith only a Frenchman and Mohawk Indian for\\nguides, his heroic nature defied the perils of such a\\nhazardous undertaking. Carver ascended the almost\\nunknown river in a canoe, and exulted in the fact\\nthat he was the first of the Anglo-Saxon race to glide\\nover these pure waters; to look upon this grand\\nscenery and to tread the fertile soil of the Great\\nNorthwest.\\nTurning from the adventures of the heroic old\\nexplorers, we find our train in front of the railway\\nstation at Lake City, one of those magic towns of\\nthe West, which, under favorable circumstances, leap\\ni", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0258.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "WINONA TO MINNEAPOLIS. 251\\ninto existence and develop so rapidly as to far exceed\\nthe brightest anticipations of their founders. Beauti-\\nfully located on the western shore of Pepin, enjoying\\nexcellent water communication with all points up\\nand down the river, it will doubtless sustain the\\nprominence it has already achieved.\\nFrom the beginning of our journey the scenery has\\nbeen strikingly picturesque, and yet, on leaving Lake\\nCity it increases in grandeur as we move forward\\ntoward Frontenac. The broad expanse of water,\\ncharming coves and huge bluffs which, in some\\ninstances, rise abruptly to a height of from five hun-\\ndred to a thousand feet above the surface of the\\nlake, present a picture that is seldom, if ever, equaled\\nin the Valley of the Mississippi.\\nAs we cast our eyes to the eastward and look upon\\nthe majestic bluffs which line the Wisconsin shore\\nour attention is arrested by Maiden Eock, and I\\nrecall the sad story of Winona and her leap from\\nits summit, an incident that will always be of roman-\\ntic interest to those who delight in the legendary\\nlore of the Great River. Her youth, beauty, and\\nthe melancholy circumstances which led to her tragic\\ndeath invest her life with a peculiar charm, and will\\never form a thrilling chapter in the annals of Lake\\nPepin.\\nIt may be observed before proceeding further that\\nLake Pepin is twenty-one miles long and varies in\\nwidth from one to three miles. In my descent of the\\nLake in 1881, I was led to conclude that the slightest\\nbreath of wind will produce a heavy swell, and from\\nthis circumstance it is the custom of voyagers on the\\nriver to pass through the lake, if possible, during the\\nnight; experience having taught them that it is gen-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0259.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "Dl\\nUI\\no\\no\\nHi\\na\\nUJ\\n(252)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0260.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "WINONA TO MINNEAPOLIS. 253\\nerally much calmer then than during the day.\\nToward its outlet the valley widens considerably,\\nowing to the entrance of the Chippewa Eiver, which\\nat its mouth is five hundred yards wide, and is navi-\\ngable at certain seasons of the year for over one hun-\\ndred miles. The general trend of the lake is from\\nwest-northwest to east-southeast. The scenery along\\nits shores contrasts strongly with that of the river.\\nInstead of the rapid current of the Mississippi wind-\\ning around numberless islands, some of which dis-\\nplay well-wooded surfaces, the lake when calm pre-\\nsents a smooth and sluggish ex^^anse unrelieved by a\\nsingle island; nothing limits the view but the tower-\\ning bluffs which enclose its basin and seem like so\\nmany giant sentinels standing guard over the accu-\\nmulated flood of the mighty stream as it passes quietly\\nonward to the sea.\\nArrived at Frontenac we halt for a moment only.\\nThis is a growing hamlet of perhaps three hundred\\nsouls. In appearance it is a most romantic spot,\\nwith its white sand beach in front and bluffs in the\\nbackground. Frontenac has already attracted some\\nattention as a summer resort, and will doubtless in the\\ncourse of a few years attain sufficient importance in\\nthis particular to meet in a measure at least the\\nbright anticipations of its liberal and philanthropic\\nfounder General Israel Garrard.\\nPassing Frontenac we hurry on to Red Wing, situ-\\nated on the west bank of the Mississippi, six miles\\nabove the head of the lake. Like many other cities\\nof Minnesota, Red Wing has an interestin-g history,\\nand is a striking illustration of what an intelligent\\nand industrious people can accomplish in the course of\\na very few years when naturally zealous, and their", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0261.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "254 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nenergies are properly directed. The standard of\\ncivilization was originally planted here by two Swiss\\nmissionaries, bearing the names of Denton and Garin,\\nwho arrived, accompanied by their wives, in 1838.\\nThe savage Dakotas at this period were in posses-\\nsion of the territory, and these brave, self-denying\\nChristians labored among them until the health of\\nDenton failed in 1846, when the American Board of\\nMissions appointed as their successors, John Alton\\nand J. W. Hancock, two clergymen of Vermont. Two\\nwhite families and about three hundred Indians\\nwere at that time the sole occupants of what is now\\nthe flourishing little city of Red Wing.\\nIn June, 1852, the Government entered into a\\ntreaty with the Indians which authorized the occupa-\\ntion of the Territory by settlers, but the close of the\\nsame year saw only about forty people on the present\\nsite of Red Wing. On the following Christmas day\\nthe entire white community dined at the residence of\\nWilliam Freeborn, one of the first settlers. Soon\\nafter this pleasant event in its pioneer history, the\\nplace began to grow, and although its development\\nhas been moderate it has reached a population of\\nbetween twelve and thirteen thousand.\\nRed Wing enjoys the reputation of being one of the\\nlargest primary wheat markets in the country, having\\nhandled over three million bushels in a single year.\\nIts manufactures also are quite extensive, while the\\nclay deposits in its immediate vicinity are among the\\nfinest and richest in America. In addition to clay,\\na very superior quality of sand is found in this local-\\nity, in large quantities, and I was informed that it\\nwas the intention to establish a glass factory there at\\nan early date. Being within a few miles of Lake", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0262.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "WIN0:N^A to 3IINNEAP0LIS. 255\\nPepin, and enjoying every advantage which has\\nfavored her sister cities, Ked Wing may reasonably\\nanticipate a steady growth and a rapid development\\nof her great natural resources.\\nLess than an hour s ride from Red Wing and we\\nare at Hastings on the west bank of the river, twenty\\nmiles below Saint Paul. In my journey between these\\ntwo points I again saw in striking contrast, my canoe\\nvoyage of 1881, and my present trip up river by rail.\\nThen a thunder-storm, which had been slumbering for\\na few hours, broke out afresh at ten o clock in the\\nmorning and followed us throughout the day drench-\\ning us to the skin and making our experience any-\\nthing but agreeable. Now, we were favored with a\\ncloudless sky, and the most delightful weather in\\nevery particular.\\nWe passed the mouth of the Saint Croix Eiver just\\nbelow Hastings. This stream enters the Mississippi\\nfrom the east and forms the boundary between Wis-\\nconsin and Minnesota. For a considerable distance\\nbelow the Saint Croix the water of the Mississippi,\\nwhere shallow, is of a reddish tint, but very black in\\ndeep water. The red is occasioned by the sand seen\\nat the bottom which is of that color. It may be said\\nin explanation that the dark color is invariably com-\\nmon to deep water when moderately limpid.\\nHastings is a pretty little city of modest pretensions,\\nclaiming a population of only about five thousand.\\nIn pioneer days it aspired to first place among the\\nleading cities of Minnesota, and I am told was at one\\ntime considered the rival of Saint Paul and Minne-\\napolis. While it has not been able to reach the goal\\nof its ambition, it has made considerable progress,\\nand will doubtless in the course of another decade", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0263.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "256 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nshow a creditable increase in population and commer-\\ncial importance.\\nThe route from Hastings to Saint Paul led us\\nthrough one of the most fertile and picturesque\\nregions of Minnesota. Some of the finest farms in\\nthe State are to be found here, while the scenery, if\\nwe except that along the shores of Lake Pepin, is not\\nsurpassed anywhere in the Northwest.\\nSoon after leaving Hastings, we passed what is\\ntermed, and unquestionably is, the narrowest place in\\nthe Mississippi below the Falls of Saint Anthony.\\nThe river at this point is clear of islands and not more\\nthan one hundred yards wide. Pike states that his\\nmen rowed across in forty strokes of the oar; another\\ntraveler affirms that he crossed in 1857 from a dead\\nstart in sixteen strokes. This sudden contraction of\\nthe stream gives it a greatly increased depth, and in\\nmy soundings of 1881, I discovered it to be over one\\nhundred feet deep, while its velocity was nearly\\ndoubled.\\nAt two o clock in the afternoon, the church spires\\nof Saint Paul were seen in the distance, and a few\\nmoments later we entered the hospitable gates of the\\ncapital city of Minnesota.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0264.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE IT.\\nEAKLY HISTORY OF MINKESOTA.\\nESS than fifty years ago the present State of\\nMinnesota was a wilderness of woodland\\nand of prairie the home of the red man.\\nIn the deep recesses of her forests the\\nSioux, Chippewas, Winnehagos, and many\\nother savage trihes met and contended\\nfor supremacy; while vast herds of buffalo\\ngrazed and roamed at will over her fertile prairies.\\nHere tlie dark-browed Indian, in his birch canoe,\\nfloated and paddled down the rivers and over his own\\nloved lakes; and from the rocky bluffs and hill-tops,\\nwhence to-day floats the banner of civilization, arose\\nonly the smoke of the council-fire, and was heard\\nthe war-whpop of the savage. Across these sky-\\ntinted waters, once the battle-field of the red men,\\nnow reverberate the soft, sweet strains of the organ,\\nthe peaceful chimes of the church-going bell, and the\\nbusy hum of commerce.\\nThe sights and scenes which were characteristic\\nof this region in aboriginal days have passed away.\\nThe remnants of a few Indian tribes still linger at\\nthe Headwaters of May-see-see-bee their ideal river;\\nand an occasional straggler from these bands is now\\nand then seen in the streets of Saint Paul, but in a\\nvery few years at most, their homes, their hunting-\\ngrounds, and even their very burial-places will b\u00c2\u00a9\\nforgotten.\\n17 (257)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0265.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "258 DISCOVEEY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nOn this ground, the warlike Sioux and their\\nimplacable enemies, the equally fierce and uncom-\\npromising Ohippewas, were for ages engaged in an\\nexterminating conflict which spared neither age, nor\\nsex, nor condition. This fair land has been the\\nscene of many a sanguinary combat. Here thousands\\nof the brave sons of the forest have sung their last\\nwail of despair, and, suffering indescribable tortures,\\nmet death uncomplainingly.\\nThe bitter feuds of the Indians descended to\\npioneer times, and among the early settlers of Min-\\nnesota there are many yet living who were reluctant\\nwitnesses of their incessant warfare. The soil upon\\nwhich we tread to-day is impregnated with the blood\\nof untutored savages, who, though denizens of the\\nwild forest, and filled with hatred of their fellow-men,\\nstill, however, heard the voice of the Great Spirit in\\nthe morning breeze; beheld him in the dark cloud\\nthat rose in the west; recognized his presence in the\\nsetting sun, as he sank, enthroned under a glorious\\ncanopy, to his burning bed. Here they loved, fought,\\nand delighted in the sports of the chase.\\nOver two centuries ago the attention of Europeans\\nwas directed to the region now known as Minnesota.\\nFact and fancy had already invested this portion of\\nNorth America with a romantic interest rarely, if\\never, equaled in the history of exploration. From\\nthe year 1658, when the Jesuit missionary and explorer.\\nFather Menard, was lost in the wilderness, down to\\nthe present time, Minnesota has ever been a most\\nfruitful field for research.\\nIt has been observed in a previous chapter, that\\nFather Louis Hennepin was the first white man to\\nascend the Upper Mississippi; then came La Hontan,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0266.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MIKi^ESOTA. 259\\nLe Sueur, and Carver; the last of whom acquired great\\ninfluence over the Indians; made several treaties with\\nthem, was elected to the chieftainship of a tribe, and\\ngiven a vast tract of land embracing millions of acres\\nand covering the very ground on which Saint Paul now\\nstands. Although this gift is said to have been rati-\\nfied by George III. it was not sustained by our Con-\\ngress, and the heroic and adventurous Carver was,\\nfor several years, suffered to feel the annoyances of\\npoverty, and, after a fruitless effort to obtain ade-\\nquate compensation for his services, died of want in\\nthe city of London, where for a long time previous\\nto his death he endured greater privations than had\\nfallen to his lot in the American wilderness.\\nWithin the present century. Pike, Cass, Beltrami,\\nSchoolcraft, Nicollet, Fremont, Long, and Keating\\nhave visited and explored Minnesota. The maps,\\njournals, and works of these eminent explorers, and\\nthe narratives of their heroic predecessors, enable us\\nto follow chronologically the leading events in its\\nannals since Father Hennepin first looked upon the\\nFalls of Saint Anthony, and to connect, with some\\ndegree of accuracy, the past with the present. These\\nthen are our sources of information, and these men\\nthe landmarks in a most romantic and interesting\\nhistory.\\nIn addition to those who have visited Minnesota for\\nthe specific purpose of exploration, it is but just to\\nmention a few of the pioneers and fur traders whose\\ndaring and enterprise have rendered their names his-\\ntoric. Of this class, Renville, Provengalle, Morrison,\\nand Faribault are worthy of especial notice in\\nthe early records of the State. First in the list of\\nthese sturdy sons of the border was Joseph Renville,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0267.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "260 DISCOVEBY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nwho was born upon the soil of Minnesota in the year\\n1779. His father was a French trader and his mother\\nan Indian. At this period there were not more than\\na half-dozen white families within the limits of the\\nvast territory now comprising Northern Illinois, Wis-\\nconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota.\\nThe story of the life of this Christian pioneer forms\\nan interesting link between the past and present his-\\ntory of Minnesota. At the age of ten years, young\\nEenville was taken to Canada by his father and his\\neducation intrusted to a Roman Catholic priest.\\nLonging for his home and friends, he left school\\nbefore completing the prescribed course of study and\\nreturned to the land of his birth the wilderness of\\nthe Northwest.\\nSoon after his return from Canada, Renville acted\\nas guide to Ceneral Pike and conducted that officer\\nand his command to the Falls of Saint Anthony. In\\nrecognition of this service. Pike subsequently secured\\nfor him the appointment of Government interpreter.\\nFor many years he was an influential citizen of Min-\\nnesota and for a long period held various local offices\\nof importance. He was among the first, if not the\\nvery first, to plant corn and raise stock in the territory.\\nAlthough bred in the Catholic faith, missionaries,\\nwithout regard to religious denomination, received a\\ncordial welcome at his trading-post. Years before\\nthere was a church within three hundred miles of his\\ncabin, he made a journey to Prairie du Chien in\\norder that he might wed in accordance with the\\nforms of the Christian service. His Indian bride,\\nwho, it may be added, was the first Dakota to unite\\nwith the church and the first to die in its faith,\\nthrough the teaching of her husband had embraced", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0268.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "BAELY HISTORY OF MINN-ESOTA. 261\\nChristianity some years before she had even seen\\na missionary. After a long, eventful, and useful life\\nRenville died in 1856, and his death is said to have\\nbeen peaceful and happy, and a valuable legacy to\\nthe church of which he had been an exemplary\\nmember for more than a half-century.\\nContemporaneous with Eenville, was Louis Proven-\\nQalle, one of the most daring pioneers of Minnesota,\\nwhose death occurred at Mendota in 1850. Stalwart\\nin physique and possessed of an inflexible will, he\\nwas in every way well qualified for the rough duties\\nof a frontier trader.\\nProvengalle was possessed of but little education,\\nand his books of Indian credit were understood only\\nby himself, as all of the entries were made in hiero-\\nglyphics, and yet his white and dusky customers\\nnever questioned their accuracy. This bold and fear-\\nless trader was ever ready for the various emergencies\\nwhich often confronted him, and never shrank from\\ndanger when the odds were against him. On one\\noccasion, a band of Indians entered his store and\\nthreatened to seize his goods, whereupon he snatched\\nup a firebrand and holding it to a keg of gun-powder\\navowed his determination to blow himself and them\\ninto the air if they took a single article. The pros-\\npect of being sent so suddenly to their Happy\\nHunting-Grounds quite disconcerted the pillagers,\\nand they rushed headlong from the cabin, leaving\\nProvengalle in possession of his entire stock. It is\\nsufiBcient to add that after this episode, the Indians\\nwere most careful not to incur the displeasure of\\ntheir white brother, and never gave him further\\ntrouble.\\nAmong the most successful fur traders of Minne-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0269.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "262 DISCOYEEY OF THE TEUE SOURCE.\\nsota at the beginning of the present century, William\\nMorrison is justly given a position in the front rank.\\nAs early as 1802;, he established a line of trading-\\nposts far up the Mississippi, which in succeeding\\nyears he extended to the Headwaters of the river.\\nThis enterprising trader was doubtless the first\\nwhite man to look upon Lake Itasca, which he saw\\nin 1804, and had he known at the time that its out-\\nlet was the Mississippi, would have been entitled to\\nall the credit which, twenty-eight years later, was\\naccorded to Schoolcraft. It was not the business of\\nMorrison to give much attention to the geography\\nand topography of the country; on the contrary he\\nconfined himself to the matter-of-fact duties of his\\noccupation. He saw Itasca simply as one of the\\nthousands of lakes of Minnesota, but not in its dis-\\ntinctive relation to the Great Eiver. As an agent of\\nthe American Fur Company, Morrison continued his\\noperations on the Upper Mississippi until 1826, dur-\\ning which period he did much to encourage immigra-\\ntion to this interesting section of the country.\\nBefore Wisconsin was admitted to the sisterhood of\\nStates, all of that region lying east of the Mississippi\\nwas regarded as part of Wisconsin Territory; but\\nafter her admission as a State there was a consider-\\nable population beyond her western boundary with-\\nout any state or territorial government. At this\\njuncture of aifairs, John Catlin, who had been secre-\\ntary of the Territory of Wisconsin and had just been\\nelected Governor of the new State, believing that the\\nhitherto unclaimed portion of Minnesota was within\\nhis jurisdiction, ordered an election for delegate to\\nthe House of Representatives of the United States.\\nThis election, which was held October thirtieth, 1848,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0270.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 263\\nresulted in nominating as candidates, Henry H.\\nSibley and Henry M. Rice, the former of whom being\\nduly elected, proceeded to Washington and took his\\nseat early in 1849.\\nSibley had scarcely had time to realize that he was\\na representative of the State of Wisconsin, when, at\\nthe close of the session of Congress on the third of\\nMarch, Minnesota was organized as a Territory and\\nthat portion of A\u00c2\u00a5isconsin which he had formerly\\nrepresented was now within the limits of Minnesota.\\nOn the next day, March fourth. General Taylor was\\ninaugurated President, and a few days later, appointed\\nthe following officers for the government of the Ter-\\nritory. Alexander Ramsay, Grovernor; Charles K.\\nSmith, secretary; A. Goodrich, chief-justice; and B.\\nB. Meekers and David Cooper, associate-justices of\\nthe Supreme Court; H. L. Moss, United States dis-\\ntrict attorney; and A. M. Mitchell, United States\\nmarshal. All of these officials took the oath of office\\nsoon after and entered upon their respective duties.\\nOn the first of June, 1849, Governor Ramsay issued\\na proclamation announcing the organization of the\\nterritorial government. The Governor also ordered\\nan election of members to the legislative assembly,\\nand a delegate to Congress; the latter office being\\ngiven to General Sibley, who was now returned to\\nWashington as the representative of Minnesota.\\nCounty officers were elected in November of the\\nsame year; but the regular election for all officers,\\nincluding a delegate to Congress, was not held until\\nthe first Monday of September, 1850. At this elec-\\ntion, General Sibley was returned to Congress and\\nA. M. Mitchell became his colleague.\\nMinnesota was now fairly launched upon her polit-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0271.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "264 DISCOYEKY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nical career, and notliiDg seemed wanting to assure\\nfor her a prosperous and enviable future. Her great\\nnatural resources, her splendid commercial advan-\\ntages, and her confident and enterprising citizens, all\\ntended to make her outlook most promising and\\ninsure for her a brilliant and glorious destiny.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0272.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER Y.\\nTHE\\ni(\\nTWIiq- CITIES.\\nii\\nF the numberless cities which have sprung\\ninto existence since the discovery of the\\nAmerican continent, few have attracted\\nsuch wide-spread attention as Saint Paul\\nand Minneapolis, and although the growth\\nof some of our great commercial centers\\nhas been phenomenal, none have advanced\\nmore rapidly in wealth and population than the\\nTwin Cities of the Northwest. What they were\\nand what they have become, the remarkable develop-\\nment of their resources, and when, how, and by whom\\nthe foundations of an unparalleled prosperity were\\nlaid, constitute one of the most interesting chapters\\nin the history of Minnesota.\\nSAINT PAUL.\\nAfter the explorations of Hennepin, only an occa-\\nsional missionary or adventurous traveler found his\\nway to the Falls of Saint Anthony, and no perma-\\nnent settlement was attempted in this vicinity until\\n1838, when the first building was erected and a trad-\\ning-post located on the site of the present city of\\nSaint Paul. In 1841, the Jesuits established a mis-\\nsion here and built a log chapel, which they dedicated\\nto Saint Paul, the name subsequently given to the\\ntown which quickly sprung up around it.\\n(265)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0273.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "266 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nAlthough the embryo Saint Paul was surveyed in\\n1845, there were but three families on the ground in\\n1847. In the same year it was laid out into village\\nstreets, and in 1849 became the capital of the Terri-\\ntory. At this time its entire population did not\\nexceed three hundred souls. A municipal govern-\\nment was established in 1854, when three thousand\\ninhabitants were claimed. At the close of 1856 the\\npopulation had increased to ten thousand. Very few\\nof the original buildings were to be seen at this\\nperiod, as the greater share of these relics of pioneer\\ndays had been replaced by more commodious and\\nimposing residences and substantial business blocks.\\nIn 1880, twenty-four years later, its population had\\nbeen multiplied by five, the census returns giving\\nfifty thousand. In 1849 the business of the place\\namounted to 1131,000, which increased so rapidly\\nthat in 1854 it amounted to $6,000,000, with a\\ncapital of $700,000 invested. Since that date its\\nfinancial development has been phenomenal, perhaps\\nnot equaled by more than two or three cities in this\\ncountry.\\nSaint Paul is most fortunate in its location, resting\\nas it does upon three elevations or plateaus over-\\nlooking the Mississippi, and in the rear, surrounded\\nby a gracefully undulating and elevated ridge, which,\\nfor the most part, constitutes the residence portion\\nof the city. The central plateau is from eighty to\\nninety feet above the surface of the river, with an\\nexcellent steamboat landing at each extremity.\\nThe original town was regularly laid out, but the\\nadditions are irregular. The streets are well graded\\nand generally paved. The upper terrace or plateau is\\nunderlaid by a stratum of limestone from twelve to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0274.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "367)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0275.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "268 DISCOVERY OF THE TEUE SOURCE.\\ntwenty feet thick, and of this material many of the\\nbuildings are constructed. Five bridges span the\\nriver; electric street-car lines connect all parts of the\\ncity, and reach also to Minneapolis, while a splendid\\nsewerage system drains it of all impurities.\\nSaint Paul is nominally at the head of navigation\\nof the Mississippi, the further progress of steamboats\\nup the river being checked by the rapids below the\\nFalls of Saint Anthony. The river at this point is\\nopen from two hundred to two hundred and forty\\ndays in the year, and many steamboats arrive and\\ndepart daily. It is a thorough business city, its chief\\nthoroughfares being lined with large and well-built\\nstores and warehouses; the movement of its citizens\\non the streets indicating the hurry and preoccupation\\nof pressing business pursuits. The casual visitor is\\nreminded of Chicago more than of any other city of the\\nWest. At its back lie the lumber and grain producing\\nregions of Minnesota, Dakota, and Wisconsin, which\\nare yearly filling up with an intelligent and indus-\\ntrious people. Much of their produce finds an out-\\nlet at this port, and here they look for a great portion\\nof their supplies. The retail trade of Saint Paul is\\nvery large, and it is also in great part the wholesale\\ncenter of a large circle of smaller towns.\\nIts double line of river bank affords ample wharfage;\\nwhile its network of railways connect it with Min-\\nneapolis and every town of importance in Minnesota\\nand adjoining States. These secure permanence to\\nits prosperity, since railroads, even more than rivers,\\nmake flourishing cities at the present day.\\nThe State Capitol occupies an entire square on an\\nelevation overlooking the city and river. The ground\\nupon which this building stands is sightly, and it is", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0276.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "THE ^^TWIN CITIES. 269\\nto be hoped that the present structure will soon be\\nreplaced by something more in keeping with the\\nresources, enterprise, and bright anticipations of\\nSaint Paul, and the grandest State of the great\\nNorthwest.\\nAmong the institutions which are worthy of notice\\nthe Library Association, the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, and Academy of Natural Sciences deserve\\nespecial mention. The Library Association and\\nHistorical Society have fine libraries, and are open to\\nthe public daily; while the Academy of Sciences has\\nupon its shelves over a hundred and forty thousand\\nspecimens in natural history.\\nIn its early days the Historical Society was the\\npride of Minnesota, and counted among its members\\nmany of the representative men of the State and\\ncountry. To be named as its president or secretary\\nwas an evidence of distinguished citizenship. Dating\\nfrom the organization of the territorial legislature in\\n1849, this society has had a most eventful and\\ninteresting career. Through the enterprise of Gov-\\nernor Ramsey and Rev. E. D. Neil, jts first president\\nand secretary, much valuable information has been\\nobtained relating to aboriginal times and the early\\nsettlement of the State.\\nSaint Paul enjoys superior religious and educa-\\ntional advantages, as its numerous schools, and\\nchurches of all denominations, attest. Many of the\\nchurches are elegant structures, and the ministrations\\nof the clergy are characterized by well-directed zeal.\\nThe press of a city has much to do in promoting\\nits welfare and shaping its destinies, and the impor-\\ntance of this powerful and influential factor in any\\ncommunity can hardly be overestimated. A sketch", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0277.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "270 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nof Saint Paul and Minneapolis would therefore seem\\nincomplete without some reference to the enterpris-\\ning journalists and journals of these cities that have\\ncontributed so largely to their development. Through\\ntheir unbounded faith in the resources and future of\\nthis section of our country and their unceasing labors\\nin its behalf, they have accomplished a work whose\\nvalue it would be difficult to determine, and which\\nentitles them to rank among the benefactors of the\\nNorthwest.\\n*rhe first to establish a newspaper at Saint Paul\\nwas Professor A. Randall of Cincinnati, who had\\nbeen for some years identified^ with the Geological\\nSurvey of Minnesota; its name was the Minnesota\\nRegister, and the date of its birth April twenty-\\nseventh, 1849. Although the initial number of this\\nsheet was printed in Cincinnati, it was dated at Saint\\nPaul, and was in every sense a Saint Paul newspaper\\na Minnesota newspaper, and the first ever published\\nin the Territory.\\nOn the day following the issue of the Register\\nanother paper, bearing the significant title of\\nPioneer, made its appearance. Although the\\nRegister had twenty-four hours the start of its\\nrival, it soon fell behind in circulation and popularity,\\nand but for its timely union with the Chronicle\\nwould doubtless have collapsed on the very thresh-\\nold of its career. In the meantime, Randall of the\\nformer and James Hughes, who had established the\\nlatter, severed their connection with their protege,\\nthe Chronicle and Register, leaving it in the\\nhands of Major McLean and D. Owens, under whom\\nit was conducted with success for some months in\\nthe interest of the Whig party.\\ni", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0278.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "THE TWIN CITIES. 371\\nHaving interests outside of their paper, McLean\\nand Owens sold the establishment to David Olmstead,\\na democrat, and it now became the organ of that\\nparty in Minnesota. It is said by some local writers\\nthat during the period the Chronicle and Register\\nwas owned by Olmstead it had several editors, but\\nfor the most part, it edited itself.\\nThe first number of the Minnesota Democrat was\\nbrought out in December, 1849, by D. A. Kobertson,\\nand at about the same time, 0. J. Henniss, formerly\\nof Philadelphia, purchased the Chronicle and Regis-\\nter. A \u00c2\u00b1ew months later this sheet succumbed the\\ntype and presses being transferred to the Democrat.\\nThe Minnesotian was an oifshoot of the Pioneer,\\nand its first number was issued September seventeenth,\\n1851 Its publication was undertaken by a committee,\\nwith J. P. Owens in charge of the editorial and J. vS.\\nTerry at the head of the financial department. On\\nthe sixth of January following it passed into the hands\\nof Owens and Moore, under whose names it continued\\nfor several years.\\nSince 1849 over a hundred daily and weekly news-\\npapers have been established in the Twin Cities,\\nmany of which have proved successful ventures and\\njustified the enthusiastic confidence of their enter-\\nprising founders. The history of these papers\\nalone, if presented in detail, would furnish material\\nfor a large and interesting volume, but is entirely\\nbeyond the aim of the present work, which is simply\\nto deal with the press of to-day, making slight\\nreference only to its early beginnings.\\nProminent among the existing journals of Saint\\nPaul is the Pioneer-Press, an ably edited and\\ninfluential daily, originally the Pioneer, founded in", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0279.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "272 DISCOYEET OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\n1849 by James Goodhue. Its success as a newspaper\\nand organ of public opinion may be inferred from\\nthe fact that since its publication it has superseded\\nor absorbed no less than twenty-five of its contempo-\\nraries. The Press, the latest and most important of\\nthose acquired, was founded in 1861 by James\\nWheelock, and united its fortunes with the Pioneer\\nin 1875, from which date to the present the paper\\nhas borne the compound title of Pioneer-Press.\\nJournalism can not be said to have had any real\\nexistence in Minnesota before the establishment of\\nthis paper. The Pioneer-Press now extends its\\ncirculation and influence over Minnesota and the\\nadjoining States. Its office in Saint Paul is said to\\nbe one of the finest buildings of its kind in the\\ncountry.\\nNext in point of seniority is the Saint Paul Dis\\npatch, an evening paper, founded in February, 1863,\\nby H. P. Hall, David Ramaley, and John W. Cun-\\nningham. The Dispatch has been a consistent\\nexponent and advocate of Republican principles from\\nits foundation to the present day, and an eminently\\nsuccessful sheet from its start, when it presented only\\nfour columns of news to its subscribers, a fifth column\\nbeing devoted to the editorial exposition of its politics.\\nIt was enlarged twice during its first year owing to\\nan increasing demand and the growth of Repub-\\nlican views. Its size has been considerably increased\\nsince, and to-day it presents an amplitude of surface\\nnearly equal to that of the dailies of Chicago and New\\nYork. In 1870, Ramaley withdrew from the partner-\\nship, Cunningham having parted with his interest\\nshortly after the founding of the paper. Thus,\\nHall, in 1870, became sole proprietor and retained", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0280.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "THE ^^TWIIiT CITIES. 273\\nthe ownership until September, 1876, when the phmt\\nwas disposed of to a company, at the head of which\\nwas H. A. Castle. In July, 1880, the proprietorship\\npassed to W. R. Marshall and C. 0. Andrews, the\\nlatter gentleman retiring in the following year,\\nCastle again becoming the owner of the paper. In\\n1885, George K. Shaw succeeded Castle, and a few\\nmonths later, George Thompson, its present pro-\\nprietor, undertook the management of the paper.\\nThe Dispatch, after frequently changing hands,\\nhas, at length, found its place as a powerful repre-\\nsentative and index of public opinion. Under its\\npresent vigorous management it has succeeded\\nbeyond all precedent, and is to-day the recognized\\nleading Republican journal of the Northwest. It is\\nan eminently wide-awake channel of news,\\nhaving the franchise of the Associated Press and the\\nexclusive day news of the United Press the two\\ngreatest news-gathering associations in the world. It\\nhas also a corps of several hundred special corre-\\nspondents in various parts of the country and in\\nnearly every city of the Northwest. The decided\\nviews of the Dispatch, in politics, have gained for it\\na host of friends and supporters and added greatly\\nto its influence and circulation. It is to-day par\\nexcellence the Republican paper of Saint Paul, and\\nits tone in all social and political matters has secured\\nfor it a distinction second to no other newspaper in\\nMinnesota and the adjoining States. Its prominent\\nposition to-day is doubtless an augury of still greater\\nsuccess in the future.\\nJanuary fifteenth, 1881, the first issue of the Saint\\nPaul Glol)e appeared as an organ of the Democracy of\\nthe Northwest. In 1885 it passed into the control\\n18", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0281.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "274 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nof the Glohe Publishing Company, and has since\\nbeen recognized as a great and influential journal\\nunder the efficient management of Hon. Lewis Baker,\\nformerly of the Wheeling Register, assisted by Henry\\nT. Black. It has deservedly attained an immense\\ncirculation in Saint Paul and Minneapolis; in the\\nlatter of which its patrons are nearly as numerous\\nas in the former city. It also circulates through-\\nout Minnesota and all the adjoining States. The\\nGlohe publishing office in the capital city is a\\nstately ten-story, brown stone building, while in\\nMinneapolis, the company has erected a magnifi-\\ncent edifice similar to their headquarters in Saint\\nPaul. Under its able management the Globe has\\nattained the position of the leading Democratic\\njournal of the Northwest.\\nThe Daily Neios, founded in December, 1887, is\\nthe junior member of the Saint Paul daily press. In\\nFebruary, 1892, its control passed to the ^e?^5 Publish-\\ning Comj)any, of which Clarence E. Sherin is the\\npresident and general manager. It was originally a\\nsheet of four pages, but is now composed of eight\\nand on Saturdays of sixteen jiages. Independent in\\npolitics, it is earnest in its advocacy of measures\\npromotive of the public good. The great increase\\nof its circulation has rendered necessary an enlarge-\\nment of its premises and an important addition to its\\nplant. It has already attained a well-recognized\\nstanding as a purveyor of news and an index of public\\nopinion.\\nThe current literature of Saint Paul is not con-\\nfined to the daily press. Some of its ablest period-\\nicals are published in the form of weeklies and\\nmonthlies, and cater to the wants of the citizen", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0282.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "THE TWIN cities/ 275\\nunder various titles. Herein the threads of history,\\nscience, and art are woven into Northwestern life.\\nThe numerous departments of industry are well\\nand faithfully represented, while room is found to\\nminister to the religious sentiment of the various\\nchurches.\\nAmong the weekly publications of Saint Paul the\\nfollowing may be enumerated: The Herald, Jour-\\nnal of Commerce, Northtvestern Chronicle, Trade\\nReporter, West Saint Paul Times, and others of\\nequal merit. The monthlies and bi-monthlies are\\nprobably still more numerous and varied, including\\nthe NortUtvestern Magazine, Booh Talh, Financial\\nNews, Odd Felloiv, Woman s Record, and North-\\nivestern Farrner.\\nThere are many points of interest and places of\\nresort in and around Saint Paul, among which\\nCarver s Cave, Fountain Cave, White Bear and Bald\\nEagle lakes are the most frequently visited.\\nOn the eastern bank of the Mississippi, near the\\nshore, and within the city limits, is the celebrated\\nCarver s Cave, which is reached by an opening in\\nDayton Bluff. It was in the interior of this cave\\nthat Captain Carver made his famous treaty with the\\nDakota Indians. He describes it as a remarkable\\ncave of amazing depth, having an entrance about ten\\nfeet wide, and an arch within about fifteen feet high\\nand about thirty broad, the bottom consisting of clear\\nwhite sand.\\nConcerning the lake and some other features which\\nconstitute striking peculiarities of this cave. Carver\\ndoubtless gave more or less exaggerated accounts;\\nstill, in view of the fact that he had no instruments\\nor other means of taking measurements, it is perhaps", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0283.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "276 DISCOVERY OF THE TEUE SOURCE.\\nafter all not strange that lie differs materially from\\nthe figures given by more recent investigation. Con-\\ntinuing his description of the cave, he explains that\\nabout thirty feet from its entrance he came to a\\nlake, the water of which was transparent and extended\\nto an indefinite distance. Being unable to acquire a\\ncorrect knowledge of its dimensions, he says: ^I\\nthrew a pebble toward the interior part of it with\\nmy utmost strength; I could hear that it fell into\\nthe water, and notwithstanding it was of a small size,\\nit caused an astonishing noise that reverberated\\nthrough all these gloomy regions. I found in this\\ncave many Indian hieroglyphics, which appeared very\\nancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss,\\nso that it was with difficulty I could trace them.\\nThey were cut in a rude manner upon the inside\\nof the wall, which was composed of a stone so\\nextremely soft that it might be easily penetrated\\nwith a knife.\\nIt is to be regretted that while Carver found suffi-\\ncient excuse for complaining that Hennepin and\\nLa Hontan were often in error as to their estimates,\\nhe was frequently wide of the mark himself in many\\nof his calculations, and those who visit Carver^s Cave\\nto-day will hardly reconcile their own view to that\\nportrayed by its famous discoverer.\\nFountain Cave is two miles from the city, and\\nderives its name from a small stream Avhich flows\\nthrough it, and which, doubtless, was the originating\\ncause of the cave. It contains several chambers,\\nsome of ample dimensions, and it is said that at one\\nthousand feet from the opening in the rock no termi-\\nnation has yet been discovered. The rock is of pure\\nwhite, soft sandstone, and the entrance to the cave", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0284.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "H\\nm\\nro\\nm\\n33\\nm\\n(2777", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0285.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "278 DISCOTERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nabout fifteen feet in width. About three hundred\\nfeet from its mouth a cascade, some twenty feet in\\nheight, falls into the stream. This cave is a favorite\\nretreat during the summer months, and presents\\nmany features of interest to the geologist.\\nWhite Bear Lake, twelve miles from Saint Paul,\\nand about an equal distance from Minneapolis, is\\nalready a popular pleasure resort. This lake is about\\nfour miles in length, and nearly midway between its\\neastern and western shores is a long forest-covered\\nislet. The water of the lake is clear, pure, and of\\nthe color of the bright-blue sky overhead.\\nThe largest fleet of sailing yachts to be found on\\nany western lake is seen floating on White Bear,\\nmany of them costly and of elegant construction.\\nLarge hotels have been erected on the eastern and\\nsouthern banks for the accommodation of visitors,\\nwhile picturesque villas dot its western shore, owned\\nchiefly by wealthy business men of Saint Paul and\\nMinneapolis, who send their families here to reside\\nduring the summer, and join them each evening after\\ntne close of business.\\nWhite Bear is the oldest summer resort in the\\nState, and camping out^ on its shores is reduced to\\na science. We found several encampments near the\\nlake large enough to be called villages, mauy of the\\ntents being as commodious and comfortably furnished\\nas the parlors and bedrooms of a well-ordered city\\nresidence.\\nBald Eagle Lake lies a mile beyond White Bear.\\nIt is a beautiful sheet of water, but not so large as the\\nlatter. It has high banks and is well stocked with\\nseveral varieties of fish, which have made it quite\\nfamous in this particular. A few pretty cottages", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0286.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "THE TWIN CITIES. 279\\nhave been built here and occupied as summer resi-\\ndences. Some years since a mineral spring was dis-\\ncovered a short distance from the lake and a pavil-\\nion erected over it by the late Dr. Post of Saint Paul,\\nwho also built a summer home near by.\\nIn the country adjacent to White Bear and Bald\\nEagle there are numerous smaller lakes, which are\\nfrequently sought by those who delight in fishing\\nand duck hunting. The city park and race-\\ncourse are located on the shores of Lake Como, two\\nmiles from the center of Saint Paul.\\nMINI^EAPOLIS.\\nHaving viewed Saint Paul and its surroundings, we\\nnow proceed to a brief description of its sister city.\\nSaint Anthony, now within the corporate limits of\\nMinneapolis, saw its beginning in December, 1849,\\nalthough a single log cabin stood upon its site twelve\\nyears before this date. The first dwelling in Minne-\\napolis proper was erected during the same winter by\\nColonel John H. Stevens, who had served with dis-\\ntinction under Scott and Taylor in Mexico. When\\nhis services were no longer required upon the tented\\nfield, this gallant soldier sought a home on the\\nfrontier, and, proceeding to Minnesota, built his rustic\\ncottage on the west bank of the Mississippi near the\\nFalls of Saint Anthony.\\nThe name Minneapolis is compounded of Indian\\nand Greek Minne being the Sioux for water, and\\npolls the Greek for city, thus signifying the Water\\nCity, or City of Waters. In a lecture before the\\nMinneapolis Lyceum in 1855, Colonel Stevens said:\\nOne of our early and most perplexing difficulties\\nwas the selection of a name for our embryo city.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0287.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "280 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nColonel James M. Goodhue thought All Saints to\\nbe a good name. Miss Mary Schofield wrote many\\nletters for publication in Eastern papers and always\\ndated from All Saints. At our first claim meeting\\nin 1851, Lowell was adopted. At a public meeting\\nin November of that year our entire population was\\npresent and we hit upon Albion. This name the\\ncitizens soon got tired of, and at last as a compromise\\nit was left to George D. Bowman, editor of the Saint\\nAnthony Express. Mr. Bowman proposed, ^Minne-\\napolis, which met some opposition at first, but he\\ncame out every week with an article in his paper on\\n^Minneapolis, and all finally swallowed it.\\nWhatever may be said of the various names which\\nwere suggested, discussed, and applied to this growing\\nmetropolis of the Upper Mississippi, it is now uni-\\nversally admitted that Minneapolis is a happy com-\\nbination of the native Sioux and classic Greek, and\\nbeautifully expresses the idea which its author\\ndesired to convey.\\nMinneapolis is located on what was formerly\\nknown as the Military Reserve of Fort Snelling, a\\ntract of land nine miles square, assigned to and sur-\\nrounding the fort for purposes of forage. In 1855\\nCongress granted the right of pre-emption to the\\nsettlers, since which its growth has been most\\nremarkable. The city proper is situated on the\\nwest side of the river, while Saint Anthony, which\\nwas united to it by mutual agreement, is on the\\neast side, the two forming one city under the name\\nof Minneapolis.\\nMinneapolis is ten miles above Saint Paul and is\\nbuilt on a broad esplanade overlooking the river and\\nits falls, rapids, and picturesque bluffs. The streets", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0288.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "THE TWIN CITIES. 281\\nare generally laid out at riglit angles eighty feet\\nin width, bordered by sidewalks twenty feet wide,\\nwith double rows of trees on each side throughout\\nthe residence portion of the city. The founders of\\nWestern cities have gained wisdom from the mistakes\\nof those of the Eastern coast. Notwithstanding the\\nbroad expanse of country, which to the early colonists\\nseemed limitless, the cities and towns built on and near\\nthe Atlantic seaboard were modeled upon European\\nplans, even to the narrow streets and compact rows\\nof buildings. Not so in the West. The original\\nplans of our Western towns are so wisely designed\\nthat no future increase of population, with its attend-\\nant demands for dwelling and business houses, can\\never transform them into an aggregation of dense,\\nstifling streets and lanes, such as are too often found\\nin most of our Eastern cities. Health and beauty are\\ntwo objects which have been kept steadily in view in\\ntheir foundation. Though their rude beginnings\\nhave not always been attractive, the possibilities of\\nbeauty are always there, and time is sure to develop\\nthem.\\nA suspension bridge connecting Saint Anthony\\nwith Minneapolis was built in 1855. It was not only\\nthe first bridge built in Minnesota, but was also the\\nfirst to span the Mississippi. A ferry-boat established\\nhere in 1851 brought its proprietor, that summer,\\nthree hundred dollars. In 1855, the receipts from\\nthis ferry had increased to twelve thousand. Tlie\\npopulation of the united towns amounted to over a\\nhundred and fifty thousand in 1890, with tlie certain\\nprospect of doubling and even trebling these figures\\nin a very few years. The river here is about six hun-\\ndred yards in width, and above Saint Anthony Falls", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0289.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "282 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nrushes tlirougli low banks in foaming, tremulous\\nrapids, until it reaches the precipice, whence it\\nsprings in a single leap down a distance of sixteen\\nfeet. Thence it proceeds in a series of rapids over\\npiles of rock in its bed for several hundred yards,\\nthe great descent of eighty-two feet being made in a\\nlittle less than two miles. Below the Falls the cliffs\\nare bold and picturesque, the character of the\\nscenery varying.\\nConcerning the height of the Falls and the breadth\\nof the river at this point, much incorrect information\\nhas been published. Hennepin, who was the first\\nwhite man to visit the spot, states them to be from\\nfifty to sixty feet high. It was this explorer who\\ngave them the name which they now bear, in honor\\nof Saint Anthony of Padua, whom he had taken for\\nthe protection of his discovery. Carver reduces their\\nheight to about thirty feet. His strictures upon Hen-\\nnepin, however, whom he charges with exaggeration,\\nmight with propriety be retorted upon himself, and\\nwe feel strongly inclined to speak of this daring\\nadventurer as he spoke of his predecessor: *^The\\ngood Father, I fear, too often had no other founda-\\ntion for his accounts than report, or, at most, a\\nslight inspection.^ Lieutenant Pike, who is more\\naccurate than any traveler whom we have followed,\\nstates the perpendicular fall to be sixteen and a half\\nfeet. It was again measured in 1817, with a plumb-\\nline, from the table rock from which the water\\nwas falling, and found to be the same. The meas-\\nurement at this time was made with a rough water-\\nlevel, which made it about fifteen feet. The dif-\\nference of a foot is trifling and might depend upon\\nthe place where the investigation was made; but we", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0290.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "THE ^TWIN- CITIES. 283\\ncan not account for the statement made by School-\\ncraft that the river has a perpendicular pitch of\\nforty feet, and this as late as fourteen years after\\nPike s measurement.\\nThe breadth of the river near the brink of the fall\\nis five hundred and ninety-four yards. Below the\\nfall it contracts to about two hundred yards. There\\nis a considerable rapid both above and below, and a\\nportage of two hundred and sixty poles in length\\nwas usually made here in pioneer days. The differ-\\nence of level between the place of disembarking and\\nreloading was stated by Pike to be fifty-eight feet,\\nwhich is undoubtedly very near the truth. The\\nentire fall to the foot of the rapids, which extend\\ndown the river several miles, may be estimated at\\nabout one hundred feet.\\nThe Palls of Saint Anthony are not without a\\nlegend to hallow their scenery and enhance the\\ninterest which of themselves they are well calculated\\nto awaken. The following tragic story was current\\nsome years ago among the Indians and white settlers\\nin the neighborhood of the Falls:/ A Chippewa girl,\\nbearing the name of Ampato Sapa, which signifies\\nThe Dark Day, was wedded to an Indian of the\\nDakota tribe. Ampato was not beautiful but young\\nand proud, and the mother of two lovely children.\\nFor several years they lived together happily, and\\nboth doted on their little ones with a depth of feeling\\nseldom equaled by more civilized races. Becoming\\ngreat as a hunter, the husband of Ampato was con-\\nsidered a man of importance, and many of the sur-\\nrounding families sought his friendship and protection,\\nand shared the products of his chase. Some of them,\\nanxious to strengthen their interest with the success-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0291.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "284 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nful hunter, urged liim to form a connection with\\ntheir family, telling him that a second wife was indis-\\npensable to a man of his standing, who would\\nprobably soon be acknowledged as a chief. The\\ndaughter of an influential man was finally presented\\nto him, and, animated with the desire of attaining to\\nhigh honor in his nation by a union with the daugh-\\nter of a man of influence, he took a second wife with-\\nout mentioning the subject to the young mother of\\nhis children. Desirous of conciliating his first wife,\\nfor whom he still retained much regard, he intro-\\nduced the subject to her in these Avords:\\nYou know, Ampato, that I can love no woman\\nso fondly as I do you. With deep regret I have seen\\nyou subjected to toils which must be oppressive and\\nfrom which I would gladly release you, yet I know of\\nno other way of doing so than by associating with\\nyou in the duties of our household one who shall\\nrelieve you from the trouble of entertaining the\\nnumerous guests whom my growing importance in\\nthe nation collects around me. I have therefore\\nresolved upon taking another wife, but she shall\\nalways be subject to your control.^\\nWith the deepest concern, his wife listened to this\\nunexpected announcement. She remonstrated with\\nhim in the kindest terms, and tearfully entreated, by\\nevery consideration her devoted love could suggeoi,\\nthat he would not let another take her place in his\\naffections. The Indian, with much duplicity, still\\nconcealed from her the secret of his marriage with\\nanother, while she put forth her strongest appeals in\\nthe effort to convince him that she was equal to the\\ntasks imposed upon her. She pleaded all the endear-\\nments of their past life, dwelling on his former fond-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0292.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "THE TWii^ cities/^ 285\\nness for her, his regard for her happiness and that\\nof their children,, and cautioned him to beware of\\nthe consequences of uniting himself to a woman of\\nwhom he knew very little. Finding her still opposed\\nto his wishes, he at length informed her that further\\n02oj)osition on her part was useless, as he had already\\nselected another partner; and that if she could not\\nreceive his new wife as a friend, she must receive her\\nas an encumbrance, for he had resolved she should\\nreside with him.\\nDeeply distressed at this information, she stole\\naway from the cabin wHh her infant and fled to her\\nfather. She remained with him for a time, until\\nsome Indians with whom he lived went up the Mis-\\nsissippi on a winter hunt. When they returned in\\nearly spring, with their canoes loaded with skins,\\nthey encamped near the Falls. After they had left\\nin the morning, Ampato lingered near the spot, and\\nsoon launching a light canoe, entered it with her\\nbabes. She paddled down the stream chanting her\\ndeath-song. Her friends saw her only too late, and\\ntheir attempts to arrest her progress were of no avail.\\nShe was heard to sing in doleful strain of the past\\nha2 )piness she had enjoyed while she was the sole\\nobject of her husband s affections. Finally her voice\\nwas drowned in the roar of the cataract; for a\\nmoment the canoe and its haj^less freight trembled\\non the brow of the watery jirecipice, and in an instant\\nmore mother and children were lost forever in the\\nfoam below.\\nYet, that Death-Song, they say, is heard\\nAbove the gloomy waters roar,\\nWhen trees are by the night-wind stirred,\\nAnd darkness broods o er wave and shore.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0293.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "286 DISCOYEEY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nThe Falls are divided by Cataract Island, from\\nwhich a dam has been constructed to the eastern\\nshore to furnish water-power for manufacturing pur-\\nposes, and nearly the whole volume of water now\\nrushes through the western channel. The Falls may\\nbe seen with equal advantage from either shore, but\\nthe best view is obtained from the center of the sus-\\npension bridge which crosses the river above them\\nand from which the rapids may be seen boiling and\\nrushing immediately beneath.\\nThese Falls furnish abundant power for manu-\\nfacturing purposes, and as early as 1856, large mills\\nwere already in operation at Saint Anthony, in which\\nmillions of feet of lumber were annually sawn. The\\nlogs which fill the Mississippi above the Falls, some-\\ntimes even to the point of obstructing navigation,\\nall have their destination at Minneapolis. Here they\\nare converted into lumber and laths and sent to\\ndistant sections of the country, perhaps in the form\\nof huge rafts again set afloat upon the river. The\\nlumber business of this city is immense, probably\\nexceeding that of any other city in the country. It\\nis equaled only by the flour-mills of this rapidly\\ngrowing western giant.\\nAlthough originally termed the ^Oity of Waters,^\\nMinneapolis is to-day more widely known as the\\nFlour City,^^ owing to its numerous flour-mills\\nwhich now line both banks of the river from the\\nsouthern to the extreme northern limit of the city.\\nThere is no doubt that Minneapolis stands at the\\nhead of the flour manufacturing of the world. She\\ncertainly has no equal in this particular in this\\ncountry or Europe. The wheat raised in such\\nimmense quantities on neighboring farms is ground", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0294.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "^HPr\\nVO-^^I^^^ xv.vA.v\\nFALLS OF MINNEHAHA.\\n(287)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0295.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "288 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\ninto flour and shipped to every corner of the habitable\\nglobe.\\nThe tourist who visits the Twin Cities will dis-\\ncover at a glance that Minneapolis is more a manufact-\\nuring than a commercial city. Saint Paul monopolizes\\nmuch of the commerce of the Upper Mississippi, as\\nsteamboats can only ascend to Fort Snelling, some\\nmiles below the Falls of Saint Anthony, hence Minne-\\napolis depends largely upon the railroads for trans-\\nportation. But Avhile Saint Paul measures miles of\\nstreets lined with stores and warehouses, the Flour\\nCity exhibits an equal number of mills and factories.\\nMinneapolis is a city of beautiful homes, and it is\\nperhaps no exaggeration to say that few, if any, of\\nour American cities present greater natural attractions.\\nThe streets, as we have said, are broad and amply\\nshaded, and the residences are, many of them, very\\nhandsomely built, and surrounded by ornamental\\ngardens.\\nThe University of Minnesota is located here, and\\nthere are also several other important educational\\ninstitutions; while the public schools are in every\\nrespect among the best in the country. Of her\\nlibraries, the Athenaeum ranks first, having an excel-\\nlent and commodious reading-room, and on its shelves\\nover twenty thousand volumes; the University pos-\\nsesses a library of several thousand, chiefly works of\\na scientific character. There are over a hundred\\nchurches of all denominations, and some of the sacred\\nedifices are very elegant structures.\\nThe press of Minneapolis is not among the least\\nof the latter s claims to distinction. It is in most\\nrespects on a par with that of cities many times its\\nsize, its editors and managers being, for the most part.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0296.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "THE TWIN CITIES. 289\\nmen of large and liberal views, and writers of experi-\\nence, judgment, and tact. The dailies supply all\\nthe news up to the latest moment of going to press,\\nand the editorials, as a rule, are tolerant yet earnest\\nin dealing with local, state, or national issues.\\nAlmost coeval with the city itself is the Minne-\\napolis Tribune, an important journal, founded in\\n18G6. It is a morning paper, and publishes also a\\nnoon and an evening edition. In 1877, the plant\\nwas purchased by David Blakely, whose energy and\\ntact may be said to have laid the foundation of\\nits ultimate success as an exponent of Republican\\nprinciples and a purveyor of cosmopolitan news.\\nBlakely was joined by General A. B. Nettleton, who\\ntook a half interest in the paper in 1884. These\\ngentlemen sold out to A. J. Blethen of the Kansas\\nCity Journal, and W. E. Haskell, son of E. B.\\nHaskell, editor and joint proprietor of the Boston\\nHerald. In 1888 Haskell purchased the interest of\\nof his partner, and, in conjunction with Charles M.\\nPalmer of the Northiuestern Miller, assumed entire\\ncontrol of the paper. In the following year Haskell\\nbecame sole proprietor, C. M. Schultz being manag-\\ning editor. The ownership is now vested in ex-Senator\\nGilbert A. Pierce and W. J. Murphy of Grand\\nForks, North Dakota. These gentlemen are\\nthoroughly identified with the newspaper business,\\nand under their able management the TriMine has\\nattained a great success, its circulation embracing\\nMinnesota and extending to the adjoining States of\\nWisconsin, Iowa, and the Dakotas.\\nIn 1890 the Tribune met with a great disaster, its\\nhandsome building having been destroyed by fire.\\nA commodious structure has since been erected, and\\n19", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0297.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "290 DISCOVEKY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nat the present date, 1892, the paper is a potent factor\\nin all that concerns the interests of the section it\\nrepresents.\\nThe Evening Journal was established in 1878, and\\nhas attained a comparatively wide circulation. In\\nNovember, 1885, it passed under the control of its\\npresent management, Lucius Swift, J. S. McLain,\\nW. E. Brownlee, and W. B. Chamberlain. In poli-\\ntics the Journal claims to be independent, with a\\nleaning toward Eepublicanism, and aims to mold\\npublic opinion upon most topics of general interest.\\nIn the discussion of social and public questions it\\nexpresses its views fearlessly, and occasionally with\\neffect. Its news columns are supplied by the Asso-\\nciated Press and the United Press, and furnish liber-\\nally the latest intelligence of the day upon every\\nmatter of imj)ortance to its readers. Special corre-\\nspondents throughout Minnesota, AVisconsin, Michi-\\ngan, Dakota, Iowa, and in the East, add interest to\\nits columns.\\nThe Times is the junior member of the Minneapo-\\nlis daily press, having made its first appearance\\nOctober first, 1889, in the form of a single sheet. Its\\ngrowth in size has been rapid to a double sheet on\\nweek days and a sixteen-page paper on Sundays. The\\nreports of the Associated and United Press are\\nutilized in its news columns, while a large number\\nof well-known correspondents in most of the prin-\\ncipal cities enliven its pages with well-written\\narticles on general topics of interest. The Times is\\na consistent advocate of Democratic principles, and\\nin the discussion of politics and social questions is\\nuniformly fair and liberal! The paper is owned by\\na company, of wliich F. G. Winston of Minneapolis", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0298.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "THE ^TWII^ CITIES. 291\\nis the president; John Blanchard, a gentleman of\\nlarge experience in the conduct of a newspaper, is\\neditor-in-chief; the management being under the able\\nsuj)ervision of Frank L. Thresher.\\nIntellectually and materially, Minneapolis presents\\nall the features of a progressive city, and, if space\\npermitted, extended reference could be made to sev-\\neral of its numerous weekly and monthly publications,\\nwhich are mostly of a high order, and contribute to\\nthe moral and physical advantages of its citizens.\\nProminent among the weeklies is the Northwestern\\nPresbyterian, under the able editorship of Rev. John\\nB. Donaldson, D.D.; the Saturday Spectator, an\\nadmirably conducted paper, replete with reliable\\ninformation upon most subjects of interest to the\\nreading public. The Mississippi Valley Livniberman,\\nedited by J. Newton Nind, is the representative of\\nthe immense lumber interests of the Northwest. The\\nNorthioestern Miller, of vast practical utility to the\\nmilling interest and, indirectly, to the growers of\\nwheat. The Farmers Tribune; the Temperance\\nReview; the Canadian-American, and others with\\nequal claim to notice, including Sunday German,\\nSwedish, and Norwegian weeklies.\\nAmong the leading monthlies are the Minnesota\\nFarmer, Meclianical World, Midland Montlily, and\\nHousekeeper. In short, the journalism of this mod-\\nern city of scarcely a half century^s growth would\\nbe creditable to any Eastern city of its size and thrice\\nits age.\\nA summer resort has become almost indispensable\\nto many during the heated period of the year. Fail-\\ning health, the desire for change from city life, or\\nthe demands of fashion, seeks some favorite watering-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0299.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "292 DISCOVEEY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nplace or rustic retreat for rest, recuperation, or pleas-\\nure. These are found in the East at more or less con-\\nsiderable distances from the principal cities. In the\\nNorthwest the change or relief is found within easy\\nreach of the home, and no cities in the United States\\nare more happily situated in this respect than Saint\\nPaul and Minneapolis. Beautiful lakes and scenery,\\nat comparatively short distances from either city, are\\nreached by raiiw^ayor electric cars within the space of\\na half hour, and afford all the rest and enjoyment\\ntired nature craves, or tliat is obtainable at an inland\\nwatering-place. A healthful, invigorating climate,\\nsurrounded by natural beauty and facilities for bath-\\ning in the crystal waters, or sailing in magnificently\\nappointed yachts or steamboats, form an essential\\nelement of pleasure and relief to be found within, or\\na little beyond, the city limits. The summer tourist\\ncan here indulge in the delights of fishing or hunting.\\nPoints of special beauty and interest, gratifying to the\\nsenses, are numerous in the neighborhood of these\\nlakes, and a month^s residence on their banks will\\nnot exhaust their treasures and possibilities.\\nWe have before alluded to the system of beautiful\\nlakes easily accessible from Saint Paul, but those in\\nthe immediate vicinity of Minneapolis are equally\\ninviting and attractive, and in the opinion of some,\\nstill more so.\\nBefore visiting the lake resorts, however, we have\\na word to say about the Falls of Minnehaha, a spot\\ninvested with romance by Longfellow s poetical allu-\\nsion to them in his deathless song of ^Hiawatha,\\nas the Laughing Water of the Indian. These\\nFalls are about six miles in a southeasterly direction\\nfrom the city, and can be reached by railway or the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0300.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "THE TWIN CITIES. 293\\nelectric cars. Tlie flow reaches them through a\\nsilvery stream which issues from several lakes on\\nthe western and southwestern sides of the city^\\nand that of the large and beautiful Minnetonka^ the\\ncurrent itself, having passed the Falls, winding its\\nway to the Father of Waters. The height of the\\ncataract is about fifty feet, and tlie ^Laughing\\nWater plunges over a semicircular ledge of rock,\\nwhile a cloud of spray ascends from the basin beneath,\\nand together they produce an extremely pleasing\\npicture.\\nLakes Harriet and Calhoun, whose proximity to\\nthe city has rendered them, perhaps, less select than\\nothers at a somewhat greater distance, are, neverthe-\\nless, highly attractive as resorts, and multitudes of\\ntired citizens flock to them during the summer\\nmonths for relaxation and pleasure. Lake Calhoun,\\nthe nearest, is not much occupied by campers,\\nprobably owing to its want of seclusion. Many\\nsummer guests take rooms at the Lyndale Hotel on\\nthe margin of the lake, and find health and recrea-\\ntion at this pleasant retreat so conveniently accessible\\nfrom the city.\\nLake Harriet, about a mile beyond Lake Calhoun,\\nis also very attractive. A large number of pretty\\ncottages surround it, and quite a number of well-\\nappointed tents, made habitable and comiortable by\\ntheir tenants for the season. Fishing in this lake is\\ninvariably productive of excellent results.\\nThe surrounding scenery is picturesque and beauti-\\nful, the air pure and dry, and the summer heat\\nrarely exceeds 75 Pleasure-boats float on the sur-\\nface of tne clear water, affording agreeable relief\\nfrom weariness to the jaded citizen whose temporary", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0301.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "(294)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0302.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "The ^^twm cities/ 295\\nhome, with his family, is on the banks of pretty\\nLake Harriet.\\nLake Minnetonka, in point of extent, far exceeds,\\nand in beauty of environment is unapproached by,\\nthe smaller lakes above named. This is the favorite\\nretreat of well-to-do citizens of the Twin Cities\\nand tourists in search of the beautiful. It is only\\nfifteen miles southwest of Minneapolis. The length\\nof the lake is eighteen miles by five in width.\\nThe virgin forest surrounding it lends enchantment\\nto the scene, and shade and repose are found by the\\nweary tourist or transient visitor on the greensward\\nbeneath the foliage. Small villages *have sprung up\\non the banks of the lake, with artistic summer cot-\\ntages, villas, and handsome hotels in their near\\nneighborhood. The woods and more sequestered\\nportions of Minnetonka abound with pheasants,\\nwoodcock, rabbits, and squirrels. The village of\\nExcelsior, on the south shore of the lake, eighteen\\nmiles from the city, was incorporated in 1879, and\\nhas a haven for the large and elegant steamboats that\\nply on its waters. Wayzata rests on the opposite\\nshore, and is fifteen miles distant from Minneapolis.\\nMany pretty cottages cluster around these lake vil-\\nlages, and several fine yachts are owned by the\\nvisitors residents of Minneapolis and of neighboring\\ncities. Camp life is enjoyed by the transients, the\\ntents on the sandy shores being not less picturesque\\nin appearance than the variegated forms of the\\ncottages several of which are costly structures.\\nStrangers from outside the city, and from a distance,\\nare in most cases quartered at the hotels and hostelries\\noverlooking the beautiful lake. Outdoor life at\\nMinnetonka can be indulged in and enjoyed with the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0303.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "296 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nmost beneficial hygienic effects, and visitors from all\\nparts of the country, with impaired vitality, come\\nduring the summer months to seek and find the boon\\nof restored energies.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0304.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nPREPAKATION FOR SECON^D EXPEDITION^.\\nEARLY a month was spent in Minne-\\napolis, occupied chiefly in correspond-\\nence with those whom I desired to\\nform my party, and in such other\\npreparation as was deemed necessary\\nto place the expedition on a practical\\nfooting.\\nPreferring the companionship and\\nco-operation of those who were naturally interested in\\nthe geographical problem which I had undertaken to\\nsolve, invitations were extended to many eminent\\ngeographers and scientists throughout the country,\\nespecially to those who had doubts as to the propriety\\nof accepting the lake beyond Itasca as the True\\nSource of the Mississippi. This correspondence led\\nto the acceptance of several who were invited, while\\nsome others, for reasons stated in their replies, were\\nnot then in a position to leave for so long a period\\ntheir business and professional duties.\\nIt was the opinion of a few cavilers that our expedi-\\ntion would not include any who were not thoroughly\\ncommitted to my views on the question of the Ulti-\\nmate Source of the Great River. This supposition,\\nhowever, was without the slightest foundation, and\\nin order to disabuse the mind of the reader at once\\nof the impression that I could have been in any sense\\npartial to advocates of my claim, I herewith append\\n(297)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0305.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "298 DISCOVERY OF THE TUtJE SOURCE.\\nthe names of those who were solicited to accompany\\nme to the Itascan Basin, many of whom are ajnong\\nonr leading geographers, map and educational pub-\\nlishers, who, I felt, were likely to be more or less\\ninterested in the objects of the proposed explorations.\\nI may here add that I especially desired to make it\\nclear to my critics that I courted the fullest investi-\\ngatiou and determined that no pains or expense shoukl\\nbe spared to insure the attainment of this piir230se.\\nThe following is a list of those who were invited to\\nform my Second Expedition, or send representatives:\\nPearce Giles, Camden, New Jersey, journalist; Gen-\\neral E. W. Whitaker, Washington, late chief of staff\\nto Generals Custer, Kilpatrick, and Sheridan; Rev.\\nJohn Calvin Crane, Worcester, Massachusetts; Win-\\nfield Scott Shure, York, Pennsylvania, artist and\\njournalist; Ered J. Trost, Toledo, Ohio, photographer;\\nRev. George A. Peltz, D. D., LL. D., Philadelphia;\\nGeorge E. Cram, Chicago, map and atlas publisher;\\nRand, MclSTally and Company, Chicago; Mathews,\\nNorthrup and Company, Buffalo; E. H. Butler and\\nCompany, Philadelphia; Dr. Jacques W. Redway,\\nNew York, editor, Geogra2)liical Magazi7ie; W. H.\\nGamble, Philadelphia, geographer; D. S. Knowlton,\\neditor, Boston Times; George Thompson, editor.\\nSaint Paul Dispatch; Alfred James Murphy, secre-\\ntary, Michigan State Senate; J. E. Calkins, city\\neditor. Democrat- Gazette, Davenport, Iowa; N. D.\\nH. Clark, superintendent. Station C, New York post\\noffice; Hon. D. Sinclair, postmaster; editor, Wi-\\nnona Republican, Minnesota; Captain A. N. Husted,\\nprofessor of mathematics. State Normal College, Al-\\nbany, New York; R. G. Thwaites, secretary, Wisconsin\\nHistorical Society, Madison; Dr. A. Munsell, editor.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0306.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "PHEPAHATlOiT FOR SECOND EXPEDITION-, ^99\\nTrade Journal, Dubuque, Iowa; J. L. Smith, map\\npublisher, Philadelphia; Dr. Charles E. Harrison,\\nsecretary. Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport,\\nIowa; Prof. H. H. Rassweiler, geographer, Chicago;\\nWilliam M. Bradley, map publisher, Philadelphia;\\nCharles H. Ames, of the firm of D. C. Heath and\\nCompany, educational publishers, Boston; George H.\\nAdams, map publisher. New York; Charles L. Davis,\\neditor, Argus, Eed Wing, Minnesota; George H.\\nBenedict, map publisher, Chicago; Charles Lubrecht,\\nmap publisher. New York; Prof. H. D. Densmore,\\nBeloit College, Wisconsin; Prof. W. H. Pratt, Dav-\\nenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Iowa; C. B.\\nPalmer, attorney at law. Saint Paul, Minnesota;\\nGaylord Watson, map publisher. New York; Albert\\nW. Whitney, botanist, Beloit College, Wisconsin;\\nHon. W. H. H. Johnston, Saint Paul; Dr. George\\nCrocker, Minneapolis; A. H. Hubbard, publisher,\\nPhiladelphia; Hon. Samuel Adams, member of the\\nMinnesota Historical Society, Monticello, Minnesota;\\nHon. L. A. Evans, Saint Cloud, Minnesota.\\nIn addition to the foregoing, several colleges and\\nuniversities were also invited to send representatives;\\namong these were Oberlin College, Ohio; Cornell\\nUniversity, Ithaca, New York; Beloit College, Wis-\\nconsin, and the University of Michigan. Of those\\nwho responded to my invitation the following, and\\nseveral others who joined us at Park Eapids, were\\nduly enrolled as members of the expedition: Pearce\\nGiles, Rev. John C. Crane, Winfield Scott Shure,\\nDr. A. Munsell, Fred J. Trost, Daniel S. Knowlton,\\nDr. Charles E. Harrison, Albert W. Whitney.\\nAs some zealous critics have seen fit to question\\nthe qualifications of the gentlemen who composed my", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0307.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "300 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nformer party, it has been suggested that it might\\nnot be inappropriate to introduce with brief reference\\nthe companions of my second journey to the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi. I therefore conclude to\\npresent a short sketch of each, which is done with\\nthe full conviction that several are worthy of more\\nextended mention than can consistently be accorded\\nthem within the limits of this volume.\\nThe oldest in years and the first to avail himself\\nof my invitation was Pearce Giles, formerly of London,\\nEngland, now of Camden, New Jersey. Mr. Giles,\\nwho had just passed his seventy-fifth year, came to\\nAmerica over twenty years ago. His father was an\\nofficer in the British navy, and himself a graduate\\nof the Koyal Naval College, Greenwich, near London.\\nHe was thirty years in the Home Department of the\\nEnglish Government, and retired with a handsome\\npension in 1871. He has traveled extensively in\\nEurope, Asia, Africa, and America, and the record of\\nhis observations in the various countries he has\\nvisited constitutes a most interesting chapter in a\\nlong and eventful life. Although not an active\\nmember of my expedition of 1881, Mr. Giles accom-\\npanied me to the Upper Mississippi, assisted in the\\norganization of the party, and was indirectly identi-\\nfied with us throughout.\\nEev. John Calvin Crane of Worcester, Massachu-\\nsetts, is a native of Grafton in that State, and was\\nborn October sixteenth, 1837. He graduated at the\\nLancaster Academy at the age of sixteen, and soon\\nafter was recognized as a special correspondent of the\\nBoston Post. Mr. Crane was among the pioneers of\\nMinnesota, having been a resident of the State as\\nearly as 1858. A year or two later he returned to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0308.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "PREPARATION FOR SECOI^D EXPEDITION. 301\\nthe^ ^^Bay State/ and became a contributor to the\\nWorcester Gazette^ and several other New England\\npublications. He is a member of the Worcester\\nAntiquarian Society; a resident member of the New\\nEngland Historical and Genealogical Society, and a\\nmember and correspondent of the historical societies\\nof Cheshire and Lancashire, England. From boy-\\nhood, Mr. Crane has been deeply interested in every-\\nthing relating to the Mississippi and its True Source,\\nand joined me as a correspondent of the Boston\\nHerald.\\nWinfield Scott Shure is a native of Maryland, but\\nhas been for several years past a resident of York,\\nPennsylvania. Mr. Shure is a young man of con-\\nsiderable promise as an artist and journalist. He\\njoined me as the representative of the York Daily\\nAge and other papers, and rendered much valuable\\nassistance in the organization and equipment of\\nour expedition.\\nDr. A. Munsell of Dubuque, Iowa, is a native of\\nKentucky, a man of mature years, the editor and\\nproprietor of the Dubuque Trade Jouriial, and a\\ngentleman of comprehensive literary attainments.\\nResiding on the banks of the mighty river, he has\\nbeen for many years greatly interested in the contro-\\nversy relating to its Headwaters, and the columns\\nof his paper have ever been open to all who were dis-\\nposed to discuss the question of the Fountain-head.\\nFred J. Trost of Toledo, Ohio, the photographer\\nof the expedition, was born at Volknitz, Pomerania,\\nPrussia, March sixteenth, 1852. He came to this\\ncountry with his parents in 1854, and at the age of\\nsixteen began the study of photography, which has\\nsince been his occupation. Mr. Trost has been con-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0309.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "303 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nnected with some of the best estciblishments of the\\ncountry, and for many years has been a member of\\nthe American Photographers Association. His gal-\\nlery at Toledo ranks among the first establishments\\nof its kind in Ohio.\\nDaniel S. Knowlton, editor and proprietor of the\\nBoston Times, was born in Biddeford, Maine. Com-\\npleting a preparatory course in the scliools of his\\nnative State, he entered Yale College at the age of\\neighteen, from which he graduated four years later\\nwith the highest honors of his class. Mr. Knowlton\\nis a young man of advanced attainments in most\\nbranches of learning, and his long journey from\\nBoston to Minnesota sufficiently attests his interest\\nin the geographical question which led him to set\\naside important business engagements in order that\\nhe might join us in our investigations.\\nDr. Charles E. Harrison, formerly president and\\nnow librarian of the Davenport Academy of Natural\\nSciences, is a native of Kentucky, but has been for\\nmany years a citizen of loAva. His connection with\\nthe Academy at Davenport brought him to my\\nnotice, and I found him an enthusiast upon every\\ntopic relating to the natural history of the Valley of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nAlbert W. Whitney of Beloit, Wisconsin, is a\\ngraduate of Beloit College, in which his father,\\nH. N. Whitney, is professor of English Literature.\\nAlthough the youngest in years, Mr. Whitney pos-\\nsesses many excellent qualifications as an explorer,\\nand came highly indorsed by the college faculty as a\\nbotanist and arborologist.\\nMy daughter Alice, who had just graduated from\\nthe Saint Agnes School at Albany, New York,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0310.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "MEMBERS OF SECOND EXPEDITION,\\n(303)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0311.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "304 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\npleaded very earnestly to be allowed to accompany\\nme. I hesitated for some time, but at length yielded,\\non her assurance that she was confident she could\\nendure the rigors of such a journey. She was\\nanxious to stand at the head of the Father of\\nWaters, and, being a very fair artist in water colors,\\nI felt that her talent might prove of some utility to\\nthe objects of the expedition.\\nAlthough it was the original intention to complete\\nour organization at Minneapolis, I soon ascertained\\nthat from an economic point of view it would be to\\nour advantage to secure surveyors, guides, and other\\nassistants in Northern Minnesota; hence only a portion\\nof those who accompanied me were brought together\\nbefore entering uj)on our journey.\\nThe route decided upon was by way of the Northern\\nPacific Kailway to Wadena, and thence by a branch\\nof the Great Northern to Park Rapids; the latter road\\nhaving been completed but a few days before our\\nstart from Minneapolis. In my journey across\\nNorthern Minnesota, in 1881, the Leech Lake route\\nwas preferred for the reason that the region between\\nthat point and the Source of the river had not been\\npreviously traversed, and for the further reason that\\nwe could, at that time, reach our destination more\\nreadily by canoe and portage through that section of\\nMinnesota than by any other. Then, too, the facili-\\nties now presented by rail and wagon for the trans-\\nportation of necessary supplies, via Park Rajoids,\\nwere an important consideration, in view of the large\\nparty I had brought together, and rendered that\\nroute by far the most practicable.\\nAll arrangements having been completed, we\\nassembled at my residence, on Harmon Place, Monday", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0312.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "PREPARATION^ FOR SECOND EXPEDITIOi^T. 305\\nmorning, August seventeenth, where we discussed\\nbriefly the objects of our expedition. I took occa-\\nsion at this time to say that our party was the largest\\never organized for purposes of investigation at the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi, and sought to impress\\nupon the minds of all present that it was my earnest\\nwish that their examination of that region should be\\nmost thorough and complete. I especially recom-\\nmended that they should determine, by careful\\nmeasurement, the relative length and importance of\\nall streams falling into Itasca and the beautiful lake\\nlying immediately to the south of it, in order that\\nthey might be prepared on their return to submit a\\nclear and conclusive verdict as to the True Source of\\nthe Great Eiver.\\nMy re-appearance in Minnesota, with the intention\\nof making further explorations, led the press of the\\ncountry to comment more or less freely upon the\\nprobable outcome of my proposed expedition. These\\nexpressions of public opinion may be deemed worthy\\nof some consideration, inasmuch as they discuss\\nquite fully the question at issue, and set forth\\nvery clearly the results of former investigations;\\nthey show, also, something of the character of the\\nopposition which I have had to contend with during\\nthe past ten years. In view therefore of all that\\nhas been said and written on the subject, for and\\nagainst, it will perhaps be thought consistent with\\nthe purpose of this volume to invite attention to a\\nfew quotations from articles which were from time\\nto time brought under my notice.\\nThe Dispatch, a leading journal of Saint Paul,\\nhas evinced considerable interest in the location of\\nthe Source of the Mississippi, and since the date of\\n20", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0313.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "306 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nits discovery in 1881 has, in the discussion of my\\nclaim, yielded it a fair, temperate, and disinterested\\nsupport. Under date, July twenty-third, 1891, the\\nDispatch had the following editorial:\\nThe arrival in Saint Paul of Captain Glazier has revived\\ninterest in a subject which, three or four years ago, was a\\ntopic of world wide discussion. His claim to have discovered,\\nin 1881, the True Source of the Mississippi, while accepted by\\nmany, was denied by some, and doubts were thrown upon\\nthe accuracy of his conclusions. Even yet there are those\\nwho will not admit that Lake Glazier is the Source of the\\nFather of Waters. Professor Alton of Minneapolis has\\nrecently expressed himself on this question, disputing Captain\\nGlazier s claim, but offering no satisfactory solution of the\\nproblem.\\nFrom the discovery of Lake Itasca by Schoolcraft in 1832,\\ndown to the year 1881, very little was attempted in the way of\\nexploration at the Headwaters of the Mississippi. In the latter\\nyear. Captain Glazier organized and assumed the entire\\nexpense of an expedition which had for its object a thorough\\ninvestigation of the Itascan Basin. The thought had long\\nbeen in his mind that if Pike, Cass, and Beltrami had been in\\nerror as to the Source, Schoolcraft also, might have been mis-\\ntaken in his conclusions as to Lake Itasca.\\nOn the return of his first expedition, Captain Glazier\\nannounced that a lake above and beyond Itasca was the\\nPrimal Reservoir; asserted that it had not been so recognized\\nprior to 1881 and claimed that his party was the first to cor-\\nrectly locate its feeders and establish its true relation to the\\nMississippi. From the position then taken. Glazier has never\\nretreated, and to-day, notwithstanding the opposition of a few\\nunreasoning critics, Lake Glazier is accepted as the True\\nSource of the Great River by nine-tenths of the geographers,\\nmap and educational publishers of this country.\\nThe Albany Knicherlocher ranks among the first\\njournals of the country in the discussion of geo-\\ngraphical questions, and gave much attention to the\\nresults of my First Expedition. In one of its articles,\\nthis paper observed\\nMany geographical beliefs have in course of time, and in\\nthe advancement of knowledge, been proven the veriest\\nmyths. It was for some ages contended that there was no\\nworld beyond the Pillars of Hercules. It has taken hundreds\\nand hundreds of years to arrive at the most simple and primi-\\ntive truths. Captain Glazier contends that he has exploded", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0314.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "PREPARATION FOR SECOI^D EXPEDITIOI^. 307\\nthe myth that Itasca is the source of the Father of Waters.\\nHis claim is supported by a volume of expert and disinter-\\nested testimony, and the gentlemen composing his Second\\nExpedition will doubtless confirm his announcement of 1881,\\nthat the origin of the Mississippi is in the lake to the south of\\nItasca, now generally known and accepted by geographers as\\nLake Glazier.\\nSince 1881^ the Argus of Red Wing, Minnesota,\\nhas steadfastly maintained, in common with nearly\\nall the leading papers of the State, that the body of\\nwater which my party located in that year should be\\nregarded as the Head of the Mississippi. In its issue\\nof July sixteenth, 1891, the Argus spoke as follows:\\nThe True Source of the Mississippi River does not appear\\nto be a settled question, even though the Minnesota Legislature\\nhas decided it, so far as it was able by law to do so. Captain\\nGlazier claimed the discovery of the real Head of ihe river in\\n1881, which was named by his companions Lake Glazier.\\nLake Itasca had for mauy years been considered the source\\nand had been so placed on the maps, but the lake discovered\\nby Captain Glazier was beyond Itasca and flowed into it\\nthrough a perennial stream. For some reason a few of the\\nsavants of our Historical Society disputed the Glazier claim,\\nand appealed to the Legislature for an enactment to prevent\\nits recognition. Notwithstanding this opposition, however,\\nour leading geographers and map publishers, as well as most\\nof the encyclopedias, recognize the fact that Glazier was the\\nreal discoverer of the lake now called after him.\\nCaptain Glazier is about to organize another expedition to\\nthe Headwaters of the Mississippi, which is expected to leave\\nSaint Paul this month. His chief object in making a second\\nvisit is to obtain sketches and photographs of scenery at the\\nsource of the river, and to give some attention to the\\nnatural history of the surrounding country, as well as to\\nsecure additional information concerning the feeders of Lake\\nGlazier. An artist, photographer, surveyor, and several gen-\\ntlemen of scientific attainments will be members of the expe-\\ndition. These gentlemen, it is presumed, will be fully quali-\\nfied to pass final judgment upon the claim of Captain\\nGlazier to have definitely located, in 1881, the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nThe Trade Journal of Dubuque, Iowa, edited by\\nDr. A. Munsell of that city, has been for several\\nyears an ardent participant in all discussions concern-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0315.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "308 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\ning the Head of the Great Eiver. In its July issue\\nof 1891 the Journal, in referring to the subject^ said:\\nSince the discovery and announcement of Lake Glazier as\\nthe Source of the Mississippi, it has been very generally recog-\\nnized by the geographical world and by writers in the later\\nencyclopedias. There are those, however, who have denied\\nthe newly asserted fact, and have even taken some pains to\\ncontradict and argue against the propriety of according it\\nrecognition. It is often difficult to sympathize with a new\\ntruth which dispels the illusion of a lifetime, and the views,\\ncustoms, and complacency ingrained by education and habit.\\nSo, when called upon to surrender the honor that has for\\nmore than a half century clung to the Itasca of Schoolcraft,\\nand bid good-by to the associations that have been pleasantly\\nconnected with the charming Indian word, it is perhaps little\\nwonder that prejudice and conservatism are reluctant. But\\ntruth and duty have no heed save for the verities of the actual,\\nand the modern day is a time when the white light of science\\nand fact is allowed to fall safely and freely on that which is in\\nthe realm of reality.\\nForemost among the leading neAvspai^ers of New\\nEngland^ the Boston Herald exhibited its usual\\nenterprise in sending a special correspondent to join\\nus in Minnesota. Commenting on my proposed visit\\nto the Headwaters, the Herald said:\\nCaptain Glazier believed that Schoolcraft was at fault\\nin locating the source of the Mississippi in Lake Itasca, and\\nduring the summer of 1881 began a thorough personal investi-\\ngation of the subject. Standing on the shore of the beautiful\\nheart-shaped lake to the south of Itasca the Pokegama of the\\nChippewas he announced to the geographical world the fact\\nthat the True Head of the Father of Waters was there to be\\nfound. A geographical error had existed for nearly half a\\ncentury and it was hard to change the order of things. Would-\\nbe explorers, and geographers unheard of before, sprang up in\\na night and sought in some way to immortalize their names in\\nconnection therewith. Some denied the truth of Captain\\nGlazier s statements; but when it was established that the\\nposition he had taken was impregnable, they objected to\\nhaving his name applied to the lake. It was in opposition to\\nthe wishes of Glazier that his name was given, but his wdiite\\nand Indian companions persisted and it was finally adopted.\\nSo firm is Captain Glazier in the conviction that his position is\\nunassailable that he will lead the largest party of gentlemen\\nto the Headwaters of the Mississippi that has ever visited that\\nregion.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0316.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "PREPAEATIOI^ POR SECOND EXPEDITIOI^. 309\\nThe Times of Philadelphia has devoted much\\nspace and attention to the Mississippi and its\\nSource, and while its columns have been open to\\nboth sides of the controversy, its editorial utterances\\nhave been clearly in support of the lake beyond\\nItasca as the Primal Reservoir. In its issue of July\\ntwelfth, 1891, the Times thus referred to the matter:\\nIn 1881, Captain Willard Glazier organized, equipped, and\\nled a party tbrongli Northern Minnesota for the purpose of\\ndetermining, if possible, the exact location of the Source of\\nthe Mississippi, Under the guidance of a Chippewa Indian,\\nnamed Chenowagesic, he located, on the twenty-second of\\nJuly of that year, a beautiful body of water to the south of\\nLake Itasca, having an average depth of forty-tive feet, a cir-\\ncumference of between five and six miles, and an area of 255\\nacres.\\nThis lake was known to the Indians as Pokegama, meaning\\nthe place where the w^aters gather. It has for its feeders\\nthree small creeks which have their origin in springs at the\\nfoot of sand hills from two to three miles distant. After con-\\nsultation, the members of the expedition unanimously voted\\nthat this body of water be named Lake Glazier, after the man\\nwho had organized the expedition and led them, at his own\\nexpense, to its shores. Since that time a few critics have si cn\\nfit to question, doubt, and tinally declare that the Fountain-\\nhead of the river is in Lake Itasca; that there was no such\\nlake as Captain Glazier described; or if there was, it was of\\nlittle consequence. And again, if such a sheet of water did\\nexist, he was not the tirst white man to see it. Just as if\\nSchoolcraft was the first white man who saw Lake Itasca, It\\nshould not be a question of who tirst saw it, but who first\\ndiscovered its relation to the Mississippi.\\nIn view of the various doubts that have been raised, and for\\nthe purpose of satisfying scientific, educational, and all other\\nparties who take any interest in the correction of error and\\nthe advancement of truth, Captain Glazier is now fitting out\\na Second Expedition. This party will be composed of natu-\\nralists, surveyors, artists, photographers, correspondents of\\nthe press, and others who wish to look upon the Source of our\\nGreat Central River, The country will be carefully examined,\\nprominent views and scenes photographed, and levels and\\nmeasurements taken. The botanist and geologist will report\\non the flora and formation of that region. It is confidently\\nexpected that the Source of the Mississippi will be established\\nwithout further cavil or dispute, and that Captain Glazier\\nwill give a faithful description and photographic view of that\\nhitherto practically unknown section of Minnesota which", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0317.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "310 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nenjoys the distinction of embracing the Headwaters of the\\ngreatest river of North America.\\nThe press of Minnesota, with but two or three\\nunimportant exceptions, favored a further explora-\\ntion, and said much to encourage my companions in\\nthe prosecution of their self-imposed task. The\\nGlobe of Saint Paul took an active interest in every-\\nthing pertaining to the controversy. The subjoined\\narticle appeared in its columns under date of August\\nsixteenth, 1891:\\nOn to-morrow, August seventeenth, Captain Glazier will\\nstart from Minneapolis with his Second Expedition to the\\nSource of the Mississippi. The explorer goes with the deter-\\nmination of substantiating his claim of 1881, that he discov-\\nered, in a body of water beyond Itasca since linown as Lake\\nGlazier the True Source of the Fatlier of Waters. Among\\nthose who will accompany him in his later visit is Rev. J. C.\\nCrane of Worcester, Massachusetts, who is now in Saint Paul.\\nSpeaking of the expedition, he said:\\nThe attention of a large portion of the people of this\\ncountry is at present directed to a wild and unsettled region\\nof Minnesota. The particular locality referred to is that lying\\nabout the Source of what is, in many respects, the greatest\\nriver in the world. The complete history of this wonderful\\nwaterway, if written, would fill volumes. The chief reason\\nfor the interest now taken, arises from investigations made at\\nthe Headwaters of the river in 1881. In July of that year.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier led a party by a new and untried\\nroute to a lake which he claimed as the Ultimate Source of the\\nMississippi.\\nFrom 1832 to 1881, the statements of Schoolcraft with\\nregard to the Fountain-head of the mighty stream were\\nunquestioned. The announcement by Glazier that there was\\na beautiful lake above and beyond Itasca was a great surprise\\nto the geographical world, and as one somewhat versed in the\\ngeography and history of the country, I became interested in\\nhis claim to have definitely located the Origin of the Great\\nRiver. I had been an early pioneer in Minnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 had\\njourneyed days and nights on the pure waters of the Upper\\nMississippi. As a hunter I had sailed its tributaries and\\ncamped along their shores. What more natural than that I,\\nalthough no longer a resident of the State, should take an\\ninterest in the Source of her ideal river? I began anew the study\\nof the Mississippi and its place of beginning. I investigated\\nthe claim of Captain Glazier and read its numerous indorse-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0318.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "PREPARATIOK FOR SECOKD EXPEDITION 311\\nments. I digested also the pamphlet of General Baker, and\\nheard and read of the progress of Mr. Brower in that locality,\\nand in fact made a thorough study of all the reports on the\\nquestion of the True Source since Glazier announced his dis-\\ncovery in 1881. One thing became very evident to my mind,\\nand that was that the latter gentleman had never receded in\\nany measure from the position first taken, which was that the\\nFountain-head was in a lake to the south of Itasca, known to\\nthe Indians as Pokegama. After a long and careful study of\\nthe ques ion, and heariDg all the pros and cons, I could not\\nhelp tiie belief that the claim put forth by Captain Glazier\\nwas based upon careful investigation and honest conviction.\\nI had never seen the lake of Schoolcraft, neither had I looked\\nupon the Pokegama of the Chippewas, but I had seen the flow-\\ning stream as it fell in beauty over the Falls of Saint Anthony,\\nand had noted its onward rush to the Gulf, three thousand\\nmiles away. I had observed with what tenacity Glazier clung\\nto his announcement of 1881. The thought came to me, this\\nman is honest in his premises, and the more I studied the sub-\\nject, the more I became satisfied that Lake Glazier answered\\nall the requirements of geographers. Upon investigation, I\\nfound many who agreed with me in this belief. The written\\ntestimony of eminent educators, map publishers, and com-\\npilers of encyclopedias was examined with care.\\nEarly in the present 5 ear, rumors of another expedition\\nto be made by Captain Glazier reached my ear. Later an\\nopportunity was presented me to become a member of the\\nparty of gentlemen who are to leave Minneapolis to-mor-\\nrow to ascertain for themselves on what ground Willard\\nGlazier bases his claim to have definitely located, in 1881,\\nthe True Source of the Mississippi River. So strong is the\\ncaptain in his convictions and statements then made, that he\\nhas called about him the largest and most influential body of\\nmen that has ever been brought together for this purpose.\\nAs an humble member of that expedition, I go with the honest\\npurpose of seeing for myself the foundation upon which I\\nhave built my belief. As a historian of some repute in the\\nOld Bay State, it would ill become me to give my sanction to\\na claim which upon investigation should fail to uphold opin-\\nions previously expressed.\\nHenry E. Cobb, editor of the Hubbard County\\nEnterprise of Park Eapids, Minnesota, e^^joys the\\ndistinction of having among his subscribers several\\npioneers whose claim-cabins are within a few miles\\nof the Source of the Mississij^pi. In referring to my\\nFirst and Second expeditions, Mr. Cobb said in his\\npaper:", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0319.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "312 DISCOVERY OP THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nOn the twenty-second day of July, 1881 ten years ago this\\nsummer Captam Glazier passed through Lake Itasca into a\\nlake beyond, known to the Indians as Po-keg-a-ma. In this\\nbody of water he believed he had found the True Source of the\\nMississippi, which was christened Lake Glazier by his com-\\npanions. Despite the criticisms of subsequent expeditions\\nCaptain Glazier still holds to his convictions, and the present\\nparty go for the purpose of adding their evidence on this much\\ndiscussed question. Whatever their decision as to the Cap-\\ntain s claim, the latter may be credited with having gathered\\ntogether, from all parts of the Union, a body of men whose\\ntestimony will be of weight.\\nFrom the time that Lake Itasca was first called iu\\nquestion, the religions press of Minnesota manifested,\\nmuch interest in the controversy. Of these publica-\\ntions, the Northwestern Presbyterian of Minneapolis,\\ngave considerable attention to the subject. Referring\\nto it at some length, this journal said in clear and\\nunmistakable terms:\\nAll who live in the valley of America s greatest river will be\\nespecially interested in knowing something of its Source, its\\ncourse, and the cities that line its banks. Since De Soto first\\ndiscovered the Father of Waters in 1541, many eminent\\nexplorers have been associated with its history. Marquette,\\nJoliet, La Salle, Hennepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix, Carver,\\nPike, Cass, and Beltrami preceded Schoolcraft. The last\\nnamed discovered a lake which he supposed to be the Source,\\nbut the Indians and missionaries said there was a lake beyond.\\nA learned few believed them. It remained for some explorer\\nto make further investigation and publish the truth more\\nwidely to the world. This was done by Captain Glazier in\\n1881, who visited the lake, explored its shores, and found it\\nto be wider and deeper than Itasca.\\nThe following quotation from an article which\\nappeared in the Geogra])liical News, is from the pen\\nof its publisher, George F. Cram, a leading geo-\\ngraphical authority of Chicago, who, I should con-\\nclude from his interesting and exhaustive treatment\\nof the subject, must have made a thorough study of\\neverything relating to the question of the Origin of\\nthe Great River;\\nIn 1832, Henry Rovve Schoolcraft traced the upper courses", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0320.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "PREPARATION^ FOR SECOND EXPEDITION. 313\\nof the Mississippi and believed lie had found its Source in\\nLake Itasca, and for nearly fifty years it was so shown on our\\nmaps and in our geographies, and so taught in our schools.\\nIn 1881, however, Willard Glazier made further explorations,\\nand discovered that Itasca was connected with another lake by\\na permanently flowing stream which enters the southeast\\nside of the southwest arm of the former. Captain Glazier s\\ncompanions named this body of water Lake Glazier, and\\nannounced it as the Primal Reservoir of the river. Unwilling\\nto abandon the theories of the earlier explorers, certain parties\\nstrongly antagoaized the Glazier claim, and exerted so great\\nan influence with the Historical Society of Minnesota that\\nthat body rejected his discovery altogether and refused to\\nadmit the source to be beyond Itasca. A long newspaper war\\nfollowed, sufliciently acrimonious on both sides. Geographers\\nare now divided on the question, so that scholars and students\\nwho use the geographies of one publisher will be taught that\\nthe Source of the Mississippi is Lake Itasca, while those who\\nuse the publications of another will learn that it is Lake\\nGlazier. Just who is benefited by this condition of things it\\nis somewhat ditflcult to ascertain.\\nThe actual facts in the case are these: That all the investi-\\nga ions made since the Glazier discovery was first disputed,\\ntend to show very conclusively that the True Source of the\\nriver is in the lake immediately to the south of Itasca, known\\nto the Indians as Po-keg-a-ma; that Captain Glazier s party\\nchristened this sheet of water Lake Glazier; that Glazier was\\nthe first who discovered and proclaimed the Source to be in\\nthat lake. This being the case, it seems but just that the honor\\nof the discovery should no longer be withheld from him. At\\nall events, our school geographies should teach the truth as to\\nwhere the Source really is.\\nThose who have glanced over the preceding edi-\\ntorial comments will probably have found some evi-\\ndence of the interest taken by the general public in\\nthe question that brought me again to Minnesota.\\nThey ma} also have noted the trend of opinion; and\\nif they are candid and in search of truth, I feel con-\\nfident they will reach the conclusion that the press\\nat least, throughout the country, is not only not\\nopposed to, but favorable and strongly corroborative\\nof my views.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0321.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "(314;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0322.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nMIK]S EAPOLIS TO PAKE RAPIDS.\\nEAVING Minneapolis at an early hour on\\nthe morning of August seventeenth,\\nwe reached Saint Cloud at ten o clock.\\nHere we had dinner, and spent a few\\nhours in strolls through the leading\\nstreets of the city. Eesuming our\\njourney, we went on to Brainerd in\\nthe evening, where we remained for two days. It\\nwas at this point that the equipment of my First\\nExpedition was completed.\\nBrainerd, sometimes familiarly styled the City of\\nPines, is situated in a bend of the Mississippi, on\\nthe border of an extensive pine forest, at the point\\nwhere the Northern Pacific Railway makes its cross-\\ning. Although but twenty-eight miles south of\\nAitkin, by railway, it is ninety-five miles below that\\ncity, by the river. The town was originally built\\namong the pines, and when I saw it in 1881, it was\\nthe most picturesque village I had ever looked upon.\\nThe streets had been cut directly through the virgin\\nforest, and only such trees removed as were absolutely\\nnecessarv to make room for business houses and resi-\\ndences. Brainerd is the third town from the Source\\nof the Mississippi, and, after Saint Paul and Minne-\\napolis, one of the most advanced above the Falls of\\nSaint Anthony. Viewed from the river, which winds\\naround its front, a picture of rare beauty is pre=\\n(315)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0323.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "(316)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0324.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "MINKEAPOLIS TO PARK RAPIDS. 317\\nsented to the tourist wlio delights in Upper Missis-\\nsippi scenery. Without a history, this town leaped\\ninto existence with a considerable population, mostly\\nof New England origin, and at one time seemed des-\\ntined to become a city of respectable proportions. Its\\nrapid growth for several years was probably due to its\\nlarge and increasing lumber interest, and the location\\nat that point of the shops of the Northern Pacific\\nRailway, which gave it prominence and prospective\\nimportance as a center of industry. The removal of\\nthe shops, a short time since, to Sta]3les seriously inter-\\nrupted the development of Brainerd and greatly bene-\\nfited the former place; hence, although the Brain-\\nerd of to-day possesses a greater population than the\\nBrainerd of 1881, it gives less promise for the future.\\nOne of the attractive features of this little city,\\nand a favorite resort during the summer months,\\nis Pine Park, situated within the city limits. This\\npark is thickly studded with tall gray and Norway\\npines from sixty to a hundred feet in height, which\\ngive the traveler an excellent idea of the appearance\\nof this region before the axe of the settler was heard\\nin the unbroken wilderness.\\nAmong the objects of interest visited here were the\\nSanitarium and the rooms of the Young Men s\\nChristian Association; the former of which was built\\nby, and is entirely in the hands of, the Northern\\nPacific Ivailway a wise and, indeed, generous pro-\\nvision for the sick and disabled employes of the road.\\nThe ample quarters of the Y. M. 0. A. are quite up\\nto the modern idea, having a library, gymnasium, and\\nwell-appointed reading-rooms.\\nA pleasant incident of our sojourn at this frontier\\ntown was a call from Miss Lotta Grandelmeyer, a", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0325.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "(318)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0326.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "MINNEAPOLIS TO PARK RAPIDS. 319\\ngreat-granddaughter of William Morrison, the pio-\\nneer fur trader, who saw Lake Itasca in 1804, the\\nyear previous to the visit of Lieutenant Pike to Cass\\nLake. Had the latter met Morrison then, it is\\nhardly i^robable that the explorer of 1805 would\\nhave laid down the Source of the Mississippi in Turtle\\nLake. Since that time, the descendants of William\\nMorrison and his brother Allan have been residents\\nof Minnesota, and the high esteem in which the fam-\\nily is held was shown many years ago, in bestowing\\nthe name of Morrison upon one of the largest and\\nmost-flourishing counties in the State.\\nMiss Grandelmeyer is a young lady of intelligence\\nand refinement, jiroud of her ancestors, and much\\ninterested in everything relating to the geography\\nand history of Minnesota. The information which\\nshe furnished us, concerning the Morrisons and other\\nearly settlers of the northern portions of the State,\\nwas of especial value to myself and companions.\\nLater in the day. Dr. F. A. Seal, Government phy-\\nsician at the Leech Lake Indian Agency, paid his\\nrespects, and talked with us in regard to Indian affairs\\nin that region. He has been four years among the\\nChippewas, and his stories of their peculiar manners\\nand customs were eagerly listened to by those of our\\nparty who had never before been so near the domin-\\nions of their red brothers.\\nFrom Dr. Seal I learned the particulars of the\\ndeath and burial of Chenowagesic, the guide of my\\nFirst Expedition, to whom I made frequent reference\\nin ^^Down the Great River, and other publications\\nrelating to the source of the Mississippi. I was\\nalready aware of his death, which occurred at Leech\\nLake in March, 1891, but knew nothing of its cause.\\nor of his funeral and place of burial.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0327.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "320 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nDr. Seal explained that a severe cold led to pneu-\\nmonia, and that he lived but a few days after his\\ncondition was considered critical. The ceremony\\nattending his funeral was strictly in accordance with\\nhis wishes, and in conformity with usual Chippewa\\npractices on such occasions. Since retiring from my\\nservice in 1881, he had been elevated to the chieftain-\\nship of a tribe, and later had been appointed captain\\nof Indian police by the Government agent at Leech\\nLake. Having expressed a desire, during his illness,\\nto stand once more at the head of his comjiany, his\\nfamily and friends insisted that his request should be\\nrespected. Their cabin was on the shore of the lake,\\nabout five miles from the Agency, and when the Gov-\\nernment wagon arrived for his remains, the entire\\nIndian police force of the Leech Lake Eeservation\\nwas drawn up in line, and the body of Chenowagesic,\\nclothed in the uniform of his office, was placed,\\nstanding, on the right of the line, where it was held\\nin position by a relative for some moments; then,\\nplacing the corpse in a coffin, it was preceded by\\nthe police, and followed by his sorrowing family\\nand friends to the Chippewa village near the Agency,\\nwhere his remains were given a Christian burial.\\nWhile at Brainerd, I had the pleasure of again\\nmeeting Judge Holland, Dr. Kosser, Captain Seelye,\\nGeorge S. Canfield, and several others with whom I\\nbecame acquainted during my descent of the Missis-\\nsippi. These gentlemen seemed greatly interested\\nin the objects of our expedition, and furnished us\\nmuch valuable information concerning the region\\nthrough which we intended to pass on our way to\\nPark Rapids. Captain Seelye and Mr. Canfield, par-\\nticularly, were untiring in their efforts to place at my", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0328.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "21\\n(321)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0329.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "322 DISCOVERY OF THE TEUE SOURCE,\\ndisposal their large experience in Northern Minne=\\nBota. The former is widely known as a veteran\\nexplorer for pine, and had, since my explorations of\\n1881, visited the Headwaters of the Mississippi in\\npursuit of his calling.\\nWe moved from Brainerd to Wadena on the after-\\nnoon of August nineteenth, where we found quarters\\nfor the night at the Merchants^ Hotel and Wadena\\nHouse. On the following morning, the entire party\\nwas up at daylight, and, after an early breakfast, spent\\nan hour in conversation with citizens, and in rambles\\nthrough the place. Mr. Ti ost photographed a railway\\nstation, park, and two or three street scenes.\\nThe birth of Wadena dates from the advent of the\\nNorthern Pacific Railroad, since which its growth has\\nbeen consistent with the development of the surround-\\ning country. In 1880, the population was but three\\nhundred and seven; in 1890, it was between three\\nand four thousand. This growing and prosperous\\nlittle town is the caj^ital of Wadena County; is forty-\\nseven miles northwest of Brainerd, and was, until the\\ncomj^letion of the branch road to Park Rapids, the\\nnearest railway station to the Source of the Mississippi.\\nSituated in the midst of one of the most productive\\nwheat-growing sections of Minnesota, and with every\\nfacility for the receipt and shipment of this staple,\\nthe prediction of a prosperous future need hardly be\\nquestioned.\\nLeaving Wadena at nine o clock, we proceeded on\\nour journey to Park Rapids by way of the Wadena\\nand Park Rapids branch of the Great Northern Rail-\\nway. A halt of nearly an hour was made at a half-\\nway house known as Menahga, where we had a very\\nsatisfactory dinner; the conductor favoring the land-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0330.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "(323)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0331.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "324 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nlord, and ourselves at the same time, by holding\\nhis train until we could dine in detachments, the\\ntable and service not being equal to so large a party.\\nAfter dinner the conductor still further delayed his\\ntrain in order to give Mr. Trost an opportunity to\\nphotograph the Menahga House and its guests.\\nOur brief stop at this pioneer establishment was, it\\nmay perhaps be considered, an event in its history,\\nand the worthy host seemed anxious to make the most\\nof it. We may also explain that the new railway\\nfrom AVadena to Park Rapids was, at this date, in an\\nunfinished condition; there were no stations north of\\nWadena, except at its terminus at Park Eapids. The\\nobliging conductor, therefore, consented to accommo-\\ndate the passengers, of whom our party formed the\\nmajority, so far as he could do so consistently.\\nContinuing our journey from Menahga, we reached\\nPark Rapids at three o clock. Here we were most\\ncordially received by a delegation of citizens, and\\nescorted to the Central House by Henry R. Cobb,\\npostmaster, and editor of the Hubbard County\\nEnterprise^ and E. M. Horton, clerk of the County\\nCourt, who had anticipated our arrival.\\nPark Rapids is a typical frontier village, the county\\nseat of Hubbard County, and, as previously noted,\\nthe nearest inhabited point to the Source of the Mis-\\nsissippi. It is- situated on Fish-hook River, near a\\nbeautiful lake of the same name. The region sur-\\nrounding the place is familiarly known as the Shell\\nPrairies, and the soil is said to be favorable to the\\ngrowth of wheat, corn, oats, and other cereals. The\\nfirst house is stated to have been erected in 1882, the\\nyear after my first journey across Northern Minne-\\nsota.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0332.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "(325)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0333.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nTHROUGH THE WILDERNESS.\\n|HREE clays were spent at Park\\nRapids ill organization and equip-\\nment. Here we were opportunely\\nreinforced by several gentlemen\\nwlio proved a very valuable addi-\\ntion to the party, and having\\npreviously introduced to my readers\\nthose members of the expedition\\nwho joined us in Minneapolis, I now give the names\\nof the Park Rapids contingent, beginning with Henry\\nR. Cobb, to whom allusion has already been made.\\nMr. Cobb is a native of Maine, and although still\\na young man, was a pioneer in Northern Minnesota\\nand one of the first settlers at Park Rapids. Through\\nhis paper, the H^ihhard Coiinty Enterprise, has\\ndone much to invite attention to, and encourage the\\ndevelopment of, this section of the State.\\nHon. C. D. Cutting of Howard County, Iowa,\\nwas the guest of Mr. Cobb at the time of our arrival,\\nand curtailed his visit in order to make one of our\\nnumber. He began life in the ^^Pine Tree State,\\nbut, like thousands of others, left New England in\\nboyhood to seek his fortune in the Great West. An\\nample competency, resulting from earnest toil beyond\\nthe Mississippi, and his election to the Legislature of\\nhis adopted State, are sufficient proofs of industry\\nand good citizenship. Senator Cutting was accompa-\\n(326)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0334.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "m\\no\\n7^\\nO\\nCO\\n(327)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0335.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "328 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nnied by his son Frank, a young man of eighteen\\nyears.\\nE. M. Horton of Park Eapids, at present clerk of\\nthe Hubbard County Court, is a surveyor and civil\\nengineer by profession, and was recently in the\\nemploy of the Northern Pacific Kailway. Mr. Hor-\\nton was introduced by Postmaster Cobb, and highly\\nindorsed as a surveyor by many of his fellow-towns-\\nmen.\\nOliver S. Keay, formerly of Maine, but now a resi-\\ndent of Minnesota, was accepted on the recommenda-\\ntion of Mr. Horton and other citizens of Park Rapids\\nfor the position of guide and assistant surveyor. He\\nhas had large experience as an explorer of pine\\nlands in the northern sections of the State, and was\\nthe only member of our party besides myself who\\nhad seen the Source of the Mississippi.\\nDaniel Adams and his son Grant were employed as\\nteamsters, and, although pursuing an humble calling,\\nare highly respected as good citizens and neighbors in\\nPark Rapids. Louis Delezene was engaged as cook\\nand general assistant.\\nIn the matter of equipment for our explorations,\\nwe were provided with canoes, tents, blankets, rations,\\nguns, ammunition, fishing tackle, surveyor s compass\\nand chain, barometer, thermometers, pocket com-\\npasses, and a portable photographic apparatus.\\nHaving ascertained that it was now possible to\\njourney on wheels from Park Rapids to within a few\\nmiles of the Source of the Mississippi, three wagons\\nwere employed to carry our canoes, camp equipage,\\nand rations to the southeastern arm of Lake Itasca;\\nthese wagons were drawn by horses, with the excep-\\ntion of one mule, bearing the euphonious title or", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0336.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "THROUGH THE WILDERNESS. 329\\nnickname of Jerry. This long-eared companion\\nof one of the horses possessed all the peculiarities of\\nhis kind, and, as will be seen farther on, frequently\\nconverted serious iuto amusing and ludicrous situa-\\ntions.\\nAlthough we had learned from pioneers that wagon\\nconveyance at best would be difficult, and at times\\neven hazardous, it was a relief to know that for the\\ngreater part of the trip, at least, teams could be used\\nfor the transportation of our luggage.\\nOur organization and equipment completed, we\\nstarted from Park Rapids at eight o^clock on Satur-\\nday morning, August twenty-second, and soon\\nplunged into the interminable primitive forest\\nwhich lies between this frontier town and the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi. The road, which is but\\nlittle more than a trail, winds among the tall pines,\\nover huge boulders, across marshes, and up and down\\nsand-hills, in descending which it was necessary to\\nchain the wagon-wheels, and in their ascent the com-\\nbined strength of horses and men was required.\\nFor the first six miles our route led us across a\\nshell prairie to the west of Park Rapids, and then\\nover rather indifferent sand roads, through a partly\\ncultivated country, and past an occasional log cabin.\\nAs we moved forward, however, all traces of cultiva-\\ntion gradually disappeared, and by noon, after having\\nadvanced but ten miles, nothing remained to suggest\\nthe existence of humanity aside from our own party\\nand the rugged and slightly travel-worn trail we were\\nfollowing. We were confronted on all sides by the\\napparently endless virgin forest, in which gray, Nor-\\nway, and jack -pines largely predominated. From\\nthe hill-tops many of the pines rear their evergreen", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0337.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "t/1\\nQ\\nQ.\\nDC\\ncn\\nQ.\\nO\\nDC\\nLi.\\n(5\\nZ\\n1-\\nDC\\nH\\nto\\n(330;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0338.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "THKOUGtt TSE WlLBERi^ESS. B31\\nsrests to the enormous height of over a hundred feet,\\nwhile in the marshes and lowlands the tamarack and\\nunderbrush are seen on every hand.\\nWe succeeded in reachinsr at noon a stream known\\nto frontiersmen of that locality as Dinner Creek/^\\nHere, where we found excellent water, we had our\\nfirst meal in the open air.\\nThe fording of Dinner Creek was the first of\\nmany novel and exciting experiences in our march\\nthrough the wilderness, and gave us a foretaste of what\\nwe might reasonably anticipate at intervals during\\nthe remainder of the journey, for it may be explained\\nat once that the region about the Head of the Missis-\\nsippi is a series of diluvial sand-ridges and numberless\\nlakes, ponds, streams, marshes, and in brief every-\\nthing conceivable that could impede and obstruct\\nlocomotion.\\nWhen we had reached a slight elevation overlook-\\ning the creek, it was evident that the most feasible\\nway of crossing the stream would be to ford it in the\\nwagons, as the depth of water was sufficient to make\\nfording on foot impracticable without the annoyance\\nof a severe and unnecessary wetting; we therefore\\nmounted the wagons promptly and rode forward.\\nOn approaching the stream, the mule divided with\\nhis mate the honor of leading our column, and no\\nsooner had the ford begun than Jerry, tempted by\\nthe clear sparkling water, and delighting in its cooling\\neffects upon his overheated legs, mule-like, wanted to\\ndrink; and halt he would, doubtless oblivious of the\\ndifficulty he was sure to experience in again starting.\\nAfter drinking all he could hold conveniently, he\\nraised his head and put up his ears in a knowing man-\\nner as if in contemplation of the steep ascent beyond.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0339.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "332 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nWhen Jerry received from his driver the word\\ngo, he attempted to climb over his companion,\\nbut failing in this he next tried to push himself bodily\\nthrough his collar, and, although unable to accomplish\\nwhat he undertook, succeeded in landing horse,\\nwagon, and freight on the opposite shore, where with\\none wheel in the road, and another against an embank-\\nment, he, with characteristic mischief, made a sudden\\nand unexpected disposition of the passengers.\\nAs Dinner Creek was the first stream encount-\\nered, and the first barrier to uninterrupted travel, a\\nbrief sketch of it may prove of some interest to those\\ntourists who incline to follow our footsteps to the Mecca\\nof the Upper Mississippi. Rising to the southward\\nof the basin which incloses Itasca and Glazier lakes,\\nit flows in a southeasterly direction through Becker\\nand Hubbard counties, and ultimately falls into the\\nCrow Wing River, of which it is an important tribu-\\ntary. Its banks, for some distance above and below\\nthe point where we effected a crossing, are high and\\nwell-defined, with an average width of about sixty,\\nand a depth of from three to four feet, at the time we\\nsaw it on the twenty-second of August.\\nI may add that it was the sentiment of many of\\nour party, that this water-course was of sufficient\\nimportance to receive a more dignified title than\\nDinner Creek and I therefore suggest that, if\\nentirely in accord with the views of the residents of\\nthat section of Minnesota, it be named Morrison River\\nin honor of Allan and William Morrison, who were\\namong the first white men to penetrate the wilds, and\\nleave their foot-prints on the hills and in the valleys\\nof the North Star State.\\nDinner over, and Jerry having been coaxed into", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0340.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "THEOUGH THE WILDERNESS. 333\\nthe notion/ we again moved forward. Obstacles to\\nprogress were found to be more numerous and diffi-\\ncult as we advanced; the trail being hardly discern-\\nible at many points, while the hills were steeper and\\nmore frequent. The wagons were pulled and pushed\\nup one hill after another; then, when they were at the\\nsummit, some of our number moved in front of the\\nteams with long sticks, as they descended, beating\\nthe animals in their faces, in order to assist the driv-\\ners in forcing them to hold back; other members of\\nthe party took position behind and on the sides of the\\nwagons, exerting all the muscle they could command,\\nin their efforts to keep canoes and luggage from being\\nprecipitated into the valley below.\\nThoroughly exhausted by the fatigues of the day,\\nwe halted at six o clock on the crest of a stony-capped\\nridge, about twenty miles northwest of Park Rapids.\\nHere we pitched tents, and built a camp-fire, naming\\nthe encampment ^Munsell, after a senior member\\nof the expedition. Camp Munsell overlooked an\\napparently fine body of water, but the discovery was\\nsoon made that its appearance was misleading, and\\nwhat had tempted us to go into camp early in the\\nevening proved to be only a dead lake, the water of\\nwhich was unfit for use by either man or beast.\\nThe water near the margin of this lake was stag-\\nnant, and filled with dead and decaying vegetable\\nmatter. The horses were led down to the shore, but\\nseemed disgusted, and would not drink. Jerry\\nalone appeared satisfied, and in consideration of his\\napproval of what seemed obnoxious to all others, we\\nat once named it Mule Lake.\\nBeing unable to use, in a raw state, the water refused\\nby the horses, we boiled it, and made a kettle of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0341.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "334 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nrather insipid coffee, which in a measure appeased\\nthirst, and afforded us slight refreshment.\\nA careful exploration of the region adjacent to\\nCamp Munsell made it clear that living water could\\nnot be found in that immediate vicinity; and had we\\nnot already made considerable preparation for the\\nnight, we should have moved forward in the hope of\\nfinding a more desirable location.\\nAll were astir at sunrise on the following morning,\\nand had breakfast soon after. It being Sunday, I\\nhad originally intended to remain in camp the entire\\nday, and resume march on the morning of the twenty-\\nfourth; but owing to the want of good water, all\\nvoted to strike tents, and move on without delay.\\nThe event of this day s tramp was the shooting of\\na large black bear, early in the forenoon, by Whitney\\nand Delezene, who, at the time of catching their first\\nglimpse of bruin, were about a hundred yards in\\nadvance of the column. Being armed with rifles,\\nboth fired at the same instant, but their shots were\\nnot immediately fatal, and the bear made good his\\nescape, leaving a trail of blood behind to indicate his\\nline of retreat. Several members of the party joined\\nWhitney and Delezene in pursuit of the wounded\\nanimal; but wishing to establish our evening encamp-\\ni^ent on Schoolcraft Island, there was no time to lose,\\nand I therefore recalled the hunters and pushed on\\ntoward Lake Itasca.\\nOn returning from the hunt, we were not a little\\namused by an incident doubtless quite in keeping\\nwith the reportorial profession. Arriving upon the\\nground from which the shots had been fired but a few\\nmoments before, the correspondent of the Boston\\nHerald seated himself on a log, deliberately pulled", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0342.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "DO\\n33\\nC\\nH\\n03\\n(335)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0343.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "336 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nhis note-book and pencil from a side-pocket, and pro-\\nceeded to interview his companions; inquired the\\ntime bruin was first seen, his size and appearance,\\nthe precise moment that fire was opened on him, and\\nthe direction he had taken after being wounded;\\nthen, putting his note-book back in his pocket, he\\narose with becoming dignity, and wiping the perspi-\\nration from his brow, threw his rifie over his shoul-\\nder, and, apparently ready for action, said, ^^Gen-\\ntlemen, my article for the Herald is ready; now bring\\non your bear! It occurred to us that if bears could\\nselect their hunters, there would be a very large\\npremium on reporters and correspondents of leading\\ndailies, when fully provided with note-books, sketch-\\nbooks, and all other paraphernalia known to knights\\nof the quill; for, while the representative of the news-\\npaper was perfecting his notes, bruin could readily\\nbetake himself to safer and more peaceful quarters\\nbeyond the reach of the enemy.\\nOur course was still northwesterly, and the interest\\nin the region traversed increased as we approached\\nthe Height of Land, usually described as the water-\\nshed, and which separates the great river systems of\\nNorth America.\\nThe prevailing growth observed at this stage of our\\njourney was thick bramble, pine, spruce, white cedar,\\nand tamarack. The hills were found to be higher\\nand more rugged as we advanced, while we experi-\\nenced much difficulty in penetrating the dense under-\\ngrowth of the valleys. The trail often plunged into\\nmarshy and matted thickets, which required all the\\nstrength we could muster to press through; then rose\\nto an elevation covered with cedar or jack-pines, and\\nanon dropped into a swamp, strewn with fallen trees", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0344.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "THROUGH THE WILDEKNESS. 337\\ncovered with moss, from which it again led to the\\nsummit of a sand-hill, steeper and higher than the one\\nthat preceded it; and so on, ad infinitum, until the goal\\nof the expedition was reached.\\nNotwithstanding some of the disagreeable features\\nenumerated, that portion of Minnesota lying at, and\\nin the immediate vicinity of, the Headwaters is, and\\nwill always be, a region of much interest to the stu-\\ndent and tourist who has the hardihood to climb the\\nhills and wade through the marshes that conceal the\\nmysterious Fount of the Great River.\\nIt may be further observed that this particular sec-\\ntion of Minnesota is likely to remain in a wild state\\nfor many years to come, as the soil is hardly worth\\ntilling and the timber at present inaccessible. The\\nsurface is cut up by glacial ridges which leave many\\ndepressions, of from a few hundred feet to many miles\\nin extent, mostly without outlet. The basins thus\\nformed by these elevations and depressions hold the\\nmyriad lakes for which this region is celebrated.\\nWhen within a short distance of Lake Itasca, the\\nguide drew my attention to the claim cabin of an\\nenterprising pioneer, who had, a year or two previous,\\nbuilt a log house, and attempted to hold the pine\\nland, which is allowed in case certain requirements\\nof the State are complied with. Disappointed in his\\nestimate of soon having neighbors, and unwilling to\\nremain longer in his isolated position, the settler\\nabandoned his claim and returned to the haunts of\\ncivilization, heartily glad to be rid of his enterprise\\nin the wilderness.\\nContinuing our journey, the trail led us along the\\nshore of a small lake having a length of about a half\\nmile and a width of between two and three hundred\\n22", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0345.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "338 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nyards. It is nearly a mile to the south of the south-\\neast arm of Lake Itasca, into which it falls through a\\nEwift brook with a sandy and pebbly bed. This\\npretty little lake was seen during my former visit and\\nchristened Gamble, after W. H. Gamble, a leading\\ngeographer of Philadelphia. The stream connecting\\nit with Itasca was named Bear Creek, from the cir\\ncumstance of our adventure referred to in a previous\\nparagraph.\\nA little farther on, we came to the last of the series\\nof ridges which we had been successively climbing^\\nsince we struck tents in the morning. From th\\nsummit of this elevation we had a very good view of\\nLake Itasca, which was seen from the crest of the\\npine-covered bluff overlooking the southeastern arm\\nof the lake. Here we bivouacked, and drank our cof-\\nfee on the very spot from which I had my first glimjDsa\\nof Itasca in 1881. I may further observe that School-\\ncraft, also, first looked upon this lake from the same-\\npoint in 1832, and Nicollet in 1836.\\nWe had now reached the terminus of our convey-\\nance on wheels, and, having lunched, the wagons\\nwere unloaded, and the canoes and baggage carried\\ndown to the lake. It being the intention to camp for\\nthe night on Schoolcraft Island, we embarked with-\\nout delay, and an hour later were pitching our tents\\non the northeast side of the island, on the ground\\nselected by my faithful guide, Chenowagesic, for the-\\nencampment of my First Expedition ten years before.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0346.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nHEADWATEKS OF THE MISSISSIPPI.\\nFTER an early breakfast at Camp Shure\\non the morning of the twenty-fourth,\\ntents were* struck, and an hour later\\nwe were in our canoes, paddling up the\\nsouthwestern arm of Lake Itasca, it\\nbeing the intention to establish a per-\\nmanent camp and base of operations on\\nthe south side of the elevation of land\\nwhich separates that arm of Itasca from\\nthe beautiful sheet of water, now generally recognized\\nas the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nAs we approached the southern end of the lake,\\nmy companions seemed more than usually interested,\\nand, resting on our paddles, we paused a few moments\\nto scan its shores. To me the scene was quite famil-\\niar, but to them it was new and strange and full of\\nmaterial for future investigation; for it was this por-\\ntion of Itasca, together with the fine lake beyond,\\nand their respective feeders, which had occupied the\\nattention of geographers for more than ten years.\\nEntering on our right is a trickling rivulet having\\nno well-defined course, and of little consequence.\\nDirectly in front is a small stream usually denomi-\\nnated Nicollet Creek the outlet of ponds situated in\\nmarshes to the southward. This creek and the insig-\\nnificant ponds in which it originates were seen and\\nentered by Nicollet in 1836, Julius Chambers in 1872,\\n(339)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0347.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CO\\nCO\\nCO\\ncc\\nCO\\nu\\ns\\nN\\n1 1 1\\nre\\n_l\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\no\\nU-\\nCD\\no\\nCO\\nrr-\\nUJ\\nJ\\n_i\\n5:\\n5\\nC3\\n(:340)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0348.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 341\\nand again, by my party, in 1881; and have since been\\nvisited, christened, and re-christened so many times,\\nby two or three enterprising parties from Saint Paul,\\nthat it is now extremely doubtful if the people of\\nMinnesota, or elsewhere, have any definite idea of\\ntheir claim to serious consideration.\\nIt is perhaps sufficient to add, that a certain repre-\\nsentative of the Minnesota Historical Society, who\\nhas wasted much effort in his attempt to disprove my\\nposition, has moved up the valley of this stream, and,\\nutterly ignoring the time-honored practice of geog-\\nrajohers, has presumed to name, successively, bogs and\\nponds as important feeders of the Mississippi, until\\nhe has reached the limit of running water; then,\\nscaling sand-hills, has imagined subterranean connec-\\ntion with isolated dead lakes which he has exalted to\\nthe dignity of Fountain-head of the Great River.\\nHis ridiculous pretensions having finally been disposed\\nof in this quarter, he springs a coup-de-main upon\\nhis unsuspecting followers, and announces to his\\nselect class of scientists at Saint Paul, that ^^all\\nour rivers have their sources in the cloud s.^ It hav-\\ning been the purpose of my party to confine its obser-\\nvations to terra-firma, we surrendered the department\\nof the clouds to the individual above referred to,\\nand decided to ascend Nicollet Creek with compass\\nand chain as soon as practicable.\\nResuming our observations, I may explain that we\\nare still in our canoes, looking southward. On our\\nright the west shore of Itasca is fringed with pine,\\nwhile in our front its southern end and the eastern\\nshore on our left are covered with tamarack, except-\\ning an open space at the summit of a hill near the\\nsouthern extremity of the lake. The Hauteur de", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0349.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "342 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nTerre range of hills, whicli constitutes the Height of\\nLand, may be clearly seen in the distance, and\\nbetween these hills and the knoll there is a peculiar\\nlight which indicates to the practiced eye of the\\nwoodsman that there is a large body of water beyond.\\nNo portion of Itasca presents so many features of\\nstriking interest as this, and were it not that impera-\\ntive duties urged us forward to other fields of equal\\nand even greater interest, we would gladly have\\nlingered longer where there was so much to excite\\nour admiration.\\nPassing from the scene which had held our atten-\\ntion for nearly half an hour, I carefully scanned the\\neastern shore for the mouth of the Infant Mississippi,\\nthe view being obstructed now, as in 1881, by a rank\\ngrowth of weeds, rushes, and wild rice. Fixing my\\neyes upon a small pine, which marks the precise\\npoint of entrance, we turned t*lie canoes and pushed\\nthem through the dense vegetation out into the clear\\nwaters of the inlet. I was now in my old tracks,\\nascending the stream which leads to the lake that has\\nbeen for more than a decade the central figure in geo-\\ngraphical discussion in this country.\\nWe continued to move up the stream in our canoes\\nuntil stopped by fallen trees; then, disembarking, we\\nhastened forward on foot to the crest of the hill\\nwhich overlooks the Source of the Mississippi and its\\noutlet. Here we halted a few moments to survey the\\nscene before us and to reflect upon the history of\\nexploration in this quarter. Much has been said and\\nwritten, since my earlier visit, tending to throw dis-\\ncredit upon my announcement of that date, and yet\\nI honestly believe, and feel confident that I shall be\\nable to maintain, that this beautiful body of water.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0350.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "(343)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0351.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "344 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nthe Po-keg-a-ma of the Chippewas re-named Lahe\\nGlazier by the companions of my First Expedition\\nis the Primal Reservoir; that it was not so considered\\nprior to my exploration of 1881, and that we were\\nthe first to correctly locate its feeders and establish\\nits true relation to Lake Itasca and the Great River,\\nIt has been said, by some writers, that Schoolcraft\\nsaw this lake in 1832 and Nicollet in 1836. As to\\nthe former, it may be observed that there is not a line\\nin the narrative of his explorations to indicate that\\nhe was south of the ishmd which bears his name. On\\nthe contrary, he plainly states that he reached the\\nupper end of the southeastern arm of Lake Itasca\\nabout one o clock in the afternoon of July tenth,\\n1832, floated down to the island, had dinner, made a\\nfew observations, and having an appointment to meet\\nIndians at the mouth of Crow Wing Rivera few days\\nlater, passed out of the lake and immediately began\\nthe descent of the Mississippi, reaching a point twenty-\\nfive miles below the outlet of Itasca in season for his\\nevening encampment. An examination of his map\\nwill convince any unprejudiced mind that he could\\nnot have coasted this lake for its feeders; nor could\\nhe even have ascended its southwestern arm. Were\\nhis map faithful to nature, it is certainly not the result\\nof personal observation, as I venture to assert that\\nfew men could do more within the time allotted by\\nMr. Schoolcraft for his investigations than he himself\\naccomplished. To resume, therefore, and taking his\\nown account as the most reliable authority which can\\nbe cited, he was less than three hours within the lim-\\nits of the Itascan Basin. Much of the knowledge\\nwhich he possessed of Lake Itasca and its environs\\nmust have been obtained from his Indian guide\\nOzawindib.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0352.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 345\u00c2\u00ab\\nI here introduce a few quotations from Sclioolcraft,\\nin support of my position that he omitted to explore\\nLake Itasca; and give in his own language his rea-\\nsons for not doing so. It will readily be seen by tha\\nfollowing extract from his ^Narrative of the Expedi-\\ntion/ page 235j, Sources of the Mississippi Lip-\\npincott^ 1855 that his engagement to meet Indians\\nat a date previously agreed upon, precluded the i^ossi-\\nbility of his making anything more than a very lim-\\nited investigation. He says:\\nBesides, I had agreed to meet the Indians at tlie moiitli of\\nthe Crow Wing River on the twenty-fourth of July, and tliat\\nengagement must be fulfilled.\\nAgain, on the ensuing day, at the time of his-\\narrival at Lake Itasca, he remarks, on page 242\\nAfter passing down its longest arm we landed at an island\\nwhich appeared to be the only one in the lake. I immediately\\nhad my tent pitched, and, while the cook exerted his skill to\\nprepare a meal, scrutinized its shores for Crustacea, while\\nDr. Houghton sought to identify its plants. While here, the\\nlatter recognized the mycrostylis opMoglossoide^ physalis lan-\\nceolata, silene antirrhina, and viola pedata.\\nFurther, as a proof that it was utterly impossible\\nfor Schoolcraft to have explored Itasca between the\\ntime of his arrival on its shores and his going inta\\ncamp on the afternoon of the same day, on the Mis-\\nsissippi, twenty-five miles below the outlet of the\\nlake, I submit the following, from the same and a\\nsucceeding chapter, which shows very conclusively\\nthat his time on the island was fully taken up Avith\\nastronomical observations, the coining of a name for\\nthe newly discovered lake, geological investigations,\\nraising the flag, and other ceremonies in connection\\ntherewith, and the composition of a commemorative\\npoem. Referring to his observations and the naming\\nof the lake, he tells us that:", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0353.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "346 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nThe latitude of this lake is 47 13 35 The highest\\ngrounds passed over by us in our transit from the Assowa\\nLake lie at an elevation of 1,695 feet. The view given of the\\nscene in the first volume of my Ethnological Researches, page\\n140, is taken from a point north of the island, looking into\\nthe vista of the south arm of the lake; I inquired of Ozawin-\\ndib the Indian name of this lake; he replied, Omushkos,\\nwhich is the Chippewa name of the elk. Having previously\\ngot an inkling of some of their mythological and necromantic\\nnotions of the origin and mutations of the country which per-\\nmitted the use of a female name for it, I denominated it Itasca.\\nAssuming that Schoolcraft was three hours at^ and\\nin the vicinity of, Itasca, and allowing an hour for\\nthe descent of its southeastern arm to the island,\\nand another hour for passing out of the lake after\\nhis investigations were completed, it will be seen that\\nnot over one hour, at most, could have been spent in\\nother employments, and that hour was fully occupied\\nin pitching and striking tents, in a study of the hot-\\n^ny, arborology, and mineralogy of the island and\\nthe finding of its latitude, together with the produc-\\ntion of his expressive Stanzas on Reaching the\\nSource of the Mississippi, which alone would have\\ntaxed the wits and inspiration of many explorers a\\nweek instead of the fraction of an hour.\\nProceeding with his examinations at the island,\\nMr. Schoolcraft observes, on page 246\\nOn scrutinizing the shores of the island on which I had\\nencamped, innumerable helices, and other small univalves,\\nwere found; among these I observed a new species, which Mr.\\nCooper has described as j^lctnoj-bis campanulatus. There were\\nbones of certain species of fish, as well as the bucklers of one\\nor two kinds of tortoise, scattered around the sites of old Indian\\ncamp-fires, denoting so many points of its natural history.\\nAmidst the forest trees before named, the betula iiapyracece,\\nand spruce were observed. Directing one of the latter to be\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acut down and prepared as a flagstaff, I caused the United States\\nflag to be hoisted on it. This symbol was left flying at our\\ndeparture. Ozawindib, who at once comprehended the\\nmeaning of this ceremony, with his companions fired a salute\\nas it reached its elevation.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0354.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 347\\nConcluding his scientific investigations^ School-\\ncraft devoted the remainder of his exceedingly brief\\nvisit to the island in evolving the poem to which pre-\\nvious allusion has been made. It is, perhaps,, not\\ntoo much to add that few writers have been favored\\nwith so happy a theme, or have written under more\\nromantic circumstances, and whatever its poetic\\nmerit, I feel very confident that it will at least con-\\nvince the reader that if its author did not see the\\nTrue Head of the Great Eiver, he was certainly not\\nidle during his sojourn of an hour on Schoolcraft\\nIsland.\\nI present, without apology, Mr. Schoolcraft^s beau-\\ntiful poem as a part of the record of his visit to Lake\\nItasca\\nSTANZAS OK REACHIITG THE SOUECE OF THE MIS-\\nSISSIPPI RIVER Ilf 1832.\\nI.\\nHa! truant of Western waters! Thou who hast\\nSo long concealed thy very sources, flitting shy\\nNow here, now there through spreading mazes vast,\\nThou art, at length, discovered to the eye\\nIn crystal springs that run, like silver thread.\\nFrom out their sandy heights, and glittering lie\\nWithin a beauteous basin, fair outspread,\\nHesperian woodlands of the western sky,\\nAs if, in Indian myths, a truth there could be read,\\nAnd these were tears, indeed, by fair Itasca shed.\\nII.\\nTo bear the sword, on prancing steed arrayed;\\nTo lift the voice admiring senates own;\\nTo tune the lyre enraptured muses played\\nOr pierce the starry heavens, the blue unknown,\\nThese were the aims of many sons of fame,\\nWho shook the world with glory s golden song.\\nI sought a moral meed of less acclaim,\\nIn treading lands remote, nnd mazes long;\\nAnd while around aerial voices ring,\\nI quaff the limpid cup at Mississippi s spring.\\nH. R. S.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0355.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "348 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nHis examinations completed and his poem finished,\\nwe follow Schoolcraft to his evening encampment on\\nthe Mississip23i, twenty-five miles below the outlet of\\nItasca. Continuing his narrative, he writes, on page\\n246:\\nHaving made the necessary examinations, I directed my\\ntent to be struck, and the canoes put into the water, and imme-\\ndiately embarked. The outlet lies north of the island. Before\\nreaching it we had lost sight of the flagstaff, owing to the\\ncurvature of the shore. Unexpectedly, the outlet proved quite a\\nbrisk brook, with a mean width of ten feet, and one foot in\\ndepth. The water is as clear as crystal, and w^e at once found\\nourselves gliding along, over a sandy and pebbly bottom,\\nstrewed with the scattered valves or shells, at a brisk rate.\\nAfter descending some twenty-five miles, we encamped on a\\nhigh sandy bluff on the left hand.\\nWhen it is considered that the foregoing quotations\\nare taken from the record of a single day, and that\\nalmost the entire forenoon was occupied in making a\\nportage between the east and west forks of the Mis-\\nsissippi, and that, in addition to passing through a\\nportion of Lake Itasca, he descended the river twenty-\\nfive miles, it is as clear as the noonday sun that he\\ncould not have had more than an hour at his disposal\\non the island, and during his passage through the lake;\\nand the assumption of a few critics that he must have\\nseen the lake to the south of Itasca is not within the\\nbounds of reason. It is, therefore, to be conclusively\\ninferred that Schoolcraft saw Lake Itasca, accepted\\nit as the Source of the Mississi23pi j^^^bably on the\\nauthority of his Indian guide passed out of the lake\\nand descended the river. Hence, it was impossible\\nthat he could have coasted Itasca, or given any atten-\\ntion to its affluents, and, in support of this view,\\nI find that he makes no claim to having done so in\\nthe narrative of his expedition.\\nDid Nicollet see the Source of the Mississippi? If", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0356.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "jsr.\\nA\\nII\\nLAKE ITASCA\\nSCHOOLCRAFT, 1832.\\n47\u00c2\u00b030\\n/Lake Oauas\\nLAKE ITASCA\\nAND VICINITY.\\nTbom Nicollet s Map, now deposited in the\\nGenekalLand Office, Washington, D. C.\\nScale 20 miles to at inch.\\nBANC, MC NALLY St CO.\\nMAPS OF SCHOOLCRAFT AND NICOLLET\\n(349)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0357.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "350 DISCOYERY OF THE TRUE SQURCE.\\nso^ he does not describe the lake which more recent\\ninvestigation has located as the Origin of the river.\\nThere is nothing on his map, to the southeast of Itasca,\\nwhich resembles the delineations of later explorers,\\nexcept the creek which enters the extreme southern\\nend of the southwest arm of the lake, and the small\\nponds which are expansions of the stream. He doubt-\\nless coasted Itasca in his canoe, and as the mouth of\\nthis tributary is open and clear of obstructions, he\\nreadily entered and ascended it. No recent explorer\\nwill think it strange that he did not see the more im-\\nportant stream proceeding from the large lake to the\\nsoutheastward, wdien we reflect that its inlet into Itasca\\nis obstructed by reeds and rushes, and completely\\nhidden from view. Had Schoolcraft and Nicollet\\nascended this stream, and looked upon this highly\\npicturesque, lake, they would doubtless have given it\\nits true character in the record of their explorations.\\nWas Julius Chambers at the real Source of the\\nGreat Kiver in 1872? No! unless we are to disbelieve\\nhis published statements. After an examination of\\nhis map, and reading with much care everything\\nrelating to the subject, I fail to find confirmation of\\nthe theory that has been advanced by one or two\\nopponents, that he must have seen, in that year, the\\nlake which I describe as the Primal Reservoir. The\\nsubjoined extract from the narrative of Mr. Chambers,\\nin the New York Herald of July sixth, 1872, proves\\nconclusively that he did not visit the Head of the\\nriver, or any of its feeders; on the contrary, it is very\\nevident that he paddled his canoe, Dolly Varden,^\\nup Nicollet Creek to its first pond, which he clearly\\ndescribes in the following language:\\nHere, then, is the source of the longest river in the world;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0358.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 351\\nin a small lake, scarcely a quarter of a mile in diameter, in the\\nmidst of a floating bog, the fountains which give birth to the\\nMississippi.\\nBefore concluding with Mr. Chambers, let me ask:\\nIs there one, among the many who are to-day familiar\\nwith the nomenclature and characteristics of tliis\\nregion, who will so far stultify himself, and mislead\\nothers, as to assert that the foregoing quotation refers\\nto the True Head of the Mississippi an expanse of\\nwater nearly two miles in diameter, having a circum-\\nference of between five and six miles, and an area of\\n255 acres, presenting high and wooded shores, and\\nwith no swamps or floating bogs^ in its vicinity?\\nWhat was accomplished by the Government survey\\nof 1875 in the direction of throwing light upon the\\nvexed question? Very little, beyond showing the area\\nand relative proportions of the two lakes under dis-\\ncussion. It was not within its province to trace\\nstreams to their sources, to determine heights and\\nlevels, or meander lakes of less than forty acres in\\nextent. Hopewell Clarke, a contemporary, and a\\nsurveyor by profession, who did me the honor to\\ninvestigate and report upon my explorations of 1881,\\ncomments thus upon the survey in question:\\nA singular mistake, however, on the Government plat is\\neasily accounted for. The course of the stream from lake H,\\nuutil it crosses the south line of Section 22, is substantially\\ncorrect as laid down on the Government map; but when they\\nran the line between Sections 21 and 22, this stream was not\\ncrossed again, and they naturally supposed it ran due north\\nthrough the western edge of Section 22, and that the stream\\nflowing out of Section 21 into 22 was a branch running into\\nthe main stream; whereas, this is the main stream, which, pass-\\ning westward under their feet into Section 21 by an outlet\\nwhich they they did not see, because it was underground,\\ntakes its course through the eastern part of Section 21, and\\ncrosses into Section 22 again at the point where the Govern-\\nment surve3^ors had indicated a feeder to the main stieam.\\nThe two small lakes, C and D, on Section 22, and the two, A and", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0359.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "352 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nB, on Section 21, would not be crossed by a section line; bence,\\nthey were not indicated by the surveyors. At a point where\\nthe section line, between Sections 21 and 28, crosses the branch\\nof the spring flowing out of Section 28, the course of the\\nstream is through a boggy swamp, and it would hardly be\\nnoticed as the stream, without going a considerable distance\\nnorth or south of the section line hence, it is not shown on the\\nGovernment maps, but in place of it, is shown a marsh.\\nIt will be seen by the foregoing that Mr. Clarke\\nhad excellent reasons for excusing the inaccuracies of\\nthe survey, when, as he informs us in this connection:\\nTheir business was to establish sectional corners; blaze lines\\niDetween the sections; note all lakes intercepted by the section\\nlines; meander all lakes of more than forty acres in extent;\\nnote streams crossed, and indicate their apparent direction.\\nErrors will creep into their work, but when we take into consid-\\neration the difficulties they bad to contend with, it is not to be\\nwondered at.\\nI quite agree with Mr. Clarke that the mistakes\\ncommitted by the survey are not to be wondered at,\\nand can readily understand their excuse for omitting\\nto show on their map a most important feeder of the\\nTrue Source. Had they traced its affluents to the\\nsprings at the foot of the sand-hills, they would have\\ndiscovered, in 1875, what I learned, in 1881; that,\\ninstead of being a mere feeder of Itasca, the large lake\\nbeyond it is the Fountain-head of the Mississippi.\\nWith the exclusively topographical survey, under\\nEdwin S. Hall and his assistants, began and ended\\nall investigation of an authentic character at the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi, up to 1881. Just what\\nthis survey really developed has been presented in pre-\\nceding paragraphs. After an interval of ten years, I\\nreturned, with the largest body of explorers and sur-\\nveyors that had ever stood on this ground, to examine\\nmy former work, and to submit my claim to impartial\\nconsideration.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0360.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "m\\n3D\\n23\\n(353;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0361.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nJOURNAL OF THE EXPEDITIO]!^.\\nAVINGr reviewed the explorations of\\nthose who preceded my earlier visit,\\nand briefly alluded to recent investiga-\\ntion, I now present in detail, from our\\ndaily field notes, the observations of\\nmy Second Expedition.\\nPreliminary to the exploratory work\\nof the following seven days, I may\\nex2: lain that our tents were pitched,\\nand a permanent headquarters established on the south\\nside of the ridge, or elevated land, which separates\\nItasca from the lake beyond, near the outlet of the\\nlatter. This rendezvous we named Camp Trost, in\\ncompliment to our photographer. For convenience,\\nthe beautiful sheet of water in our front will be\\nreferred to in future pages as Lake Glazier.\\nCamp Trost, August 25, 1891. Messrs. Trost and\\nShure were up at five o clock, and otf in a canoe with\\ntheir trolling-hooks, on Lake Glazier, in quest of fish.\\nTheir etforts were rewarded with a fine mess of bass,\\npike, perch, and pickerel, which were caught in\\nseason for an early breakfast.\\nAt seven o clock, a detail was made to accompany\\nSurveyors Horton and Keay in an examination of\\nNicollet Creek. It was decided that Messrs. Cobb,\\nCrane, Cutting, Whitney, and myself should form\\n(354)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0362.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "o\\nI\\nH\\nr\\nr\\nH\\no\\nc\\nX)\\nm\\nz\\no\\nm\\nz\\nH\\n(355)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0363.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "356 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nthis committee of investigation; and that the length,\\nwidth, depth, and velocity of current of this stream\\nshould be ascertained by careful measurement.\\nLaunching our canoes on Itasca, we were soon at the\\nextremity of the southwest arm of the lake, and a\\nmoment later at the mouth of the creek. This we\\nfound, by the aid of the chain, to be ten feet wide and\\ntwo and a half feet deep. We then ascended this\\nfeeder to a small pond, or, more correctly, a floating\\nbog. The area of the pond, or bog, was found to be\\nless than three acres; and the only water exposed to\\nview was nearly filled with lily-pads. Continuing up\\nthe creek, we came to a second pond, somewhat larger\\nthan the first, and, a few yards farther on, to the\\norigin of the stream, in a spring at the foot of a sand\\nhill. Our measurement enabled us to determine that\\nthe distance of the spring from Lake Itasca is 7,307\\nfeet, or only a mile and three-eighths.\\nBefore returning to camp, I may explain that this\\nis the creek which Nicollet ascended in 1836, and\\nroughly estimated to be from two to three miles in\\nlength; and which Hopewell Clarke, in 188G, reduced\\nto two miles. A still more recent visitor, clothed\\nwith a little brief authority, under the State\\nGovernment, has such an unaccountable penchant for\\nexaggeration, that, in his report to the Governor of\\nMinnesota, he calls this creek a river, and elevates its\\ninsignificant ponds to the dignity of lakes. It may\\nbe observed that our careful measurement of the\\nstream by chain shows its length to be only one\\nmile and three-eighths.\\nIf we pause to consider the difficulties encountered by\\nNicollet, while wading through a tamarack marsh, we\\ncan easily believe that this is the stream he describes", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0364.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "From Photograph by F. J. Trost.\\nEAGLE S NEST.\\nWestern Shore of Lake Glazier.\\n(357)", "height": "3587", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0365.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "358 DISCOVERT OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nas two or three miles in length; but there is no\\nexcuse, at the present clay, for any exaggeration on\\nthe part of my successors, who allege that they car-\\nried instruments, and whose unworthy motive for\\nmisrepresentation is clearly seen to be a predetermi-\\nnation to misplace me, and by so doing mislead\\ngeographers and the public.\\nConcluding our investigations at the head of Nicol-\\nlet Creek, we returned to the encampment, and later\\nin the day I coasted Lake Glazier. Messrs. Cobb and\\nCutting accompanied me, and seemed greatly sur-\\nprised and pleased with the size and appearance of\\nthe lake.\\nCamp Trost, August 26, 1891. All hands were\\nastir at six o clock. Most of the party complained\\nof being cold during the night, although each had a\\ncovering of from two to three heavy woolen blankets.\\nThe forenoon was devoted to the work of coasting\\nLake Itasca for its feeders. The committee appointed\\nfor this purpose reported on their return that they\\nhad found the outlets of six small streams two of\\nthem with well-defined mouths, and four filtering\\ninto the lake through bogs. The stream leading to\\nLake Glazier, properly designated as the ^Infant Mis-\\nsissippi, and the one leading up the Nicollet Valley,\\nto both of which allusion has already been made, are\\nthe only affluents of Lake Itasca worthy of any con-\\nsideration; the other four being insignificant rivu-\\nlets, rising at very short distances from the lake, and\\nhaving no definite course.\\nIn the afternoon, I again coasted Lake Glazier,\\naccompanied by my daughter, Trost, and Shure.\\nStarting on the right of the outlet, we passed en-\\ntirely around the lake, a distance of between five", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0366.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "(359)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0367.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "360 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nand six niiles^ halting at the mouths of Eagle^, Ex-\\ncelsior^ and Deer creeks, its principal affluents.\\nAlice made a sketch of theBagle s JVestj which was\\nplainly seen in the branches of a tall pine near the\\nmouth of Eagle Creek. This same nest had been\\nobserved during my previous visit, ten years before,\\nand I was then informed by Chenowagesic that he\\nhad seen it there for the past thirty years. It was\\nthe circumstance of seeing this nest, and several\\neagles in its vicinity, that led me to name the stream\\nwhich enters this side of the lake. Eagle Creek.\\nOn reaching the mouth of Excelsior Creek, at the\\nsouthern end of the lake, we disembarked, and\\nwalked u|) the western bank of this tributary to th?\\ncrest of a hill. On returning to our canoe, Mr. Trost\\nphotographed tlie Eagle s ISTest from the mouth of\\nthe creek, and also produced a picture of the jutting\\nheadland, nsimed Harriet Promontory with its mantle\\nof foliage. On this spot my party of 1881 had landed,\\nand talked over the results of our expedition of that\\nyear. To revert to Excelsior Creek, I may observe\\nthat it was so named for the reason that it is the\\nlongest, and, in its origin, the highest stream that pays\\ntribute to the Primal Reservoir of the Great Eiver.\\nLeaving Harriet Promontory, we continued our\\ncourse along the southern shore to tlie mouth of\\nanother tributary, where we again landed, and walked\\nalong the white sand beach, which is a peculiar and\\nstriking feature of this locality. Our attention was\\narrested by the great number of deer and moose tracks\\nindenting the sandy shore. A similar incident during\\nmy previous visit led me to give to the stream falling\\ninto the lake at this point the name of Deer Creek.\\nOn our way back to camp, the quick ear of Mr.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0368.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "o\\nc\\nQ\\nI\\nH\\nm\\no\\nr\\nN\\nm\\n33\\n(361)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0369.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "362 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nShure caught tlie sound of falling water on the east-\\nern shore. Upon examination^ a stream was found\\nissuing from a mammoth fountain on the side of a\\nsteep hill, about forty feet above. A current of\\ngreat Telocity rushed down the hillside, and, meeting\\nbroken ground in its descent, formed a cascade mid-\\nway between its source and the lake. The water was\\nlargely impregnated with iron. This spring was\\nchristened Shure, and the cascade was named\\nFlorence, after his wife.\\nDuring our circuit of the lake, my daughter had\\nher trolling-hook over the stern of the canoe, and\\ncaptured a pike, a perch, a rock bass, and twelve\\npickerel, one of the latter weighing nearly fifteen\\npounds.\\nIt may here be observed that the Primal Reservoir\\nof the Mississippi is nearly an oval in shape, its great-\\nest diameter being a fraction less than two miles. Its\\narea is 255 acres, and the average depth, forty-five\\nfeet. The water is exceedingly clear, revealing, in\\nthe shallower parts, a pebbly bed. Its high and\\nthickly wooded shores are extremely picturesque, the\\nregularity and uniformity of the trees and their lux-\\nuriant foliage giving the scene the resemblance to an\\nextensive park improved by art, rather than a wild\\nproduct of nature. The jDine, spruce, tamarack, and\\nseveral varieties of hardwood, including oak, beech,\\nbirch, and maple, were observed from our canoe,\\ngracefully bending their crests to the passing breeze.\\nCamp Trost, August 27, 1891. Called the party\\ntogether after breakfast, and formed committees of\\ninvestigation for the day. Messrs. Crane, Trost,\\nKea}^ Shure, Munsell, Harrison, Knowlton, and\\nmyself, it was arranged, should proceed forthwith", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0370.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "(363)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0371.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "364 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nto the lake, to which a recent pretentious explorer\\nhad applied the name, Hernando de Soto/ claim-\\ning it to be the source of the Mississippi, while he\\nadmits, at the same time, I believe, that it has no sur-\\nface connection with Lake Itasca or that river. With\\nthis admission, we hardly recognized the utility of\\nmaking any investigation in this direction, but, being-\\ndetermined to examine everything that has occupied\\nthe attention of geographers and the public, with the\\nutmost care, we imposed upon ourselves a duty which,\\nin the light of former and recent investigation, was\\nfelt to be somewhat superfluous and unnecessary. I\\ncan not admit that, in a search for the source of a\\nriver, there can be any good reason for passing the\\nlimit of running water. We, however, set apart this\\ndav for the examination of Lake Hernando de\\nSoto. On our way up, Trost photographed the bog,\\npond, and spring in Nicollet Valley. We reached\\nHernando at three o clock in the afternoon, and\\nfound, as I had anticipated, that its character and\\ndimensions had been greatly overdrawn. That it has\\nno visible connection with Lake Itasca or the Mis-\\nsissippi Avas the verdict of our entire party; in fact, it\\nis an insignificant dead lake, like others in its vicinity.\\nIt has no inlet or outlet that we could discover, and if\\nit has an underground communication with any other\\nbody of water, it is more likely to discharge itself into\\nLake Glazier than Lake Itasca. All returned to\\ncamp disgusted with the loss of a day, uselessly spent\\nin tramping through bogs and over sand hills in pur-\\nsuit of an imaginary source of the Great Eiver.\\nHowever it may appear to some, to me, at least, it\\nseems an insult to the memory of the illustrious De\\nSoto to apply his name to anything so unimportant", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0372.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "(365;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0373.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "366 DISCOYERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nas an isolated dead lake, having no surface connec-\\ntion with the Great River, with which he will be\\neternally associated. I, therefore, respectfully sug-\\ngest to the Minnesota Historical Society that the\\nname of the renowned Spaniard be withdrawn, and\\nthat of the pseudo discoverer of this lake be con-\\nferred upon it. Let Hernando de Soto be insepara-\\nbly connected with lakes and streams that pay living\\ntribute to the majestic river which will be forever a\\nmonument to his fame, rather than consign it to the\\noblivion of a dead lake.\\nOn our way out to Hernando,^^ a pleasing incident\\noccurred. We had not proceeded far from camp when\\nour ears were suddenly startled by a prolonged shout\\nor ^*^call-whoop,^^ which echoed through the silent\\nwoods from some one at a distance. We, of course,\\nanswered in the language of the forest. Soon a\\ncrashing of the underbrush revealed to us an Indian,\\nwho approached me with an exj^ression of pleasure\\non his bronze countenance, and I at once recognized\\nin our sturdy visitor my old interpreter of 1881\\nMoses Lagard. Upon receiving a cordial greeting,\\nhe explained his presence by telling us that he had\\nheard through the missionary at Leech Lake his\\nhome, nearly one hundred miles away of our expe-\\ndition, and at once resolved to find us. With a small\\nwallet of food and some matches he had started\\nforthwith on his long tramp, which occupied him\\nseveral days. When night overtook him, he had lain\\ndown in the forest and slept as only an Indian can\\nsleep, with no roof over him but the sky, and no\\nother covering than the clothes he wore. He said he\\nfully believed he would find his old employer wher-\\never he might be in that region. Need I say that I", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0374.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "OUTLET OF LAKE GLAZIER.\\n(367)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0375.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "368 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nwas more than glad to see him again, and gratified\\nby his loyalty and devotion? The distance he had\\ntraveled was little less than a hnndred miles, but\\nfatigue was unknown to him. I introduced him to\\nmy companions, and engaged him to remain with us\\nuntil our return to Park Ea^jids. He was useful to\\nus in many ways, although we had no need of an\\ninterpreter; and, around the camp-fire at night, his\\ntales of adventure and translations of English words\\ninto Chippewa were very entertaining to his audi-\\nence. I will only add that he was faithful in all\\nthings, and always on the alert to serve us to the best\\nof his ability.\\nIt may be here observed that before our start in\\nthe morning, Snrveyor Horton and Mr. Whitney were\\ndetached with instructions to chain and report upon\\nthe length of Excelsior Creek; also its width, dej^th,\\nand velocity at three tlifferent points. They found\\nits length to be 8,778 feet; its width at the mouth,\\nseven feet; its depth, two and a half feet. About\\nmidway between its mouth and the spring in which\\nit originates, the width was reported at three feet\\nand its depth six inches. The following is the result\\nof careful measurement:\\nFrom Lake Itasca to Lake Glazier. 1,100 feet.\\nAcross Lak(! Glazier to mouth of Excelsior Creek. .4,228 feet.\\nLength of Excelsior Creek 8,778 feet.\\nIt will thus be seen that from Lake Itasca to the\\nhead of Excelsior Creek is l-1, 106 feet, clearly demon-\\nstrating that this stream is not only the most imjior-\\ntant feeder of Lake Glazier, but that its source is\\nnearly twice as far from Lake Itasca as is the head of\\nNicollet Creek, and furnishes the most convincing\\nevidence to the impartial investigator that the lake\\nlocated by me is the Primal Keservoir the source", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0376.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "24\\n(369;", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0377.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "370 DISCOVERT OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nof Excelsior Creek being at a much greater distance\\nfrom Lake Itasca than that of any stream directly\\ntributary to it.\\nCamp Trost, August 28, 1891. Breakfast at 7.30,\\nafter which Surveyor Horton and Mr. Whitney\\ncrossed to the southern shore of Lake Glazier in a\\ncanoe, and ascended Deer Creek for the purpose of\\ntaking its measurements. They reported its length to\\nbe 6,864 feet; its width at the entrance into the lake,\\nthree feet, and depth at this point, fifteen inches.\\nThis stream, which enters the extreme southern end\\nof the lake, is about half a mile east of Excelsior\\nCreek, and is second only in importance to the last-\\nnamed tributary.\\nWhile coasting the southern shore of Lake Glazier\\nfor the mouth of Deer Creek, Horton and Whitney\\ndiscovered a small stream which, on ascending, they\\nfound had its source in a lakelet about half a mile\\ninland.\\nIn the afternoon, Keay, Munsell, my daughter and\\nI walked out to Lake Alice. Alice expressed her sur-\\nprise and delight on viewing the beautiful little lake\\nto which her name had been given in 1881. While\\nwe were at Lake Alice, Horton and Whitney returned\\nto the creek they had discovered in the morning.\\nThey found u|)on investigation with compass and\\nchain, that their little stream was 1,188 feet long,\\nand that the lakelet at its head had an area of be-\\ntween two and three acres. With one exception,\\nthis tributary is the smallest and shortest of the five\\npermanent affluents of Lake Glazier, but when looked\\nupon from a geographical point of view, as a feeder\\nof the Primal Eeservoir of the Great Eiver, it may be\\nregarded as of considerable importance.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0378.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "GLEN ALICE.\\nValley of Eagle Creek.\\n(371)", "height": "3577", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0379.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "372 DISCOVEKT OF THE TEUE SOURCE.\\nCamp Trost, August 29, 1891. In the morning\\nMessrs. Horton, Keay, Shure, Trost, Harrison, Knowl-\\nton, and my daughter Avalked out again to Lake Alice\\nfor the purpose of surveying and sketching the lake\\nand its surroundings; also, of measuring the length\\nof Eagle Creek. The measurement of the creek gave\\nit a length of 6,978 feet from its entrance into the\\nlake to its origin in springs some distance beyond\\nLake Alice.\\nIt may here be noted that Eagle Creek ranks third\\nin importance as a feeder of Lake Clazier. It has a\\nwell-defined mouth, a sandy and pebbly bed, and an\\naverage width of about three feet.\\nAfter dinner I crossed Lake Glazier with Horton,\\nHarrison, andKnowlton, and walked up the banks of\\nthe creek discovered by Horton on the previous day.\\nWe then proceeded to Harriet Promontory, on which\\nour party of 1881 had assembled after the investiga-\\ntions which had led to the conviction and subsequent\\nannouncement that the lake to the south of, and be-\\nyond, Itasca was the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nUpon reaching the point of the promontory, we sig-\\nnaled our friends on the northern shore of the lake\\nto join us, and on their arrival, every member of the\\nexpedition being present, we raised the Stars and\\nStripes to the top of a neighboring pine, the same\\nflag, I may state, that my party had assembled under,\\non the same spot, in 1881.\\nOur investigations of the Source and alleged sources\\nof the Great Eiver were now ended, and so far as I\\ncould gather, there appeared to be a consensus of belief\\nas to the Primal Reservoir. I had hitherto, however,\\nreceived no direct communication of the views of\\nany member of the party, as it had been given me to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0380.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "o\\nc\\no\\na\\nO\\nr\\nO\\nH\\nI\\nm\\no\\no\\nz\\nH\\nO\\n33\\n(373)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0381.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "374 DISCOVERT OF THE TRUE SOUROi!.\\nunderstand that a joint consultation would be held\\nupon the subject, and the result submitted in a\\nformal report.\\nI now proceeded to offer a few remarks in terms\\nprompted by my own feelings and the conclusions I\\nhad long since reached, and spoke substantially as\\nfollows\\nFriends and Companions op my Second Expedition to\\nTHE Headwaters of the Mississippi\\nThis ground on which we are asserabled to-day has a pe-\\nculiar interest for me, for it was on tliis spot, in 1881, that I\\nstood surrounded by the little band which had followed me\\nthrough lake and portage in my long journey from the then\\nfrontier town of Brainerd, across Northern Minnesota. It\\nwas here I pronounced the beautiful lake upon which we are\\nnow looking the True Source of the Gre^ River, It was also\\nhere that we embarked on our voyage from source to sea; and\\nnow, after a lapse of ten years, you, who represent nearly every\\nsection of our country, have come togetherto discuss the results\\nof your investigations as to the truth of my announcement\\nthat this lake is the Primal Reservoir of the Mississippi.\\nI had long been of the opinion that Lake Itasca occupied\\nan erroneous position in our geography, but when I came lo\\nthe Mississippi in 1881, that lake was everywhere considered\\nand laid down as the Source of the Father of Running\\nWaters, while many Indians of Northern Minnesota affirmed\\nthat there were other lakes and streams beyond. Our geogra-\\nphers and educational publishers still believed in the an-\\nnouncement made by Schoolcraft in 1832, and confirmed by\\nNicollet in 1836. Several persons have visited this region\\nsince their day, but not in the capacity of explorers. These\\nlater visitors looked upon this lake and went away, still ac\\ncepting the source designated by the earlier explorers. They\\ndid not see or search for its feeders. They were not aware\\nof the proportions of these feeders. They did not measure\\ntheir length or width or depth. They did not ascertain by\\nactual investigation that this lake was the center of a large\\nbasin; that some of its affluents extended to the sand hills, and\\nthat it was what its Indian name, Pokegama, implies, The\\nPlace where the Waters Gather, the Primal Reservoir or True\\nFountain-head, from which the Mississippi starts on its long\\nand tortuous journey to the tropical Gulf, 3,000 miles away.\\nCareful investigation showed all this in 1881; and now, gen-\\ntlemen, you, who form my Second Expedition of 1891, have\\nbeen able to verify or disprove my published statements.\\nYou have seen every lake and stream which has occupied the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0382.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "Z!\\nin\\nen\\nm\\n7D\\nH\\nH\\nI\\nm\\nO\\nc\\n3D\\nO\\nm\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n\\nX\\nCO", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0383.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "376 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOtTRCE.\\nattention of geographers during tlie controversy which has\\nfollowed. Let me indulge the hope that you will, at an early\\nday, report the result of your investigations, as I feel sure you\\nwill thereby enable all fair-minded persons to determine defi-\\nnitely that the origin of our Gicat River is found in the lake\\nwhich meets every requirement of geographers and scientists.\\nI feel, furthermore, that you are called upon to give an im-\\npartial account of what you have seen, as I have reason to be-\\nlieve the geographical world is looking forward with much\\ninterest to the outcome of your investigations.\\nAt the conclusion of my remarks^ Mr. Giles was\\ncalled upon to read liis record of the expedition,\\nwhich he did^ commencing with the day on which the\\nparty left Minneapolis, and ending on that on which\\nour explorations were concluded. The record was in\\nthe form of a diary, and, therefore, recounted the\\nproceedings of each day.\\nThen followed the surveyors report on Lakes\\nItasca and Glazier and their affluents. This report,\\nof the particulars of which I had previously no cog-\\nnizance, appeared to me in every respect confirma-\\ntory of all I had advanced in 1881, and subsequently,\\nupon the subject of the True Source. The rej)ort is\\nhere given verbatim\\nLake Glazier, Minnesota,\\nAugust 29, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier.\\nDear Sir: In compliance with your request, we hereby\\nsubmit a statement covering our investigations as to the length\\nof afiiuents flowing into the southwestern arm of Lake Itasca,\\nand into Lake Glazier. The following are the results:\\nNicollet Creek, from Lake Itasca to source, 7,307 feet.\\nEqual to 1 mile and 2,027 feet.\\nEagle Creek, from Lake Itasca to source, viz.:\\nLength of Infant Mississippi, or stream connecting\\nLakes Glazier and Itasca. 1,100 feet.\\nAcross Lake Glazier, northern end 1,980\\nFrom Lake Glazier to Lake Alice 4,356\\nLength of Lake Alice 924\\nLength of Inlet to Lake Alice. 1,518\\nTotal from Lake Itasca to source of Eagle Creek 9,878\\nEqual to 1 mile and 4.598 feet.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0384.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "JOUKiTAL OF THE EXPEDITION. 377\\nExcelsior Creek:\\nInfant Mississippi 1,100 feet.\\nAcross Lake Glazier from its outlet to mouth of\\nExcelsior 4,228\\nFrom mouth of Excelsior Creek to its source in\\nSandhills 8.778\\nTotal distance from Lake Itasca to source of\\nExcelsior 14,106\\nEqual to 2 miles and 3,546 feet.\\nDeer Creek, from Lake Itasca to source, viz.\\nInfant Mississippi 1,100 feet.\\nAcross Lake Glazier to mouth of Creek 5,940\\nLength of Deer Creek _ 6,864\\nTotal from Lake Itasca to source of Deer Creek.. 13, 904\\nEqual to 2 miles and 3,344 feet.\\nHoRTON Creek, from Lake Glazier to source in\\nWhitney Pond. 1,188\\nLength of Whitney Pond 396\\nTotal length of Horton Creek 1,584\\nArea of Lake Glazier 255 acres\\nAverage depth of Lake Glazier 45 feet.\\nArea of Lnke Alice. ._ 9i acres\\nArea of Whitney Pond 2\\nt\\nIn all cases our measurements of streams were made, as\\nnearly as practicable, along the shore. We measured all the\\naffluents flowing into the southwest arm of Lake Itasca, and\\nalso those emptying into Lake Glazier, and found that Excel-\\nsior Creek, a feeder of Lake Glazier, was by far the longest\\ntributary of either lake, its source being 6,799 feet farther\\nfrom Lake Itasca than the source of Nicollet Creek, errone-\\nously supposed by some to be the most important feeder of\\nItasca. It is, therefore, our firm belief that the Primal Reser-\\nvoir or True Source of the Mississippi is in Lake Glazier the\\nonly well-defined body of water lying above Itasca, and hav-\\ning any connection therewith, or with the Great River.\\nRespectfully submitted,\\n(Signed) E. M. Horton, a^^^\u00e2\u0080\u009e^^\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nOliver S. Keay, ^^^^^V^^-\\nMr. Whitney, the botanist of the expedition, who\\nhad been diligent in the investigation of the flora of\\nthe surrounding region, being next in order, said in", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0385.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "^HS DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nsubstance, that he was preparing, and would submit\\nlater, a detailed report, but for the present would\\nonly state in general terms, that the vegetation at\\nthe Headwaters of the Mississippi bore a strong affin-\\nity to that found in Northern Michigan and Wiscon-\\nsin, and the region bordering upon the Great Lakes.\\nHe had collected many specimens of the native\\nplants, and proposed to carefully analyze them and\\nsubmit his views.\\nMr. Crane then announced that he was requested\\nby his companions of the expedition to express their\\nappreciation for the opportunity afforded them of\\nvisiting the Head of the mighty river. Having seen\\nand carefully surveyed the Headwaters, they felt\\ncompetent to report intelligently as to its Source.\\nBut one conclusion had been reached by the entire\\nparty, and that was that Lake Glazier was the Prima?\\nEeservoir and the only body of water that could\\nconsistently be designated the Fountain-head. Mr.\\nCrane added that a report embodying this view\\nwould shortly be formulated and submitted. He\\nclosed his remarks by proposing a vote of thanks for\\nthe arrangements I had made* for their convenience\\nand comfort during their investigations.\\nDr. Harrison seconded the motion, and in a few\\nwords expressed his entire concurrence in Mr. Crane s\\nremarks with reference to the True Head of the river.\\nThe motion was carried unanimously. Dr. Harrison\\ncomplimented my daughter on her courage in accom-\\npanying her father into so wild a region, to which\\nshe briefly responded.\\nThe party was then- formed in line on the beach,\\nand each member having brought his rifle, shotgun,\\nor revolver, twenty -five volleys were fired as a salute", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0386.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "JOURKAL OF THE EXPEDITION 379\\nto the FLAG, six rounds for the party of 1881, and\\nnineteen for that of 1891.\\nWe now got into our canoes and returned to camp,\\nskirting the eastern shore of the lake, and reaching\\nthe encampment on the northern shore between live\\nand six o^clock.\\nSunday, August 30, 1891. This day was spent\\nquietly in camp, the morning being for the most part\\ndevoted to writing up journals and preparing letters\\nfor home, to be mailed upon our return to Park\\nEapids.\\nIn the afternoon it was suggested by Mr. Crane\\nthat divine service be conducted, a suggestion imme-\\ndiately approved by the entire party. We accord-\\ningly assembled in front of the tents and sat in a\\nsemicircle on the dry grass, while our pastor for the\\noccasion stood on rising ground facing us. Bible in\\nhand, he commenced the service by reading a chapl^r\\nfrom the New Testament. Then followed a very\\nimpressive prayer, and this by an excellent discourse\\non the calling of the fishermen, Simon and Andrew,\\nto the discipleship. Mr. Crane had a most attentive\\naudience during his sermon, following which, all\\nunited in singing Nearer My God to Thee, Mr.\\nKnowlton leading. The service occupied about an\\nhour, and closed with the doxology and benediction.\\nMr. Crane may doubtless claim the credit of having\\ndelivered the first sermon ever preached at the Source\\nof the Mississippi.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0387.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "(380)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0388.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nRETUKN^ TO MIN^NEAPOLIS.\\ni 3nww-j\\nFTER an early breakfast at Camp Trost,\\non the morning of August thirty-first,\\nI went down to the shore of Lake\\nGlazier, accompanied by my daughter\\nand Lagard. Getting into a canoe on\\nthe right of the outlet, we passed entirely\\naround the lake, halting at the mouths\\nof Eagle, Excelsior, Horton, and Deer\\ncreeks, also at Harriet Promontory, where we landed.\\nHere Lagard erected a tablet which had been j)revi-\\nously prepared, commemorative of my First Exjiedi-\\ntion; and another on which was engraved the names\\nof the members of the expedition of 1891.\\nBefore leaving the promontory we discharged our\\nfirearms three times, as a j)arting salute to the flag\\nwhich was still flying from the top of the small pine\\nto which it had been nailed during our ceremonies at\\nthat point on tlie twenty-ninth. Our salute was\\nresponded to by an equal number of rounds on the\\nopposite shore. We then re-entered the canoe and\\nreturned to the encampment.\\nOur investigations concluded, and everything being\\nready, tents were struck, outfit put into the canoes,\\nand the journey back to Minneapolis begun. Passing\\ndown the southwestern arm of Itasca to Schoolcraft\\nIsland, we bore to the right and ascended its south-\\neastern arm to the point wliere we had embarked at\\n(381)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0389.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "382 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nthe time of our arrival at the lake on our way out.\\nThe teamsters awaited us by appointment, and as soon\\nas we had eaten our noonday meal, assisted them in\\nloading the wagons.\\nSo much time had been consumed in the farcAvell\\ncircuit of Lake Glazier in the morning, and later in\\nthe forenoon in breaking camp, and our passage\\nthrough Itasca, that it was nearly three o clock in the\\nafternoon when our little column was put in motion\\nand the march commenced, which led over the sand-\\nhills and through the marshes to Park Eapids.\\nWe were favored with clear, cool weather through-\\nout the afternoon; and it was the intention to reach a\\nhigh and wooded slope, some thirteen miles south of\\nItasca, but owing to the steep and rugged condition\\nof the road, or, more correctly speaking, the trail\\nwhich we were following, but little progress was\\nmade, and at nightfall we had advanced only about\\nten miles.\\nThe site selected for our encampment was not what\\nwe could have wished; but in a measure answered the\\nrequirements, as it was on a hill-side covered w4th\\npines, and in close proximity to a small lake which\\nafforded good water for man and beast. Although our\\nexperience on this ground reminded me more of the\\nbivouac than the camp, we named it Camp Horton,\\nin honor of our survevor, E. M. Horton, of Park\\nRapids, who had not only faithfully and efficiently\\nperformed the duties of his position, but had, in many\\nways, rendered himself agreeable to the entire party.\\nBefore supper was over, our camp-ground was\\nenveloped in darkness, and being too much exhausted\\nto pitch tents, except one for my daughter, we slept\\nunder the open sky.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0390.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "RETURN TO MINNEAPOLIS. 383\\nAlthough only at the end of August, the night air\\nof this elevated region was decidedly chilly, and before\\ncurling up in our blankets, a large camp-fire was\\nbuilt, around which all hands gathered and spent an\\nhour in story-telling, and a discussion of the events\\nof our sojourn at the Headwaters. The temperature\\nfell rapidly as we approached midnight, and we found\\nit necessary to draw the tent canvas over our blank-\\nets, and to feed the fire at intervals in order to make\\nourselves sufficiently comfortable for sleep.\\nWe were on our feet at dawn the next morning,\\nand while the cook was preparing breakfast the\\nhunters shouldered their fowling-pieces and went in\\npursuit of game. Nothing was bagged, however,\\nworthy of notice, which doubtless was due to the\\nnoise and confusion of the camp a condition of\\nthings always unfavorable to the art of the sports-\\nman. A few partridges were seen in the underbrush,\\nand deer and moose tracks noted along the shore of\\nthe lake.\\nA very noticeable feature of the hill on which\\nCamp Horton was situated was the great number of\\nred squirrels seen at every turn. Many were observed\\nskipping about on the ground; while overhead in the\\ntrees there seemed to be hundreds of these lively little\\nrodents engaged in a general frolic. So striking was\\nthis peculiarity of our camp-ground that, in referring\\nto the locality afterward, most of our party spoke of\\nit as Squirrel Hill.\\nDelezene called breakfast at six o clock, and as soon\\nas we had drunk our coffee, the wagons were reloaded\\nand the journey continued. The day opened with a\\nfair sky at Camp Horton; but the clouds lowered\\nearly in the forenoon, and, although there was no", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0391.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "u\\nDC\\n(3\\nQ\\no\\no\\nQ\\nU\\na.\\nX\\nUJ\\nH\\nP.\\nto\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a04-*\\no\\nP-,\\nfi\\np\\n(384)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0392.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "RETURK TO MIKNEAPOLIS. 385\\nrainfall, tlie mosquitoes were out in full force, and\\nmade our tramp anything but agreeable when passing\\nthrough the marshes and lowlands that lay along our\\nroute. The clouds lifted at ten o clock, and brought\\nus welcome relief from the torment of our persistent\\nand sanguinary little enemy.\\nBetween ten and eleven o clock we came to a beau-\\ntiful expanse of water on the left of the road, which\\nwe had also seen during our journey out. Leaving the\\ncolumn, Crane and Lagard walked down to the lake\\nand carefully scrutinized its shores to discover if it\\nhad an inlet and outlet. They estimated its dimen-\\nsions at a mile in length by about three-quarters of a\\nmile in width. At its northern end there is a\\nwooded island with an area of, perhaps, an acre. Its\\ndistance from the Source of the Mississippi is about\\nsixteen miles. Crane discharged his fowling-piece at\\nseveral ducks that were observed a few feet from the\\nshore, but only succeeded in killing one; this Lagard\\nsecured by wading into the lake, wliich, at that\\npoint, was shallow, with a sandy bed. At the sug-\\ngestion of a member of the party, the lake was named\\nin honor of Mr. Crane.\\nThe stream described in a previous chapter, and\\nreferred to as Morrison River, was reached in season\\nfor luncheon, which was eaten on the north bank,\\nnear the spot where we had taken our first refresh-\\nment in the open air after leaving Park Ra23ids. As\\nsoon as we had lunched and rested, all mounted the\\nwagons except Mr. Trost, who went forward in his\\nhigh rubber boots in order to find a position from\\nwhich to photograph the party while fording the\\nstream. Men, horses, wagons, and surroundings i^re-\\nsented a picturesque appearance while crossing the\\n25", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0393.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "(386)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0394.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "RETURK TO MINNEAPOLIS. 387\\nriver. Dr. Harrison rode the leader and carried over\\nhis shoulder the pole which was used to keep Jerry\\nin position. The remainder of the party were piled\\nup in the wagons like so much furniture on moving-\\nday.\\nOur afternoon tramp was uneventful. A half-\\ndozen straggling settler-cabins were seen as we drew\\nnearer Park Eapids, the same we had noted on our\\njourney out, and at five o clock we emerged from the\\nwilderness and were now wending our way at a more\\nrapid gait over the Shell Prairies toward the little\\nfrontier village we had left on the twenty-second of\\nAugust. The feature of our march from Camp lior-\\nton to Park Eapids, and that which, perhaps, excited\\nmost comment, was the endurance displayed by my\\ndaughter, who walked by my side throughout the\\nday, without once complaining of fatigue, a distance\\nof at least twenty miles, although the road was so\\nhilly and rugged in many places as to threaten to pre-\\ncipitate horses and wagons, with their loads, to the\\nbottom of the declivities.\\nA hearty welcome met us at Park Kapids, and it\\nwas at once apparent that the inhabitants were deeply\\ninterested in the results of our expedition. We had\\nbarely re-entered our old quarters at the Central\\nHouse, when several of the leading villagers, headed\\nby Dr. Winship, called and plied us with questions\\nconcerning our journey and explorations. It may\\nbe explained that, although the Head of the Missis-\\nsippi is within fifty miles of their doors, and the\\npeople feel a special interest in the question of the\\nTrue Source, we found on inquiry that not more\\nthan two or three had ever ventured to traverse the\\nwretched road that leads to it.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0395.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "(388)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0396.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "RETUKN TO MINKEAPOLIS. 389\\nDuring the whole of our journey out and back,\\nand while making our investigations at the Head of\\nthe river, we were highly favored by the weather.\\nOn one occasion only, during the night, a little rain\\nfell on our tents, but not enough to inconvenience us,\\nand the clouds passed away as the morning dawned.\\nAlmost immediately on our return to Park Rapids,\\nhowever, a heavy storm crept up from the northwest\\nand rain fell in torrents.\\nTo return to the hour of our arrival at the Central\\nHouse, the first thing thought of by the entire party\\nwas rest, after the severe jolting we had endured in\\nthe wagons and the long and trying march over hill\\nand dale. Having made our ablutions and donned\\nclean linen, a hot supper was placed before us,\\nalthough it was now late in the evening, and Ave\\ngladly partook of it before retiring. The supper, I\\nmay add, consisted, in part, of bear steaks, two of\\nthese animals having been shot on the outskirts of\\nthe village the day before our return. As may be\\nsupposed, bear meat was a novelty to most of the\\nparty, but, on trial, was generally pronounced a pal-\\natable change after the canned meats, wild fowl, and\\nfish of the previous two weeks.\\nOur hotel was, unfortunately for us, undergoing\\nrepair and enlargement; workmen were employed\\nthroughout the building, and the accommodation,\\ntherefore, was not of a luxurious character. The\\nwalls of the rooms were not plastered, but simply\\nlathed, and the floors without carpet or matting.\\nThere was no furniture whatever, except a bed, and\\nno toilet articles. To crown all, there were no doors\\nto the rooms, so that, in order to secure a modicum\\nof privacy, calico curtains had to be suspended on", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0397.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "390 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nnails across the open doorways. Moreover, to add to\\nour cheerless condition, a strong northerly wind, with\\ntorrents of rain, had considerably reduced the tem-\\nperature, and, although it was early in September,\\nthe cold was piercing, which made some of our party\\nlong for a warmer latitude. The absence of the usual\\nappliances of a hotel, and consequent discomfort,\\ncould not justly be charged against our worthy host,\\nBen. Inman, who could hardly have anticipated such\\nan influx of patrons while his house was undergoing\\nrepair, and so we all resolved to make the best of it,\\nand resume our journey homeward with the least pos-\\nsible delay.\\nBefore proceeding further, I may here add a few\\nwords concerning the senior member of the expedi-\\ntion, Mr. Giles who, notwithstanding his advanced\\nage, bore the journey, both ways, bravely. While at\\nthe encampment, he kept a diary of every event that\\ntranspired, and was very enthusiastic in his admira-\\ntion of the picturesque and beautiful lake embosomed\\nin the dense forest to the south of Itasca. He passed\\nover and around it several times, and among other\\npiscatorial feats, was successful in landing with his\\ntrolling-hook a seventeen-pound pickerel the finest\\ncatch made by any of the party. By common agree-\\nment he was exempted, on account of his years, from\\nthe rougher and more fatiguing duties of the survey,\\nin which all the others participated.\\nMoses Lagard, my old interpreter of 1881, who, it\\nhas already been stated, came out from Leech Lake\\nin search of me, accompanied the party on our way\\nback to Park Eapids. He had rendered himself\\nextremely useful in many ways, and was always will-\\ning and prompt in the performance of any service re-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0398.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "I\\nI\\n03\\n3\\n(D\\nD\\nCL\\n0\\n0)\\nCL\\n3\\n3\\n(B\\nO\\nr+\\nID\\n(391)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0399.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "392 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nquired of him. I was very sorry to be obliged to part\\nwith hini;, and he seemed much affected on leaving us.\\nHaving rested as much as possible under the\\ncircumstances^ and having conversed on the fol-\\nlowing morning with most of the leading inhabit-\\nants^ we took our leave of them and our friends\\nPostmaster Cobb and Dr. Winship; and finally of\\nHorton and Keay, of both of whom I can not speak\\ntoo highly. During the time they were with me they\\nAvere indefatigable in the discharge of the respon-\\nsible duties for which they had been engaged Mr.\\nHorton as a professional surveyor, and Mr. Keay as\\nhis assistant; and both repeatedly assured me of their\\nunqualified belief in my position with reference to\\nthe True Source of the Mississippi. This testimony\\nI value the more highly because they are both quite\\nfamiliar with the region around the Headwaters of\\nthe river. On parting, they each handed me a written\\ndocument expressing their decided views, and fully\\nendorsing all my published statements on the subject.\\nOn the afternoon of September second, we boarded\\nthe one o clock train for Wadena, arriving in the\\nevening of the same day, and finding very superior\\naccommodations at the Merchants^ Hotel. On our\\njourney out, this house was too full to receive our\\nlarge party, which obliged us to seek rest and\\nshelter under other roofs. At the Merchants we\\nnow had supper, bed, and breakfast. J. E. Eeynolds,\\neditor of the Wadena Pioneer, called upon me in the\\nevening, and we spent an hour in conversation. Mr.\\nEeynolds gave me much valuable information upon\\nthe early history of tli-e city, and of that section of\\nMinnesota.\\nThe following morning, Mr. Trost, assisted by Mr.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0400.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "(393)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0401.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "394 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nShure, took an excellent photograph of the Mer-\\nchants^ Hotel, and the little park in front of it,\\nWhile at Wadena, several members of the party sent\\noff their dispatches to the press, having prepared them,\\nfor the most part, while in camp at the Headwaters.\\nMr. Knowlton sent his narrative of the expedition\\nto the New York Herald; Mr. Crane to the Boston\\nHerald; and others to sundry Eastern papers and the\\nSaint Paul and Minneapolis journals. Time allowed\\nof our taking a stroll through the jorincipal streets\\nof the town in the morning, and we found everything\\nwearing an air of prosperity.\\nAbout eight o clock, we left our agreeable quarters\\nat the Merchants and boarded a train of the\\nGreat Northern for Little Falls. The journey was\\nattended with no event; but, in the opinion of all,\\nthe country looked beautiful under the rays of the\\nmorning sun the fields under cultivation giving\\npromise of an unusually fine harvest.\\nLittle Falls was reached at eleven o clock in the\\nforenoon; and we at once proceeded to ^^The Antlers,\\na hotel which would do credit to a much larger city.\\nI have seldom met a more agreeable man than mine\\nhost of The Antlers, who very kindly drove me to\\nMayor Eichardson s office, whose acquaintance I had\\nmade on passing Little Falls on my canoe voyage ten\\nyears before. His Honor remembered the circum-\\nstance, and conversed with me on the subject of my\\nsecond visit to the Headwaters and the results attend-\\ning it.\\nIn 1881, Little Falls was a straggling village of a\\nfew hundred inhabitants. In 1891, I found it an\\nincorporated city of several thousand. On the occa-\\nsion of my first visit, I received a very cordial wel-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0402.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "RETUEN TO MIKNEAPOLIS. 395\\ncome. I must not omit to state, before leaving The\\nAntlers, that I found in John E. Sutton, the pro-\\nprietor, a comrade who had served with me under\\nCuster and Kilpatrick, in the cavalry arm of the\\nservice, during the Civil War. This unexpected\\nmeeting of old comrades revived memories of the\\npast; but our train was nearly due, and comrade\\nSutton insisted on driving me to the station in his\\ncarriage.\\nMy companions were ready and anxious to start,\\nand myself not less so, especially as our next point\\nwas Minneapolis the beginning and end of the ex-\\npedition. We arrived at the Union Depot at five\\no clock, and soon dropped back into our old quarters\\non Harmon Place. All were in the enjoyment of\\nexcellent health, and expressed themselves well satis-\\nfied with their rough trip to the Headwaters, and\\nwith what had been accomplished. They promised\\nto submit to me a joint report on the following day,\\nwhich they did, unanimously certifying that the True\\nHead of the Mississippi is in the lake designated by\\nme in 1881.\\nThe duties which devolved upon us in our inves-\\ntigations at the Source of the Great Kiver having been\\nsatisfactorily fulfilled, the gentlemen composing the\\nparty spent a few days in sight-seeing, visiting the\\nseveral beautiful resorts in and around Minneapolis,\\nand finally took leave of each other, and departed\\nfor their respective homes in different States widely\\nseparated. It affords me much pleasure to add that,\\nthroughout the trip, although all were strangers to\\neach other, the most perfect harmony had prevailed.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0403.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XII.\\nIKDORSEMENT AND CONCLUSION.\\n.,N the following day, and several days\\nsucceeding onr return to Minneapolis,\\nthe subjoined indorsements were placed\\nin my hands, with the exception of\\nthree received at a later period from\\nPark Rapids. This corroborative tes-\\ntimony is i3resented with a view to\\nestablishing the fact that every member of my Sec-\\nond Expedition fully confirmed my announcement of\\n1881 that the heart-shaped lake lying above, and\\nimmediately to the south of, Itasca, is the True Source\\nof the Mississippi. It may be added that the chief\\nreason for introducing these indorsements is found in\\nthe statements of a few cavilers, who have gratui-\\ntously asserted that my companions were divided in\\ntheir conclusions as to the real origin of the Great\\nRiver. In a word, the decision of the party was\\nunanimous, as will be clearly seen in the report and\\nunsolicited letters given in this chapter.\\nE. M. Horton of Park Rapids, to whom allusion\\nhas been made in previous chapters, and who accom-\\npanied the expedition in the capacity of surveyor,\\nthus expresses his views:\\nCentral House,\\nPark Rapids, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 2, 1891.\\nI was engaged by Captain Willard Glazier on August 23,\\n1891, to accompany his expedition to the Ilascan Basin for the\\npurpose of measuring the streams flowing into Lalie Itasca\\nand Lake Glazier; which I did with the following results;\\n(396)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0404.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "IKDORSEMENT AKD COKCLUSIOH. 397\\nAssisted by Oliver S. Keay, I measured all the creeks\\nflowing into the southwest arm of Lake Itasca, and those\\nemptying into Lake Glazier, and found that Excelsior Creek,\\nan affluent of Lake Glazier, is by far the longest feeder, its\\nsource being 6,799 feet farther from Lake Itasca than the\\nsource of Nicollet Creek. It is my belief that the Source of\\nthe Mississippi is in Lake Glazier the only well-defined body\\nof water, beyond Itasca, having a visible connection therewith.\\n(Signed) E. M. Horton,\\nSurveyor to Second Olazier Expedilion.\\nFrom Oliver S. Keay of Park Rapids:\\nPark Rapids,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nBeing familiar Mitli all the lakes, creeks, springs, eleva-\\ntions, and depressions in the Itasca and Glazier basins; having\\nmany times visited the same, and the surrounding country, I\\nunhesitatingly affirm that the Glazier Basin is the larger of the\\ntwo. Lake Glazier presents the larger volume of running, or\\nliving, water; and, from my acquaintance with the Mississippi\\nHeadwaters, and the adjoining region, I firmly believe that\\nLake Glazier is the Primal Reservoir of the river. All unpreju-\\ndiced persons who have ever visited the two basins agree that\\nthe Glazier Lake is the Source of the Mississippi.\\n(Signed) Oliver S. Keay,\\nAssistant Surveyor.\\nFrom Dr. A. Munsell of Dubuque, Iowa:\\nThe Waverley,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nI was one of a party of gentlemen who accompanied Cap-\\ntain Willard Glazier to the Headwaters of the Mississippi in\\nAugust, 1891, for the purpose of making a thorough investiga-\\ntion of that region, in order to ascertain what was the real\\nsource of our Great River. From all that I there saw and in\\naccordance with the rule which recognizes the source of a\\nriver in the remotest living water, and in a lake, if possible\\nI have no hesitation in agreeing with all the other members of\\nour expedition that Lake Glazier is the True Source of the\\nMississippi River.\\n(Signed) A. Munsell,\\nEditor, Dubuque Trade Journal.\\nFrom Pearce Giles of Camden, New Jersey:\\n1215 Harmon Place,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nOn August 17, 1891, I left Minneapolis in company with\\nCaptain Willard Glazier and a party of gentlemen who had", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0405.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "398 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nvolunteered to proceed with him to the Headwaters of the Mis-\\nsissippi in Nortliern Minnesota, to ascertain, by investigation,\\nwbetlier his claim to have located the True Source of that river\\nwas entitled to the recognition of geographers. We arrived at\\nthe Headwaters August 23d, and left September 1st, having\\nthus devoted ten days to the duty we had assumed of solving\\nthe question as to the exact source of the Great River.\\nWe were ably assisted by Messrs. Horton and Keay of Park\\nRapids, Minnesota, two practical surveyors, having large\\nacquaintance with the region; and the affluents of Lakes Itasca\\nand Glazier were all, on different days, duly meandered, and\\ntheir length, width, and depth carefully measured. The\\nresult, as shown by the joint report of the surveyors, con-\\nfirmed by the gentlemen assisting in the survey, is most con-\\nvincing to my mind that Lake Glazier, lying to the south of\\nLake Itasca, and separated from the latter by an elevated ridge\\nof land, is unquestionably the True Head of the Mississippi,\\nbeing united to Lake Itasca by a permanently flowing stream\\nthe Infant Mississippi. From what I have personally wit-\\nnessed and carefully investigated on the spot, I believe that no\\nhonest inquirer can arrive at any other conclusion.\\nPearce Giles.\\nFrom Rev. John C. Crane of West Millbiiry, Mas-\\nsachusetts:\\n1215 Harmon Place,\\nMlnneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 8, 1891.\\nI was a member of the Second Glazier Expedition to the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi in August and September,\\n1891, and made a thorough personal investigation of all\\nlakes, creeks, and springs around Lakes Itasca and Glazier.\\nI was accompanied by the other members of the exploring\\nparty, and together we traced the feeders of both lakes to\\ntheir origin, The conclusion I have arrived at is forced upon\\nme after laborious efforts to discover the truth that Lake\\nGlazier, lying directly to the south of Itasca, is the real Head\\nor Source of the River; and that Lake Itasca is the first\\nexpansion of the stream after leaving its source in Lake\\nGlazier.\\n(Signed) John C. Crane,\\nCorrespondent of the Boston Herald.\\nFrom D. S. Knowlton, Boston:\\nThe Waverley,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nAs a member of Captain Glazier s Second Expedi-\\ntion to the Headwaters of the Mississippi, in August, 1891,\\nI desire to add my testimony to the validity of his", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0406.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "INDORSEMENT AND CONCLUSION. 399\\nClaim that the lake to the south of Itasca, 255 acres\\nin extent and 45 feet deep, is the veritable Source of the\\nFather of Waters, I made a most careful personal investi-\\ngation of the region around the Itasca and Glazier lakes,\\nand the latter has unquestionably the strongest claim to\\nbe considered the Source of the river. Geographers, scien-\\ntists, and others will be entirely justified in recognizing and\\ndesignating Lake Glazier as the Ultimate Source of the Mis-\\nsissippi.\\n(Signed) D. S. Knowlton,\\nEditor, Boston Times.\\nFrom Dr. Charles E. Harrison of Davenport,\\nIowa:\\nThe Waverley,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nHaving been a member of the company of gentlemen who,\\nduring the month of August, 1891, made a careful investiga-\\ntion of the several streams and bodies of water emptying into\\nLake Itasca from the south, I believe that the claim of Cap-\\ntain Glazier in locating the Source of the Mississippi River is\\nfully justified, and that geographers and others should recog-\\nnize the Glazier Lake as its True Head.\\n(Signed) C. E. Harrison,\\nDavenj)ort Academy of Natural Sciences.\\nFrom Henry R. Cobb of Park Eapids:\\nSeptember 2, 1891.\\nI accompanied the Glazier expedition to the Headwaters of\\nthe Mississippi, in the month of August, 1891, and found Lake\\nGlazier, to the soutli of Itasca, to be the largest well-defined\\nbody of water which has any visible connection with the\\nMississippi through Lake Itasca.\\n(Signed) Henry R. Cobb,\\nPostmaster, Park Rapids.\\nFrom Fred J. Trost of Toledo, Ohio:\\n900 Hennepin Avenue,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 3, 1891.\\nI had the pleasure of being one of a party to accompany\\nCaptain Glazier to the Headwaters of the Mississippi. I made\\nphotographs of all the lakes and streams flowing into Lake\\nGlazier, and into Lake Itasca; and, from personal observation\\nand investigation, I feel perfectly certain that Lake Glazier is\\nthe True Source of the Mississippi River.\\n(Signed) Fred J. Trost,\\nPhotographer, Second Glazier Expedition.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0407.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "400 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\nFrom Albert W. Whitney of Beloit College, Wis-\\nconsin:\\nThe Wavekley,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nOf all the bodies of water at the head of the Mississippi, I\\nconsider that Lake Glazier fulfills the greatest number of con-\\nditions necessary to make it the Source of that river.\\n(Signed) Albert W. Whitney,\\nBotanist to Expedition.\\nFrom Winfield Scott Sliiire of York, Pennsylvania:\\n900 Hennepin Avenue,\\nMinneapolis, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 8, 1891.\\nI have explored, in company with the other members of\\nCaptain Glazier s expedition of August and September, 1891,\\nall the region within the limits of the Itasca and Glazier\\nbasins, and certify to the following facts:\\nFivbt. That there is no other body of water to tlie south\\nof Itasca, and tributary to it, that is so large and well defined\\nas the fine lake known as Lake Glazier.\\nSecond. That the two ponds, called, by some, Nicollet s\\nFirst and Second lakes, emptying into Lake Itasca, are, in\\ntheir origin, not of sufficient remoteness or importance to be\\nconsidered the source of the Great River; and, consequently,\\nhave no claim to that distinction.\\nThird. That Lake Glazier, above and beyond Itasca, fed\\nby five permanently flowing afliuents, having their sources\\nmore remote from Itasca than any other feeders falling into\\nthat lake, is the True Source of the Mississippi.\\n(Signed) W. S. Shure.\\nCOKCLUSIOI^.\\nI feel very confident tliat all who are interested in\\nthe question discussed in Part Third of this volume\\nwill find ample evidence to sustain the author in his\\nclaim to have been the first to definitely locate the\\nTrue Head of the Mississippi. As I have said in a\\nprevious publication, I am well aware that I assume\\ngrave responsibility in locating the Source of the\\ngreatest river of North America^ and correcting a", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0408.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "II^DORSEMEKT AKD CON CLUSION. 401\\ngeographical error of half a century^s standing;\\nespecially, since I follow in the footsteps of such emi-\\nnent explorers as Pike, Cass, Beltrami, Schoolcraft,\\nand Nicollet; and in view of the fact that I have pre-\\nsumed to pass the limit of their explorations.\\nThe statement that the lake now generally accepted\\nby geographers as the Primal Eeservoir was so re-\\ngarded prior to the organization of my First Expe-\\ndition can not be substantiated; on the contrary,\\nboth press and people throughout Minnesota were\\nignorant of its importance, or even of its existence,\\nso far as we were able to ascertain by diligent inquiry,\\nfrom Winona to Brainerd; and, in fact, I may add,\\nthat the missionary, Indian agent, and post-trader at\\nLeech Lake knew no other source of the Mississippi\\nthan Lake Itasca, except what they had been told by\\nmy chief guide, Chenowagesic, and a few other Chip-\\npewas in that vicinity. Barrett C banning Paine, a\\nmember of my party, fully confirms me in this\\nassertion in his letters to the Saint Paul and Minne-\\napolis papers of that period. These letters prove\\nmost conclusively that the people of Minnesota had\\nno knowledge whatever of the lake beyond Itasca,\\nuntil it was announced by us through the medium of\\nthe press, in 1881.\\nI assume that my position, with regard to locating\\nthe True Source, is precisely the same as that of\\nSchoolcraft in connection with Lake Itasca. When\\nWilliam Morrison, the fur trader, pitched his tent on\\nSchoolcraft Island, in 1804, he was probably not aware\\nthat the outlet of the lake on which he looked was the\\nMississippi. Schoolcraft followed, at the head of an\\nexpedition, twenty-eight years later, and claimed the\\nlake as the Source of the Great Eiver. It is very\\n26", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0409.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "402 DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE.\\ngenerally admitted that Morrison had seen Itasca\\nbefore Schoolcraft, but no one questioned that the\\nlatter was entitled to the credit of discovery, since he\\nwas the first to establish the fact that the Mississippi\\nwas its outlet.\\nI do not desire to pass a reasonable limit in my\\neffort to establish a geographical truth, but, having\\nannounced that the lake to the south of Itasca the\\nPokegama of the Chippewas is the Ultimate Reser-\\nvoir, I do not feel disposed to be thrust aside by those\\nwho know comparatively little or nothing of that\\nregion. Assuming that the conclusions arrived at by\\nevery member of both my First and Second expedi-\\ntions are incontrovertible, it naturally follows:\\nFirst. That Lake Itasca can not longer be consid-\\nered as the origin of the Mississippi, for the reason\\nthat it is the custom, agreeably to the definition of\\ngeographers, to fix upon the remotest water, and a\\nlake, if possible, as the source of a river.\\nSecond. That the lake to the south of Itasca, con-\\nnected therewith by a perennial stream, is the Primal\\nReservoir, or True Source; that it was not so known\\nor recognized prior to the visit of my party in 1881;\\nand that we were the first to locate its feeders cor-\\nrectly, and establish its true relation to the Great\\nRiver.\\nThird. That Schoolcraft could not have seen the\\nlake located by me, else he would have assigned it its\\ntrue character in the narrative of his expedition.\\nFourth. That Nicollet, who followed Schoolcraft,\\ncould not have been aware of its existence, as he gives\\nit no place upon his map, or description in the account\\nof his explorations.\\nFifth. That Julius Chambers did not see this lake.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0410.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "INDOKSEMENT AND CONCLUSION. 403\\nas his published statements prove very conclusively\\nthat he ascended Nicollet Creek to the first pond on\\nthat stream, and describes a lakelet in a floating bog,\\ninstead of the large and beautiful lake which is now\\ngenerally regarded as the Source of the Mississippi.\\nFinally. Whatever the verdict upon the merits of\\nmy claim to have been the first to definitely locate the\\nlake beyond Itasca as the Source of the Mississippi,\\nand to have published it to the world, it was certainly\\nnot known to the white inhabitants of Northern Min-\\nnesota prior to 1881. Lake Itasca was still recognized\\nas the Fountain-head, was so placed upon all maps,\\nand taught as such in all the schools. I simply claim\\nto have established the fact that there is beautiful\\nlake above and beyond Itasca, wider and deeper than\\nthat lake, with woodland shores, with five constantly\\nflowing streams for its feeders, and in every way\\nworthy of the position it occupies as the Primal Res-\\nervoir or True Source of the Father of Waters.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0411.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0412.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n:o:\\nCONCERNING\\n\u00c2\u00aeijje ^vxx^ ^oxxvc^\\nOF THE\\nMISSISSIPPI.\\nBY\\nPEARCE GILES,\\nMEMBER OF\\nSecond Glazier Expedition,\\n1891.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0413.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0414.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nHAVE undertaken to prepare an Appendix to\\nCaptain Glazier s book on the Headwaters\\nOP THE Mississippi. I am well acquainted\\nwith every detail of his claim to have located\\nthe Primal Reservoir of that river; have read all\\nthat he has written upon the subject, and\\nmuch that has been written by others, in favor\\nof, and opposed to, his views. I have known\\nhim intimately for many years; have conversed\\nwith him frequently upon the subject of his expeditions\\nthrough Northern Minnesota to the True Source of the Great\\nRiver; have journeyed with him over thousands of miles of\\nthis country; have looked, and floated with him, upon the\\nbeautiful sheet of water which he asserts and demonstrates is\\nthe reservoir of the remotest springs of the Mississippi, to\\nwhich his companions, in 1881, gave the name of Lake\\nGlazier. I have, with great care, personally investigated\\nthe grounds upon which he bases his claim; and for these\\nreasons I feel competent to lay before the readers of his book\\nsome material which I trust may be of interest to geographers\\nand educators, and to those who have given any attention to\\nthe ten years of controversy which have followed his announce-\\nment of 1881, that a certain lake, immediately to the south of\\nLake Itasca, is the Fountain-head of the Father of Waters.\\n(407)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0415.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "(408)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0416.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "A.\\nriKBT GLAZIER EXPEDITION AND ITS RESULTS.\\nIn his work, Down the Great River, Captain Glazier\\nclearly explains his motive for projecting his First Expedition\\nto the Headwaters of the Mississippi. He therein states that\\nhe had heard that much uncertainty prevailed on the subject\\nof the exact location of its Source, and decided to investigate\\nthe matter for himself, and for the satisfaction of others who,\\npossibly, had less time at their disposal to devote to such an\\ninquiry. He was not over-sanguine as to the issue of his\\nventure, but little dreamed of the acrimonious and unreason-\\ning opposition and contradiction he was fated subsequently to\\nencounter. He believed that he was about to engage in a\\nlaudable undertaking, the result of which might possibly\\nprove of some interest to students of geography and others.\\nHence, he employed his means to attain an object which ap-\\npears to have eluded the efforts of all previous explorers the\\nSource of the Mississippi was still in doubt, although its\\nmouth had been known over two hundred years before. This\\nwas sufficient reason, he thought, for further exploration; and\\npossessed of a strong desire to see a part of the country but\\nlittle known, he resolved to organize and equip an expedition,\\nproceed to Lake Itasca and investigate its right to the distinc-\\ntion long accorded it of standing at the Head of the Mississippi.\\nJuly 4, 1881, Captain Glazier, accompanied by his brother\\nGeorge of Chicago, and Barrett Channing Paine of the Saint\\nPaul Pioneer Press, boarded a train at Saint Paul, en route to\\nthe then frontier town of Brainerd, near the boundary of the\\nChippewa Indian Reservation, They reached Brainerd July\\nseventh, and remained there five days to complete their com-\\nmissariat supplies, and make arrangements for a journey\\nthrough the wilderness and a possible detention at the Source\\nof the river. Captain Glazier also gathered much information\\nat this point concerning the topography of the country, and\\n(409", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0417.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "410 APPENDIX.\\nfinally decided to proceed via Leech Lake as a more direct\\ncourse to his destination than that adopted by previous ex-\\nplorers, who had passed up the Mississippi through Lakes\\nWinnebegoshish, Cass, and Bemidji, a longer and less-inviting\\nroute. He therefore secured wagon conveyance to Leech\\nLake, distant seventy-five miles from Brainerd, which led\\nthrough an immense forest and jungle of pine and underbrush.\\nLeech Lake is a small settlement standing on the banks of\\nthe lake of that name, and consists of about a dozen Govern-\\nment buildings and log cabins, with several wigwams. It\\nwas formerly the seat of the Chippewa Indian Agency, which\\nis now united with the White Earth and Red Lake agencies,\\nand at the period of Captain Glazier s visit was under the\\nsuperintendence of Major Euffee, as Agent. Captain Glazier\\nwas fortunate, at this stage of his journey, in securing the\\nvaluable services of a Chippewa Indian, named Chenowagesic,\\nwho was well informed concerning the Itascan Basin and the\\nregion surrounding it. He told the Captain that the country\\naround the Headwaters of the Great River had been his hunt-\\ning-ground for many years, and being informed of the wish of\\nthe party to discover whether Itasca was the Source of the\\nriver, Chenowagesic declared emphatically that Itasca was not\\nthe True Head of May-see-see-bee, a fact well known to him-\\nself and many Indians who had hunted with him.\\nTwo other Indians were also engaged at Leech Lake, one as\\ninterpreter, the other as myageur. The three placed their\\nbirch canoes at the disposal of the party for use on their jour-\\nney through and across the numerous lakes and streams that\\nintervened between Leech Lake and their destination. July\\nseventeenth witnessed the departure of the party from the set-\\ntlement. An hour s paddling carried them across one of the\\nseveral arms of the lake, and a short portage brought them to\\nanother arm from fifteen to twenty miles long, crossing which\\nthey came to the mouth of the Kabekanka River. Guided\\nby Chenowagesic, they ascended this stream until a small\\nlake or expansion of the river was reached, and ultimately\\na large and picturesque lake, nearly seven miles in length.\\nOn its banks they pitched tents for the night, and at\\nbreak of day July eighteenth again launched and pushed\\non to the upper end of the lake. Chenowagesic, on being", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0418.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 411\\nasked, informed the Captain that the Indians had no name\\nfor this lake, whereupon he conferred upon it the name of\\nGarfield, in honor of the President.\\nArrived at the head of Lake Garfield, a long portage of\\nnearly three miles confronted them. This was accomplished\\nby the Indians without the slightest sign of fatigue or discom-\\nfort, notwithstanding the heavy packs they bore upon their\\nheads and shoulders, including the canoes; but the white men\\nsuffered much from the intense heat, the roughness of the trail,\\nand the mosquitoes, which hovered like a cloud over the low-\\nlands.\\nRested and recovered from the tiresome portage of the\\nforenoon, they resumed their line of march. Late in the after-\\nnoon the party reached a series of five lakes a not unwel-\\ncome sight after iheir tramp in the broiling sun. Again on\\nthe water, they passed through three of the lakes, with, neces-\\nsarily, intermediate portages, and reaching the fourth, con-\\ncluded to encamp for the night.\\nAt sunrise the following morning they breakfasted, and at\\nseven o clock re-embarked. By ten o clock the fifth lake was\\nentered. Here the guides informed Captain Glazier that these\\nlakes had never before been seen by white men. He therefore,\\nafter consulting with his brother and Mr. Paine, named them\\nin the order in which they had been passed Bayard, Stone-\\nman, Pleasanton, Custer, and Kilpatrick, generals who were\\nseverally his commanding officers during the War of the\\nRebellion. Eight exhausting portages occurred during the\\nday, and an equal number of lakes were crossed after leaving\\nLake Kilpatrick. The three largest of the latter received from\\nthe Captain the names of Gregg, Davies, and Sheridan, dis-\\ntinguished cavalry leaders of the Union army.\\nOne of the most expansive bodies of water, seen between\\nLeech Lake and Lake Itasca, had an average width of about\\nfive miles, and bore an unpronounceable Indian name, signi-\\nfying Blue Snake. To this sheet of water the Captain\\ngave the name of his brother George. Lake George was\\ncrossed, and the canoes conveyed to the highest ground in the\\nvicinity. The sun was declining, and, the whole party needing\\nrest, tents were again pitched. Early the following morning,\\nall eager to reach their destination, and fortified by a good", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0419.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "412 APPENDIX.\\nnight s sleep, the canoes were pushed into a fine sheet of\\nwater named by the Captain Lake Paine, after his companion\\nof the Saint Paul Pioneer Press. This lake is only a short dis-\\ntance from Lake George, the intervening space being compara-\\ntively level, and covered with jack-pines and underbrush.\\nCrossing Lake Paine, another portage of half a mile presented\\nitself, and the River Naiwa was reached, a stream several\\nmiles in length. Descending this river a distance of five or\\nsix miles, they disembarked and portaged in a westerly direc-\\ntion, reaching another stream, that appeared to be a favorite\\nhauLit for wild fowl, which were very numerous, and seem-\\ningly unaffected by the approach of man. Paddling four\\nhours up this stream they came to a lake which Captain\\nGlazier believed to be the source of the Eastern Fork of the\\nMississippi. This water was passed over in twenty minutes,\\nand the name Elvira conferred upon it, in memory of a\\ndeceased sister of the Captain.\\nAt the southern end of Lake Elvira, the canoes entered\\nits inlet, which flows in a northerly direction, and discharges\\ninto the main stream originating in Lake Glazier, not far\\nfrom the southern end of Lake Bemidji. It was not laid\\ndown on the maps, and was named De Soto River by Captain\\nGlazier, in honor of the renowned discoverer of the Missis-\\nsippi. The day was now drawing to a close, and, nearly\\nexhausted by the portages over the roughest region of Minne-\\nsota, it was promptly decided to encamp for the night.\\nIn the morning a heavy fog, rising from a swamp in their\\nfront, obscured the trail, and the journey could not be resumed\\nuntil seven o clock. Moving forward in Indian file, they\\nrested thirteen times before reaching the shores of Lake Itasca.\\nBetween three and four o clock in the afternoon, their eager\\neyes beheld the silvery waters of the lake, and in a few min-\\nutes the party were floating on its bosom on their way to\\nSchoolcraft Island, near the center of the lake. On this\\nsolitary isle, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft encamped sixty years\\nago, and believed that in the waters that surrounded him he\\nhad discovered the long-sought-for Source of the Mississippi,\\nThis belief he afterward announced to the world, and for over\\nfifty years the lake was held, on the authority of Schoolcraft,\\nto be the Ultimate Head of the Father of Waters, no one gain-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0420.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 413\\nsaying it. This, doubtless, was for the reason tliat very few-\\npersons, except Indians, had ever visited it, the region around\\nLake Itasca being well-nigh inaccessible, and entirely so with-\\nout a competent guide.\\nSchoolcraft Island is about three-quarters of an acre in\\nextent, and so densely covered with trees, shrubs, and under-\\ngrowth that the Glazier party found some difficulty in clear-\\ning a space for their tents. The appearance of Itasca and its\\nenvironment of forest lands is highly attractive. It is about\\nfive miles in length, with an average width of about half a\\nmile. Its greatest length is from southeast to northwest. It\\nhas three arms radiating from its center, somewhat like those\\nof a star-fish. One arm points to the southeast, one to the\\nsouthwest, and the remaining one extends northward to the\\noutlet of the lake.\\nChenowagesic, perfectly familiar with the region, informed\\nthe Captain that the name of the lake was Omushkos. School-\\ncraft himself, in the narrative of his expedition, Chapter\\nXXIII, says:\\nI inquired of Ozawindib the Indian name of this lake; lie replied,\\nOmushkos, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk. Having previously-\\ngot an inkling of some of their mythological and necromantic notions\\nof the origin and mutations of the country, which permitted the use of\\na female name for it, I denominated it Itasca.\\nHaving supped and rested on the island, the exploring\\nparty re-embarked on the morning of the twenty-second, at\\neight o clock, and began coasting Itasca. Chenowagesic again\\nassured the Captain and his companions that he was thoroughly\\nacquainted with all the streams, lakes, and ponds within a\\nhundred miles, and impressed them with his entire trust-\\nworthiness. In coasting the lake they found the outlets of\\nsix small streams, two only having well-defined mouths, and\\nfour simply filtering into the lake through swampy ground.\\nReaching the southern extremity of the southwestern arm\\nof the lake, the canoes were forced, with some difficulty,\\nthrough a tangled mass of reeds and rushes to the mouth of\\na stream about seven feet wide, but effectually concealed from\\nview by dense lake vegetation. Encouraged by their guide,\\nthe canoes were pointed up this affluent, which was much\\nobstructed by fallen trees and occasional sand-bars. These", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0421.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "414 APPENDIX.\\nwere, however, removed by the crews, and the boats again\\nurged forward. Elevated land appeared on each side of the\\nstream, that on their right rising to the dignity of a hill. This\\nhill, or ridge, Chenowagesic explained, overhung the Source\\nof the Father of Waters toward which they were speeding,\\nand which separated it from Itasca. This Indian was an\\nexceptionally intelligent man, as well as a faithful guide. The\\nobject of their search was soon reached a large sheet of\\nsmooth, transparent water of surpassing beauty. Afloat on its\\nsurface, the conviction forced itself upon them that the Source\\nof the Mississippi could no longer be a subject of uncertainty.\\nThe canoes were at once paddled across the lake, a distance of\\nnearly two miles, to a promontory at its southern extremity.\\nThis point of land, with its picturesque shore projecting\\ninto the lake, gives the latter the shape of a heart, a fitting\\nresemblance for the source of the mighty river. Encompassed\\nby high ground, thickly clustered and adorned with trees of\\ndiverse kinds, dominated by the stately Norway pine, the\\nwaters of this beautiful lake scintillate under the rays of the\\nsun, and sparkle like the luster of a million gems. Its broad\\nsurface is singularly free from that opaqueness which mars the\\nbeauty of many of the surrounding lakes, including Itasca.\\nIt is supplied by springs, some in its bed, but two feeders\\nwere found, on careful investigation, under the guidance of\\nChenowagesic, to originate in sand-hills a few miles to the\\nsouthward, and flowed into the lake on each side of the\\npromontory; while a third entered on the northwestern shore\\nof the lake. These afliuents, small but significant, were\\nnamed, respectively. Eagle, Excelsior, and Deer creeks. At\\nthe extreme point, or cape, of the promontory, a spring was\\ndiscovered whose water was deliciously cool. The shores of\\nthe lake were then investigated.\\nReturning to the promontory, the party was called into line,\\nand Captain Glazier made a few remarks, expressing his con-\\nfident belief that they had found the True Source of the\\nGreat River, a discovery which had bafiied the attempts of\\nprevious explorers; and they had therefore added something\\nto the geographical knowledge of the country. He dwelt on\\nthe error of Schoolcraft in assigning this distinction to Lake\\nItasca, which was now clearly seen to be merely the first", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0422.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 416\\nexpansion of the river, after leaving its source in the lake they\\nwere looking upon. Chenowagesic had told him that the\\nIndian name of this lake was Pokegama, which the interpreter\\nexplained signified The Place where the Waters Gather, or,\\nin other words, the Primal Reservoir, If such was the case,\\nit was unquestionably the Fountain-head, or True Source,\\nof the Mississippi.\\nAt the conclusion of the Captain s remarks, Mr. Paine\\nstepped forward and spoke of the justness of his views, in\\nwhich the entire party concurred. He then moved that\\nthe lake be named GtLazier, in honor of the man whose\\ndetermination and perseverance to learn the truth on a sub-\\nject of so much general interest had successfully accom-\\nplished the end he had in view on leaving Saint Paul. The\\nmotion of Mr. Paine was seconded by the interpreter, Moses\\nLagard, and adopted by acclamation; Captain Glazier, mean-\\nwhile, protesting that he would prefer it should retain its\\ndescriptive Indian name of Pokegama.\\nI may here remark that some of Captain Glazier s critics\\nhave recently applied the term Elk to this sheet of water,\\na name which, according to Schoolcraft, as we have seen, was\\nthe aboriginal designation of Lake Itasca. Lake Glazier is\\nentirely disconnected with Itasca, the two lakes being sepa-\\nrated by a high ridge and perfectly independent of each\\nother. A perennial stream at the foot of the ridge, up which\\ntbe party ascended in their canoes, and to which the name of\\nInfant Mississippi has been appropriately given, carries the\\nwaters of the upper lake to its lower neighbor, on its long\\nroute to the Gulf of Mexico. Thus the lake above Itasca is\\nin no sense a part of Itasca, and to call it Elk Lake is an\\nanomaly, and an unworthy evasion, a perversion of scientific\\naccuracy, misleading to the student, and, in short, a geograph-\\nical blunder. Itasca has been Elk Lake from time\\nimmemorial, according to Indian tradition; while Pokegama,\\nsince 1881, has been popularly transmuted into Lake\\nGlazier.\\nThis lake, which proved to be the Primal Reservoir, or Ulti-\\nmate Head, of the Mississippi, was found by measurement to\\ncover an area of 255 acres, with an average depth of forty-\\nfive feet. The results of the First Glazier Expedition were", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0423.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "416 APPEN DIX.\\nSO far satisfactory that, on their announcement to the public\\nthrough the press, geographers, instructors, and educational\\npublishers were unanimous in their acceptance of the Glazier\\nclaim, and a change was forthwith made in all maps of the\\nState of Minnesota.\\nSome of the opponents of Captain Glazier s published views\\non the subject have of late maintained that Schoolcraft visited\\n!he lake above Itasca in 1832, and Nicollet in 1836. There is\\nnot a word in the Narrative of the former to indicate that\\nhe went south of the island which bears his name. All the\\nevidence points in the opposite direction, and it must be clear\\nto the careful reader that he remained on the island only a few\\nhours. He says he was hurried, having an appointment to\\nmeet certain Indians in council at the mouth of Crow Wing\\nRiver. His map of Lake Itasca does not show the lake to the\\nsouth of it. Hence it is presumable that he could not have\\ncoasted Itasca for its feeders, which, to have been effectually\\naccomplished, would have occupied him an entire day at least.\\nEven if he had done so, the strong probability is that, being\\nhurried, he would not have found the concealed entrance to the\\nstream which led to the lake beyond. Captain Glazier admits\\nthat he was largely indebted to his chief guide, and that had\\nit not been for Chenowagesic he would possibly never have\\ndiscovered the mouth of this important affluent. The time\\nallotted himself by Schoolcraft, as indicated in his Narra-\\ntive, would not have allowed him to ascend the southwestern\\narm of Itasca, much less so to pass up the creek to the impor-\\ntant lake beyond it. The conclusion to be drawn from his\\nNarrative is, that he was only between two and three hours\\nwithin the Itascan Basin, and, in his eagerness to depart on his\\nmission to Crow Wing River, he not improbably relied upon\\nhis guide, Ozawindib, for whatever knowledge he obtained of\\nLake Itasca and its surroundings.\\nIf Nicollet saw the Source of the Mississippi, he certainly\\nfailed to describe it. He shows on his map only the creek\\nwhich enters the southern end of Itasca and the ponds\\nthrough which it passes on to the lake. He doubtless ascended\\nthfs creek, but the more important stream entering the lake\\non his left escaped his view, as it would that of ninety-nine\\npersons out of a hundred. If he had ascended this affluent", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0424.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "APPEiTDIX. 417\\nof Itasca, he would at once have discovered that Schoolcraft\\nwas in error, that Itasca was not the Source of the Mississippi\\nRiver, and his map would have been differently constructed.\\nThe mouth of the inlet that led to the True Source was doubt-\\nless hidden then, as now, by a mass of lake vegetation, which\\nso concealed it from view that in 1881 even Chenowagesic had\\ndifficulty in finding it. I therefore reasonably conclude that\\nNicollet, like his predecessor, was deceived in assuming Itasca\\nto be the Source of the Mississippi, the logical inference being\\nthat he never saw the beautiful lake to the south of it.\\nIn 1872, Lake Itasca was visited by Julius Chambers, Mr,\\nChambers, during his summer vacation, was not an explorer,\\nbut a tourist on pleasure bent, and paddled his canoe on Lake\\nItasca up to its southern end. Here he discovered the mouth\\nof a creek wide enough to admit his canoe, and, ascending\\nit, came to a pond or expansion of the creek. Believing he had\\nentered an important feeder of the river s source, or rather, as\\nhe terms it in a dispatch to the New York Herald, the Source\\nitself of the longest river in the world a small lake, scarcely\\na quarter of a mile in diameter, in the midst of a floating\\nbog.\\nHaving myself visited the Headwaters of the Mississippi in\\nthe summer of 1891, I became thoroughly convinced, after\\ncareful personal investigation, that the Primal Reservoir of\\nthe Great River is a body of water lying to the south of Lake\\nItasca, nearly two miles in diameter, and that there is not\\nthe faintest shadow of a bog or morass within at least a\\nmile of it. Its basin is secluded an elevated ridge dividing\\nit from Itasca and the surrounding shores are high, and\\ncrowned with a dense growth of timber. Mr. Chambers\\ndescription of his boggy pond on Nicollet Creek is proof\\nsufficient to me that he, in common with Schoolcraft and\\nNicollet, made a serious mistake. The genesis of the long-\\nest river in the world, or, if not the longest, the finest, is\\nnot in a floating bog, a quarter of a mile in diameter, but\\nhas a much nobler origin. It is to be hoped that Mr. Chambers\\nwill pay another visit to Lake Itasca, and correct his error.\\nThe Government survey of 1875 doubtless saw the True\\nSource of the river, but did little beyond measuring its\\narea. This was a portion of their duty, as the lake exceeded\\n27", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0425.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "418 APPENDIX.\\nforty acres in extent. They did not trouble tliemselves about\\nits relation to Lake Itasca or to the Mississippi, nor did they\\ngive much attention to its feeders, for had they done so, they\\nwould not have shown on their map an important feeder of\\nLake Glazier as an affluent of Lake Itasca, thus depriving tlie\\nformer of one of its credentials to the distinction claimed for\\nit, and adding to the importance of the latter. Had they pos-\\nsessed the instincts of geographers or explorers, they would\\nhave discovered and reported to their chief at Washington\\nthat the large lake above and beyond Itasca was the True Head\\nof the Mississippi, and thus forestalled the explorer of 1881,-\\nwho discovered and announced this important geographical\\nfact to the country.\\nHopewell Clarke, a professional surveyor, who was sent out\\nto investigate and report upon Captain Glazier s explorations,\\nconfesses that the Government survey of 1875 had made mis-\\ntakes^ and excuses their inaccuracies in these words: Errors\\nwill creep into their work but when we take into consideration\\nthe difficulties they had to contend with, it is not to be won-\\ndered at. Had the members of this survey of 1875 conducted\\ntheir investigations with a view to the location of the Source\\nof the Mississippi, and had they traced the affluents of this\\nlake to their springs, they would have been satisfied that it\\nwas the Source of the Great River, and not simply a feeder\\nof Lake Itasca; that its size, and position entitled it to more\\nconsideration than they were inclined to give it.\\nThe result of Captain Glazier s First Expedition was the\\ndiscovery that Lake Itasca could not with any regard to\\ngeographical accuracy be considered the Source of the\\nMississippi, as was taught in all geographies and maps prior to\\n1881 the period of his visit and discovery; but that the fine\\nbody of water above it, the Pokegama of the Indians, was\\nunquestionably the Primal Reservoir and Head of the\\nriver; a truth now generally recognized by geographers,\\nencyclopaedists, instructors, and map publishers, and contro-\\nverted by only a few quibblers, who have not themselves\\nvisited the region, and hence are essentially unqualified to pro-\\nnounce judgment in the matter.\\nSchoolcraft and Nicollet are worthy of the greatest honor\\nfor their persevering efforts to reach the Source, and if they", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0426.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "APPEI^DIX. 419\\nfailed in the accomplishment of that object, it is no more than\\nmany other distinguished explorers have done, in attempts to\\nfind the springs of other great rivers. All knowledge is pro-\\ngressive, and geography, in common with history, is open to\\ncorrection as time rolls on. The beliefs of centuries are some\\ntimes proved to be without foundation, and are cast aside for\\nthe results of modern research. The explorations of intrepid\\npioneers and travelers are yearly adding to our knowledge of\\nthe earth, and if the labors of one intelligent and zealous\\nAmerican, with time and means at his command, have resulted\\nin a discovery that those who preceded him in the same line\\nof investigation were in error in their conclusions, shall it\\nbe said, in this enlightened day, that he is not justified in\\ndeclaring his discovery because a few cavilers affect to dis-\\ncredit him", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0427.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "B.\\nCRITICS AI^D CAVILERS.\\nThe controversy concerning the Source of the Mississippi\\nhas been confined to an extremely limited circle. Certain\\ncritics and cavilers, more or less given to raising objections\\nwhen a new exposition of an old theory is advanced\\nespecially if the propounder is not of their caste have con-\\ntroverted the truth of Captain Glazier s account of his dis-\\ncovery, and challenged him to produce proof of his positive\\nassertions: (1) That Lake Itasca possesses no rightful claim to\\nbe considered the Source of the Mississippi; and (2) that the\\nTrue Source of that river is in a comparatively large lake\\nimmediately to the south of Itasca, and above it. These are\\nthe points in dispute, and the first proposition is, of course, a\\ncorollary of the second.\\nCaptain Glazier has repeatedly presented his proofs\\nthrough the press, and has answered the challenge of his\\nopponents by inviting them to accompany him to the Head-\\nwaters of the river and investigate aud judge for themselves,\\nvolunteering to defray half the expense incurred. This offer\\nthey have not accepted, but replied by sending out a person,\\nindependently, to represent them, a man who, before setting\\nforth on his mission, paraded in public his determination to\\nsupport his employers. This offensive display of partisan-\\nship in the sacred cause of science passed unreproved by the\\ncritics of Captain Glazier, but was not unheeded by his\\nfriends. The party referred to proceeded on his mercenary\\nerrand, and has since published a report which for subter-\\nfuge, evasiveness, and moral obliquity has seldom been\\nequaled. It was, however, indorsed and published with the\\nsanction of his patrons. But the words of the report were no\\nindex to the writer s mind. He had looked upon the True\\nSource of the Mississippi if his patrons had not, and could\\nnot be otherwise than mentall}^ assured of the truth and\\n(420)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0428.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "APPEN DIX. 421\\nscrupulous correctness of the Glazier position. He returned\\nto his employers and denied it! There was little fear of\\ntheir discovering his duplicity, even if they had wished to do\\nso. The spot is very difficult of access, as I have shown. He\\nplausibly pointed to other lakes, ponds, and streams, and\\nwhile admitting that none of them had any visible connection\\nwith Lake Itasca or the Mississippi, suggested that probably\\nthe connection was underground He knew it was the wish\\nof those who had been instrumental in sending him to the\\nHeadwaters that he should not return and support the views\\nof Captain Glazier, which views they had previously, in their\\nwisdom, denounced as fraudulent, and their propounder a\\ncharlatan. They were apparently confirmed in their mis-\\ntaken belief that Lake Itasca was the Source of the Mississippi.\\nNot so, however, the press and the public. The sentiment\\nwas widely expressed that Captain Glazier was not being\\nfairly treated, and the people, prompt to detect and denounce\\ninjustice, made their views known, not only in the North-\\nwestern press, but throughout the country. I will here sub-\\njoin a few examples of these views, of which I have hundreds\\nin my possession.\\nA correspondent at Worcester, Massachusetts, writes to a\\nSaint Paul daily, in March, 1886:\\nIn 1881, Captain Willard Glazier brought to the notice of the people of\\nthis and other countries that beyond Itasca lay the Source of the Great\\nRiver. Let the men stand up and be counted who, prior to 1881,\\ndeclared that the lake now named Lake Glazier was the source of the\\ngreat stream flowing through the nation s heart. Let yoiu correspond-\\nent, Somebody who Knows, furnish the names of these men.\\nIs Lake Glazier the source of the river? That is the question. School-\\ncraft says, Geographers deem that branch of a river as its true source\\nwhich originates at the remotest distance from its mouth. Glazier\\nsays, It is the custom of geographers to fix upon the remotest water,\\nand a lake if possible, as the source of a river. In 1881, he claimed the\\nlake in question as the True Source. Let the proposition lately made by\\nhim [the offer to defray half the expense of an authorized expedition to\\ndecide the question] be accepted in good faith, and his claim stand or\\nfall on its merits. As long ago as 1858, the doubt existed as to\\nItasca being the True Head. A great claim is made by Captain\\nGlazier; let his claim be met in a spirit of fairness on the part of all\\nconcerned; let the verdict be true, free from prejudice, and lasting.\\nFair Play.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0429.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "422 APPENDIX.\\nA writer in the Buffalo Courier^ in November, 1886, took\\nissue with that journal regarding the discovery of the Missis-\\nsippi s source:\\nEditor of the Courier:\\nlu your issue of September 19th. there appears a short article dealing\\nblows without gloves at Captain Willard Glazier s pretensions to\\nhaving discovered the True Source of the Mississippi in a lake to the\\nsouth of Itasca. The article appears to have been inspired by a corre-\\nspondent of Science, who objected to Captain Glazier s claim on grounds\\nwhich I propose to analyze. The correspondent of Science begins by\\nasserting that Glazier gave his own name to the lake he discovered,\\nwhich is an error, originated, probably, by some caviler, jealous that any\\nman should presume to make a discovery who was not officially author-\\nized to do so. One of Captain Glazier s companions, in an article to the\\nSaint Paul Pioneer Press, after describing the discovery of the new lake,\\nwrites:\\nOn its one promontory our party landed. After exploring its shores\\nand being marshaled in line, Captain Glazier made a few remarks\\nappropriate to the discovery of the True Source of the Father of Waters,\\nand then the question of a name for the new lake arose. This being left\\nfor the Captain s companions to decide, Barrett Channing Paine of\\nIndianapolis, after alluding in warm terms to the time, money, and\\nenergy expended by Captain Glazier in the expedition, proposed that it\\nbe named Lake Glazier in his honor. The proposition was received\\nwith applause and carried by acclamation.\\nThus, we see, Captain Glazier did not give his own name to the lake.\\nHe, on the contrary, we are told, suggested and urged that it should\\nretain its Indian appellation of Pokegama.\\nThere is nothing to be found in Schoolcraft s narrative of his expe-\\ndition to show that he penetrated south of Lake Itasca. He speaks of\\nan inlet to Itasca leading from a smaller lake to the south, but clearly\\ndid not visit the smaller lake, and hence did not discover it. Nor was\\nit known to exist by Nicollet, who came after him. The latter explorer\\nsays that there are five creeks flowing into Itasca. Captain Glazier dis-\\ncovered six, the sixth originating in a lake (not a lakelet) a short distance\\nto the south of Itasca. This lake was not known to Nicollet. It lies nearly\\ndue south of the southwestern arm of Itasca. He visited the others,\\nwhich are mere ponds in comparison, but missed the most important one,\\nprobably owing to difficulty of access, its inlet to Lake Itasca being com-\\npletely hidden by the densest lake vegetation. Such an inlet would prob-\\nably not have been discovered by the Glazier party but for the informa-\\ntion of the Indian guide, whose hunting-ground was in the immediate\\nneighborhood. The Infant Mississippi flows from this lake, through\\nwhich Captain Glazier and his companions forced their way under the\\nguidance of Chenowagesic. The lakelets, or ponds, shown on Nicollet s\\nmap have nothing to do with the source of the river; and the map itself,\\nso far as Lake Itasca and its region are concerned, is altogether mislead-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0430.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 423\\ning. Itasca has three arms, or bays, not two, as shown on Nicollet s\\nmap. Ax Old Geographer.\\nGeorge F. Cram of Chicago, well known throughout the\\ncountry as a leading map and atlas publisher, writes, under\\ndate December 4, 1886:\\nThere is no question in my mind but that the Source of the Missis-\\nsippi is not in Lake Itasca, as we have hitherto been taught, but in a\\nlake immediately to the south of it. The question of the discovery of\\nthis lake, which wiU probably prove to be the True Source, is the subject\\nof a warm contest between Captain Glazier and some school-book pub-\\nlishers who seem to have interests inimical to his. Whatever name may\\nbe conferred upon this lake will be determined after these gentlemen have\\nbecome reconciled, but the question of the source of the Mississippi 1\\nthink may be considered absolutely settled, and Lake Itasca must lose\\nits reputation for being the Head of that important stream.\\nA correspondent at Providence, Rhode Island, wrote to\\nthe Boston Herald under date October, 1886, in response to a\\ncriticism by Russell Hinman of Cincinnati. Mr. Hinman was\\nat the time, I believe, connected with an educational publish-\\ning house in that city in the capacity of geographer, and, in his\\nletter to the Boston Herald, very confidently denied that the\\nclaim of Captain Glazier to have located the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi had any foundation in fact. It will be under-\\nstood by the intelligent reader that if the Glazier discovery\\nproved to be correct, it would necessitate an alteration in some\\nof the geographical publications of his firm. Hence, possibly,\\nthe denial, which also occurred in a similar instance in New\\nYork:\\nTo the Editor of the Boston Herald:\\nIn a recent issue of your paper appears a letter signed Russell\\nHinman, to which my attention has only just been drawn. Mr. Hinman\\nwrites in the authoritative style of an explorer who has a personal\\nknowledge of the region to which he refers, namely, that around the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi. If, however, as I suspect, your corre-\\nspondent is simply a carpet knight, and gathered his information from\\nsources open to all of us, his tone of authority is, I think, somewhat\\nmisplaced. I propose to meet the gentleman s second-hand informa-\\ntion with that derived from direct personal knowledge of the subject\\nin debate, and to advance only that which I know to be fact.\\nFor years Lake Itasca has been regarded both by geographers and\\nmap makers, as well as by the public generally, as the Source of one of\\nthe greatest rivers of the world\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Mississippi.\\nNo injustice is done to the memory of the two early explorers of the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0431.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "424 APPEliTDIX.\\nNorthwest, Schoolcraft and Nicollet, in the statement that, notwithstand-\\ning their many valuable additions to the geographical knowledge of\\nNorthern Minnesota, their explorations did not extend to the discovery\\nof the True Source of the Mississippi Schoolcraft believed it to be Lake\\nItasca, and Nicollet confirmed him in this error. Glazier, in July, 1881,\\nstarted for this lake, and learned, upon diligent inquiry at the Govern-\\nment agency at Leech Lake, that the dense forests that surround the\\nSource of the Father of Waters had never been traversed by white men\\nsince the visit of Nicollet in 1834, or even by Indians at any time except\\nin winter, when lakes and rivers were frozen up and the whole surface of\\nthe country covered with a mantle of snow. He also learned through the\\nguides and interpreters who accompanied him that the Indians of these\\nprimeval forests did not regard Itasca as the Source of the river; but,\\nwhile rejecting it, differed among themselves as to what lake really was\\nthe Fountain-head.\\nCaptain Glazier determined to thoroughly examine all this region\\nand to locate definitely and forever its True Source. In accordance with\\nthis design, he pushed on toward Lake Itasca, intending to make it a\\nstarting point for further exploration. Reaching this point, he and his\\nlittle party camped on Schoolcraft Island, and, after a night s rest, he\\ndirected operations toward the lakes and streams of the surrounding\\ncountry. He closely examined the shores of Lake Itasca for tributary\\nstreams, finding but three of any importance. Of these, by far the\\nlargest came in at the southern end of the lake, at a point where it is\\nnearly filled with bulrushes and other thick vegetable growth.\\nTaking two canoes, Glazier ascended this stream, which, though\\nshallow, is rapid, yet so narrow in places that to jump across it would be\\nan easy task. Following its windings, he entered what appeared to be a\\nlakelet filled with rushes. Pushing through this, however, the canoes\\nfinally glided out upon the still surface of a beautiful lake, clear as crys-\\ntal, with iDebbly bottom, and shores covered with a thick growth of pine.\\nThis lake is formed irregularly in the shape of a heart, having but one\\nmarked promontory. Captain Glazier measured the length of the\\nlake, and found it to be over a mile and a half, and its width a little\\nless. He found that this lake was supplied by three feeders, which rose\\nin sand hills a few miles from the lake, and, after a thorough examina-\\ntion, became convinced that this beautiful sheet of water was in reality\\nthe Source, or Primal Reservoir, of the mighty river. Without much dis-\\ncussion, the members of the party decided unanimously to name it Lake\\nGlazier, in his honor. This is a brief summary of the proceedings of\\nthe Glazier expedition, so far as concerns the discovery.\\nYour correspondent states that the existence of such a tributary lake\\nto Lake Itasca has been known for more than half a century. I reply\\nthat the lake indicated on Schoolcraft s map, published in 1834, and on\\nNicoUet s map, published in 1838, is not the lake referred to by Glazier,\\nor it would have been at once designated as the Source of the Mississippi.\\nIf its existence was known, why was it not so designated? The lake is\\nnot quite so long as Itasca, but is considerably wider and much\\ndeeper, and the stream that imites it with the latter is perennial, and", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0432.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "APPEITDIX. 425\\nwide enough and deep enough for the passage of canoes. Surely, if this\\nwater had been known to previous explorers, they would have pro-\\nnounced it, as Glazier has done, the Source of the Mississippi. Of the\\nthree feeders to the Glazier lake, one enters it from the west, which has\\nits source in a lakelet named Alice. This feeder is shown on the Land-\\noffice map as entering Lake Itasca, which is an error. It enters the\\nGlazier lake at its northern extremity, and of this Captain Glazier fully\\nsatisfied himself. Lake Alice lies farther to the south than Lake Glazier,\\nand if the stream issuing from it debouched in Itasca, it would be\\nthe veritable source of the river. But it is simply a feeder of the Glazier\\nlake, and hence is entitled to less considei ation.\\nIt is claimed for Lake Glazier that it is the True Source of the Great\\nRiver, and that if it had been visited by the two eminent exploiters who\\npreceded Willard Glazier, they would have so recognized and named it.\\nThat they failed to do so is conclusive proof that they never saw^ it.\\nExplorer.\\nA leading paper of Minneapolis copied the following letter\\naddressed to a Philadelphia daily, in response to two of Cap-\\ntain Glazier s opponents, in which the writer expounds his\\nviews upon the Glazier claim, and criticises Ihe critics:\\nEditor Philadelphia Times:\\nIn an article in Science, of a recent date, Henry D. Hari ower of New\\nYork expresses himself thus: It is evident that Captain Glazier thinks\\nhe was the first white man to visit Elk Lake.\\nCaptain Glazier did visit the lake to which the above misnomer is\\napplied, and every other lake and pond in the vicinity of Lake Itasca; and\\nclaims to have been the first to locate a body of water to the south of\\nItasca, and tributary to the latter, which had not been recognized by any\\ngeographical authority as the Source of the Mississippi prior to the\\nsummer of 1881\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the date of his visit. This lake is the one referred to by\\nBarrett Channing Paine, a member of the expedition, in the extract\\ngiven by Mr. Harrower in Science. Let me here ask, is it not\\nsomewhat strange that many of the most prominent geographers and\\nmap publishers of the country, who, it is to be presumed, have access to\\nthe latest and most reliable authorities, should have accepted the Glazier\\nclaim, and changed their maps in accordance therewith, if they had not,\\nafter due investigation, been fully satisfied of its genuineness and\\naccuracy? This circumstance alone, in the opinion of many, is almost\\nsufficient to establish Captain Glazier s title, when we take into\\nconsideration the fact that exactness is a sine qua non in a modern\\nmap. By actual measurement. Lake Glazier w as found to be over\\na mile and a half long and nearly as wide, with an average depth of forty-\\nfive feet, which is deeper than any part of Itasca.\\nThere appears to be on the part of Mr. Harrower, and a previous cor-\\nrespondent of Science, Russell Hinman of Cincinnati, for some occult\\nreason, a disposition to belittle the undertaking of the Glazier party.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0433.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "426 APPENDIX.\\nIt was, it is true, simply a private expedition led by an American citizen\\nwhose antecedents as a cavalry officer throughout the war for the\\nUnion, and since as a popular writer, should, I venture to think, have\\nsome weight in the balance where mere credibility is the question at\\nissue. He was not a mere theorist, but an actual explorer, and, as\\nsuch, his testimony is as worthy of credit as that of any other explorer,\\nespecially when confirmed by the intelligent gentlemen who accompanied\\nhim. He was not authorized by the Government to proceed to the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi and the joui ney was certainly not made\\nin his own financial interest, as it cost him a considerable sum of\\nmoney to accomplish it. The expedition appears to have been organized\\nsolely in the interest of correct knowledge upon a geographical question\\nof some importance. He ti^aveled over a country which, according to\\nthe best authorities he had access to, had never before been trodden by\\nwhite men, namely, that between Leech Lake and Lake Itasca. In doing\\nso, he discovered a chain of lakes and streams that was not known to\\nexist by any authority he consulted. These he named after distinguished\\nAmerican soldiers and statesmen. Ultimately, he made his way to a\\nlake a short distance south of Itasca, of respectable proportions, which,\\nfrom all the information he could gather, had never before been known\\nor recognized as the Head of the Great River. If Messrs. Harrower and\\nHinman had traveled over the same ground, they would be better quali-\\nfied to pass judgment upon the accoimt given by this intrepid explorer.\\nBefore concluding, I may be permitted to state that according to\\nSchoolcraft the name Elk Lake is that by which Lake Itasca was\\nknown to the Indians, and is still known to them, and, according to the\\ntestimony of Captain Glazier s guides, this name lias never been applied\\nby them to any other lake in the vicinity. The lake located by Captain\\nGlazier as the True Source is known as Pokegavia bj the Chippewas,\\nmeaning The Place where the Waters Gather and this lake is, Avith-\\nout the shadow of a doubt, the Primal Reservoir of the mighty\\nMississippi. Investigator.\\nIn January, 1887, the Minneapolis Journal published the\\nsubjoined letter in advocacy of Captain Glazier s claim:\\nEditor Minneapolis Journal:\\nThe liberal spirit in which you have treated the controversy between\\nCaptain Glazier and his critics on the subject of the Source of the\\nMississippi, leads me to place at your disposal certain facts within my\\nknowledge, in connection with the mooted question.\\nOn what ground do his numerous supporters lay claim that Captain\\nGlazier discovered the True Source of the Great River that divides our\\ncontinent? At the period of his visit to Lake Itasca and the surrounding\\nregion, July, 1881, he made diligent inquiry upon every matter that bore\\nupon the question whether Lake Itasca was the Source of the Missis-\\nsippi. He then proceeded to Itasca, via Leech Lake, and found a beauti-\\nful lake to the south of it, which, after a careful survey, he discovered\\nto be the undoubted Source of the mighty river, connected; as it was,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0434.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "APPEI^DIX. 427\\nby a permanent stream with Lake Itasca. As such he located it, and\\nhis name was g .ven to it by the companions of his expedition.\\nHere let me observe, that while William Morrison, in 1804, was prob-\\nably the first white man who saw Lake Itasca, no one has ever credited\\nhim with the discovery of the Source of the Mississippi. In fact, he knew\\nnothing about its relation to that river. He was not an explorer, but a\\nfur trader. Had he known that the Mississippi was an outlet of Itasca,\\nhe, and not Schoolcraft, would have been recognized all these years as\\nthe discoverer of that lake. On precisely the same ground, others may\\nhave seen the lake to the south of Itasca before Captain Glazier, but it\\nis fuUy admitted that no one who preceded him to that region had\\nassigned it its true character, nor properly placed its feeders. With refer-\\nence to the latter feature of the subject in dispute, it has hitherto been\\nerroneously supposed that the lakelet to the southwest of Lake\\nGlazier, shown as Lake Alice on Glazier s large map, empties into the\\nsouthern extremity of Lake Itasca, instead of into the northwestern part\\nof Lake Glazier. This makes all the difference in the world, and proves\\nthat the Government surveyors, in running their parallels, faUed to trace\\nthis stream to its outlet. If it could be established that the creek from\\nLake Alice debouched in Lake Itasca instead of Lake Glazier, then Cap-\\ntain Glazier and his friends would at once relinquish his claim to have\\nlocated the Primal Reservoir, or True Som ce, of the Mississippi. But his\\nknowledge of this feeder is based upon actual investigation, and he\\nknows to a certainty that the lake beyond and above Itasca has at least\\nthree feeders instead of two, as shown on the Laud-ofiflce map. On this\\nground alone he is entitled to the credit, not only of estabhshing the fact\\nof the existence of a new, and hitherto unrecognized. Source of the Mis-\\nsissippi, but of proving conclusively that an important feeder is the out-\\nlet of a lakelet which has hitherto been misrepresented on the Govern-\\nment maps as falling into Lake Itasca.\\nGeographer.\\nApropos of the controversy between Captain Glazier and\\nsome members of llie Minnesota Historical Society, the Saint\\nPaul Olohe, the leading Democratic journal of Minnesota, has\\nthe following paragraph:\\nCaptain Glazier makes a fair proposition for the settlement of the\\nconti oversy between himself and the State Historical Society. He pro-\\nposes a commission of three members, one to be selected by the\\nMinnesota Historical Society, one by himself, and the third by the\\nAmerican Geographical Society, to investigate the matter in dispute by\\nmaking a tour of exploration to the upper waters of the Mississippi, and\\nsettle forever the quarrel about its Source. He fm ther offers to defray\\none-half of all the expenses of the expedition.\\nThe Chicago Times, in the subjoined notice of Captain\\nGlazier s last work, Down the Great River, gives a succinct\\nbut interesting account of the discovery of the True Source,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0435.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "428 APPENDIX.\\nin which the writer evinces a thorougli recognition and\\nappreciation of the Captain s labors:\\nA most interesting portion of Captain Glazier s Down the Great\\nRiver is the beginning, wliere the author gives the details of an expedi-\\ntion made in July, 1881, by himself, with five companions, when he\\nclaims, with good grounds, to have fixed the actual Som ce of the\\nGreat River. His attention was called, in 1876, to the fact that,\\nthough everybody knows the mouth of the stream, there was then much\\nuncertainty about its Source. In 1881, he found time to organize the\\nexpedition named, and crossing the country to Itasca embarked in his\\ncanoes, and pushed through that lake up a stream flowing into it, and\\ncame upon another considerable body of water, fed by three principal\\nstreams, originating in springs at the foot of a range of hills some miles\\nfarther on. This lake he fixed upon as the True Source, and since his\\npublished accoimts most of the geographers and map makers have\\nmodified their works according to his discoveries. He claims\\nto have been the first to discover and establish the fact that it is the\\nhighest link in a chain in which Itasca is another; or, in other words, the\\nTrue Head of the river. The In4ian name of the lake is Pokegama, and\\nthis Captain Glazier says he would have retained, but was overruled by\\nthe other members, who insisted on calling it Lake Glazier.\\nOn February 9, 1887, the State Historical Society, at Saint\\nPaul, is reported to have met and passed certain resolutions,\\nafter listening to the reading of a paper by General James H.\\nBaker on the Source of the Mississippi.\\nIt may be safely assumed that the gallant general knew\\nmore of army tactics than he knew personally of the Source\\nof the Great River, and about as much of the latter as was\\npossessed by his otherwise intelligent audience, who were said\\nto have unanimously passed his cut-and-dried resolutions.\\nIt is not known that General Baker at the date of the meeting\\ncalled to suppress Captain Glazier had ever been within three\\nhundred miles of the Source of the river, and his inflated res-\\nolutions had doubtless, in the absence of personal knowledge\\nof his subject, been based upon information derived from\\nwriters whose acquaintance with the True Source was on a\\nlevel with his own and that of the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety generally. This learned society innocently believed\\nat the time that no body of water existed beyond Lake Itasca\\nthat was tributary to it\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ergo, that Itasca was the Source of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nThe tone of the resolutions submitted to the meeting is\\nalmost beneath criticism; indeed, they bristle with low scur-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0436.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 429\\nrility. They were of a character to convince any moderately\\ninformed persou, first, that the chairman knew nothing of the\\nSource of the Mississippi, and secondly, that for some unknown\\nreason he was animated by an intense dislike of Captain\\nGlazier, two qualifications that presumably fitted him for the\\nchairmanship of such a meeting. The dignity, elegance of\\ndiction, and suamiy of these resolutions were on a par with the\\ntreatment Captain Glazier has generally met with from a few\\nmembers of this Historical Society, who affect to think and act\\nfor it as a body.\\nAt the meeting referred to, Captain Glazier s younger\\nbrother was present, and after the reading of the resolutions\\nrespectfully requested to be heard. He naturally objected to\\nthe offensive epithets which had been heaped upon his brother,\\nbut was peremptorily called to order by Chairman Baker, and\\nnot permitted to proceed. A corporal s guard of the\\naudience passed the resolutions, while the feeling of the\\nmajority was in marked sympathy with young Glazier, who\\nsimply attempted to defend his brother from the foul\\naspersions cast upon him by the self-satisfied clique on the\\nplatform. A n influential member of the society, from whom\\none would have expected something more refined than the\\nlanguage of a cow-boy, excitedly called him a liar! A dis-\\ngraceful scene ensued in the hall of this eminently learned\\nsociety, whose motto, evidently, is not audi alteram x)CiTtem.\\nThe first of the resolutions read to the meeting was in these\\nwords:\\nWe hereby express, as the deliberate judgment of this society, that\\nthe assertions and assumxMons of said Glazier are baseless and false/\\nBy this society must be understood some three or four\\nof its officious members who pose as the society, and their\\ndeliberate judgment meant simply a determination on\\ntheir part to suppress Captain Glazier, if possible, for no\\nbetter reason than that he was not a resident of Minnesota,\\nbut of New York. What could a New Yorker know about\\nthe Source of the Mississippi? They would have no outsiders\\ncome to their State and expose their ignorance to the world\\nby pretending to have discovered that the Source of their mag-\\nnificent river was not in the sacred Itasca of the renowned", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0437.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "430 APPEI^^DIX.\\nSchoolcraft. Right or wrong, Glazier must be silenced, and\\nrestricted from promulgating his heresy.*\\nThe assertions and assumptions of said Olazier are baseless\\nand false, quoth General Baker and his obsequious satellites.\\nThis clause of the resolution, couched in the peculiar language\\nof a society whose supposed aim is to educate and refine the\\npeople of the State, is, however, a harmless thunderbolt, and\\nmay be answered in two words, Prove it! I venture to\\naflSrm from my own personal knowledge that the assertions\\nand assumptions of said Glazier were neither baseless\\nnor false, but as well founded and true as that the author\\nof these resolutions was utterly incompetent to pass judgment\\nupon them from his personal ignorance of the question at\\nissue.\\nResolution No. II:\\nThat he is in no sense a discoverer or explorer.^\\nThis un grammatical blow from a literary society of such\\npretensions is amusing. A discoverer or a explorer might\\ntumble accidentally from the pen of an unfledged rustic raised\\non the prairies, but a learned society should at least know\\nthat a vowel is preceded by the article an. We excuse the\\nlapse, however, and generously attribute it to their haste to\\ninflict another telling stroke at their victim.\\nCaptain Glazier s explorations, unlike those of his critics,\\nhave extended beyond the limits of Saint Paul, and his discov-\\nery of the True Source of the Father of Waters has been rec-\\nognized by thousands of his intelligent countrymen, including\\ngeographers, college faculties, teachers, encyclopaedists, and\\nmap publishers. It may be confidently affirmed, moreover,\\nthat he has explored more of the American continent than\\nany fifty members of the Minnesota Historical Society, inclu-\\nsive of the pretentious gentlemen who denounced him in such\\nunmeasured terms. His work on the Mississippi alone\\naffords ample evidence of his exploratory labors and researches\\nin outlying sections of the country.\\nFrom conversations I have since had with prominent residents of\\nSaint Paul, I have obtained this knowledge of the true inwardness\\nor motive of the opposition, which, as I have already said, was, and\\ncontinues to be, confined to a very narrow circle of the M. H. S.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0438.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "appe:n^dix. 431\\nResolution No. Ill:\\nTfuxt the lake which Captain Glazier asserts is the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi River is not such in reality, but that the real source of\\nthe river is Lake Itasca and its tributaries.\\nCaptain Glazier lias never claimed that the real Source of\\nthe river was not in a tributary, but denies most emphat-\\nically that it is in Lake Itasca. The tributary in question\\nis a fine lake above Itasca, separated from the latter by a\\nlofty and extended ridge, and contributes its clear waters\\nthrough a perennial stream to Lake Itasca and thence to the\\nMississippi. Lake Itasca has no better title to be considered\\nthe Source of the river than Lake Bemidji, except that the\\nformer is nearer the True Source tban the latter. The lake\\nabove Itasca, over a mile and a half long, nearly as wide, and\\nforty-five feet deep, which for the past ten years has been\\nknown far and wide as Lake Glazier, is claimed as the True\\nHead, the reservoir of its five tributary streams, and hence\\nnamed Pokegama by the Indians, or The Place where the\\nWaters Gather. This body of water, unknown until 1881 to\\nthe Solons of the Historical Society, is claimed by Captain\\nGlazier and his host of supporters as the True Source of the\\nMississippi, in defiance of the perverse and senseless contention\\nof a few cavilers.\\nResolution No. IV:\\nThat We feel amazed at the presumption and assurance displayed\\nby Captain Glazier in making his claim; in arrogantly heralding him-\\nself to the world as a discoverer in deceiving historical societies; in\\npublishing maps on which the lake in question is made to appear in a\\nwrong position and four times its proper size, and in persuading pub-\\nlishers to place his name on their maps.^\\nPresumption, assurance, arrogance, and deceit are here\\nflippantly cast in the teeth of a man whose only offense con-\\nsisted in a modest attempt to settle a long-disputed geograph-\\nical question. He asked no subsidy of the Government or\\nState, but undertook a difficult, nay arduous, journey through\\na veritable terra incognita, entirely at his own cost and in the\\ninterest of science. May I respectfully ask these gentlemen\\nwho make him a target for their vituperative shafts, where is\\nthe presumption involved in such an act? Many thousands\\nthink it was highly commendable in Glazier to put himself to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0439.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "432 APPEI^DIX.\\nso much inconvenience in order to solve a problem in Ameri-\\ncan geography which would have solved itself in the course\\nof time, when frontiersmen pushed farther forward into the\\nprimitive wilderness that surrounds the Head of the river.\\nWas it presumption in Stanley to find Livingstone? Was it\\npresumption in Nicollet to follow and pass Schoolcraft in his\\ninvestigations? Is it not rather presumption and assurance for\\na few members of this society to thrust themselves before the\\npublic and condemn and denounce in such unseemly and\\nopprobrious terms a man who did his best to enlighten them\\non a topic concerning which they were at the time in dense\\nignorance? The presumption and assurance of Captain\\nGlazier have borne fruit. It is now known that the great\\nscientist of the Cass expedition was in error when he\\ncoined the word Itasca and conferred it upon the sheet of\\nwater which he doubtless believed was the Source of the\\nMississippi. People are no longer in ignorance or doubt as to\\nwhat is the True Source; that it lies to the south of Itasca,\\nin a lake of no mean pretensions, which in point of beauty\\nand size compares most favorably with its neighbor, and is in\\nevery way worthy of the distinction of standing at the\\nextreme head of our greatest river. The Minnesota Historical\\nSociety may possess its soul in peace; Lake Glazier will sur-\\nvive and be known as such generations after these brilliant\\ncritics have been gathered to their fathers, and their society\\nhas become more enlightened and consequently less obstruct-\\nive and unmannerly.\\nThe remaining portion of Resolution No. IV is simply\\nexaggerated nonsense, destitute of a grain of truth, and there-\\nfore calls only for denial. Captain Glazier made a plain\\nannouncement of fact to the public, without any flourish of\\ntrumpets. He attempted to deceive no historical society, but\\ninvited them to investigate for themselves. And here I will\\nadd that no honest investigator could arrive at any other con-\\nclusion than the one he had reached. The maps he has pub-\\nlished are geographically correct\u00e2\u0080\u0094 far more so than those of\\nSchoolcraft, Nicollet, or the spurious production of the agent\\nwho followed Glazier, and imposed his alleged map of the\\nregion upon the public under the segis of his employers of the\\nMinnesota Historical Society. The lake in question, as", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0440.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "(D\\nQ.\\nrr\\n-n\\n_,\\nVi\\nr+\\nr\\ni.^\\np\\n7^\\nM\\nm\\n(0\\n(.1\\nin\\nX\\n3D\\nQ.\\nm\\nrj-\\nr\\nO\\nj3\\no\\nC_\\nC\\n_.\\nI\\n00\\n00\\nII r iiit^\\n(433)\\n28", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0441.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "434 APPENDIX.\\ndelineated on the Glazier map, is of correct relative size to\\nLake Itasca, and is in its right topographical position in\\nreference to the latter lake. Finally, it is almost needless to\\nsay that he has no such influence over publishers as that\\nascribed to him, and if his name has found a place on their\\nmaps it has been of their own volition without a word of\\npersuasion from him. The folly of such a supposition is\\nworthy of its originators.\\nResolution No. V:\\nThat the Legislature be requested to pass the Donnelly bill, which\\nfixes the names of the lakes and streams composing the Itasca source of\\nthe Mississippi River.\\nResolution No. VI:\\nTliat we call upon the various geographical, historical, and other\\nlearned societies to co-operate loith us in repudiating Glazier s claim.\\nIf the Minnesota Legislature would pass a bill removing\\nLake Glazier from its envied position at the Head of the Mis-\\nsissippi, it would doubtless satisfy the qualms of the Minne-\\nsota Historical Society, and forever silence the troublesome\\nGlazier, who has disturbed their learned equanimity to such a\\ndegree as to render an appeal to the Legislature necessary.\\nNothing short of this could have any other effect than to\\nmake the quasi-learned society of Saint Paul and their legisla-\\ntors appear supremely ridiculous in the eyes of all intelligent\\nand fair-minded Americans.\\nThe various geographical, historical, and other learned\\nsocieties called upon to co-operate, have, as I am informed,\\nwith very few exceptions, shown great hesitation in compro-\\nmising themselves by obeying the summons; the perverseness\\nexhibited by their Northwestern sister in her dogged opposi-\\ntion to Captain Glazier, and unreasoning adherence to Lake\\nItasca having given rise to a suspicion that, after all. Glazier\\nmay be right and the Saint Paul egotists wrong. Anyhow, they\\ncould not be expected to co-operate in denouncing the\\ngentleman as a fraud without first dispatching an explor-\\ning party to the Headwaters on their own account, and hence\\ntheir hesitation to co-operate. The Saint Paul wiseacres\\nhave therefore been left to fight their battle alone; with what\\nresult we shall probably learn further on.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0442.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 435\\nThe St. Paul Times, iu 1887, expressed its opinion of the\\ncaustic treatment Captain Glazier was receiving from certain\\nmembers of the Minnesota Historical Society. The editor\\nremarks:\\nThe Minnesota State Historical Society has covered itself all over\\nwith glory, and Captain Glazier with ignominy, and the people can now\\ntake a rest so far as they are concerned about the rival claims of the\\ndiscoverers of the Som ce of the great Father of Waters. General\\nBaker seems to have considered it the society s duty to deal in wholesale\\ndenunciation of Captain Glazier s claims, which are apparently as well\\nfounded as those of any other discoverer. Schoolcraft was not the first\\nto see Itasca Lake. William Morrison, a pioneer Minnesotian, had a\\ncabin on the island in Itasca Lake twenty-eight years before School-\\ncraft visited that region. Yet no one has denied the latter the right to\\nname the lake and island. Why not accord Glazier a similar right under\\nprecisely similar circumstances? His claims are supported emphatically\\nby the overwhelming testimony of hundreds of the most distinguished\\nand competent authorities in the Northwest. Glazier did undoubtedly\\nexpend much time and treasure in investigating, not only the Source of\\nthe Mississippi, but the history of the entire river from its Source to the\\nGulf. He could have no object, nor could he gain anything by garbhng\\nstatements when it was as easy for him to publish the truth. As a\\nwriter, the sale of whose works depended permanently on the accuracy\\nof their information, he had every incentive to take the greatest pains\\nin getting at the facts. The leading map publishers have indorsed his\\nclaims, and do so in a way that leaves no doubt that they placed implicit\\nconfidence in him as a careful and trustworthy geographer and historian.\\nRand, McNally Co., George T. Cram, A. S. Barnes Co., and others\\nof the leading publishing houses who have a heavy personal interest iu\\ninvestigating the correctness of everything they publish, tacitly\\nacknowledge Captain Glazier s claims by accepting his views, and repro-\\nducing them in their books and maps. The press, pulpit, bar, and\\nLegislature of the State of Minnesota give unquahfled assent, through\\nmany of their leading members, to the position of Captain Glazier.\\nAnd the Minnesota State Historical Society assumes toward these gen-\\ntlemen a very offensive attitude when they stigmatize, by a string of\\nviolent and abusive resolutions, his natural and apparently just claims\\nto be considered the first who published his behef that Lake Glazier is\\nthe True Source of the Mississippi. The society has acted Hke a pack of\\nintellectual hobble-de-hoys, and not in the sedate, cautious, and dignified\\nfashion we naturally expect of them. Even if Glazier s claims were as\\nabsm-d as the society says they are, there is no excuse for turning our\\nHistorical Society into an agency for the dissemination of abusive epithets.\\nFrom all we can glean, we are decidedly of opinion that the rash\\nconduct of a few members has placed the society in a vexy ridiculous\\nposition, and if they have raised a laugh against themselves they have\\nthemselves to blame. The frantic appeals to the world to stand by the\\nMinnesota Historical Society in this matter, as they are embraced in", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0443.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "436 APPENDIX.\\ntheir i-esolutions, are too absurd for anything. It must mortify any\\nsensible member of the society to read the resolutions published in the\\nGlobe and Pioneer Press. They are decidedly Billingsgatish, and bear\\non their face a spirit of hostility against Captain Glazier which could\\nscarcely be evoked by a mere love of truth. On the whole, we\\nprefer to accept Lake Glazier as the name for the body of water which\\nhe asserts is the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nThe Saint Paul Dispatch, a leading and widely circulated\\ndaily of the capital of Minnesota, has published, since 1881,\\nmany editorials upon this subject. I reproduce one that\\nappeared in the issue of March 27, 1887:\\nA question has been raised by some members of our Historical\\nSociety as to whether Lake Itasca or Lake Glazier is the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi. Captain Glazier makes a claim to having located the lake\\nwhich bears his name as the Primal Reservoir, or True Head, of the\\nriver. Upon his announcement to that effect, the world abandoned its\\nprevious belief that Itasca was the source, and accepted the Glazier lake\\nas the true fountain of the mighty stream. Later the claim was\\nadvanced by certain members of our Historical Society that Glazier was\\nnot the discoverer, and was not entitled to any credit. It was said that\\nothers had been there prior to his visit and had discovered the lake.\\nBut it was not claimed that any one had ever announced it as the Source\\nof the Mississippi, and the best proof of this is found in the assertion of\\nthe State Historical Society that it is not the Source. It would seem,\\ntherefore, that before Captain Glazier is denounced as a fraud, it\\nwould be well to settle the question as to who is right about the actual\\nSource\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he or the Historical Society. If Itasca is the Source, then Gla-\\nzier s discovery is unimportant and not worth wasting words about.\\nBut if the lake fixed upon by Glazier is the Source, then undoubtedly he\\nis entitled to great credit for discovering a fact of which even our His-\\ntorical Society seems to be still ignorant.\\nA correspondent at Buffalo writes to a Northern New\\nYork journal in April, 1887. The Syracuse Standard\\nhad criticised the Captain s claim to discovery at the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi in the scurrilous style of the Minne-\\nsota Historical Society, and the New York paper copied the\\nStandard article, adding its own comments in opposition to\\nGlazier s announced discovery. The Buffalo correspondent\\nreplied as follows:\\nIn the issue of March 23d of your usually well-informed paper, you\\nhave given prominent insertion to an article copied from the Syracuse\\nStandard, in which the writer commented unfavorably on Captain Wil-\\nlard Glazier s claim. As an old acquaintance of the Captain, I venture to\\ntake up the gauntlet in his behalf; and first, I will observe that we have", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0444.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 437\\nhere an illustration of the truth of the proverb, -A prophet is not with-\\nout honor save in his own country. While honors have been showered\\non Willard Glazier by the press, geographers, and scientists throughout\\nthe land, in his own country he is sneered at as an adventurer.\\nThis, however, only indirectly, and probably from inadvertence. He is\\nremembered, not unkindly, by his former classmates of your Wesleyan\\nSeminary, some of whom have recognized him as conferring honor on\\ntheir alma mater by his stirring military career and popular writings,\\nand are his good friends to this day.\\nThe Syracuse Standard, from which you copied the scurrilous\\narticle, is inconsistent, to say the least. In 1883, it gave its readers a very\\nfavorable notice of Captain Glazier s book, Battles for the Union, then\\njust published. It spoke of him as an author wielding his pen with sur-\\nprising facility, and his descriptions abounding with life and interest\\nadding, the work is full of the momentous incidents of a struggle, the\\nmemory of which our brave soldiers love to dwell upon, etc.\\nGlazier was a soldier under Custer and Kilpatrick, and successfully\\ntook part in the battles of Cedar Mountain, Manassas, Fredericksburg,\\nBrandy Station, Gettysburg, and other engagements, and was eventually\\ntaken prisoner and made the acquaintance of the interior of Libby\\nPrison. He finally made his escape and reached the Federal lines. In\\nhis first book, written shortly after the close of the war, we get many\\nglimpses of life in that well-known prison, and numerous pathetic and\\nhumorous incidents that fell under his notice. He then wrote Three\\nYears in the Federal Cavalry, in defense of that arm of the service.\\nThen followed Battles for the Union and Heroes of Three Wars, and\\nlater a work on the Peculiarities of American Cities, all of which have\\nwon glowing eulogies from the press from Maine to California. Lastly,\\nhe is about to give to his countrymen a work on The Valley of the\\nMississippi, having traversed the entire length of the Great River in a\\ncanoe for purposes of observation a distance of over 3,000 miles, and\\noccupying a period of 117 days. Possessed of energy and daring, Glazier,\\nbefore this, had crossed the continent on horseback from Boston to San\\nFrancisco, thus proving himself a thorough American in being able to do\\nanything and everything equally well rushing, as Shakespeare observes,\\nwhere angels feared to tread. His superficial works met the demand\\nof the public and have been sold by hundreds of thousands. This fact\\nis usually considered a test of the excellence rather than the superficiality\\nof a book.\\nIn the article quoted from the inconsistent Syracuse paper, reference\\nis made to an investigation by the Minnesota Historical Society of Cap-\\ntain Glazier s claim to have located the True Source of the Mississippi\\nRiver. The investigation here referred to was confined to one individual,\\nwho wrote an abusive pamphlet on the subject; and the society, com-\\nposed for the most part of farmers and persons who knew nothing of, or\\nhad ever visited, the Headwaters of the Great River, accepted it. The\\nindividual in question took exception to Captain Glazier s giving names\\nto sundry lakes and streams he discovered between Leech Lake and Lake\\nItasca, which had never before been named or probably ever seen by white", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0445.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "438 APPENDIX.\\nmen. These lakes and streams he named after his cavahy comrades, and\\nthe old explorers, De Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, and Joliet,\\nand their successors, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, and Nicollet. He also gave\\nthe names of Garfield, Sheridan, Bayard, Stoneman, Pleasanton, Gregg,\\nCuster, and Kilpatrick to other bodies of water; and in three cases was\\nguilty of the serious offense of giving the names of his wife and daughter\\nand that of a deceased sister to some small lakes, as an affectionate\\nmemento of his visit. This is the worst that can be said of him.\\nWith regard to the location of the Source of the Great River, Captain\\nGlazier is supported by a host of competent judges, including the Gov-\\nernor of Minnesota and hundreds of representative men of the State;\\nwhile the fact of the discovery is disputed by only a few persons\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nscarcely one of whom has ever been within two hundred miles of the\\nSource. The lake located by Captain Glazier as the Primal Reser-\\nvoir, or True Source, of the Mississippi, is now recognized as such by\\nalmost every geographer and map publisher in the country, and by many\\nin Em ope.\\nThe opposition to Captain Glazier by tlie Minnesota Histor-\\nical Society, located at Saint Paul, partook of an extremely per-\\nsonal, not to say malignant type, about the beginning of the year\\n1887. It is probably difficult to sympathize with a new truth\\nwhich dispels the illusion of a lifetime. It should be repeated,\\nhowever, that this opposition w^as confined to a very few indi-\\nviduals. These gentlemen were reluctant to surrender the\\nhonor that had clung for fifty years to the Itasca of School-\\ncraft. They were under the protection of the society, and\\nresolved, by virtue of their position, to suppress the new theory\\nthat would displace their idol; and perhaps there is little\\nwonder that prejudice and conservatism were averse to its\\nadoption. The unheard-of proposition that Lake Itasca was\\nnot the Source of the Mississippi was a heresy that must be met,\\nand its propounder silenced. The subjoined article on the\\nsubject of the opposition opportunely appeared in the Saint\\nPaul Dispatcli, in the month of February, 1887, and doubtless\\nexpressed the views of many citizens besides those of the\\nwriter:\\nEditor Saint Paul Dispatch:\\nThe Minnesota Historical Society, it would seem, has been over-hasty\\nin its efforts to influence public opinion against the claim of Captain\\nGlazier. Their report, as read last night, was a document hardly calcu-\\nlated to inspire confidence in thinking people regarding the erudition of\\nwhat ought to be an institution seeking the truth of history and settling\\nmooted geographical questions. This may have arisen from the peculiar\\ncharacteristics of the gentleman who was chairman of the committee to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0446.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 439\\nwhom was delegated the work of preparing the report. However, the\\nsociety should have ignored it, but, having adopted the same, have laid\\nthemselves open to the responsibility of it, if not to the ridicule of sister\\nsocieties throughout the world. It is not meet nor dignified that a body\\nassuming to be learned should lumber up a report of that character^\\nwhich must be looked to as an authoi ity on this subject in future time\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwith discourteous language, possibly libelous, and which seemed taken\\nentire from a pamphlet issued from a rival publishing house, and\\nadopted by the committee. It would seem, if the committee had found,\\nin their opinion, no just foundation for Captain Glazier s claims, that our\\nsociety should have reported in language becoming the society, and with\\nsome consideration due that gentleman. They have greatly\\njovvered their standard, and would seem to aspire to be considered a com-\\npanj of gossipy old women. It was also unfortunate that the society\\nrefused to listen to Captain Glazier s brother, who had accompanied him\\nto the Headwaters of the Great River, and desired to speak before them.\\nCan it be possible that a society, presumed to be above bias or prejudice,\\nshould refuse to hear both sides, preferring to make an ex parte report?\\nIs this the position a society claiming public confidence should assume?\\nA society seeking the truth of history should be content to bear a\\ncross in its mission, or surrender to more patient hands. Captain Glazier\\nwas entitled to some consideration from the society as well as the pam-\\nphlet of the book publisher referred to. Fair play is dear to every Amer-\\nican heart. If he was not entitled to any considei-ation in the opinion of\\nthe savants, as to his alleged discovery at the Head of the Mississii^pi, he\\nwas at least entitled to a patient hearing from the society of our State,\\nbut a small portion of the great country for which he fought and suf-\\nfered a long and weary imprisonment. It would seem a disgrace to our\\nState that the Minnesota Historical Society has assumed the motto,\\nStrike, and then hear me. Is the Minnesota Historical Society a sort\\nof mutual admiration society, making up reports on quite important\\nquestions from pamphlets of rival publishing houses, without hearing\\nboth sides; and giving to the world profound conclusions based on\\nex parte information and their own prejudices? Should their one-sided\\nreport be a foreclosure of the matter?\\nA Citizen of St. Paul.\\nThe Saint Paul Dispatch has believed iu and supported the\\nGlazier side of the controversy from its inception; and it will\\nnot be considered surprising, therefore, that I find myself\\nmore than once quoting from its pungent and ably written\\narticles. In reply to a sheet published in Sauk Centre, Minne-\\nsota, whose editor took the side of the Historical Society, and\\nrejected Captain Glazier s claim, the Dispatch expressed itself\\nas follows:\\nWe don t say that Itasca is or is not the Source of the Mississippi.\\nThe Historical Society says it is; Glazier says it isn t, and describes", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0447.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "440 APPEI^ DIX.\\nanother lake which he claims to be the Source. Between the energetic\\nand enterprising Glazier and some of the fossils of the Historical Society\\nwe are inclined, however, to believe in Glazier; but before expressing\\nour final opinion as to whether he is right or wrong, we want another\\nexploration made. If the Historical Society and its puny allies, like the\\nSauk Centre Tribune, are so firm in the belief that Itasca is the Source,\\nthey should accept Glazier s proposition for an investigation. By not\\ndoing so, however, they lay themselves open to the suspicion that they\\nare afraid that Glazier will prove what he says, and thereby leave them\\nopen to the charge of being a sublime lot of ignoramuses.\\nThe following article, by one friendly to Captain Glazier,\\nis taken from llie Minneapolis Evening Journal of December,\\n1888, and is inserted here to show the animus of some of the\\nCaptain s critics and cavilers, whose perseverance and indus-\\ntry would have been more commendable if exerted in the\\ncause of truth:\\nEditor Minneapolis Journal:\\nThe vexed question of the True Source of the Father of\\nWaters has again come to the front, and candidates for fame or\\nnotoriety are propounding their theories, backed by pretended facts,\\nin the vain effort to dispossess Captain Willard Glazier of the honor\\nconferred upon him by public opinion in 1881 in which year, as you are\\naware, he published to the world the results of his journey to the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi. A paragraph relating to the question of the\\nTrue Source of the Great River has lately appeared in some papers,\\ndated St. Paul, December 1st, drawing attention to what the paragrapher\\nis pleased to denominate, An instructive and valuable article, with a\\ncarefully drawn and accurate map, contributed to the Pioneer Press.\\nI would ask you to kindly permit me a few words on this subject, which\\nmay be considered of interest to some of your readers. Captain Glazier\\nclaims to have located the Foimtain-head of the Mississippi, and the\\ngeographers, educational publishers, and map makers of the country\\nrecognize his claim, while hundreds of the most prominent men of\\nMinnesota, and elsewhere, have borne written testimony to the truth of\\nhis published statements. Having been identified with the Glazier expe-\\ndition to the Headwaters of the Mississippi, I unhesitatingly assert, despite\\na thousand cavileis like the correspondent of the Pioneer Press, that\\nno other water exists that can, with any show of reason or plausibility,\\nbe called the Source of the Mississippi, but the body of water which now\\nbears the name of Lake Glazier. The carefully drawn and accurate\\nmap, to which allusion is made in the paragraph referred to, is a mean-\\ningless jumble, utterly beyond comprehension, except in that it confirms\\nthe Glazier account by placing its delineator s alleged source in a relative\\nposition to Lake Glazier that, in itself, refutes the theory of the pond\\nbeing the Source of the river. The article in the Pioneer Press is\\nevasive, and shows the animus of the writer, whose aim is clearly a desire\\nto propagate an untruth, and by so doing deprive a worthy man of the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0448.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "APPEl^DIX. 441\\ncredit accorded him by his fellow-countrymen. Captain Glazier may not\\nhave been the fii st to visit the lake to the south of, and above, Itasca,\\nbut was admittedly the first to locate it definitely, and establish its\\ngeographical importance in its relation to the Mississippi, and for this\\nreason is entitled to the same consideration that was accorded to his\\npredecessor, Schoolcraft, who claimed the credit of having discovered\\nLake Itasca, which he probably knew had previously been visited by\\nWilliam Morrison, the fur trader, in 1804. Parties who have visited the\\nregion since 1881 are very confused and unsatisfactory in their reports,\\nno two of them agreeing as to the Primal Reservoir; but they make one\\nthing clear, and that is: That the large heart-shaped lake to the south\\nof Itasca\u00e2\u0080\u0094 wider and deeper than the latter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is the only body of water\\nworthy of recognition as the Fountain-head of the Great River all the\\nother ponds and lakelets referred to by them being little more than\\nmud-puddles and bogs, with no outlets, and altogether undeserving of\\nthe slightest consideration. The true source of the writer to the\\nPioneer Press is one of these frog-ponds, and his so-called accurate\\nmap is accurate only in this, that it places Lake Glazier where nature\\nplaced it, namely, at the Head of the Mississippi.\\nVeritas Caput.\\nThe Worcester Spy published in December, 1888, the fol-\\nlowing letter from an Eastern correspondent, who appears to\\nhave taken an interest in the question of the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi:\\nEditor Worcester Spy:\\nIn an editorial in the Spy of last week, something is said of Lake\\nGlazier, and also of the fljiding of another lake which, it is claimed,\\nsupersedes the claim of Captain Glazier in 1881 in regard to the True\\nSource of the Mississippi. A Mr. Brower, in the St. Paul Pioneer Press,\\nit appears, is the champion of this latest source. In his article in the\\nPress he claims that an insignificant lake, or pond, west of Lake Glazier,\\nis the true source. In this statement, his map, also published, contra-\\ndicts him, as in the map it is shown that his true source is considerably\\nfarther north than Lake Glazier, and hence can not be the fountain-\\nhead of the Great River. This is not the first time some of these small\\nponds have been taken to be the source of the river. These ponds were\\nnot unknown to Captain Glazier at the time he made his exploration,\\nand put forth his claim. All the lakes, ponds, and feeders in that region\\nwere visited, and the result was that the beautiful lake called by the\\nIndians Pokegama was selected. In regard to this, Captain Glazier says,\\nI simply claim to have estabUshed the fact that there is a fine lake\\nabove and beyond Itasca, wider and deeper than that lake, with wood-\\nland shores, with three constantly flowing streams for its feeders, and\\nin every way worthy of the position it occupies as the Primal Reservoir,\\nor the True Source, of the Father of Waters.\\nNo other lake in the region beyond Itasca can compare in any sense\\nwith the above-mentioned lake. This fact is known and admitted by", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0449.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "442 APPEl^DIX.\\nthe Indians born and reared in that locality, as I have it from them.\\nGeneral Baker s attempt to crush out the claim of Captain Glazier was a\\nfailure. Mr. Brower and his later claim can not stand before the facts\\nin regard to the merits of Lake Glazier as the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nAn Early Pioneer op Minnesota.\\nIn January, 1889, an effort was made by a certain educa-\\ntional publishing house in New York to discredit Captain\\nGlazier with the public by denying his just claim to have dis-\\ncovered and located the source of the Mississippi. In reply, the\\nfollowing letter appeared in the iV^^c England Home Journal,\\nfrom the pen of a gentleman well known in that section as a\\nwriter on history and various branches of science, who is also\\na member of several learned societies in this country and\\nEurope:\\nEditor Home Journal:\\nA feeble attempt has lately been made to prove that the claim of\\nCaptain Willard Glazier to have discovered the true source of the Mis-\\nsissippi, rests upon no other foundation than that of literary piracy and\\nfraud. If this w^ere true, concerned with liim in this attempt to foist\\nupon the public this fraudulent claim, we find a long list of hitherto\\nreputable names of men who fill high positions in the civil and educa-\\ntional world. Prominent among the number in Minnesota are the Gov-\\nernor, two ex-Governors, five Mayors, six editors, and six superintendents\\nof schools. In the country at large, eighteen educational publishers,\\nfourteen map publishers, together with the indorsement of four colleges\\nand several leading institutions of leai ning. His claim also receives the\\nsanction of several educators and map publishers in other countries.\\nThe above are only a few of the indorsements received by the Captain,\\nyet we are told that his claim is all moonshine; that they who have sanc-\\ntioned all this, know not what they are talking about\\nC.\\nA leading Saint Paul daily, of March 4, 1889, treats in an\\neditorial of a certain phase of the opposition to Captain\\nGlazier. Persons residing in Saint Paul, hearing of the pro-\\nceedings of the Historical Society, or rather of a few of its\\nofficious members, denounced the latter as most unfair to the\\nCaptain, and unbecomiog the society. Knowing nothing of\\nthe locality of the Headwaters from personal inspection, their\\nattempts to impose their views upon the public could be\\ncharacterized as nothing less than rash and presumptuous, if\\nnot worse\\nThe State Historical Society and its estimable secretary\\nappear to have reached a stage of excitement, in the consideration of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0450.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 443\\nCaptain Glazier s claims, which far exceeds that of any other individual\\nor interest concerned. Two years ago the society passed resolutions\\ndenouncing Captain Glazier as an adventurer, and of course denying to\\nhim the credit of discovering the True Source of the Mississippi, and\\nthereafter went to the Legislature, virtually asking that its resolutions be\\nspread out on the statute books of the State in the form of a legal\\nenactment. They selected, strangely enough, as the instrument of the\\nundertaking, Ignatius Donnelly, who, as a discoverer, historian, and\\nliterary oracle, would, we fear, run serious risk of faring quite as badly\\nas Glazier at the hands of that erudite establishment, should the occa-\\nsion demand an expression of its opinion regarding him. They failed,\\nhowever, in the undertaking, and now, two years later, propose to repeat\\ntheir efforts.\\nWe do not assume the championship of Captain Glazier. That is not\\nat all necessary. We do not pretend to say whether the lake which now\\nappears on the State map as the True Source of the Mississippi River\\nshould or should not be called Lake Glazier. But we would like to know\\nhow the State Historical Society, or any other body, expects to determine\\nthe True Source of the Mississippi, or the true discoverer of that Source,\\nby the imssage of resolutions or the enactment of legislation. The\\nstudents of this question, either now or hereafter, can not be expected\\nto care a rap what the State Legislature thought, or what the Historical\\nSociety made its members believe it thought, on the subject. This kind\\nof legislation is about on a par with certain mediaeval practices which\\ninvolved the barbarous sacrifice of human life in order to establish the\\ncorrectness of their opinions as to the hereafter.\\nIn a review of Captain Glazier s notable work on the\\nMississippi, in which the author describes in detail his\\njourney to the Headwaters, and discovery of the Source of the\\nGreat River, the Popular Science Montlily for April, 1889,\\nrefers to his claim in the following words:\\nIn this book, Captain Glazier relates the story in full, of his journey\\nin 1881, by the aid of an Indian guide, across country, from Brainerd,\\nMinnesota, to Lake Glazier, south of Lake Itasca, and his determination\\nof it as the real Source of the Mississippi River. The journey was made\\nfirst to Leech Lake, which is on one of the main afiluenfs of the Upper\\nMississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and is the seat of an Indian agency\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and thence up a chain\\nof lakes and portages, through a territory of which very little, if any-\\nthing, was definitely known, to Itasca Lake; around Itas.-a Lake to a\\nstream flowing into it; up that stream to Lake Glazier, and around\\nthat lake until the author and explorer was satisfied that nothing\\nimportant was likely to be found above it. As determined by\\nthe author, Lake Glazier is 1,585 feet above the level of the ocean, and\\nis 3, 184 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Captain Glazier s claims\\nto be the discoverer of the True Source of the Mississippi have been\\ndisputed by some persons who have affirmed that the lake which has", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0451.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "444 APPENDIX.\\nbeen named after him was not unknown to Schoolcraft, and that it has\\nbeen visited by hunters. The Captain repUes to these objectors by\\naffirming that no matter how many persons may have known of the\\nexistence of that body of water, he was the first to explore it, to gauge\\nits dimensions, and to determine that it is the Ultimate Source of the\\nMississippi; and he cites a large number of declarations of geographers,\\nand of men versed in the history, geography, and traditions of Minne-\\nsota, which support his claims in this shape. He represents Glazier\\nLake, though its superficial area is less, as being wider and deeper, and\\ncontaining more water than Itasca Lake. The story of the explorer s\\njourney is very pleasantly narrated.\\nThe Philadelpliia Evening Telegraph, a journal read largely\\nby scholars and scientists, gives its sanction to the Glazier\\ndiscovery of the True Source of the Mississippi in the follow-\\ning extract from an editorial:\\nIt appears quite clear that Lake Itasca never possessed\\nany title to the honor conferred upon it by Schoolcraft in 1832 of giving\\nbirth to our magnificent river. One reason alone is given to account for\\nour ignorance of its True Source, namely, it was outside the usual\\ntrack of the fur traders, and in a region scarcely ever visited by Indians\\nor white men. Schoolcraft had pronounced Itasca to be the source,\\nand no one up to the date of Captain Glazier s explorations felt\\nsufficiently interested in the matter to investigate or dispute its\\nclaim.\\nIt was long suspected that the Mississippi had its Fountain-head\\nhigher up than Lake Itasca, and in July, 1881, an expedition led by Cap-\\ntain Willard Glazier discovered a lake to the south of Itasca\u00e2\u0080\u0094 hitherto\\nunrecognized in our geographies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a mile and a half in diameter, and\\nfalling into the latter by a permanent stream\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Infant Mississippi.\\nBeyond this there appears to be no water connected with the river,\\nand hence Lake Glazier is now the recognized source of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nIf any fair-minded and unprejudiced critic of the Glazier\\nclaim reads the foregoing extracts, let it be understood that\\nthese shafts of the exponents of public opinion are not aimed\\nat him, but at those only who have assumed the prerogative\\nof censorship, for the reason that by some accident they find\\nthemselves in the position of leadership in a society claiming\\nto be learned.\\nThe discovery of the True Source of the Mississippi was\\nmade over ten years ago, and published to the world, in a\\nplainly written narrative, by the discoverer, a man entitled to\\nbe believed, and to be treated with some consideration. The\\ndiscovery is now virtually recognized and accepted by every", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0452.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "APPEI^TDIX. 445\\ngeographer and scientist in the country who has given atten-\\ntion to the subject; but continues to be denied by a few\\npseudo-critics, associated with the Minnesota Historical Society\\nat Saint Paul, who persistently stultify themselves, and\\nendeavor to mislead the public by solemnly asserting that\\nLake Itasca is the Source, in defiance of all evidence to the\\ncontrary; and this for no better reason than because School-\\ncraft, sixty years ago, so believed and asserted\\nIt must not be forgotten by the reader, in estimating the\\nvalue of this opposition, that these same cavilers have never\\npersonally risked a visit to the source of the river, and hence\\ntheir egregious assumption of authority in determining an\\nimportant question in geography has, to say the least, placed\\nthem in a very equivocal light before the country; for evidence\\nof which I have simply to refer the reader to some of the pre-\\nceding extracts.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0453.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "c.\\nCORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO FIRST EXPIfDITION.\\nThe intelligent reader of this Appendix, it is hoped, will\\nfeel in some degree interested in what I respectfully submit for\\nhis consideration, in explanation and justification of the facts\\ninvolved in this discussion. From a large mass of correspond-\\nence now lying before me, I have selected a few letters bear-\\ning upon these facts, which go to show how wide-spread is\\nthe popular belief that the position taken by Captain Glazier\\nis unassailable. It is founded upon the personal observation\\nand most painstaking investigation of a man of no ordinary\\nintelligence, who has staked his reputation as a well-known\\nauthor on the positive assertion that Lake Itasca possesses no\\nclaim ichatever to be considered the Source of our greatest river,\\na truth so palpable and patent to the sense of sight as to be\\nbeyond the sphere of doubt to any rational mind.\\nThe correspondence here reproduced will show that, in the\\nbelief of the writers, Glazier located the True Source of the\\nMississippi River in a beautiful sheet of water heyond Itasca,\\nand emptying into the latter through a permanent outlet; fur-\\nther, that despite the unreasoning opposition of a few critics, the\\npress and the public have already yielded him the credit of\\nsetting at rest a long-discussed geographical question.\\nBarrett Channing Paine of Indianapolis, formerly a\\nreporter on the staff of the Saint Paul Pioneer Press, addressed\\nthe following letter to that journal, under date August four-\\nteenth, 1881. Mr. Paine accompanied Captain Glazier to the\\nSource of the Mississippi on his First Expedition, and descended\\nwith him, in his canoe, throughout the entire length of the river\\nto the Gulf. While at the Headwaters, and during the descent\\nof the river, Mr. Paine addressed long accounts of the journey\\nand discovery to the Pioneer Press, as well as to many of\\nthe leading papers of cities on the banks of the Mississippi.\\nIn the whole of this correspondence, he expressed his firm\\n(446", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0454.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "APPEi^DIX. 447\\npersonal belief in the trutli of Captain Glazier s contention\\nthat the Source of the Mississippi is not in Lake Itasca, but in\\nthe fine lake immediately beyond it.\\nAfter giving a detailed account of the journey from the\\nshore of Itasca Lake, he proceeds:\\nEditor Saint Paul Pioneer Press:\\nAt last our longing eyes rested upon the waters of Itasca.\\nSoon after, we were floating on its placid bosom, and after a pull of about\\ntwo miles reached Schoolcraft Island. This island is about three acres\\nin extent, and so covered with underbrush that Ave could with difficulty\\nclear a place for a camp. The island has but few trees of any size, the\\nmost prominent of which is the pine, and on one of these we blazed our\\nnames and the date of our arrival. Lake Itasca is not at all the sort of\\nlake I had expected to see, being a rather large and fine body of water,\\nwith an extreme length of about five miles and an average breadth of\\nnearly a mile. It has three arms of nearly equal size, and the island on\\nwhich we camped is situated near the point where they come together.\\nThe lake was fixed upon as the Source of the Mississippi by Schoolcraft\\nin 1832, and until now its title has been undisputed. Inquiries instituted\\nby Captain Glazier, however, developed the fact that though few among\\nthe Indians and trappers who had visited that section believed Itasca to\\nbe the Source, there was some controversy as to whether another lake\\nsituated beyond Itasca, and pouring its waters into it, had not the strong-\\nest claim to that distinction. We were fortunate in having among our\\nguides an Indian, named Chenowagesic, who had hunted and trapped for\\nyears on all the surroimding lakes, and had even for a number of years\\nhad his wigwam on Schoolcraft Island, and planted corn on that historic\\nspot. He stated that a lake beyond Itasca had always been considered by\\nhim, and other Indians thoroughly familiar with the locality, as the True\\nSource of the Father of Waters.\\nActing on this information, we started for the upper, or southern,\\nend of the lake early next morning, fljiding, when we reached it, that it\\nterminated in bulrushes and what seemed to be a swamp. Our guide,\\nhowever, took us through the rushes, and we found that a small but\\nswift stream entered here, up which, with difficulty, we pushed our\\ncanoes. This stream flows from one of the prettiest lakes we had seen\\non our trip. The shores are high and covered with verdure, and the\\nlake, which is nearly round\u00e2\u0080\u0094 its regularity being broken by but one point-\\nhas a greatest diameter of nearly two miles. Into this lake flow three\\nprincipal streams, which rise in sand hills at distances ranging from one\\nto two miles from the lake.\\nHaving previously estimated the volume of water flowing into\\nItasca by all the streams contributing to it, and found the one from this\\nlake much in excess of that of others, we held a little meeting on the\\npromontory, and unanimously voted to call the new-found Source Lake\\nGlazier, in honor of the leader of our party.\\nIn regard to this lake being the True Source or Primal Reservoir of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0455.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "448 APPENDIX.\\nthe Mississippi I have but little doubt, though I am not quite positive a?\\nto the rules followed in determining the source of a river. It seems\\ncustomary to select a lake as the som*ce, when practicable, and for that\\nreason this honor was given to Itasca, though Schoolcraft must have\\nsurmised that other streams of more or less magnitude flowed into\\nItasca. In regard to this other lake to the south, he must have been in\\nentire ignorance, owing perhaps to the rushes and dense lake growths at\\nthe mouth of the ci eek which led to it.\\nI produce another of Mr. Paine s descriptive letters, printed\\nin the Saint Louis Olobe- Democrat, August, 1881, Mr. Paine,\\na man of rare intelligence, it will be seen, was thoroughly\\nconvinced in his own mind, from personal investigation,\\nthat the lake to the south of Itasca was the Source which had\\nbeen so long sought in vain:\\n^Editor Saint Louis Globe-Democrat:\\nLake Itasca for many years has been regarded both by geographical\\nsocieties and map makers, as well as by the public generally, as the Source\\nof the grandest of rivers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the mighty Mississippi. But geographical\\nknowledge, like all other knowledge, is of little consequence if it is not\\nprogressive, and in its history we have seen the firmly rooted beliefs of\\ncenturies torn up and tossed aside by the explorations and reasoning of\\nintrepid travelers, who, respecting truth and facts more than mere\\ntheory, have accepted nothing without proof, merely because others\\nhave so accepted it. This is the ground occupied by Captain WiUard\\nGlazier in his explorations in search of the Source of the Mississippi.\\nStarting for the Headwaters of this great river in July last, he\\nlearned that the dense forests which surround the Source of the Father\\nof Waters were rarely penetrated by wlute men, or even by Indians, at\\nany time except in winter, when lakes and rivers were frozen up, and\\nthe whole surface of the country covered with snow.\\nHe also heard, through the interpreter and Indian guides Avho\\naccompanied him, that the aboriginal inhabitants of these primeval for-\\nests did not regard Itasca as the Som ce; but spoke of another lake,\\nbroad and beautiful, which lay beyond Itasca, and poiu ed its clear water\\ninto the accepted Som ce through a small sti eam. Captain Glazier deter-\\nmined to thoroughly examine all this region, and settle definitely and\\nforever the problem of the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nActing in accordance with this resolution, he pushed on toward\\nItasca, intending to make it a starting-point for further exploration.\\nReaching this objective point after innumerable hardships, we camped\\non Schoolcraft Island, and after a night s rest he directed operations\\ntoward the lakes and streams of the surrounding country. We closely\\nexamined the shores oC Lake Itasca for tributary streams, finding but\\nthree of any importance. Of these the one by far the largest came in at\\nthe extreme head of the lake, at a point where it is nearly filled with\\nbulrushes.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0456.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "APPEKmx. 449\\nTaking two canoes, Captain Glazier ascended this stream, which,\\nthough shallow, is rapid. Following its windings, we entered what\\nappeared to be a lake filled with reeds and rushes. Pushing through\\nthis barrier, however, the canoes soon glided out upon the still surface\\nof a beautiful lake, clear as crystal, with pebbly bottom, and its shores\\ncovered with a thick growth of pine. This lake is formed in the shape of\\na heart, having but one marked promontory. Its greatest length is\\nabout two miles and its width about a mile and a half.\\nWe found that this fine lake was fed by at least three rivulets,\\nwhich rose in sand hills a few miles from the lake; and thoroughly\\nconvinced that this body of water was the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi, our leader proclaimed it as such. Without waiting for much\\ndiscussion, the party decided unanimously to call it Lake Glazier, in\\nhis honor. Expressing his thanks for this mark of their appreciation.\\nCaptain Glazier said that though he firmly believed the lake to be the\\nSource of the river, he should relax none of his vigilance on the trip\\nthrough the unknown part of the great stream, but would carefully\\nexamine all water flowing into the Mississippi, in order to be positive as\\nto its origin.\\nThe succeeding letter is one of many that appeared in 1881,\\nthe period of tiie First Glazier Expedition to the Headwaters\\nof the Great River. Every leading paper from Saint Paul to\\nNew Orleans contained correspondence relating to the discov-\\nery of the True Source, and it would require a volume to\\nreproduce all or even one-half of these communications to the\\npress by parties interested in the question:\\nSaint Louis, Missouri,\\nSeptember 19, 1881.\\nEditor Saint Louis Post-Dispatch:\\nLake Itasca has been considered to be the source of the Mississippi\\nfor so many years that any man who disputes its title to that honor is\\nlooked upon as a radical, and one bent upon upsetting all one s precon-\\nceived geographical ideas. Still it seems to be a fact that Lake Itasca is\\nnot the Source, and has no greater claim to being called so than Lake\\nCass or Lake Bemid ji or Lake Pepin. This was discovered by Captain\\nWillard Glazier, who headed an expedition last July, and started for the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi. Reaching Lake Itasca after a journey of\\ngreat difficulty, he camped on Schoolcraft Island, and thoroughly exam-\\nined the lakes and streams which contribute their waters to the Great\\nRiver. The various theories and stories heard from his Indian guides\\nwere considered as clews, and faithfully followed up until their truth or\\nfalsity was ascertained. Success at length crowned his labors, for a\\nbeautiful lake was found beyond Itasca, and in the direct line of the course\\nof the river, which proved to be the farthest water -the extreme Head of\\nour grand Mississippi. This lake is said to be about two miles in diame-\\nter, with clear water and beautiful surroundings, fed by several springs,\\n29", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0457.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "450 APPEi^DIX*\\nand one of the prettiest of its size in Minnesota. The stream which\\nflows from it into Itasca is very rapid, but narrow.\\nHiSTORICUS.\\nThe following extract is from a letter received by the present\\nwriter, in May, 1884, from Paul Beaulieu, interpreter to the\\nWhite Earth Indian Agency, Minnesota. Beaulieu is a very\\nintelligent French-Canadian. He has lived all his life within\\nseventy miles of the Head of the Mississippi. His letter was\\nin answer to an inquiry as to the views of the people of that\\nsection concerning Captain Glazier s discovery. He writes:\\nWhite Earth Indian Agency, Minnesota.\\nI would respectfully state that according to the ideas of the people\\nof this section for scores of years past, in alluding to Lake Itasca, which\\nis known only as Elk Lake, or Omushkos, by the Indians, it was never\\nconsidered by them as the Head or Source of the Father of Running\\nWaters, or May-see-see-bee. I have received the map you sent me show-\\ning the route of exploration of Captain Glazier, 1881, and am well\\nacquainted with his chief guide, Chenowagesic, who has made the sec-\\ntion of country explored by Captain Glazier his home for many years,\\nand who has at length proved the truth of his often-repeated assertion,\\nwhen maps were shown him, that a lake beyond Itasca would in time\\nchange an important feature of those maps, and that Lake Itasca can\\nnot maintain its claim to being the Fountain-head of Ke-chee-see-be, or\\nthe Great River. The map, as outlined by Captain Glaziei- s guide,\\nChenowagesic, is correct, and it is plain to us, who know the lay of this\\nwhole country (I mean by the word us the Chippewa tribe in particular),\\nthat Lake Glazier is located at the right place, and is the highest lake\\non the great Mississippi, and therefore the Source of that river.\\nRespectfully yours,\\nPaul Beaulieu.\\nA correspondent writes to the Boston 2 imes, August 29,\\n1880, as follows:\\nEditor Boston Times:\\nA glance at the map of the United States will show that the great\\nriver of North America\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Mississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 has its Source in Northern Min-\\nnesota, flowing at first in a northerly direction, then suddenly darting off\\nat right angles to the eastward, and then again continuing its course in\\na southerly direction until it finally mingles its fiood with the Gulf of\\nMexico\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a distance from its source of 3,184 miles. It is of the origin of\\nthis great river I purpose to speak here. Can a river have two som-ces?\\nNow it is a debated point at the present day whether Lake Itasca or\\nLake Glazier is the Foimtain-head of the Father of Waters. The for-\\nmer lake, as everybody knows, was discovered by Schoolcraft in 1833, the\\nlatter by Glazier in 1881. Lake Glazier lies in latitude about 47\u00c2\u00b0, and as\\nthe river flows at first to the northward, it is necessarily beyond the", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0458.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 451\\nsource assigned to it by Schoolcraft. Hence it follows, that Lake Gla-\\nzier, if the premises are correct, is the Primal Reservoir of the Missis-\\nsippi, always granting that the alleged discovery is sufficiently authen-\\nticated. As evidence in his favor, Captain Glazier states that in July\\n1881, he fitted out an Expedition, composed of himself and three or four\\nothers, accompanied by an interpreter and Indian guides, and with the\\nnecessary canoes and supplies started from Saint Paul for Northern\\nMinnesota, with the intention of reaching Lake Itasca, and setting at\\nrest the vexed question of its claim to be the Source of the Mississippi.\\nAccording to the accounts published at the time in almost every news-\\npaper, from the extreme north to the extreme south of the Great River,\\nand copied into many of the leading papers of the Eastern and Middle\\nStates, he not only reached Itasca, but soon discovered that the famed\\nlake of Schoolcraft was not the Source that, in fact, another lake, nearly\\nas large as Itasca, existed farther up that is, farther south; that this\\nlatter was a beautiful sheet of water, nestUng among the pines, known\\nto the Indians as Pokegama; and, moreover, that it discharged itself by\\na respectable stream\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Infant Mississippi uito Itasca. One of Cap-\\ntain Glazier s Indian guides, rejoicing in the euphemistic name of Che-\\nnowagesic, had previously told him of the existence of this lake, and its\\nconnection -with Itasca, and, therefore, with the Mississippi, and jjiloted\\nhim and his party into it. This Indian, who is said to have been\\nmiddle-aged, very intelligent, and very faithful and rehable, told him, fur-\\nther, that no white man had ever been seen there; his own hunting-\\ngroimd was in the immediate vicinity; and the Captain and his associ-\\nates could readUy believe that the locality had probably never before\\nbeen visited by civilized men, for the very good reason that it is weU-nigh\\ninaccessible. After surveying the new lake and its feeders, the former\\nof which he found neai ly circular, and nearly two miles in diameter, and\\nhis companions having formally christened it after tlieir leader, the Cap-\\ntain and his party descended the stream connecting it with Itasca in\\ntheir canoes, and passing through the latter lake, started on the long\\nvoyage, they had originally contemplated as part of their i^lans, down\\nthe Great River to the Gulf of Mexico. After one hundred and thirty-\\neight days of paddling, and many hairbreadth escapes, they made the\\nGulf. But the news of the discovery of the new Source of the Missis-\\nsippi had reached New Orleans before them, as it had reached Saint Louis\\nbefore their arrival at that city on their way down. The news was con-\\nsidered of sufficient importance by the New Orleans Academy of Sciences\\nto warrant their calling a special meeting of the members, and inviting\\nCaptain Glazier to lay before them the details of his discovery. Fully\\nsatisfied as to the validity of hLs claim, highly complimentary resolutions\\nwere passed, recognizing the discover^ On his return jovu-ney to Saint\\nLouis, Captain Glazier was officially invited to lay before the members\\nof the Missouri Historical Society some account of his explorations in\\nNorthern Minnesota, and again the fact was duly indorsed, by resolution,\\nthat Lake Glazier is the True Source of the Mississippi. Since that date\\nJanuary, 1882\u00e2\u0080\u0094 other scientific bodies have, after due investigation, given\\ntheir recognition to the genuineness of the discovery. The maps of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0459.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "452 APPENDIX.\\nsome of the leading map publishers have been corrected, and Lake\\nItasca no longer figures on them as the source of the Great River,\\nLake Glazier having taken its place. The school geographies of several\\npublishers likewise give Lake Glazier as the Source.\\nAll this evidence seems conclusive of the authenticity and credibil-\\nity of the claim of Captain Willard Glazier, albeit we are reluctant to\\ngive up the good old poetic name of Itasca. The world moves, however,\\nand we must move with it. Glazier s name, like those of De Soto, Mar-\\nquette, La Salle, Hennepin, and others, will, we venture to think, be\\nindissolubly associated, for all time, with our grand old river.\\nGood-by, Itasca! Thy beautiful name loses none of its sweetness,\\nthough shorn of its glory. May-see-see-bee.\\nThe following is copy of a letter sent to General J. H.\\nBaker of the Minnesota Historical Society, Saint Paul. No\\nreply was wuchsafed, or the slightest notice taken of it.\\nGlazier, although for many years a member in good standing\\nof the G. A. R., evidently made a mistake in approaching so\\nimportant a personage albeit a comrade with an offer lo\\nsubmit facts of which he was personally cognizant. The\\nletter, unacknowledged, I here insert\\nSyracuse, New York,\\nJanuary 17, 1887.\\nGeneral J. H. Baker, Saint Paul, Minnesota.\\nDear Sir and Comrade: I have just learned through my brother,\\nnow in your city, that you are a member of the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety and take considerable interest in the controversy concerning the\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi. It occurs to me that you might possibly\\nlike to be put in possession of a few facts i-elative to the mooted ques-\\ntion. If I am right in this supposition, I shall be pleased to place at\\nyour disposal such matter as I have at my command, and in the mean-\\ntime, remain,\\nYours in F. C. and L.,\\nWillard Glazier.\\nI subjoin a letter to Governor A. R. McGill of Minnesota.\\nThe intention of this Appendix is to give as nearly as possible\\na concise and truthful account of the controversy that fol-\\nlowed upon the announcement of the discovery of the True\\nSource of the Mississippi. A letter to the Governor was\\nthought advisable at a time when the Historical Society s paid\\nagents were publishing coarse and calumnious articles against\\nCaptain Glazier in a fruitless attempt to discredit him before\\nthe public. It is needless to add that in this case a courteous\\nreply was received by the writer.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0460.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "appe:n^dix. 453\\nCamden, New Jersey,\\nFebruary 18, 1887.\\nTo Governor A. R. McGill, Saint Paul, Minnesota,\\nDear Sir: Permit me to address you on the subject of Captain\\nWillard Glazier s claim to have located the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi River. It is the general belief that the opposition to this claim\\noriginated with a firm of school-book and map publishei S in New York\\nCity, whose single motive was to advertise themselves and their wares,\\nand this firm appears to have secured an advocate in a very active\\nmember of your State Historical Society, named Baker. This man has\\nnot scrupled in his attempts to discredit, and, if jjossible, dishonor my\\nfriend by an energetic and interested opposition to his claim to have\\nbeen the first white man to locate the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nAnd right here I will say, that from a long and most intimate\\nacquaintance with Captain Willard Glazier, I know him to be eminently\\nprecise, cautious, exact, and conscientious in everything he saj S and\\ndoes, and would be the last man in the world to advance a theory that he\\nknew to be groundless, or in the slightest degree open to question.\\nHis title to respectful consideration is founded, in a measure, on\\nhis honorable military record during the war of the Rebellion, and the\\nauthorship of several popular works\u00e2\u0080\u0094 mostly relating to military affairs.\\nHe is scrupulously truthful, and his moral character, in every respect,\\nbeyond impeachment.\\nIn July, 1881, I assisted him in organizing his expedition to the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi; and although I did not accompany him\\nbeyond Saint Paul, am thoroughly posted on every step of his progress\\nto Lake Itasca and the lake above it, which stands at the head of the\\nGreat River and is its True Source.\\nMr. Baker, who appears to be running the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, has greatly belittled himself in the estimation of every one out-\\nside the society by the malevolent course he is adopting. Captain\\nGlazier has offered to pay one-half the expenses of a commission of com-\\npetent engineers and surveyors to proceed to the lake he has located as\\nthe True Source, and to abide by their decision on the subject. Can any-\\nthing be fairer or more liberal than this, or afford stronger proof of his\\nhonest faith in his discovery, and therefore of his title to be accredited\\nwith it? I have the honor to be, very respectfully.\\nYour obedient servant,\\nPearce Giles.\\nAbout the commencement of the year 1887, while at Syra-\\ncuse, New York, Captain Glazier was advised by friends in\\nSaint Paul that scurrilous and libelous articles were appearing\\nin the local press concerning him, having reference to his\\nclaim to have located the Source of the Mississippi. News-\\npapers reached him containing letters from his critics of\\nthe Historical Society, and the writers, not satisfied with\\ndenying his claim, attempted to injure him in public opinion", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0461.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "454 APPEl^DIX.\\nby denouncing him as a fraud and an adventurer.\\nHe thereupon started for Saint Paul, and on his arrival in that\\ncity hastily wrote the subjoined letter. In this, no word\\nunbecoming a gentleman appeared. He confined himself to\\nplacing the grounds of his claim before the reader, and made\\nvery little reference to the defamatory language of his tra-\\nducers.\\nWith reference to the proposition to the Historical Society,\\nin the last paragraph of his letter, it is significant that no\\nnotice was taken of it, and if one may judge from the news-\\npaper comment of the time, the learned society was afraid, if\\nthey accepted his liberal offer, that the adventurer might\\nestablish his claim and so place them in an undignified predica-\\nment before the public.\\nMerchants Hotel,\\nSaint Paul, Minnesota,\\nFebruary 12, 1887.\\nEditor Saint Paul Dispatch: I have come to Minnesota in 1887 to\\nclaim the credit which was very generally accorded me by press and\\npeople in 1881. I do not ask for anything which is not in justice mine,\\nand if I am unable to win my case without descending to personalities\\nand mud throwing^ I prefer to lose it. I was taught in the schools of\\nthe East that Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi River, and\\nwhen I reached this State in 1881, ascertained that its title was still\\nunquestioned by white men. To quote from my recent letter to the\\nPioneer Press: Those who have been my most persistent critics in\\nthis controversy opened the battle with the assertion that Lake Itasca\\nwas the undoubted Source of the Mississippi, and that, at the time of my\\nexpedition, there was nothing of an exploratory character in Northern\\nMinnesota How well they have been able to justify their position will\\nbe developed as we advance.\\nFor many years prior to 1881, I had been of the opinion that Lake\\nItasca occupied an erroneous position in our geography. In fact, I had\\nbecome satisfied, through conversations with straggling Chippewas in\\nthe Northwest, that the red man s ideal river did not rise in the lake\\ndescribed by his white brother, but that there were other lakes and\\nstreams beyond that lake, and some day the truth of their statements\\nwould be verified.\\nThoroughly convinced that there was yet a field for exploration in\\nNorthern Minnesota, I resolved, in 1876, to attempt a settlement of the\\nvexed question concerning the Source of the Mississippi, at an early day.\\nFinding the opportunity I sought, in 1881, 1 came to Saint Paul in June of\\nthat year, accompanied by Pearce Giles of Camden, New Jersey. Here\\nI was joined by my brother George of Chicago, and Barrett Channin^\\nP9,ine of the Pioneer Press.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0462.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 455\\nHaving completed arrangements, I left Saint Paul on the morning\\n.of July fom-th, with Brainerd as our immediate objective. Short halts\\nwere made at Minneapolis, Monticello, Saint Cloud, and Little Falls, on\\nour way up the I iver. Brainerd was reached July seventh. This town is\\nsituated near the boundary of the Chippewa Indian Reservation, and is\\nthe nearest place of consequence to Lake Itasca. Here I again halted to\\nfurther inform myself concerning the topography of the country; to\\ndecide upon the most feasible route to our destination, and to provide\\nsuch extra supplies of rations, clothing, and general outfit as might be\\nconsidered essential to the success of our undertaking. After consulting\\nmy maps, I concluded that while Schoolcraft and NicoUet had found\\nItasca by going up the river through Lakes Winnebegoshish, Cass, and\\nBemidji, the most direct course would be by way of Leech Lake and\\nKabekanka River.\\nA careful study of the route to Leech Lake, with a few valuable\\nsuggestions from Warren Leland, one of the oldest residents of Brainerd,\\nled us to seek conveyance to the former place over what is known in\\nNorthern Minnesota as the Government Road.\\nWhile at the Leech Lake Indian Agency, we obtained valuable\\ninformation concerning the peculiar characteristics of the Indians on\\nthe Chippewa Reservation. At this place, it was our good fortune to\\nmeet the Post Missionary, Rev. Edwin Benedict; Major A. C. Ruffee, the\\nIndian Agent; Paul Beaulieu, the veteran Government Interpreter;\\nFlatmouth, head chief of the Chippewas; White Cloud, chief of the\\nMississippis, and several others, well known at the Agency. Through\\nconversations with these parties, I learned that pioneers of that region\\nwere of the opinion that the lake located by Schoolcraft was the Source of\\nthe Mississippi; but the Indians invariably claimed that the Great River\\nhad its Origin in a beautiful lake above, and beyond, Itasca. Paul Beau-\\nlieu, who is perhaps the best authority in Minnesota on the subject, hav-\\ning lived for more than sixty years within its borders, said, in substance,\\nthat Chenowagesic, the most intelligent Chippewa of his acquaintance,\\nhad made the Itasca region his home for many years, and that he had\\nalways asserted, when maps were shown him, that a lake above Itasca\\nwould in time change a feature of those maps, and confirm his statement\\nthat Lake Itasca could not longer maintain its claim to being the fount-\\nain-head of Ke-chee-see-bee, or Great River, which is named May-see-\\nsee-be by the Chippewas.\\nThree days were spent at Leech Lake, during which time we\\nsecured an interpreter, Indian guides, and birch-bark canoes. Every-\\nthing being in order, we launched our canoes on the morning of July\\nseventeenth, wishing, as previously explained, to approach Itasca by a\\ndifferent route from that employed by Schoolcraft and Nicollet, who\\nwent up the Mississippi from Lake Winnebegoshish. I crossed Leech\\nLake, and ascended the Kabekanka River, thence in a direct westerly\\ncourse, through twenty-one lakes, alternated by as many portages,\\nreaching Itasca between two and three o clock on the afternoon of the\\ntwenty-first.\\nThe work of coasting Itasca for its feeders was begun at an early", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0463.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "(456)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0464.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "APPEIS-DIX. 457\\nhour on the morning of the twenty-second. We found the outlets of six\\nsmall streams, two having well-defined mouths, and four fi^ltering into\\nthe lake through bogs. The upper end of the southwestern arm of\\nItasca is heavily margined with reeds aud rushes, and it was not without\\nconsiderable difficulty that we forced our way through this barrier into\\nthe larger of the two open streams which enter at this point. This\\nstream, at its mouth, is seven feet wide and three feet deep. Slow and\\ntortuous progress of between two and three hundred yards, brought us\\nto a blockade of logs and shallow water. Determined to float in my\\ncanoe upon the surface of the lake toward which we were paddling, I\\ndirected the guides to remove the obstructions, and continued to urge\\nthe canoes rapidly forward, although opposed by a strong and con-\\nstantly increasing current. On pulling and pushing our way through a\\nnetwork of rushes, similar to that encountered on leaving Itasca, the\\ncheering sight of a transparent body of water burst upon our view.\\nThis lake, the Chippewa name of which is Pokegama, is about a\\nmile and a r.alf in its greatest diameter, and would be nearly an oval in\\nform but for a single promontory at its southei n extremity, which\\nextends its shores into the lake so as to give it in outline the appearance\\nof a heart. Its principal feeders are three creeks, two of which enter\\non the right and left of the headland, and have their origin in springs\\nat the foot of sand hills from two to three miles distant. The third\\nstream is but little more than a mile in length, and is the outlet of a\\nsmall lake situated to the southwestward.\\nAssuming that the statements of my party are clearly indisputable\\nconcerning the lake which I claim as the Source, it must be admitted:\\nI. That Lake Itasca can not longer be maintained as the Fountain-\\nhead, for the reason that it is the custom, agreeably to the definition of\\ngeographers, to fix upon the remotest water, and a lake if possible, as\\nthe source of a river.\\nII. That Schoolcraft coald not have seen the lake located by me,\\nelse he would have pronounced it the Source, placed it upon his map,\\nand described it as such.\\nIII. Nicollet, who followed Schoolci^af t, could not have been aware\\nof its existence, as he gives it no place upon his map, or description in\\nthe narrative of his expedition.\\nIV. The Government survey is in error in showing that the outlet of\\nthe lakelet to the southwest of my lake debouches in Lake Itasca.\\nWhatever the verdict, and regardless of the name applied to it, the\\nlake to the south of Itasca was certainly not known to the white inhabit-\\nants of Northern Minnesota prior to 1881. Lake Itasca was still recog-\\nnized as the Origiu of the river, was placed upon the maps, and taught\\nas such in all the schools of the country.\\nI simply claim to have established the fact that there is a beautiful\\nlake above and beyond Itasca, wider and deeper than that lake, with\\nwoodland shores, with three constantly flowing streams for its feeders,\\nand in every way worthy of the position ib occupies as the Primal Reser-\\nvoir\u00e2\u0080\u0094the True Source of the Father of Waters.\\nIn conclusion, it was with no intent to deprive Schoolcraft, Nicollet,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0465.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "458 APPENDIX.\\nor any other explorer who preceded, me of their well-earned laurels, that\\nI announced the True Source of the Mississippi. Having entered the lake\\nto the south of Itasca and definitely located its feeders, I became satisfied\\nthat it was the Primal Reservoir of the Great River, and so announced it\\nto the geographical world. This is the head and front of my offending.\\nThe Minnesota Historical Society has now re-afiflrmed that Lake\\nItasca is the Fountain-head. If this is true, then Lake Glazier is of\\nlittle more importance than any other of the ten thousand lakes of\\nMinnesota. If I am right and the Historical Society is wrong, then I\\nsubmit, in the.name of justice, am I not at least entitled to considerate\\ntreatment?\\nSo confident am I of the rightfulness of my claim, that I make this\\nproposition to the Minnesota Historical Society, that this question may\\nbe settled for all time: That the gentleman who introduced biU No.\\n20 i, withdraw the same and substitute one of the following tenor: That\\nthe Legislature commission three persons, one to be selected by the\\nGovernor, one by the American Geographical Society, and one by myself,\\nwho shall be empowered to employ competent surveyors to visit the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi, and report their decision on this matter to\\nthe next session of the Legislature of this State, for the passage of a bill\\nformulated on their investigations and findings.\\nIf this is done I will, as I have before offered to do, deposit in\\nsome National bank of Saint Paul sufficient funds to cover one-half the\\nexpense of the expedition, provided the Minnesota Historical Society, or\\nany person or persons, will furnish the other half. Can I offer a fairer\\nproposition? If not accepted, my case is prejudged. If accepted, let the\\nState of Minnesota and the geographical world abide the issue, as I am\\nwilling to do.\\nWiLLARD Glazier.\\nRev. Joha C. Crane of West Millbury, Massachusetts, a\\nwriter and recognized authority la the East upon matters per-\\ntaining to general history, science, and geography, expressed\\nhU views on tlie claim of Captain Glazier in the foUowing\\nletter to the Saint Paul Dispatch:\\nWest Millbury,\\nDecember 10, 1888.\\nEditor Saint Paul Dispatch:\\nMy attention has been called to the communication of J. V. Brower,\\npubhshed in a Saint Paul paper recently. All the letters in oppo-\\nsition to the claim of Captain Glazier show so much spite and venom\\nagainst the Captain that I can not refrain from lending him a hand,\\nalthough I think him well able to take care of himself. In the map\\npublished with the Brower article in the Pioneer Press, he tries to\\nprove that the lake south of Itasca, which is found to be wider and\\ndeeper than the lake of Schoolcraft, is not the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi. I make the statement that what he says is the Source is nothing\\nbut an insignificant lakelet or pond compared with the Glazier lake.\\nA glance at the map of that region will convince any one in possession", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0466.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "APPE^-DIXc 459\\nof an unprejudiced mind, which is the largest lake in that region beyond\\nItasca with requisite feeders and all the requirements of the Source of a\\nriver. A puddle among the sand hills, dribbling its tribute along, can\\nnot dispute the right of Lake Glazier. Mr. Brower claims that a pond\\nto the west of the Glazier lake is the Source. But in this his own map\\ncontradicts him, as on that map his Source and the stream entering the\\nwest arm of Itasca would be much farther to the north than Lake Gla-\\nzier, and therefore can not be the Source. I have no hesitation in saying\\nthat Captain Glazier was cognizant of all that Mr. Brower claims. I\\nknow the region well, and don t believe that an Indian can be foun 1 in\\nthat locality but will say that he believes Lake Glazier to be the Primal\\nReservoir, and therefore the Head of the Father of Waters. With one\\nfeU swoop of Brewer s pen, one lake of Nicollet disappears; the Govern-\\nment surveyors of that region have clanked their chains and stuck their\\npins in the wrong place. It was reserved for a party of hunters, out\\nfor a day s shooting, to discover in a frog-pond the fountain-head of\\nthe mightiest river in our land. Schoolcraft says that the True Source\\nof a river is a point at the remotest distance from its mouth, but con-\\nnected with this statement are other points to be considered. The pro-\\nportions of the lakes claimed as the Source, and the depth of water, are\\nalso to be taken into account. Shall we ignore PoTcegama, or Lak^ Gla-\\nzier, two miles long, a mile and a half wide, and forty-five feet deep, for\\nan insignificant pond? Thirty years ago the writer was a resident of\\nMinnesota, and even then the idea was advanced that Itasca was not the\\nSource of the Great River. For a long time after Captain Glazier\\nannounced the lake named after him by his companions as the True\\nSource, no one disputed the truthfulness of his claim. Few men have\\nhad so many ovations from individuals and societies as he. Jealous\\nand interested parties since that time have sought to stamp out his\\nclaim and the author of it. If these gentlemen are sincere in their\\ndesire to settle this much-discussed question as to the True Source of the\\nriver, why do they not accept Captain Glazier s proposition? He has\\noffered to pay one-half the cost of an expedition, fully equipped, that\\nshall settle the question on its merits, if his opponents will pay the\\nother half. The fact is they dare not do it. Time has only strengthened\\nCaptain Glazier in the belief that his lake is the True Source of the\\nMississippi. In that belief the writer coincides.\\nOne word and I have done. Mr. Brower, in his article in the Pioneer\\nPress, alludes to the so-called Captain Willard Glazier. If holding a\\ncaptain s commission, bearing the broad seal of the great Empii e State,\\nin one of the companies of a daring cavalry regiment, and tasting the\\nhorrors of nearly all the rebel prisons in the late war does not entitle a\\nman to be called Captain, then I should like to be informed what\\nqualifications are necessary. J. C. Crane.\\nBearing upon the subject of the True Source of the\\nGreat River, the following from a Student of the question,\\nresident in the East, will be found apt and well reasoned:", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0467.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "460 APPEITDIX.\\nRochester, February 20, 1887.\\nEditor Saint Paul Dispatch\\nYour paper of the 18th inst. has just come under my notice. You\\nsay that the State Historical Society proposes to sit down on Captain\\nWillard Glazier s claini to have located the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi. From information that has reached me, I am of the opinion that\\nnot many intelligent citizens of Minnesota will be found to sit down\\nwith them. One thing is certain: that Itasca is not the Source. No one\\nin his senses will now affirm that it is; and if the lake to the south of it,\\nand falling into it, is not the Source, where is it to be found? The lakelet\\nto the southwest\u00e2\u0080\u0094 marked Alice on the Glazier map\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which empties\\ninto Lake Glazier, is simply a feeder of the newly located Source, and,\\naccording to the Glazier survey, is erroneously marked on the Land-\\noffice map as falling into Lake Itasca. This little fact makes all the dif-\\nference in the world.\\nCaptain Glazier s opponents will find it uphill work to convince\\nsensible men that the True Source of the Mississippi is not in the lake in\\nwhich he has placed it. If this lake had been seen before he visited it in\\n1881, he was certainly the first man, as it appears to me, to announce it to\\nthe world as the True Source, and should, in common fairness, have the\\ncredit that attaches to a first discovery.\\nStudent.\\nAn open letter from Captain Willard Glazier to the Minne-\\nsota Historical Society, published widely in Minnesota and the\\nStages bordering upon the Mississippi:\\nPhiladelphia, March 20, 1889.\\nTo the President and Members of the Minnesota Historical Society.\\nGentlemen: I have just noticed in the Saint Paul papers that the\\nquestion of the Source of the Great River is again occupying your atten-\\ntion, although I had long since concluded that the several expeditions\\nwhich have followed mine of 1881 had sufficiently enlightened your hon-\\norable body upon the mooted topic to enable you to make satisfactory\\ndeductions as to the veracity and validity of my published statements.\\nIt is now nearly eight years since I published the fact that Lake Itasca\\nwas not the Source of the Mississippi, but that another lake to the south\\nof it was the Fountain-head of the river. During the interval that has\\nelapsed since 1881, 1 have been criticised by a few persons, some of whom\\nclaim to have visited the region, and by others who have never been within\\nhundreds of miles of it. At this late date, however, nearly eight years\\nafter my announcement, and notwithstanding the silly antagonism of a\\nfew opponents, I am as firmly convinced as I was on the twenty second\\nday of July, 1881, that the heart-shaped lake to the south of Itasca, and\\nfalling into the latter, is the True Source of the Mississippi, and that\\nLake Itasca, therefore, has no title whatever to this distinction. I have\\nbeen before the world for many years, and am well known to thousands\\nof my fellow-countrjonen, not one of whom, I venture to say, would\\naccuse me of ever stating what I did not beUeve to be true. Yet these", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0468.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 461\\nwould-be critics and detractors have not scrupled to charge me with falsi-\\nfying, and almost every other crime short of murder in the first degree,\\nbecause I have had the temerity to assert, and re-assert, the truth upon\\na subject about which I am thoroughly cognizant, and of which I have\\nno more doubt than I have of the existence of the Mississippi itself, or\\nof my own identity.\\nWhat possible excuse there can be for visiting that region at a time\\nwhen the locality is covered with ice and snow, is to me and many others\\nincomprehensible. Pei mit me to express the honest conviction that per-\\nsonal consideration for two or three persons in the great State of Minne-\\nsota appears to have had more influence in the deliberations of your\\nsociety, than a desire to establish a geographical truth. Those who\\nhave been recently commissioned to report on the topography of the\\ncountry at the Headwaters of the Mississippi, are apparently visiting\\nthat section with the aim, and probably the determination, of disproving\\nme, the quibbling of their letters to the press showing most clearly that\\nthey are gone in search of anything but geographical facts. If it really\\nwas the opinion of your learned body that another expedition was nec-\\nessary to remove all doubt upon the subject, why dispatch an individual\\non this mission who is well known to you to be personally inimical to me.\\nWhy not have appointed some one to represent my side of the question,\\nor at least some one known to be unprejudiced and disinterested? Can\\nit be possible that you have forgotten my offer made two years ago,\\nwhen this question was under discussion before the Legislature? Believ-\\ning, then, that it was your wish to see fair play, and that you desired to\\ngo on record as advocates of the truth, I respectfully submitted: That\\nthe Legislature commission three persons, one to be selected by the Gov-\\nernor, one by the American Geographical Society, and one by myself,\\nwho were to be empowei-ed to employ competent surveyors, visit the\\nregion, and report their decision to the next Legislature of your State,\\nwith a view to the passage of a bill on the subject. If this is done, I\\nadded, I will deposit in some National bank of Saint Paul sufficient\\nfunds to cover one-half the expense of the expedition, provided the\\nMinnesota Historical Society, or any person or persons, wiU guarantee\\nthe other half. If not accepted, my case is prejudged. If accepted, let\\nthe State of Minnesota and the geographical world abide the issue, as I\\nam willing to do. This proposition was submitted February 12, 1887,\\nand I felt much gratified at the time that my proffer to your society was\\nreceived with general approval by the press throughout the country, and\\nthat your local papers were especially pleased, and pronounced it just\\nand fair. But notwithstanding this, and my willingness to meet you\\nhalf-way in any movement tending to a just and impai*tial decision upon\\nthe merits of the question, the impression at Saint Paul seemed to be,\\nthat, having been drawn into an error, you would employ no one to repre-\\nsent you who was not committed or pledged to your side of the contro-\\nversy. Is this a fair and proper course to pvu-sue Would it not inspire\\ngreater confidence in your candor and impartiality to have the investi-\\ngation made by entirely disinterested persons, on whose report full reli-\\nance could be placed? I feel sure that a -majority of the members of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0469.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "462 APPEKBIX.\\nyour society have a sufficient sense of honor to realize that it is very\\nunfair to employ two persons to investigate and report upon a subject\\nwhich has engaged the attention of half a dozen others, one of the for-\\nmer having, as is well known, prejudged the case, and avowed himself a\\nbitter opponent to me although I have never, to my knowledge, seen\\nthe man or held any communication with him. I am confident you will\\ncandidly admit that nothing can be more inequitable than to commission\\na majp to confirm himself and disprove his adversary, without giving the\\nlatter even a hearing. The apparent anxiety of certain members of\\nyour society would seem to indicate that there is considerable uncer-\\ntainty in your camp as to the late reports of J. V. Brower and others\\nupon whom you have relied for a correct statement of facts, and I shall\\nnot be surprised, if in the end you arrive at the conclusion that their\\nveracious reports are very contradictory, and therefore altogether\\nuntrustworthy. If Mr. Brewer s first statement of his views, published\\nin the Pioneer Press, was an honest presentation of the case, what\\nground can there be now for sending him out a second time to make\\nanother report, in which, of course, he will not fail to verify himself.\\nIf my memory serves me, it was the argument of your society, in\\n1887, that Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi, and that nothing\\nbeyond this lake was worthy of consideration. Now that I have, in the\\nopinion of thousands, established to the contrary, j^ou do not, I believe,\\nassume that Itasca is the Primal Reservoir; but, in order to throw dis-\\ncredit upon my announcement of 1881, you dispatch a delegation of one\\nor two individuals to that quarter, for the well-understood purpose of\\ngiving prominence to two or three ponds and rivulets which have a doubt-\\nful existence during the summer months. This conduct, gentlemen, is\\nim worthy of an institution claiming the title of Historical Society, and\\nI have faith to beUeve that the great majority of the intelligent and\\nfair-minded citizens of Minnesota, in and out of your society, will be\\ndisposed to place the credit of locating the True Source of the Mississippi\\nwhere it properly belongs.\\nPermit me to inquire again, what excuse you have for your latest\\nexpedition? Have you not already accepted the statements of those who\\nfollowed me? Why not accept their maps as conclusive, instead of send-\\ning them back to re-investigate their first investigation. Has not this\\nflimsy farce been carried far enough? Have you sent J. V. Brower back\\nto the scene of his late operations for the reason that Ms maps confirm\\nmy statements? If so, I fear eternity itself will find you only at the\\nthreshold of your researches.\\nI conclude by re-asserting that the lake to the south of Itasca, and\\nconnected therewith by a perennial stream, is the Primal Reservoir or\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi; that it was not so considered prior to the\\nvisit of my expedition, in 1881, and that my party was the first to locate\\nits feeders correctly, and discover its true relation to the Great River.\\nI have the honor to be,\\nVery respectfully yours,\\nWiLLARD GlAZIEK.\\nThe Minneapolis Spectator is the leading literary journal of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0470.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "APPEKDIX. 463\\nthat city, and contains, among other valuable matter, com-\\nments on current topics. The following contribution is from\\na lady who appears to have given some attention to the subject:\\n315 Market Street,\\nCamden, New Jersey, March 10, 1889.\\nEditor Minneapolis Spectator:\\nFrom time to time, in taking up a newspaper, I have noticed various\\ncomments and opinions concerning the location of the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi, and on Captain Glazier s claim to the discovery Avhich\\nremoves old Itasca from the prominent position she has held so long, to\\ngive place to a more potent, although smaller, rival. Apropos of this\\nsubject, I have read with great interest a recent letter in the Saint Paul\\nDispatch, setting forth very convincingly, to my mind, the vahdity of\\nCaptain Glazier s claims, and making his position unassailable, except\\nby those in whom a certain animus is not wanting, as in the case of Mr.\\nFletcher Williams, Secretary of the Historical Society, Saint Paul, whose\\nweak and spasmodic attacks call forth my indignation.\\nThe only concern I have in the matter springs from a love of fair\\nplay, which is an instinct, I suppose, common to most of us; and the\\ninterest of the rising generation, the young idea, which may be erro-\\nneously led to shoot in the wrong direction, when in three-fourthg of\\nthe schools the pupils are taught that Itasca must give place to Glazier,\\nand in the other fourth, not that there is no Lake Glazier, but that it is\\nsuch an infant as yet that they want Itasca to hold the reins a few years\\nlonger, even if the school children do run the risk of not giving a correct\\nanswer to the question, What is the Source of the Mississippi? Mr.\\nFletcher Williams would evidently hke to ignore Captain Glazier s claims\\nif he could do so.\\nMr. Williams I as the secretary of the State Historical Society, you\\nought to be above using scurrilous language. Let Mr. Wilhams study\\nup his subject and not attack a man whose claims, to quote one of our\\ngeographies, are emphatically supported by the overwhelming testi-\\nmony of hundreds of the most competent and distinguished authorities\\nin the NorthAvest, on the strength of the disbelief of himself and thi ee\\nor four of his friends, who in all probability have never seen the Source\\nof the Mississippi. If it is so easy, as Mr. Williams claims, to prove\\nCaptain Glazier in error, why not do so? If it is not worth while to do\\nso, why does Mr. Williams enter into the question at all? Is it from a\\nweakness for casting opprobi ious names at an adversary who is known\\nto thousands to be worthy only of respect?\\nT take a further interest in the question from having been one of\\na party who discussed the subject in the Jamestown public schools\\nsome few years ago. We read everything we could find pertaining to it,\\nfrom Schoolcraft to Glazier, and unanimously agreed upon giving Captain\\nGlazier the credit of the discovery, in the absence of well-supported\\ndenials of his claim. It is abimdantly clear that the lake claimed by\\nCaptain Glazier was entirely tmrecognized by the geographical world,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0471.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "464 APPE^-DIX.\\nincluding Messrs. Schoolcraft and Nicollet, up to the year 1881, the datd\\nof the Glazier expedition. If Mr. Williams has determined to take Lake\\nGlazier from us, wbat will he substitute as the true source, for all\\ngeographers and historical societies agree now that Itasca has had its\\nday, and can never more gain recognition as the head of our greatest\\nriver.\\nLet our discoverer have his laurels and wear them now, not waiting,\\nas many of our great explorers have done, for their achievements to be\\nblazoned forth only after death has claimed them. The knowledge that\\ntheir efforts have been recognized and appreciated in this life is far\\nmore to them than any posthumous honors can be. That Captain\\nGlazier s claims will be universally recognized sooner or later is an\\naxiom that can not be gainsaid.\\nYours for the right and fair play,\\nMrs. F. K. Hunt.\\nA New Yorker pays his respects to J. V, Brower, and\\ncriticises liis report in the Pioneer Press:\\nNew York, May 30, 1889.\\nEditor Winona Republican, Minnesota:\\nI have just noticed in one of your Saint Paul contemporaries, an\\narticle with the singular heading, Lakes like Links Secretly Connect\\nthe Plateau Reservoir with the Mississippi s Apparent Source.\\nThe article with this incomprehensible heading is accompanied\\nby an imperfect and very inaccurate map of the Headwaters of the\\nMississippi. The writer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. V. Bi ower, I presume\u00e2\u0080\u0094 as usual, affects an\\nauthoritative tone, and if his readers allow themselves to be duped by his\\ninflated and positive style of treating the subject, they will find them-\\nselves egregiously in error in the matter of the correct location of the\\nSource of the Mississippi.\\nAs was observed by a writer in a lata issue of the Saint Paul Dis-\\npatch, this person was altogether unfitted to undertake the task assigned\\nhim by certain members of your Historical Society, inasmuch as he\\nhad predetermined, at any cost, to deprive Glazier of his well-earned\\nlaurels. The report now before me is all fustian. This Lake No. 3 is\\nlittle more than a puddle, having no permanent connection with the\\nMississippi, a fact he would soon discover if he went out there in July\\nor August; whereas the stream uniting his Elk Lake and Lake Itasca\\nis perennial.\\nThe dimensions he gives of No. 3 on his map are out of all pro-\\nportion to its real size; compared with the Glazier Source it is simply\\nan insignificant pond, and no part of it extends farther south than\\nthe lake he persists in calhng Elk Lake \u00e2\u0080\u0094which the geographer\\ndesignates Lake Glazier. This latter body of water covers an area of\\n255 acres, whereas Lake No. 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 named on the Glazier map Wolf Pond\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094is less than 30 acres in extent. Again: The comparative distances\\nBrower gives between the two lakes (Glazier and No. 3) and Lake Itasca,\\nviz., 8,315 feet and 1,100 feet, are altogether misleading; but this is a", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0472.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "appe:j^dix. 465\\nmatter of little importance, as the southern extremity of Lake Glazier\\nextends in reality considerably farther south than No. 3 (Wolf Pond)\\nLake Glazier is the only respectable body of water to the south of\\nItasca that presents a shadow of claim to be considered the Head of the\\nGreat River, and Avith all deference to the Fletcher Williams clique,\\nit will be held to be the True Source of the Father of Waters until the\\nnext cataclysm deprives us of the Mississippi, and the flourishing city of\\nSaint Paul on its banks. Gotham.\\n30", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0473.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "D.\\nVOICE OF THE PRESS.\\nThe opposition to the Glazier claim of a few recalcitrant\\nmembers of the Minnesota Historical Society, who still\\npersisted in their adherence to the Itasca of Schoolcraft, had\\nthe effect of inciting inquiry into the merits and authenticity\\nof the important discovery that Lake Itasca possessed no title\\nwhatever to the distinction so long conferred upon it, of\\nstanding at the Head of our matchless river. The attention\\nof the Press throughout this country, Canada, and Europe\\nhas, since 1881, been frequently occupied with the question\\nherein discussed, and geographers and others have contributed\\nto it their views on the subject, in which the general belief\\nprevails that Itasca is not the Source of the river, and that the\\nfine lake to the south, unknown to Schoolcraft or Nicollet, or\\nto the public, until located by the First Glazier Expedition,\\nis the Primal Reservoir or Fountain-head of the Mississippi.\\nIn confirmation of this, I invite attention to the opinions of\\nthe Press of many cities.\\nSaint Paul Dispatch.\\nWe are glad to be able to sustain anew the legitimate claims\\nof this brave and adventurous man. We believe that, had he lived in the\\ntimes when heroism of the grandest type was an essential to the conduct\\nof Mississippi exploration, he would not have been found wanting in the\\nquaUties which, in those days, did so much to aid one s faith in the\\ninnate grandeur of human character. Captain Glazier set out to\\ntest the correctness of the generally accepted theories of scholars as to\\nthe place of the rise of the Mississippi River; he made the test, and found\\nthat those theories were not correct. He has given to the world the\\nrecord of his discovery, and, if we are not wholly at fault, he has done\\nmuch to perpetuate his own name thereby.\\nNorthwestern Presbyterian, Minneapolis.\\nAll who live in the valley of America s greatest river will be\\nespecially interested in knowing something of its Source, its course, and\\nthe cities that line its banks. Since De Soto first discovered the Father\\n(466)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0474.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "APPB]S DIX. 467\\nof Waters, in 1541, many eminent explorers have been associated with its\\nhistory. Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix,\\nCarver, Pike, Cass, and Beltrami preceded Schoolcraft. The last named\\ndiscovered a lake which he supposed to be the Source, but the Indians\\nand the missionaries said there was a lake beyond. A learned few\\nbelieved them. It remained for some explorer to make further investi-\\ngation, and publish the truth more widely to the world. This was done\\nby Captain Glazier, in 1881, who visited the lake, explored its shores, and\\nfound it to be wider and deeper than Itasca.\\nSaint Paul Times.\\nCaptain Glazier s claims are supported emphatically by the\\noverwhelming testimony of thousands of the most distinguished and\\ncompetent authorities in the Northwest. Glazier undoubtedly expended\\nmuch time and treasure in investigating not only the Source of the\\nMississippi, but the geography and history of the entire river, from its\\nSource to the Gulf. The leading map publishers have indorsed\\nhis claims, and do so in a way that leaves no doubt that they place\\nimplicit confidence in him as a careful and trustworthy geographer and\\nhistorian. Rand, McNally Co, and George F. Cram of Chicago;\\nMatthews, Northrup Co. of Buffalo; A. S. Barnes Co. of New York;\\nUniversity Publishing Company of New York; W. A. K. Johnston of\\nEdinburgh, Scotland; MacMillan Co., London and New York; W. M.\\nBradley Brother, Philadelphia, and many others of the leading pub-\\nlishing houses, who have a heavy personal interest in investigating the\\naccuracy of everything they publish, acknowledge Captain Glazier s\\nclaims by accepting his views, and reproducing them in their books and\\nmaps. The press, bar, pulpit, and Legislature of the State of Minnesota\\ngive assent, through many of their leading members, to the position of\\nCaptain Glazier.\\nChicago Times.\\nThe most interesting portion of Captain Glazier s Down the Great\\nRiver is the beginning, where the author gives the details of an expedi-\\ntion made, in 1881, by himself with five companions, when he claims, with\\ngood grounds, to have fixed the actual True Source of the Great River.\\nHis attention was called, in 1876, to the fact that, though everybody\\nknows the mouth of the stream, there was then much uncertainty about\\nthe Source. In 1881, he found time to organize the expedition named, and\\ncrossing the country to Itasca, embarked and pushed through that lake\\nup a stream flowing into it, and came upon another considerable body of\\nwater fed by three streams originating in springs at the foot of a\\ncurved range of hills some miles farther on. This lake he fixed upon as\\nthe True Soiu-ce, and since his published accormts many geographers\\nand map workers have modified their works according to his discoveries.\\nHe claims to have been the first to discover and establish the fact that it\\nis the highest link in a chain in which Itasca is another; or, in other\\nwords, the True Source of the river. The Indian name of the lake is\\nPokegama, and this, the author says, he would have retained, but was", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0475.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "468 APPENDIX.\\noverruled by the other five, who insisted on calling it Lake Glazier.\\nFor the particulars of the interesting story the reader must be referred\\nto the volume itself. Captain Glazier is an old traveler and a practiced\\nwriter. The manner of his journey down the Mississippi enabled him to\\nsee well all there was to see, and he enables his readers to see also.\\nChicago Herald.\\nFor half a century or more it has been understood that Lake Itasca\\nwas the Source of the Mississippi River, but Captain Willard Glazier has\\nexploded this theory by a canoe voyage undertaken in 1881. The results\\nof his investigations were given to geographers at the time and accepted\\nas satisfactory and complete. Maps were at once changed by the map\\npublishers, and Lake Glazier, a tributary of Lake Itasca, was set down\\nas the True Source of the Father of Waters. The story of Captain\\nGlazier s adventures is told by him in a book entitled Down the Great\\nRiver, which is entertaining as well as being of importance as a con-\\ntribution to the geography and history of this country. Together with\\ntwo companions and several guides, Glazier first discovered that the lake\\nnow bearing his name was the True Source of the Great River, and then\\njourneyed by canoe from that point to the mouth of the Mississippi, a\\ndistance of 3,184 miles.\\nChicago Inter Ocean.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Readers of Soldiers of the Saddle, Capture, Prison-Pen, and\\nEscape, and other writings of Captain Glazier, will require no m ging to\\nread the entertaining volume Down the Great River. It is an account\\nof the discovery of the True Source of the Mississippi River, with pic-\\ntorial and descriptive views of cities, towns, and scenery gathered from a\\ncanoe voyage from its Headwaters to the Gulf. For fifty years Ameri-\\ncan youth have been taught that the Mississippi rises in Lake Itasca,\\nuntil Captain Glazier, in this memorable journey of one hundred and sev-\\nenteen days in his canoe demonstrated the error, and mapped the facts\\nso accurately as to settle the question for all time. Leading geographers\\nand educational publishers have already made changes in their maps, and\\ngiven due credit to Captain Glazier and his new lake. To say the Mis-\\nsissippi rises in Lake Glazier is only doing simple justice to the intrepid\\nexplorer, and hero of many battles.\\nChicago Evening Journal.\\nHowever the knowledge may affect the world at large that the\\nSource of the mighty Mississippi is other than generations of geography\\nstudents have been taught that it was, there is little doubt left that we\\nhave all been in the wrong about it, and that this most peerless river\\nwas born, not in Itasca s sparkling springs, but in another wider and\\ndeeper body of water that lies still farther south and bears the name of\\nits discoverer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lake Glazier.\\nDetroit Commercial Advertiser.\\nCaptain Glazier undoubtedly accomplished a great work.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0476.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 469\\nThe source of the Mississippi had ever been an unsettled question,\\nunsatisfactory attempts at discovery having been made and various ill-\\nfounded claims put forward; *but the subject for the last half century\\nhas been constantly agitated. It remained for Captain Glazier to finish\\nthe work begun byDe Soto in 15-11, and positively locate the True Fount-\\nain-head. That the lake from which the Great River starts,\\nknown by the Indians as Lake Pokegama, should be re-named Lake\\nGlazier, seems an appropriate honor for the resolute explorer.\\nNew York Students Journal.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier discovered the True Source of the\\nMississippi River. This discovery is one of the most important contribu-\\ntions to the geography of this country during the past half century.\\nIt seems marvelous that, up to the year 1881, the geography of one of\\nthe States of the Union was so poorly known that it had hitherto been\\nsupposed that Lake Itasca was the Source of the great Father of\\nWaters.\\nBrooklyn Eagle.\\nCaptain Glazier s very clear map of the Great River shows the True\\nSource to be south of Lake Itasca\u00e2\u0080\u0094 accepted by Schoolcraft in 1832 as the\\nHeadwaters, in disregard of the stream entering its southwestern arm.\\nTo Captain Glazier belongs the identification of the Fountain-\\nhead of the Mississippi.\\nPopular Science Monthly.\\nIn Down the Great River, Captain Glazier relates the story In fuU\\nof his journey in 1881, by the aid of an Indian guide, across country,\\nfrom Brainerd, Minnesota, to Lake Glazier, south of Itasca Lake, and\\nhis determination of it as the real source of the Mississippi River.\\nLake Glazier is in latitude about 47\u00c2\u00b0 N., is 1,585 feet above the level of\\nthe sea, and is 3,184 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Its area is less than\\nthat of Lake Itasca, but it is deeper and contains more water than\\nthe latter. The story of the explorer s journey is very pleasantly\\nnarrated.\\nPhiladelphia Dispatch.\\nIn 1832, Henry Ro we Schoolcraft reached Lake Itasca, but\\nfailed to search for its feeders, and thus missed the discovery of the True\\nSource of the Mississippi. Jean Nicolas Nicollet reached the same point\\nfour years later, and was satisfied that his journey was successfully con-\\ncluded. Nothing further Avas done for forty-five years, during which\\ntime it was believed that Lake Itasca was the Source; but Captain Gla-\\nzier pushed his explorations farther, and, by following a feeder of Lake\\nItasca, was rewarded by discovering, to the south of Itasca, a beautiful\\nbody of water a mile and a half wide. This was the True Source. His\\nlabors were promptly recognized by various learned societies and by\\nscientists and geographers, and to-day the lake, which bears the name\\nof the discoverer, is acknowledged to be the Primal Resei voir of the\\nGreat River.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0477.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "470 APPEITDIX.\\nGrand Rapids Telegram-Herald.\\nCaptain Glazier, in his search for the True Source of the\\nMississippi, has corrected a geographical error of half a century, and\\nlocated the fountain-head in a lake above and beyond Lake Itasca. He\\ndiscovered this lake on the twenty- second day of July, 1881, Chenowage-\\nsic, a Chippewa brave, being his guide. The lake, out of which flows\\nthe infant Mississippi, is about two miles in its greatest diameter. Its\\nIndian name is Pokegama, but Glazier s companions insisted on naming\\nit after their leader.\\nAlbany Argus.\\nReaders of newspapers are doubtless familiar with the controversy\\nas to the True Source of the Mississippi. Captain Willard Glazier, known\\nas the writer of a number of popular works, made an expedition, in 1881,\\nin search of the starting point of the Great River. Reaching Brainerd,\\non the Mississippi, he crossed the country to Leech Lake. Here, on July\\n17th, he launched his canoes and paddled through the Portage River and a\\nchain of lakes lying to the west of Leech Lake. With a few detours he\\ncame to Lake Itasca, which had heretofore been popularly accepted as\\nthe source of the river. Coasting around this for tributaiies, he found a\\ncreek due south which connected with a beautiful lake about two miles\\nin diameter. As this seemed to meet the geographical require-\\nments, being the most distant portion of tributary water from the mouth,\\nit was pronounced to be the Source, and the Indian name, Pokegama,\\nchanged to Lake Glazier by the companions of the explorer.\\nBoston Traveler.\\nIn 1881 Captain Willard Glazier determined to test his theory, and\\nthat of several other geographers, that Lake Itasca was not the real\\nsoiu-ce of the Mississippi, and imdertook an expedition fraught with\\ninnumerable difficulties, but successful in establishing the correctness of\\nhis belief. For beyond Lake Itasca, and connected with it by a stream,\\nhe found another lake nearly as large as Itasca, and which proved to be\\nthe True Source of the Great River.\\nBoston Commonwealth.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, whose writings are so widely and favorably\\nknown, achieved probably the most lasting reputation in 1881, when he\\nmade his expedition to the Source of the Mississippi. The resiilts of that\\nexpedition he has put in a book. Starting from Saint Paul on the 4th of\\nJuly, 1881, equipped with canoes and accompanied by Indian guides, he\\nset forth with the object of ascertaining if Lake Itasca were really the\\nsource of the Father of Waters, as had been so long supposed. He\\nreached Lake Itasca, and after a careful examination of this lake, discov-\\nered that it was not the head of the river, but that there was a lake still\\nhigher up, to which he pushed on with his canoes through a narrow inlet.\\nThis lake has since been known by the name of its discoverer, Lake\\nGlazier, and has been accepted by geographical authorities as in reality\\nthe True Source of the great American River.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0478.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "APPEKDIX. 471\\nPhiladelphia Evening Telegraph.\\nIt appears quite clear that Lake Itasca never possessed any title to\\nthe honor conferred upon it by Schoolcraft, in 1832, of giving birth to\\nour magnificent river. One reason alone is given to account for our\\nignorance of its True Source, namely, it was outside the usual track of\\nthe fur traders, and in a region scarcely ever visited by Indians or white\\nmen. Schoolcraft had pronounced Itasca to be the Source, and no\\none up to the date of Captain Glazier s explorations felt sufficiently\\ninterested in the matter to investigate or dispute its claim.\\nIt was long suspected that the Mississippi had its Fountain-head\\nhigher up than Lake Itasca, and in July, 1881, an Expedition led by Cap-\\ntain Willard Glazier discovered a lake to the south of Itasca, a mile and\\na half in diameter, and falling into the latter by a permanent stream.\\nBeyond this there is no water connected with the river, and hence Lake\\nGlazier is now recognized as the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nChicago Geographical Neios.\\nThe real facts in the case are that all the investigations\\nmade since Captain Glazier s discovery tend to show very conclusively\\nthat the True Source of the river is in the lake lying a short distance\\nsouth of Itasca; and that Glazier was the first who discovered and pro-\\nclaimed the Source to be in that lake. This being the case, it seems but\\njust that the honor of the discovery should be no longer withheld from\\nhim. At all events, our school geographies should teach the truth as to\\nwhere the Source really is.\\nThe Buffalo Times.\\nThe source of the Great River has been sought for at dif-\\nferent times by travelers of nearly every nationahty. In 1805, the United\\nStates Government sent Lieutenant Pike to explore the region in which\\nthe Mississippi was supposed to have its origin; and in 1820, Governor\\nCass of Michigan undertook a similar task; but they were unsuccessful in\\ntheir attempts to trace the river to its origin, for its True Source remained\\nstill unknown. In 1832, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft explored Lake Itasca,\\nwhich he regarded as the Head of the great stream. It had long been\\nsuspected, however, that the Mississippi had its Fountain-head higher up\\nthan Lake Itasca; and in July, 1881, an Expedition, led by Captain Will-\\nard Glazier, discovered a lake to the south of Itasca, nearly two miles in\\ndiameter and forty -five feet deep, falling into Itasca by a permanent\\nstream. Lake Glazier is now generally recognized as the source of our\\ngreat midland stream.\\nCleveland Leader.\\nCaptain Glazier has added to his long and varied experiences the\\ndiscovery of the True Source of the Mississippi. He found it in a hith-\\nerto unrecognized lake to the south of Itasca. He started with his\\nbrother and one or two other white men, and having arrived at Leech\\nLake, obtained birch-bark canoes, and one or two Indians, and set out in\\nsearch of the Source. Having reached Lake Itasca, the lake which has", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0479.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "472 APPEN-DIX.\\nheretofore been regarded as the Som*ce, he resolved upon a thorough\\nexploration of the adjacent regions. The outlets of six small streams\\nwere found in Itasca. Trusting to an Indian guide, they entered the\\nlargest one, and followed it along some distance. After paddling for\\nsome time, another lake was found, and christened by the party Lake\\nGlazier\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Source of the Father of Waters. This lake is nearly two\\nmiles in diameter and forty -five feet deep.\\nIndianapolis Journal.\\nIn 1881, Captain Glazier, having doubts of the accuracy of\\nprevious explorations at the Headwaters of the Mississippi, set out to\\nverify them, or to discover, himself, the True Som^ce of the Great\\nRiver. This he did, after an interesting and remarkable overland\\njourney through the wilds of Northern Minnesota. He discovered and\\ndemonstrated that the True Source of the Mississippi is not Lake Itasca,\\nas had been long claimed, but a lake to the south of that and emptying\\ninto it, which he located, and it has since been named Lake Glazier in\\nhonor of the discoverer.\\nNational Eepublican, Washington, D. C.\\nThe birthplace of the Father of Waters is not Lake Itasca,\\nas generally received, but Lake Glazier, in its vicinity, which, by a\\nsmall stream, flows into Itasca. Lake Glazier, so named from its dis-\\ncoverer. Captain Willard Glazier, has three feeders, Eagle, Excelsior,\\nand Deer creeks. This latest geographical claim is supported by ample\\ntestimony from highest and wide-spread authorities.\\nOhio State Journal.\\nIt seems strange that for nearly fifty years, up to 1881, no new thing\\nhad been discovered concerning the great Mississippi, whose Source in\\nthe vast wilderness of the Northwest was supposed to be in Lake Itasca.\\nIn that year, however. Captain Willard Glazier, an adventurous spirit,\\ndetermined to finally solve the mystery of the Source of the Father of\\nWaters, and also to navigate its entire length from Source to Sea.\\nAccordingly, he traced with infinite hardship the narrowing stream\\nabove Itasca until its True Source was finally reached in what is now\\nknown as Lake Glazier.\\nPhiladelphia Public Ledger.\\nBy the discoveries of Captain Willard Glazier, made in 1881, Lake\\nItasca is dislodged from its former eminence as the Source of the Missis-\\nsippi, the real Headwaters of that mighty stream being traced to Lake\\nGlazier, a distance of 3,184 miles from the Gulf of Mexico.\\nThe Wheeling Intelligencer.\\nUntil this journey was made, the Source of the Mississippi was\\nuniversally placed in Lake Itasca, whereas Glazier and his party demon-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0480.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "APPEiq-Dix. 473\\nStrated that a higher basin, now put down in all the new maps and geog-\\nraphies as Lake Glazier, is really the Primary Reservoir of the\\nMississippi. It seems almost incredible, but is nevertheless true, that\\nfor over forty years previous to 1881, when Captain Glazier made his\\ndiscovery, it was accepted as settled that Lake Itasca was the remotest\\nbody of water from the mouth of the Mississippi. The falsity of this\\ntheory, however, has been established, and an important discovery given\\nto the geographical world. No discovery rivaling this in interest and\\nimportance has been made on the American continent for half a\\ncentury.\\nNeiv York Christian Natiop.\\nStrange as it may seem, the True Source of the Mississippi was not\\nknown until 1881, but was erroneously supposed to take its rise in Lake\\nItasca, until that well-known traveler and popular writer, Captain\\nWillard Glazier, took it into his head that the first end of the long river\\nwas not really known. And as Columbus resolved to discover a new\\nworld, so Captain Glazier determined to find the real Source of the\\nMississippi. He set forth in the month of May, 1881, from New York to\\nthe far West, to put his long-cherished theory to the test, and with\\nwhat result the world was made acquainted at the time by the public\\npress. Many men have worked and schemed for years to gain fame, but\\nCaptain Glazier, in the heroic discharge of a self-imposed duty, in 117\\ndays made his name immortal.\\nPh iladelpliia Inquirer.\\nSeveral years ago Captain Glazier, while meditating upon the\\nexploits of De Soto, Marquette, Father Hennepin, and La Salle, the heroic\\nold explorers, who led the way to the Great River of North America,\\nregretted that although its mouth was discovered by the Chevalier La\\nSalle nearly two hundred j ears ago, there was still much uncertainty\\nas to its True Source. The discovery and final location of the\\nsource of the Mississippi has now received general recognition in this\\ncountry and Europe, and there certainly seems to be no doubt of the\\nvalidity of Captain Glazier s claim. His account of the discovery is\\nvery entertaining reading.\\nBurlington Hawkeye.\\nIn the summer of 1881, Captain Willard Glazier, well known as a\\npopular writer, made a remarkable canoe voyage from the Source of the\\nMississippi down its entire length to the Gulf of Mexico. Prior to start-\\ning on this unprecedented voyage, he organized and led an expedition to\\nthe Headwaters of the river in Northern Minnesota, with a view of set-\\nting at rest the vexed question as to the True Source of the mighty river.\\nCaptain Glazier and his party left Saint Paul, duly equipped with canoes\\nand commissariat, July fourth, 1881, and arrived at Lake Itasca July\\ntwenty-first. Thence, by the aid of his Indian guides, he penetrated to\\nanother lake beyond Itasca, and connected therewith by a stx^eam which\\nis a continuation of the Mississippi, and at that point is simply a narrow", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0481.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "474 APPEKDIX.\\ncreek. The lake thus entered by Captain Glazier is the Trvie Source of\\nthe Father of Waters. Lake Glazier now appears on the maps as the\\nsource of the Great River.\\nCamden Post.\\nStarting for the Headwaters of the Mississippi in July, 1881,\\nCaptain Glazier teUs us in the narrative of his journey that he learned\\nthat the dense forests which surround the Source of the Father of Waters\\nwere rarely penetrated by white men, or even by Indians except in the\\npiu suit of game in the winter. He also learned through his Indian guides\\nand interpreter that the inhabitants of these primeval forests did not\\nregard Itasca as the Source of May-see-see-bee, but that another lake,\\nbroad, deep, and beautiful, which lay above Itasca, and poured its clear\\nwaters into that lake, was the true head of the river. The Captain\\ndetermined to thoroughly examine all this region, and to settle forever\\nthe question of the veritable Source of the Mississippi. In accordance\\nwith this design, he at length, after many difficulties, found himself on\\nSchoolcraft Island in the center of Lake Itasca, and after a nighfs rest\\ndirected operations toward the lakes and streams of the surroimding\\ncountry. He examined the shores of Itasca for tributary streams, find-\\ning but two of any importance. Of these, the largest came in at the\\nextreme head of the lake, the mouth of which was filled with bulrushes.\\nTaking two canoes, he and his party ascended this stream. Following\\nthe windings, and i^ushing through the obstructions, the canoes suddenly\\nglided out upon the still surface of a comparatively large lake, clear as\\ncrystal, with pebbly bottom, and shores covered with a thick growth of\\npine. The greatest length of this lake is about two miles and its width\\na mile and a half. Captain Glazier, feeling thoroughly convinced that\\nthis fine body of water was the True Source of the Mississippi, proclaimed\\nit as such, and his companions decided unanimously to name it Lake\\nGlazier in honor of their leader. One of the party was an attache of the\\nSaint Paul Pioneer Press, and this gentleman dispatched an account of\\nthe discovery to his paper. Since that period, the newly discovered\\nSource has engaged the attention of the press throughout the countl*}\\nwhich, with one or two exceptions, has unqualifiedly accepted Captain\\nGlazier s account, and given him the credit due; and the maps of\\nMinnesota now show Lake Glazier instead of Lake Itasca as the\\nSource of the Great River.\\nPittsburg Press.\\nThe mystery which surrounded the regions of Lake Itasca,\\nthe accepted Source for nearly fifty years, and the paucity of informa-\\ntion concerning the lake, were sufficient incentives to lead Captain Gla-\\nzier, in 1881, to organize an Expedition to carry the exploration farther\\nthan had been done by any previous explorer. It resulted in a complete\\nsuccess, as he not only succeeded in reaching Lake Itasca, but, following\\nthe lead of an Indian guide, he made the discovery that there was still\\nanother lake above Itasca, and connected therewith by a permanently\\nflowing stream the Infant Mississippi. This lake was the real Source", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0482.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 475\\nof the river, and was named Glazier in honor of the man who had\\nplanned and led the expedition. It has been so placed on maps issued by-\\neducational houses, not only in this country, but also in Canada and\\nEurope.\\nNew York Observer.\\nTo Captain Glazier is undoubtedly due the honor of tracing\\nthe Father of Waters, the great American river, up to its True Source in\\nthe network of lakes that occupies the northern portion of the State of\\nMinnesota, a task attended with more difficulties and embarrassments\\nthan it might appear to involve to the careless observer.\\nMinneapolis Star News.\\nOn the 22d day of July, 1881, the traveler and author,\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, discovered a silvery lake nestled among the\\npines of Northern Minnesota, and situate to the south of Itasca. He\\nalso discovered that a swift current flowed continuously from his new-\\nfound wonder to what was supposed to be the Source of the Father of\\nWaters. Further investigation revealed the fact that the lake he had\\ndiscovered was the True Source of the Mississippi. The lake is known\\nto the Indians as Pokegama the Place where the Waters Gather.\\nCaptain Glazier was induced to explore the Headwaters of\\nthe Mississippi by Indian tradition, which denied Schoolcraft s theory of\\nItasca. In the early part of Glazier s expedition he met Paul Beaulieu,\\nthe veteran interpreter at the Leech Lake Government Agency, who told\\nhim that Schoolcraft was in error. Fortified with this idea, he set out\\nto discover the Tx ue Source of the Father of Waters. To Cap-\\ntain Glazier is due all the glory and honor of discovering to modern geog-\\nraphers the True Head of our Great River.\\nPhiladelphia Times.\\nIf one has labored under the impression that at this late date in our\\nhistory every nook and corner of the United States has been discovered\\nand mapped by enterprising explorers, it now seems conclusive that one\\nhas been mistaken. Captain Willard Glazier has discovered the True\\nSource of the Mississippi, which is not, as we have been led to believe\\nfrom our boyhood, in Lake Itasca, but in another lake to the south of it.\\nUnlike Mr. Donnelly in his attempt to dethrone Shakespeare, he suc-\\nceeds in proving his theory to the satisfaction of the most competent\\njudges, to wit, the geographers and educational publishers of the\\ncountry. These accept the new Soui ce by placing it on their maps and\\ncalling it after the discoverer, Lake Glazier.\\nBoston Beacon.\\nOn July 2a, 1881, Captain Willard Glazier discovered what is now\\nknown to be the True Source of the Mississippi, in a lake beyond Itasca,\\nabout six miles in circumference, which, by the expedition accompany-\\ning him, was given his name, and so, after half a century, the origin of\\nthe Father of Waters is at length settled beyond a doubt.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0483.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "476 APPENDIX.\\nPortland Exiiress.\\nCaptain Glazier and the members of his Expedition went\\nin search of the True Source of the Mississippi. Tlie expedition exploded\\nthe long-held theory that Lake Itasca was the Source of the Father of\\nWaters, and its True Som^ce was discovered and accurately located. As\\na result of the discoveries made by Captain Glazier, all the atlases,\\ngeographies, and encyclopaedias marked the change of the Mississippi s\\nSource, and although the discoveries were not credited for a time, their\\naccuracy has since been established with the above results.\\nTroy Budget.\\nProbably nothing has done more to establish Captain Gla-\\nzier s reputa.tion than his explorations at the Headwaters of the Missis-\\nsippi. DifEerent travelers, of world-wide fame, had fixed upon different\\nlakes as the Source of this Father of Waters, and geographers and\\nmap makers had for years regarded the matter as settled, and recorded\\nLake Itasca, on the authority of Schoolcraft, as the sought-for Source.\\nLed by the whisperings of Indian traditions, that told of other lakes,\\nstill farther on, Captain Glazier determined to test the accuracy of these\\nshadowy reports. His persistence was amply rewarded. He has turned\\nanew leaf in the geography of that region, which neither the jealousy\\nof rival interests nor the torsion of adverse criticism has been able to\\nturn backward. The water which he discovered, and which his com-\\npanions very appropriately called Lake Glazier, has become historic. It\\nhas been adopted by the best geographers and by the best map makers\\nas a final settlement of the question of the actual Source of the Missis-\\nsippi Kiver.\\nThe foregoing will probably be sufficient evidence to\\nthe reader that the Voice of the Press was distinctly\\nheard in support of the discovery of 1881, and in justifi-\\ncation of the man who possessed the moral courage to\\nquestion a popular, but groundless, theory, and the pluck\\nto overthrow it, in the face of contumely, insult, and mean\\ndetraction of interested and prejudiced pseudo-scientists.\\nBarely one-third of the press articles in my possession, all\\nin support of the Glazier claim, are given, but quantum\\nsufficit.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0484.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "E.\\nCORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO SECOND EXPEDITION.\\nThe Second Glazier Expedition to the Headwaters of the\\nMississippi was undertaken iu August and September, 1891,\\nand some of the correspondence tliat preceded it is here given.\\nThe object of this second visit is plainly indicated in the\\nfollowing letter addressed by Captain Glazier to the Secretary\\nof the AVisconsin Historical Society, Madison. Letters of\\nsimilar tenor were also sent to several gentlemen, including\\nscientists, secretaries of geographical societies, heads of col-\\nleges, and others who, it was thought, from their position in\\nthe literary and scientific world, would naturally be interested\\nin the solution of an important geogi aphical question which\\nhad attracted so much attention. To all of these letters cour-\\nteous responses were received, the result being that some\\naccepted the invitation, while more were unable to spare the\\nnecessary time from their business and professional occupa-\\ntions. All, however, wrote encouragingly, and expressed\\ntheir approval of the proposed plan of another and final\\neffort to establish the truth as to the real Source of the Great\\nRiver.\\n447 Jackson Street,\\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin,\\nJune 24, 1891.\\nThe Secretary, State Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: Having concluded to re-visit the Heafdwaters of the Mis-\\nsissippi, accompanied by a few gentlemen interested in the topography\\nof that region, I take the Hberty of informing you of my purpose. I\\nmay explain that my object in making this second journey is not to\\nseek confirmation of my published statements on the subject of the True\\nSource of our Great River, for upon this question I am so thoroughly\\nsatisfied of my correctness that no amount of cavil or opposition can\\naffect my conclusions in the slightest degree\u00e2\u0080\u0094 but, mainly, for the satis-\\nfaction of the gentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 geographers, scientists, editors, and others\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwho will join me as members of the expedition and see for themselves\\nthe beautiful lake above Itasca, which I claimed, after careful survey, to\\nbe the Source of the Mississippi; and which I assert, on the testimony of\\n(477)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0485.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "478 APPENDIX.\\nall American geographers, was never so considered ijrior to the visit of\\nmy exploring party of 1881, when its true relation to the river was\\nrevealed and established. These gentlemen will probably testify over\\ntheir signatures as to the results of their investigations, the effect of\\nwhich may possibly be, to remove the doubts of some who still affect to\\nbelieve Lake Itasca to be the Source an error which I have combatted\\nfor the last ten years.\\nIt has occurred to me, dear sir, that you ai e presumably interested\\nin the elucidation of an important geographical problem which has\\nattracted so much of public attention, and may possibly like to become\\na member of ovu party of investigators, and thus be enabled to form\\nyoiu* own conclusions from observations made on the spot. Should you\\nfavor me by accepting my invitation, a cordial welcome will await you,\\nand I shall do my best to make the journey as agreeable and pleasant as\\npossible. Having already been over the ground, I shall have no difficulty\\nin piloting my companions by the nearest and best route to our\\ndestination.\\nI am at present organizing an expedition for the journey, and shall be\\nvery pleased to hear from you on the subject of my proposal. I am,\\nVery respectfully,\\nWiLLARD Glazier.\\nRev. John C. Crane had been for some years in doubt as\\nto the real Source of the Mississippi, and expressed a strong\\ndesire to become a member of the Expedition. Mr. Crane is\\nwell known in the East as a magazine writer on historical\\nquestions.\\nWest Millbury,\\nMay 24, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nMy Dear Sir: It has been my great desire for the past few years\\nto visit the Headwaters of the Mississippi. Time after time I have taken\\nup your maps and others bearing on the region, to see if I was right in\\nmy premises and conclusions. I have said to myself: Are you not\\nprejudiced in the matter? Is not the source somewhere else? In vain!\\nI could not convince myself that I am wTong in accepting your lake to\\nthe south of Itasca. By what process of reasoning men can come to\\nany other conclusion, I can not understand. I appreciate your desire to\\nknow and publish the truth on this important geographical question,\\nand will go with you if possible. Very truly yours,\\nJ. C. Crane.\\nRev. George A. Peltz, D. D., LL. D., pastor of the Temple\\nBaptist Church, Philadelphia, believes Lake Glazier is the\\nSource of the Mississippi, and regretted his inability to accom-\\npany the party.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0486.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 479\\nThe Temple, Broad and Berks Streets,\\nPhiladelphia, June 9, 1891.\\nDear Captain Glazier: Your kind letter of the 3d inst. was a\\nsurprise, and I thought I must say yes, and journey with you through\\nthe Northern Wilderness. But I have been obliged to change my con-\\nclusions as I have thought the matter over. I fear, as I grow older, I am\\ngetting too heavy for explorations, so I am sure I would not help your\\nparty much. I thank you for your remembrance of me, but must decline\\nthe honor, which I do with much regret. I wish you all success. May\\nyou silence your adversaries so effectually that they will never trouble\\nyou again. Yours very sincerely,\\nGeorge A. Peltz.\\nGeneral Edward W. Wliitaker of Washington, D. C, late\\nchief of staff to Generals Custer, Kilpatrick, and Sheridan,\\nrei^retted his inability to accompany the Glazier party on\\naccount of official engagements.\\nWashington, June 14, 1891.\\nCaptain W. Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nMy Dear Captain: Your letter of June 11th at hand. Thanks for\\nyour invitation. I note the dates you mention for commencing your\\nmarch north, and see clearly that my engagements for the reunion of\\n1st Connecticut Cavalry and the G. A. R., at Detroit, will deprive me of\\nthe great pleasure of being with you and your company of pioneers.\\nI truly regret this, and trust you will be able to I out the enemy without\\nthe aid of, Yours very sincerely,\\nE. W. Whitaker.\\nGeorge Thompson, editor of the Saint Paul Dispatch, would\\nhave much liked to join the Glazier Expedition to the Head-\\nwaters, but was unable to absent himself on account of busi-\\nness pressure.\\nOffice of the Dispatch,\\nSaint Paul, Minnesota,\\nJune 15, 1891.\\nCaptain W. Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: Your letter of Jime 10th I found on my desk on my return\\nfrom a short vacation. The invitation to accompany you on your trip to\\nthe Headwaters, much as I should like to go for many reasons, I am very\\nsorry to say I cannot accept, as my duties are so numerous that they\\nwill not permit of my absence for any length of time. With regard to a\\nrepresentative of the Dispatch going with the party, I hope to be able\\nto send one I understand that a delegation, appointed by the Governor\\nto locate a pai-k near the Source of the river, will start shortly, and, on\\nthat account, as well as a strong desire to acquire a certain knowledge,\\nI should like to accompany your party, or the other, or send a repre-\\nsentative with both. Very truly yours,\\nGeorge Thompson.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0487.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "480 APPE N DIX.\\nGeorge F. Cram of Chicago, Book, Map, and Atlas\\nPublisher, would have been pleased to see the Source of\\nthe Mississippi.\\n415-417 Dearborn Street,\\nChicago, Illinois,\\nJime 22, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: I am pleased to acknowledge receipt of your favor of\\nthe 20th inst., and thank you for the invitation you extend to me. I\\ndo not know, at present, if it will be possible for nie to leave my business\\nand be present with you on your trip, although I would exceedingly like\\nto do so, both for the satisfaction of seeing the Source of the Mississippi,\\nand also for the very pleasant summer outing which it will imdoubtedly\\nbe. You have my best wishes.\\nYours very truly,\\nGeorge F. Cram.\\nHon. D. Sinclair, editor Winona Repuhlican, had business\\nengagements which rendered it impossible to join the expe-\\ndition.\\nRepublican Office,\\nWinona, June 23, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nMy Dear Sir: I have deferred answering your invitation,\\nhoping that I might be able to so arrange my affairs as to accompany\\nyou on your expedition to the Source of the Mississippi. This, how-\\never, I find it impossible to do, on account of business engagements out-\\nside of my regxilar newspaper work. I regret this very much, as it\\nwould have afforded me the greatest pleasure; aU the more so, inas-\\nmuch as I have strongly sympathized with your views in the gallant\\ncontest you have made with our Minnesota savants of the Historical\\nSociety. Thanking you very cordially for your invitation, I am.\\nVery truly yours,\\nD. Sinclair.\\nDr. A. Munsell, editor Dubuque Trade Journal, accepted\\nthe invitation to accompany Captain Glazier and his party.\\nTrade Journal Office,\\nDubuque, June 29, 1891.\\nCaptain Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: I am pleased with the plan of your journey to the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi, and, in answer to yom invitation, shall find\\npleasure in accompanying the expedition in August. I am already\\nimpressed with the idea, from all I have heard and read of your former", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0488.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "appe;n Dix. 481\\nexi)edition, pro and con, that Itasca is not the Source, and shall be only\\ntoo glad to look over the field myself, and form my conclusions from\\nocular evidence. I will be prepared to join you in a tramp through the\\nwilderness whenever you are ready to start. I have, as you are aware,\\ngiven considerable attention to the subject that interests you so much.\\nYom*s very truly,\\nA. MUNSELL.\\nW. H, Gamble, a prominent geographer of Philadelphia,\\nwhile recognizing the importance of a second expedition,\\nwas unable to accept the invitatfon, for reasons which he\\nassigns.\\n618 Chestnut Street,\\nPhiladelphia, June 30, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsfn.\\nI appreciate your kindness in tendering me an invitation to\\nvisit with you the Headwaters of the Mississippi, but am afraid it will\\nbe impossible for me to accept, as I shall be at that time unusually deep\\nin my United States geological work, our contract expiring this fall; but\\nI assure you there is nothing would please me more than to make one\\nof your interesting party of explorers. The knowledge gained by a\\ntramp over the field would be of vast service to me, and I think to\\nothers, for my plan would be to follow up the drainage and locate its\\nproper Reservoir, which, I have no doubt, from all I have learned, would\\nbe in the Glazier Lake, in accordance with the topography as I now\\nunderstand it. I have just completed, for the Pennsylvania Railroad\\nCompany, a large drawing of the United States, representing their sys-\\ntem and connecting lines. I have placed Lake Glazier as the Source of\\nthe Mississippi. This drawing will be circulated throughout Europe as\\nwell as America\u00e2\u0080\u0094 North and South.\\nW. H. Gamble.\\nGeorge H. Benedict of Chicago, Map and Wood Engraving,\\ncould not avail himself of the invitation.\\n175-177 South Clark Street,\\nChicago, July 6, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: Your polite invitation to accompany your Expedition to\\nthe Source of the Mississippi is received, and I regret very much that it\\nwill be quite impossible for me to leave my business for the length Of\\ntime it would require to make the trip and investigation you contem-\\nplate. With many thanks for your invitation, and wishing you success,\\nI am, Yours truly,\\nGeorge H. Benedict.\\nProfessor A. N. Husted of the Sate Normal College,\\nAlbany, New York, appreciated the invitation, but was unable\\nto accept it, for domestic reasons.\\n31", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0489.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "482 APPENDIX.\\nState Normal College,\\nAlbany, July 8, 1891.\\nMy Dear Captain Glazier: I greatly appreciate your invitation to\\nmake one of your party to proceed to the Source of the Mississippi.\\nUnder other circumstances I should be most happy to avail myself of it,\\nbut am compelled to decline on account of the severe illness of Mrs.\\nHusted, which has detained us here since our Commencement. I am,\\nhowever, very sensible of your courtesy in thinking of me as a possible\\naddition to your corps of explorers. Believe me that to see the Source\\nof the great Mississippi, and enjoy the society of your select party, for a\\ntime, would be a very great pleasure to me. Wishing you a successful\\ntrip and more well-earned honors, I remain.\\nSincerely yours,\\nA. N. Husted.\\nH. H. Rassweiler, Geographer, Chicago, would have\\nbeen very glad to form one of the party, but business engage-\\nments precluded his doing so.\\n515 Wabash Avenue,\\nChicago, July 9, 1891.\\nCaptain Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: Your favor of the 4th inst. is received, and I thank you\\nfor your invitation to accompany you on your contemplated trip to the\\nHeadwaters of the Great River. Nothing that I can think of in the line\\nof recreation, adventure, and interesting research would give me more\\npleasure than just such a trip as you propose undertaking. But I regret\\nto say that I can not go. Business appointments already made forbid\\nme the pleasure. Thanking you again for your very kind invitation, I\\nam, Very truly yours,\\nH. H. Rassweiler.\\nCharles H. Ames of the firm of D. C. Heath Co., Edu-\\ncational Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, said he cquld\\nnot think of a vacation for some months to come, as it was\\nthe busiest season of the year in the educational publishing\\nbusiness.\\nBoston, July 13, 1891.\\nCaptain W. Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: Your attractive invitation to join an exploring party at\\nthe Headwaters of the Mississippi in August is received. Nothing would\\nplease me more, and especially to make the journey in company with\\nsuch gentlemen as I am sure you will bring together on the occasion.\\nAn acceptance of your invitation is, however, for me, utterly out of the\\nquestion. It is the busiest season of the year in educational publishing,\\nand I can not think of a vacation for some months to come.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0490.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 483\\nPlease accept my thanks and best wishes for the fullest success of\\nyour expedition, and believe me, Very truly yours,\\nCharles H. Ames.\\nCharles Lubrecht, New York, Map and Chart Manufacturer,\\nwas unable to leave his business, but sent good wishes, and\\nbelieved the Second Expedition would result in establishing\\nCaptain Glazier s claim.\\n195 Pearl Street,\\nNew York, July 13, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nDear Sir: I thank you for your invitation to accompany your party,\\nand assure you nothing would afford me more pleasure than roughing\\nit with you for such an object. But my business will not permit my\\nabsence for so long a time as you state. I can only send you my best\\nwishes, and feel convinced that this Second Expedition to the Source of\\nthe Father of Waters will fully and forever estabhsh in all doubting\\nminds\u00e2\u0080\u0094 if there are any left your rightful claim as its discoverer. I am,\\nVery truly yours,\\nCharles Lubrecht.\\nDr. Charles E. Harrison, Davenport, Iowa, Secretary and\\nex-President Academy of Natural Sciences, accepted invita-\\ntion to accompany the Expedition.\\nDavenport, July 15, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nMy Dear Sir: Your letter is at hand. I thank you for your invita-\\ntion to a member of our Academy to join your Expedition to the Itascan\\nBasin, and will endeavor to find one, who would not only be acceptable\\nas our representative, but would do honor to you and your party.\\nUnfortunately, most of our members are men of business and pressed\\nfor time, but I hope to be able to find some one who will avail himself\\nof your invitation. I have spoken to Professor Barriss on the subject,\\nbut fear it will be impossible for him to go, as he is getting well along in\\nyears and his feeble health would not permit him to undergo the\\nnecessary fatigue. Our President\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Thompson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Professor Barriss,\\nand other officers and members, unite in urging me to represent them,\\nbut I hesitate to do so from the fact that I make no claims as a scientist,\\nonly a lover of nature and nature s works. Have devoted some atten-\\ntion to archaeology, having done considerable investigation of the mounds\\nin this vicinity. I have served the Academy for many years in all the\\nofficial capacities. May I ask the length of time to be occupied by the\\ntrip? lam, Very truly yours,\\nCharles E. Harrison.\\nNOTE. In a subsequent letter, I)r. Harrison concluded to\\naccept the invitation to represent the Academy, and accompanied\\nthe Glazier party leaving Minneapolis August seventeenth.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0491.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "484 A.PPEKDIX.\\nD. S. Knowlton, editor Boston Times, accepted invitation\\nto join tlie investigating party.\\nThe Times Office,\\nBoston, Massachusetts,\\nJuly 20, 1891.\\nDear Captain Glazier: Your favor of June 26th was duly received,\\nand after giving the matter full consideration, I accept yom- invitation\\nto join you on a tour of obsei vation at the Headwaters of the Mississippi.\\nI will arrange the vacations of those in the office and adjust my own\\naffairs so as to allow of my absence for a month or so. I very much\\nwish to make one of the party, and things point that way now. Should\\nthere be any change in the date of departure from Minneapolis, will\\nyou kindly advise me? You can readily appreciate that I am ordinarily\\npretty busy, and have many interests which it is difficult to neglect, or\\nbe away from for a month. But I am counting most earnestly upon\\nbeing one of your party, and thank you for the invitation. We New\\nEnglanders want to know all about the Great Northwest, and espe-\\nciaJiy the exact location of the mighty Mississippi s cradle.\\nVery truly yours,\\nD. S. Knowlton.\\nJames O. Griffin, Registrar Cornell University, in the\\nabsence of President Adams in Europe, endeavored to comply\\nwith Captain Glazier s request.\\nOffice Registrar\\nCornell University, Ithaca,\\nJuly 24, 1891.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\\nMy Dear Sir: In reply to your letter of invitation addressed to\\nPresident Adams, I beg to say that he is now absent in Eiu-ope, and will\\nnot return until September; but I will place your letter in the hands of\\nProfessor H. S. Wilhams, of the department of Geology and Paleontology,\\nand request him to recommend to you, if possible, a gentleman to\\nrepresent us in your party. I am,\\nVery truly yours,\\nJames O. Griffin.\\nProfessor H. D. Densmore, Beloit College, had arranged to\\njoin the Glazier Expedition, but found at the last moment that\\nhe could not absent himself from the College at the time\\nappointed for the departure from Minneapolis, and recom-\\nmended a substitute.\\nBeloit College,\\nAugust 11, 1891.\\nCaptain Glazier, Minneapolis, Minnesota.\\nMy Dear Sir: I find, at the last moment, that I can not accompany\\nyou. Your trip would take me into the beginning of my term work,", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0492.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 485\\nwhich it does not seem advisable for me to encroach upon. I am very\\nsorry indeed not to form one of your party. I can do no better than\\ncommend to you as a substitute Mr. Albert Whitney, son of Professor\\nH. M. Whitney. He is a graduate, and a genius in woodcraft. You would\\nfind him a valuable acquisition as an explorer.\\nAgain expressing my regrets, I am,\\nVery sincerely yours,\\nH. D. Densmore.\\nThe replies to letters of invitation could be largely multi-\\nplied, but the few I liave inserted above will suffice to show\\nthe spirit in which the invitation was received, and the inter-\\nest manifested in the proposed Expedition.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0493.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "F.\\nAFTER THE RETURI^.\\nHaving presented to the reader a few of the letters received\\nby Captain Glazier before the departure of the Expedition on\\nits errand of investigation, it will possibly be deemed pertinent\\nto the purpose of this Appendix to submit others written by\\nvarious members of the party after their return. These show\\nthe very decided opinions formed on the subject that engrossed\\nattention at the Headwaters the exact location of the Source\\nof the Mississippi. They will further expose the mendacity\\nof certain parties who maliciously invented and attempted to\\nspread the falsehood that the investigating party were divided\\nin their conclusions as to the True Source of the River.\\nThe New York Herald printed the following communica-\\ntion from D. S. Knowlton, editor of the Boston Times:\\nWadena, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 4, 1891.\\nTo the Editor of the New York Herald:\\nOn Saturday morning, August 22d, the Glazier Expedition left Park\\nRapids, Hubbard County, Minnesota, by wagon train, to visit the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi River. Their object was to carefully investi-\\ngate the streams and lakes tributary to Lake Itasca, take measurements\\nand photographs, and report to the public impartially upon the facts as\\nfound. The value to the world of these investigations lies in the fact\\nthat there is, particularly in Saint Paul, some controversy as to what\\nshould be considered the Ultimate Source of the Father of Waters.\\nIn 1832, Schoolcraft located Itasca as this Source. In 1881, Captain\\nWillard Glazier, the author and traveler, claimed to have discovered, and\\nto have been the first to annoimce, the true relation of the Mississippi to\\nthe lake south of the southwest arm of Lake Itasca. As it was a lake of\\nlarge dimensions, he proclaimed it the True Source.\\nIt was quite generally considered to be so for a number of years.\\nThen a controversy arose, and lately the Minnesota Historical Society,\\nwho denominate the Glazier Lake as Elk Lake the early name of Itasca\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094have explored another stream entering Itasca a little farther to the\\nwest, called Nicollet Creek, and have located the Source of the Great\\nRiver up that valley.\\nThe members of this Second Expedition were: Captain Willard\\n(486)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0494.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "APPE TDIX. 487\\nGlazier of Albany, New York; Pearce Giles of Camden, New Jersey;\\nJohn C. Crane of Worcester, Massachusetts, historian, author, and\\ngenealogist; Charles E. Harrison of Davenport, Iowa, who has held\\nnearly all of the executive offices of the Davenport Academy of Sciences;\\nA. Munsell of Dubuque, Iowa, editor and publisher of the Dubuque\\nTrade Journal, and well known in the business circles of that city F. J.\\nTrost of Van Loo Trost, the Toledo photographers, who took many\\nphotographs of the lakes tributaries and surrounding hills; W. S. Shure\\nof York, Pennsylvania, artist; D. S. Knowlton, editor of the Boston\\nTimes; Albert W. Whitney of Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, botan-\\nist to the expedition E. M. Horton, surveyor and civil engineer; Oliver\\nS. Keay of Park Rapids, assistant surveyor and guide, and Louis Dele-\\nzene of Park Rapids, cook. We were also accompanied a part of the\\ntime by Hon. C. D. Cutting and Frank Cutting of Howard County,\\nIowa; and A. R. Cobb, postmaster at Park Rapids, and editor of the\\nHubbard County Enterprise.\\nMiss Alice Glazier, Captain Glazier s daughter, was the only lady to\\naccompany the expedition. She has decided ability as a water-colorist\\nand sketcher.\\nSaturday evening overtook us twenty-two miles from Park Rapids.\\nSchoolcraft Island, in Lake Itasca, was reached by nightfall the next\\nday.\\nEarly Monday morning, August 24th, we paddled down the southwest\\narm of Itasca, and pitched a permanent camp on a ridge, some thirty\\nfeet high, overlooking and separating Lake Itasca on the north and the\\nGlazier lake on the south. The latter is a beautiful body of water, at\\nleast 255 acres in area. It flows into Itasca by a stream 1,100 feet in\\nlength, which has been named the Infant Mississippi.\\nThe feeders of Lake Glazier are as follows: Skirting the lake along\\nits eastern shore, one hears, fifty feet away, the water pouring in a cas-\\ncade from an iron spring, some fifty feet from the edge of the lake,\\nand at least fifteen feet above it. Next comes Deer Creek, which is\\n6,864 feet long; Horton Creek is 1,188 feet long, flowing from a lake 396\\nfeet wide; Excelsior Creek is 8,778 feet in length, its source being two\\nand two-third miles from Itasca. Eagle Creek is 4,356 feet long, and\\nflows from Lake Alice, a picturesque sheet of water nine and a half\\nacres in extent.\\nThese tributaries enter the lake in natural bays, which are separated\\nfrom each other by wooded ridges jutting into the lake.\\nIt having been claimed by some that the Mississippi has its Source up\\nNicollet Creek to the west, the party made an equally careful investiga-\\ntion of the running water tributary at that point. Nicollet Creek was\\nchained from its mouth through Nicollet s First Lake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not over three\\nacres in extent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and Nicollet s Second Lake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not over twelve acres in\\nextent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to its starting-point, above the second lake. The most remote\\nrunning water issues from a series of springs 7,307 feet from Itasca, a\\nlittle over one and two-fifths miles. These springs are at the foot of a\\nhigh ridge or divide, which was examined carefully. I can not see how\\nthey can be considered otherwise than the source of the creek. No con-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0495.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "488 APPENDIX.\\nnecting running water was found flowing from Nicollet s Third Lake\\nover the divide or from the region beyond.\\nBy comparing the figures given, it is seen that the distance of the\\nmost remote running water from Itasca flowing through Glazier Lake\\nthe source of Excelsior Creek\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is 6,799 feet more than the most remote\\nrunning water entering Itasca through the Nicollet Creek an excess of\\nnearly one mile and a third in favor of the Glazier Basin.\\nOur long tramps being practically completed early Saturday after-\\nnoon, August 29th, the entire company crossed the Glazier lake in\\ncanoes to the highest promontory on its southern shore. Captain Gla-\\nzier there delivered quite an address beneath the same trees under which\\nhe halted in 1881. He said that he then became satisfied that this beautiful\\nlake was the Ti ue Source of the Mississippi, for the reason that it is\\nabove and beyond Itasca; that it flows into that lake through a perennial\\nstream, and that it has five permanent feeders leading to the swamps\\nand sand hills from one and a half to two and a half miles southward.\\nCamp was broken Monday, August 31st, and we arrived at Park Rap-\\nids Tuesday evening. The membei s of the party drew up and signed\\na statement covering their observations, without Captain Glazier s\\nknowledge. I will give the concluding paragraph:\\nInvestigation and observation lead us to the conclusion that the\\nbasin drained by the feeders to Lake Glazier, and emptying into Lake\\nItasca at the southeast corner of its southwest arm, is considerably\\nlarger than that drained by the stream emptying into the south side of\\nthe southwest arm\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Nicollet Creek; and that running water can be\\ntraced at a much greater distance from the outlet of Glazier Lake into\\nLake Itasca than from the other outlet referred to.\\nD. S. Knowlton.\\nLetter to the Minneapolis Tribune from Albert W. Whit-\\nney, botanist to the expedition:\\nPark Rapids, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 3, 1891.\\nThe Second Glazier Expedition to the Headwaters of the Mississippi\\nreturned to this place last evening. The party left Minneapolis\\non Monday, August seventeenth. Most of the week following was spent\\non the route, in the cities of Saint Cloud, Brainerd, Wadena, and Park\\nRapids, and in getting ready to start into the woods. At Brainerd the\\nparty received a pleasant call from Miss Lotta Grandelmeyer, a great-\\ngranddaughter of William Morrison, who was the first white man to see\\nLake Itasca. At Park Rapids the party was increased by the addition to\\nits ranks of Hon. C. D. Cutting and son, of Iowa; H. R. Cobb, postmaster\\nand editor of the Hubbard County Enterprise; E. M. Horton, civil engi-\\nneer and surveyor; O. S. Keay, assistant surveyor and guide, and Louis\\nDelezene, cook.\\nSaturday morning the journey from Park Rapids was begun, and the\\nheavy-laden wagons rolled over the prairie for a f .w miles and then\\nplunged northward into the somber forest. The road is about as bad as", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0496.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "APPEN DIX. 489\\ncould well be imagined up and down the steep inclines of the Kettle\\nMoraine, and over great glacial bowlders, to say nothing of washouts\\nand stumps and mud-holes. Lake Itasca was reached on the second\\nday, and as the sun threw his setting rays across its sedgy waters,\\ntents were pitched on the island where fifty-nine years ago Schoolcraft\\nlanded, and which now bears his name. Lake Itasca is a body of water\\nconsisting of the anomaly of three arms without a body, radiating from\\na point which almost coincides with Schoolcraft Island. The water is\\nnot very clear, but quite deep. The shores are fringed with a few rods\\nof sedges and wild rice, wliere one may occasionally catch sight of a\\ndeer ready to dart back into the forest which encircles the lake; now the\\nbanks are steep aud covered with birch and poplar, and occasional\\npiecesof fine pine; now they are low and thickly grown with tamarack.\\nMonday was sioent in moving camp to the ridge of high land sepai-at-\\ning Lakes Itasca and Glazier. There lay spread out before our gaze the\\ntwo lakes; elsewhere a limitless expanse of pine and birch, save in the\\nopening about us, where grew in gay profusion quantities of golden-rod,\\nasters, and painted-cup, while off toward the water was revealed the\\nbeautiful face of the fringed gentian. By the way, I never saw this\\nflower in such wonderful beauty and quantity as along the road on the\\nway back; it was a glorious vision of blue.\\nI think every member of the party, without exception, was surprised\\nat the extent and beauty of the Glazier lake as it first dawned upon our\\nview. In size and character, I should say, it veiy much resembles Lake\\nHarriet, near Minneapolis. Its shape is roughly oval. Its greatest\\nlength is about one and one-fourth miles; its width, from one-half to\\nthree-fourths of a mile. Its area is 255 acres; its depth, about 45 feet.\\nMany of its characteristics are those of Itasca; the difference between\\nthem lies in the greater height of the hills which surround the Glazier\\nlake and in its much clearer and purer waters.\\nLake Glazier is connected with Itasca by a creek. This creek has a\\nbrisk current, and we found carried enough water to afford to our large\\nboats passage between the lakes. Lake Glazier is fed by at least four\\ntributaries; they all flow northward. The largest is Excelsior Creek.\\nThis originates in seepage springs in a tamarack swamp; these springs\\nwere found by measurement to be 8,778 feet from the Glazier lake.\\nEagle Creek rises likewise in a tamarack swamp 6,798 feet fi om\\nLake Glazier; 1,518 feet from its source it passes through Lake Alice, a\\nbeautiful little sheet of water, 024 feet in length, and of an area of\\nabout 0)4 acres. Deer Creek from its source to Lake Glazier is 6,864 feet.\\nHorton Creeii is a small stream 1,188 feet in length. It has its source\\nin a lily pond of about 2^2 acres. Besides these streams there are on\\nthe east shore of the lake several iron springs, one of which pours its\\nwaters in a cascade down the face of fifty feet of a hill.\\nLake Glazier is just as worthy of the name of lake as is Itasca, and in\\ninteresting features and picturesqueness far surpasses it Its waters\\nare full of fish. Casual trolling between the long tramps and exploring\\ncampaigns wliich formed the daily programme always resulted iu the\\ncapture of plenty of pickerel, pike, rock-bass, and croppies. One moi n-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0497.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "490 APPEN DIX.\\ning, besides numerous smallei fry, two fish were cauglit wtiicli together\\nweighed twenty-five pounds. Ducks are not very numerous, but of\\ncourse the season is yet rather early. While speaking of game, let me\\nnot forget to chronicle our two bear adventures. Mr. Bear in both cases\\nwas wise enough to appear before our amateur hunters, and both\\nwere reheved, I venture to say, with mere salutes.\\nThe only other important feeder of Lake Itasca is Nicollet Creek,\\nwhich enters Itasca about a quarter of a mile west of the outlet of the\\ncreek from Lake Glazier. This was carefully explored and measured\\nfrom mouth to som ce. It drains a tamarack swamp and has several\\nsmall feeders. Its total length is 7,307 feet. Near its head it passes\\nthrough two small bodies of water, which have been called Nicollet s\\nFirst and Second Lakes. The former of these, and nearest to Itasca,\\nis a lily pond of about thi ee acres. The second is a small lake of about\\ntwelve acres in extent, but of no especial beauty or interest. A few feet\\nbeyond this, and one is confronted by a high ridge of land. While gazing\\nup at the splendid pines which crown its summit, one of our party dis-\\ncovered the source of Nicollet Creek by stepping in, up to the knees, in a\\nspring which bubbles up at its base. Whatever importance Nicollet\\nCreek may have as a feeder of Lake Itasca, it is certain that this must\\naccrue to it in virtue of its career below the ridge and this spring.\\nItasca is supphed by two principal sources. One of these drains a\\ntamarack swamp, has nothing worthy to be called a lake iu its course,\\nand has a source 7,307 feet from Itasca. The other is a narrower stream,\\nbut flows from a fine lake, the source of whose principal feeder is 14,106\\nfeet from Itasca.\\nThese are the facts in regard to Lakes Itasca and Glazier, and\\ntheir feeders, which our party have to present. Our time has been\\nprincipally spent in their careful acquisition, and it was no easy matter,\\nin this country of tamarack swamps, floating bogs, underbrush, and\\nmosquitos, to obtain them.\\nAs to pronouncing judgment in the matter of the Source of the\\nMississippi, I, at least, and I think I may safely say each member of the\\nparty, feels that it is not his province. We hope that we have more or\\nless perfectly presented the facts in regard to the question. Let the\\npeople, by the help of able geographers, use these facts in coming to a\\nconclusion as to the True Source of the Great River.\\nAlbert W. Whitney.\\nDr. A. Munsell gives his account of the investigations at\\nthe Headwaters of the Mississippi, in which he participated\\nas a member of the Second Glazier Expedition;\\nEverybody knows that in 1832 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, a distin-\\nguished American explorer and ethnologist, sought the Source of the\\nMississippi River. He reached a lake having three sprawling arms and\\na central island. From this lake, at the extremity of its northern arm,\\nthrough an outlet thirty feet wide, the water found an outward flow.\\nA.fter camping a few hoiu s on the island, he concluded that here was the\\nUltimate Source and Primal Reservoir of the Great River. He inquired of", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0498.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "APPEN^DIX. 491\\nhis Indian guide the name of the lake, and was told Chnushkos a word\\nthat means Elk. He then departed, and for fifty years this body of\\nwater, which here-named Itasca, continued the accepted Source of\\nthe river, the island, meanwhile, being honored with his name.\\nIn 1881, Captain Willard Glazier of Albany, New York, soldier, trav-\\neler, and author, by reason of information derived from Indians,\\nbecame impressed with the conviction that uncertainty yet rested on the\\norigin of the river, and that its True Source was probably beyond Itasca.\\nEntertaining this view, he organized a party and proceeded to a further\\nexploration of the Headwater region. Reaching Itasca on the twenty-\\nfirst of July, 1881, he entered the lake and paddled for Schoolcraft Island,\\nwhere tents were pitched that night. Meanwhile, Chenowagesic, his\\nchief guide, had informed the Captain that some years previously he had\\nlived in that region, making it his hunting-ground within the distance of\\none hundred miles. He also declared that the beginning of the river\\nwas beyond Lake Itasca. On the morning of the twenty-second of July\\nthe search was vigorously commenced. In coasting the lake, two streams\\nwere found having distinct inlets, and four that indistinctly percolated\\nthrough bogs. Chenowagesic insisted that one of the two streams near\\nthe extremity of the southwestern arm led to a lake beyond Itasca.\\nThe right stream was at length discovered, and the canoes pushed\\nthrough. A lively flow of water soon revealed itself, and, with enthusi-\\nasm, a difficult passage through it was made, when suddenly a most\\nbeautiful lake appeared. This body of water was immediately pad-\\ndled across to a promontory on its southern shore, which, projecting\\ninto the lake, considerably indents its marginal outline. The gen-\\neral shape was deemed to be oval, and its greatest diameter nearly\\ntwo miles. On coasting the lake, three tributary streams were found\\nand traced to their origins, two of them to springs issuing from sand\\nhills and one proceeding from a small lake. The streams were at once\\nnamed by the Captain, Eagle, Excelsior, and Deer creeks, and the lake-\\nlet at the head of Eagle Creek was called Lake Alice. As nothing but\\nmere feeders flowed into the newly discovered body of water. Captain\\nGlazier deemed it to be the Ultimate Source of the Mississippi; that\\nItasca received its waters, and, as an expansion of the river only, sent\\nthem onward in their course toward the sea. A few remarks from the\\nCaptain reminded them of the importance of their work, and the effect\\nit would have in making a new revelation concerning the real Source of\\nAmerica s greatest river. At the instance of Mr. Paine, a member of the\\nexpedition, and by a unanimous vote, with the exception of the Cap-\\ntain s, the body of water was formally named Lake Glazier. Six volleys\\nwere fired over the water\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a volley for each member of the party.\\nThe announcement of the new Source was soon made known to the\\nworld, and Captain Glazier, already noted as an author and traveler,\\nbecame still more so by the publication of another book, entitled\\nDown the Great River. Geographers, scientists, and map publishers,\\nas well as the settlers of Northern Minnesota, immediately accepted the\\ntruth of a new Source to the Mississippi.\\nBut the Minnesota Historical Society, which vaunts itself as a", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0499.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "492 APPENDIX.\\nco-ordinate branch of the State Government, several years after the\\nannouncement of the location of the True Source of the river, bestirr ^d\\nitself to controvert and deny the genuineness of the discovery, and\\ndenounced the discoverer as an adventurer and a false guide. By\\nlobbying the Legislature, the Society procured the passage of a law pro-\\nhibiting the use in the public schools of the State of any map or geogra-\\nphy showing Lake Glazier as the Source of the Mississippi. Captain\\nGlazier, however, stoutly adliered to his position, would retract nothing\\nfrom his published statements, and the controversy waxed warm. An\\nagent of the Society was dispatched to the Headwaters, with instruc-\\ntions to report on the real Source of the river, and disprove the Glazier\\ntheory. This agent complicated matters on his return by reporting four\\nnew sources to the river. One of these was ascertained by hypothet-\\nically tunneling a ridge, following ooze through a bog, and ultimately\\ndraining from a distant lake by tapping its bottom. Another, in very\\ndespair, gave the source a heavenly origin, the agent reporting that\\nAll our rivers have their sources in the clouds, a truism scarcely com-\\ning within the definition of physical geography. The map publishers\\nintensified the controversy, it is conjectured, with a view of delaying\\nany necessary changes in their maps. They also arranged to have the\\nrecent International Congress at Berne, Switzerland, conservatively pass\\non the Source question of the Mississippi, and name Itasca as still the\\norigin of the river. All this, and other reasons, gave rise to the\\nSECOND GLAZIER EXPEDITION.\\nFor the purpose of ascertaining accurately the actual Source of the\\nMississippi, several geographers, scientists, editors, and others, volun-\\nteered to accompany Captain Glazier, in August, 1891, to the Headwaters\\nof the river. All preparations being completed, the party left Pai k\\nRapids, a frontier town nearest to the Headwaters, on the morning of\\nthe 22d in three wagons. The way was rough and through a wilderness.\\nTwenty miles out, we camped for the night. Next day, the 23d, reached\\nLake Itasca in the afternoon, and camped for the night. A permanent\\ncamp was established the 24th on the high ridge separating Lake Glazier\\nfrom Lake Itasca. Camp Trost, on Lake Glazier, was named in honor of\\nFred J. Trost of Toledo, Ohio, a skilled photographer and experienced\\nsportsman. He has taken one hundred views in the headwaters region of\\nscenes in camp and woods, and places of prominence and interest. The\\ntents on Camp Trost were occupied seven days, or rather nights, for\\nduring the day all hands were constantly out and hard at work in their\\nrespective spheres. Exploring squads went in every direction, all over\\nthe so-called Itasca Basin, and noted every rivulet, spring, bog, pond,\\nand lake. The two surveyors chained the length of all the streams and\\ntriangulated for distances across water. Whitney, the botanist, indus-\\ntriously inquired into the flora, not neglecting the fauna, of the region,\\nand also determined the flowing volume of water at important points\\nconnected with the inlets of feeders to Lakes Itasca and Glazier, and\\nthe inlets and outlets of the main Mississippi stream in this, the\\nlocality of its infancy. Dr. Harrison gathered mineralogical and", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0500.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 493\\nsmall zoological specimens while aiding in the common work of\\nexploration. The journalists observed, took notes, and were more or\\nless active, in company with the surveyors, in taking measurements of\\naffluents and locating springs. Briefly, and by way of summary, the\\nwork done by this Expedition may be given First, Pine Creek, named\\nby Captain Glazier in 1881, and since variously called Nicollet River\\nand by other names, was thoroughly investigated. Its upward trace\\ncommences at the extreme end of the southwestern arm of Itasca. The\\ntrace was followed into, and out of, a lily-covered pond of about three\\nacres; thence into, and out of, a larger, or twelve-acre collection of\\nwater, from which it proceeds to its origin in a boggy spring at the base\\nof a high ridge that divides the valley of this ci eek from the basiu of\\nLake Glazier and its numerous feeders. The entire length of the creek\\nwas chairied and found to be 7,307 feet, or about a mile and two-fifths.\\nOver the ridge and beyond, in the general depression on the hither side\\nof the Hauteurs de Terre, or heights of land, that divides the Mississippi\\nwater-shed from that of the Red River of the North, numerous isolated\\nbogs, ponds, lakelets, and lakes were seen and noted.\\nExamination next began at the mouth of the Infant Mississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a\\nperennial stream that unites Lakes Glazier and Itasca. Upward, its\\ncourse begins near the end of the southwestern arm of Itasca, on the\\neast side, and leads into Lake Glazier. Lake Glazier is a beautiful body\\nof water, having a surface of 255 acres and a depth of 45 feet. Next\\nto Itasca it is the largest single collection of water in the headwaters\\nregion. In general shape it is oval, with longer and shorter diameters\\nof nearly two miles and one mile. Its waters are deeper than those of\\nItasca, purer, and more abound with fish. The growth of vegetation\\nand forest about it is of the same general character as that which bordei s\\nItasca, but is more dense and green. The outline is gently irregular and\\npleasingly sinuous. A bold rocky promontory, fifty feet high, rises from\\nthe lake on the south side, while a high ridge elevates the bank on the\\neast. Though perhaps a hundi ed pure springs pour through their\\nrivulets into Lake Glazier, its main feeders are:\\nEagle Creek, leading out at the northwest, proceeding directly west,\\nand then south to its origin in Lake Alice; which, further, has a rill\\nfeeder 1 518 feet long. The entire distance of the commencement of the\\nmuior feeder to Lake Alice, from the mouth of the Infant Mississippi in\\nLake Itasca, is 9,878 feet.\\nExcelsior Creek, directly south, has a length of 8,788 feet, and its\\norigin, a spring, is 14,106 feet distant from the mouth of the Infant\\nMississippi.\\nDeer Creek and Horton Creek are both on the south, the former\\nrising in a spring and the latter in Whitney Pond. Deer Creek is 6,864\\nfeet long, and its source is 13,904 feet from Itasca. Horton Creek is\\n1,188 feet long, and its source, Whitney Pond, 396 feet. The area of\\nWhitney Pond is two acres, and the distance to its extreme southern end\\nfrom Itasca is 8,492 feet.\\nShure Spring is situated on the hillside of the east bank of Lake\\nGlazier, at a horizontal distance of probably 80 feet, and vertical eleva-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0501.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "494 APPENDIX.\\ntion of 40 feet above the lake level. Its stream would fill a three-inch\\npipe, and leaps in a lively rush down the hill. It has been named after\\nMr. Shure s wife, Florence Cascade. The spring and cascade are objects\\nof pleasing interest, and the water strongly chalybeate.\\nOther features of Lake Glazier may be alluded to. The promontory\\ncauses a pronounced bay on each side of it. The beach on the south-\\neastern side is composed of fine white sand, which reminds one of the\\nseaside. Near the southwestern shore is an eagle s nest in the top of a\\nNorway pine. It appears to be about five or six feet in outside circum-\\nference. Captain Glazier saw it there in 1881, and Chenowagesic told\\nhim it had been there for forty years previously. How many eaglets\\nhave been, and will be, nurtured in that maternal home may be left for\\nthe imagination to conjecture.\\nA most pleasing effect is experienced by the beholder on seeing this\\nlake the first time, and particularly from any of the high lands sur-\\nrounding it. He is surprised at viewing so large a sheet of water, and\\nhis attention is riveted many moments on its unusual beauty.\\nOn August twenty-ninth, the investigating labors of the Expedition\\nclosed, and in the afternoon the party assembled on the promontory.\\nThere Captain Glazier addressed us. He reviewed the history of the\\nMississippi s Source, and compUmented his hearers on the care taken\\nand the diUgence shown in the examination of the region. He said\\ntheir work was important, and would be regarded with interest by every\\ninhabitant of Minnesota, the Mississippi Valley, this country, and the\\ngeographical world generally. In the final decision of what is the True\\nSource, geographers would value and consider the work we had done.\\nMr. Crane, on behalf of his companions, responded briefly and appro-\\npriately.\\nThe Flag which had floated over every camp, and liad accompanied\\nCaptain Glazier to the same region in 1881, was hoisted to a tree-top to\\nremain as a memento of the Second Glazier Expedition. Twenty -five\\nvolleys were fired as a salute six for the party of 1881 and nineteen for\\nthe party of 1891. All then entered the canoes and enjoyed a leisurely\\nstroll of observation at an hour when the air was balmy, the breeze\\ngentle, and the declining sun cast a glow of cheerful light over beauti-\\nful Lake Glazier.\\nSunday, August 30th, was spent quietly in camp, writing up journals\\nand prepariag for the morrow s i-etreat toward civihzation. Mr. Crane\\nclosed the day with divine service in front of the camp. In an admira-\\nble discourse he proclaimed the gospel call to his hearers. When the\\nsermon and prayer ceased, a spontaneous choir sang Nearer My God to\\nThee, followed by the doxology and benediction. Thus closed om-\\nSabbath day.\\nThe entire region had been traversed, and every rill, rivulet, stream,\\nbog, and collection of water carefully examined. In addition to the top-\\nographic and hydrographic facts mentioned in this letter, the following\\ngeneral statements may be made\\nItasca is simply not the Source of the Mississippi; a perennial stream\\nconnects it with another lake nearly as large, and above and beyond it.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0502.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 495\\nThe largest feeder to Lake Itasca is 7,307 feet long from mouth to\\nsource, while the largest feeder to Lake Glazier is 8,778 feet from mouth\\nto source, and at the same time its mouth is 8.907 feet from Itasca,\\nmaking its total length of water surface connection with Itasca 16,214\\nfeet. In view of all these facts, it is evident that Lake Glazier, a body\\n255 acres in surface, draining the basin in which it lies, and being the\\nmost remote Eesei-voir receiving and supplying water to the great\\nstream, should be held to be the True Source of the Mississippi River.\\nA. MUNSELL.\\nFrom Winfield Scott Shure, correspondent of the Age,\\nYork, Pennsylvania\\nLake Glazier, Minnesota,\\nAugust 31, 1891.\\nEditor the Age: This morning found myself and tent-mate up\\nbefore the day, coasting Lake Itasca in search of water-fowl. We\\nreturned before breakfast with a goodly number, but before doing so\\npaddled our canoe down the Mississippi a few rods from the point where\\nDhe river leaves Itasca, and after viewing the winding infant stream, and\\nvainly wishing we could paddle on and on until we reached the Gulf of\\nMexico, retraced our course.\\nAs the dawn grew into early day, and the sun rose in all his splen-\\ndor, a gentle breeze came from the south and fanned the mirror-like\\nsurface of the lake into ripples, and ere long the white-caps ran high.\\nWe therefore deemed it unadvisable to go forward with our freight, or\\nthose of our party least fitted for battling with a storm but our leader,\\nwho desired to again gaze on the beautiful lake to the south of Itasca,\\ncalled for two volunteers to man a boat and take him and his daughter\\nand the guide across the lake. Mr. Trost and I responded, and after\\ncoasting it for more than an hour, paddled into the mouth of the Infant\\nMississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the stream flowing from Lake Glazier into Lake Itasca.\\nFollowing the stream until we encountered a fallen tree across it, we\\nwere compelled to disembark.\\nIn our haste to see the Real Soiu ce of the Father of Waters, we\\nhastened to a point from which the guide told us the lake could be seen.\\nMounting the crest of the ridge, I took a sweeping glance at the lake\\nbefore us, then turned mj attention to ovu leader and his daughter.\\nPicture in your mind Captain Glazier s delight as he realized that he\\nhad again, after ten years, reached this spot, and had been able to bring\\nwith him men from all parts of the country; men who would honestly\\ninvestigate, and who were competent to judge, and render an impartial\\ndecision on the question at issue between him and his critics. Picture\\nhis satisfaction at this moment when, after men had said, There is no\\nsuch lake in existence; nothing bvit a mud-hole which dries up\\nentirely in the summer; has no connection with Itasca, and many\\nother things of like character, he was able to show to honest men a\\nbeautiful, well-defined lake, running off in the distance nearly two miles\\nfrom whei e we stood, covering an area of 255 acres, and connected w ith\\nItasca by a permanent stream, up which we had just run our boat\\nbearing five persons.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0503.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "496 APPENDIX.\\nAll freight and passengers had been landed on the ridge, a camp-site\\nselected, tents pitched, and many of the odd tm ns necessary to camp\\ncomfort had been attended to, and when finally the Stars and Stripes\\nhad been hoisted over our encampment, and the shades of evening\\n*began to deepen into night, we were settled in our permanent quarters\\nCamp Trost.\\nOn the evening of the above date, as we all sat around the camp-fire,\\nour leader addressed us briefly, referring to the purposes of this, his\\nSecond Expedition, and the pending questions for settlement. He said\\nhis desire was that each one would so thoroughly explore the country\\nsiu*rounding the Mississippi s Source, that they would all be prepared\\nand qualified to render an intelligent and a decided verdict. He also\\nexpressed his willingness to place the result entirely in our hands.\\nAt roll-call the morning of August twenty -fifth, all expressed a\\ndesire to see Pine or Nicollet Creek, to which a pretended investigator\\nhas lately tried to give prominence, and to that point we first directed\\nour steps. The survej ors chained the creek, measured its width and the\\nvolume of water. About a mile from the point where it enters Itasca,\\nwe came to a pond about three acres in area, and covered with lily-\\npads. Passing this pond, a short distance farther on we came to a\\nsecond lakelet. These two ponds, or lakelets, are the so-called Nicollet s\\nFirst and Second Lakes. Nicollet s Third Lake is divided from\\nthe former two by a ridge about fifty feet high. I am firmly of the belief\\nthat if geographers can find nothing of more importance beyond Itasca\\nthan Nicollet Creek, Schoolcraft s lake would still claim its old distinc-\\ntion. Going farther south a distance of six miles, we came to Lakes\\nWhipple, The Triplets, Morrison, and Hernando De Soto, in turn, the last\\nnamed pronounced by the \u00e2\u0080\u00a2investigator above referred to the Source\\nof the Mississippi. Notwithstanding all traces of running water tribu-\\ntary to Itasca had stopped at Nicollet s Second Lake, we were all\\ncurious to see Lake Hernando De Soto. Imagine our disgust when,\\nafter a tramp of six miles, through a forest almost impassable, which\\ntook us five hours, we saw the lake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the place where a lake had been\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094a lake with three arms, two of which had dried up; a lake having\\nneither inlet nor outlet. We felt we had been duped by misrepresenta-\\ntion into this toilsome, fruitless journey. We next turned our attention\\nto Lalc3 Glazier and its feeders.\\nOne by one the questions giving motive to our toilsome undertaking\\nare answering themselves. There is a lake beyond Itasca, well defined,\\nand surrounded by high hills a lake with five permanent feeders, two\\nof which have their origin in ponds as large as Nicollet s Second\\nLake. Lake Glazier, the one referred to, has an average sounding of\\nforty-five feet, and a surface of 255 acres. It is connected with Itasca\\nby a stream twenty feet in width. All this is the result of careful surveys.\\nAfter a thorough investigation, and in view of all the facts, together\\nwith full cognizance of the geographical definition of the source of a\\nriver, I, with every member of the party, am prepared to say that Lake\\nGlazier is the Source of the Mississippi; that Captain Glazier was right\\nin 1881, as has been verified in lb91. He was the first to coast this lake", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0504.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "APPEI^ DIX. 497\\nand explore its feeders, and the first to establish its true relation to the\\nMississippi. He was the first to map it and its affluents, and to make its\\nexistence known to geographers and the world. Schoolcraft was not the\\nfirst white man to see Itasca, yet he was the first to connect it with the\\nMississippi, and to him is accorded the merit of the discovery of the sup-\\nposed source. In like manner should be accorded to Captain Glazier the\\ncredit of discovering the True Source of the river.\\nSaturday, August twenty-ninth, our investigations at the Headwaters\\nwere completed, and in the afternoon we all assembled on the picturesque\\npromontory at the southern end of Lake Glazier. Here the Captain\\naddressed us, and reviewed his labors in 1881, and ours in 1891. He\\nappealed to us in the strongest terms to be just, candid, and unbiased\\nin rendering our verdict to the public as to what we honestly believed to\\nbe the extreme head or True Source of the river.\\nThe report of the surveyors was then read, and the members of the\\nparty, without a single exception, expressed their fullest concurrence\\nwith it.\\nSunday we rested, and in the afternoon religious service was con-\\nducted by Rev. H. Crane, in front of the camp and facing Lake Glazier.\\nAugust thirty -first. We break camp this morning and start on our\\njourney back to civilization and our homes, and if we are worn and\\nsunburnt, we are all most haj^py to be able to report unconditional suc-\\ncess of our trip in every particular. The lake to the south of Itasca,\\nnamed in 1881 Lake Glazier, is beyond question the Source of the\\nMississippi.\\nW. S. Shure.\\n32", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0505.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "a.\\nEDITORIAL COMMENT.\\nThe Second Glazier Expedition to the Headwaters of the\\nMississippi evoked much favorable comment from the press.\\nCredit was awarded the Explorer for his praiseworthy effort\\nto settle the long-disputed question of the True Source of the\\nGreat River and the successful issue of his enterprise. Cap-\\ntain Glazier s Report in full, on the return of the Expedition,\\nwas addressed to many of the Geographical and Historical\\nSocieties, and published in most of the leading journals of the\\ncountry.\\nMinnesota enjoys the distinction of having within her bor-\\nders the cradle of the mighty river, and is entitled to be heard\\nfirst. We therefore quote from the columns of her leading\\njournals, beginning with the Dispatch of Saint Paul, in which\\nthe following editorial introduced the Glazier Report on the\\nResults of the Expedition of 1891:\\nElsewhere in to-day s issue of the Dispatch is given the Report of\\nCaptain Willard Glazier to the President of the American Geographical\\nSociety upon the Source of the Mississippi River. It is a long docu-\\nment, but should not be briefly glanced at on that account. Captain Gla-\\nzier has the pleasing faculty of arranging facts and figures in a most\\neffective and entertaining manner, and of expressing himself clearly\\nand forcibly. There is not a dry or prosy sentence in the whole of this\\nReport. It presents in very interesting form all the information which\\nhas been gathered relative to an important geographical question upon\\nwhich there has been some little difference of opinion.\\nThe main points of the dispute about the Source of the Mississippi\\nare quite generally known, and the corroborative light which is now\\nthrown on the claim made by Captain Glazier, after his first visit in 1S81,\\nwill be received and read with a great deal of satisfaction by the many\\nwho have felt all along that he was in the right. Even should the facts\\nnow published not be accepted by the opponents of the Captain and so\\nbitter and unreasoning is their hostility to him that it is probable thqy\\nwUl decline to accept even this Report the public in general will have\\nbenefited much by his explorations.\\nThe Report opens with a succinct review of the situation prior to\\n(498)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0506.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "appe:n dix. 499\\nand after his Exploration of 1881. Lake Itasca had long borne the credit\\nof being the head of the Great River, but Captain Glazier was led to the\\nbelief that an error had been made, and that the True Source lay beyond\\nItasca. On the twenty-second of July, 1881, he located a basin of water\\nsouth of Itasca as the Primal Reservoir, and made public his discovery.\\nThis lake has been since known as Lake Glazier. Its Indian name was\\nPokegama\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the place where the waters gather. His announcement of\\nthe finding of a Reservoir beyond Itasca was greeted with a storm of\\ncriticism and unbelief by unfriendly and jealous parties, and he has had\\nto stand the abuse of those who had no ground for argument. The antag-\\nonism, he says, thus developed by an honest attempt to estabhsh a geo-\\ngraphical truth, together with the fact that, even at this late day, some\\nof our leading educators still believe in the error of Lake Itasca, led me\\nto decide upon another visit to the Itasca Basin, having for its object\\nthe most thorough investigation and a final settlement of the vexed\\nquestion which had occupied the attention of geographers for over ten\\nyears.\\nHe then proceeds to describe his preparations for the Second\\nExpedition, and introduces us to the members of his party, all gentle-\\nmen of education and good standing, whose indorsement or refutation\\nmight be accepted without question. They set out on August seven-\\nteenth, 1891, and lost no time in making their way to the scene of action.\\nHaving reviewed the explorations of those who preceded his earlier\\nvisit, and briefly referred to recent investigations, he presents in detail,\\nfrom his daily field-notes, the observations of his Second Expedition.\\nOne noticeable feature of these field-notes is the very evident desire\\nmanifested by Captain Glazier to be accurate in all his measurements\\nand thorough in his investigations. Honesty of purpose is everywhere*\\napparent. The daily work is minutely, but not tediously, described, and\\nthe Report embraces a vast quantity of valuable information. Sub-\\njoined to it are the individual indorsements of all the members of the\\nparty.\\nWhatever maybe the final outcome of the investigation, it can not\\nbe successfully disputed that Captain Willard Glazier has done more than\\nany other explorer to demonstrate the absolute correctness of the loca-\\ntion of the Head of the Mississippi. More than ten years ago he fitted\\nout an Expedition at great expense, and after careful research and scien-\\ntific investigation presented the results of his explorations, tending\\nto overthrow the established or accepted claim that Lake Itasca was the\\nFoimtain-head of the Great River. His exhaustive treatise was at once\\nmade a theme of imiversal discussion, and for a considerable period it\\nwas the one important question written and talked about by the leading\\ngeographical students of the country. Like all modern innovations,\\nhowever. Captain Glazier s claims were subjected to severe and search-\\ning criticism, and by some to ridicule and virulent opposition.\\nWho was this daring discoverer who ventured to take issue with\\nthe history and traditions of the early decades?\\nThe fact that the pubUshed reports of Captain Glazier raised such\\na cyclonic outburst was in itself sufllcient to prove that his claims were", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0507.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "500 APPEI^DIX.\\nworthy of consideration, and notwithstanding the pronounced opposition\\nof a few whose opinions were considered valuable, the new theory was\\naccepted by most of the leading geographers.\\nThus the contention has been going on ever since the First Expedition\\nof 1881. Last summer Captain Glazier again organized an expedition\\nand spent some time at the Headwaters, with the result that every\\nmember of his expedition confu med his claim in regard to the True\\nSource of the River.\\nThe Winona Republican in February, 1892, published\\nCaptain Glazier s report in full, preceded by the following\\neditorial:\\nThe Report of Captain WiUard Glazier s Second Expedition to the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi, herewith pubhshed, is a paper of suffi-\\ncient popular interest to insure for it a general and an attentive perusal.\\nThe circumstances attending this second visit of Captain Glazier to the\\nSom ce of the Great River are more or less familiar to the readers of the\\nRepublican^ but in the Report now made public they are so succinctly\\nyet clearly reviewed as to give the narrative a new and personal interest\\nthat attached to no preceding reference to the subject under notice.\\nFor half a century Lake Itasca had been regarded as the source of the\\nMississippi, but Captain Glazier was led to the belief that an error had\\nbeen made, and that the True Source lay beyond. In July, 1881, he\\npersonally visited the Headwaters, and after a close and careful explora-\\ntion located a lake south of Itasca as the Primal Reservoir. This lake,\\nknown to the aboriginal inhabitants of that region as Pokegama, has\\nsince been placed on many maps, and is generally designated Lake\\nGlazier. The claim of Captain Glazier to having made this discovery\\nwas vigorously contested by certain interested parties, and the dis-\\ncoverer subjected to the severest personal criticism. Undismayed by\\nthe assaults made upon him, Captain Glazier determined to fortify his\\nposition by a second and still more thorough investigation. On this\\noccasion he was accompanied by a party of gentlemen of education and\\nhigh standing in the several communities where they reside, whose\\nindorsement or disproof of his views might be regarded as conclusive\\nin relation to all tlie physical facts coming under observation. The\\nresult is now before the public and the testimony should be weighed\\naccording to its merit. It is particularly to be noted in perusing Captain\\nGlazier s Report that his observations were carried on with much care\\nand apparent accuracy. The measurements were made by an expert,\\nand all the investigations were participated in, and are unqualifiedly\\nindorsed by the individual members of the party. Honesty of purpose\\nis manifest throughout.\\nAmid all the contention and doubt, thus far one thing is certain: No\\nsuch careful and thorough exploration of the Headwaters of the Missis-\\nsippi has been made by any other investigator as that recently com-\\npleted by Captain Glazier. If, in the interest of historic truth and geo-\\ngraphical accuracy, his claim is to be frowned down, the evidence upon", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0508.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 501\\nwhich it is done ought not to be less trustworthy or convincing than that\\npresented in his behalf. We strongly recommend a careful perusal of\\nhis Report, which is addressed to the Hon. Charles P. Daly, LL. D.,\\nPresident of the American Geographical Society.\\nFrom the Washington Star:\\nThe question of what lake or stream is the True Source of the Father\\nof Waters is one that has agitated geographers for several years. The\\ninclination is to accept the results of Captain AVillard Glazier s explora-\\ntions\u00e2\u0080\u0094that of 1881, confirmed and extended by that of 1891 as conclusive.\\nThe history of the discovery of the Source of the Mississippi, while not\\nso thrilling as the history of the discovery of the source of the Nile, is\\nmore interesting and important to Americans.\\nBefore Schoolcraft s report of 18.32, the existence of the Source\\nin Lake Itasca, or its vicinity, was not known. Although several sur-\\nveys were made subsequently, it was not until the Glazier Expedition of\\nJuly, 1881, that the Source was finally located south of Itasca in a com-\\nparatively large lake called after the discoverer. If geographers were\\nnot inclined to trace the sources of rivers, where possible, to lakes,\\nrather than to flowing streams. Excelsior Creek, the longest feeder of\\nLake Glazier, would be considered justly as the Fountain-head of the\\nGreat River of North America.\\nFrom the Davenport Democrat:\\nDr. Charles E. Harrison is at home again after his wanderings\\nabout the Headwaters of the Mississippi as a member of the Glazier\\nparty, representing the Davenport Academy of Sciences. He had fully\\nas inteiesting and insti uctive a trip as he expected, and is glad he went.\\nThe party was composed of between fifteen and twenty persons,\\namon^ them Miss Alice Glazier, the only daughter of the head of the\\nExpedition. The start was jnade from Minneapolis, August seventeenth.\\nThe train was left at Park Rapids, and wagons were taVen to Lake\\nItasca, which was reached August twenty-third. The wagon journey\\nwas fraught with much interest, but not with much comfort. The party\\nwalked by preference. They do not have paved streets up there, but\\nsome of the roughest country to be found in the Mississippi Valley; no\\nsettlers, no roads, no civilization but wilderness, hard work, deer, and\\nbears. A member of the party shot a bear en route.\\nCamps were pitched after the first day on a height of land sepa-\\nrating Lake Itasca from Lake Glazier. Thence the party explored the\\nregion. The two surveyors went ahead and the members of the party\\nfollowed. Dr. Harrison saw enough to convince him that Captain Gla-\\nzier has a valid claim to the honor of being the man to make the first\\nannouncement that Lake Itasca is not the Source of the Mississiijpi, but\\nthat the other lake to the south of it is. Lake Itasca had been visited\\nby white men at the very opening of the nineteenth century, but it\\nremained for Schoolcraft, in 1832, to make the announcement that it was\\nthe source. Captain Glazier was the man to make formal announcement\\nof the fact that the lake to the south, and not Itasca, is the True Source.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0509.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "502 APPENDIX.\\nDr. Harrison is well satisfied that Lake Itasca has little relation to the\\nMississippi beyond that possessed by Lake Pepin the river simply flows\\nthrough it. The members of the party, after looking over all the ground\\nin the most careful manner, came to the conclusion that the claim of the\\nCaptain is well founded, and that the majority of the geographers have\\ndone the right thing in following his lead as they have done. Dr.\\nHarrison says he went there with the intention to be critical and find\\nfault, if there were any evidences of crooked work on the part of Cap-\\ntain Glazier, but admits that all was fair and square, and there is nothing\\nto indicate that Captain Glazier is not fully entitled to the credit he\\nclaims.\\nFrom the Minneapolis Times:\\nLake Glazier is the Source of the Mississippi River.\\nThat is the unanimous verdict of the gentlemen who have just\\nreturned from an Expedition to the Headwaters of the Great River.\\nThey have made a report of their explorations in which facts are given\\nwhich establish to their satisfaction the fallacy of all other theories.\\nThat Lake Itasca is only the approximate source of the Mississippi has\\nlong been known. The real source has been the subject of a long dis-\\npute among geographers. Itasca is fed by running water, and the\\nUltimate Source of the Mississippi could only be ascertained by tracing\\nthe sources of Itasca. In 1881, Captain Willard Glazier explored the\\nwaters about Lake Itasca, and came to the conclusion that the lake now\\nknown as Lake Glazier was the actual source of the big river. Then\\nsome one else traced Nicollet Creek up to the three Nicollet ponds, and\\nmade the contention that the real source of the Mississippi was the last\\nof these ponds, misnamed lakes. The same party afterward changed\\nhis mind and pronounced Lake Hernando De Soto to be the Source.\\nCaptain Glazier has never weakened on his theory that the Glazier Lake\\nis the real Source, and the party above referred to has stubbornlj\\nargued in favor of the De Soto Lake. The controversy has awakened\\ngreat interest throughout the country. A short time ago a party was\\norganized to explore the Headwaters of the river and ascertain the facts\\nrelating thereto. Captain Glazier headed the expedition, but none of the\\ngentlemen who accompanied him were prejudiced or influenced in any\\nway. It was a large party, composed of geographers, scientists, editors,\\nsurveyors, and men of good standing, all of whom, we are informed,\\nwere strangers to Captain Glazier.\\nThe trip through the wilderness from Park Rapids to the Headwaters\\nwas by no means a pleasant one. It was slow and tedious work to get\\nthe horses and wagons through the wild forest, and the trail was so rough\\nthat the travelers found it necessary to walk the greater part of the dis-\\ntance. After a two days tramp the expedition reached the east arm of\\nLake Itasca about noon on Saturday, August twenty-second. After a\\nshort rest they launched their canoes and conveyed themselves and\\ntheir chattels to Schoolcraft Island, on which they pitched their tents\\nSaturday evening. The party remained on the island over Sunday.\\nThey were a very tirel lot of people, and a Sunday s rest was never so\\nmuch appreciated by them before.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0510.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "APPEKDIX. 503\\nThe party removed their tents from Schoolcraft Island to the shore\\nof Lake Glazier Monday morning, and encamped on the high ridge sep-\\narating that lake from Lake Itasca. Then began the work of exploring\\nthe waters. They made a careful examination of Lake Itasca, and found\\nthat it had no affluents of any consequence except Nicollet Creek and\\nthe stream that connected Itasca with Lake Glazier. Nicollet Creek was\\ntraced to the Nicollet ponds, as far as there was running water. The\\ndistance was carefully measured, and it proved to be 7,309| feet from\\nLake Itasca to the farthest of the Nicollet lakelets. Then considerable\\ntime was spent in examining Lake Glazier and its feeders.\\nIt was ascertained that Excelsior Creek was the longest one flowing\\ninto Lake Glazier, it measuring 8,778 feet. The distance from the mouth\\nof Excelsior Creek to the creek connecting Glazier and Itasca lakes was\\nfound to be 4,229 feet. The length of the connecting creek measured\\n1,100 feet. This made a total distance of 14,107 feet from Lake Itasca to\\nthe source of Excelsior Creek. Therefore, if the source of the Missis-\\nsippi is the farthest point from whence there is rimning water, it stands\\nout clearly that the soiu-ce of Excelsior Creek is the source of the Missis-\\nsippi. And as Excelsior Creek is merely a feeder to Lake Glazier, that\\nlake should figure as the Real Som-ce of the Great River. These were the\\nconclusions of all the members of the expedition, without exception.\\nThe expedition did not overlook the De Soto Lake.* A long tramp\\nfrom the south shore of Lake Glazier over a swampy ridge brought the\\nparty to this so-called lake. They made a thorough examination of it,\\nand failed to find that it had either inlet or outlet. In fact, the party\\nbecame thoroughly convinced that the De Soto was nothing more\\nthan a dead lake or pond. How any of its boggy water could possibly\\nreach the Mississippi is a question they were unable to solve.\\nFrom the Philadelphia Telegraph:\\nThe Second Glazier Expedition to the Headwaters of the Mississippi\\nRiver returned to Park Rapids, Minnesota, last evening. The party\\nclaims that the Glazier Lake is the Real Source of the Great River of\\nNorth America. It was found to cover an area of 255 acres, and is con-\\nnected with Lake Itasca by a creek about 1, 100 feet long. The lake is fed\\nby four tributaries, besides which streams there are, on the east shore,\\nseveral iron springs. The only other important feeder of Lake Itasca is\\nNicollet Creek, which enters Itasca about a quarter of a mile west of the\\noutlet of the creek from Glazier Lake. Itasca is supplied by two princi-\\npal affluents. One of these, Nicollet Creek, drains a tamarack swamp,\\nhas nothing worthy of the name of a lake in its course, and has a source\\n7,307 feet from Itasca. The other is a narrower stream, but flows from\\na fine lake, the source of whose remote feeder is 14,106 feet from Itasca.\\nFrom the Dubuque Trade Journal:\\nIt is a singular fact that neither governments nor religious associa-\\ntions have ever achieved anything remarkable in aid of discovery in\\neither the realm of abstract or concrete science. History shows that\\nindividual energy and talent have always led in innovations and the\\nestablishment of principles that make for truth and the enlightenment", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0511.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "504 APPE N DIX.\\nand welfare of mankind. On the part of the Government, when not\\nwilUng to be a bar to progress, and designedly obstructive, Its efforts are\\nusually placed in the hands of mediocre persons because they happen to\\nbe partisans seeking the emoluments of position and influence. Religious\\nassociations, being sectarian and dogmatic, are apprehensive, and fear\\nthe least interference with their doctrines, mysteries, and faith. Within\\ntheir domain anything conceived to be like vain babblings and opposi-\\ntions of science falsely so-called, is not tolerated, and short work is\\nmade of it by persecution. The reason of all this is not inscrutable, for\\nneither science nor philosophy is within their purview. The proper\\nfunctions of government are the conservation of the State and the pro-\\ntection of life, liberty, and property of the individual, as far as may be\\nconsistent with the enjoyment.of the same rights by others. The\\nfimction of the religionist is to conserve the faith and practice its duties.\\nIt is the individual initiative, self-denying, and laborious action that\\nsolves difficult problems, makes successful discoveries, and accomplishes\\nanything that ultimately results in increasing knowledge. That their\\nefforts should ever be interfered with, cramped, or impaired by hire-\\nlings of official and corporate regulation, is indeed to be regretted by\\nevery one who sincerely desires the benefit of truth and the welfare of\\nhis race.\\nAn instance of the kind alluded to is now presented in Minnesota. A\\ncontroversy is raging there concerning the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi River, between Captain Willard Glazier and the Minnesota His-\\ntorical Society. The latter claims to be a co-ordinate branch of the\\nState Government, and its partisan officials leisurely enjoy place and\\nprofit. Long ago the Society heard that Itasca was a lake in their State,\\nwhich Schoolcraf visited in 1832, and supposed it to be the Source of\\nthe Mississippi River. This, the paid employes of the Historical Society\\naccepted without disturbance to its somnolent movements, and rested in\\ncontented ignorance of the True Source, as well as of everything else in\\nthat region. The chronic hypnotism of the Society continued until 1881,\\nwhen Captain Willard Glazier, a New Yorker, having doubts about\\nItasca being verily the source, explored the Headwaters of the river, and\\nexploded the error. This being a geogi*aphical matter, and the fact of\\nthe newly discovered Source a geographical truth, one is puzzled to know\\nwhat a purely historical society had to do with it. Nevertheless, the\\nSociety aroused itself from its Rip Van Winkle slumbers, and boldly\\nproclaimed a denial, and stoutly insisted that Itasca was the ultimate\\norigin. Since then, at the expense of the tax-payers, some examination\\nabout and beyond Itasca has been made under the management of one\\nJ. V. Brower. It was clearly seen that Itasca must go out into the cold.\\nBut jealousy of the foreigner would not permit the acceptance of his\\ndiscovery, and another Source of the river must be devised. So, entirely\\nignoring the beautiful Lake Glazier, 255 acres in area, the Minnesota\\nFalstafif first glanced at the clouds, the source of all our rivers,\\nthen traced a feeder of Itasca a short distance through two ponds to a\\nspring at the foot of a hill. Hypothetically, the hill was tunneled,\\nand onward the hero went. Isolated bogs, ponds, and lakelets were", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0512.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "appe:n DIx. 505\\nfound, all within a compass of five or six miles square, and situated in a\\ngeneral depression of ground. Archasological science now seized\\nBrower, and to his imagination a glacier once roughly scooped out\\nthis region in which pools, rills, Lake Glazier, Lake Itasca all\u00e2\u0080\u0094 are now\\nsituated. The huge chunk of ice on melting formed a prehistoric lake,\\nwhich has since subsided to the present aspect of the locality of the\\nHeadwaters of America s most noted river. This he proudly named\\nLakeUpham, divided it into Greater, Midway, and Lesser Ultimate\\nReservoir Bowls,* and presented his farrago to the Minnesota Historical\\nSociety, as Itasca Basin, the Source of the Mississippi. Finally, the\\nlearned theorizer suggested to his employers that a legislative enact-\\nment prohibit unauthorized, erroneous, and deceptive changes in the\\nState map, so assiduously i^ersisted in from mercenary motives.\\nNow, gentle reader, when you have perused the foregoing, just\\nremember that while the Minnesota Historical Society was in happy\\nignorance of any topography beyond Lake Itasca, Captain Willard Gla-\\nzier^entered those northern wilds and found a beautiful body of water\\nbeyond Itasca, and connected with it by a perennial stream. He correctly\\nmapped its feeders, stated its relation to Itasca, and pronounced that\\nbody of water the True Source of the Mississippi. This is what the\\nSociety, by its instrument, Brower, seeks to supplant by substituting the\\ndried bed of an extinct, hypothetic, prehistoric lake, from whose now\\nthree arid and jack-pine covered ultimate reservoir bowls water is\\nsupposed to ooze into Lakes Glazier and Itasca. Than this can vagary\\nfarther go?*\\nFrom tlie Chicago Inter Ocean:\\nThe controversy as to the Source of the Mississippi River has placed\\nbefore the public a vast amount of new information of an interesting\\ncharacter. In 1881, Captain Willard Glazier made an Expedition to the\\nHeadwaters of the Mississippi, and announced that he had discovered\\nthat Lake Itasca could not be regarded as the True Source of the Great\\nRiver. He found a fine lake to the south of Lake Itasca, since called\\nLake Glazier and which he claimed was the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi, 3,184 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, with an elevation above the\\nocean of 1,582 feet. Captain Glazier started from Brainerd, Minnesota,\\non the twelfth of July, 1881, intending to go to Lake Itasca, or the Head-\\nwaters of the Mississippi, and make a canoe voyage to the Gulf. In the\\ncourse of this expedition he discovered the new lake to the south of\\nItasca. He started from there in a canoe, and made the long journey\\ndown the Mississippi, reaching the Gulf of Mexico November fifteenth.\\nOn his return he published the narrative of this expedition, and claimed\\nthe discovery of the True Source of the IMississippi.\\nAugust seventeenth last, Cai^tain Glazier and several gentlemen,\\ninterested in the question of the Source of the Great River, left Minne-\\napolis to make a second survey. They made a careful investigation of\\nLake Glazier, and in their Report pronounce it a beautiful sheet of\\nwater over a mile and a half in length and nearly as wide, in extent\\n255 acres, its depth forty-five feet. Lake Glazier is connected with", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0513.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "506 APPEITDIX.\\nItasca by a permanent stream 1,100 feet long. This has a brisk current,\\nand carried enough water to afford passage to the boats between the two\\nlakes. The Glazier Lake is fed by four tributaries, the largest of which\\nis Excelsior Croek, one mile and five-eighths long. A careful report is\\nalso made of Nicollet Creek. The first of the Nicollet Lakes is described\\nas a pond of about three acres the second, a lakelet about twelve acres\\nin extent; the third, beyond a high ridge, is about ten acres in extent.\\nThe party of explorers unanimously decide in favor of Lake Glazier\\nas the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom the Albany Knickerbocker:\\nEver since Captain Glazier announced that the True Source of the\\nFather of Waters was not the Itasca Lake, in contravention of the geog-\\nraphers, he has been made the target of much scientific and non-\\nscientific abuse. This has frequently been the lot of discoverers and\\nexplorers, from Columbus to Mungo Park\u00e2\u0080\u0094 even down to our own\\nStanley.\\nWe learn from the Saint Paul Dispatch that the Glazier Expedition\\nwas in camp on the northern shore of Lake Glazier, Minnesota, August\\ntwenty -fifth. A member of the exploring party writes to our contem-\\nporary an interesting account of the expedition which is being made by\\nwagon from Park Rajjids, the nearest civilized point to the Head of the\\nRiver. The party was organized to investigate the groimds upon which\\nCaptain Glazier bases his claim to have located the True Source of the\\nMississippi, and is composed of several scientists and geographers. The\\ncorrespondent of the Dispatch, whose impartiality may be reasonably\\nsupposed to be above question, has this to say on the merits of the\\ncontroversy:\\nI may here remark that I have but little faith in Mr. Brewer s nu-\\nmerous and fantastical sources. I have carefully watched the nature and\\nprogress of his controversy with Captain Glazier, and can scarcely attrib-\\nute his errors to misinformation, but rather to an unworthy desire to\\ndisprove by any means, fair or foul, Glazier s claim to have definitely\\nlocated the True Source of the river in 1881. I believe Mr. Brower has,\\nat different times, announced several lakes and ponds as sources of the\\nMississippi. The conclusion is forced upon me that he is most probably\\nno nearer the truth in his last venture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 some particulars of which are\\ngiven in his report to his Excellency the Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 than he was in his\\nfirst. Captain Glazier, on the other hand, in 1881, announced to the\\nworld that the Source of our majestic river was unquestionably in a lake\\nof comparatively large dimensions lying to the south of Itasca Lake, and\\npersistently adheres to his announcement, with the full force of con-\\nviction, at the present day. Nothing can move him from his position\\nnot even the wooden monument erected by his ambitious adversary\\non the crest of the ridge which separates Itasca from the True Source,\\nby which it is conspicuously evident that Mr. Brower hopes to perpetuate\\nhis own name as the chronicler of a proved error innocently made by the\\nethnologist Schoolcraft. I have very little doubt that Captain Glazier s\\nposition on this question will eventually be confirmed by the unanimous\\nconcm-rence of geographers and competent judges.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0514.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "(507)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0515.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "H\\nIiq^DORSEMENT.\\nIn this last section of the Appendix, I respectfully pre-\\nsent for the reader s consideration the indorsements and views,\\nFirst, of persons long resident in Minnesota, to whom the\\nquestion of the Source of the Great River may be supposed to\\nbe one of more than ordinary interest and who, from their\\nproximity to its Headwaters, are, doubtless, in some respects\\nbetter qualified to pronounce upon the weight of evidence\\nadduced in support of the Glazier claim. Secondly, the\\nIndorsements of geographers, educational publishers, and\\nothers who have given attention to the subject and arrived at\\ndecided conclusions; and Thirdly, the unanimous testimony\\nof tlie Committee of Investigation of the Second Glazier\\nExpedition, who thoroughly examined and surveyed every\\nlake, pond, and stream, and every foot of ground at the\\nHead of the river, with the single object of locating its True\\nSource.\\nI.\\nRESIDENTS OP MINNESOTA.\\nFrom Hon. A. B. McGill, Ex-Oovernor:\\nCaptain Glazier s claim to be the discoverer of the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi seems reasonable, to say the least. I have been a resi-\\ndent of Minnesota twenty-six years, and never until Captain Glazier s\\nexpedition heard the claim of Itasca being the Source of the Great River\\nseriously questioned.\\nFrom Hon. Horace Austin, Ex-Oovernor:\\nI think that it would be a very proper thing to do under the circum-\\nstances that Captain Glazier s services should be recognized by the pas-\\nsage of a bill by the Legislature giving his name to the lake which is the\\nReal Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Hon. W. Gale, Ex-Lieutenant-Governor, Winona:\\nI have been a resident of Minnesota for more than twenty-eight\\nyears, and I believe it was the generally accepted opinion of the people\\n(508)", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0516.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 509\\nof this State that Lake Itasca was the Source of the Mississippi River,\\nuntil after the expedition of Captain Willard Glazier, and his publication\\nto the world that another lake south of Lake Itasca was the True Source,\\nto which lake has been given the name of Lake Glazier. This is now\\ngenerally recognized as the True Source and Head of the Mississippi, and\\nCaptain Glazier as the man who first made known that fact to the\\nworld.\\nFrom F. W. Seeley, Adjutant-General:\\nI desire to say, in justice to Captain Glazier, that, having been a\\nresident of Minnesota for twenty-five years, and quite familiar with\\nthe geography of the State, it is my belief that he was the first to dis-\\ncover the True Source of the Mississippi River and publish it to the\\nworld.\\nFrom Moses E. Clapj), Attorney-General:\\nFrom such information as I have on the subject, I am convinced\\nthat the actual Source of the Mississippi had not been recognized prior\\nto the published accounts of the explorations of Captain Willard\\nGlazier.\\nFrom H. W. Childs, Assistant Attorney-General:\\nThere is, in my opinion, no reason or ground for disputing Captain\\nGlazier s claim to have located the body of water now undoubtedly\\nregarded as the Source of the Mississippi River, and appropriately namea\\nLake Glazier.\\nFrom Gus. H. Beaulieu, Deputy U. S. Marshal, District of Minnesota:\\nHaving been born and raised in the State of Minnesota, and a resi-\\ndent of White Earth Indian Reservation, and being familiar with the\\nIndian traditions, I certify that Itasca Lake had never been considered\\nthe Soiu-ce of the Mississippi by the best-informed Chippewa Indians.\\nAlthough I had never seen any pubUshed maps to the contrary, prior to\\nthe expedition of Captain Glazier in 1881, from the best information I\\nhave among the Indians, I now regard Lake Glazier as the True Source\\nof the Mississippi River. I regard his chief guide, Chenowagesic, as the\\nbest authority among the Indians regarding the section of country about\\nthe Headwaters of the Mississippi, and consider him thoroughly\\neliable.\\nFrom W. S. Tingle, St. Paul Globe:\\nAfter a study of the literature of the subject, I am convinced that\\nthe lake to which the name of Glazier was given by the Glazier explor-\\ning expedition is undoubtedly the True Source of the Mississippi, and\\nthat Captain Glazier was the first to call general public attention to the\\nfact.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0517.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "510 APPENDIX.\\nFrom Major Will E. Haskell, Editor Minneapolis Tribune:\\nThere can be no longer any doubt, when the question is carefully\\nconsidered, that the credit of discovering the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi belongs to Captain Willard Glazier. Captain Glazier s discovery\\nhas now become an accepted geographical fact, and future generations\\nof school-boys wiU speak knowingly of Lake Glazier, as we did in our\\nyouth of Itasca.\\nFrom Bev. W. T. Chase, Pastor First Baptist Church, Minneapolis:\\nThere seems no room for reasonable doubt that the actual Source\\nof the Mississippi had never been recognized until Captain Glazier made\\nits discovery in 1881.\\nFrom Rev. J. L. Pitner, Pastor M. E. Church, Minneapolis:\\nI am convinced that the Real Source of the Mississippi was not known\\nprior to 1881. lam quite sure the claims of Lake Glazier are not ill-\\nfounded, and in its deep, cool bosom the Great River takes its rise.\\nFrom J. S. McLain, Evening Journal, Minneapolis:\\nI have no reason to question the claim that the body of water\\nwhich bears the name of Lake Glazier is the Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Ex-Mayor Pillsbury, Minneapolis:\\nI am satisfied that Captain Willard Glazier was the first person that\\ndiscovered, and made public the discovery, of the True Source of the\\nMississippi.\\nFrom Hon. Samuel E. Adams, Monticello, Member of the Minnesota\\nHistorical Society:\\nI have no doubt of the correctness of Captain Glazier s statement\\nand that he discovered the new Source bearing his name.\\nFrom John H. Elliott, Secretary Y. M. C. A., Minneapolis:\\nI have no hesitation in saying that I believe Lake Glazier to be the\\nReal Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Hon. J. G. Lawrence, Ex-Senator, Wabasha:\\nI certainly believe Captain Glazier is entitled to the credit of dis-\\ncovering the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Judge John P. Rea, Ex- Commander-in-Chief G. A. B.,\\nMinneapolis:\\nI am satisfied that Lake Glazier is the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0518.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "APPE^-DIX. 511\\nFrom Judge L. A. Evans, Ex-Mayor, St. Cloud:\\nI believe Lake Glazier is the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Albert Shaw, Tribune, Minneapolis:\\nUnquestionably, Captain Glazier may claim the credit of having\\ncalled public attention to the lake beyond Itasca. He was the fli st who\\nattached geographical importance to it. That the lake will always be\\ncalled Lake Glazier, I have no doubt; nor do I doubt the propriety of\\nthe name.\\nFrom G. M. Wing, Secretary Northwest Indian Commission,\\nMinneapolis:\\nThe lake which Captain Glazier has located is, no doubt, more\\nproperly the True Source of the Great River than Lake Itasca. Captain\\nGlazier was the first to discover that fact, and that should entitle him to\\nthe honor of naming it.\\nFrom Rev. Andrew D. Stowe, Rector Trinity Church, Anoka:\\nThis is to certify that from the testimony of Indians and half-breeds\\nliving at White Earth Agency, Minnesota, during my residence there of\\ntwo years, I am persuaded that Lake Glazier, instead of Itasca, is the\\nReal Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom D. Sinclair, Winona:\\nIn the autumn of 1862 I spent several weeks in that portion of\\nNorthern Minnesota extending from Crow Wing to Leech Lake, and\\nthe country about Red Lake, in company with Paul Beaulieu, the well-\\nknown Indian guide and interpreter. During a conversation as to the\\nSource of the Mississippi, Beaulieu informed me that Lake Itasca was\\nnot the Real Source of that river, but that a smaller lake, located a short\\ndistance south of Itasca, was entitled to that distinction. After investi-\\ngating the matter recently, I have no doubt of the genuineness of Cap-\\ntain Glazier s claim to be the person Avho first publicly estabhshed the\\nfact that the lake which now bears his name is the True Source of the\\nMississippi River.\\nFrom William A. Spencer, Clerk United States District Court, Saint\\nPaul:\\nI have resided in Minnesota upward of thirty years, and until\\nrecently have always thought that Lake Itasca was the Soiu-ce of the\\nMississippi but after an examfnation of the claim of Captain Glazier to\\nbe the discoverer of the True Source, I am satisfied his claim is well\\nfounded.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0519.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "512 APPENDIX.\\nFrom O. C. Chase, Chairman County Commissioners, Otter-Tail County:\\nFrom information received, I am fully satisfied that Captain.\\nGlazier was the first person to publicly announce the True Source of the\\nMississippi.\\nFrom John J. Ankeny, Postmaster, Minneapolis:\\nFrom the best information I can obtain, I am persuaded that the\\nSom ce of the Mississippi had not been recognized prior to the\\npublished accounts of exploration by Captain Willard Glazier in 1881. I\\nthink, therefore, he is entitled to the credit of the discovery.\\nFrom P. P. Swenson, Sheriff, Hennepin County:\\nAfter a residence of thirty-two years in the State of Minnesota,\\nimtil recently I have always supposed that Lake Itasca was the Source\\nof the Mississippi River. I am now well informed of its True Source\\nbeing Lake Glazier, having personally traversed that section of the\\nState.\\nFrom John F. Peterson, Register of Deeds, Minneapolis:\\nI have resided in Minnesota for the past eighteen years, and fully\\nbelieve that Lake Glazier is the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom C. P. De Laithe, Superintendent of Schools, Aitkin County:\\nI recognize Lake Glazier as the Source of the Mississippi River.\\nHave resided in Aitkin for several years.\\nFrom J. H. Hallett, Brainerd:\\nI recognize the lake discovered by Captain Glazier as the Real\\nSource of the Mississippi. Have been an Indian trader for the past\\nfifteen years.\\nFrom Hon. N. Richardson, Little Falls, Judge of Probate of Morrison\\nCounty:\\nI have resided on the banks of the Mississippi for thirty -one years.\\nMet Captain Glazier at Little Falls with his exploring party, that visited\\nthe headwaters of this river in the summer of 1881. From information\\nderived from sources that I consider reliable, I regard Lake Glazier as\\nthe True Source of the Great River. Have been a member of the\\nMinnesota Legislature for three terms.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0520.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 513\\nFrom O. L. Clyde, First Lieutenant National Guard, Little Falls:\\nI have been a resident of Northern Minnesota for twenty years,\\nand always supposed that Lake Itasca was the sovirce of the Mississippi.\\nI never heard anything to the contrary until the year 1881, when\\nCaptain Glazier explored the Upper Mississippi, and made his report of\\nthe same. I now recognize Lakk Glazier as the True Source of the\\nGreat River.\\nFrom Moses La Fond, Little Falls:\\nLake Glazier is now considered the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nI am one of the old pioneers of this State, having resided in the northern\\nsection for over thirty-two years, and was a member of the Legislature\\nin 1874.\\nFrom, R. CronJc, of the Government Survey, Sauk Rapids:\\nThis is to certify that I was compass-man on the survey of town-\\nship 143 north, range 36 west of 5th principal meridian, which embraces\\nItasca Lake (the Indian name of which I understood to be Omushkos, or\\nElk Lake), and hereby aflfirm that Lake Glazier is the only well-defined\\nbody of -water emptying into Lake Itasca, and in my opinion is the\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Hon. T. G. Healey, Ex-State Senator, Monticello:\\nHave resided in Monticello since 1856. I regard Lake Glazier as\\nthe True Source of the Mississippi River, and it is now so regarded by\\nthe people living in this section of Minnesota.\\nFrom, Freeman E. Kreck, Postmaster, Aitkin:\\nI have been a resident of Aitkin County since 1881; have been\\ncounty auditor for past two years, and for a time proprietor and editor\\nof the Aitkin Age. Since Captain Glazier s explorations I do not hesi-\\ntate to say that I believe Lake Glazier to be the True Primal Reservoir\\nof the Mississippi, and I think I voice the sentiment of the majority of\\nthe residents of this section.\\nFrom A. Y. Merrill, County Attorney, Aitkin:\\nI believe that the lake claimed to have been located by Captain\\nGlazier is the Real Source of the Mississippi River.\\nFrom, J. W. Wakefield, Aitkin:\\nResident of Minnesota for thirty years. Personally acquainted with\\nChenowagesic. Indian trader more than fifteen years. Thoroughly\\nfamiliar with the Chippewa language. I recognize Lake Glazier as the\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi River.\\n33", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0521.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "514 APPENDIX.\\nFrom, Lyman P. White, Ex-Mayor, Brainerd:\\nI have been a resident of Brainerd since 1870. Built the first house\\nin Brainerd. Have had charge of the town site for the Lake Superior\\nand Puget Sound Company for sixteen years. I met Captain Glazier on\\nhis Mississippi trip, and fully indorse his claim to have discovered the\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom, W. W. Hartley, Brainerd:\\nHave been a resident of Brainerd for the past fifteen years. Editor\\nand publisher of the Tribune from 1875 to 1881, and postmaster fx-om\\n1879 to 1886. Met Captain Glazier and his party here in 1881, both\\nen route to the source of the Mississippi River and on their return\\nvoyage by canoe to its mouth. Have no recollection of ever having\\nheard any other than Lake Itasca claimed to be the Source of the\\nMississippi prior to the Captain s expedition. Lake Glazier has since\\nbeen accepted and is believed to be its Source.\\nFrom J. H. Kocp, Postm,aster, Brainerd:\\nHave been a resident of this State for sixteen years. Met Captain\\nGlazier at the time he made his expedition of discovery to the Source of\\nthe Mississippi, and I recognize the lake bearing his name as its True\\nSource.*\\nFrom N. H. Ingersoll, Editor Brainerd Dispatch:\\nI fully indorse the statement that Captain Glazier was the first to\\nproclaim to the world the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Rev. Fletcher J. Hawley, D. D., Rector of St. PauVs Episcopal\\nChurch, Brainerd:\\nI have been a resident of Brainerd since 1880, and have not heard\\nany one question the truth of Captain Glazier s claim to have discov-\\nered the True Som-ce of the Mississippi to be in Lake Glazier.\\nFrom W. W. De Kay, Red Wing:\\nFrom such information as I have upon the subject, I regard the\\nlake located by Captain Glazier, to the south of Itasca, as the True\\nSource of the Mississippi. I have resided in Minnesota for thirty-three\\nyears.\\nFrom, William Moore, Superintendent of Schools, Lake City:\\nKnowing the facts in regard to Captain Glazier s discovery of the\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi, as brought out by public discussion, I am\\nconvinced that he is justly entitled to be considered the discoverer of the\\nSource of the Mississippi River.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0522.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "APPEI^DIX. 515\\nFrom George C. Stout, Mayor, Lake City:\\nI have no doubt that Captain Glazier is fully entitled to the honor\\nof first discovery of the True Source of the Mississippi Eiver.\\nFrom D. O. Irwin, Postmaster, Lake City:\\nI am convinced that the actual Source of the Mississippi had not\\nbeen recognized before the published account of explorations by Captain\\nGlazier and I regard Lake Glazier as the True Source of the Great\\nRiver/\\nFrom H. L. Smith, Editor and Proprietor of the Graphic, Lake City:\\nI am fully convinced that Lake Glazier is the Real Source of the\\nFather of Waters. Have resided in Minnesota seventeen years.\\nFrom F. J. Collins, Mayor of Wabasha:\\nI have no doubt that Captain Glazier is fully entitled to the credit\\nof having discovered the True Source of the Mississippi River. I have\\nresided in Minnesota thirty-one years.\\nFrom Hon. James G. Laivrence, Ex-State Senator, Wabasha:\\nI believe Captain Glazier is certainly entitled to the credit of dis-\\ncovering the True Source of the Mississipi^i, in a lake above Lake Itasca,\\nnow named after him, Lake Glazier.\\nFrom D. L. Dawley, Principal of Schools, Wabasha:\\nI believe Captain Glazier to be the real discoverer of the True\\nSource of the Mississippi River.\\nFrom William Tubbs, Postviaster and Ex-County Auditor, Monticello:\\nHave resided in Minnesota twenty-nine years. Lake Glazier is\\nregarded by the people generally of this section as the True Source of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nFrom W. J. Brown, Principixl of the High School, Monticello:\\nI consider Lake Glazier to be the True Source of the Mississippi,\\nand know of no other. I teach the same in the public schools of this\\nplace, as also do my assistants.\\nFrom Commander A. H. Fitch, Anoka, J. S. CadyPost, O. A. R., Depart-\\nment Minnesota\\nI am fully convinced that the body of water known as Lake\\nGlazier since 1881 is the True Source of the Mississippi, and not Lake\\nItasca.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0523.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "516 APPE^-DIX.\\nFrom J. M. Tucker, M. D., Hastings:\\nI believe Captain Glazier s claim to being the discoverer of the\\nReal Source of the Mississippi is jii-st, and have never heard it questioned.\\nIt must stand as one of the facts of history.\\nFrom Daniel O ^Brien, Police Justice, Hastings:\\nI am satisfied that the lake to the south of Itasca, located by Gla-\\nzier in 1881, is the Ti-ue Source of the Mississippi, and that Captain\\nGlazier is entitled to whatever credit there is in the discovery.\\nFrom J. R. Lambert, Ex-Mayor, Hastings:\\nIt has been a generally accepted fact that Lake Itasca was the\\nSource of the Mississipj)i River, and Hke many others who have pre-\\nceded me in giving testimonials in favor of Captain Willard Glazier s\\nclaim as the discoverer of a body of water now known quite generally as\\nLake Glazier, and so represented in many of our standard geographical\\nworks, I cheerfully admit that Captain Glazier is entitled to credit as\\nthe discoverer.\\nFrom S. Westerson, Chairman Board of County Com,m,issionerSj\\nHastings:\\nIt seems to be clearly proven that there is a lake now called Lake\\nGlazier\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which is the True Source of the Mississippi, discovered by\\nCaptain Willard Glazier in the year 1881, and that said Captain Glazier\\nwas the first man to make it pubUc. The honor, therefore, in my\\nestimation, is due to him.\\nFrom B. B. Herbert, Editor The Republican, Red Wing:\\nAfter a careful examination of the claim made for and against the\\nreputed discovery of the Head of the Mississippi by Captain WiUard\\nGlazier, I am convinced that he was the first to question the received\\nstatement that Lake Itasca was its Source, and first to connect the lake\\nwhich some respectable geographers have called by his name with the\\nMississippi as its Som-ce. Having lived in Minnesota, on the banks of\\nthe Mississippi, for nearly thirty years, had any other person claimed to\\nhave discovered any other Source than Lake Itasca, I should have been\\ninformed thereof.\\nFrom 8. B. Sheardotvn, M. D., Winona:\\nI beheve that Captain Glazier is entitled to the credit of discovering\\nthe Real Source of the Mississippi River. I have been a resident of\\nMinnesota over thirty -one years.\\nFrom Judge A. F. Storey, St. Vincent:\\nI have no hesitancy in saying that there can be no question but\\nthat Lake Glazier is the True and Prunal Soiarce of the Mississippi\\nRiver.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0524.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX, 517\\nFrom James A. Thompson, Postm,aster, Leech Lake:\\nI am of opinion that Lake Glazier is the Source of the Mississippi.\\nI have talked on this subject with some of the Indians who accom-\\npanied Captain Glazier on his esploi-ing expedition in 1881, and they all\\nsay it is the last lake; that they went all the way in their canoes, and\\ncould go no farther! It is the general belief here that Lake Glazier is\\nthe True Source.\\nFrom. Paul Beaulieu, United States Interpreter, White Earth Indian\\nAgency:\\nI would respectfully state that according to the ideas of the people\\nof this section of country, for scores of years past, in alluding to Lake\\nItasca, which is knoivn only as Elk Lake by the original inhabitants of\\nthis part of the country, was never by them considered as tha Head or\\nSource of the Father of Running Waters, or May-see-see-bee, as it is by\\nthem named. I received a map showing the route of exploration of\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, 1881, and being well acquainted with his chief\\nguide, Chenowagesic, who has made the section of country explored by\\nCaptain Glazier his home for many years in the past, and who has\\nproved the truth of his often -repeated assertion, when maps were shown\\nhim, that a smaller lake above Lake Itasca would in time change a\\nfeature of those maps, and proclaim to the world that Lake Itasca can\\nnot any longer maintain its claim as being the Fountain-head of Ke-chee-\\nsee-be, or Great River, which is called May-see-see-bee by the Chippewas.\\nThe*map as delineated by Captain Glazier s guide, Chenowagesic, and\\npubhshed by the Glazier party, is correct; and it is plain to us who know\\nthe lay of this whole country (I mean by tis the Chippewa tribe in par-\\nticular, also the recent explorers for pine) that Lake Glazier is located\\nat the right place, and is the last lake on the longest stream of the\\nseveral rivers at the head of the Great Mississippi.\\nFrom J. O. Simmons, Little Falls:\\nHave been a resident of Little Falls for the past twenty-nine years;\\ncounty attorney and justice of the peace for several years. Would state\\nthat I am personally acquainted with the half-breed Indian interpreter,\\nPaul Beaulieu. Have known him since Jime, 1857, and know him to be a\\nperson of intelligence, great experience, and personal knowledge of the\\nnorthern portion of Minnesota, which up to very recently has been a\\nvast wilderness occupied only by the Chippewas. Have often conversed\\nwith him relative to the country north of us, and speaking of the\\nMississippi, have heard him say that Lake Itasca was not the Fountain-\\nhead; that there was a stream emptying its waters into Itasca from a\\nlake a short distance above the latter, and which, in his opinion, was the\\nTrue Source. Since Captain Glazier s exploration, I accept the lake\\nbearing his name as the True Source of the Mississippi.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0525.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "518 APPENDIX.\\nII.\\nGEOGRAPHERS, EDUCATIONAL, PUBLISHERS, AND OTHERS.\\nRoYAi, Geographical, Society,\\nLondon, January 12, 1885.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier, New York, U. S. A.\\nDear Sir: I am happy to be able to send you a copy of the\\nJanuary number of the proceedings of om* Society. Your discov-\\nery is considered a distinct addition to our knowledge of the geography\\nof the Mississippi basin, and well worttiy of publication by the Society.\\nYour obedient servant,\\nH. W. Bates,\\nAssistant Secretary and Editor.\\nGeorge W. Melville, the famed Arctic Explorer, writes:\\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania,\\nFebruary 5, 1885.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier:\\nDear Sir: Your very interesting paper and map of the discovery\\nof the Source of the Mississippi came to hand this morning. Having\\nbut a single number of your paper, I can form but an inadequate idea\\nof your labor and patience, except by a look at your map, which is a\\nvery good one, and shows an immense amount of labor; in fact, I am\\nastonished at the amount of work done in so short a space of time as is\\nshown on your track chart.\\nI am gratified at being made the recipient of your favor; and with\\nsentiments of the highest esteem and regard for a worthy brother in the\\nworld of science, I am, dear sir.\\nVery respectfully,\\nGeorge W. Melville,\\nChief Engineer, U. S. Navy,\\nGeographers and educational publishers of America and\\nEurope have not only made the necessary changes in their\\nmaps of Minnesota, but have expressed their recognition and\\nacceptance of the Glazier discovery in letters addressed to\\nfriends of the Captain. Among these may be mentioned:\\nEand, McNally Co., George F. Cram, George H. Benedict\\nCo., of Chicago; Matthews, Northrup Co., Buffalo; A. S.\\nBarnes Co., Prof. James Monteith, Gaylord Watson, and\\nAppleton s Encyclopedia, New York; W. A. K. Johnston,\\nEdinburgh, Scotland; Macmillan Co., London and New\\nYork; Warne Co., London, England; Chambers Encyclo-\\npedia, Edinburgh, Scotland; A. Hartleben, Wien, Austria;\\nF. A. Brockhaus, Leipsic, Germany; W. M. Bradley Bro.,\\nCowperthwait Co., E. H. Butler Co., T. Elwood Zell, and\\nW. H. Gamble, Philadelphia; John Lovell Son, Montreal,\\nCanada, and others of less prominence.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0526.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 519\\nFrom Maury ^s Manual of Geography:\\nPage 56. Minnesota is crossed by the ridge or Height of Land\\nwhich separates the Valley of the Mississippi from the northern slope of\\nthe Great Central Plain. On this elevation, 1,600 feet above the sea,\\nboth the Mississippi and the Red River of the North take their rise, the\\none flowing south and the other north. The crest of the Height of\\nLand is crowned with lakes of clear water. Lake Glazier, one of\\nthese, is the Source of the Mississippi\\nFrom Professor J. W. Redway of Philadelphia, an eminent geographer\\nand scientist:\\nPhiladelphia, September 9, 1887.\\nCaptain Willard Glazier.\\nDear Sir: You will have the satisfaction of knowing that\\nby your exertions and enterprise an error of more than fifty years\\nstanding has been made apparent. The world owes you a debt for\\ndetermining an important question in geography.\\nSincerely yours,\\nJ. W. Redway.\\nFrom Messrs. Harper Bros. New York:\\nEducational Department.\\nRecent exploration and survey establish the fact that\\nLake Glazier has the best claim to the distinction of standing at the\\nhead of the Father of Waters. School geographies, generally, are\\nbeing corrected to show it.\\nFrom W. A. K. Johnston^ Edinburgh, Scotland, Geographers and\\nEngravers to the Queen:\\nYou have the satisfaction of having done a great work in settling\\nthe vexed question of the Source of your mighty river. For this, all\\ninterested in geography are indebted to you.\\nFrom Rand, McNally d: Co., Map Makers and Publishers, Chicago:\\nAs to the Source of the Mississippi, we gave it considerable atten-\\ntion in preparing our new map of Minnesota, and finally fl:xed it as Lake\\nGlazier. This, we consider, has the best claim,\\nFrom George F. Cram, Map and Atlas Publisher, Chicago:\\nI mail you to-day a copy of the corrected map of Minnesota, show-\\ning Lake Glazier as the Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom Messrs. Cowperthwait dt Co., Philadelphia:\\nWe have added Lake Glazier to our school maps as the Source of\\nthe Mississippi.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0527.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "520 APPEN DIX.\\nFrom Matthews, Northrup c Co., Art Printers, Buffalo, New York:\\nWe regard Lake Glazier as the True Source of the Mississippi, and\\nare so showing it on all maps, etc., issued by us.\\nFrom Fred Warne c Co., Publishers, London, England:\\nPray accept our very cordial thanks. The alteration in the Soiu-ce\\nof your great river has been noted, and we shall gladly avail ourselves of\\nthe information to make the correction in our atlases.\\nFrom Herr F. A. Brochhaus, Leipsic, Germany:\\nCaptain Willard Glazier.\\nDear Sir: I beg to present my sincere congratulations on your\\nimportant discovery of the True Source of the Mississippi River, and\\nthank you for the map illustrating your expedition.\\nFrom A. S. Barnes Co. s Complete Geography, Nero York:\\nThe Source of the Mississippi is Lake Glazier, a small lake from\\nwhich water flows into Lake Itasca, which until recently was thought\\nto be its Source.\\nFrom the University Publishing Company, New York:\\nWe think Lake Glazier is important enough to outrank Itasca as\\nthe Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom W. M. Bradley c Bros., Philadelphia:\\nLake Glazier appears on our large Atlas of the World, and on\\nMitchell s Atlas, as the True Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom John Lovell Son, Educational Publishers, Montreal:\\nThe testimonials from leading citizens of Minnesota, and others,\\ntell convincingly in Captain Glazier s favor.\\nFrom George H. Benedict Co., Map Engravers, Chicago:\\nLake Glazier is now acknowledged to be the True Som*ce of the\\nMississippi, and will soon appear as such on all maps.\\nFrom Gaylord Watson, Map and Chart Publisher, New York:\\nI shall show Lake Glazier as the Source of the Mississippi on my\\nmaps.\\nFrom P. CShea, Catholic Publisher, New York:\\nI have come to the conclusion that Lake Glazier is the True\\nSource of the Mississippi, and intend to give it as the Source in the new\\neditions of my geographies.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0528.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 521\\nFrom Geo. H. Adams Co., Geographical and Art Publishers, New York:\\nWe recognize Lake Glazier as the Source of the Mississippi River.\\nWe beheve Captain Glazier s claim to be the discoverer of the True\\nSource is now very generally admitted by all map publishers of this\\ncountry.\\nFrom Map and School Supply Company, Toronto:\\nWe consider Lake Glazier the Source of the Mississippi River, and\\nare having it appear on all our latest maps as such.\\nFrom John S. Kendall, President National School Furnishing Company,\\nChicago:\\nCaptain Willard Glazier.\\nDear Sir: I am glad to see the entire narrative of your voyage\\nDown the Great River in book form. There is no doubt about your\\nexpedition having added largely to our rather limited stock of infor-\\nmation regarding the country around the Headwaters of the Mississippi.\\nI deem it a graceful and fitting compliment to give your name to the\\nlake south of Itasca.\\nFrom Colonel George Soule, President of Soule College, New Orleans:\\nI recognize the correctness of Captain Glazier s claim, and shall\\nteach that the Source of the Mississippi is Lake Glazier.\\nFrom R. L. Abernethy, A. M.,D. D., President of Rutherford College,\\nNorth Carolina:\\nI am satisfied that Lake Glazier is the True Source of the Missis-\\nsippi, and that Captain Glazier is entitled to the honor of the discovery.\\nFrom G. H. Laughlin, A. M., Ph. D., President of Hiram College, Ohio:\\nCaptain Glazier has rendered an invaluable service to the science of\\ngeography. I am glad that the school geographies are being corrected\\nso as to indicate Lake Glazier as the Source of the Father of Waters.\\nFrom Marcus Ward Co., Map and Atlas Publishers, London, England:\\nWe are having the necessary alterations made in all our maps,\\nand future editions will give Lake Glazier as the Source of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nFrom M. Dripps, Map and Atlas Publisher, New Toi^k:\\nI will avail myself of Captain Glazier s discovery by showing on\\nmy future maps of the United States its True Source in Lake Glazier.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0529.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "522 AfPEKDIX.\\nFrom T. L. Flood, Editor, The Chautauquan, Meadville, Pennsylvania:\\nJudging from the vast amount of evidence, I have no hesitation in\\nsaying that I believe Lake G-lazier to be the Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom William Collins, Sons Company, Publishers, Glasgow, London,\\nand Edinburgh:\\nWe shall give effect to fhe discovery of the True Source of the\\nMississippi in the next issue of ovu maps.\\nFrom H. L. Turner, President, Western Publishing House, Chicago and\\nNew York:\\nWe shall at once modify our representation of the Mississippi s\\nSource on our maps of the country, for the reason that we fully accept\\nCaptain Glazier s report and claim.\\nFrom J. R. Spaulding dt Company, Map Publishers, Boston:\\nWe think Captain Glazier s claim as to the Source of the Mississippi\\nis correct, and Lake Glazier will appear as the True Source hereafter in\\nom- pubUcations.\\nFrom John B. Alden, Publisher of Alden s Manifold Cyclopcedia\\nand Home Atlas of the World, New York:\\nLake Glazier is considered the Head of the Mississippi River, and\\nis being taught as such in our public schools.\\nFrom. Professor John Jasper, Superintendent of Schools, New York\\nCity:\\nOur teachers are beginning to accept Lake Glazier as the Source of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nFrom J. L. Smith, Map Publisher, Philadelphia:\\nHaving given considerable attention to the merits of the claim pre-\\nsented by Captain Willard Glazier to have definitely located the Source\\nof the Mississippi, I am of the opinion that the lake to the south of Itasca\\nshould be recognized as the Primal Reservoir or True Fountain-head of\\nthat river, and that Captain Glazier is entitled to the credit of having\\nbeen the first to discover this fact and call public attention to it.\\nFrom, E. H. Butler dt Company, Educational Publishers,\\nPhiladelphia:\\nWe would state that in our own new series of geographies just\\npublished we make Elk Lake, south of Lake Itasca, the Source of the\\nMississippi. We also recognize the fact that this lake is called Lake\\nGlazier, and we presume that the latter title will eventually be\\nestablished.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0530.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 523\\nFrom T. Elwood Zell, Publisher of ZelVs Enclyclopmdia,\\nPhiladelphia:\\nCaptain Glazier has discovered the True Source of the Mississippi in\\nA lake now bearing his name It would seem that his claim is\\nundoubted.\\nFrom Professor James Monteith^ Author of Barnes Complete\\nGeography, etc., New York:\\nThe lake knoAvn as Lake Glazier is, in ray opinion, the Source of\\nthe Mississippi, and not Itasca Lake. Captain Willard Glazier deserves\\ngreat credit for demonstrating this lake to be the True Source. It is\\nsometimes called Elk Lake, but I prefer to call it Lake Glazier.\\nFrom the Moses King Corporation, Map Publishers, Boston:\\nThere is a large amount of testimony in favor of Lake Glazier.\\nRand, McNally Co., the map-makers of Chicago; Matthews, Northrup\\nCo., of Buffalo, with whom we are connected, and others, incorporate\\nLake Glazier into their maps as the Source of the Mississippi and we\\nincline to the belief that the balance of opinion is in favor of this lake as\\nthe True Source.\\nFrom Herr A. Hartleben, a leading Publisher of Germany:\\nI congratulate Captain Glazier on his important discovery of the\\nSource of the Mississippi River, and shall have great pleasure in bring-\\ning the subject to the notice of our Geographical Society.\\nFrom Alden s Manifold Cyclopaedia, New York:\\nGlazier Lake (Indian name Pokegama), a small body of water in\\nNorthern Minnesota, the Source of the Mississippi River, which flows\\nfrom it as a stream a few feet wide and connects it with Lake Itasca,\\nwhich lies to the northward. Lake Glazier is in latitude about 47\u00c2\u00b0 N.\\nis 180 miles in a direct line northwest from Minneapohs, and not far from\\na mile and a half in greatest diameter. It is estimated to be 1,582 feet\\nabove sea-level, and 3,184 miles from the river s mouth in the Gulf of\\nMexico. Itasca was long deemed the Source, until the discovery of the\\nlake beyond by Captain Willard Glazier (born in Fowler, St. Lawrence\\nCounty, N. Y., August 22, 1841; great-grandson of a Massachusetts Rev-\\nolutionary soldier, and himself a soldier in the war against secession).\\nHaving heard from the Indians of lakes beyond Itasca, he explored the\\nregion, and in his canoe entered Lake Glazier, July 22, 1881. Thence\\nhe traversed the entire length of the Mississippi in canoes, from its\\nSource to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nFrom W. Dundas Walker, Editor, Chambers Encyclopcedia,\\nEdinburgh, Scotland:\\nI will be glad to take advantage of the information so kindly placed\\nat my disposal, and congratulate Captain Glazier on his important\\ndiscovery.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0531.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "524 APPENDIX.\\nFrom Professor D. L. Webster, Editor, Webster s Encyclopaedia,\\nChicago:\\nThe Glazier Expedition resulted in the location of the True Source\\nof the Mississippi. That Truth is mighty and will prevail/ was never\\nbetter evidenced than in the event which has placed the Fountain-head\\nof the Great River in the lake beyond Itasca.\\nThe following extract from the International Encyclo-\\npsedia places Lake Glazier first in the chain of lakes which\\nconstitute the Headwaters of the Mississippi:\\nMississippi River. The sources of this great river are Lakes\\nGlazier, Itasca, Traverse, or Bemidji, lying among hills of drift\\nand bowlders in the midst of pine forests and marshes.\\nFrom A^merican Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica:\\nThe Mississippi has its source in Lake Glazier, south of Lake\\nItasca, Minnesota, 47\u00c2\u00b0 34 N. lat., 95\u00c2\u00b0 2 W. Long. The greatest\\nwidth of this lake is a mile and a half, and it is deeper than Itasca, with\\nwhich it is connected by a shallow stream about six feet wide.\\nFrom Appleton s Annual Encyclopaedia, 1885:\\nLake Itasca, which has been distinguished as the head of the Mis-\\nsissippi for fifty years, must, it seems, yield that distinction to a smaller\\nlake, about a mile and a half in length by a mile in width, lying farther\\nsouth, discovered by Captain Willard Glazier in 1881, and na^jied for\\nhim Lake Glazier.\\nFrom Armstrong s Encyclopaedia, Published by F. J. Schulte,\\nChicago:\\nThe necessary changes in regard to the Source of the Mississippi\\nwill be made in the next edition of my Encyclopaedia.\\nSeveral of the Passenger Agents of our great railways whose\\nlines run through Northern Minnesota have signified their\\nintention to give Lake Glazier its proper place on their\\nrailway maps and illustrated time-tables. The following are\\na few of the number:\\nFrom E. A. Ford, General Passenger Agent, Pennsylvania Lines\\nWest of Pittsburg:\\nI have instructed our advertising clerk to call the attention of our\\nengravers to the fact that the Source of the Mississippi River should\\nhereafter be shown as Lake Glazier, instead of Lake Itasca.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0532.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "APPEJfDIX. 525\\nFrom J. S. Tebbets, General Passenger Agent, Union Pacific Railway:\\nI thank you for the information in regard to our railway map, and\\nhave sent instructions to our engravers to make the necessary corrections\\nin the next issue, showing Lake Glazier as the Source of the Mississippi.\\nFrom J. R. Wood, General Passenger Agent, The Pennsylvania\\nRailroad Company:\\nWe will make the correction in the next issue of the maps issued\\nby this company which will cover the points mentioned by you, namely,\\nLake Glazier, the True Source of the Mississippi. Please accept our\\nthanks.\\nFrom J. E. Hannegan, General Passenger Agent, Burlington, Cedar\\nRajnds, and Northern Railway:\\nI shall arrange to have our map plates corrected so as to show the\\nTrue Source of the Mississippi River, and am glad you have called my\\nattention to this matter.\\nIII.\\nReport of the Committee Appointed to Superintend\\nSurvey and Investigations at the Headwaters\\nOF the Mississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1891.\\nCentral House,\\nPark Rapids, Minnesota,\\nSeptember 2, 1891.\\nTo Whom it May Concern: The vmdersigned were among the mem-\\nbers of a party who have just returned from a visit to the region around\\nLake Itasca in company with Captain Willard Glazier for the purpose of\\ninvestigating it, and ascertaining the facts concerning the Headwaters\\nof tlie Mississippi River.\\nThe party, while invited by Captain Glazier, were under no obliga-\\ntions to him, directly or indirectly; and their pm-pose was to see for\\nthemselves, and to report impartially to the public, upon the facts ascer-\\ntained by personal observation.\\nThe following statement has been formulated by us as a committee,\\nand is hereby presented, without Captain Glazier s knowledge:\\nI. Two streams were foimd entering the southwest arm of Lake\\nItasca one to the southwest, known as Nicollet Creek; the other to the\\nsoutheast, flowing from the Glazier Lake.\\nII. NicoUet Creek was traversed from its mouth up through\\nNicollet s First and Second Lakes. The creek was still farther traced\\nuntil its source was found in a number of springs, to the southeast of\\nwhich is a ridge varying in height from twenty -five to forty feet. The\\ndistance from Lake Itasca to these springs was chained and found to", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0533.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "526 APPEN DIX.\\nbe 7,307 feet; this being the I emotest distance, in that direction, of run-\\nning water. The ridge was ascended and crossed to NicoUefs Third\\nLake, so called, and the region beyond traversed for several miLs.\\nin. The stream flowing from the Glazier Lake to Lake Itasca was\\nchained, also the Glazier Lake; and its tributaries were followed up and\\nchained. There are five tributaries to this lake, which is 1,100 feet from\\nLake Itasca, as follows: On the east side, fifty feet from the bank\\na spring flows in a cascade to the lake. Deer Creek is 6,864 feet long.\\nExcelsior Creek is 8,788 feet long, making the distance from its source,\\nthrough the Glazier Lake to Lake Itasca, 14,106 feet. Horton Creek\\nis 1.188 feet long, flowing from a lake two acres in area. Eagle Creek\\nis 4,356 feet long, flowing from Lake Alice, 924 feet long, and Lake Alice\\nhas a tributary 1,518 feet long.\\nrV. The distance of the most remote running water from Lake Itasca\\nflowing through the Glazier Lake to Itasca the source of Excelsior Creek\\nis 6,799 feet naore than the distance from Lake Itasca of the most\\nremote running water flowing into Itasca through Nicollet Creek.\\nV. The Glazier Lake has an area of 255 acres. It is a clearly defined\\nbody of water, many times larger and more imposing than any or all of\\nthe bodies of water emptying into Lake Itasca through Nicollet Creek;\\nand observation and investigation lead us to the conclusion that the basin\\ndrained by the feeders to the Glazier Lake, and emptying into Itasca at\\nthe southeast corner of the southwest arm, is larger than that drained\\nby the stream emptying into the south side of the southwest arm\\nNicollet Creek and that running water can be traced at a much greater\\ndistance from the outlet of the Glazier Lake into Itasca than from the\\nother outlet referred to.\\n(Signed) John C. Crane,\\nDaniel S. Knowlton,\\nC. E. Harrison,\\nFred J. Trost,\\nA. MUNSELL,\\nW. S. Shure,\\nA. W. Whitney,\\nCommittee of Investigation of the Glazier Expedition, 1891.\\nBefore closing this Appendix, I may be permitted to say\\nthat, in nothing I have advanced, have I, knowingly, over-\\nstepped the bounds of truth. As the reader will probably\\ngather, I feel very strongly that an injustice has been done by\\ncertain parties to a citizen who deserved nothing but commen-\\ndation at their hands for his meritorious and disinterested\\nlabor in a field neglected by others, and, I may add, especially\\nby those who have been foremost in attacking him. The con-\\nduct of these parties would have been less open to censure, if\\nthey had refrained from the use of language unbecoming gen-\\ntlemen, and supposed men of learning, and confined them-", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0534.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 527\\nselves to controverting the position of Captain Glazier by pro-\\nducing reliable counter-evidence to prove that he was in error\\nin his conclusions. This, hovrever, being impossible, recourse\\nwas had to abuse of a malignant character, for which there\\nwas no excuse.\\nAs will be seen, Captain Glazier has numerous friends and\\nsupporters throughout the country men of intelligence and\\nstanding and I am thoroughly persuaded that among people\\ngenerally, competent to entertain an opinion upon the subject\\nin controversy, an overwhelming number will be found to up-\\nhold his views.\\nI conclude by reiterating that I am thoroughly convinced\\nfrom my own observations made on the spot in the month of\\nAugust, 1891, and confirmed by the competent and disinter-\\nested testimony of every member of the expedition, that Lake\\nGlazier, lying immediately to the south of Lake Itasca, is the\\nPrimal Reservoir, or Ultimate Source, of the Mississippi\\nRiver.\\nPearce Giles.\\nCamden, New Jersey,\\nJanuary 24, 1893.", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0535.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0536.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0537.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0538.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0539.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "r-\\n.1 2\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a06, V\\n-.f^-^.\\no\\nV V\\nc?\\\\\\n,^Ho^\\nr.^\\n-^1^\\n4-\\n6 O^ o\\nf\\nX ,V\\nr-\\nc\\nz:", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0540.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "f^o^\\ni^ 9(. o\\nS \u00e2\u0096\u00a01^0\\ns^aC\\nr..^^.\\nft\\nr\\nV V V\\ns\\n^^o ^fe %.o\\n^^0^\\n../.^^.Z\\nX^\\nV\\nV s\\nc?^\\nz\\n-^^0^\\n5^.0^", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0541.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY\\nCONGRESS", "height": "3503", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "headwatersofmiss00glaz_0542.jp2"}}