{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4436", "width": "2745", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "W\\nJ r\\\\* o H o\\nUJ\\nvV\\nV-\\n*bv\\nw-\\n4 o\\n.vS ta-. v**\\nt0 v \\\\3", "height": "4178", "width": "2631", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "^-o\\nA\\nV a\\nr\\n1^\\n^0", "height": "4178", "width": "2631", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "RESOURCES\\nOF THE-\\nCALIFORNIA.\\nFRESNO, TULARE KERN COUNTIES,\\nTopography, Soil, Climate, Productions, Railroads\\nand General Advantages.\\n1,000,000 Acres of Government Land\\nSubject to Homestead, and Pre-emption.\\nLARGE TRACTS OF CHEAP PRIVATE AW RAILROAD LAND.\\nIMMIGRATION ASSOCIATION. OF CALIFORNIA,\\nNo. 10 California Street,\\nSAN FRANCISCO.\\nBacon A\\ni", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TO THE READER.\\nPlease send to us the names and addresses of any Farmers\\nEast of the Rocky Mountains who, you think, would be interested\\nin pamphlets and circulars giving information about California,\\nand its millions o f acres of public lands, which are given away to\\nactual settlers in tracts of 160 acres each, under the Homestead\\nLaws of the United States.\\nIMMIGRATION ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA,\\nOffice, No. io California St., San Francisco.\\ni", "height": "4178", "width": "2498", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "w\\nr\\nA\\\\\u00c2\u00abI C\\nO\\n9 2\\nH\\n3 O .5", "height": "4159", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "RESOURCES\\nOF THE-\\nHum San Joapii Valley\\nCALIFORNIA.\\nFRESNO, TULARE 1 KERN COUNTIES.\\nTopography, Soil, Climate, Productions, Railroads\\nand General Advantages.\\n1,000,000 Acres of Government Land\\nSubject to Homestead and Pre-emption.\\nLARGE TRACTS OF CHEAP PRIVATE AND RAILROAD LAND.\\nkm\\nPublished by the\\nIMMIGRATION ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA,\\nNo. 10 California Street,\\nSAN FRANCISCO.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3335", "width": "2527", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "In Kxch.\\n9 My Ol\\ny\\nyW", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "The Immigration Association\\nof California,\\nNo, 10 California Street, San Francisco,\\nOFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION.\\nArthur R. Briggs President.\\nWm. L. Merry Vice-President.\\nWm. Steinhart Treasurer.\\nC. II. Street Secretary and Land Officer.\\nBOARD OF DIRECTORS.\\nJames R. Kelly, Wm. Steinhart,\\nWm. L. Merry, C. F. Bassett,\\nClaus Spreckels, Jas. A. Folgeb,\\nWm. Blanding, James Duffy.\\nArthur R. Briggs", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "ENDORSEMENT\\nBY THE BOARD OF TRADE.\\nAt a meeting of the Board of Trade of San Francisco, held at the\\nrooms of the Board Dec. 9th, 1881, President Jacob S. Taber in the\\nchair, the following resolutions were adopted\\nWhereas, The question of Immigration is one of vast importance\\nto business men of this city, and we believe the time has come when it\\nshould receive intelligent consideration at their hands and\\nWhereas, This Board of Trade has, through its action, directed\\npublic attention to the subject, and been instrumental in bringing\\nabout an organization calculated to do much good to the State there-\\nfore, be it\\nResolved, That the Immigration Association of California, or-\\nganized under the laws of this State, has the fullest approval of the\\nBoard of Trade of San Francisco that the well known character of the\\ngentlemen composing the Association entitles them to the confidence\\nand support of the business men and capitalists of the State.\\nResolved, That, in the opinion of this Board, any information dis-\\ntributed by the Immigration Association of California will be whol-\\nly free from personal motives and from its reliability and character\\nis worthy the confidence of all persons seeking knowledge of the State.\\nAt a later meeting of the Board of Trade, held Feb., 1884, the fol-\\nlowing resolutions were unanimously adopted\\nWhereas, The Immigration Association of California has been\\norganized under the auspices of the Board of Trade of San Francisco,\\nand has been for over two years laboring earnestly and successfully in\\nthe interests of our commonwealth and of this commercial community\\nand,\\nWhereas, This Association has settled on the public lands of this\\nState thousands of desirable immigrants, mostly from the eastern sec-\\ntion of the United States, and has distributed broadcast, free informa-\\ntion regarding the natural advantages and resources of California\\ntherefore, be it\\nResolved, That the Board of Trade of San Francisco cordially rec-\\nommends to the capitalists and merchants of the whole State, this As-\\nsociation, as the most effective, direct and economical method of in-\\ncreasing their business, and adding to the prosperity of our common-\\nwealth requesting them also to continue and increase their financial\\nsupport of the Association by monthly subscriptions for its mainte-\\nnance.\\nResolved, That the thanks of this Board of Trade are due and are\\nhereby respectfully tendered to President Arthur R. Briggs and the\\nmembers of the Immigration Association of California, for their un-\\nremunerated and public spirited labors on behalf of the mercantile in-\\nterest of this City and State.\\nA vote of thanks was also extended to the Directors for the faithful\\nservices rendered by them during the year just passed.\\nThe foregoing is a true and correct copy of the resolutions adopted by\\nthe Board of Trade, endorsing the Immigration Association of Cal-\\nifornia. C. H. Street, Secretary.\\nSeptember 1st, 1885.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "The Southern San Joaquin Valley,\\nCALIFORNIA,\\nCOMPRISING THE COUNTIES OP\\nKERN, TULARE AND FRESNO.\\nTopography\\nThe southern portion of the great interior basin of California is* com-\\nmonly known as the San Joaquin Valley, although it comprises the\\nSan Joaquin, Tulare, and Kern Valleys. The Tulare Valley is sepa-\\nrated from the first-named by a low ridge of land scarcely noticeable;\\nand in times of high water the southern lakes and rivers find an outlet\\nthrough Fish and Fresno Sloughs into the San Joaquin River, thence\\nto San Francisco Bay. Properly, there is no division line between the\\nSan Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. The greatest length of the San\\nJoaquin Valley is 260 miles, the width varying from 30 to 70 miles.\\nThe area is 11,290 square miles, or 7,225,600 acres. The eastern and\\nwestern sides of the valley slope from the base of either range of moun-\\ntains towards the lakes or streams in the lowest part, at the rate of five\\nto eight feet per mile also northward to tidewater of the San Francisco\\nBay, with a general fall of one foot to the mile. The base of the Sierra\\nrange averages 80 miles in width, while that of the Coast Range is 65\\nmiles. The distance from the base of the Sierra to the summit is 60\\nmiles, and from base to summit of the Coast Range is about 12 miles.\\nThe Mt. Diablo or main Coast Range, on the west side of the valley,\\nhas an average height of about 1,700 feet. The Sierra Nevada Moun-\\ntains, on the eastern side of the valley, rise to a much greater height.\\nMt. Whitney, in Tulare County, has an altitude of 15,056 feet, and is\\nthe highest peak in the United States. From this mountain the sum-\\nmit line of the range gradually lessens in height toward the north, and\\nmore rapidly to the south. These mountains are rugged and broken,\\nsharp rocky ridges and granite spires rising abruptly to great altitudes.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nIn the small valleys between these ridges is perpetual snow, and about\\nthe base of Mt. Whitney are a number of small glaoier3. This region\\nhas some of the wildest, grandest, and most beautiful scenery in the\\nworld. The San Emidio or Tejon Mountains, a spur running at right\\nangles with the Sierra and Coast Range, and joining the two, form the\\nsouthern boundary of the San Joaquin Valley.\\nThe foothills commence in the. northern part of Fresno county at an\\naltitude of 300 feet above sea level, and in the extreme southern end\\nof the valley at a height of 400 feet. In the hills are many valleys,\\nsome of them large and level, others more uneven. In the Coast Range\\nthere are few valleys. About the base of the range are gently sloping\\ntable lands at an altitude of 100 to 250 feet above the valley, from\\nwhich the mountains ascend to sharp and narrow ridges, cut trans-\\nversely at intervals of a few miles by natural passes extending through\\nthe range. The flanks of the Sierra broaden toward the south.\\nThe Sierra foot-hills in that portion of Tulare County midway be-\\ntween the northern aud southern boundaries rise suddenly from the\\nplain, but to the northward and southward, in Fresno and Kern Coun-\\nties, the slope is more gradual, and the hills lower and the belt\\nwider.\\nTo the eye, the plain generally presents a very level surface. In\\nFresno county, on the eastern slope of the valley, are scattered hil-\\nlocks twenty to thirty feet in height, with a wide base rendering them\\ninconspicuous even at a short distance. These are not observable else-\\nwhere in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Extending along the entire\\nlength of the eastern side of the valley, near the foothills, is a belt of\\nuneven country known as hog-wallow land. These hog-wallows\\nare little mounds ranging from a few inches to three or four feet in\\nheight, averaging one to two feet, with a diameter of 16 to 50 feet.\\nThere are no deep river beds traversing the upper part of the valley,\\nalthough farther north these are common. The beds of the southern\\nstreams, in fact, are in almost every case higher than the general level\\nof the plain, having been built up into low, wide ridges by the alluvium\\ndeposited during the rainy season through a long series of years.\\nArea.\\nFresno, Tulare and Kern counties from the Southern San Joaquin\\nValley. The three counties have an aggregate area of 21,770 square\\nmiles, or about 13,932,800 acres. Of this large extent of country,\\n13,885 square miles, or 8,885,000 acres, are mountain and hill land\\nand 7,885 square miles, or 5,045,400 acres, are in the valley, making\\nan area of arable land in one body in these three counties (deducting", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 5\\nthe surface covered with water) equal to the total among some of the\\nlarge Eastern States. This land is divided among the counties as fol-\\nlows Fresno, 4,480 square miles, or 2,867,200 acres of mountain and\\nhill land, and 3,520 square miles, or 2,252,800 acres of valley land\\nTulare, 3,835 square miles, or 2,454,400 acres of mountain and hill\\nland, and 1,775 square miles, or 1,136,000 acres of valley land Kern,\\n5,570 square miles, or 3,564,800 acres of mountain and hill land, and\\n2,590 square miles, or 1,657,600 acres of valley land, including the\\ngently sloping plain skirting the base of the hills. There is a more\\ngradual ascent from the valley proper in Kern than in either of the\\nother two counties. The numerous valleys, large and small, in the\\nmountains and foothills, are not estimated as valley land.\\nSoils.\\nAlthough the soils of the San Joaquin Valley and the hills on either\\nside are for the most part fertile, the character changes frequently.\\nThe axis of the Sierra Nevada range is granite, but descending from\\nthe upper ridges the granite is overlaid with a slate formation covered\\ngenerally with soil of a yellowish or reddish color, interspersed with\\nlarge areas of black loam containing considerable vegetable mold. The\\nsoil of the lower foothills is mainly of the re4 clayey order but the\\nsmall valleys almost invariably have a dark loamy soil easily cultivated-\\nAt the edge of the plains the soil is red, with clay and gravel mixed\\nthese enter largely also into the composition of the hog- wallows\\nwhich extend from the hills a distance of six to eight miles into the\\nvalley. In the extreme southeastern part of the valley, the soil along\\nthe edge of the hills is of a different character, whitish in color and\\nmore sandy. On the west side, contiguous to the Coast Range, the\\nlower hills are of a loose shale formation. Along the southern part of the\\nvalley the soil is principally a dark loam. There are portions more\\nsandy. Of the latter little is known from practical experience of its\\nadaptability to farming.\\nThe soils of the central and larger portion of the valley can only be\\ndescribed by districts.\\nFresno County in the northern part has a sandy loam or alluvial soil,\\nthe latter being most noticeable where there is evidence of a compara-\\ntively recent overflow. The surface stratum is usually deep, but a sub-\\nsoil of hardpan occasionally underlies this region and other parts\\nof the county, in some places coming within a few inches of the surface.\\nIn places the substratum is exceedingly hard. It is usually more\\nlike a soft sandstone, and water percolates through it freely. The\\nharder kind encountered in some places is nearly or quite impervious", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nto water. In some respects the presence of the harder kind is bene-\\nficial, by preventing the water from sinking deep into the ground.\\nAfter a few years, however, the soil becomes dampened and requires\\nbut a small quantity of water annually. West of the reddish lands, at\\nthe edge of the plain, the soil for miles is mainly alluvial or sandy\\nloam. Toward the southern part of the county and on the Tulare side\\nof King s River, are extensive tracts of white ashy land, fertile and\\neasily irrigated. There is also here in strips a finer sandy soil of a\\nbrownish cast, rich in decayed vegetable matter. About nine miles\\nwest of the town of Fresno the presence of alkali becomes noticeable\\nand running parallel with the Southern Pacific railroad, fifteen to\\ntwenty miles distant, is a strip of land excessively alkaline. Beyond\\nthis, in the vicinity of the sloughs connecting Tulare Lake and the San\\nJoaquin Biver in times of high water, is a fertile black soil four to six\\nfeet in depth, consisting of fine silt and vegetable mold the latter de-\\ncayed tules and aqueous vegetation of many years growth. Underly-\\ning this deposit is a subsoil of mixed sand and clay, the hardpan not\\nextending to that region. These recently formed soils about the old\\nsloughs are extremely productive.\\nPassing south into Tulare County the soils east of the railroad in and\\nabout the section known as the 76 country resemble those of South-\\nern Fresno already described, and are mostly of a sandy loam but about\\nten to twenty miles easterly from Traver the soil is mostly hog- wal-\\nlow, so called, a reddish clay and sandy loam well adapted to fruit,\\ngrapes and diversified farming. West of this, in the Mussel Slough\\ncountry, the soil is generally sandy, with an admixture of alkali more\\nor less apparent, until in the vicinity of Tulare Lake, where, although\\nexistent, it is less noticeable. The land here is quite dark and slightly\\nadobe in places. Along the margin of the lake the soil is sandy, con-\\ntains considerable organic matter, and is intermixed with shells.\\nIn the neighborhood of the town of Tulare the soil is sandy, and\\nis very rich in the elements necessary for plant food. A few miles\\nwest of that place is a large scope of country having a black,\\nalluvious soil, the deposit of streams that overflowed their shallow\\nchannels in seasons of high water, and spread over a large extent of\\nterritory. Here and there are scattered small knolls and irregular\\nshaped ridges, rising two to four feet above the- general surface of the\\nplain, which present no indications of having been submerged.\\nThe soil of the district along Kaweah river, east of Visalia, is a\\ndeep alluvium, washed from the mountains by the discharge branches\\nof the Kaweah river forming its delta, and unevenly distributed over\\na plain of different composition, having isolated patches here and\\nthere that wear an appearance entirely foreign to the region. Near", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAOUIN VAXLEY, CALIFORNIA. 7\\nDeer Creek a sandy, reddish soil extends a great distance from the\\nhills into the plains. The same may be accepted as the character\\nof the soil southward to the vicinity of Kern River, except where\\nit is streaked at irregular intervals with a dark loam. Where Poso\\nCreek reaches the center of the plain the land is less sandy, and changes\\nfrom reddish to brown toward the west. It is three to eight feet deep,\\nand lies upon a stratum of hardpan resembling that found in Tulare\\nCounty. A few miles north of Poso Creek, in the artesian belt (its lim-\\nits are very indefinite, however), the soil is heavier, but contains little\\nalluvial matter, there being few streams, and no large ones, in that part\\nof the valley, where a very small portion has been subject to overflow.\\nA large section of the southern part of Kern County has a deep, porous\\nsubsoil with clay strata, seldom lying near the surface, and when first\\ncultivated it requires more water for irrigating than where a stratum of\\na clayey nature exists at a lesser depth. In the neighborhood of Bakers-\\nfield, which is situated but a short distance from the base of the moun-\\ntains, is a rich sedimentary deposit, charged with just a sufficient\\namount of alkali to strengthen without injuring the soil. But the\\nsoils are much diversified in the delta of Kern River, branches of the\\nstream having changed their courses at different times, and in places\\ndeposited a rich alluvium. In some places it is quite deep and where\\nsubject to periodical overflow is stratified, each layer being clearly de-\\nfined. Here decayed swamp vegetation has also added to the fertility\\nof the land. The surface of Kern Island, as that portion of the valley\\nlying between Old and New Kern River is called, is very un-\\neven, sand ridges of varying height and irregular in extent succeeding\\neach other over a great portion of it. In the lower ground between\\nthese ridges is a rich black loam.\\nIn this portion of the valley there is also a tract of 70,000 to 80,000\\nacres of reclaimed swamp land, having a deep peaty soil, composed of\\nthe decayed accumulations of tules and swamp growth.\\nThere is a large aggregate area of alkaline land (or what is commonly\\nknown as such) in the Southern San Joaquin Valley, but it forms only\\na small part of the whole. In many places this land has been made to\\nyield excellent crops of alfalfa, wheat, and other cereals, as well as of\\nfruits. Some of the salts existing in these soils are comparatively\\nharmless, and even where present in excess their evil effects may be\\ncounteracted.\\nWhen deleterious salts are present in quantity in large tracts of land,\\nit may not be found profitable to attempt to improve them certainly\\nnot while government and private lands are so cheap and plentiful as", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nSeasons.\\nCalifornia, and particularly Southern Calitornia, has two seasons,\\nboth marked a long and almost cloudless dry season and a short wet\\none or the year may be divided into a hot and cool season. The\\nfirst showers of the rainy season sometimes come in November, and\\nhave been known as early as October. But, as a rule, the first heavy\\nrains are not experienced until the middle or latter part of December.\\nIn an average season they continue to visit the valley at intervals of\\none to three weeks until the latter part of February. March and April\\nare showery months, very little rain falling in the latter. The cold-\\nest storms usually occur in February. Spring, if we may call it such,\\ncommences in Southern California with the first rain. The first rain\\nstorm or heavy shower of the wet season starts vegetation, and the hills\\nand plains are decked with a robe of green within a few days. The\\nwild grasses or grain crops where the land is cultivated spring up as\\nif by magic after the first application of moisture to the parched soil.\\nVegetation grows rapidly, and while the hills and valleys of the Atlantic\\nand Northern States are mantled in snow, the San Joaquin Valley is\\na vast garden of flowers and verdure. As soon as the rains cease the\\nwarm weather begins, and usually about the end of April or first week\\nin May, the flower-mottled green of the great valley presents a brownish\\nhue, and a week later scarcely a green sprig is to be seen, so sudden is\\nthe advent of the warm or dry season, which turns the nutritious alfile-\\nrilla and clover, and other wild forage plants and grasses, to a light\\nbrown color, which is worn through the dry season or until the\\nautumnal showers beautify the landscape. Such is an average season\\nbut the wisest weather prophet can never foretell when the country is\\nto have an average season. Speculating on weather probabilities\\nis nowhere more uncertain than in the Southern San Joaquin Valley.\\nSometimes the rains hold off until late in January, as during 1883 and\\n1884, or until March, as in 1882- 83 and sometimes they forget to\\ncome at all. This has been the case in a few instances, when there\\nwas not enough rain to start vegetation. Such years seldom occur.\\nSometimes, again, the season may open favorably, and have a long dry\\nspell in the middle of what are elsewhere in the temperate zone caMed\\nthe winter months or the rains may cease in February. There have\\nalso been exceptionally long wet seasons with an excessive rain-fall.\\nThese are also rare.\\nThe dry season of the year is the warmer one, the warm weather be-\\nginning about the first of May, but not growing hot until June. July\\nand the two following months are the hottest part of the year. Septem-\\nber is a warm month, but with October comes a very perceptible change", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 9\\nin the temperature, although the weather never gets cold at any season\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094as cold weather is understood east of California. To divide the year\\nof Southern California into the four seasons, the months would have\\nto be apportioned about as follows Spring from the first of March to\\nthe end of April summer, from the first of May to the end of Septem-\\nber fall, from the first of October to the 20th of December winter,\\nfrom December 20th to the end of February and even with this\\ndivision, the seasons would not be at all similar to those of the Eastern\\nStates.\\nClimatography.\\nThe climate of Southern California is described by climatologists who\\nhave made a critical study of its peculiarities as being one of the\\nhealthiest in the world. The greater part of the year is warm,\\nand during at least three months the weather may be called hot but\\nalthough the heat is great, it is neither oppressive nor enervating,\\nowing to the dryness and purity of the atmosphere. People work ex-\\nposed to the. rays of the sun in the hottest days of summer without be-\\ning in danger. Sunstroke is declared by some to be unknown here.\\nThere have been instances of prostration from excessive heat, but very\\nseldom have they been serious. Whatever may have been the nature\\nof these attacks, it is safe to say that there have been more cases of\\nsunstroke recorded in a single day in the city of New York, than ever\\nknown in the whole of the Pacific Coast region. The dry season is\\nmuch the longer one but no part of it is wholly warm, for no matter\\nto what height the mercury reaches at mid-da} the nights are in-\\nvariably cool and pleasant, and the mornings and evenings always de-\\nlightful. It is seldom that a spell of very warm weather continues\\nlonger than a week. The northwesterly breeze prevailing in the\\ndry season, and felt every afternoon, is always refreshing, particular-\\nly in that portion of the valley lying east and southeast of Tulare\\nLake, it being tempered in the passage over that body of water. In\\nthe foothills, the air is warmer and dryer, and the temperature more\\neven, although in the valley the fluctuation is slight.\\nThe weather is not cold in the valley at any time. Ice seldom forms\\nmore than a quarter of an inch in thickness. Snow has not fallen oft-\\nener than once or twice in a decade, and then did not remain on the\\nground long. In the high mountains of the Sierra the snowfall is heavy,\\nbut only during the coldest storms does it appear on the summits of\\nthe Coast Range, and rarely lies longer than two or three days,\\neven in the shadiest canons.\\nDuring the year there are, on an average, about 220 cloudless days\\nmany of these occur in the wet season, and during the warm months", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthere is almost uninterrupted sunshine. In the months of Novem-\\nber and December fogs are of frequent occurrence. Usually, this fog\\nenvelops the valley at night, disappearing early in the forenoon.\\nFew places in the United States have so dry an atmosphere as the\\ninterior portions of California. At New Orleans the average relative\\nhumidity for the year is 70 at Ashville, N. C, 72 at New York, 67;\\nat Boston, 70 at St. Paul, 68 at Chicago, 70. The last two places\\nnamed are in the interior of the continent, but the humidity is much\\ngreater than at Yisalia, in the center of the Southern San Joaquin\\nValley, where it is only 57 eleven per cent, less than at St. Paul.\\nThe average humidity at Visalia, Tulare County, during the dry season,\\nis 42, and during the cooler six months, embracing the wet season, it is\\n72. Climates have been ranged as follows moderately dry, humidity\\n56 to 70 per cent. moderately moist, 71 to 85 excessively moist,\\n86 to 100 thus it will be seen that the climate of Visalia ranks among\\nthe dryest of the moderately dry.\\nTemperature.\\nThe Southern San Joaquin Valley is widely known for its long and\\nwarm dry season, but very erroneous impressions are entertained re-\\ngarding the extent of the heat during the hottest months. Thermo\\nmetrical observations have been recorded in different parts of the val-\\nley and adjacent hills, but in few instances for any considerable length\\nof time. The thermometer has been reported as registering 125 deg.\\nto 135 deg. Fahrenheit, but the omission of the words in the sun\\nhas given the valley a reputation for summer heat which is neither\\ndesired nor deserved. This heat does not necesssrily prevent people\\nfrom plying their customary vocations during any part of the day.\\nThe mercury occasionally rises above 100 deg. in the shade during the\\nwarmest part of the year, and sometimes for several successive days,\\nbut seldom for more than three or four. Kern county is probably the\\nwarmest in the valley, but the difference between it and Tulare or\\nFresno in this respect is not marked. Kern is also the warmest of\\nthe three counties during the wet season, the frosts being lighter there\\nthan farther north. The mean temperature of the valley for the\\nmonths of June, July, and August is 80 deg., and for the wet season\\n64 deg. But this was obtained by reckoning the temperature as\\nobserved between sunrise and sunset, and not during the full day of\\ntwenty-four hours. The annual report of the observer at the U. S.\\nSignal Office at Visalia for the year 1879 gives the hottest temperature\\nfor the year at 108 degrees, occurring in August, and the coldest at\\n23 deg. above zero in December. The mean temperature for the", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\n11\\nwinter there is about 50 deg. Fahrenheit for the year about 65 deg.\\nAt Fort Miller, Fresno county, at an altitude of 400 feet, careful\\nobservations extending over a period of five years give the following\\nresult: Mean of hottest day, 90 deg.; mean of coldest day, 47 deg.;\\nrange 43 mean for the year, 06 deg. above zero.\\nThe subjoined table will give a fair idea of the temperature at differ-\\nent places in the Southern San Joaquin Valley\\nMean.\\nMax.\\nMinimum.\\nElevation.\\nJuly.\\nJanuary.\\nJuly.\\nJanuary.\\nApril.\\nMay.\\nFresno\\n87\\n47\\n109\\n30\\n42\\n48\\n292 feet.\\nBorden\\n89\\n42\\n110\\n29\\n42\\n44\\n274\\nGoshen\\n91\\n41\\n114\\n30\\n41\\n46\\n286\\nTulare\\n88\\n42\\n112\\n29\\n40\\n50\\n282\\nDelano\\n86\\n45\\n109\\n30\\n43\\n49\\n313\\nSumner\\n86\\n47\\n109\\n30\\n42\\n50\\n415\\nCaliente\\n82\\n45\\n104\\n30\\n45\\n46\\n1290\\nThe little railroad town of Caliente is at an elevation far above the\\nvalley, but the temperature as observed there is given on account of\\nits location in the thermal belt extending along the Sierra. Owing to\\nits situation in the TehachapiPass, however, the temperature is influ-\\nenced by breezes that are not felt elsewhere in the belt at the same al-.\\ntitude, and this may have a tendency to slightly reduce the winter\\ntemperature.\\nThe absence of the severe cold of eastern winters and the limit-\\ned range of temperature between the means of dry and wet seasons,\\nmake the climate of this southern section of the great interior valley\\none of the most pleasant and equable to be found in the world.\\nHealth.\\nAs a rule, health in the Southern San Joaquin valley is excellent. In\\nthe warmest part of the dry season there is little sickness. A northwest-\\nerly breeze prevails every afternoon during the warm season, which ex-\\nerts a beneficial influence in keeping the air cool and pure. The coun-\\ntry is not subject to sudden changes of temperature, nor is the varia-\\ntion between the extremes of heat and cold during the twelve months\\ngreat. The hot weather is not accompanied by the enervation and\\nlassitude experienced in those regions where the atmosphere carries a\\ngreater percentage of humidity.\\nThe Southern San Joaquin Valley has never been visited by any\\nepidemic, except measles and one or two other diseases common to", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nchildren,, and is free from any serious epidemic complaints. In locali-\\nties where water is abundant and the drainage imperfect, malarial dis-\\norders are common. Proper drainage has in every case removed\\ndisease by removing the cause. Wherever water has been allowed to\\nstand until green and stagnant, people in the vicinity have suffered the\\nconsequences. The use of water from shallow wells in irrigated dis-\\ntricts and from streams and irrigating ditches is also often injudicious\\nand hurtful.\\nFor pulmonary, catarrhal, and rheumatic troubles and nervous dis-\\norders the climate is of the best. In the Sierra Nevada and Coast\\nRange Mountains, warm and mineral springs of excellent quality exist,\\nand are resorted to by invalids. There are other health resorts and\\nmany pleasant places in the mountains for pleasure-seekers, who\\nreturn from a trip of roughing it in this genial clime, rested and\\nimproved in mind and body.\\nIt may be worthy of remark, also, that stock is affected with few\\ndiseases, and that so far as known no case of hydrophobia has ever\\nbeen reported in any part of the Pacific Coast.\\nBainfall.\\nThe rainfall is~very unequally distributed in different sections of\\nthe valley, and the measurement for one year is no criterion by which\\nto judge that of any other. The precipitation is greater in Fresno\\nthan in Kern County at the southern end of the valley. It is heavier\\nalso on the east than on the west side of the plain, the rainfall of the\\nformer being three to four times greater than that of the latter. Rains\\nare usually brought by the southerly or westerly winds but- not in\\nevery case and these are deprived of a great part of their moisture on\\nthe western slope of the Coast Range, the precipitation being three\\ntimes as great there as on the eastern slope, which flanks the great val-\\nley on the west. The Sierra mountains, with their summits in the re-\\ngion of perpetual snow, intercept and condense the clouds borne against\\nthem, and but for their great altitude, the Southern San Joaquin Val-\\nley would have a light rainfall indeed. The amount falling in the foot-\\nhills of the Sierra, above an elevation of 1,500 feet, is ample to mature\\ncrops, failing only once in a long term of years.\\nElsewhere in the Sierra Nevada Mountains it is reckoned that with\\nevery 100 feet of elevation the annual rainfall increases one-half to\\nthree-fourths of an inch. The same ratio will probably hold good in\\nthe Southern Sierra. On the highest ridges of this range the precipita-\\ntion is mainly in the form of snow, sixty to seventy feet falling during\\nthe winter, and lying at an average depth of fifteen feet through the", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 13\\nWet season. That section of the Southern San Joaquin Valley having\\nthe greatest rainfall is the northeastern portion, lying contiguous to the\\nfoothills of the Sierra, and that having the smallest is in the vicinity\\nof Kern Lake, where it is only about one-half as much as at Bakers-\\nfield, sixteen miles north. At Fort Tejon, Kern County, in the San\\nEmidio Range, at an elevation of 3,200 feet, the greatest annual rain-\\nfall daring a period of five years- was 34.2 inches the least, 9.8 inches\\nand the average, 19.5 inches. At Millerton, near old Fort Miller, in\\nFresno County, 400 feet elevation, the greatest annual rainfall in a\\nperiod of six years was 49.3 inches, and the least 9.8 inches. At Vi-\\nsalia, Tulare County, in the valley, during a period of three years, the\\nhighest amount recorded was 10.3 inches the lowest, 6.7 inches.\\nFrom the annual report of the observer at the U. S. Signal Office at\\nVisalia for the year 1879, it is learned that there were forty-eight days\\non which rain fell, divided as follows January, 8 days, February, 6,\\nMarch, 4, April 10, May, 3, June, 1, October, 3, November, 4,\\nDecember, 9. In July, August, and September there was no rain.\\nThe rainfall in inches for~eacli month was January, .70, February, .30,\\nMarch, .53, April, 1.23, May, .47, June, .06, October, .92, November,\\n1.03, December, 2.16; total for the year, 7*40 inches. The months\\nof heaviest rainfall are December, January, and February, although\\nthe season of showers sometimes begins as-early-as September and ex-\\ntends into April. During the warmest months of the dry season no\\nrain falls. At Fresno City the heaviest rainfall, during the last seven\\nwet seasons, for any period from September to May, was 15.18 inches\\nin 1883- 84, and the lightest 5.38 inches in 1881-82 at Visalia, for\\nthe same months during the last five seasons, the heaviest was 15.65\\ninches in 1883- 84, and the lightest 5.44 in 1881-82 at Tulare City for\\nthe same months during the last eight wet seasons, the heaviest rainfall\\nwas 16.08 inches in 1883-84, and the lightest 4.75 inches in 1881-82.\\nAt Hanford, in Tulare County, for same period during last five seasons,\\ngreatest rainfall was 16.55 inches in 1883- 84, and the least 9.10 inches\\nin 1881- S2. At Bakersfield, Kern County, for same period during\\nlast eight seasons, greatest rainfall was 13.75 inches in 1883- 84, and\\nleast, 1.28 inches in 1878-79. During the season of 1881-82, when\\nlight at other places, the rainfall at Bakersfield measured 3. 30 inches.\\nThat season, 1883-84, was a phenomenal one, beginning late, and con-\\ntinuing until June, in which month there was a heavy rainfall, that\\ndoes not figure in the foregoing totals for the season. The following\\ntable of comparative rainfall at the towns of Fresno, in Fresno County,\\nVisalia, Tulare, and Hanford in Tulare County, and Bakersfield in\\nKern County, for the-seasons from 1879- 80 to 1883- 84 inclusive, will\\ngive a very good idea of the rainfall and its distribution.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14\\nTHE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\n79- 80.\\n80- 81.\\n81- 82.\\n82- 83.\\n83- 84.\\nFresno\\nVisalia\\n7.52\\n13.66\\n7.37\\n6.88\\n5.60\\n8.12\\n10.65\\n9.98\\n13.20\\n3.59\\n5.38\\n5.44\\n4.75\\n9.10\\n3.30\\n7.06\\n6.08\\n5.65\\n7.43\\n4.10\\n35.18\\n15.65\\n16.08\\n16.55\\nBakersfteld\\n13.75\\nWater Supply.\\nIn the Southern San Joaquin Valley are the following named streams,\\nbeginning on the east side at the north Fresno River, with a catchment\\narea of 260 square miles San Joaquin River, of 1630 Kings River,\\n1855 Kaweah River, 608 Tule River, 446 Deer Creek, 130 White\\nRiver, 96 Poso Creek, 278 Kern River, 2,382. There are several\\nsmaller streams issuing from the Sierra, whose watershed areas are not\\nincluded. At the southern end of the valley is Caliente Creek, with a\\ncatchmemvarea-of 461 square miles, and other streams with less. In the\\nTejon or San Emidio mountains are San Emidio Creek, with 72 square\\nmiles, and Arroyo Plata, Tacuya, Canada de las Uvas, Tejon and smaller\\nstreams, with an aggregate catchment area of 530 square miles. In the\\nCoast Range Mountains, between the southern end of the valley and the\\nnorthern part of Fresno, are Little Panoche Creek, with 147 square\\nmiles Big Panoche with 285 Cantua Creek, 130 Los Gatos, 480, and\\nother little streams with smaller watersheds giving for the streams en-\\ntering the Southern San Joaquin Valley a total catchment area of 12,454\\nsquare miles. But the rainfall in the mountains feeding the northern\\nstreams is greater than about the headwaters of the streams in the\\nsouthern Sierra and in the San Emidio and Coast Range mountains\\nthe precipitation is very much less than on the eastern side of the\\nvalley.\\nIn seasons of heavy rainfall, the discharge from all of these streams is\\nconsiderable, those from the Sierra carrying volumes of water late into\\nthe season that entitle them to be called rivers, which designation many\\nof them, in seasons when the supply is scant, do not deserve. Owing to\\nthe light discharge of water from these streams in years of drouth, it is\\nimpossible to give the average discharge correctly. After consulting\\nthe most reliable sources of information available, the mean discharge\\nfor the principal streams mentioned is estimated as follows Fresno\\nRiver, mean rate of discharge 121 cubic feet per second San Joaquin\\nRiver, 5,745 Kings River, 5,217 Kaweah River, 627 Tule River,\\n366 and Kern River, 2,700. But the maximum discharge from these\\nstreams during the wet season, and until the snow is melted from the", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 15\\nmountains, is much greater than these figures. The maximum rate of\\ndischarge of Fresno River is about 600 cubic feet per second of the\\nSan Joaquin, 39,048 Kings River, 27,090 Kaweah River, 6,840\\nTule River, 3,345 Kern River, 19,041. Kern, with a larger catch-\\nment area (2,382 square miles) than Kings River (1,853 square miles)\\ncarries a less volume of water, its source and that of its principal tribu-\\ntaries being in a region of lighter rainfall. The period of high water\\nextends from December to July inclusive, comprising eight months\\nof the twelve.\\nCalculating that a volume of one cubic foot of water per second will\\nirrigate 160 acres of land, these principal streams mentioned, with their\\nmean rate of discharge, will furnish an ample supply of water for all\\nthe land that can be reached by water taken from them, between the\\nnorthern boundary of Fresno County and the southern limit of the re-\\ngion naturally tributary to the Kaweah River, excepting the west\\nside of the valley north of Tulare Lake, the slope of the county there\\nbeing toward the East. South of the Kaweah River a large section of\\nthe valley can only receive a sufficient supply for irrigation by storing\\nthe water in mountain reservoirs during the wet season. This is practi-\\ncal, but will not be done until the valley is much more thickly popula-\\nted than now. The streams of the San Emidio and Coast Mountains\\nplay an important part in the solution of the irrigation problem. Al-\\nthough 15 per cent, of the water in the streams is lost by evaporation\\nand seepage, their mean discharge will supply a sufficient quantity to\\nirrigate 1,258,240 acres, and the maximum 12,898,560 acres. By irri-\\ngating in winter, when the supply is greatest, and by the conservation\\nof water for summer use, and the perfection of a system for its utiliza-\\ntion, all the land in the valley desirable for cultivation may, after being\\nbrought into a proper condition, be supplied by water in sufficient quan-\\ntity to make those branches of agriculture for which it is best fitted\\nhighly remunerative.\\nThere is one other source of water supply, and an important one, to\\nbe considered that supplied by the artesian wells in a wide belt of\\ncountry extending through the valley from north to south. This will\\nbe referred to at greater length hereafter.\\nCanals.\\nThere are in the three counties, Kern, Tulare and Fresno, about\\n1,000 miles of canals and ditches, including the main branches, but\\nnot including the small distributing ditches. In Fresno county about\\n600,000 acres can be irrigated with the present average supply of water,\\nand during the months of April, May and June, the period when the", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nsnows in the Sierra melt most rapidly, there is a sufficient quantity of\\nwater to irrigate 1,750,000 acres. The largest canal from the San\\nJoaquin River runs in a northwesterly course along the west side of\\nthe valley, and carries water to portions of Fresno and Merced coun-\\nties, the end being sixty-seven miles from the point of diversion, near\\nwhere Fresno slough enters the San Joaquin River. This canal has a\\ncapacity of 600 cubic feet per second. The Fresno Canal and Irriga-\\ntion Company has a ditch about 100 feet wide and 35 miles long. The\\nFowler s Switch Canal is nearly as large as the latter, and the Kings\\nRiver Fresno Canal is also large and important. Other smaller canals\\nare taken from the north side of the river others also from the southern\\nside. These irrigate the northern valley part of Fresno county. Fresno\\nRiver contributes its quota also toward supplying that section. The San\\nJoaquin carries one-third more water than Kings River, but does not\\nsupply so large a quantity for irrigation, the quantiy required for that\\npurpose- growing less toward the northern end of the valley, where the\\nrainfall is heavier. The large scope of country lying between the San\\nJoaquin and Kings Rivers is supplied by ditches from both. From\\nthe north side of the latter stream are taken six large canals and many\\nsmall ones, some of them mere ditches, making about sixty in all.\\nFrom the south side some twenty-five ditches are diverted, irrigating a\\nsmall part of Fresno and a large section of the northern portion of\\nTulare county. The 76 canal, the largest in the valley, is taken from\\nthe river on the south side in the. foothills. This canal measures 100\\nfeet in width on the bottom, and has a capacity of 1300 cubic feet\\nper second, and will irrigate 20, 800 acres of land in the space of twenty-\\nfour hours. The other canals, except a few small, short ones, convey\\nwater to the Mussel Slough country in that part of Tulare county lying\\nsouth of Kings River and east of Tulare Lake. These were made by\\nfarmers who organized themselves into ditch -companies and constructed\\ncanals by their own labor.\\nFrom the Kaweah River and its branches are taken sixteen canals,\\nwhich water all of the Kaweah valley, portions of the lakeside country,\\nand the region about the town of Tulare. The capacity of all the ca-\\nnals from this river is 660 cubic feet per second. Tule River supplies\\nwater for a number of small canals, having an aggregate carriage of 350\\nfeet per second. Deer Creek provides water for a few small ditches.\\nWhite River and Poso Creek furnish considerable water for irrigation.\\nKern River, which enters the valley in the upper or southern part,\\nranks among the largest streams, and more canals and ditches in pro-\\nportion to the volume of water are diverted from it than from any of\\nthe other streams. One of the canals is 90 to 100 feet wide at the\\npoint of diversion, and supplies water to a large extent of country.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 17\\nOne company has expended some $4,000,000 in a system of canals\\nin Kern County. This is, however, an exclusive system for the use\\nand benefit of its owners, who are also large land-holders.\\nArtesian Wells.\\nThere is a large portion of the Southern San Joaquin Valley that is\\nnot dependent upon the streams for irrigation, the necessary quantity\\nof water being obtainable from artesian wells. The artesian belt ex-\\ntends from one end of the valley to the other. A good flow is usually\\nobtained in boring to a depth of 300 to GOO feet.\\nThe first successful boring for artesian water in Tulare County was\\nmade by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1879, near Tipton, and a flow\\nrising a half-inch above the rim of the casing secured at a depth of\\n310 feet. The well is on the eastern margin of the belt. This\\nwater was used for irrigating a 40-acre tract of forest trees,\\nwhich it did successfully. No other wells were bored until 1881,\\nwhen the Enterprise well, four and one-half miles west of Tulare, was\\nbored, and a flow of one and a half-inches obtained at a depth of 330 feet.\\nNo rock is encountered in boring, strata of sand, clay and gravel, suc-\\nceeding each other. It is therefore necessary to use iron casing the whole\\ndistance, which is forced down after the auger. The depth at which the\\nfirst water-bearing stratum of sand or gravel is penetrated varies from\\n310 to 040 feet, although some of the wells have been put down to a\\ndepth of 800 feet, passing through several of these strata. The deepest\\nin Tulare County are in the northwestern part, near Lemore. The sec-\\ntion in which the greatest number of good, flowing wells have been ob-\\ntained is west of Tulare, and near Tipton, the water from some of them\\nrising to a height of five or six inches above the casing. Wells are\\nalso shallower here than about Lemore. The average depth in Tulare\\nCounty is about 450 feet. There are in Tulare County about two hun-\\ndred wells. It is impossible to give the exact number as so many new\\nones are being bored. Since the success of the Enterprise well, the\\nnumber has been increasing continuously and rapidly.\\nIn Fresno County fewer wells have been bored. In the southern\\npart of the county water is obtained in one well at a depth of 152 feet.\\nOthers have been bored in the region bordering the San Joaquin River,\\nthe depth there varying from 150 to 200 feet. In Kern County, at the\\nsouthern extremity of this great basin, artesian wells were bored several\\nyears ago, and water was obtained at a depth of 200 to 250 feet, the\\naverage depth being less than in Tulare County. Some fifteen or\\ntwenty wells have been bored in the county. One 470 feet deep fur-\\nnishes about thirty gallons per minute. Others have been bored more", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nrecently north of Poso Creek, in the region about Delano and Alila, and\\nelsewhere in the county.\\nThe average flow from the wells of Tulare County may be placed at\\ntwo and a half inches above the casing. The quantity of water fur-\\nnished by a well of this capacity is about 247 gallons per minute, or a\\nlittle more than half of a second foot. Water is measured in various\\nways in different parts of the State, but at the State Irrigation Conven-\\ntion held at Riverside, a resolution was passed recommending the adop-\\ntion of the second foot as the unit of measurement i. e. a volume\\nrunning one cubic foot per second. In parts of the San Joaquin Valley\\nshallow wells have been known to fail after two or three successive\\nyears of light rainfall, and to flow again after a wet season. This has\\nnot happened in the southern portion of the valley. The deeper wells\\ncontinue to flow regularly.\\nIt is claimed that some of the wells in Tulare County will irrigate\\n160 acres of land thoroughly and after the ground has been irrigated\\nand cultivated a number of years, and the methods of applying the wa-\\nter are perfected, a greater acreage can be successfully watered.\\nWheat.\\nNo State in the Union is better suited to wheat growing than Cali-\\nfornia. It is the leading industry in the Southern San Joaquin Valley.\\nThe land is well adapted to this crop, and the acreage increases yearly\\nfrom seeding of new ground, although much of the land that has been\\nlong devoted to grain is being used for alfalfa, fruit, and diversified\\nfarming.\\nIt is a difficult matter to approximate with accuracy the acreage of\\nland in the valley devoted to growing wheat. Probably 500,000 acres\\nin the three southern counties are in small grain. It is estimated\\nthat three-fourths of the grain grown in Tulare, Kern and Fresno\\ncounties, is wheat a little more than one-eighth is barley, and of corn\\n(Indian and Egyptian) less than one-eighth.\\nIn cultivating grain lands, it is the custom with some to plow im-\\nmediately after harvest, while the ground is yet dry, and sow before\\nthe first rain. Owing to the dryness of the soil and of the atmosphere,,\\nseed may lie in the ground for months in the warm season without be-\\ning destroyed.\\nIn harvesting very large fields, the most improved machinery is em-\\nployed. Reapers are seldom used, as, owing to the long, cloudless,\\nwarm season, it is unnecessary to bind grain. Headers are used al-\\nmost exclusively. A number of combined-harvesters have been in\\nuse in the valley and work satisfactorily. These large machines head,", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 19\\nthresh and sack the grain. Owing to the evenness of the plain the\\nmost improved labor-saving machines for all purposes of cultivation\\nand harvesting are operated successfully.\\nThe grain is put up in sacks holding about 120 pounds each. Ow-\\ning to the continuous dry weather of the summer and fall, when even\\na light shower is looked upon as a phenomenon, grain lies unprotected\\nin the field, or is piled along the railroad side-tracks for months, with-\\nout damage from exposure. Grain after maturity may also stand un-\\nharvested in the fields for weeks and months without material injury.\\nOn account of the extreme dryness of the atmosphere, wheat is hard and\\nfirm, and is highly prized abroad. It makes an excellent quality of\\nflour. There are several flour mills distributed through the counties\\nof Fresno, Tulare and Kern.\\nThere are many large warehouses in the valley, where thousands of\\ntons of grain are stored annually. There are also very extensive ware-\\nhouses at different shipping points on San Francisco Bay and vicinity.\\nGrain crops are grown with little trouble. There is no sod on the\\nplain, no brush to be cleared, and no previous preparation necessary.\\nIrrigation is not necessary, and its practice is an exception. It has\\nhowever been followed with excellent results.\\nThe Mussel Slough region in Tulare County was the first to be irri-\\ngated on a large scale, and soon became famous for the productiveness\\nof its land. In the foothills there is generally sufficient rain, ex-\\ncept in very dry years, to mature crops. Where the soil is loose and\\nsandy, and where irrigation has been in use for a term of years, little\\nwater is required other than that supplied by the rainfall, the ground\\nbeing sufficiently moist from seepage. In places moisture will perme-\\nate the ground for miles from the ditches.\\nThe methods of irrigating wheat vary according to the location and\\ncharacter of the land. Usually the water is taken from large canals,\\nalready described, into smaller distributing ditches, and conveyed to\\nthe land. In soil that is readily permeable it is only necessary to run\\nditches through the fields at distances of a quarter of a mile or less\\napart, and this, with the rain to moisten the surface, is all that is re-\\nquired. Where the soil is heavier, the usual method is to divide the\\nfield into checks sections of rarious sizes, around which is thrown\\nup a low embankment or levee and into these is turned a stream from\\none of the distributing ditches, which is allowed to run until the piece\\nis covered with water to the required depth. The size of these checks\\nvaries according to the surface and character of the land, and the\\namount of water available. They range from a fraction of an acre to\\ntwenty and thirty acres each.\\nWhere artesian wells supply the water, checks are generally smaller", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nthan where a large head is obtainable from ditches. Where the ground\\nis exceedingly uneven, as on portions of the southern end of the valley,\\non Kern Island, the checks, on account of their irregularity of size and\\nshape, are plowed up each year and made anew.\\nIn some portions of Kern County the farms comprise from 640 to\\n1800 acres, and the checks made for irrigating are surrounded by\\nstrong, low embankments, made with the view of permanency. The\\nditches are made on the highest land, and the levees enclosing these ir-\\nregularly shaped checks are built so as to take advantage of the natu-\\nral inequalities in the surface.\\nGrain, generally, is irrigated once each season. In ordinary years,\\nthe water is applied when the grain has headed out, and in dry seasons\\nearlier. Four experienced men, two employed during the day, and the\\nsame number at night, will irrigate 125 acres in twenty-four hours.\\nThe amount of water required to moisten the soil grows less each\\nyear after irrigation, for. when the soil which has been dry to a great\\ndepth for a number of years becomes saturated, the application of a\\nmuch less quantity of water is necessary. The depth to water in the\\nPoso Creek country is from ten to fourteen feet. The soil is three to\\nnine feet deep. The yield of wheat is twenty-five to forty bushels to\\nthe acre.\\nThe yield of wheat varies according to circumstances. Cold, dry,\\nnorth winds, prevailing for a short time, when grain is in the head,\\nare liable to do serious harm, particularly if the ground is dry.\\nWhere the soil is damp, the injury is much less. Some years these\\nnortherly winds are frequent, although the damage resulting there-\\nfrom is seldom great on irrigated ground and in others there are\\nno dry winds from that direction in the spring. A very dry wind,\\nwhen the grain is matured, will cause it to fall out, but it seldom\\nblows so late in the season.\\nOne of the regions best adapted to growing wheat successfully is in\\nthe vicinity of Grangeville, Tulare County, a section of rich, sandy\\ncountry which has been devoted to that purpose for several years.\\nBut as the land has increased in value, fruit growing is receiving more\\nattention. The average yield of wheat per acre for that district is\\nabout thirty bushels, but as high as forty and even fifty bushels have\\nbeen harvested.\\nThis land is irrigated only by the seepage from large ditches which\\nrun through it, none being needed on the surface, and the cost of irri-\\ngation for the year is $100 for 160 acres, or 62^ cents per acre. The\\nusual cost per acre in Tulare County is $1 to $1.50; elsewhere it is\\n$1.75, and on the uneven land on Kern Island, where the checks have\\nto be rebuilt each year, the cost averages from $1.50 to $4 per acre.\\nOn other parts of the Island it is as low as fifty cents per acre.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN RAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 21\\nCounting the cost of growing wheat in the favored section about\\nGrangeville, it is estimated that $9 per acre will more than cover the\\ncost of plowing, seeding, irrigating, harvesting, threshing, and hauling\\nto a shipping point.\\nA well-known farmer of that district, who has made wheat growing\\na specialty, informed the writer that his land has paid $20 per acre\\nabove every expense since 1876 another states that his wheat farm\\nhas netted him an annual profit of 10 per cent, on a valuation of $100\\nper acre, at which price he holds his land, although this is above the\\nprice of highly improved land in this vicinity. It is quite common in\\nall parts of the valley, after a crop has been harvested, to let the land\\nlie untouched the following year, when a volunteer crop will spring up.\\nThis often pays well, owing to the absence of any expenditure for til-\\nlage and seeding. Well cultivated land, however, always produces the\\nbetter crop. Good land, properly worked and supplied with the req-\\nuisite amount of water, whether furnished by natural or artificial\\nmeans, may be made to realize handsome returns. As much as eighty\\nbushels per acre have been gathered, but this is an extraordinary har-\\nvest. Yields of forty-five to sixty bushels per acre, in various por-\\ntions of Fresno, Tulare and Kern Counties, are not uncommon, but it\\nis doubtful if the average is above twenty-five bushels. Sometimes the\\nyield, even in a good year, is as low in some localities as eight bushels\\nper acre, and on large areas it does not reach beyond ten, fifteen and\\ntwenty bushels. But if all land were thoroughly cultivated, as it\\nshould be, and supplied with water when necessary, the average per\\nacre would be much greater than now.\\nBarley.\\nThe cereal ranking next in importance to wheat, is barley. In qual-\\nity and quantity, California leads all other States. What is not\\nrequired for home consumption is exported. It grows well in all parts\\nof the valley, and ripens with less moisture than wheat. Two crops\\nhave been known*to be harvested from the same piece of ground in\\none season, each averaging forty bushels to the acre and occasionally\\nacrop of barley is grown, with the aid of irrigation, after one of wheat\\nhas been harvested. Barley is frequently sown, also, in new ground\\nplowed too late for wheat. If there be not enough moisture to produce\\na good growth of stalk, it will head out and mature when not more\\nthan ten or twelve inches high, but the grain, when thus grown, is of\\ninferior quality. When irrigated the same as wheat, sixty bushels per\\nacre is not an uncommon yield, and ninety bushels have been harvested\\nnear Bakersfield in Kern county. The average yield for the valley,", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwhich may be increased by more thorough cultivation, is about thirty\\nbushels to the acre.\\nOats.\\nOats do well, but are little grown in the valley. They have been\\ntried in all portions of the valley, but more in Fresno than in Tulare\\nor Kern Counties. They are cultivated in the foothills, however,\\nalong the line of the mountains. This is their natural home. A spe-\\ncies of wild oats indigenous to that region grows luxuriantly every sea-\\nson on the hillsides.\\nRye.\\nRye grows well on both foothill and valley land, but is not cultivated\\nto any great extent.\\nCorn.\\nCorn ranks next to barley in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. It\\nhas been cultivated a number of years, but in the counties of Tulare\\nand Fresno has not always been considered a success. The stalk grows\\nluxuriantly, but the yield is small. Many excellent crops have, how-\\never, been harvested. That grown in the southern part of the valley\\nis good. It attains great height, and yields prolifically. The yield is\\noften 60 bushels, but the average is about 30 bushels per acre. The\\nclimate of all parts of the Southern San Joaquin Valley seems adapted\\nto the production of Indian and Egyptian corn. Within a few years\\nEgyptian corn has been grown to a considerable extent. It requires\\nbut little irrigation, and produces heavy crops. It is sometimes\\nground, and makes good meal, but is grown principally for feed, being\\nconsidered excellent for this purpose. It is frequently planted as a\\nsecond crop, but produces more heavily when planted in the spring.\\nThe expense of planting and harvesting is greater than that of wheat\\nor barley. There are many fields from one hundred to several hun-\\ndred acres in extent.\\nBuckwheat.\\nBuckwheat is grown very little in any part of California, and is not\\namong the products of the Southern San Joaquin Valley.\\nCanary Seed\\nCanary Seed is grown to a limited extent. There are a few fields\\nin Tulare County, but in all the southern portion of the valley there\\nare only a few hundred acres. It yields well, requires less moisture\\nthan wheat, but the demand for it is quite limited.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 23\\nHay.\\nOne of the most important as well as the most remunerative crops\\ngrown in the valley is alfalfa a species of clover allied to lucerne,\\nwhich is peculiarly adapted to a climate like that of Southern Califor-\\nnia. It grows best on alluvial soil, but, does well in any part of the\\nvalley. It grows better on alkaline soils than wheat or barley, having\\na long tap-root, which is sent deep into the soil, below the injurious\\nsalts. The long roots also reach moist earth, where such exists within\\na depth of ten to fifteen feet. The land is prepared for it in the man-\\nner already described for grain, by surrounding small areas with em-\\nbankments, to facilitate irrigation. It is planted only once, and is al-\\nlowed to grow undisturbed for years. It must be watered by flooding,\\nexcept where the land permits of seepage readily, in which case surface\\nirrigation is unnecessary. It should be watered two or three times the\\nfirst season, but thereafter will not require it so often. It commences\\nto grow usually in February, but as that month is generally cool, does\\nnot grow rapidly until March. The first crop of hay is cut in the latter\\npart of April, and generally two to four times during the season, the\\nlast crop being taken off in the latter part of September or first of Oc-\\ntober. After this it grows slowly, and is used for pasturage until\\nDecember, when it ceases to grow. On good land, and with a proper\\nsupply of water, it may be mowed five times, yielding one to two tons\\nof cured hay to the acre from each cutting. It has been known to pro-\\nduce fifteen to sixteen tons to the acre in a single season, but such\\ncases are rare. Ten tons is not uncommon, but the average is\\nfour to eight tons, the smaller quantity on land that is insufficiently\\nirrigated. By many it is cut only once or twice for hay, stock being\\nallowed to pasture upon it during the greater part of the year. Cattle\\nare usually pastured on the alfalfa fields for a few days following each\\ncutting. It is generally cut while in the flower.\\nAlfalfa soon kills out all weeds and grasses on the land where it\\ngrows. One farmer in Kern County, who has more than a thousand\\nacres in alfalfa, says his best stand was on moist land, on which\\nhe sowed alfalfa seed amongst salt and wire grass without plowing the\\nground or harrowing the seed in. It grew well from the first, and soon\\ncrowded out all other vegetation. Alfalfa hay usually sells for about $5\\nper ton loose in the haying season, and in the winter $8 to $10 per ton\\nbaled. The total expense of cutting, baling, etc., is about $5 per ton.\\nThe price of hay fluctuates greatly, depending much upon the season.\\nFrequently the last cutting of the season is allowed to mature, and is\\nthreshed to obtain seed, which usually sells at about 12\u00c2\u00a3 cents per\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pound. A good crop of seed is about 400 pounds to the acre realizing", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\n$50 gross, after other crops of hay have been cut. The demand for\\nseed is, however, limited. The straw from the thresher is eaten by\\ncattle the same as hay.\\nThe quantity of alfalfa hay cut exceeds that of all other kinds,\\nand the area of land devoted to it increases annually, although a few\\nfarmers have discontinued its Cultivation.\\nWheat, barley, oats, aud sometimes rye, are cut for hay, and\\nbring a higher price than alfalfa. On moist land two and three cut-\\ntings of wheat and barley hay are occasionally obtained. But this is\\nuncommon, and the later crops are much lighter than the first.\\nIn a favorable season wild feed on the plains, consisting principally\\nof nutritious alfilerilla and California clover, attains a height of twelve\\nto twenty inches, forming a thick mat of verdure. This is frequently\\ncut for hay in the spring, and is excellent for all kinds of stock.\\nSometimes, later in the season, farmers run a common horse-rake\\nthrough the dry grass, tearing out considerable of it, which is stacked\\nfor whiter use and although inferior to that cut at the proper season,\\ncattle are fond of it.\\nOrchards.\\nOn account of the wonderful fertility of soil and adaptability of cli-\\nmate, a multitude of fruits, foreign and native, are grown. Trees bear\\nyoung, are wonderfully prolific, the fruit is of excellent quality and\\nfine color, and all kinds are grown, from sub-tropical varieties to those\\nof the north temperate zone.\\nThe Southern San Joaquin Valley is peculiarly adapted to stone\\nfruits, such as peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, and prunes also\\npears and blackberries. Other kinds do well, but do not bear so well\\nor regularly as those mentioned.\\nThe demand for good fruit has always been equal to the supply. A\\ngreat quantity is canned a large quantity is also placed on the mar-\\nket dried, there being several processes of drying or evaporating\\nfruit. No portion of the Union has a climate better adapted to sun-\\ndrying than Southern California. There are several other ways in\\nwhich fruits may be prepared for sale and export. California already\\nenjoys a wide and excellent reputation for her fruits, prepared by can-\\nning, drying, preserving, or other processes, and the demand in-\\ncreases from year to year. Quantities of fresh fruits are now sent\\nto the Eastern States and the Territories, and prepared fruits to\\nEurope, China, Japan, Australia, South and Central America, and the\\nIslands of the Pacific.\\nTrees should have the least possible amount of moisture that will\\npermit of the perfect ripening of the fruit. They may be irrigated by", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 25\\nflooding, or by running the water in ditches. A young orchard may\\nneed one wetting during the warm season the first and second year, but\\nnever after, unless the earth be dry to a great depth, which is not likely\\nto be the case in any portion of the San Joaquin Valley where irriga-\\ntion is practiced. In lands that will permit of seepage, irrigation by\\neither of these processes is unnecessary after the first year.\\nIt is difficult to state what net proceeds may be counted on per acre\\nfrom an orchard of assorted fruits, owing to many circumstances that\\ninfluence the yield and market prices. From an orchard of three\\nacres of assorted trees five years old, grown in Fresno, the fruit was\\nsold on the trees for $450 net, or $150 per acre. Another orchard of\\nassorted trees netted \u00c2\u00a7280 per acre. It has been estimated by fruit\\ngrowers, taking one year with another, and considering the possi-\\nbility of low prices or partial failure of crops, that an orchard in full\\nbearing and growing 120 trees to the acre will yield an average profit\\nof 50 cents to \u00c2\u00a71 per tree, or $60 to $120 an acre.\\nDeciduous Fruits.\\nPeaches. Peaches do well in any part of the valley and foothills,\\nexcept on strongly alkaline lands; and in one orchard on Kern Island,\\npeach and other trees are growing in what appears to be an alkali bed,\\na thick coating of the white, lime-like substance lying on the surface.\\nIt may be that the salts in that particular spot are not of the most in-\\njurious kind, but the land is what is commonly known as alkaline.\\nThe trees grow luxuriantly, and bear well. Certain varieties do bet-\\nter in the hills than in the valley, and all varieties ripen sooner in the\\nwarm foothill valleys than on the open plain. Extending along the\\nSierra foothills is a thermal belt within the limits of which the ten-\\nderest temperate and semi-tropical fruits grow, and mature early.\\nThis is destined to become one of the most important fruit-growing\\nsections in California. Peaches in the valley are among the first in\\nthe State to ripen, but in the adjacent foot-hills all early fruits ripen\\nabout two weeks sooner. The date of the first ripening of the early\\npeaches varies two to three weeks, according to the season.\\nThe peach bears well in every part of Southern San Joaquin Valley,\\nand the flavor is excellent. Too much moisture, however, injures the\\nflavor and also the keeping quality of fruit, and predisposes trees to\\nattacks of various insect pests. It is unnecessary to enumerate the\\nmany kinds grown but among the preferred varieties are Early Alex-\\nander, Early Crawford, Foster, Jones Seedling, Susquehanna (free-\\nstones), and the Orange, Heath, White Persian, Lord Palmerston, and\\nRosenberg, clings. The Briggs Red May and Beatrice, .clings, and", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nTillotson, freestone, are good bearers. There are many favorite\\npeaches, as George the Fourth, Lemon Cling, Stump the World, and\\nothers.\\nThe following figures regarding the yield of peaches are furnished by\\nexperienced fruit growers. From two-year-old trees in the Mussel\\nSlough section of Tulare County, 135 pounds of peaches have been\\ngathered, and 250 pounds from trees three years old. On Kern Island\\n400 pounds to the tree, when five or six years old, is considered a fair\\naverage. One grower says that an exceedingly low estimate for trees\\nfive years old is 250 pounds of peaches. At one-half cent per pound, they\\nwill bring $1.55 per tree, and an acre of 108 trees would yield a reve-\\nnue of $135. The average expense of cultivating and picking the fruit\\nwill not exceed $15 per acre, which leaves $120 as a net return. From\\nthis deduct the cost of packing, hauling, shipping, etc. and at a very\\nlow estimate, after allowing for other costs and probable losses, a net\\nprofit of $75 per acre remains. This is for shipping the peaches as\\npicked from the trees. In evaporating, 5^ pounds of fresh peaches are\\nrequired to make one of dried. The cost of shipment in proportion to\\nthe price received is, of course, much less than for fresh fruit.\\nFor market the peaches of this section of the State are second to\\nnone. They are shipped to Los Angeles, the center of a fruit-growing\\nregion, before tney ripen at that place, and are shipped by express\\nwhile the season lasts to various points in Arizona, New Mexico, Tex-\\nas, and elsewhere in the Southwest. The quantity shipped increases\\nyearly, and the fruit compares favorably with the best samples from\\nany portion of the State. At various State and District agricultural\\nfairs, where peaches from Southern San Joaquin Yalley have been ex-\\nhibited, they have been awarded premiums and have received flattering\\nnotices from the press.\\nApricots. The fruit next in importance to peaches in the south-\\ncentral portion of the State is the apricot. In many parts of the val-\\nley where orchards have been bearing for five or six years, they have\\nnever missed a crop, and in no instance has less than a half crop been\\ngrown. The apricot ripens early in the valley, but earlier in the lower\\nfoothills. Apricots grow to large size, are unexcelled in flavor, and\\nare sure bearers. It is a favorite fruit among orchardists in the San\\nJoaquin valley, and of 75,000 fruit trees set out in Tulare County in\\nthe winter of 1884, there were a greater number of apricots than of\\nany other kind. Dried apricots, as well as those canned or preserved,\\nbring a good price. Five and one-half pounds of green apricots make one\\npound of dried. The Moorpark is one of the best known and most\\nhighly-prized varieties, and produces well, although a shy bearer\\nfarther north. The Thomas Late is a valuable apricot, from the fact", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 27\\nthat it ripens late and extends the season two or three weeks. It bears\\nwell, is a sure cropper, is of good size and flavor, and hangs to the\\ntree for a longer time than most other varieties without getting soft.\\nApricots in the warm interior begin to produce the second year from\\nthe bud L e., after one year in the nursery and one in the orchard.\\nProfits are about the same as realized from the cultivation of the peach.\\nNectarines. This excellent fruit has proved a failure in many parts\\nof the Pacific Coast, where peaches and apricots do well but careful\\ninquiries made of many of the best known fruit-growers of Fresno,\\nTulare, and Kern Counties have invariably elicited answers approving\\nof its cultivation. It is an excellent fruit for market, although being\\nas yet less grown, is not in so great demand as some other descriptions.\\nThe Nectarine ripens about July 1st, when the greater part of the apri-\\ncot crop has been disposed of. Of a dozen varieties of white, yellow,\\nand red nectarines grown in the valley, none are extremely early or\\nvery late. These varieties extend the time of cropping over a period\\nof five weeks.\\nPrunes and Plums. The acreage of plums and prunes is being in-\\ncreased rapidly. Both plums and prunes bear the second year, and\\nproduce good crops the fifth and sixth years, and trees, after reaching\\nthat age, return fair profits. It requires 100 pounds of fresh plums\\nor prunes to make 30 pounds dried, unpitted. When pitted, 100\\npounds of fresh fruit will make 16 pounds dried. The best varieties\\ngrown here for drying are the Hungarian, Petit Agen and Santa Cath-\\narine. Several varieties of plums are grown, and all yield well. The\\nDamson, Greengage, Yellow Egg, and Coe s Golden Drop are among\\nthose preferred. The growing of these fruits is receiving increased\\nattention each year.\\nPears. The pear has proved a success wherever grown, except in\\nlands having a superabundance of alkali. It is a very long-lived tree,\\nthere being some in the Coast counties more than one hundred years\\nold. Much of the fruit is large and of fine flavor in fact, it is pronounc-\\ned by competent judges as perfection. The best variety grown for the\\ntable or other purposes is the Bartlett, which is a superb fruit. It is\\none of the first to ripen the Winter Nellis is the latest. The latter,\\nwith the Beure Glairgeau and Eastern Beure are choice for shipping.\\nMany other varieties are grown. The pear is a profitable fruit. It is\\ngrown in all parts of the valley, and is being planted more extensively\\nthan formerly.\\nApples. The apple is one of the most common fruits among the val-\\nley farms, but, with few exceptions, has a much better flavor when\\ngrown in the hills. Those that ripen early find a suitablexslimate in the\\nprairie lands, but later varieties that naturally mature slowly do better", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nat a higher altitude. All kinds do well in the hills, and the late ones\\nreach perfection in the rich soil and climate of the mountains, where\\nthey mature slowly and have an excellent flavor. Among the kinds\\nthat have grown well in the valley when properly cultivated are the\\nWine Sap, White Winter Pearmain, Ben Davis, Rhode Island Greening\\nand Roman Beauty. Other kinds have grown well and borne large\\ncrops of fine looking fruit, but those grown in the foothills of the\\nSierra are superior in quality.\\nCherries. It is the general opinion that cherries will not pay in\\nthe Southern San Joaquin Valley. However, most of the trees are still\\nyoung. Cherries are not found in large numbers in any orchard.\\nOne experienced fruit-grower says that cherries will do well if the\\ntrees are headed low so as to shade the trunk. The warm sun\\nproves injurious to them. They should be in a protected place if pos-\\nsible. It maybe that experiments by careful observers will result in\\nmaking the fruit a success, but at present it is in little favor.\\nFigs. The fig grows luxuriantly and bears heavily in every part of\\nthe valley and foothills, and thrives with the least possible attention.\\nAll varieties that have been tried do well. The trees should be set out\\nnot less than thirty feet apart, and although they do not require the same\\namount of cultivation and care as other trees, they are the better\\nfor receiving it, and work expended on them judiciously will be repaid\\nin quantity and size of fruit. Some varieties bear three crops a year,\\nand frequently the second and third are better than the first. A sin-\\ngle tree in good bearing has produced a thousand pounds in a season.\\nBut the choicest kinds usually bear only one crop, and that a heavy\\none. When dried they find ready sale, and the loss in weight is\\nslight. The tree is grown in many orchards, but not in any\\nconsiderable numbers in many places. The trees are readily propa-\\ngated from cuttings. An income of $5 to $7 per tree when in full\\nbearing is not uncommon. The best kinds find a ready market at\\ngood prices.\\nVine Growing.\\nLittle attention was given to viticulture in the great interior valley\\nuntil a comparatively recent date, the hillsides and valleys of the moun-\\ntain ranges and the more northerly counties being considered the\\nonly suitable places for vines. But now some of the largest vineyards\\nin the State, and of the world, are in the Southern San Joaquin Valley.\\nIn the three counties of Fresno, Tulare and Kern there are probably\\nnow, 1884\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not less than 9,000 acres, four-fifths of which are in Fresno\\nCounty. Vine-growing is now receiving greater attention in Tulare\\nCounty than heretofore, and several hundred acres were planted during", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 29\\nthe past season. The increase in Kern were additions to small vine-\\nyards. The vine grows and bears well in the valley and in the adja-\\ncent hills. In the mountains are varieties indigenous to this Coast,\\nbut the grape is small and sour, and little experimenting in the way\\nof propagating it has been done. There is probably no part of the\\nworld that will produce successfully so many varieties of grapes as Cali-\\nfornia. Foreign varieties do best in that portion of the State where\\nthey find a clime resembling that of their nativity. The manufac-\\nture of raisins and wines in the Southern San Joaquin Valley is be-\\ncoming one of the leading industries of the State. Every variety of\\ngrape common to the Eastern States is grown in the southern part of\\nCalifornia successfully, and thirty to forty varieties are sometimes\\nfound in a single large vineyard.\\nThe choicest European varieties which can be grown in any part of\\nthe world do as well here. Of foreign varieties, about 150 are grown in\\nthe valley. They grow well on the slaty hills and in the loamy soils of\\nthe Sierra. Most varieties grown in the valley seem to do best on the\\nsandy loam, red sandy, or the white ash soils, but they grow well and\\nbear heavily in all of the better soils.\\nThe method employed in irrigating vines is largely dependent\\non the character of the soil and the lay of the land. If it be level,\\nplain land, the vineyard is frequently divided into checks, as in the\\ncase of grain fields, and the ground is flooded. The first year it is\\nnecessary to irrigate sufficiently to secure a good stand but there-\\nafter, occasionally will be sufficient. Sometimes the water is run\\nin ditches between the rows on uneven land, irrigating is nearly\\nalways done in this way. Where water is applied to the soil for a\\nnumber of years in succession, the dryest lands gradually become sat-\\nurated with moisture, until further application of water by irrigation\\nis actually hurtful in some instances it has been necessary to drain\\nthe land. Winter flooding is sometimes practiced. Where the plain\\nland is uneven, it requires a certain amount of leveling in order to\\nirrigate effectively and economically. This is quite expensive on the\\nhog wallow lands.\\nCuttings are generally obtainable at $5 per thousand, but rare va-\\nrieties cost more, some as much as $20 per thousand. The cost of\\nplanting a vineyard ha3 been estimated at $20 to $40 per acre, includ-\\ning the cost of cuttings and the first year s irrigation and cultivation.\\nWhere land is very uneven, the expense of leveling will make the\\ncost greater. The large vineyards of Fresno County at four years of\\nage average four tons of grapes to the acre and when in full bearing,\\nmay in exceptional years produce seven tons per acre. Some prolific\\nvarieties have yielded considerably more.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nTable Grapes.\\nAll of the best known varieties of table grapes do well in Southern\\nSan Joaquin Valley. Among the most highly-prized varieties are the\\nSabal Kanskoy, Golden Chasselas, Rose of Peru, Black Malvoise, and\\nMalaga. The last two named are also made into raisins. Other table\\ngrapes that are excellent for shipping are the Flame Tokay, Pur-\\nple Damascus, Black Portugal, Mill Hill, Hamburg, Emperor, Deacon\\nSuperb, Yance Jaime, Black Ferrara, Carnichon, Muscat of Alexan-\\ndria, White Malaga, Chard enay, Degoutant, Tokay de Lunel. The\\nMission is also a good shipper, but is a small grape. The raising of\\nthese varieties has proved remunerative, and as facilities for shipping\\nimprove, the market will be extended and the demand increased.\\nTo name the many other varieties of grapes grown in the Southern\\nSan Joaquin Valley would be difficult. But some of the well-known\\nforeign grapes not enumerated already are the White Mice, Large\\nBloom, Verdal, Almeria, Charbono, Petite Sirrah, Black Morocco,\\nSweetwater, Periot do Burgoyne, and Fenturier. Many varieties com-\\nmon to the Eastern States, and perhaps all, are also grown, such as the\\nIsabella, Delaware, Iona, Israella, Diana, Scuppernong, Clinton, El-\\nvira, Rebecca, Agawam, Catawba, and others.\\nOne other use to which many varieties of grapes are put is to dry\\nthem the same as other fruit for cooking. They are, of course,\\nmuch inferior to raisins, but are a favorite dried fruit. They are com-\\nmonly prepared in this way for home use, and command a sale, but at\\na low price. Every farm, no matter to what particular branch of agri-\\nculture it may be devoted, should have a small orchard and vineyard\\nattached, as trees and vines grow luxuriantly and produce liberally in\\nthe kindly soil and clime of the Southern San Joaquin Valley, and\\nthey repay many times the value of labor necessary to be expended\\nupon them.\\nRaisin Making.\\nRaisin making has already become a remunerative business in the\\nSouthern San Joaquin Valley, and is being developed quite rapidly.\\nThe climate is peculiarly suited to this industry. There is, in the\\nsouthern part of the valley and adjacent foothills, a large area suitable\\nfor raisin growing. The vines of Southern California yield larger crops\\nthan those of Malaga, and our best raisins rank well in quality in the\\nmarkets of the Eastern States. The United States imports yearly not\\nless than 2,000,000 boxes of raisins, whereas the quantity at present\\nexported from California is about 125,000 boxes. This year, 1885, the\\nquantity promises to be much greater.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 31\\nThe grapes usually grown for raisins are the seedless Sultana and\\nMuscat of Alexandria the latter is also known as the Muscatel Uva\\nSalamanca, Muscatel Romano, Raisin de Malaga, and others. For\\ncurrants, the White Corinth variety does well. The vines are usually\\nplanted ten feet apart both ways, and in many cases at distances of ten\\nfeet in rows twelve feet apart.\\nGathering begins about the middle of September. The average profit\\nper acre in California is said to be $100, clear of every expense;\\n$250 per acre has been realized in isolated cases, where exceptional ad-\\nvantages were enjoyed. The following estimates of a prominent\\ngrower will be of interest\\n1 The yield from each vine three years old will be 20 pounds vines\\nfour years old, 30 pounds each. With 435 vines to the acre, this\\ngives a total yield of 13,050 pounds from young vines, or nearly 7 tons.\\nIt is calculated that three tons of grapes will make one of raisins and\\nallowing for loss in every way, there would be two tons of raisins per\\nacre. The total cost of producing raisins, counting expense of packing\\nin twenty-pound boxes, is about 100 per ton. This includes cost of\\ncultivating, pruning, picking, curing, packing, boxes, trays, sweat box-\\nes, building, implements, etc. The price at which raisins sell is usually\\n$1.50 to $2 per twenty-pound box. A yield of two tons per acre\\nwould give 200 boxes, valued at $300 to $400. Deduct from this $200,\\nthe cost of growing the grapes and preparing the raisins, and there is a\\nbalance of $100 to $200. Take from this last named sum the cost of\\nhauling, freight, commission, etc., a large profit is still left. The\\nestimate is based on the ordinary quality of raisins. Fancy raisins\\nmay always be disposed of readily to advantage.\\nThe process of raisin making has been well described as follows by\\na prominent raisin grower in Fresno County\\n1 The sun-laved shores of the Mediterranean offer to the vine no finer\\nsoil and climate than the warm plains of California. The abundant\\nwater supply from the snow-filled canons of the mighty Sierras gives\\nhealth to the vine and size to the berries, while the long summer heat\\nfills the grape with all lusciousness. When the early September days\\npour a torrid heat upon the plains, the rich clusters put on a golden\\ntint, the royal amber of full ripeness. Sun and water and warmth\\ncan do no more the vintage time has come. To make sweet raisins,\\nfilled with jelly, and of a fine brown color, it is important that the\\ngrapes shall show this yellow color. Picking early, so as to be first in\\nthe market, does not mean good raisins. The grapes, when thus\\nripened, are carefully cut from the vine and laid upon small platforms\\nmade of smooth sugar pine, and raised from the ground by inch cleats.\\nThese platforms are three feet long and two feet wide, and are capable", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nof holding from twenty to twenty-five pounds of green grapes. They\\nare then placed on the open spaces between the rows of vines, and left\\nfor the action of the sun and air. In picking the grapes, care should\\nbe taken not to handle the bunches so as to rub off the delicate bloom.\\nIn nine days after picking, the raisins are sufficiently dry on the upper\\nside to admit of turning over. This is done by placing an empty plat-\\nform upon a filled one, and reversing quickly. If skillfully done, no\\nfruit will be thrown off. In five or six days after turning, the raisins\\nare sufficiently cured to be removed from the platforms. This is the\\nonly really delicate part of the whole business, requiring much judg-\\nment the more care, the better raisins. If the raisins have part of\\ntheir juices, still liquid, unconverted into jelly, so that a drop can be\\nsqueezed out by pressing the raisin between the thumb and finger,\\nthey are unfit to be put into the sweat box, as they will eventually\\nmould or sour after packing; and if too much dried, the consumer will\\nnever know the deliciousness of properly cured raisins therefore, a\\ncareful inspection of each tray must be made, and imperfectly dried\\nraisins removed after which all dust and dirt must be vigorously fan-\\nned from the tray. They are now carefully slipped from the tray into\\nlarge boxes called sweat boxes, which are three feet long, two feet\\nwide, and one foot deep. After a layer (consisting of the contents of\\nthree or four platforms) has been placed in the box, a large sheet of\\nManila paper is laid upon them, then another layer of raisins and paper\\nalternately until the box is filled. The boxes are now taken from the\\nvineyard to some cool building, and allowed to stand for two weeks\\nto a month. The moisture passes into the stems, making them pliable,\\nand an equilibrium is established through all the raisins in the box.\\nAt the end of the proper curing time the raisins pass into the hands of\\nthe packers. These pack from the layers on the Manila paper into\\ngalvanized iron trays, fitting comfortably into the boxes which go to\\nmarket. These trays have false wooden bottoms, and are all balanced\\non the scales before packing. All imperfect raisins and superabundant\\nstems are cut out from the bunches, which are then neatly placed in\\nthe trays until they contain five pounds of fruit. They are then pressed\\nin a lever-press. The fancy paper wrapper is now placed upon the\\niron tray, a steel plate put over that, and all reversed over the box in\\nwhich they are to be packed the slide is removed, when the compact\\nfive-pound layer, with its paper wrapper, falls into the box; the paper\\nis folded over, and the box is ready for its successive layers. The\\nstandard California box holds four layers, or twenty pounds. When\\nall the layers are in the box, a fancy label is placed upon the top, the\\ncover nailed on, and the box stenciled with the owner s name. This\\nconstitutes a box of table raisins. All small, loose raisins are packed", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "(10 Caiif rn e, l\\nSAN FRANCIS\\nF. J. WALKER.\\n4\\nA\\n8 ^fcg^f !ZS\\nS RANGE ,7 8\\n16. Z\\nOwinq to //z,\\n/000 miles oflrriya\\nmm\\nin\\n18\\nrre are altogether over\\nA.WAi.DST\u00c2\u00a3,M. Phitu.ltfhu. S.T", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN BAM JOAQUIN GALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 33\\noking raisins/ according to the option of the packer. There\\nseems to be no good reason why California shall not produce raisins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qua! to old Spain, when we learn that the best results follow the great-\\nre in details. We must not forget that Spain has had centuries\\nof experience, -which has been transmitted from generation to genera-\\ntion while we are novices in the business, with all things to learn.\\nWine-Making.\\nThe viticultural interests are becoming quite important in Fresno\\nCounty, but up to the present time little wine has been manufactured\\nin this County by an} 7 except those owning large vineyards, although\\nelsewhere in the State a large aggregate quantity is manufactured on a\\nsmall scale. There are a number of large vineyards in Fresno County\\ned mainly to growing wine grapes. The Barton vineyard con-\\ntains 560 acres the Kohler, West and Minturn vineyard, in the north-\\nern part of Fresno County near Merced, 630 acres the Butler vine-\\nyard, 415 acres (380 acres in raisin grapes); Eisen s, 400 acres Fresno\\nVineyard Company, 400 acres Malter s vineyard, 360 acres Eggers\\n350 acres (160 acre3 belonging to other parties also handled) Tay s\\nvineyard, 160 acres Snow Yiew vineyard, 160 acres Margherita\\nvineyard, 100 acres.\\nSeveral varieties are grown for wine-making. The claret grapes of\\nSouthern Europe do well. The vines are usually planted eight feet\\napart, the size of the grape not being a matter of so much importance\\nas in raisin making. Some vines bear the second and the third year, a\\nyield of four tons of grapes (the Zinfandel with the Trousseau, are\\nmost commonly gr\u00e2\u0080\u009ewn), maybe expected per acre at five years, seven\\nto eight tons may be expected. The average price paid for grapes at\\nthe wineries is $12 to $18 per ton but prices have ranged as low as\\n$8 and as high as $35. The varieties mostly grown for red claret wines\\nare Trousseau, Carignan, Grenache, Mataro, Petit Cabernet, Chiraz\\nMenuir, Zinfandel, Black Burgundy, Chauche Noir, Pied de Perdrix,\\nGamay Tinta, Lenoir, Grosser Blauer, Blauer Portuguieser, Tannat\\nand some others for white wines, Folle Blanche, Colombar, Wests\\nProlific, Feher Zagos, Sultana, Golden Chasselas, Marsanne, Chauche\\nGris, Long Green, Chasselas de Foy, Moselle Riesling. Some of the\\nabove are also among the varieties preferred for brandy. For light\\nwhite wines, Berger, Sauvignon, Gray Duchesse, and Semillon are gen-\\nerally preferred for sherry wines, Palomino, Temprano, Doradello,\\nVerdelho, and Pedro Ximenes.\\nWine grapes are allowed to bear more heavily than raisin grapes, and\\nsome varieties yield enormously. The Seedless Sultana frequently", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "j 27 28 29 3---", "height": "2408", "width": "3254", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "34 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY.. CALIFORNIA.\\nproduces twelve tons to the acre, when in full bearing the Berger ha3\\nbeen known, under most favorable circumstances, to yield sixteen tons\\nto the acre. Many other varieties than those named are grown, the\\njuice of some kinds being used mainly for blending with others.\\nGood clarets, ports, and sherry, sweet and dry, are made, and the\\ndemand for these grows constantly. The supply also increases materi-\\nally each year. The wine product of Fresno County alone for 1884\\nwas abont 1,000,000 gallons. In Tulare and Kern Counties the\\nlarger vineyards are young, and the total wine product for that year\\nsmall. Most of the smaller vineyards are planted to raisin grapes, and\\nit is probable that others, in setting out small areas, will select the vari-\\neties most suitable for raisins.\\nBrandy. The Fresno distilleries have produced very fair brandy,\\nIt is generally calculated that fourteen pounds of grapes will make a gal-\\nlon of wine, and that five gallons of wine will make a gallon of brandy.\\nBrandy is usually valued at 70 cents per gallon without the internal\\nrevenue tax, or $1.60 per gallon with the tax paid.\\nBerries.\\nThe strawberry and blackberry seem specially suited to the San Joa-\\nquin Valley. The fruit is large, well colored and finely flavored. They\\nbear well, ripen early, and are a sure crop.\\nSeveral varieties of blackberries are grown, and are among the first\\nin the State to ripen. Wild blackberries grow in the lulls and along\\nthe streams in the valley, and ripen long in advance of the cultivated\\nones. They are of large size and superior flavor, and if planted in damp\\nground, as in their natural state, may be cultivated with profit. A white\\nvariety, indigenous to one of the northern counties, is also grown. The\\ngrowing of blackberries is now engaged in on a more extended scale\\nthan formerly, and proves remunerative. A very good quality of\\nwine is made from them, and the berry is sometimes dried. When\\nsold as fresh fruit in the local markets, the returns are generally good.\\nRaspberries have been tried repeatedly, but except in occasional\\nvears, without favorable results. As a rule, the bushes bear only a\\nsmall quantity of fruit, unless grown in an orchard, or other places\\nwhere they are shaded from the sun, the climate being too warm for\\nthem.\\nGooseberries have not done as well as elsewhere, nor have currants,\\nexcept in rare instances neither can they be counted on as sure crops.\\nBut both will do well, and so will raspberries, in a higher altitude in the\\nSierra. Barberries and other berries are met with occasionally, but\\nonly blackberries and strawberries are largely grown.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE 90DTHEKN sAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 35\\nCitrus Fruits.\\nNo one in the San Joaquin Valley lias made a specialty of growing\\ncitrus fruits, and few have given them any attention. The more south-\\nern counties of the State are famous for their magnificent orange groves,\\nand from what has been accomplished the belief is gaining ground that\\nere many years Los Angeles and San Bernardino will share their envied\\nreputation with the counties of the Southern San Joaquin Valley. The\\norange has been grown successfully, although on a small scale, for\\nmany years in the thermal belt extending along the foothills of the\\nsouthern Sierra and Coast Range, in which many kinds of fruits that\\nwill not stand the frosts of the open plain, or the cold of the high-\\ner mountains, thrive and do well. The mean temperature within the\\nlimits of this belt is several degrees warmer than the atmosphere of the\\nplain, and the extremes of heat and cold are considerably less in range*\\nAt Fort Tejon, in the mountains at the southern end of the valley,\\nat an altitude of 1600 feet, oranges of a superior quality have been\\ngrown for a number of years, and the supply is sufficient for the mar-\\nket in the ancient town of Bakersfield, in Kern County. They are also\\ngrown elsewhere in the same mountains, and in the thermal belt of the\\nSierra in Tulare, Fresno and Kern Counties among other places, at\\nMountain View, Pleasant Valley, Lewis Creek and Yokohl, Stokes and\\nDrum Valleys; also at Piano, in Tulare County, near the edge of the\\nfoothills, and at Centerville, similarly situated in Fresno County. The\\nlargest orange orchards in tins part of the State are at the last named\\nplace, and the quality of the fruit is excellent. Orangesgrown at Piano\\nwere awarded a prize at the Citrus Fair, at Riverside, San Bernardino\\nCounty, in 1883. They have borne well in many places on the plains,\\nbut usually where they are shielded and shaded from the morning sun\\nby high trees or buildings. A too sudden thawing of the frost on cold\\nmornings invariably damages the trees. A few might be grown about\\nevery house in protected spots. There are fifty trees in Eisen s vine-\\nyard, in Fresno County, seven years old. Grafted trees have been killed\\non the plain by frost, when seedlings growing beside them were not\\naffected. At Stokes Valley are a number of trees, four-year-old buds\\non six-year-old roots, that have never been injured by frost. They bore\\na few oranges the third year after they were set out, and in 1884 the\\nfourth year had a fair crop. The warm belt in the foothills in which it\\nis possible to grow orange3 extends as far north as Shasta, in Shasta\\nCounty. In Merced County, and at Knights Ferry in Stanislaus\\nCounty, they are grown also. There is no doubt that in all the warmer\\nnooks of this belt in the Sierra, in Fresno, Tulare, and Kern Counties,\\noranges can be grown successfully and profitably.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "36 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThe lemon, a tenderer fruit than the orange, does well in many\\nplaces in the foothills without injury from the weather. They have\\nbeen tried in all three of the counties named. Experiments with this\\nfruit have been limited in this part of the State.\\nThe lime, which is more tender even than the lemon, is also found\\nto do well in places, and the territory to which it is adapted could un-\\nquestionably be extended by further attempts at cultivating it.\\nWhere the lime will grow there is no doubt that the orange and lemon\\nwill succeed, so far as climatic influences are concerned. Limes grown\\nin Stokes Valley were affected slightly by frost one winter when young\\nbut they were transplanted to a gently-sloping hillside at an altitude\\nof about sixty feet above their original location, where frost was not\\nnoticeable, and have not been injured since.\\nOther Fruits.\\nSeveral other fruits less known and less grown than those mentioned\\nare cultivated with greater or less success. Pomegranates grow well\\nin the foothills of both ranges of mountains and also in the valley, but\\nare most thrifty where the temperature does not fall very low in winter.\\nSeveral varieties are grown, but probably the only ones from which\\nany profit may be derived are the Paper-shell and the New Sweet, both\\nrecent importations one from Spain, the other from Mexico. There\\nis only a limited demand for them, but the best varieties will sell.\\nOlives which were formerly thought to be unadapted to the South-\\nern San Joaquin Valley do well. The trees grow well in all parts\\nof the valley in suitable locations. In the northern part of Fresno\\nCounty are seven acres of olive trees fifteen years old, that have never\\nfailed to produce a good crop since they came into bearing. The fruit\\nis pronounced excellent.\\nThe loquat is grown in the valley, but does not bear so well as in the\\nwarm foothill belt. They are common in the southern part of the\\nState, but there is no demand for them.\\nMulberries do well.\\nAmong many other fruits grown to a limited extent are the crab-ap-\\nple, quince, guava, jujube, date-palm, banana, citron, etc. the last\\ntwo named cannot be called a success, however. Another fruit recently\\nintroduced, which promises to be a valuable one, is the melon pear, a\\ntropical fruit native of the Himalaya Mountains. It ripens in three\\nmonths from the time of planting, is nearly as large as a goose egg,\\nyellowish in color, with meat firm, juicy, and delicious. One great con-\\nsideration in its favor is that it can be shipped to any part of the con-\\ntinent without injury, being a good carrier.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 37\\nNut-Bearing Trees.\\nCalifornia lias few indigenous nut fruits. With the exception of\\nthe chincapin, pine nut and hazel, there are none. But those intro-\\nduced from the Eastern States and foreign countries grow to perfection\\nhere. The almond is tirst in importance, although it does not produce\\na good crop every year, and failure has been the reward of several who\\nhave attempted its cultivation in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. To\\ngrow almonds successfully it is necessary to know what soil and treat-\\nment they require, and this once learned there is no reason why their\\ncultivation should not prove profitable. Those on dry, warm land, or\\nin the hills, yield large crops and seldom miss. There are a number of\\nlarge almond orchards in the valley, and the acreage is increased\\nmaterially each year, particularly in Tulare County. There are\\nnumerous small orchards in each of the three counties of the Southern\\nSan Joaquin Valley, and the almond does well when properly cultivat-\\ned in all of them. The bitter almond produces well but is not pro-\\nfitable. When five or six years old, almond trees yield 65 to 100 lbs.\\nof cured nuts to the tree.\\nThe walnut does well, but great care should be exercised in pruning\\nthe trees not to check the spread of the branches, for they will not\\nthrive if the trunk is exposed to the mid-summer sun. The California\\nblack walnut, under favorable conditions, grows a luxuriant foliage\\nand bears a large crop. Several different varieties of English and\\nPersian walnuts are grown successfully. The w r alnut crop of Southerr\\nCalifornia is already considerable, and many thousand trees have\\nbeen planted in recent years.\\nChestnuts are grown in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. They\\nare cultivated only to a limited extent as yet, but when of proper age\\nthe trees bear well. The French and Italian chestnuts are most grown,\\nbut other varieties are to be found.\\nAmong other kinds of nuts grown are butternuts,- medlars, beech-\\nnuts, hickory-nuts, pecans, and filberts.\\nNurseries.\\nNurserymen of the Southern San Joaquin Valley supply trees prop-\\nagated from the seed in the soil and climate peculiar to this section,\\nand free from injurious insects. Having made this business a study\\nthrough a long series of years, they are able to impart much valuable\\n{information and advice. Nothing is second in importance to the\\nsecuring of healthy and pest-free trees. At present those in the nurse-\\nries of the three counties are such. Several hundred varieties of trees", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "38 THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nmay be selected from the leading nurseries, and all of the varieties best\\nsuited to the natural conditions of the valley are obtainable.\\nGarden Vegetables.\\nGarden vegetables of nearly every description grow to perfection\\npotatoes, beans, peas, onions, cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, celery,\\nasparagus, turnips, carrots, parsnips, radishes, beets, lettuce, spinach,\\nartichokes, egg-plant, rhubarb, squash, pumpkins, watermelon, musk-\\nmelon, cantelopes, cucumbers, Chile peppers, ground citron, pom-\\negranates, etc. Some of the vegetables named, such as squashes, pump-\\nkins, turnips, carrots, etc. are grown largely for other purposes than\\nsupplying the table, being cultivated for feeding to cattle during the\\nwinter. Many other vegetables are grown, but these mentioned are\\nthe most common and the best known. Most of these grow well in\\nsoil containing a high percentage of soluble salts. The climate is\\nfavorable for their growth, and in sheltered localities tomato vines\\ncontinue to grow until two or three years old.\\nPotatoes.\\nThe potato crop has become important in certain parts of the plain.\\nFor a number of years Syme s Valley, in the Kern County foothills,\\nenjoyed the reputation of producing excellent potatoes, and it was\\nthought that none equal to them could be produced in the valley. In\\nthe light, rich soil of the valley, however, they do well and yield large\\ncrops. In the region known as the Swamp, east of Visalia in Tulare\\nCounty, potatoes form one of the principal agricultural products, but\\nthey are grown in all parts of the valley.\\nSweet potatoes and yams are also grown, and sometimes attain\\nimmense size, occasionally weighing fifteen or twenty pounds each.\\nHops.\\nThe cultivation of hops has not been entered into so largely in the\\nSouthern San Joaquin Valley as in the northern part of the State,\\nonly a few vines being grown usually, to furnish hops for home use.\\nOne field in Kern County, however, comprises about thirty acres. The\\nhop exports of the Pacific Coast are estimated at 40,000 bales annually.\\nA very small proportion of this comes from the Southern San Joaquin\\nValley. The climate, however, is well suited. The expense attend-\\ning the first year s cultivation is always greatest and the income least.\\nThe first year the ground must be carefully prepared; the roots cost", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 39\\nabout one cent apiece; sixteen hundred are generally planted to the\\nacre. Poles twelve to twenty feet long are set and the vines trained\\nto follow. In some places two to four poles ten to sixteen feet long\\nare set with each hill. It is not necessary to repeat this expense for\\nseveral years.\\nHops may be dried in the sun, but are better when prepared in\\nkilns. Those grown in a rainless climate are stronger than those sub-\\nject to occasional wettings from summer showers.\\nSugar Cane.\\nSugar cane has been grown in Fresno, Tulare and Kern counties to\\na limited extent, but the making of sugar from it is a yet to be tried\\nexperiment.\\nSorghum.\\nClosely allied to the sugar cane is sorghum, with this advantage in\\nits favor, that it is better adapted to the climate of the San Joaquin\\nValley. It has long been grown for fodder for cattle, and the juice\\nhas been manufactured into a good quality of syrup. Several persons\\nhave engaged in the manufacture of molasses, the yield being about\\n275 gallons per acre. As sorghum cane grows luxuriantly in every part\\nof the Southern San Joaquin Valley, its cultivation for the purpose of\\nsugar-making may yet be profitable.\\nSugar Beets.\\nThe sugar beet grows splendidly in the Southern San Joaquin Valley.\\nThe manufacture of sugar from beets is carried on to some extent in\\nCalifornia. Alkalescent soils are well adapted to the growth of the\\nbeet, but when planted in land that is excessively alkaline the juice\\nmay be somewhat rebellious when worked by the customary processes.\\nBut there are thousands of acres in the valley where the sugar beet\\nwill grow to perfection without having to encounter this difficulty, if\\nit does really exist. As much as fifteen to twenty tons to the acre\\nmay be grown on good lands, of an exceptionally fine quality for\\nmaking sugar. The report of the College of Agriculture of the\\nUniversity of California for 1879 says\\nIt would seem that in California, if anywhere, the beet sugar in-\\ndustry may look forward to a prosperous future. In California\\nthe beet sugar manufacture has proved remunerative wherever con-\\nducted under proper management, and good natural conditions.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "40 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nCotton.\\nCotton has been grown in many portions of the interior of Califor-\\nnia, through a long term of years, with greater or less success. It has\\nbeen tried in all the counties of the Southern San Joaquin Valley, and\\nat present on a more extensive scale in Kern County than ever before\\nattempted on the Pacific Coast. There is much to lead to the belief\\nthat it will eventually figure as one of the leading crops of the State.\\nThe climate and soil of the interior are suitable, and in some respects\\npossess advantages that are not to be had in the South. The yield\\nhas generally been good, but, owing to the difficulty of securing labor\\nfor picking, the cost of production has been great; and, naturally, the\\ncost is always greatest during the first years. Several fields, varying\\nin size from fifty to three hundred acres, have been cultivated in the\\nSan Joaquin Valley. In some cases the quality of the cotton pro-\\nduced was pronounced good, and in others middling. It is\\nnecessary to irrigate cotton, but the mininum amount of water is\\nused. The plants get one good irrigation when young, but receive no\\nmore afterwards, unless they show symptons of wilting, when the\\nground is wet once more. Picking begins about the middle of Sep-\\ntember. The average yield is one bale of 400 lbs. to the acre. One\\nimportant advantage this crop possesses is, that it will grow well\\non alkaline lands on which cereal and other crops do not thrive.\\nRice.\\nRice has been experimented with in all of the counties of the\\nSouthern San Joaquin Valley, and the yield and quality were both\\nexcellent. Where water is plentiful and convenient for flooding it\\ncan be grown successfully, but requires a great deal of water, as the\\nroots must be constantly submerged while the plant is growing.\\nTobacco.\\nTobacco has been grown in Kern County and elsewhere in the valley\\nwith good results. No extensive effort in its cultivation has yet been\\nmade, and little can be said, except that a very limited expert\\nence with it was encouraging. A species of wild tobacco grows on\\nthe table lands at the base of the Sierra, along the southern part of\\nthe valley, and the same ground would probably grow other and better\\nvarieties.\\nSericulture.\\nThere is no section of the Union that has a climate better adapted to\\nthe growth of the mulberry, or for the propagation of the delicate silk", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 41\\nworm, than California, where it is gradually becoming recognized a3\\nan industry of importance and no portion of California possesses greater\\nnatural advantages for it than the Southern San Joaquin Valley. Cali-\\nfornia silk has taken several prizes at expositions in Paris in 1S68,\\nVienna, 1873, at the American Institute, New York, 1873, the Centen-\\nnial at Philadephia, 1870, and at various State and local exhibitions.\\nSeveral persons in this State are interested in the matter, and are\\nworking earnestly to encourage the industry. The yield of silk to the\\nacre is large, and so far as that particular item is concerned the result\\nhas been most encouraging, notwithstanding the fact that silk culture\\nis still in its infancy. The work is light, suitable for women and\\nchildren.\\nLicorice Root.\\nLicorice root is grown in Tulare and Kern counties, and the results\\nare all that could be desired. The area will be gradually extended,\\nbut the total area planted with it is small.\\nThe Castor Bean\\nGrows to immense size in the kindly soil of the warm interior.\\nThe Peanut\\nGrows to- perfection in the sandy valley lands, and produces- large\\ncrops.\\nOther Products.\\nSeveral other products have been experimented with on a small\\nscale, the results of which are difficult to ascertain accurately.\\nAmong those which do well are flax, hemp, jute, and ramie among\\ntextile crops for which there is always a demand. Ramie does well,\\nbut proper machinery for working it advantageously and economically\\nis lacking to give its cultivation greater impetus.\\nArboriculture.\\nThe cultivation of forest trees for fuel and timber, particularly hard\\nwood, in which California forests are deficient, is being encouraged\\nin the Southern San Joaquin Valley. In portions of the valley sec-\\ntions of Tulare County, and to a less extent in Fresno and Kern,\\nforests and narrow belts of oak, cottonwood and willow at present\\nfurnish a plentiful supply of wood for fuel. But the quantity is les-\\nsened each year. The greater part of the valley is destitute of timber,", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "42 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nand there will be a scarcity ere many years, unless supplied by arti-\\nficial means. Timber for building purposes will be supplied, so long\\nas wood is used for that purpose, from the forests of the Sierra, and\\nolher sources more remote, from which it is now obtained.\\nThe climate and soil are favorable to the rapid growth of trees, and\\nthe expense of propagation and cultivation is comparatively small\\nless labor and care being required than for orchard trees, or any oth-\\n^r crop that may be grown. The several varieties of poplar and wil-\\nlow, and the native cottonwood, grow rapidly on the most sandy lands\\nin four or five years time, furnishing a large amount of fuel per acre.\\nMany species of the eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, remarkable\\nfor rapid growth, are excellent for fuel, posts, railroad ties, etc. and\\none species, the jarrah, is a hard wood tree, and is considered the\\nmost valuable of the eucalypti.\\nSeveral varieties of Eastern and foreign oak have been planted, and\\ndo well, although still young. Many other kinds of hard wood trees,\\nintroduced grow well.\\nThe mulberry, several species of walnut, and other trees of this class\\nare grown. The soft timber trees of the mountains are planted in the\\nvalley for ornament, and grow to perfection.\\nThe trees most generally planted are the eucalypti, which grow in\\nten or twelve years to fifty or sixty feet high, and two feet in diame-\\nter. About 680 are planted to the acre. In a very short time, the\\nnet income from a few acres of these trees is greater than that to be\\nderived from almost any crop, grown in the same area, on the farm.\\nThe cinchona is thought to be well adapted to the warmer regions of\\nthe Sierra foothills, but has only been tried in small numbers in a\\nfew instances. The hardiest species is the cinchona pitayensis.\\nShade and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants.\\nIn a clime where lawns are green and flowers in bloom at every season,\\nwhere hundreds of varieties of attractive indigenous and exotic plants\\nand trees thrive through the mild winter, there is every inducement\\noffered to beautify the home and its surroundings. Dainty flow-\\ners, so tenderly cared for in hot-houses during the cold Eastern win-\\nters, grow to perfection here in the open air and many of the most\\nbeautiful introduced from the sub-tropical regions and mildest portions\\nof the temperate zone, grow by the side of those well known in the\\nNorthern States.\\nA few of the many trees grown to shade beautiful avenues, or to\\nsurround homes, where they are both ornamental and useful, are the\\nFrench and New England elm, the acacia of Constantinople, Texas", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 43\\numbrella tree, umbrella locust, mulberry, poplar, Japanese Sophora,\\n(similar to the locust). The common locust also grows well. The\\ncottonwood is commonly grown, but not so much as formerly. The\\ncork-bark elm is also common.\\nOther ornamental trees grown are English oak, catalpa, weeping\\nwillow, Teodora cedar, arbor vitse, cedar of Lebanon, Monterey cypress,\\nseveral varieties of pine, and the Sequoia Giganlea of the neighboring\\nSierra. Most of these are evergreens. Flowering trees or shrubs,\\nsuch as the magnolia, oleander and rose tree, are common, and also\\nmany kinds of creepers from far and near, such as the jasmine, ivy,\\nCape myrtle, honeysuckle, rose, Madeira vine, Chinese creeper, passion\\nflower, etc. The Japanese and white bamboo grow well. In pleasing\\ncontrast with the many trees and ornamental shrubs of the more\\nnortherly climes, are several varieties of palms and cacti, winch give a\\ntropical tone to Southern California gardens even in mid- winter.\\nFlowering shrubs and plants grow to perfection, roses particularly.\\nIn a single nursery in Fresno County are 450 varieties, introduced\\nfrom all parts of the world.\\nTo name all of the commonest flowers in the gardens would be\\nimp )ssibie but so great is the number, that any one may grow such as\\nsuits his or her fancy.\\nInsect Fests and Diseases.\\nWhile it is true that the Southern San Joaquin Valley is peculiarly\\nadapted to fruit culture, and that a great number of fruits may be\\ngrown here successfully, the tree has many enemies. The orchards\\nand vineyards of the valley enjoy a greater immunity from insect pests\\nand fungoid growths than those of moister climates.\\nThe scalebug, one of the most destructive pests, has been discovered\\nonly in a few instances as yet, and in each case among trees brought\\nfrom other counties, and has not spread so rapidly as in orchards\\ngrown in a more humid atmosphere.\\nThe orange red scale and black smut need give rise to no uneasiness\\nc n the part of those engaged in the cultivation of citrus fruits, for\\ninfected trees imported from the moister and cooler coast climate soon\\nbecome healthy, and exhibit no trace of either when grown in the\\nwarm valley and adjacent hills; and trees brought here with trunk and\\nleaves blackened with smut soon lose it and become vigorous and\\ngreen.\\nThe codlin moth is destructive to both trees and vines, and is found\\nmost in orchards improperly cared for.\\nThe almond has been badly affected with the red spider in many", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "44 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nparts of the valley, trees in some instances being nearly covered with\\nits web. Other insect pests are occasionally met with, but those named\\nare the most common.\\nThe most deadly enemy of the vineyard, the phylloxera, is, happily,\\nnot among the pests of the Southern San Joaquin Valley. But the\\nvine has enemies enough, some of them very destructive. The grape-\\nvine hopper is one of those most to be feared, and has done damage to\\nthe vines of Fresno and Tulare counties.\\nOther enemies of the vine are the green locust, common grasshopper,\\ngrape worm or grape moth, and the yellow mite.\\nTrees and vines are also subject to diseases, but the trees of the\\ngreat valley are, for the most part, exempt. Some of these so-called\\ndiseases, however, are really caused by insects. The curl leaf is one\\ndisease common to the peach and kindred fruits, but is comparatively\\nlittle known in this part of the State. Some years it barely makes its\\nappearance at all, and in others, like the present 1 1884 it is more\\ncommon. Some kinds are more susceptible to curl leaf than others,\\nand sometimes trees in one part of the valley are affected, while those\\nin another part a. few miles distant are nearly or wholly free from it.\\nSomatimes, again, when two varieties are budded on the same body,\\none will be affected and the other will not.\\nThe vines of the valley have thus far exhibited few diseases. They\\nare occasionally affected with blight, and two diseases that have ap-\\npeared are black-knot and cancer. Grapes sometimes become mildew-\\ned in times of excessive moisture, but this is of rare occurrence in the\\ninterior of California.\\nGrain is liable to be troubled with rust in an excessively moist sea-\\nson, but this occurs only once in many years, and then in a much less\\ndegree than is common every year in the foggy, humid atmosphere of\\nthe sea coast. Wheat is liable to be affected with smut.\\nTwo or three small species of beetles have at times proved destruc-\\ntive to gardens, stripping the plants of their leaves. Cut worms also\\ntrouble the vegetable gardens in some places, and once in a great while\\nthe common grasshopper and the army worm, or species allied to it, do\\nconsiderable damage.\\nStock Raising.\\nThe Southern San Joaquin Valley possesses many natural advantages\\nfor stock-raising. This fact was early recognized, and for many years\\nit was the leading and almost the only pursuit of the people here.\\nThe climatic features are favorable, wild feed abundant, and many\\nthings contribute to make the expense light. With the increase of\\npopulation, the methods of raising stock have changed. Only a few", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 45\\nlarge cattle ranches are now in existence in Fresno, Tulare, and Kern\\nCounties. Two or three of these rank among the largest in the State.\\nStock, for the most part, is now raised in smaller numbers on alfalfa\\nor ether tame grasses, and the breeds arc much improved. The wild\\ncattle formerly inhabiting the plains, and which were not driven away-\\nafter the passage of the No Fence law, have been crossed with the\\ni est beef and milk stock. Durhams, Alderneys, Devons, Ayrshires, Jer-\\nand other fine breeds more or less pure are raised in every part\\nof the valley. The same improvement has been made in horses. The\\nsmall, active mustang, which none but an expert horseman dared to\\nmount, is now the exception and not the rule. Horses of Clydesdale\\nand Norman blood and other large breeds are common. Others are\\nbred for speed. In fact, the horses of the Southern San Joaquin Val-\\nley compare favorably with those of any part of the State.\\nBreeding and raising horses for draught and speed is becoming an\\nimportant branch of stock growing. Many farmers are engaged in this\\nindustry here. In Kern county one firm has 2,000 head of brood mares\\nand colts, in addition to the large number of work and saddle horses used\\non the ranches. They are bred with care, receive close attention, and\\nthey will compare favorably with any stud of horses on the Pacific\\nThey are all pastured on alfalfa. Raising of mules is largely\\ncarried on in the valley, and the profits realized are good.\\nStock-raising will always be a leading industry in this region. The\\ncase with which all domestic animals are raised, and the large number\\nthat may be pastured on a small area, make this a favored section for\\nthat purpose. It has been variously estimated that one acre of alfalfa\\nused as pasturage will keep from one to three head of cattle. In large\\nranches it is calculated to pasture one head to the acre but in smaller\\ntracts, where both cattle and land receive better attention, the number\\nis placed at three head of cattle of all ages. When two or three\\ncrops of hay are cut from the fields before they are used for pasture, it\\nis calculated that the hay from one acre will keep two head of cattle a\\nyear. This is in addition to the pasturage for several months after the\\nhay is cut. It will keep three times as many sheep as cattle, per\\nacre. In the foothills of the Sierra it is calculated that seven to ten\\nacres of natural pasturage are required for one cow. Alfalfa has one\\nbad feature common to other clovers. It will cause cattle feeding on\\nit in the spring, when it is growing rapidly, to bloat, but it does not\\naffect those kept on it regularly so much as when pastured a portion\\nof each day only.\\nSAvme herds have also been improved. Sharp-snouted hogs, raised\\nby the thousands a few years ago, and known as tule splitters, are\\ngrowing fewer each year, and are being rapidly replaced by or infused", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "46 THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nwith the blood of Poland-China, Berkshire, Essex and other favorite\\nbreeds. Large herds of swine, except in a few instances, are now to\\nbe found only in the foothills. Hogs in the valley are kept in smaller\\nnumbers, receive careful attention, and are of the better stock. Tulare\\nCounty breeders have been awarded a number of premiums at the\\nState and various district fairs, and it is doubtful if better specimens\\nof fine breeds of hogs are to be found on any part of the Pacific Coast\\nHogs do well on alfalfa, and when they have full liberty of the\\nfield are not usually inclined to root. In fall, after harvest, they are\\nturned into the grain fields but where these are not convenient,\\nthey are fed on grain for a short time before killing, to harden the\\nflesh.\\nSheep raising receives less attention than formerly, owing to the\\nonce boundless ranges in the valley being restricted by the encroach-\\nment of grainfields. The flocks in the three counties of the southern\\npart of the valley still number, in the aggregate, hundreds of thous-\\nands, although the larger number have been driven away.\\nThe improving of breeds was begun long before that of other stock,\\narid some in the valley are among the very best in the world. In a\\nfew places, flocks are kept in cultivated pastures but most of them,\\nas formerly, graze on the natural feed wherever good range can be pro-\\ncured principally in the foothills or mountains.\\nAngora goats are raised in small numbers. In the hills they do bet-\\nter than in the valley.\\nAs an example of what a field of alfalfa will do, the following from a\\nreliable source is given A field of twenty acres of alfalfa, in 1883,\\nkept thirty-five to fifty head of horses, seven cows, forty goats and two\\nhundred pigs through the season. It was also mowed twice, yielding\\none to one and a half tons of hay per acre. It was irrigated, but the\\nfollowing year kept about the same number of stock without irrigation.\\nThis is an exceptionally fertile piece of land. It is only given as an\\nillustration of what may be done with alfalfa, when all things are most\\nfavorable, and not as an average case.\\nA few persons are still engaged in raising stock on large ranches on\\nnatural feed. In Fresno County are two large fields of 20,000 and\\n50,000 acrey respectively, owned by one firm, from which 2,500 head\\nof cattle are annually shipped to San Francisco. The raising of cattle\\nfor market on small farms is becoming common.\\nDairying.\\nConsidering the vast scope of grazing land in the Southern San\\nJoaquin Valley, the ease with which feed is grown, and the great num-", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 47\\nher of cattle raised since a very early day, the absence of dairies is\\nnoticeable. It was formerly thought that butter and cheese could only\\nbe made in the warm valley successfully during the winter months,\\nand that the-season was too short to warrant any outlay in preparing to\\nmanufacture dairy products for market. Even during the wet season,\\nbutter was actually imported into the valley for the use of the resident\\npopulation. Attempts by experienced persons later, proved con-\\nclusively that a good quality of butter could be made any month in\\nthe year. Most of the butter is made by farmers who keep only a few\\ncows, but they seldom manufacture cheese. There are a few dairies in\\nthe valley, where both butter and cheese are made, and in Fresno is a\\ncheese factory conducted on the co-operative plan. Butter is made\\nalmost exclusively in winter, when the price is highest, and as the warm\\nseason advances large dairies use the milk for cheese.\\nIt is reckoned in Fresno county that an acre of ground will support\\ntwo cows, and that each cow will bring in $40 to $50 a year from milk\\nsold to the factory, making an annual gross income of $80 to $100 per\\nacre. Others have estimated that 200 lbs. of butter may be made an-\\nnually from the milk of one cow, which, at the usual price of 20 cents\\nper pound, amounts to $40 and that an acre of ground will keep three\\ncows, making the amount per acre the sum of about $120. Many small\\npieces of land may be selected that will keep four cows to the acre, but\\nit is a much greater duty than should be expected from average land.\\nThere are several small dairies in each of the counties of the South-\\nern San Joaquin Valley, but the larger ones are in Kern county. The\\nlargest in the valley is near Bakersfield, where about 300 cows are\\nmilked, and butter and cheese are made at all seasons of the year\\nfresh milk is also sold in the neighboring town. The average quantity\\nof butter made during a season from the milk of each cow is from\\n180 to 250 lbs. but the cows are not all of a good class, some of them\\nbeing only slightly improved from the wild cattle that formerly grazed\\nunherded on the plain. A fair average price is obtainable for cheese\\nthe year round. In a cool and well- ventilated room, with double\\nbrick walls, having a vacuum between, cheese, with proper care, can be\\nkept cool during the warmest summer weather. At the dairy mention-\\ned the cows are pastured on green feed nine months of the year, and\\nin the winter are fed beets, pumpkins, etc. in addition.\\nFor the use of dairy cattle, different kinds of fodder and forage grass-\\nes are grown. Australian rye-grass does well, and cattle are fond of it.\\nArabian millet grows, and if confined to it, cattle thrive but if they\\nhave access to other feed do not prefer it, except when the shoots are\\nyoung and tender. Different varieties of clover are grown. Timothy\\ndoes well in moist lands. Bermuda grass makes a rapid growth. Chi-", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "48 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nnese sugar-cane, large Chinese millet, Minnesota early amber-cane, sor-\\nghum, imphee, Egyptian corn, or doura broom corn, etc., are grown\\nfor fodder. There is also another valuable plant for feed, although\\nlittle known the Angola Panic which grows well and is relished by\\nstock, but should be planted on ground intended for a permanent pas-\\nture, as it is extremely difficult to eradicate after once gaining a foot-\\nhold. Arabian millet, or Johnson grass, should also be sown with\\nthe same precaution.\\nThe Apiary.\\nIt can be said without fear of contradiction that no country is better\\nsuited to the apiarist than Southern California. The total honey pro-\\nduct of the State is estimated at 5,000,000 lbs. per annum, a great\\nportion of which is exported. In a climate where flowers are in bloom\\nat every season, and where the winters are mild, bees are storing\\nhoney nearly the year round. Bee culture is engaged in on\\nan extensive scale. The bloom of the alfalfa affords excellent bee\\npasturage; and the orchards, the cultivated gardens, and the wild\\nflowers on the thousands of acres of untouched plain, hill and moun-\\ntain land, make the expense of bee farming trifling, and the income\\nlars;e.\\nThe Foothill Region.\\nThe foothill region contiguous to the great valley, which has been\\nfrequently referred to, deserves more extended notice. This belt\\nis of varying width, extending along the Sierra Nevada moun-\\ntains. In the mild climate of the Southern San Joaquin plain,\\nthis belt of country is most valuable for the growth of citrus and other\\nsemi-tropical fruits. It is also particularly adapted to early fruits\\nof all kinds. It has already been stated that fruit ripens much\\nsooner in the orchards of the Fresno and Tulare county foothills than\\non the plains. The same is true of Kern county. Experience demon-\\nstrates that in the valley at the mouth of Kern River canon, twelve\\nmiles from the Southern Pacific Railroad at Sumner, frosts begin one\\nmonth later than in the valley, and cease a month earlier in the spring\\nand during the coldest period are less severe than on the plain.\\nPeaches in the foothills have ripened a month earlier than on Kern\\nIsland; all kinds of stone fruits mature early, while other kinds that\\ndo not bear well or regularly in the valley grow to perfection here.\\nAn isothermal line drawn through the axis of this belt would traverse\\nthe lower and more easily cultivated portion of the foothills, and\\nextend further upward and inland at the southern end of the valley,\\nuntil the abrupt mountain wall where Kern River canon bisects", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE .SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 4!)\\nthe range is reached, where it would approach nearer to the valley\\nthan further north, owing to the topography of the mountains and not\\nto other conditions influencing climate. Above the thermal belt,\\nextending through the region of black oak to and into the pine and\\nredwood forests, is an extensive area adapted to the production of a\\ngreat variety of crops, and particularly to those fruits that require a\\ncooler climate than that of the lower foothills and plain. The soil is\\nrich, but the greater part of the hill land is covered with a dense growth\\noi chemise, manzanita, chaparral and other brush, which must be\\ncleared before the land can be cultivated. Small clearings have\\nalready been made, and the result has been to encourage others to\\nenter or purchase land and do likewise. At no distant day this will\\nbe an important section of the agricultural and fruit-growing portion of\\nthe three counties named. It is a healthy region. The rainfall is greater\\nthan in the valley, and by conducting water from the mountain streams,\\nby the system of piping employed in other parts of the State, a\\nsufficient supply of water can be obtained to irrigate all the best cul-\\ntivable land and by the conservation of water into reservoirs during\\nthe wet season, the small streams could be depended upon to furnish\\nsufficient water for a large aggregate area not readily reached by the\\nmain streams. Above an altitude of 1,200 feet above the sea in\\nFresno, 1,500 feet in Tulare, and 2,000 feet in Kern county, there is\\nsufficient rainfall to make irrigation unnecessary.\\nIn the region midway between the plain and the mountain proper,\\nthe hills are generally precipitous, and although small valleys are num-\\nerous, there are few of any considerable area. In Tulare County,\\nthe largest is that through which flows Yokohl creek, a long, winding,\\nlevel, fertile valley, well adapted to fruit growing, but at present\\ndevoted mainly to grazing sheep.\\nRailroads.\\nThe Pacific system of the Southern Pacific Company, with tne ini-\\ntial point at San Francisco, has one branch which passes southward\\nthrough the middle of the Southern San Joaquin Valley, connecting\\nwith the Atlantic system of the same company, and the Atlantic and\\nPacific, and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad.\\nThere are also two other important branches of the Pacific system\\nof the Southern Pacific Company, one being the road generally known\\nas the Central Pacific, which connects with the Union Pacific and the\\nDenver and Rio Grande Railroads at Ogden. The other is commonly\\nknown as the California Northern, which extends northward from San\\nFrancisco, through the Sacramento Valley, and when completed will\\nconnect with the Northern Pacific Railroad.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "50 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nThese roads, with their branches and connections, connect with\\n;he branch which passes through the San Joaquin Valley, and give\\nFresno, Tulare, and Kern counties ample railroad communication and\\nfacilities for transportation into the territories, old Mexico, and the\\nWestern, Southern, and Eastern States.\\nIn Tulare County, from Goshen, the Goshen division of the South-\\n5rn Pacific Company passes westward to the foothills of the Coast\\nrange, and from the same place the Visalia Railroad leads to Visalia,\\neastward eight miles.\\nThe Atlantic and Pacific Railroad connects with the Southern\\nPacific at Mohave, in the south part of Kern County.\\nMinerals.\\nAlthough not generally included among the mining counties of CaL\\nifornia, Kern, Tulare and Fresno have for some years employed many\\npersons in their mines. At one time the working of placer diggings\\nwas carried on to a considerable extent in Fresno and Kern counties,\\nbut there being no large deposits of auriferous gravel, they have for the\\nmost part been worked out, and at present, mining for gold is restricted\\nalmost entirely, to the working of quartz leads. There are several\\ntowns and settlements in the mining regions of Kern county, in the\\nheart of the Sierra range, and valuable mines are now worked in\\nFresno. There is also more or less prospecting and working of quartz\\nledges on a small scale in each of the three counties.\\nAmong other deposits found in the Sierra Nevada mountains, are\\nsilver, copper, lead, antimony, iron, plumbago, talc, limestone, soap-\\nstone and gypsum also slate, granite, marble and other stone for build-\\ning purposes. Most of the minerals are found above an altitude of 2,000\\nor 2,500 feet, and some of the mines are located among the rugged\\nDanons of the higher ridges. In the Coast Range mountains, are found\\npetroleum, coal, cinnabar, and marble; traces of gold have been discov-\\nered in a few localities. Petroleum is found, and an excellent quality\\nof kerosene is produced further south in the same range. At present\\nthis interest is not being developed in that section adjacent to the\\nSouthern San Joaquin Valley. The coal found is generally a very\\ninferior grade of bituminous, but a seam is now being worked in\\nFresno county near Huron station, the western terminus of the\\nMussel Slough branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad, which is of\\na superior quality. The quicksilver mine of New Idria is also in Fres-\\nno county. This is a valuable property, and is one of the largest con-\\ntributors to California s annual production of quicksilver. In the Te-\\nhachapi mountains, at the extreme southern end of the valley, a good\\nquality of marble is quarried for the San Francisco market.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 51\\nThere are also many mineral and thermal springs in the Sierra\\nNevada and Coast Mountains, many of which possess excellent\\nmedicinal qualities. A number of soda springs exist on the different\\nforks of Tule River and elsewhere in the Sierra Range, but a greater\\nvariety of mineral springs is found in the Coast Range. In the latter\\nare several hot sulphur springs. In both ranges, especially in the\\nsouthern portions, are springs inpregnated with sulphur, iron, soda,\\nsalts, potash, arsenic and other minerals, and one spring of almost\\npure salt water has been discovered in the Coast Range.\\nTimber.\\nA considerable portion of the valley has no timber of any kind. South\\nfrom Kings River, the course of which is through portions of Fresno and\\nTulare Counties, there is a large body of oak timber. Still further south\\nis a treeless plain several miles wide, and then succeeds the most heavily\\ntimbered portion of the valley proper. An extensive forest of white\\noaks reaches from near the foothills almost to the old shore line of Tu-\\nlare Lake, the width from north to south varying from a narrow belt\\nto ten or fifteen miles. Although of irregular form and interspersed\\nwith openings and sparsely timbered tracts, the aggregate area of this\\noak forest is about 200 square miles, or 128,000 acres. It is situated\\nin the central part of the valley section of Tulare County. Many of\\nthese oaks are monsters one tree standing in the public road near\\nthe village of Farmersville measures about eleven feet in diameter.\\nAbout Tule River there is a section of well timbered country but\\nsouth of that stream, with the exception of a few oak trees in the\\nvalley, there is no timber of any kind except where the courses of Deer\\nCreek, White River, Poso Creek and Kern River are marked by the\\nnarrow lines of trees and bushes along the banks. Besides oak\\nthere are sycamore, cotton wood, ash, and different varieties of willow,\\nand along Kern River a considerable growth of alder.\\nIn the Coast Range there is scattering timber, consisting of a species\\nof scrub oak, juniper, and other smaller trees suitable for fuel and\\nrough fencing. On the higher ridges of the San Emidio Mountains\\nare pine and fir.\\nThe principal timber forests, and in fact the only large ones, are in\\nthe Sierra Nevada Mountains. The lower hills of these mountains\\ncontain a scattering growth of white and live oaks, with other trees\\nalong the streams. At an altitude of about 2,500 to 3,000 feet, black\\noak and nut pine are found, and extend to an elevation of 4,000 feet or\\nmore. Above this line grow the yellow, white, sugar, and other vari-\\neties of pine, fir, cedar, and the famous large redwoods. The largest", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "52 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nof this species yet discovered, and claimed to be the largest tree in the\\nworld, is in Tulare County, and measures forty-six feet in diameter.\\nNone of these trees are found south of Tulare County. Above the\\npine belt, which extends to an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 feet, tamar-\\nack is encountered, and still higher, above these trees, a small variety\\nof pine grows among the granite crags. In Fresno County the heavi-\\nest forest is from ene to five miles wide and twenty miles long. A\\nrich Flume and Trading Company has its mills in this county, and\\ntransports lumber from the mountains to the town of Madera on the\\nSouthern Pacific Railroad in a Y flume. In Tulare County there is\\nmuch fine timber. In several of the larger bodies sawmills have been\\nin operation many years. One large forest was recently entered by a\\nnewly constructed wagon road, and there is another on a branch of Ka-\\nweah River, covering 100 square miles, that is yet untouched, being ex-\\nceedingly difficult of access. There is excellent timber for building\\npurposes in the mountains as far south as Greenhorn Mountain in Kern\\nCounty. The timber belt of the Sierra extends in an unbroken body\\nfrom this point in Kern County to the northern limit of the range, but\\nthe forests here spoken of are bodies of timber of much denser\\ngrowth than the average. The supply of fuel and lumber in these\\nmountains is extensive and accessible.\\nGovernment Lands.\\nThere are in the valley portion of Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties\\nincluding that lying adjacent to the foothills still open to settle-\\nment, an aggregate area of about 250,000 acres. Much of this is\\ndesirable for farming purposes. There are several thousand acres of\\nGovernment land, of excellent quality, favorably situated within the\\nlimit of the famous artesian belt, or where it can be irrigated by othei\\nmeans. The major part of this vacant land is now used for grazing.\\nIrrigation will some day supply the necessary amount of water to the\\ndry plain lands, and enable the farmer to cultivate them profitably.\\nThere are large areas of Government land in the foothills of both\\nranges of mountains. Hundreds of good homes can be made here.\\nConsiderable of this land is valuable for wood, and is particularly\\nvaluable for general farming, fruit growing, and stock raising.\\nGovernment land may be obtained under the homestead, preemp-\\ntion, timber culture, desert land, and timber laws.\\nHomestead Law.\\nThe word homestead, as now applied in the United States, signifies a\\ntract of land given away by the Government as a free gift forever, on", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 53\\nthe single condition that the person accepting the gift shall live upon\\nthe land and cultivate it, and make it his home for rive years. Any\\ncitizen of the United States, who is the head of a family, or an unmar-\\nried person over the age of twenty-one years, is entitled to a homestead\\nof 160 acres. Persons of foreign birth may avail themselves of the\\nbenefit of this law by declaring their intention to become citizens and\\nthis they can do immediately after their arrival in this country.\\nA person wishing to enter a homestead must go to the United States\\nLand Office of the district, or to the clerk of the county, in which the\\nland he wants is located, and file his application and affidavit, in accord-\\nance with legal forms which will be furnished him by the Land Office.\\nThe Land Office fees are from \u00c2\u00a316 to \u00c2\u00a322, which must b e paid at the\\ntime of filing the application. Within six months after filing an\\napplication at the Land Office the settler must commence living upon\\nand improving the land, and thereafter for five years must make this\\ntract his actual home. A soldier who served not less than ninety days\\nin the army during the late rebellion is required to live on the land five\\nyears, less the time he served in the army. At the expiration of five\\nyears, or within two years thereafter, on making proof at the Land\\nOffice by two competent witnesses that he has complied with all the\\nrequirements of the law, and paying an additional fee of from $6 tc\\n\u00c2\u00a312, he will receive from the Government a complete and absolute title\\nto the land.\\nIf at any time after six months residence the homestead settlei\\nshould desire to get a full title to his land, he can do so by makins\\nproof of settlement and cultivation up to date, and paying the Govern-\\nment price of \u00c2\u00a31.25 or \u00c2\u00a32.50 per acre for the land, according to loca-\\ntion that is, within or without the boundary lines of railroad grants.\\nHomesteads, until the issuing of the patents, are free, from taxation,\\nand cannot be taken away or sold for debt, but are absolutely secured\\nto the settler up to the time the requirements of the Homestead Law\\nhave been fulfilled.\\nPre-emption Law.\\nAny person qualified to take a homestead is also entitled to 160 acres\\nunder the preemption law but not at the same time). Within ninety\\ndays after settlement on the land, he must file his application in the\\nDistrict Land Office where the land is located, which will cost \u00c2\u00a33. But\\nhe must commence settlement before making his application. At any\\ntime after six months residence, and up to thirty months after filing his\\napplication, the settler may pay for the land at the rate of \u00c2\u00a31.25 or\\n\u00c2\u00a32.50 an acre, according to location, and receive his patent from the\\nUnited States.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "54 the southern san joaquin valley california.\\nTimber Culture Law.\\nUnder the timber culture act an applicant is entitled to 160 acres on\\nany section naturally devoid of timber the whole section must be\\ndevoid of timber. On one section, only one timber claim can be taken.\\nIt requires eight years to acquire a title. Actual residence is not\\nrequired. The first year five acres must be broken. Second year, must\\ncultivate this five and break five more. Third year, must plant the\\nfirst five acres in trees, and cultivate the second five acres. Fourth\\nyear, plant the second five acres in trees, which make the ten acres.\\nOn the day of the final proof, 675 trees must be living and in a thrifty\\ncondition on each acre. The cost of filing an application is $14, and at\\nthe date of final proof $4 additional must be paid.\\nTimber Law.\\nAny person qualified to take a homestead may also purchase 160 acres\\nof land, valued chiefly for its timber, and unfit for cultivation, for\\n$2.50 an acre. Sixty days notice must be given by the applicant, at\\nhis expense, in a newspaper published nearest the land desired to be\\npurchased. After the expiration of sixty days, if there is no adverse\\nclaim, the applicant must pay for the land and receive his title thereto.\\nDesert Land Law.\\nAny person qualified to take a homestead may also acquire title\\nto 640 acres of land which will not produce crops without irrigation, by\\npaying $1.25 an acre. A cash payment of twenty- five cents an acre\\nis required at the time of filing application at the Land Office. Within\\nthree years, water for irrigation must be supplied to the whole tract.\\nOn making proof that the requirements have been complied with, and\\npaying the additional $1.00 an acre, the Government will issue, a\\npatent for the land.\\nRailroad Lands.\\nTo encourage the building of a railroad through Southern California,\\nthe United States Government .granted the Southern Pacific Railroad\\nCompany the odd numbered sections, i. e., each alternate section, for\\na distance of twenty miles on each side of the road. That Company\\nhas yet, unsold, between Fresno and Tejon Pass, 1,500,000 acres of\\nland good and bad hill and valley. The valley land comprises about\\n600,000 acres.\\nThe prices range in the valley from $2.50 to $16 an acre. The\\naverage price is less than $4 an acre. Much of the land in the foot-\\nhills of the Sierra and in the Tehachapi mountains is suitable for graz-\\ning, and some of it for general farming. The poorest of this land is\\ntraded as low as 25 cents an acre.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 56\\nFor tracts of less than eighty acres of railroad land, cash must\\ngenerally be paid at time of purchase\u00e2\u0080\u0094 exceptions are sometimes made\\nto this rule. Eighty acres or larger tracts may be bought, by paying\\ntwenty per cent, at the time of purchase, and the remainder at any\\ntime before five years, with interest on same at seven per cent, per\\nannum payable in advance. Special terms are secured in some\\ninstances. Land may also be leased. When rented for pasture, the\\ncompany reserves the right to sell the same at any time. The com-\\npany issues land-seekers tickets to those in search of land. The land\\nseeker purchases and pays for his ticket, on starting out to hunt land,\\nand if he buys land of the company, the amount paid for his ticket is\\ndeducted from the first payment of the purchase money.\\nOther Lands.\\nBesides the Government and Railroad lands there are numerous\\nlarge and small tracts, belonging to private individuals and companies,\\nsuitable for any branch of agriculture. This land is to be had unim-\\nproved or improved, in any of the three counties of Fresno, Tulare\\nand Kern. In Fresno, land is obtainable in the colonies in small\\ntracts with water rights. These small tracts are devoted mainly to the\\ngrowing of fruit, although well adapted to general farming. In Tulare,\\nthe only colonies are near the town of Traver, where land may be\\nbought or leased, and a permanent water right secured. Larger\\ntracts are obtainable in the same vicinity. There are no colony settle-\\nments in Kern County. In all these counties are real estate agents,\\nprepared to sell or lease land in any part of the valley.\\nIn Fresno, land is held by private individuals at $7 to $150 per acre;\\nin Tulare, from $5 to $100 per acre; in Kern, from $3 to $50 per acre.\\nThe cheapest lands are unimproved, but well suited to agricultural pur-\\nposes. The highest priced is partially improved. Lands on which full\\nbearing orchards or vineyards are growing are to be had, but at higher\\nprices than those named. A considerable part of the desirable farming\\nand fruit land in Fresno and Tulare counties is held at $7.50 to $50\\nper acre, unimproved. There is also a vast amount of cheap land in\\nKern County.\\nOne company controls the distribution of the greater part of the water\\nof Kern river, and is perfecting a system for supplying it to all parts of\\nthe plain tributary to that river.\\nLarge holders throughout the valley are subdividing their lands into\\nsmall tracts, for sale to settlers.\\nThe swamp and overflowed lands which belong to the State .-.re\\nnearly all bought up. Where still untaken they may be purchased\\nfor $1 per acre.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "56 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA\\nEffects of Irrigation.\\nFirst may be noted the increase in the value of land consequent up-\\non the supply of water. Land in the Southern San Joaquin Valley\\nremote from water supplies has in very few instances advanced materi-\\nally above government price whereas that lying contiguous to, or\\nsupplied with water, has advanced several hundred per cent, in value,\\nhaving been converted from grazing to productive agricultural and fruit\\nland.\\nThe effect of irrigation upon land, as regards its productiveness, is\\nevidenced in many ways. Porous, sandy land irrigated from the\\nmountain streams retains the- sediment deposited by the water, and be-\\ncomes permanently enriched thereby. Such land, which does not\\nbake, may be irrigated by flooding with good results but when water\\nis allowed to flow over it, it is liable to wash away more nutritive mat-\\nter than is deposited. In heavier land, if properly cultivated after be-\\ning judiciously irrigated, the coarser and harder particles become\\ndissolved, and are left in better condition for assimilation by the plant or\\ntree roots. The purer the water used, the smaller is the quantity of\\nmaterial restored to the land. For this reason it should be used with\\nas little current as possible, else it will leave the soil less fertile than\\nwhen it reaches it.\\nWater should always be used cautiously, for too much is as harmful\\nas too little. There is less danger to health in applying water when\\nthe weather is -cool than in summer. Natural creeks, or sloughs, or\\nother depressions, should not be utilized for carrying water to the\\nland to be irrigated for, it being necessary to construct dams to raise\\nthe water above the banks, to permit of its being taken out into ditch-\\nes on higher ground, a large body of water would be formed and such,\\nwhere shallow, are liable to become breeding spots for malaria in the\\nhot summer months. Canals are generally constructed on the highest\\nland, where the natural slope of the plain keeps the water in mo-\\ntion. It can then be taken through lateral ditches to the land that is\\nto be supplied, and then allowed to drain into the natural depres-\\nsions, and through them find a way to the streams communicating\\nwith the lake. This keeps the valley always healthy. This system is\\nadopted in what is known as the 76 country, in Fresno and Tulare\\ncounties. Water supplied to low lands to such a degree as to make\\nthem swampy, will have a tendency to induce malarial fevers. One\\nother effect of irrigating land for a number of years is to cause the\\nsubstrata to become saturated with moisture, thereby raising the water\\nin wells which furnish the supply for household purposes. Where\\nwells are shallow, it is questionable if drinking the water is not injuri-", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 57\\ncms. Good drinking water may be obtained by boring below the first\\nor second impervious strata, and inserting iron easing to keep out the\\nsurface water. This is done where irrigation is commonly practiced.\\nWhere the land does not slope sufficiently to prevent the water from\\nstanding in shallow pools and sluggish streams during the long, warm\\nsummer, there is considerable sickness. By a proper system of drain-\\nage, and the use of pure water only for household purposes, which is\\nreadily obtainable, all parts of the Southern San Joaquin Valley are as\\nhealthful as other portions of the State.\\nColony Settlements.\\nIn Fresno county only, has the colony plan of settlement been car-\\nried to an) T great extent. At present there are two colonies in Tulare\\ncounty, and one or two large tracts of land are for sale in lots of tew\\nto forty acres. Twenty acres are sufficient for fruit growing, and forty\\nacres is the largest tract that one man or family should attempt to cul-\\ntivate, for it pays better to give careful attention to twenty or forty\\nacres than to imperfectly work more. The first colony started in\\nFresno county was the Central, near the town of Fresno, on the west\\nside of the railroad. The land on which it was located was a treeless,\\nuninviting plain, and except in the wet season, verdureless. Now the\\nelm. fig, cherry, and other trees give names to the avenues along\\nwhich they are planted, and the tract presents a succession of flourish-\\ning orchards and vineyards, with scores of beautiful and comfortable\\nhomes surrounded by shrubbery, green lawns and flowers.\\nOther colonies have since been started, and are in a more or less\\nadvanced state. The principal ones are the Washington, Nevada,\\nFresno, Scandinavian, Easterby and American, which follow in the\\norder named. There are others younger. Land is still to be had\\nwith permanent water rights, the price depending on the conditions.\\nTowns.\\nThere are a number of towns in the Southern San Joaquin Valley,\\nbut no large ones, although a number of them are growing rapidly.\\nFresno, the county seat of Fresno county, is situated on the Southern\\nPacific railroad, and is an important shipping point, being the center\\nof an extensive fruit growing and farming region. The population is\\nabout 5,000, and is rapidly increasing. Other towns of Fresno county\\nare Madera, Selma, Fowler, Malaga and Kingsburg on the railroad,\\nCenterville and Wahtoke near the foothills of the Sierra, and Kingston\\nand Wildflower west of the railroad.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "58 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nVisalia, the county seat of Tulare, has a population of about 3,000,\\nand is connected with the Southern Pacific at the little station of Go-\\nshen by a branch railroad, ten miles in length. At Visalia are the\\nUnited States Land office of that district, the office of the Deputy Col-\\nlector of Internal Revenue, and the Land Agent of the Railroad Com-\\npany. Tulare City, on the line of the railroad, ten miles south of Vi-\\nsalia, is the terminus of the Tulare division, and here are situated the\\nmachine shops, round-house, etc., of the Railroad Company, in which\\na large force of workmen are employed. The population is about\\n1,500. Other towns of Tulare county are Hanford, Lemoore, and the\\nstation of Huron in the western part of the county, on the Mussel\\nSlough branch of the Southern Pacific, which also connects with the\\nmain line at Goshen. Other railroad towns are Traver in the north-\\nern part of the county, and Tipton in the southern. The other towns\\nare Porterville and Piano near the Sierra foothills, White River in the\\nmountains, Farmersville near Visalia, and Grangeville in the western\\npart of the county.\\nBakersfield is the county seat of Kern County, and has a population\\nof 1,500. It is one and a half miles from Sumner, on the railroad. At\\nthe latter place, situated near the foot of the grade leading through\\nTehachapi Pass, are repair shops, roundhouse, etc. The other towns\\nof Kern county are Glennville, Kernville, Havilah, Caliente and Mo-\\njave in the mountains, the last-named on the Southern Pacific, and\\nDelano, a railroad town in the valley. In addition to those mention-\\ned, there are a number of villages and small railroad stations in each\\nof the three ^counties.\\nSchools.\\nIn public schools California is liberal, and they are the pride of the\\nState. Except in sparsely settled districts, the schools are in session\\neight or ten months in each year. The entire revenue of the State\\nSchool Fund and that derived from the School Tax direct, must be ap-\\nplied exclusively to the support of the public primary and grammar\\nschools. A certain amount is allowed each district annually, for the\\npurchase of apparatus-, and books for a library, and can be devoted to\\nno other purpose. The system of education is excellent, and the\\ntext-books are of the best. The salaries of teachers range from $40 to\\n$125 per month, and each is required to have a certificate, to secure\\nwhich a rigid examination must be undergone. Each county has a\\nSuperintendent of Schools and a Board of Education, consisting of the\\nSuperintendent and four other members. The counties are subdivid-\\ned into as many school districts as meet the requirements of the popu-\\nlation, the officers for which are a Board of three Trustees, one of", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 59\\nwhom is elected annually to serve for a term orthree years. There is\\nalso a State Superintendent of Public Instruction and a State Board\\nof Education.\\nBesides the primary and grammar Schools, there is a State Normal\\nSchool at San Jose, a branch Normal at Los Angeles, and a well-en-\\ndowed State University at Berkeley, on the eastern side of San Fran-\\ncisco Bay. Several of the towns of the Southern San Joaquin Valley\\nhave excellent schoolhouses, and several districts are enlarging those\\nnow in use, or building new ones, the increase of population requir-\\ning better accomodations.\\nGrowth of the Country.\\nThe population of the three counties of Fresno, Tulare, and Kern\\ndoes not aggregate more than 45,000, while the area of valley land\\nsuitable for cultivation is 7,334 square miles. The State of New Jer-\\nsey, with an almost equal area 7, 815- square- miles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 has a population of\\n1,131,000 and Massachusetts with an area of 8,315 square miles, about\\nequal to that of the Southern San Joaquin Valley and the most desir-\\nable portion of the adjacent foothill land, has a population of 1,783,-\\n000. The valley portion of these three counties, with an agricultural pop-\\nulation of five persons to every forty acres, would support 586,720-souls,\\nmaking no allowance for those living in cities and towns. Add to this\\nthe great area of hill and mountain land which would support a large\\npopulation, it will be readily seen that there is still room for growth.\\nAny person taking up a residence in this portion of California, may\\ndo so with the assurance that every dollar invested in real estate\\nis a profitable investment, and that, as a farming country, no section\\nof the Pacific Coast presents more promising prospects.\\nMaking Homes,\\nThe poeple *who have come to the San Joaquin Valley in search of\\nhomes, represent every profession, trade and calling, and the causes\\ninducing them to settle here have been as varied. Some have come in\\nsearch of health, some to escape the rigorous winters of a colder clime,\\nand others desiring to engage in some of the various departments of agri-\\nculture or fruit-growing, to which this region is adapted, knowing with\\nwhat ease it is possible to make homes where so many advantages are\\nenjoyed. But, although Nature has done much for this favored section\\nof California, it is necessary for the settler to do his share. Work,\\nand hard work, is required to make a good home. One who is not\\nafraid to exert himself will succeed for the fertility of soil, mildness", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "60 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\nand equableness of climate, and many other advantages, will assist\\nthose who help themselves, but will be of little advantage to tm.se who\\nwill not properly avail themselves of the opportunities presented.\\nTo purchase a colony lot, cultivate it the first year, build a comfort-\\nable dwelling, plant an orchard or vineyard, and make other improve-\\nments, about $3,000 is required. To a person who has this sum to in-\\nvest, the venture will prove a paying one for with such a start the\\nfirst season, his place can soon be made to bring in a handsome in-\\ncome. On land that is not surrounded by thoroughly tilled tracts, like\\nthose in the older colonies, which may be paid for in installments, $800\\nor $1,000 is sufficient to make a good start. But by far the larger por-\\ntion of immigrants have had less money on arriving here. Such usu-\\nally secure Government land under the pre eruption or homestead\\nlaws, or purchase railroad, or other unimproved land, belonging to\\ncompanies or individuals, paying for same in installments with in-\\nterest. When settlers of this class are not employed in improving\\ntheir own land, they often seek work from others, and are thus able\\nto secure a good living until their own farms will support them. Many\\nhave arrived here almost without funds, and depended entirely up-\\non their earnings for support, and for securing the money to provide\\nthemselves with homes and numbers of the most prosperous farmers,\\nstock-raisers and fruit-growers are those who came here poor. It\\nis unwise to advise any one to immigrate to a new land with an empty\\npocket. Some will succeed, while others will not. But for people with\\nmoderate means, no portion of California is better than the Southern\\nSan Joaquin Valley. The extension of the stock and fruit interests\\nand no healthy growth could be more rapid than these\u00e2\u0080\u0094 must en-\\nhance the value of all unoccupied land in the valley and foothills suit-\\nable for either.\\nWhen fields are being plowed and seeded, laborers get from $1 to\\n$1.50 and board per day. Employment may also be found for teams.\\nDuring the harvest season, wages are $2 to $2. 50 per day, with board.\\nAt other seasons the work is varied, and the wages are ilsuaily $20 to\\n$30 per month. Mechanics, of course, receive higher wages. Many\\nwho come as laborers have succeeded in a few years in getting a good\\nstart. In building a house in California, one has not to prepare for\\nsuch cold weather as prevails during the winter months in the same\\nlatitude farther east, and the expense is comparatively small. For\\nstock, the buildings are also cheap and, indeed, in many cases, stock\\nhas no shelter at all until prosperous times permit of the expen-\\nditure. Living is also cheap in California less clothing is required\\nand the-amount of fuel used less and there is little loss of time occa-\\nsioned by the inclemencies of the weather. When the East is snow-", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. CI\\nbound, the farmers of the San Joaquin Valley are in the fields with\\ntheir teams in January, and frequently much earlier, the country is\\nclothed in green, and ere the month of February is past, the wild\\nflowers begin to appear above the green, and soon the whole plain be-\\ncomes a sea of color. Wood for fuel is also abundant and cheap. In\\nplaces farthest removed from the source of supply, the price per cord\\nfor wood is sC. This is the highest price paid, and these figures are\\nonly reached in the towns situated on the open plain.\\nComparisons with the East.\\nWhere the differences in climate, physical surrroundings and capa-\\nbilities are so great, as those existing between California and corres-\\nponding latitudes in the Eastern States, one may be pardoned for call-\\ning attention to a few of these. It may be stated, first, that there are\\nno such thunder storms as those prevalent east of the Rocky\\nMountains. Except in the mountains of California, a whole year\\nsometimes passes without a single thunder shower, and then they are\\nas small side-shows compared with the heavy storms experienced in oth-\\ner portions of the United States. There have probably not been more\\nthan half a dozen cases since the first settlement of the State, where\\ndamage was sustained by lightning.\\nTornadoes and cyclones are unknown, even in the mountain ranges,\\nor in any part of the State. Blizzards are also strangers to California\\nWhile they are entertaining the people of the North and East, the Cal-\\nifornia farmer is at work in the fields the day long, while his children\\nmay be seen picking wild flowers, or those cultivated in the gardens.\\nNor is the Calif ornian troubled with hot, sultry nights in summer the\\ntime between dusk and sunrise is invariably cool and pleasant. In the\\nhottest days of summer the heat is less oppressive than in a more hu-\\nmid atmosphere having a temperature several degrees lower. Owing\\nto the excessive dryness of the air, perspiration evaporates rapidly, and\\nthus keeps one cooler than in a moist atmosphere at the same tempera-\\nture.\\nA matter of importance to farmers is the absence of heavy rains in\\nthe spring, and of showers in the summer, thus allowing the grain af-\\nter ripening to stand in the field for weeks and months unharvested.\\nAfter harvest, grain may be piled in sacks in the field or along the rail-\\nroads awaiting shipment, without fear of injury by rain. This allows\\nthe farmer more time in which to have his harvesting done, and to see\\nto other matters that may require attention. The only season in\\nmany years when rains continued till late, was that of 1884, a rain\\nlasting a whole day occurring as late as the middle of June. One or", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "52 THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.\\ntwo light showers followed later. But tho season, although late, was\\nan unusually prolific one. The Southern San Joaquin Valley has an\\naverage of 220 cloudless days in the year, and its climate is said by\\nthose who are familiar with both, to be superior to that of Southern\\nEurope.\\nBut California is not without its drawbacks. Occasionally the\\nsouthern part of the State is made to feel the evil effects of a dry\\nyear. But where water is obtainable for irrigation, the effect may in\\na great measure be counteracted, as has already been explained. Sec-\\ntions not suppplied with water must suffer. Occasionally, also, a cold,\\ndry north wind occurs for a few days in the spring, absorbing the\\nmoisture from the soil and injuring the cereal crops. If it comes\\nwhen the grain is in the dough, and not well filled, and the ground\\nis not sufhciently moist, and continues for a period of several days, it\\nwill shrink the grain so much as to greatly impair the quality and\\nmaterially lessen the yield. If it comes sooner or later, when the\\ngrain is in the milk, or when the kernel is formed and hardening, a\\nshower will repair the damage. If this wind comes when the grain is\\nwell hardened, the injury is slight. Fortunately, serious results are\\nnot frequent.\\nIn the latter part of the dry season, portions of the valley, particu-\\nlarly the west side, are liable to be visited by sand storms. A cloud\\nis first noticed in the northwest, readily recognized by the initiated,\\nand soon after the air becomes filled with particles of fine dust. These\\nstorms are of short duration, and those occurring late in the season, if\\naccompanied by a strong wind, are generally followed by light showers.\\nOf rarer occurrence are sand storms coming from the south, proba.\\nbly not oftener than once in two or three years. The sand cloud is\\nheavier, the particles finer, and of a yellowish tinge, but like the oth-\\ners, they are not of long duration. Irrigation and cultivation of the\\nland will conduce to the prevention of these storms. They were more\\ncommon when the dry plains were overrun with cattle and sheep,\\nwhich ate the vegetation and trampled the surface into a fine dust.\\nAnother natural phenomenon, and which is of rare occurrence, is a\\ncloud-burst. These have happened in a few instances in the moun-\\ntains and hills, where a cloud passing over the ridge meets with a cold\\ncurrent of air and is quickly condensed. In some instances they have\\nsuddenly washed great masses of debris into the gorges or valleys near\\nwhich they occurred, but only on one occasion has any loss of life been\\ncaused by these cloud-bursts in any part of the mountains contiguous\\nto the Southern San Joaquin Valley.\\nMany people who have not resided in California, will probably\\nthink this subject not exhausted without reference to earthquakes, for", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "MERCEI\\nNAMESorlRRlCA TED COLONIE S, fa\\nFresno- Central Caueo/tn/a.\\nWashington-West Park.- Union.\\nNew England -American.- BELFAST.\\nMalaga.- Kearneys-Walters.\\nSalinger- Scandinavian-Nevada.\\nChurch. -Easterby Malt*h\\nRichland-Sierra PaakVineyarl\\nWittram- Walter- The 76.\\nargp", "height": "4178", "width": "2231", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SAX JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. G3\\na heavy shock in San Francisco in 18C8, and another in Inyo County\\nlater, have given the State an unenviable and undeserved reputation.\\nEarthquakes seldom occur, and the shocks, when felt, are exceedingly\\nlight. In portions of the State no shocks have been felt since the set-\\ntlement by the whites. In the San Joaquin Valley people have lived\\ntwenty years without experiencing one, although a few have occurred\\nduring that time which were noticed elsewhere in the State. It can\\nhardly be classed among the natural phenomena common to the South-\\nern San Joaquin Valley.\\nConclusion\\nIt is impossible to tell everything. Many things have been treated\\nbriefly, and other important matters may have been omitted. But it\\nis necessary to draw the line somewhere. In this description the\\neffort has has been made to have the work comprehensive, and yet to\\nkeep within the bounds of truth in every instance glowing colors\\nhave been studiously avoided. All parts of the Southern San Joaquin\\nValley have been visited in person, and every effort has been made to\\nsecure the most accurate information on all subjects. An invitation is\\nextended to each person desiring to emigrate to California, who reads\\nthese pages, to visit the southern counties of the San Joaquin Valley\\nand satisfy himself as to the resources, the capabilities and the desir-\\nableness of this portion of the State for residence.\\nWith this briefly summarized review of the great interior plain of\\nCalifornia, the mountains and valleys, the developed and latent min-\\neral, timber, and agricultural resources, the peerless climate, the pros-\\nperous population and happy homes for many more of which there is\\nample room a cordial invitation is extended to all worthy people, who\\nare seeking homes on this Coast.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "NAMibu. i nmr.Ai en colonies\\nFftCSNO- C.CNTRAl CALIFORNIA.\\n-WcstPakk.- Union.\\nNiwEnCLANO -American BeiFAiT.\\nMaiaga.- Kcarney$ -Walters.\\nSuiNctH- Scandinavian Nevada\\nCMUNCU.-\u00c2\u00a3ASrCABr MALTtn.\\nRichiuho-Shuha vine\\nWirrAAM- Waltcr- The 76", "height": "2524", "width": "3369", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "California\\nGeography.\\nIt has been truly said that California has a peculiar topography.\\nNo other State comprises within so small a space such various, so\\nmany, and such strongly marked natural divisions, isolated volcanic\\npeaks, vast domes of granite, steep and rugged mountain ridges, fer-\\ntile and beautiful valleys, bare deserts, spacious bays, magnificent riv-\\ners, unparalleled waterfalls, picturesque lakes, extensive marshes, broad\\nprairies, and dense forests all these are hers. The State extends in\\na northwesterly and southeasterly course about 750 miles, with an av-\\nerage breadth north of Monterey of 200 miles, and south of that point\\nof 300 miles, and comprises within its limits an area of about 155,000\\nsquare miles, or 99,000,000 acres, and is the second largest State in the\\nUnion.\\nPopulation.\\nIt has a population of about 1,000,000, much scattered, yet the total\\nannual production of the mines, farms and manufactories amounts to\\nover $150,000,000. The people have nearly $150,000,000 in the sav-\\nings and other banks, and are generally enterprising and prosperous.\\nTopography.\\nThere are two great mountain ranges running northwest and south-\\neast, namely the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range. The former is\\nfrom 4,000 to 8,000 feet high, and the latter from 1,000 to 6,000 feet.\\nThe two ranges are connected in the southern part of the State at Te-\\nhachipi, and in the northern at Mt. Shasta. The Sierra Nevada ex-\\ntends along the eastern border of the State, and is about 450 miles\\nlong the Coast Range is along the coast to the north and south bound-\\naries of the State. The base of the Sierra Nevada Range north of\\nFresno has an average width of about 80 miles. The Coast Range av-\\nerages about 65 miles in width.\\nBetween the two ranges are the great Sacramento and San Joaquin", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA. 66\\nvalleys, which together are about 450 miles long by 55 miles wide, and\\nmay be termed the heart of the State.\\nIn the northern part of the State, and north of the junction of the\\ntwo great mountain ranges, is the Klamath basin, through which runs\\nthe Klamath river in a southwesterly course, between steep hills and\\nmountains and rocky canyons, for a distance of about 225 miles to the\\nocean. The whole basin of the Klamath is very rugged for a distance\\nof forty miles from the coast, and along the main river there is very lit-\\ntle valley or bottom land. However, there are several small rich\\nvalleys, and near the lakes are large fertile tracts. Pine, cedar, and\\nfir forests cover the mountains, and there are other valuable trees both\\non the mountains and in the valleys.\\nIn the extreme southeastern portion of the State is the Colorado\\nDesert, which i3 about 140 miles long by 70 miles wide.\\nAnother great basin, called the Mojave basin, and north of the Col-\\norado Desert, extends into the southern part of the State, the surface\\nof which is cut up by many irregular ridges of mountains.\\nThe Coast Range is composed of a multitude of ridges, and is inter-\\nsected by numerous long, fertile and narrow valleys, comprising the\\nLos Angeles, Salinas, Santa Clara, Sonoma, Napa, and Russian river\\nvalleys.\\nThere are many rivers. In the central portion are the Sacramento\\nand San Joaquin, each about 350 miles long in their meanderings,\\nwhich are the only navigable streams in the State. There flow from\\nthe Sierra Range westward into the Sacramento, the Pitt, Feather,\\nYuba, American, Consumnes, and Mokelunme rivers. Into the San\\nJoaquin, the Calaveras, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced, Chowchilla and\\nFresno. Into Tulare lake, the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and White riv-\\ners and into Kern Lake, the Kern river. All of these are consider-\\nable streams, with an average length of about 120 miles. The upper\\nhalf of each is in the steep and rugged mountains, where they are tor-\\nrents. After reaching the plain their currents are gentle, and the\\nbanks low, fringed with oak, sycamore, cottonwood and willow.\\nThe rivers of the Coast Range flowing westward into the ocean,\\nsouth of San Francisco, are the San Lorenzo, Pajaro, Salinas, Carmel,\\nEl Sur and Cuyama, Santa Inez, Santa Maria, San Buenaventura,\\nSanta Clara, Los Angeles, San Gabriel, Santa Ana, Santa Margarita,\\nSan Luis Rey, and S.m Diego, many of which are constant streams\\nto within ten or fifteen miles of their mouths, and all of them passing\\nthrough rich valleys. North of San Francisco the main streams of the\\nCoast Range which empty into the oc ean are the Russian, Eel, Elk,\\nMad, Klamath and Smith rivers, besides many others of less impor-", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "66 CALIFORNIA.\\ntance, all of which are permanent streams, bordered with narrow valleys\\nat the foot of the mountains.\\nTo all the rivers of the State there are many tributaries.\\nThere are many important lakes the Tulare, Owens, Kern, Clear,\\nKlamath, Goose, Fall, Eagle, Honey, Elizabeth, Tahoe, Mono, and\\nDry lakes. There are also many smaller ones.\\nAlong the coast of 900 miles there are numerous good harbors, the\\nmost important of which are those of San Francisco, Humboldt, Wil-\\nmington, and San Diego. The former is one of the finest land-locked\\nharbors in the world, and the latter is not excelled by many.\\nClimate.\\nOne of the chief advantages of California is its admirable climate.\\nIt is much varied, differing greatly in different localities. In many\\ncounties 15 to 30 miles travel takes one from the region of oranges to\\nwhere only the hardy fruits thrive.\\nIn the valleys and foothills the winters are mild. In summer the\\nnights are cool, and cloudy days are few. Violent wind storms, thun-\\nder, lightning, hail, snow and ice are scarcely known.\\nOn the foothills of the Sierra, after a height of about 2,500 to 3,500\\nfeet is reached, also northward, in the Coast Range, the climate as we\\nascend approaches more that of the north Atlantic States.\\nAt San Francisco ice is rarely seen, and the thermometer never re-\\nmains at freezing point twenty-four hours. Snow has not been seen,\\nexcept a few flakes, with two exceptions for twenty-five years.\\nIn the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys the winters are about\\nfour degrees colder, and the mean temperature in the summer is from\\nsixteen to twenty degrees warmer than that at corresponding latitudes\\nof the coast. The weather at mid-day is very warm during the drj\\nseason. In the southern part of the State the winters are milder. A\\ntemperature of 100 degrees in the southern and interior portions of\\nCalifornia, owing to the dry atmosphere, is more endurable than 80\\ndegrees in the States east of the Rocky Mountains. Sunstroke is un-\\nknown.\\nThe following table gives the results of observations at various points\\non the Southern Pacific Railroad as compared with some of the world s\\nnoted climates", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA. 67\\nTemperature (degrees above zero).\\nJan. July Jan. July Dif. Lat.\\nPLACE. Hottest Hottest\\nand and Av. Av. Df.g. Deg.\\nColdest Coldest\\nAustin, Tex 36 84 48 30.36\\nBorden, Cal 81 17 114 60 42 89 47 36.00\\nCincinnati, 21 77 56 39.06\\nChicago, 111 10 63 53 41.00\\nCity of Mexico 52 63 11 19.26\\nCaliente, Cal 60 25 106 62 46 92 46 35.00\\nDelano, Cal 70 21 112 70 47 86 39 35.00\\nDijon, France 33 70 37 47.00\\nFresno, Cal 68 37 109 64 49 87 00 00.00\\nFort Yuma, Arizona 56 92 36 32.43\\nGenoa, Italy. 46 77 31 44.24\\nGilroy, Cal 67 16 102 54 41 78 37 37.00\\nGoshen, Cal 68 18 112 65 51 91 40 30.00\\nHonolulu, S. 1 71 78 7 21.16\\nHollister, Cal 65 25 102 52 48 73 25 36.10\\nJacksonville, Fla 58-80 22 30.50\\nLos Angeles, Cal 81 34 103 63 55 67 12 34.04\\nMonterey, Cal 66 30 88 54 52 58 6 36.36\\nMilan, Italy 33 74 41 45.00\\nNew York 31 77 46 40.37\\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 55 82 27 29.57\\nNaples, Italy 46 76 30 40.52\\nNice, France 47 75 28 43.00\\nPajaro, Cal 68 28 99 52 49 58 9 36.00\\nRichmond, Virginia 73 77 44 37.00\\nSan Francisco, Cal 61 28 94 53 48 58 10 36.36\\nSanta Barbara, Cal 70 31 101 58 56 66 10 36.36\\nSan Diego, Cal 83 35 103 64 57 65 8 32.41\\nSacramento, Cal 62 25 99 63 45 73 28 38.34\\nStockton, Cal 60 29 100 56 49 72 23 37.56\\nSan Mateo, Cal 60 25 98 52 46 59 13 37.00\\nSan Jose, Cal 66 24 103 54 46 69 23 37.00\\nSalinas, Cal 60 22 105 56 47 65 18 36.00\\nSoledad, Cal 64 18 108 52 43 70 27 36.00\\nSavannah, Georgia 39 82 43 32.00\\nSt. Augustine, Florida 59 77 18 30.05\\nSumner, Cal 63 22 112 60 40 85 00 00.00\\nVallejo, Cal 57 29 105 61 48 67 19 38.05", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "68 CALIFORNIA.\\nThe climate in the extreme northern and northeastern parts of the\\nState is cold in winter and warm in summer, and is similar to that of\\nthe eastern States.\\nThe temperature of the coast is generally mild and pleasant in sum-\\nmer, but north of Santa Barbara is subject to chilly northwest winds.\\nThe coast counties are subject to regular trade- winds and fogs, for a\\ndistance of from six to ten miles inland. The fog at times is thick and\\nwet, and is little less than a fine drizzly rain, beneficial to crops of\\nnearly all kinds. This usually disappears about ten o clock in the\\nmorning.\\nSeasons.\\nThe year is divided into two seasons, tue wet and the dry. The wet\\nseason generally begins about the middle of November, sometimes a\\nlittle earlier or later, and continues until April or May.\\nThere is occasionally a light shower in June or July. Between har-\\nvest and threshing time there is little danger of rain. Grain is often\\nleft lying in sacks upon the field for months, or until sold.\\nThe wet season is much the pleasanter time of the year. It is called\\nthe rainy season, not because the rain falls continuously, but because\\nit does not fall at any other time.\\nPlowing and seeding commence with the first heavy rains. Harvest-\\ning begins late in May and continues through June and July.\\nThe average rain- fall of the State is less than at Liverpool and Rome,\\nor of Chicago and St. Louis, and about the same as at Paris. In some\\nlocalities, however, in the northern part of the State, it is greater than\\nin any of the places named.\\nThe following table gives the average yearly rain-fall by localities.\\nCity or Town. County. Inches*\\nCrescent City Del Norte 34\\nHumboldt Bay Humboldt 32\\nSan Francisco. San Francisco .23\\nMonterey Monterey 15\\nSanta Barbara Santa Barbara. 14\\nLos Angeles Los Angeles 12\\nSan Diego San Diego 10\\nBakersfield Kern 5\\nGoshen Tulare 4\u00c2\u00a3\\nFresno Fresno 7\u00c2\u00a3\\nSacramento Sacramento. ..19\\nRedding Shasta 30\\nSan Jose Santa Clara 1 5", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA. 60\\nWhen it rains in the valleys the snow usually falls in the mountains.\\nIt is probable that as much snow falls on the mountains in the eastern\\nand northern portions of the State, as in any part of the United States.\\nFrom the north part of Sonoma, Napa and Solano counties northward,\\nlight snow falls every winter.\\nHealthfulness.\\nThe climate of California is generally considered conducive to health.\\nIn the low lands, where overflowed, there are at certain seasons some\\nmiasmatic diseases. But there are no diseases peculiar to California\\nalone.\\nPortions of the State have long been visited as health resorts,\\nparticularly in the winter season.\\nTimber.\\nCalifornia produces many varieties of valuable trees, which grow\\nboth on the mountains and in the valleys. The greatest portion of\\nthe Sierra Nevada mountains is covered with timber. The oak, man-\\nzanita, nut-pine, and other varieties grow to an elevation of about\\n2,500 feet above the sea, and dense forests of cone-bearing trees are\\nfound at an altitude of G,000 feet. The trees ranking first in size\\n(known as the Big Trees) attain a height of 300 to 400 feet, with a di-\\nameter of 35 feet, but are not common in California forests. The red-\\nwood is the second tree in size in the State, and the first in commer-\\ncial value. It is used for lumber, fencing, ties, and fuel, and for all\\nkinds of rough and fancy building. It grows on the coast from one to\\nthirty miles inland, and the forests extend from the north boundary of\\nthe State to the south boundary of Monterey county. The redwood\\ntree is never found outside this State. The white oak grows to a con-\\nsiderable size, but is of little value except for fuel. Laurel is one of the\\nmost beautiful trees of the coast, madrona the most striking. There\\nare other valuable and beautiful trees in the State, such as the juni-\\nper, yew, walnut, cypress, poplar, willow, live-oak, sycamore, buckeye,\\nCottonwood, etc. The eucalyptus tree, or Australian gum as it is some-\\ntimes called, when set out, grows in all the coast counties of the State\\nrapidly, and a grove of these in a few years becomes valuable for fuel.\\nWhite and sugar pine, fir and cedar grow in forests and to great height\\nand size, in both the Coast and Sierra Nevada Mountains. These\\nmake most valuable lumber.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "70 CALIFORNIA.\\nSoil.\\nThe soil is much varied. In some of the valleys it is a loose, rich\\nloam. In others it is an adobe, a light or heavy clayey soil, which pro-\\nduces excellent crops when once under cultivation. The soil on the\\nhills and mountains is rich and mellow, and is very easily worked.\\nThe prairies are not covered with sod, and the first plowing is near-\\nly as easy as the subsequent ones. The severe task of breaking prairie\\nis not known in this State. The soil of the timber lands is similar to\\nthat of the timber lands in the Western States.\\nProductions.\\nThe agricultural productions of California are more varied than those\\nof any other State in the Union. The soil produces, with equal facili-\\nty in the peculiar climates found here, the vines of continental Europe,\\nthe hardier cereals of North America, and the luxuriant fruits and\\nflowers of the semi-tropics.\\nCalifornia is noted the world over for the excellent quality and\\nsize of her fruits.\\nThe blooming flowers in winter are the admiration of visitors.\\nWheat, barley, oats, rye, buckwheat, Indian corn, broom corn, and\\nhops are extensively raised in nearly all parts of the State. California\\nis the third largest exporter of wheat of all the United States. The\\nCalifornia wheat is a fine, full berry, light colored, and being very\\ndry is particularly desirable for export. California barley is of excep-\\ntionally fine quality, and is highly prized by eastern brewers. Hops\\nalso do well in this State, and are an importan article of export.\\nFruit, honey, wool, and hides are exported in large quantities.\\nGarden produce of all kinds is easily raised everywhere. Peas,\\nbeans, onions, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, melons, tomatoes, beets,\\ncarrots, radishes, cabbages, celery, sweet potatoes, etc.\\nTobacco and cotton are grown in the southern part of the State, and\\nboth promise to become important productions.\\nThe apple, pear, quince, peach, plum, prune, cherry, apricot, necta-\\nrine, olive, and other fruits, and the English walnut, almond, chest-\\nnut, and peanut thrive exceedingly well.\\nThe orange, lemon, lime, fig, pomegranate, etc., grow luxuriantly\\nin the southern gardens and orchards. The fig and orange do well as\\nfar north as Sacramento, and in the semi-tropical belt of the foothills\\nas far north as Shasta County.\\nBlackberries, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, and\\nother small fruit,3 do well in nearly all parts of the State. The grape,", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA. 71\\nboth for wine and raisins, does exceptionally well, and raisins are\\ncompeting successfully with the best brands of Malaga. France is also\\nyielding the palm to California for the excellence of her wines.\\nIt has been demonstrated beyond question that California is well\\nadapted to the raising of silk. Its equable climate and the rapid growth\\nof the mulberry tree have proved in various parts of the State that\\nthe raising of the silk worm will become an important branch of in-\\ndustry. It requires but little capital, and can be carried on by wom-\\nen and children as an addition to other farm work. None of the dis-\\neases which have affected the worm in Europe have appeared in this\\nState. Samples of the silk raised here have been sent to England,\\nFrance, and Italy, and manufacturers have expressed the opinion that\\nit is equal to that produced in the most noted districts of Japan and\\nAsia Minor.\\nAlfalfa often produces three and even four crops of hay in a single\\nseason, and is considered invaluable for stock.\\nThe climate is so mild that all vegetable life in ordinary seasons is\\nalmost as active here in January as in July in other States. Trees and\\nshrubs have nearly twice as much time to grow each year as in the\\nAtlantic States.\\nThe State is also noted for its rich gold, silver, and quicksilver\\nmines, and is well supplied with coal, iron, copper, stone, and marble.\\nIrrigation.\\nIf the rainfall is less than ten inches during any season, irrigation is\\nnecessary. Although there are few localities in the State where the\\naverage rainfall for a long series of years does not exceed ten inches,\\nstill in nearly all the counties south of Sacramento and San Francisco\\nthere are often years when it is less. In the San Joaquin Valley and\\nfurther south in the State, irrigation is general. It is always benefic-\\nial if not used to excess, and when provided adds much to the value\\nof the land, and causes it to produce astonishing crops.\\nArtesian water, which is found at various depths in the valleys,\\nvarying from 50 to 500 feet, is largely used for irrigation purposes.\\nA good well will irrigate 40 to 160 acres, and costs from $250 to $750.\\nOrdinary wells sunk to a depth of from 10 to 80 feet almost anywhere\\nin the State yield abundant water.\\nDomestic Animals.\\nHorses, mules, cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs are raised in every\\npart of the State, and in the greater portion live without shelter.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "J2 \u00e2\u0082\u00acALIFORNIA.\\nFine blooded stock of all kinds has been introduced, and many farms\\nare devoted specially to raising blooded animals. There are blooded\\nstock farms in California unsurpassed in the world. Wild oats and\\ngrasses grow voluntarily in abundance during the wet season, and\\nwithout cutting retain their nutritious qualities when dried by the sum-\\nmer sun these make excellent feed for horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs\\nduring the dry season. The late summer, faM, and early winter in\\nCalifornia is the feeding season for stock, except in the higher alti-\\ntudes, where the seasons are similar to those of the Atlantic States.\\nHay is generally obtained by mowing wheat, oats, rye and barley before\\nmaturity. Alfalfa is extensively grown for hay as well as grazing.\\nMillet and mesquit are also coming into use.\\nMarkets.\\nGood markets abound for all productions in the State. The mining\\ndistricts furnish markets for farmers and fruit raisers situated within\\neasy reach by wagon. Farming is generally as profitable in this State\\nas elsewhere. Wheat, barley, and various other crops can usually be\\nsold on the land where produced, to the agents of millmen and ship-\\npers, who traverse the country making purchases. Wheat is shipped\\nto Europe by sailing vessels. Fruits, honey, wool, hides, etc., are\\nshipped to the Eastern States by the overland railroads. The South-\\nern Pacific Railroad Company is transporting California wheat, flour,\\nand other produce to New Orleans for Europe.\\nRailroads.\\nAlthough it is but thirty-five years since the discovery of gold in\\nCalifornia, at which period the State was avast, rich, but unsettled\\nregion, yet in that short time the progress of civilization has been\\nrapid and permanent. Railroads have kept pace with the increase\\nin population. Those in operation in the State are the Pacific\\nSystem of the Southern Pacific Company, embracing the following\\nlines\\nMain Line (Central Pacific) San Francisco to Ogden. The Western,\\nNorthern, and Visalia Divisions thereof. The Oregon Division. The\\nCalifornia Pacific, embracing the Napa Branch. The Northern Rail-\\nway, the San Pablo and Tulare Railway, the Amador Branch, the\\nStockton and Copperopolis. The Northern Division of the Southern\\nPacific, embracing the Monterey, Tres Pinos, Soledad, and Santa\\nCruz lines. That portion of the line of the Southern Pacific Compa-\\nnj% south of Goshen, embracing the Los Angeles and Yuma Divisions,", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA. 73\\nWilmington Division, the Los Angeles and Independence, and the Los\\nAngeles and San Diego Railroads the last three embraced in the Los\\nAngeles Division.\\nThere are also the following other railroads the Northern Califor-\\nnia California Southern Nevada County Narrow Gauge North Pa-\\ncific Coast Pacific Coast Sacramento and Placerville Sonoma Val-\\nley Sonoma and Santa Rosa San Francisco and North Pacific\\nSouth Pacific Coast Vaca Valley and Clear Lake Carson and Colo-\\nrado Nevada and Oregon, and the Atlantic and Pacific.\\nMuch of the State is yet but poorly provided with railroad facilities,\\nbut these will doubtless be supplied in the future, as settlement may\\nrequire. The roads already in operation give a large portion of the\\nState ready communication with the centers of trade, and with San\\nFrancisco, the metropolis of the Pacific Coast. The Pacific System of\\nthe Southern Pacific Company, with its connections with the Atlantic\\nSystem of the same Company, and with the Union Pacific, Atlantic and\\nPacific, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Texas and Pacific, the Den-\\nver and Rio .Grande, the Northern Pacific, (connection with the latter\\nroad not yet completed), and the railroads further east, provide am-\\nple and ready means of communication with all portions of the Unit-\\ned States, British America, and the Republic of Mexico.\\nCities and Centers of Communication.\\nThere are many important towns and cities. San Francisco, on the\\nbay of the same name, is the most important city and the commercial\\nmetropolis of the Pacific coast. It is the gateway of Oriental trade\\nwith the United States. It is to the Pacific coast what New York city\\nis to the Atlantic coast. The population is about 275,000. Oakland,\\non the opposite side of the same bay, has a population of about\\n40,000. Sacramento, the capital of the State, is on the Sacramento\\nriver, and on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, about ninety\\nmiles north-easterly from San Francisco. The population is esti-\\nmated at 30,000. Los Angeles, San Jose, and Stockton are the\\nthree next in size. The population of Los Angeles is about 30,000,\\nSan Jose 20,000, and Stockton 17,000. Los Angeles is the metropolis\\nof the southern part of the State, and is situated in the heart of the\\norange region. There are eighteen towns which have each a popula-\\ntion exceeding 2,000 and less than 10,000. There are nineteen with\\na population of over 1,000 and less than 2,000. There are thirty-seven\\ntowns with a population of over 500 and less than 1,000, besides a\\nmultitude of smaller villages.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "74 CALIFORNIA.\\nSchools, Churches, and Benevolent Associations.\\nThe common schools are the pride of the State. Free education is\\nprovided, and is within the reach of all. Wherever fifteen children\\ncan be gathered to form a school, it is entitled to support at the public*\\nexpense.\\nIn the large towns are first-class high schools. There are also a num-\\nber of academies and colleges, some of them first-class institutions.\\nThere are also military, medical, and theological schools. San Fran-\\ncisco supports three commercial colleges. Besides these are the State\\nNormal School and University, both supported by the State.\\nThe leading church denominations are well established.\\nIn all the leading towns the principal benevolent associations have\\norganizations.\\nPrivate Lands.\\nPrivate lands vary in price from two dollara and fifty cents an acre\\nfor unimproved lands remote from towns, to ten dollars an acre near\\ntowns and from ten dollars to one hundred dollars an acre for im-\\nproved land, according to value of improvements, and proximity to\\nlarge or small towns.\\nFree Government Lands.\\nThe Immigration Association has searched the United States records\\nin California, to ascertain the exact location and quality of the mil-\\nlions of acres of unentered Government lands in the State, for the\\npurpose of aiding immigrants to locate on them with the least possible\\nexpense and loss of time. It has been found that there are Govern-\\nment lands suitable for general farming, which can be recommended\\nfor settlement, in nearly every county in the State.\\nThe following will give some idea of their location and character.\\nArea of California 98,000,000 acres.\\nArea of unentered government land 40,000,000\\nArea suitable for lumbering, mining and other pursuits 16,000,000\\nArea suitable for some agricultural purpose 18,000,000\\nArea of lakes, bays, navigable rivers, and lands steep\\nor rocky, or otherwise not productive 6,000,000\\nCOUNTIES. ACRES.\\nAlpine 465,000\\nAmador 255,000", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA.\\n75\\nCOITNTIES. ACRES.\\nButte 150,000\\nCalaveras 250,000\\nColusa 235,000\\nEldorado 365,000\\nFresno 3,700,000\\nKern 2,000,000\\nLake 400,000\\nLassen 2,700,000\\nLos Angeles 150,000\\nMendocino 1,500,000\\nMerced 65,000\\nMonterey 500,000\\nNapa 15,000\\nNevada 135,000\\nPlacer 175,000\\nSan Benito 200,000\\nSan Bernardino 5,000,000\\nSan Diego 2,500,000\\nSan Luis Obispo 325,000\\nSanta Barbara 150,000\\nSanta Clara 35,000\\nSanta Cruz 5,000\\nShasta 1,500,000\\nSierra 210,000\\nSiskiyou 2,655,000\\nSonoma 130,000\\nStanislaus 65,000\\nTehama 850,000\\nTulare 2,000 000\\nTuolumne 655,000\\nVentura 150,000\\nYolo 55,000\\nYuba 40,000\\nHumboldt county is estimated at 1,500,000\\nIn 17 other counties 8,410,000\\nIn Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Alameda, Napa, Sono-\\nma, Solano, and the south part of Lake and Mendocino, and in all oth-\\ner counties in the State near the railroads or important towns, the gov-\\nernment lands are those which are left after selections of the best have\\nbeen made from time to time for many years. They are generally\\nvery mountainous, and often rocky and bare, but frequently covered", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "76 CALIFORNIA.\\nwith valuable timber, occasionally having good soil, and springs or\\nsmall streams. These lands, much scattered, are from four to twenty-\\nfive miles from towns or railroads, sometimes near settlers, and occa-\\nsionally close to valuable farms. Some are doubtless suitable for graz-\\ning, or perhaps for growing grapes or fruits, or for general farming.\\nThe government land of San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino\\ncounties is on the foothills, mountains, and deserts. How much of it\\ncan be utilized without irrigation is uncertain. It is generally under-\\nstood that irrigation is necessary in these counties, and that on the\\nfoothills and in the deserts water cannot be obtained for this purpose.\\nWhether true or not, farming without it would be experimental at\\npresent. On the mountains, at an elevation of 2,000 to 4,500 feet,\\nthere is more rainfall, and lands there in all these counties would be\\nmore certain to produce crops.\\nIn Ventura and Santa Barbara counties the government lands are\\ngenerally mountainous, with narrow valleys, numerous springs and\\nsmall streams, and scattering timber. Many good homes can be made\\non these lands.\\nIn San Luis Obispo, Monterey, and San Benito counties the gov-\\nernment lands are in the mountains, rolling hills, and narrow valleys.\\nIn the two former counties there are good mountain lands near the\\nocean and rolling hills in the interior. In San Benito county there is\\nyet some good valley land. It is thought irrigation is necessary. Run-\\nning water is scarce, and water in wells is deep down. Irrigation is\\nnot necessary in Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monte-\\nrey, and portions of San Benito counties, but if water can be obtained,\\nand it should be properly used, it would be beneficial to some crops.\\nIn Lake, Mendocino, and Humboldt counties the government lands\\nare generally mountainous, with narrow valleys and plateaux, covered\\nwith valuable timber of pine, oak, cedar, laurel, etc. with consider-\\nable undergrowth. There are many open places, either level or slop-\\ning enough to be plowed, and where nutritious grasses grow during\\nthe rainy season. Nearly every section is well watered by pure, cold\\nsprings or running streams. Some of these lands are stony and the\\nsoil light, but generally there is good soil to the very summits of the\\nmountains. Rich tracts for farming can be had by clearing off the\\ntrees and underbrush. There is very little government land left on\\nthe coast, and it is necessary to go into the interior from fifteen to fifty\\nmiles to get good land. Thousands of splendid mountain homes can\\nbe made here. There is an abundance of rainfall, and failure of crops\\nis almost unknown. In Trinity and Del Norte counties the lands are\\nmore mountainous and rugged, and the mountains higher. There are\\na few pretty valleys, with some government land still subject to set-\\ntlement.", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CALIFORNIA. 77\\nIn Siskiyou, Modoc, Lassen, and the northern portion of Shasta\\ncounties the government lands are in the mountains, hills, valleys and\\nplains. There are extensive valleys and plains from 3,500 to 4,500\\nfeet above the sea. The mountains are from 3,000 to 14,440 feet high.\\nFavorable locations for general fanning, grain, hay, stock, and hardy\\nfruits can be secured for thousands of settlers. The seasons are well\\ndenned, the winters being similar to those of the northern States.\\nThey are long, and the snow deep on the higher mountains.\\nThe foothills are a tract of rolling, rounded country along the west-\\nern base of the Sierra Nevada mountains, extending in height to\\nabout 4,000 feet, and in length to about 350 miles through Shasta,\\nTehama, Placer, Yuba, Butte, Plumas, Nevada, El Dorado, Amador,\\nCalaveras, Tuolumne, Mariposa, Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties.\\nThere are about 3,000,000 acres yet belonging to the government in\\nthis district. It consists of flats, plateaux, and ravines, with rocky and\\nsteep places. It is well timbered, has an abundant rainfall north of\\nTuolumne county, and has a semi-tropical climate extending through\\nthe full length. Every agricultural product that can be grown in the\\nvalleys can be grown with equal facility in these foothills, including\\nthe semi-tropical fruits. Oranges, etc., grown here have been pro-\\nnounced equal to the best Los Angeles. Ordinarily the land must be\\ncleared of trees and brush. Throughout the whole region living\\nstreams are numerous. There are over fifty considerable tributaries\\nto the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, passing through this dis-\\ntrict, besides innumerable smaller streams. The foothills on the east\\nside of the Coast Range extend through Shasta, the most of Tehama,\\nColusa, Yolo, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Stanislaus, Merced,\\nFresno, Tulare, and Kern counties. In Shasta, Tehama, and Colusa\\ncounties these lands nearly -all belong to the government, and many of\\nthem will make good homes for general farming. The soil is good and\\nthere is plenty of timber. On the higher mountains there is an abun-\\ndance of timber suitable for lumber of all kinds. There is not as much\\nrainfall as in the Sierra Nevadas in the same latitude, nor are there as\\nmany springs or streams. Irrigation is not necessary.\\nIn the central regions of the valley, the hills receive for each 100 feet\\nof ascent from one-half to three-fourths of an inch of rainfall more, an-\\nnually, than in the same latitude in the bottom lands.\\nThe temperature, up to a height of about 1,500 feet, is similar to\\nplaces in the same latitude in the valley.\\nIn Fresno, Tulare and Kern counties, these coast foot-hills also be-\\nlong to the government. They have a beautiful appearance, but the\\nrainfall is light, and there are no perpetual streams. If artesian water\\ncan be had, no doubt they would become valuable for agricultural pur-\\nposes.", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "78 CALIFORNIA.\\nTitle to the government lands may be acquired under the Homestead,\\nPre-emption, Timber, Timber Culture and Timber Laws.\\nCapital Necessary for New Comers.\\nThe question arises as regards the smallest sum considered necessary\\nfor a new comer to start with. Those who come here to make homes\\nfor themselves should have $500 to $1,000 to start with, even on the\\ngovernment lands. There will be some years of close effort. Poultry\\nmust be kept, vegetables raised, odd jobs of work done for the neigh-\\nbors. But thus, on even this small capital, a valuable property can be\\ndeveloped in the course of eight or ten years. If private lands are pre-\\nferred, it is best to purchase only as much as can certainly be paid for.\\nA small piece of good land is better than a large piece of poor land.\\nDevelop this thoroughly, and make it profitable, and more land can be\\nhad at some future time. Many failures have arisen from attempting\\ntoo much. The new settler who deserves success begins at bed-rock,\\nkeeps out of debt, buys as little as he can, wears his old clothes, works\\nearly and late, plants trees and vines for the future, leaves whisky\\nalone, and has a definite aim and plan in life. Such a man can come\\nto California with a small capital, and find it a good State for the poor\\nman. Those who are content to work and be patient here, will find\\nthe reward sure and ample. Is it not worth while to have a home in\\na land where there are no violent extremes of heat and cold, and where\\nthe farmer can work in comfort every month in the year 1\\n3477-251\\nLot-33", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "R 6e l7 8 35 16 ,7\\n3 9 40\\nyiAP OjgW\\npzaaca\\ncounty! M\u00c2\u00a3\\nCTajliforHia\\n-J,\\nmm i^ratio\\no/- C/iLtr\\n10 California Bt. J", "height": "4141", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "T U L A R E\\nCOUNTY\\nImmilrationJHssociatiori\\nOF C/ILtFOFilVi/l. _\\n10 California Sr. San Francisco\\nBy F.J.W\u00c2\u00bbi.K el\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ti^^^f^\\nB,W9.B.M.|_ V i m _ y\\nLOS ANGE LE S\\nc o.", "height": "2107", "width": "3285", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "ARTHUR R. BRIGGS, President. WM. 8TEINHART, Treasurer.\\nW. L. MERRY, Vice-President C. u. STR] iry and Land Officer\\nImmigration Association f California\\nOffice, No. 10 California Street,\\nCorner Drunmi St., Koom 20, up stairs, SAN FRANCISCO.\\nThe Immigration Association of California is supported by the\\nmerchants and other business men of California, to give free information\\nabout the Government and other Lands, Climate, Resources, Wages.\\nMarkets, etc of California.\\nOffice Hours from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., except Sundays.\\nThe Work of the Immigration Association,\\nRECEIVING IMMIGRANTS.\\nEvery day an agent of the Association meets the Immigrant Train and\\ndistributes printed matter and directs the Immigrant to the Office of the\\nAssociation\\nOn his arrival at the office, the name of the new comer is registered,\\nl together with his age and occupation, whether single or married, number\\nof children, place of birth, last permanent residence, destination, etc.\\nIn the office are maps and plats of the government land in the State.\\nAt a single glance at a county map he can see all the government land\\nvacant in that county, together with its character.\\nCompetent men are employed to answer questions and direct immi-\\ngrants where to get land, to furnish them plats and direct them how to find\\nit. Newspapers from every county in the State are on file in the reading\\nroom. In the library are one hundred scrap books, one for each county^\\nand forty-eight others treating of the different res ..urces of the State.\\nHere are exhibited samples of the various productions of the State.\\nA table with writing materials and conveniences for writing are prepared\\nfor the use of and are free to all Immigrants.\\nEvery few days parties are formed in the office and sent out with the\\nLand Examiner of the Association, who points out to them the best loca-\\ntions on government lands. The Association makes no charge for infor-\\n1 mat ion given or anything done for the Immigrant. All assistance rendered\\nis absolutely free.\\nThe settler here sets informatioM which he could not otherwise, obtain\\nwithout considerable traveling and expense, and much loss of time.", "height": "4169", "width": "2470", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "b*Cv^\\n.a", "height": "4178", "width": "2412", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "C \u00c2\u00bbc\\n-^K \u00c2\u00b0*?Wv v", "height": "4169", "width": "2317", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4436", "width": "2746", "jp2-path": "resourcesofsouth00immi_0112.jp2"}}