{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nP^IL\\nBookJ^//", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ni", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Zd^i Ji\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA\\nFROM ITS DISCOVERY BY PONCE DE LEON,\\nIN 15 1 2, TO THE CLOSE OF THE\\nFLORIDA WAR, IN 1842.\\nBY\\nGEORGE R. FAIRBANKS.\\nPHILADELPHIA:\\nJ. B. LIPPINCOTT CO,\\nJACKSONVILLE, FLA.:\\nCOLUMBUS DREW.\\n1871.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 187 1, by\\nJ. B. LIPPINCOTT CO.,\\nIn the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.\\nT3\\nw\\n1", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TO THE MEMORY OF MY HONORED FRIEND,\\nISAAC H. BRONSON,\\nTHE FIRST JUDGE OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, NORTHERN DISTRICT\\nOF FLORIDA,\\nA CITIZEN\\nWHOSE PRIVATE LIFE AND PUBLIC VIRTUES SHED LUSTRE UPON THE\\nSTATE OF HIS ADOPTION,\\nTHIS VOLUME\\nIS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED\\nBY THE AUTHOR.\\n(V)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nApart from the interest attached to Florida from its\\nhaving been the first portion of the United States occu-\\npied by Europeans, it is associated with some of the most\\ninteresting and romantic events in American history.\\nPortions of its long and eventful history have been writ-\\nten in the Latin, French, Spanish, and English languages.\\nAs early as 1591, De Bry published, in the Latin language,\\nan account of the settlement of the Huguenots and the\\ndestruction of their colony, illustrated by fifty well-exe-\\ncuted engravings and many later writers have treated of\\nthe history, climate, and natural productions of Florida,\\namong whom may be mentioned La Vega, Fernandez,\\nBiedma, Barcia, De Vaca, Herrera, Hakluyt, Roberts,\\nStark, Romans, De Brahm, Bartram, Vignoles, Forbes,\\nand Darby; Williams published a very complete gazet-\\nteer in 1837; and to these should be added the valuable\\nwork of General Sprague, of the United States Army,\\nThe History of the Florida War. Buckingham Smith,\\nEsq., formerly Secretary of Legation to Spain, whose life\\nhas been devoted to the investigation of Spanish and\\nIndian antiquities, has edited, with valuable critical and\\n(vii)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "viii PREFACE.\\ndescriptive notes, several of the most interesting works\\nupon Florida. But, although so much has been written\\nin reference to Florida, hitherto no connected history of\\nthe State has been published and it has been the object of\\nthe writer of this work to bring within a moderate compass\\na complete and authentic history of the State, from its\\ndiscovery by Ponce de Leon to the close of the Florida\\nWar.\\nFor obvious reasons, the events of the late civil war\\nhave not been incorporated in the present volume. They\\nwill, doubtless, at some future time, form the material of a\\nchapter of no inconsiderable interest.\\nUniversity of the South, Seivanee, Tenn., Jan. 1871.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nDiscovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon Expeditions of De\\nAyllon, Miruelo, Cordova, Alaminos, and Verazzano\\nPAGE\\n3\\nCHAPTER II.\\nExpedition and Shipwreck of Panfilo de Narvaez, and Adven-\\ntures of Cabe9a de Vaca, the Discoverer of the Mississippi 29\\nCHAPTER III.\\nExpedition of Hernando de Soto 48\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nExpedition of Hernando de Soto, continued .60\\nCHAPTER V.\\nRoute of De Soto s Expedition through Florida 73\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nOther Expeditions to Florida Occupation of Santa Maria by\\nTristan de Luna Expedition to the Borders of Tennessee and\\nthe Province of Coca 77\\n(ix)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nPAGE\\nHuguenot Settlements at Charles Fort under Ribaut, and at Fort\\nCaroline under Laudonniere 92\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nFrench Expedition of Ribaut to relieve Fort Caroline Spanish\\nExpedition of Menendez to expel the Huguenots Capture of\\nFort Caroline by Menendez, and Massacre of the Garrison 1 1 1\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nShipwreck and Massacre of Ribaut and his Followers .121\\nCHAPTER X.\\nSituation of Matters at St. Augustine, and Explorations made by\\nMenendez 133\\nCHAPTER XL\\nRecapture of Fort Caroline, and the Notable Revenge of Dominic\\nde Gourgues 142\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nReturn of Menendez Attack on St. Augustine by Sir Francis\\nDrake Missions to the Indians, and Massacre of the Mission\\nFathers Attack on St. Augustine by Captain Davis Estab-\\nlishment of a Spanish Settlement at Pensacola .156\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nGovernor Moore s Attack on St. Augustine Invasion of Moore,\\nwith the Creek Indians, of the Indian Missions and Spanish\\nPosts in Middle Florida Erection of a Fort at St. Mark s\\nCapture of Pensacola by the French Recapture of Pensacola\\nby the Spaniards Recapture of Pensacola by the French\\nTransfer of Pensacola to Spain 171", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nPAGE\\nAttack on St. Augustine by Oglethorpe Attack of Monteano on\\nSt. Simon s Island Transfer of Florida to Great Britain igo\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nPolicy of the English Government for the Settlement of Florida\\nLand-Grants Dr. Turnbull s Colony of Greeks and Minor-\\ncans at Smyrna Governor Grant s Administration Governor\\nTonyn s Administration First Colonial Assembly Revolution-\\nary War Burning of Effigies of Hancock and Adams 210\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nEnglish Occupation, continued Capture of Pensacola by De\\nGalvez Capture of New Providence by the English Retrans-\\nfer of Florida to Spain 228\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nCondition of the Province after its Recession to Spain Notice of\\nMcGillivray Operations of Bowles Patriot Rebellion Oper-\\nations of United States Troops in Florida Indian Hostilities,\\nbetween the Americans and King Payne the Seminole 244\\nCHAPTER XV II I.\\nOccupation of Pensacola by the English English driven from\\nPensacola by General Jackson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Destruction of Negro Fort on\\nApalachicola by Colonel Clinch Defeat of Florida Indians by\\nGeneral Jackson Occupation of Pensacola by General Jackson\\nTreaty with Spain, ceding Florida to United States 260\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nOrganization of Territory of Florida Condition of the Indians\\nTreaty of Fort Moultrie Indian Agency Treaty of Payne s\\nLanding Collisions between the Races 269", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "xii CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nPAGB\\nHostile Disposition of the Indians Murder of General Thomp-\\nson, Indian Agent Massacre of Major Dade s Command\\nBattle of the Withlacoochee General vScott s Campaign 284\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nFlorida War, continued General Jesup in Command Indian\\nAssault on Fort Mellon Capitulation of Fort Dade Flight of\\nthe Indians from Fort Brooke Capture of King Philip, Coa-\\ncoochee, and Osceola Battle of Okechobee Escape of Coa-\\ncoochee Surrender of HalleckHajo and others Results of\\nGeneral Jesup s Operations General Taylor appointed to the\\nCommand 303\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nFlorida War, continued, under General Taylor Removal of Apa-\\nlachee Indians General Macomb s Treaty with the Indians\\nProclamation that the War was ended Resumption of Hostili-\\nties Massacre of Colonel Harney s Detachment Tragical Fate\\nof Mrs. Montgomery The Cuba Bloodhounds Expedition of\\nColonel Worth to Okechobee Recapture of Coacoochee 318\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nFlorida War, continued, under Command of General Worth In-\\nterview between General Worth and Coacoochee at Tampa\\nBay Surrender of Coacoochee s Band Active Operations of\\nGeneral Worth in the Everglades Surrender of various Bands\\nClose of the Florida War 335", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\nCHAPTER I.\\nDiscovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon Expeditions of De Ayllon,\\nMiruelo, Cordova, Alaminos, and Verazzano.\\n1512\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1525.\\nThe discovery of Florida is one of the romantic epi-\\nsodes of history. Cohimbus and his successors had, rather\\nby chance than design, pursued a southerly line of explora-\\ntion, which had led them to the discovery, in the first in-\\nstance, of the West India Islands, and, subsequently, of the\\nmainland of South America and a small part of Central\\nAmerica. Even the shores of the vast Pacific had been\\nreached by Balboa before the southeastern portion of the\\nUnited States had been discovered. This seems the more\\nsingular, as the pursuit of a westerly course from Spain\\nwould have brought an expedition in sight of land on the\\ncoasts of North America much sooner than the southwest-\\nerly course, v/hich carried the navigators to the islands and\\nshores of the Caribbean Sea.\\nIt has been claimed that Sebastian Cabot, in the year\\n1497, sailing under a commission granted by Henry VII.\\nof England, coasted along the shores of North America\\nfrom 61*^ to the southern extremity of Florida. It is,\\nhowever, very doubtful whether he went south of Cape\\nHatteras, in lat. ^6\u00c2\u00b0, the whole statement resting upon\\n2 (13)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "X4 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\na passage in Peter Martyr, in which it is stated that Cabot\\nsailed so far toward the west that he had the island of\\nCuba on his left hand, in manner, in the same degree of\\nlongitude.\\nThis expression, in connection with the previous state-\\nment that he had sailed as far southward as the Straits of\\nGibraltar, would indicate Cape Hatteras as the southern\\nlimit of his voyage. At the period of these early voyages\\nthe name of Florida was applied to the whole coast, from\\nthe Chesapeake southwards.\\nThe generally received opinion, however, confers the\\ncredit of the discovery of Florida upon Juan Ponce de\\nLeon, in the year 15 12. The origin of the expedition\\nwhich resulted in the discovery, and the object of its pros-\\necution by the romantic old cavalier, have associated Flor-\\nida with the Fountain of Youth so long embalmed in ancient\\nfable.\\nJuan Ponce de Leon was one of the companions of Co-\\nlumbus upon his second voyage, and subsequently remained\\non the island of Hispaniolaas an officer of some reputation\\nunder Ovando. While thus employed he visited the island\\nof Porto Rico, and eventually received a commission to\\nconquer and colonize that island. After various turns of\\nfortune, checkered with successes and adversities, he at\\nlength succeeded in accomplishing its subjugation, only to\\nfind himself, as was not infrequent in those days, superseded\\nThus seeing such heapes of yce before him, he was enforced to\\nturne his saile and follow the west, so coasting still by the shore that\\nhe was thereby brought so farre into the south by reason of the land\\nbending so much southwards that it was thereby almost equal in lati-\\ntude with the vStraits of Herculaneum, having the North Pole elevate\\nin a manner with the same degree. He sailed likewise in this tract so\\nfar toward the west that he had the island of Cuba on his left hand,\\nin manner, in the same degree of longitude. HaklUYT, vol. iii.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n15\\nby some newer favorite of the court. Thus deprived of his\\ndignity as Adelantado of Porto Rico, the restless old sol-\\ndier turned, naturally enough, to the setting on foot of some\\nnew expedition, which should redound to his honor and\\nprofit.\\nThe explorations to the south and west had already en-\\ngaged the attention of many others, and it was the fashion\\nin those days to apportion limits, which would preclude all,\\nexcept the duly commissioned parties, from visiting or ex-\\nploring within certain degrees of latitude and longitude.\\nThis arrangement was the more readily made, inasmuch\\nas at the outset of the discoveries in the western seas Pope\\nAlexander VI. had, by special grant, given to his Catholic\\nMajesty of Spain no diplomatic notes of protest being made\\nby other powers, those most interested being ignorant of\\nthe concession unlimited sway over all the countries, na-\\ntions, and people lying to the westward of those previously\\nassigned to the crown of Portugal.\\nWhile casting about in his mind as to what direction to\\ngive to his proposed enterprise, the veteran was informed\\nby some of those purveyors of the marvelous who can always\\nmanage to supply the appetite of the credulous, that there\\nwas a famous land, lying to the northwest, which contained\\nwithin its borders all the treasures of El Dorado, and, more-\\nover, to its other wonders added that of possessing a stream\\nthe waters of which were gifted with the power of confer-\\nring upon those who should bathe themselves therein the\\nfreshness of youth and a renovation of all their faculties.\\nThis enticing description appealed to Ponce de Leon by\\nmany considerations, among the most prominent of which\\nwas the natural craving for gold felt by him in common\\nwith all the adventurers and, moreover, to one sensibly\\ndeclining in years and strength, nothing could be more\\ndesirable than to obtain a fresh lease of youthful vigor and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 6 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nenjoyment while to these potent reasons was added the\\nexpectation that the honor which would crown the happy-\\ndiscoverer of this wonderful land would exceed that of all\\nhis predecessors in the field of discovery.\\nThe veteran officer had acquired some degree of wealth\\nin his public employments, and was thus enabled, from his\\nown means, to equip three vessels for his expedition. He\\neasily obtained followers to accompany him, as credulity\\nwas not a rare quality, and the real wonders of the New\\nWorld were apparently as strange as any that could be\\ninvented.\\nDeparting from Porto Rico in the spring of 151 2, Ponce\\nde Leon directed his course, in the first instance, towards\\nthe supposed location of Bimini, an island which shared\\nwith the other unknown region the possession of one of\\nthese wonderful fountains, and was said to lie near at hand\\nin the Lucayan group. A long cruise amid the Bahama\\ncluster of rocks and islets gave no satisfactory result to his\\nsearch for the fabled Bimini, and, like many other wonders,\\nmore seemed to be known about it at a distance than in\\nthe locality where it was said to exist.\\nUnable, after a long exploration, to find Bimini, he then\\ndetermined to seek the more distant land which had tempted\\nhis covetousness and his ambition. It is highly probable\\nthat, in cruising among the Bahamas, he received informa-\\ntion of the existence of land to the northwest of them, as the\\nStrait of Florida is but some fifty miles in width, and the\\nnatives had, doubtless, some intercourse across the calm\\nsummer seas with their neighbors of the main. He first\\nmade land on the eastern coast of Florida on Sunday, the\\n27th of March, 15 12, but did not set foot upon its shores\\nuntil the 2d of April, in lat. 30\u00c2\u00b0 8 at a point probably a\\nshort distance northerly of St. Augustine. The Indian\\nname of the country is said to have been Cautio, but Ponce", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nn\\nde Leon, following the custom of the times, by reason of\\nhaving come upon the coast on Palm-Sunday Pascua Flo-\\nrida, as it is called in Spanish and probably delighted with\\nthe green verdure and flowing glades which opened upon\\nhis view, gave to his supposed island the name of Florida.\\nThe usual ceremony of planting a cross and taking posses-\\nsion of the country in the name of the Spanish monarch,\\nswearing allegiance to his throne, and throwing the royal\\nt)anner to the breeze, was observed, and the country came\\nthereby to be considered by their Catholic Majesties a\\nSpanish province by right of discovery.\\nThey remained on the coast some two months, exploring\\nthe interior to some extent, and visiting various portions\\nof the shores of the supposed island. The inhabitants they\\nfound to be fierce and implacable, and the explorations\\nmade brought to light neither riches nor treasures of any\\nkind nor could the eager De Leon obtain any tidings of\\nthe fabled fountain which was to renew his youth. Finally,\\ndiscouraged with the fruitless results of his expedition, he\\nreturned to Porto Rico, carrying with him nothing of value\\nbut the report of his discovery.\\nWhether the story of the Fountain of Youth, and of the\\ngolden treasures of the mainland, was a pure fable, or\\nwhether it was merely a poetic and exaggerated description\\nof the country, may well admit of a doubt I am inclined,\\nhowever, to the belief that the latter is the more reason-\\nable view of it.\\nWhile much of Florida is in one sense comparatively\\nbarren, yet the evergreen and luxuriant foliage which\\ncovers its soil and hangs in rich masses along the banks\\nof its streams, the pleasant equability of its climate, a\\ncountry affording in its rivers, its forests, and its produc-\\ntions, easy means for the support of life to a savage race\\nwhile the passion for display could be gratified by the gold", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "1 8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nand pearls obtained, with no great difficulty, from the\\nstreams and hills of Georgia might well cause it to be ac-\\ncounted by the occasional visitors from the adjoining isles\\nas indeed a rich and pleasant country, and even the fabled\\nfountain might seem to find a realization in some of the\\nremarkably beautiful springs which exist in various portions\\nof the country. Who that has ever floated on the bright\\nwaters of Silver Spring, or the bosom of the Wakulla, has\\nnot felt his pulses thrill with delight at the almost unreaf\\ncharacter of the scenf^ the waters so pellucid that one\\nseems suspended in mid-air; the shadoAvs from the skies\\nabove rest in changing beauty in its depths while the\\nbright sunlight flecks the silvery rocks below with rays of\\ndazzling brightness, and an azure tinge encircles every ob-\\nject and surrounds it with a halo of purplish light. It is\\nnot strange that they should be deemed to possess a reno-\\nvating elixir, and to promise, to those who would dwell\\nby their banks and disport in their waters, a restoration of\\nyouthful vigor and energy.\\nPonce de Leon, on leaving Florida, again searched for\\nthe renowned island Bimini, but with no better success\\nthan before, and thence returned to Porto Rico, putting\\nthe best face on the matter, and determined to gain what-\\never credit might attach to his discovery of a new region\\nof country; doubtless to enhance its importance, he made\\na flattering report of its riches and value. The purpose of\\nhis expedition had in the mean time become widely known,\\nand the wits of the Spanish court rallied him not a little\\nupon his pursuit of the Fountain of Youth.\\nHe sought for, and obtained, however, from the crown,\\nthe title and privileges, whatever they might be worth,\\nof Adelantado of Florida, agreeing to transport thither\\nthree hundred men, and to conquer and colonize it for his\\nMajesty. He was to commence his enterprise within one", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n19\\nyear, and to explore the country within three years. He\\ndid not appear, however, to be in any haste to revisit it,\\nand accepted the command of an expedition against the\\nCanto Indians, in which he was unsuccessfuL\\nIn the mean time, in the year 15 16, Diego Miruelo, a\\npilot, sailed from Cuba with a single vessel, and, directing\\nhis course to Florida, obtained from some of the natives he\\nencountered, pieces of gold, but without much exploration\\nreturned to Cuba, where he gave most glowing accounts of\\nthe richness of tlmt country and its neighboring islands,\\nand excited the wish among a large number of persons to\\nundertake an expedition to its shores.\\nIn the following year an expedition landed in Florida\\nfrom a vessel commanded by Fernandez de Cordova.\\nBernal Diaz, afterwards so well known in connection with\\nthe conquest of Mexico, accompanied this party. Al-\\nthough they placed sentinels upon their landing, and took\\nevery precaution against surprise, they were unexpectedly\\nattacked by a large body of natives, who wounded six and\\nkilled one of their number. The attack was made so vig-\\norously that the Spaniards escaped with difficulty to their\\nvessel, and were glad to return to Cuba, where their leader\\ndied of his wounds.\\nOne Anton de Alaminos was of this party, and, upon his\\narrival in Cuba, undertook to make a full report of what\\nhe had observed upon the coasts of New Spain and Florida,\\nto the governor of Jamaica, Don Francisco de Garay,\\ngiving a glowing account of the extent and riches of those\\nregions.\\nDe Garay gave such encouragement to Alaminos that he\\nwent with three vessels to the coast of Florida, landed\\ntwice upon its shores, and was each time forced by the\\nIndians to re-embark, and, pursuing his voyage, coasted the\\nMexican Gulf as far as the river Panuco. His patron,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nassured of the truth of the representations he had made,\\napplied to the Spanish crown for the Adelantadoship and\\ngovernment of the country. As no further action was had\\nby De Garay, it is presumable that he did not succeed in\\nhis application.\\nLucas Vasquez de Ayllon, an officer of some distinction,\\nholding several profitable employments in Hispaniola, and,\\nas a consequence, very rich, formed a company on joint\\nventure, in 1520, with six of his neighbors, having for its\\nprincipal object the procuring slaves from among the\\nCaribs, to work the mines of that island. The capture\\nof these Caribs was an ingenious device of the settlers to\\nreplenish their supply of labor, which their hard usage of\\nthe natives had much diminished. The remonstrances and\\nefforts of Las Casas had induced the Spanish court to issue\\ndecrees calculated to insure better treatment but it was\\nfound that the inhabitants of some of the islands were\\nentirely impracticable, and the story was started that these\\nCaribs were cannibals, and they were thus placed beyond\\nthe pale of humanity; so that it was not difficult to exclude\\nthem from the benefit of the humane laws framed to re-\\npress the rapacity and cruelty of the colonists. Of course,\\nif it was deemed necessary to obtain labor, nothing was\\neasier than to discover an island of Caribs.\\nDe Ayllon made his preparations for a descent upon the\\ninhabitants of the Lucayan Isles, a quiet and inoffensive\\npeople, among whom Columbus had first landed, and from\\nwhom he had received every mark of unsophisticated kind-\\nness; but they happened to be near at hand, and some one\\ncould be found to declare that they were Caribs and can-\\nnibals, if it was the interest of others to have it so.\\nFor the purpose of this expedition, De Ayllon fitted out\\ntv/o vessels, and made sail for these islands. Unsuccessful\\nin entrapping the natives, and driven off by severe weather,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 21\\nhe passed to the northward, and came to the land of Chi-\\ncora, on the coast of South Carolina.\\nOf this wonderful land, two remarkable things are re-\\nlated with much gravity by the ancient chronicler. They\\nsay he reports that the royal personages of Xapida, a\\nneighboring province, were giants, made so artificially.\\nThe mode in which this was accomplished was as follows:\\nWhile in tender infancy, certain Indian masters of the\\nart took the young prince and princess, and softened their\\nbones like wax, with plasters made of certain herbs, until\\nthey left them lifeless in appearance. The nurse who\\nsuckled the children was fed with very nutritious food.\\nAfter some days, the professors in charge of the matter\\nreturned and stretched the bones of the infants, and did\\nthe same with the nurse, until they had arrived at such a\\nstage of progress as would enable them to increase more\\nthan any others in stature, according to their experience\\nin such matters. Others say, upon the authority of the\\nIndians, that they grew so large because they were fed\\nupon such rare and efficacious herbs that their growth was\\nforced. This wonderful art may be considered as one of\\nthose lost of old, and these rare and curious plants are no\\nlonger known, even to the weird sisters.\\nAnother remarkable thing, which De Ayllon learned\\nupon this expedition, was the existence of a race of beings\\nwith a caudal appendage, similar to that of the equine race,\\nwhich was whisked about with great vigor. The diet of\\nthese singular beings was raw fish.\\nSubsequent explorers seem never to have encountered\\nthese races, unless Gulliver s visit to the Houyhnhnms\\nbe considered as authentic history. Such are the mixed\\ncreations of the imagination, interspersed with realities,\\nwhich characterize the relations of the early voyagers.\\nDe Ayllon landed at various points, and received only", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nkindness at the hands of the natives. By gifts and pro-\\ntestations of friendship, he enticed some one hundred and\\nthirty of them on board his vessels, and set sail for His-\\npaniola.\\nSo sudden and treacherous an act struck his captives\\nwith amazement, and aroused their fierce indignation no\\nkindness or attention could reconcile them to their fate,\\nand no artifice could divert the minds of the proud and\\nhigh-spirited sons of Chicora from their grief and proud\\ndespair. They were of a different race and spirit from\\nthe natives of the Antilles, and would not submit to the\\nrestraints sought to be placed upon them. They were of\\nan unconquerable spirit, and their successors upon the soil\\nof Chicora, the gallant sons of Carolina, have vindicated\\ntheir claim to be considered their descendants, in their\\nspirit of independence and bold assertion of their rights\\nand liberties.\\nOne of the two vessels foundered at sea, and went down\\nwith all on board. The other arrived in Hispaniola; but\\nDe Ayllon was severely censured for the artifices used to\\nentrap the people of Chicora; and the final history and\\nresult of the expedition are thus briefly and pointedly told\\n^^y los Indios 7io sirvieroJi de nada,porqiLe casitodos murieron\\nde enejoy tristecay (These Indians profited them nothing,\\nbecause they all died of care and grief.)\\nSome years had now elapsed since the veteran Juan\\nPonce de Leon had obtained the title and privileges of\\nAdelantado of Florida and Bimini but, discouraged by\\nthe reception which he had met with at the hands of the\\nwarlike Floridians, and by the ill success which he had\\nencountered in his attempts to chastise the Caribs, he had\\nremained inactive in his alcaldeship of the town of Porto\\nRico, yet not unobservant of the reports brought by the\\nvarious expeditions which had, in the mean while, visited", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n23\\nthe shores of Florida. The voyages of Miruelos and\\nAlaminos in the Gulf of Mexico, and of De Ayllon on\\nthe Atlantic coast, had proved that Florida was not, as he\\nhad supposed, an island, but a continent of illimitable\\nextent, and of greater richness and value than his own\\nobservation had led him to believe.\\nHis ambition and his avarice were again aroused, and he\\nlooked forward with renewed hope, not to finding his\\nFountain of Youth, but to founding an empire which should\\ngive to his name an enduring celebrity. During the year\\n15 21 he concluded his arrangements for another expe-\\ndition to Florida: Cortez had commenced his wonderful\\nenterprise of effecting the conquest of Mexico two years\\npreviously, and the reports of his exploits had doubtless\\nreached the sturdy Ponce de Leon and infused into his\\nveins new ardor to undertake a similar enterprise. He\\nfitted out two vessels at his own expense, and absorbed his\\nentire fortune in his outfit. He reached Florida, after\\nsevere storms at sea, and landed on the nearest shore, eager\\nto anticipate all others in planting his standard on the soil\\nof his Adelantadoship. Doubtless his first act, upon land-\\ning, was to cause his notary to make proclamation of his\\nsovereignty and right to the allegiance of the natives, as\\ntheir governor-general, and to require their obedience, as\\nwas the custom of the great captains in those days. The\\nanswer of his liege subjects on this occasion was of a most\\nunsatisfactory character, for they attacked his forces with the\\nutmost fierceness and impetuosity, killing great numbers of\\nthe Spaniards, and wounding the governor himself severely,\\nforcing them to retreat precipitately to their ships and to\\nleave their coasts.\\nPonce de Leon, grievously wounded and sick at heart,\\nand doubtless depressed at the apparent ill fortune which\\nseemed to attend all the enterprises of his declining years.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24\\nHISTOR Y OF FL OR IDA.\\nand, perhaps, believing, with the superstitious feeling of\\nhis countrymen, that some malignant fate overshadowed\\nhis destiny, rankling with pain of both head and heart,\\nsuccumbed to the adverse winds of fortune, abandoned the\\nshores of Florida, and the prospective honors before him,\\nand sailed to the neighboring coast of Cuba, where, after\\na few days, he died, regretted and honored by many who\\nhad known the bold and adventurous cavalier in his earlier\\nyears. This simple epitaph was inscribed on his monu-\\nment\\nMole sub hoc fortis\\nRequiescunt ossa Leonis\\nQui vicit factis\\nNomina magna suis.\\nWhich was rendered into Spanish by Castellano, as fol-\\nlows:\\nAquesto lugar estrecho\\nEs sepulcro del varon\\nQue en el nonibre fue Leon\\nY mucho mas en el hecho.f\\nPonce de Leon left a son named Louis, upon whom the\\nemperor conferred the Adelantadoship and honors of his\\nfather. It does not appear, however, that he ever made\\nany use of his privileges, or attempted to carry out the de-\\nsigns of his father and he is heard of no more in connection\\nwith the history of Florida.\\nOf all the historic names associated with its long history,\\nDe Soto alone perhaps excepted, the name of Ponce de\\nLeon stands out more prominently than any other the\\nromantic character of his expedition has won for him a\\nIrving s Spanish Voyages of Discovery.\\nf In this sepulchre rest the bones of a man who was a Lion by name\\nand still more by nature.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 25\\nname and a remembrance which the real importance of\\nanything he attempted or accomplished, in that or any\\nother quarter, would have failed to give him so true it is\\nthat the folly or credulity of mankind often makes more\\nimpression upon the public mind than distinguished vir-\\ntues.\\nIn the mean time, De Ayllon, not discouraged by the\\nprofitless results of his abduction of the natives of Chicora,\\nand trusting, by renewed effort, to make an advantageous\\nlodgment upon that coast, proceeded first to Spain, taking\\nwith him one of the natives of Chicora, named Francisco,\\na captive whom he had instructed in the faith and language\\nof the Spaniards. Having presented himself at court, De\\nAyllon related to the ministers of the crown the events\\nof the voyage he had undertaken to Chicora, described the\\nsituation of the country, its fruits and productions, as well\\nas the manners and customs of its inhabitants, and sought\\nthe privilege of its conquest and settlement. This was\\ngranted, with the additional honor of being created a\\nKnight of the Order of St. lago.\\nThe agreement entered into between the king and De\\nAyllon contained, however, a special article, which for-\\nbade the subjection of the natives, or the granting of\\nrepartimientos, which, up to that period, had been usually\\ngiven, and had been deemed a necessary privilege granted\\nto the Royal Adelantados and conquerors. This clause\\nwas probably due to the untiring efforts of Las Casas to\\nameliorate the condition of the poor natives, and may also\\nhave had some reference to the previous foray of De Ayllon\\nupon the people of Chicora. It is an interesting fact in\\nthis connection that a greater amount of consideration\\nwas accorded to the natives of the mainland of our own\\nsection of country, than to the people of the islands which\\nthe Spaniards had occupied. By the tenor of the Royal\\n3", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nAssiento with De Ayllon, the natives of Florida were to\\nbe treated as freedmen and vassals, and to receive com-\\npensation for their labor.\\nOwing to delays in making his preparations, it was not\\nuntil 1524 that De Ayllon was enabled, in conformity with\\nhis agreement, to dispatch two vessels to begin the explo-\\nration of that portion of the mainland embraced within his\\ncontract, which was from the 35th to the 37th degree of N.\\nlatitude. These vessels soon returned, bringing specimens\\nof gold, silver, and pearls, and with so favorable a report\\nof the country which they had visited, that De Ayllon de-\\ntermined to set out at once and take possession of his prov-\\nince of Chicora. He refitted the two vessels which had\\njust returned, and, adding a third, again set sail, and safely\\nreached his destination. Choosing a favorable point for\\nlanding, with the view of establishing a settlement, he dis-\\nembarked, and was received by the natives with affected\\ncordiality and pleasure, and this was carried to such an ex-\\ntent as to disarm him of all suspicion. He at once con-\\ncluded that his design would readily be accomplished, and\\ncongratulated himself upon the ease and dexterity with\\nwhich he had glided into his government. For the purpose\\nof exploring the country, he dispatched a party of two\\nhundred men to visit a town a day s journey from the coast.\\nThis party was hospitably entertained and feasted by the\\nnatives for four days, and all precautions on the part of the\\nSpaniards being laid aside, they were suddenly set upon,\\nand the whole company destroyed, not one being left to\\ncarry to De Ayllon the news of the disaster. A vigorous\\nattack was then made upon those who had remained in\\ncharge of the ships, who, getting on board with much dif-\\nficulty, made sail.\\nIt is said that De Ayllon himself perished in this massa-\\ncre, and shared in the terrible retribution which was vis-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 27\\nited upon the expedition, on account of the duplicity and\\ntreachery of which De Ayllon had been guilty upon his\\nfirst expedition. The son of De Ayllon sought of the\\ncrown the rights and privileges of his father, which were\\ngranted to him; but, being unable to equip an expedition,\\nhe died in Spain, it is said, of melancholy, in consequence\\nof his disappointment.\\nAbout this period, Juan Verazzano, an Italian navigator\\nin the French service, came upon the coast of North. Amer-\\nica in about latitude 35\u00c2\u00b0, landed at various points as he\\ncoasted northward, enjoying the most friendly intercourse\\nwith the natives, and coasted as far north as Cape Cod. He\\nreturned thence to France, and gave a brief account of his\\nvoyage and of the manners, customs, and appearance of\\nthe different tribes of Indians whom he from time to time\\nencountered at different points on the coast. He made a\\nsecond voyage to America, and was never again heard of,\\nhaving perished probably at sea.*\\nPublic attention in Spain and the islands was now di-\\nrected for many years to the progress of events in Mexico,\\nwhere Cortez was prosecuting his successful career of con-\\nquest, surpassing in the brilliancy of his deeds all that had\\nhitherto been accomplished upon the shores of America,\\nand giving a new stimulus to the love for adventure in all\\nclasses.\\nFrom the success of Cortez, it seemed probable to the\\npublic mind that in the interior of both North and South\\nAmerica regions existed of great fertility, and abounding\\nin gold, silver, and pearls, only requiring the stout arm and\\nbrave heart of a Cortez to give to whomsoever should dis-\\ncover them the like rewards.\\nAn expedition for the conquest and settlement of Florida\\nHakluyt, vol. iii. p. 295.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwas about to be undertaken upon a much larger scale, and\\nunder fairer auspices, than those which had preceded it.\\nIt was hoped that a new empire would be conquered,\\nnorth and east of Mexico, in an indefinitely located region\\ndescribed as lying between the River of Palms (near Tam-\\npico) and the limits of Florida, which latter was, in those\\ndays, a general designation of the countries bordering upon\\nthe Atlantic.\\nThis long shore-line, from the Capes of Labrador south-\\nward to the Gulf of Mexico, was claimed at a subsequent\\nperiod by two different parties, with about equal justice.\\nThe discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon was considered\\nby the Spanish crown as establishing their prior claim and\\nright of dominion over the whole coast, while the English\\nfell back upon the voyage of Cabot in 1497, and the view\\nhe obtained of the coast, as establishing theirs. Subse-\\nquently France, as a third party, interposed the much\\nstronger claim of actual occupation to much of the country.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nExpedition and Shipwreck of Panfilo de Narvaez, and Adventures of\\nCabe9a de Vaca, the Discoverer of the Mississippi.\\n1527.\\nThose familiar with the history of the conquest of Mexico\\nwill recollect that after the successful march of Cortez upon\\nthe city of Mexico, and his occupation of the capital of\\nthe Aztec Empire, Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, under\\nwhose orders he had originally commenced the enterprise,\\nbecame jealous of the success and position of Cortez, and\\nsent his lieutenant, Panfilo de Narvaez, to supersede the\\ndaring adventurer.\\nThe gallant and astute conqueror of Mexico felt no dis-\\nposition to have his laurels thus plucked from him, and\\nalthough Narvaez had brought with him a force of nine\\nhundred Spaniards and one thousand Indians of Cuba, while\\nCortez had less than three hundred at his command, yet he\\ndetermined, by a sudden and bold attack, to seize his rival\\nand frustrate his intentions. His plan, favored by a stormy\\nnight, during which his opponents slept in fancied security,\\nwas entirely successful. Narvaez was taken prisoner, having\\nlost an eye in the melee, and his forces submitted willingly,\\nfor the most part, to the leadership of the gallant Hernan\\nCortez.\\nNarvaez appears to have been a leader of some military\\ncapacity, although negligent and lax in his discipline. He\\n3* (29)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\npossessed undoubted courage, but this quality was rendered\\nnugatory by an overweening confidence in his own powers,\\nwhich made him deaf to the suggestions of others more\\nsagacious than himself. He was altogether deficient in that\\nprudent and calculating foresight demanded in a leader who\\nhas to travel out of the beaten track, face unforeseen ob-\\nstacles and an active and enterprising foe.\\nDisappointed and crestfallen, after his release by Cortez,\\nNarvaez returned to Spain, and endeavored to obtain re-\\ndress at court, but his sagacious opponent had already ren-\\ndered his own version of the affair, and had vindicated\\nhimself from the charge of disloyalty to the crown, while\\nthe lustre and interest attached to the report of his memor-\\nable adventures in the subjugation of the Mexican capital\\neffaced all the detractions which had been so industriously\\nsent home by his rival.\\nFailing to enlist any sympathy in his complaints against\\nCortez, Narvaez next turned his attention to getting up\\nsome new expedition, and asked the authority of the crown\\nto undertake the conquest of Florida, with the title of Ade-\\nlantado of all the regions which he might discover and\\nconquer within certain limits. Hitherto the march of the\\nSpanish explorers in America had, with few exceptions, been\\nunchecked, and the path of discovery had become the road\\nto successful conquest. Mexico, Panama, and the Spanish\\nMain, as well as most of the islands in the Caribbean Sea,\\nhad submitted to the Spanish rule, and a mere handful of\\nSpaniards had sufficed to rout thousands of defenseless\\nnatives. The native was consequently despised, and suc-\\ncessful resistance was never anticipated.\\nDuly commissioned to conquer and govern the provinces\\nof the mainland, extending from the River of Palms (near\\nTampico) to Cape Florida, Narvaez left the port of San\\nLucar, in Spain, on the 17th of June, 1527, with five ves-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 31\\nsels, carrying six hundred men. He stopped at Hispaniola,\\nwith the purpose of refitting and provisioning his vessels.\\nWhile thus delayed, one hundred and forty of his men\\nwithdrew from the enterprise, preferring to remain in St.\\nDomingo. After a sojourn of forty-five days, the vessels\\nsailed to the port of St. lago, in Cuba, and there made\\narrangements for procuring provisions, which he found he\\ncould obtain at Trinidad, a port a hundred leagues to the\\nwest. He dispatched two of his vessels to that point, where\\nthey were overtaken by a hurricane, and totally destroyed,\\nwith all on board, some seventy souls. Owing to this dis-\\naster, he was compelled to defer his expedition until the\\nspring. He purchased other vessels to supply the place of\\nthose which had been wrecked, and found some additional\\nfollowers to accompany him.\\nHe finally embarked in April, 1528, with a company of\\nfour hundred men-at-arms and eighty horses, under the\\npilotage of Miruelo, before mentioned, who claimed to be\\nfamiliar with the coast. They made land on the 12th of\\nApril, and on Holy Thursday, the 14th of April, they an-\\nchored near the shore, in the mouth of a bay which is con-\\njectured to have been Clear Water Bay,* just north of that\\nnow known as Tampa Bay, but a long time known by its\\nSpanish designation of the Bay of Espiritu Santo. The\\nexpedition had unwittingly passed the entrance of the la.rger\\nbay, and supposed themselves to be still south of it. This\\nerror led to most fatal consequences.\\nAt the head of the bay in which they had anchored they\\nsaw Indian houses, one of which is said to have been very\\nlarge, and of sufficient capacity to hold more than three\\nhundred persons. On Good-Friday, a day of bad omen\\nfor the expedition, the governor took formal possession of\\nBuckingham Smith s Notes to Letter of De Soto, 1854.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthe country in the name of his Catholic Majesty, and as-\\nsumed the government of the province.\\nThe natives received them with a bold fearlessness, yet\\nnot in an unfriendly manner, but at once made signs to\\nthem to go back to their ships. Upon a consultation of\\nthe principal officers, and, as De Vaca* says, against his\\ndecided opposition, it was determined to march along the\\ncoast to the large bay which their pilot had spoken of,\\nand that the vessels should coast along to the bay and\\nawait them there. It was an unwise determination but\\nthey had barely escaped shipwreck on their voyage, were\\nweary of the sea, and anxious to try their fortunes on land.\\nAn exploring party had met some of the natives wearing\\ngold ornaments. Inquiring by signs of the Indians as to\\nwhere they obtained this precious metal, they pointed\\nnorthward, and gave the name of Abalachie, and indicated\\nthat there was an abundance of it to be had there, and\\nthat it was a province a long way off. The Indians told\\nthem truly, and meant the head-waters of the Apalachee\\nRiver, in the gold regions of Upper Georgia; but as the\\nname of Apalachee attached to the whole course of the\\nriver, and there were Apalachian villages near the Gulf\\ncoast, they were misled by their Indian guides, whom\\nthey forced to accompany them. In an exploration, before\\nstarting, they had come to the shore of the Bay of Espiritu\\nSanto, but were not aware that it was the bay of which\\nthey were in search.\\nOne hundred men remained on board the vessels, which\\nwere placed under the command of one Caravallo. The\\nremainder, numbering some three hundred, with forty\\nhorses, which remained out of the eighty put on board,\\nconstituted the land expedition. They seem to have\\nCabe9a de Vaca, Relacion, p 31, Valladolid, 1555, Paris, 1837.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 33\\nbrought but a scanty supply of provisions with them, as\\nthe allowance on which they commenced their march\\namounted to but two pounds of bread and half a pound\\nof meat to each man. On this scanty provision they\\nmarched fifteen days, without seeing a village, a house, or\\na single living soul. They then came to a river, which\\nwas probably the Withlacoochee, on the banks of which\\nthey were met by twelve hundred Indians, who conducted\\nthem to their village, which was near by.\\nA party was sent to the seashore, which they were told\\nwas not far distant, to look out for the ships they found\\na shoal, marshy, and sandy shore, but no appearance of the\\nbay or their ships, and returned next day. Uncertain as to\\nany point where they could meet their vessels, they de-\\ntermined to proceed to Apalachee, where they might find\\nthe treasures they were in quest of. Resuming their march,\\nthey came to a river of considerable size and rapid current,\\nwhich they crossed with difficulty. This was doubtless\\nthe Suwanee, and it is likely they crossed it some distance\\nfrom the coast. After passing this river, they encountered\\nmuch opposition from the Indians, and their guides led\\nthem through a most difficult country, much obstructed\\nwith the trunks of fallen trees of large size. They had\\noccasionally in their march found fields of maize, but\\nwere now seven or eight days at a time without seeing\\nany signs of cultivation. As no mention is made of cross-\\ning the Santa Fe River, they must have passed over\\nthe Natural Bridge, or at some point below its junction\\nwith the Suwanee. From the Suwanee they marched seven\\ndays, and reached the neighborhood of what was repre-\\nsented to them as the Apalachee they were in quest of.\\nNarvaez and his companions seemed to have anticipated\\nthat this famed Apalachee was almost a second Mexico,\\nwhere they were to receive the reward of all the privations", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nand sufferings they had previously endured but, much to\\ntheir disappointment, they found only a petty Indian town,\\nof some forty small cabins, made of thatch and built close\\nto the ground.\\nThe country through which they had passed is described\\nas level, the soil sandy but firm, the trees large, and con-\\nsisting of gum, cedar, oak, pine, and palms, with much\\nfallen timber, and with numerous lakes. Maize was culti-\\nvated by the natives, and the country was said to abound\\nin deer, rabbits, hares, bears, lions, and kangaroos. The\\nlions and kangaroos must have been exterminated since\\nthen, as none have been found by subsequent explorers.\\nFalcons, gerfalcons, sparrow-hawks, merlins, and other\\nbirds are mentioned. By the name of falcon and ger-\\nfalcon they probably meant the chicken-hawk.\\nThe town of Apalachee visited by them, it is supposed,\\nwas not the principal Indian town, but a small village\\nof the Apalachees. De Soto s expedition took up their\\nquarters in a village called Anhayea, which is said to have\\ncontained two hundred and fifty houses, f ancj the location\\nof which is believed to have been near Tallahassee, and the\\nexistence of numerous towns of fifty or sixty houses is\\nspoken of.\\nThe town called Apalachee by De VacaJ was situated\\non a lake, and there was another village across the lake,\\nwhich was possibly Miccasukie Lake.\\nThe Spaniards remained at this Indian town of Apala-\\nchee for about a month, a grievous infliction, no doubt,\\nupon the natives, who kept up a continued state of warfare,\\nand discouraged them greatly as to the nature and re-\\nCabe^a de Vaca.\\nf L Inca, Hist, de Florida, p. 74.\\nX Cabe9a de Vaca, p. 50.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n35\\nsources of the country, telling them that there were few\\npeople in it, and that it was poor and sterile; but that\\nnine days journey towards the sea there was a town called\\nAute or Haute, abounding in corn, squashes, and gourds,\\nand well supplied with fish, being near the sea.\\nNarvaez exhibited no enterprise in exploring the country\\naround him, but remained supinely in Apalachee with his\\nwhole force of three hundred men, without an effort to\\npenetrate farther or to verify the accuracy of the accounts\\nthe Indians gave him. He was really in the midst of a\\nrich, populous, and abundant country, but was incompetent\\nfor the position of a leader.\\nFollowing the interested advice of the Indians, he set\\nout for Aute. His march was contested at every step by the\\nIndians, who, from behind trees and ambuscades, dis-\\ncharged showers of arrows, and eluded all pursuit. Some\\nof the Spaniards were willing to make oath that the force\\nwith which the Indians discharged their arrows was so great,\\nthat they had seen red oaks, as thick as the calf of a man s\\nleg, shot through and through and the narrator adds that\\nthis is nothing wonderful, for he himself had seen an arrow\\ndriven into an elm a span in depth. He says, further, that\\nthese Apalachee Indians were of such great stature, that\\nat a distance they appeared to be gia?its, men of fine pro-\\nportions, very tall, and of very great strength, and dis-\\ncharged their arrows with great force from bows eight feet\\nin length, with entire precision at a distance of two hundred\\nyards.\\nAfter nine days of constant molestation, the forces of\\nNarvaez reached Aute, but the inhabitants, doubtless ap-\\nprised of their approach, had abandoned their village and\\nburned their dwellings. They had on their journey passed\\na river which they called Magdalena, and which was prob-\\nably the Choctawhatchee.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nAute was one day s journey from an entrance to the sea,\\nand has been by some supposed to have been located near\\nSt. Mark s; but the probabilities are that it was near the\\nBay of Apalachicola.*\\nFinding the town destroyed, and neither corn nor pump-\\nkins, they were consoled by being able to procure an\\nabundance of fish and oysters, but they were not allowed\\nto rest in peace whenever they went out they were way-\\nlaid, and could not leave their camp without danger. The\\nwearied Spaniards, with insufficient food, kept in constant\\napprehension by the assaults of the natives, and unaccus-\\ntomed to the country, were subjected to the miasma of the\\nlowlands about them, now, in August, becoming noxious,\\nand soon began to be prostrated by fevers.\\nThe alluring hopes which had led them on to Apalachee,\\nand thence to Aute, had now no further basis to rest upon.\\nThe gold and abundance which was to reward them at\\nApalachee had not been found, and the plenty which was\\nto await them at Aute had vanished. Their dreams of the\\nconquest and spoils of a barbarous and wealthy people like\\nthat of Mexico and Peru were miserably dissipated they\\nhad now no further hope than self-preservation, or desire\\nexcept to leave the country. Their vessels they had never\\nheard of; sickness was daily thinning their ranks and less-\\nening their ability to proceed farther, or even to defend\\nthemselves where they were. Theirs was indeed a pitiful\\ncase, destitute alike of resources for ren aining in, or means\\nof leaving, these fatal shores.\\nThe reflections of Narvaez, as he wearily and wistfully\\nlooked over the expanse of sea stretching towards Cuba\\nand the Spanish possessions, must have been painful indeed,\\nas he recalled with bitterness the bright hopes with which\\nDe Vaca, p. 66.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n37\\nhe had set out from Cuba, empowered, as the lieutenant of\\nthe powerful Governor Velasquez, to wrest from Cortez the\\nwealth and magnificence of Mexico, and vested with almost\\nvice-regal powers, to play the sovereign of a great empire\\nthen his inglorious defeat, and the renewed hopes with\\nwhich he set out with a larger force to establish in Florida,\\nas he believed, a government more than equal to that of\\nMexico and now to find himself a wanderer, cut off from\\neven the knowledge of his countrymen, hemmed in by\\ncruel and relentless foes, faint with sickness and dis-\\ncouraged by disappointment, a miserable, defeated, and\\nhelpless man.\\nUtterly dispirited, he called a council of his followers, to\\nconsider how they could escape from the country before\\nthey all perished of disease and hunger. Their determina-\\ntion, as indeed they could have come to no other, was to\\nconstruct boats, and endeavor to reach the coasts of Cuba\\nor Mexico. This seemed almost a hopeless undertaking;\\nthey had no ship-carpenters, nor any materials to build\\nwith, but they had the energy of desperation and the in-\\ncital of hope. A smith of the company said he could\\nmake bellows from deer-skins, and would forge the neces-\\nsary bolts, nails, etc. from their swords, arms, and equip-\\nments.* This he immediately put into execution. Others\\ncut timber and hewed it into shape others gathered pal-\\nmettos and made a substitute for tow for the caulking of\\nthe seams. Such ^v?S the diligence of despair, that, with but\\none single carpenter, they completed within six weeks five\\nboats one hundred and thirty feet in length. They made\\ncordage from the fibre of the palmetto, and from the tails\\nand manes of the horses the sails they made from their\\nCabe9a de Vuca, p. 66.\\n4", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nclothing, and out of the hides of their horses they made\\nbottles to carry water.\\nDuring their stay at Aute, they lost ten men, who were\\nkilled while seeking provisions, and forty had died from\\ndisease, leaving two hundred and forty to embark in the\\nboats. They embarked on the 2 2d of September, 1528,\\nhaving killed their remaining horses to furnish themselves\\nwith meat. Narvaez commanded the first boat the second\\nwas in charge of Enriquez, the Controller, and Juan Suarez,\\nthe Commissary in the third went Captains Castillo and\\nDorantes; in the fourth. Captains Tellezand Penalosa; and\\nin the fifth, Cabe^a de Vaca, each boat carrying about\\nforty-eight men.\\nAfter the provisions and clothing had been put on board,\\ntheir gunwales, it is said, were not more than six inches\\nout of water, and they were so crowded they could hardly\\nmove. So much, says the narrator,* can necessity do,\\nwhich drove us to hazard our lives in this manner, running\\ninto a sea so turbulent, with not a single one of the party\\nhaving a knowledge of navigation.\\nIt was indeed a most desperate undertaking for these\\ntv\\\\^o hundred and forty famished, sick, and down-hearted\\nmen, to launch upon an unknown and, at that season,\\nstormy sea, with no knowledge of navigation, and scantily\\nprovisioned, in wretched, hastily- built boats, loaded down\\nto the gunwales, and open to every swell of the sea. How\\ndifferent from their disembarkation a few months before, in\\nthe Bay of the True Cross, when, with banners displayed,\\nand the sound of trumpets, they formally took possession\\nof the country from which it was now their chief anxiety\\nto escape\\nThey named the bay upon which they launched their\\nCabe9a de Vaca, p. 68.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n39\\nboats, the Bay of Cavallos, and their embarkation was\\nprobably from the head of the Bay of Apalachicola, as the\\nboats were some days in reaching the Gulf of Mexico, and\\nthe water is said to have been shallow. When De Soto s\\nexpedition visited the country, eleven years afterwards, the\\nIndians conducted them to the spot, where they saw the\\ntraces of Narvaez s camp, the forge used in making the\\nspikes, scraps of iron, and the bones of the horses, and\\ntheir guide pointed out to them where the ten Spaniards\\nhad been killed in the neighborhood of Aute.*\\nFor several days the boats kept within the sound, and\\nwent out to sea at a pass which was probably that now\\nknown as Indian Pass, formed by St. Vincent s Island and\\nthe main. They then sailed westward along the coast in\\nquest of the River of Palms.\\nThe question naturally suggests itself, as to the motive\\nwhich induced them to go westwardly to seek a port mor e\\nthan a thousand miles distant, when it would seem to\\nhave been so much more rational to try to regain the\\nshores of Cuba, not more than four or five hundred miles\\ndistant. The real reason lay in their ignorance of the true\\nposition of the port which they wished to reach. The River\\nof Palms is located on the old maps in the neighborhood\\nof Tampico, and Panuco was the most northerly of the\\nsettlements occupied by the Spaniards on the coast of\\nMexico. The position of Florida, in reference to Mexico,\\nwas long misapprehended, and Narvaez and his companions\\nsupposed, when they embarked in their boats, that they\\nwould not have far to proceed before reaching the Spanish\\nsettlements in Mexico. Upon several ancient maps in\\nexistence, the Bay of Apalachee is represented as about\\nequidistant from the Capes of Florida and the Bay of\\nHistoria de I^ Inca, lib. iii. chap. v.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nTampico, and De Narvaez and his companions supposed\\nit would be safer to coast along to Panuco, rather than\\ncross over to Cuba. It is subsequently mentioned that a\\nparty of four started by land for Panuco, which was be-\\nlieved to be near, and, later, Esquivel refused to join De\\nVaca in an effort to reach Mexico, because he had under-\\nstood from the friars in the expedition that Panuco had\\nbeen already passed. Panuco was, in fact, twelve hundred\\nmiles distant from the Bay of Apalachee. Had they turned\\nto the south and east, they could have coasted along Florida,\\noften protected by islands, and procured fish and oysters in\\nabundance, and would have been, when they reached the\\nTortugas, in the track of vessels going to Mexico. The\\nremnant of De Soto s expedition, with better fortune, coasted\\nwestwardly from the mouth of the Mississippi, until they\\nreached in safety the Spanish settlements in Mexico.\\nAfter passing into the Gulf, Narvaez and his followers\\ncoasted westwardly along the shore, and soon began to\\nsuffer from hunger and thirst, and were in constant danger\\nof shipwreck. They occasionally ran into the coves and\\ncreeks, and sometimes encountered Indians engaged in\\nfishing. Entering St. Joseph s Bay, they landed, and were\\nhospitably received by an Indian chief, but in the night\\nwere attacked by the Indians. In the melee, they took\\nfrom the chief his blanket, which was made of the skins\\nof the civet-marten with this other chiefs were occa-\\nsionally seen decorated. Afterwards they landed upon an\\nisland, which appears to have been the island of Santa\\nRosa. Here their boats got aground, and they nearly\\nperished from cold and hunger. The natives of this place\\ntreated them with great kindness, supplying them with fish\\nand a kind of root which was like a walnut in size and\\nobtained from under the water with much labor.\\nDe Vaca s party, attempting to get their boat off in", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 4,\\norder to re-embark, lost three of their number, who were\\ndrowned by the boat capsizing, one of whom was Alonzo\\nde Salis, the Assessor. The sympathy of the Indians was\\nmuch excited on their behalf, and every assistance in their\\npower was freely given. By this disaster they lost their\\nboat and all their clothing, and suffered severely from the\\ncold winds of November. The boat of Captains Dorantes\\nand Castillo was also wrecked on this island. The Span-\\niards soon exhausted the small amount of provisions fur-\\nnished by the Indians, and were reduced to such extremity\\nthat they lived on the bodies of such as died, and in a\\nshort time, of eighty souls who had come in the two boats,\\nbut fifteen remained alive.* The fate of those who were in\\nthe other three boats was equally disastrous. The boat of\\nEnriquez the Controller and Juan Suarez was wrecked near\\nPensacola Bay, and they proceeded along the shore to the\\nPerdido, across which they were carried by the governor s\\nboat. Afterwards, the rest of his men having gone on\\nshore, Narvaez persisted in remaining on board, having\\nw^ith him only the cockswain and a lad, and having on board\\nneither provisions nor water. At midnight the wind arose\\noff shore, and his boat, being anchored with only a stone,\\nwas driven to sea, and nothing more was ever heard of this\\nrenowned Captain-General and Adelantado of Florida,\\nPanfilo de Narvaez.\\nThe survivors of these two boats, some ninety in number,\\ngradually died from hunger and starvation, the living sub-\\nsisting upon the dried flesh of their comrades, endeavoring\\nto prolong their own existence until they too succumbed\\nto their fate.\\nThe fifth and last boat, that of Captains Tellez and Pena-\\nC.msidering the abundance of fish and oysters in that vicinity, this\\nstatement is remarkable.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nlosa, continued on across Mobile Bay, and as far as Pass\\nChristian, where they landed among a people called the\\nCamones, and, according to the report given to De Vaca\\nby the Indians, were all killed by the natives, having become\\nso feeble that they could offer no resistance.*\\nOf the three hundred who started on the land march\\nfrom the Bay of the True Cross with Narvaez, but four are\\nknown to have escaped. These were Cabega de Vaca, the\\nTreasurer, Captain Alonzo Castillo, Captain Andreas Do-\\nrantes, and Estevanico, an Arabian negro or Moor. Juan\\nOrtiz, who was found among the Indians by De Soto, and\\nwas his interpreter, was decoyed on shore from one of the\\nvessels after Narvaez had begun his march.\\nWhen Narvaez began his land march, he left three vessels\\nin the bay, with one hundred men and ten women on board,\\nand with a very small amount of stores. These vessels\\nwere to have sailed along the coast, as near the shore as\\npossible, and to enter the best port they could find and there\\nawait Narvaez. They accordingly followed the coast for\\nsome distance without finding any harbor, and then sailed\\nto the southward, and five or six leagues below where they\\nhad landed on their arrival they found a bay which pene-\\ntrated into the land seven or eight leagues. Two of the\\nvessels continued the search for Narvaez for nearly a year,\\nand then sailed to Mexico.\\nIt is a curious circumstance that a woman who was on\\nboard one of the vessels had, before they began their march,\\npredicted to Narvaez all the misfortunes which befell the\\nparty; he assumed to place little faith in the revelation,\\nbut doubtless, in so credulous an age, was depressed and\\ndispirited by it.f\\nThe survivors, Cabega de Vaca and the others, owed\\nCabe?a de Vaca, p. 155. f Ibid,, p. 296.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 43\\ntheir preservation to an idea which the Indians entertained\\nthat they were skilled in the healing art, and they were\\nsoon installed as great medicine-men. They rather hesi-\\ntated at first about assuming the responsibilities of a pro-\\nfession of which they were entirely ignorant but the In-\\ndians insisted on their practicing, and their success exceeded\\ntheir anticipations. De Vaca thus describes their modus\\noperandi, and it may be considered quite as rational as\\nmany systems now in vogue. He says, the custom of the\\nIndians was, upon finding themselves sick, to send for a\\nphysician, and after the cure they gave him not only every-\\nthing they themselves owned, but sought among their rela-\\ntives for more to add to the gift, in order to evince their\\ngratitude.\\nThe medicine-man was also privileged to have two wives\\ninstead of one. De Vaca s style of practice was, to bless\\nthe sick, breathe upon them, recite a Paternoster and an\\nAve Maria, praying with all earnestness to God our Lord\\nthat he would give them health and influence them to do\\nus some great good, in his mercy; and he piously says\\nthat He willed that all those for whom we supplicated\\nshould, directly after we made the sign of the cross over\\nthem, tell the others that they were sound and in health.\\nPrior to his advancement to the dignity of a Great\\nMedicine, De Vaca engaged in the business of an itinerant\\ntrader, carrying shells, conchs, etc. from the coast, and\\nexchanging them for skins, ochre, flints for arrow-heads,\\nand other articles. He went by day entirely without\\nclothing, having a covering of deer-skins at night.\\nDe Vaca remained six years among the coast Indians,\\nwhom he calls the Mariannes, busily obtaining such in-\\nformation as would enable him to find his way back to the\\nCabe9a de Vaca, p. 162.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nSpanish settlements. Of a tribe called the Yezagues, he\\nsays, Their support is principally roots, which are very\\nbitter, and require two days in roasting. Occasionally\\nthey kill deer, and at times obtain some fish, but the\\nquantity is so small and the famine so great, that they eat\\nspiders, the eggs of ants, worms, lizards, salamanders, snakes\\nand vipers which are poisonous, and earth and wood;\\nand, says De Vaca, if there were stones in that land, I\\nverily believe they would eat them. The men carried no\\nburdens, but devolved all menial and severe labor upon\\nthe old men and the women the latter worked hard.\\nThese Indians, he says, were great thieves, great liars, and\\ngreat drunkards, from the use of a certain liquor. They\\nwere so accustomed to running that, without rest or fatigue,\\nthey could follow a deer from morning until night. In this\\nway they killed many, for they pursued them until tired\\ndown, and sometimes overtook them in the chase. Their\\nhouses were of matting, placed upon four hoops; they car-\\nried them on their backs, and moved every three or four\\ndays in search of food. They planted nothing, but were a\\nvery merry people, considering the hunger they suffered,\\nand, notwithstanding, never ceased to dance, or to observe\\ntheir festivities. To them the happiest part of the year was\\nthe season of eating prickly pears, for then they had a season\\nof plenty, and could eat their fill, passing their time in\\ndancing and eating day and night. They peeled and dried\\nthem, packing them in baskets like figs.\\nMosquitoes were of three sorts, and all of them abun-\\ndant in every part of the country, and their bite poisoned\\nand inflamed the body. The Indians used to set the plains\\nand the woods within their reach on fire, to drive away the\\nmosquitoes, and to drive out lizards they also fired the\\nwoods to drive in the deer, and to attract the cattle to\\nyoung grass.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n45\\nIt will be seen by this brief statement of Indian customs,\\nas given by De Vaca, that some of the usages of the pine-\\nbarren regions of Florida are inherited from the original\\noccupants of the soil. A singular custom is mentioned of\\none tribe, that they suckled their children until twelve\\nyears old, and the reason given was, that they might not\\nsuffer in times of scarcity of food.\\nAt the end of six years, De Vaca, Castillo, Dorantes,\\nand Estevanico, having become thoroughly versed in the\\nlanguage and customs of the Indians, and, we may suppose,\\nby exposure and the use of pigments, coming closely to\\nresemble them, determined to carry out their cherished\\npurpose of reaching Panuco, in Mexico.\\nLeaving the Mariannes at a favorable moment, they\\ncame to a tribe called the Avavares, and, having effected\\nsome remarkable cures among them, the medicine-men ac-\\nquired an extraordinary reputation, and were considered\\nsuperior beings. As such, they were carried upon their\\njourney in great state, by large detachments of Indians,\\nand had every want supplied. At times they were accom-\\npanied by as many as two or three thousand of the natives.\\nThey at length came to a large river, where they saw an\\nIndian with a sword-buckle, and learned that others had\\nseen white men upon the river in boats, and with horses\\nupon the land, and at some distance from them came upon\\ntraces of the presence of Europeans; shortly afterwards\\nthey encountered a party of Spaniards who had come out\\neastwardly from the Spanish settlements in Mexico.\\nCabe^a de Vaca and his companions, after their long\\nsojourn of seven years among the Indians, at length reached\\nthe abodes of civilized men, and were received with the\\ngreatest sympathy by the Spanish authorities in Mexico.\\nHe was enabled to return to Spain, where, upon his arrival,\\nhe addressed to his Catholic Majesty an interesting narra-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ntive of his adventures, with observations upon the manners\\nand customs of the countries through which he had passed.*\\nIt appears that he desired to secure the privilege of re-\\nturning to Florida and to have the appointment of gov-\\nernor; but other parties of greater position and influence\\nwere seeking those privileges, and the governorship of La\\nPlata was given to De Vaca, who failed to give satisfaction\\nin the administration of the government of that country,\\nand was sent home in disgrace. His narrative of the ex-\\npedition and shipwreck of Narvaez and of his own personal\\nadventures is exceedingly interesting, as containing the\\nobservations of the first European who traversed the\\nregion now known as the Cotton States, and the first\\nwhite man who beheld the Mississippi and crossed the\\nThe following cotemporary notice of his return is found in the\\nRelation of De Soto s Expedition, by Alvarez Fernandez, usually\\ncalled the Narrative of the Portuguese Gentleman\\nWhen Dom Fernando had obtained the government, there came a\\ngentleman from the Indies to the Court, named Cabeza de Vaca, which\\nhad been with the Governor Pamphilo de Narvaez, which died in\\nFlorida, who reported that Narvaez was cast away at sea, with all the\\ncompany y went with him, and how he with four more escaped and\\narrived in Nueva Espana. Also he brought a relation in writing of\\nthat which he had scene in Florida which said in some places, In such\\na place I have scene this, and the rest which here I saw I leave to con-\\nferre of between his Majestic and myselfe. Generally he reported\\nthe misery of the country and the troubles which he passed, and hee\\ntold some of his kinsfolke, which were desirous to go into the Indies,\\nand urged him very much to tell them whether he had scene any rich\\ncountry in Florida, that he might not tell them, because hee and another\\nwhose name was Orantes (who remained in Nueva Espana with pur-\\npose to return into Florida) for which intent he came into Spaine to\\nbeg the government thereof of the Emperor, had sworn not to discover\\nsome of the things which they had scene, because no man should pre-\\nvent them in begging the same, and he informed them that it was the\\nrichest country of the world.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n47\\ngreat Father of Waters. The discovery of the Mississippi\\nhas for a long time been erroneously attributed to De Soto;\\nbut Cabe^a de Vaca and his companions had rested upon its\\nbanks years before De Soto set out on his expedition and\\nupon some high bluff by that wondrous stream should be\\nerected a column bearing the simple inscription:\\nAlvar Nunez Cabe^a de Vaca\\nIN HOC LOCO PRIMUS OMNIUM EUROP^ORUM FUIT,\\nA.D. MDXXXV.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nExpedition of Hernando de Sotc.\\n1539.\\nThose who have had occasion to consult the relations of\\nthe early adventurers who attempted the conquest or coloni-\\nzation of Florida, cannot fail to have been struck with the\\nfact that the country is eulogized by them all as a very\\nrich and fertile country. Thus, in the English translation\\nof the relation of the Portuguese Gentleman, by Hakluyt,\\nit is said, Wherein are truly observed the riches and\\nfertilities of these parts, abounding with things necessary,\\npleasant, and profitable for the life of man. And in the\\nsame work it is said that Cabe^a de Vaca reported, upon\\nhis return to Spain, that it was the richest country of the\\nworld. Doubtless to most persons this will seem so ab-\\nsurd and exaggerated, as to cast discredit upon the veracity\\nof the narrator.\\nBut this flattering estimate of the country by the\\nearly explorers and voyagers may be explained upon\\ngrounds perfectly consistent with the idea of sincerity on\\ntheir part. It must be recollected, in the first place, that\\nthe name of Florida then designated a vast extent of\\ncountry, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico, north-\\nwestwardly, towards unknown regions. The divisions of\\nthe country, as marked upon the maps, were Florida at\\nthe south, extending to the north of the Chesapeake, and\\nmeeting New France. In speaking of Florida, therefore,\\n(48;", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n49\\nin those days, reference was had to a much larger scope of\\ncountry than is now designated by the name. v^\\nThe main object of all expeditions at that day was the dis-\\ncovery of precious me tals, and, coming from the Old World,\\nmen had no standard of comparison by which to measure\\nthe agricultural value of the New. The shores of Florida\\npresented to their eyes a more grateful and pleasing pros-\\npect than the sands of the Tierra Caliente of Mexico, or\\nthe swampy, impassable mesquite groves of South America.\\nLet us suppose for a moment a vessel, long tempest-\\ntossed upon the wild waste of waters, entering one of\\nthe harbors of Florida. As the shores are approached,\\nthere opens a gentle and placid bay, land-locked, and re-\\nflecting with glassy stillness the shadows of the evergreen\\nand towering trees of the forest. The fleeting clouds of\\nheaven pass over its polished surface, and changing points\\nof beauty are being constantly developed. The white-\\nwinged water-fowl skim quietly along its surface the\\nwaving moss droops from the hanging boughs; pleasant\\ncoves and sylvan retreats border its banks.\\nThe appearances upon the land are equally flattering the\\ngreen grass, even in midwinter, gives a vernal beauty to the\\nlandscape.\\nThe evergreen forests, flUed with birds of song and\\nbeauty, the magnolia grandiflora, with its glistening leaves\\nand splendid flowers, the tall palm-trees, with their leafy\\ncanopies, the stalwart live-oak, the mournful cypress, the\\nbrilliant dogwood and honeysuckle, all give an air of\\nenchantment and beauty to the scene. T]ie antlers of the\\nnoble buck, and the glossy plumage of the wild turkey of the\\nforest, signal both food and noble pastime. An oriental\\nand tropical richness and profusion of vegetable life seem\\nto invite to enjoyment and ease.\\nThe voyagers ascend the gentle current of the placid\\n5", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nrivers, and new beauties are met at every turn. They seem\\nto float amid flowers and perfume the drooping vines, trail-\\ning in the water, mingle with water-plants of various tints\\neverything is tinged with richness and beauty and from\\nsome captured savage they hear always of the gold of some\\ndistant province, which animates their hopes and expec-\\ntations.\\nIs it strange that such a country should, where everything\\nwas new and marvelous and exaggerated, impart, without\\nmuch license of the imagination, a pleasant glow of beauty\\nand richness to the narrations of those who for the first\\ntime landed on its coasts?\\nThe progress of discovery and of conquest had gone on\\nin the south with almost uninterrupted success a great and\\nunexplored region was known to exist at the north, and\\nthe imagination had full scope to create for itself new fields\\nfor the acquisition of glory and of wealth.\\nPanfilo de Narvaez had miserably perished, with all his\\nnoble men-at-arms and splendid equipment, and Cabega de\\nVaca had returned to Spain, himself and three others the\\nonly survivors of this unfortunate expedition.\\nHernando de Soto, it would seem, had already projected\\nan expedition for the conquest of Florida.\\nThere was at that period no cavalier who occupied a\\nmore exalted position at the Spanish court than Hernando\\nde Soto. He was a native of the town of Villa Nueva de\\nBaccarota, in the southern part of Spain, near Xerez, and was\\nof a good family. At an early age, living near one of the\\nports, San Lucar, whence sailed the expeditions for dis-\\ncovery and conquest of the New World, he went out under\\nDon Pedro Arias D Avilas, then Governor of the West\\nIndies, by whom he was shortly promoted to the command\\nof a troop of horse, and in 1531 was dispatched with one\\nhundred men and a supply of horses by Arias to join", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 51\\nPizarro, then on his way to undertake the conquest of\\nPeru.\\nHe proved a most welcome and valuable auxiliary, and\\nsoon rose to be second in command to Pizarro himself. He\\nshared the varying fortunes of the invaders, and acquired a\\nlarge experience and great reputation as an accomplished\\nand gallant leader. Daring, yet prudent, brilliant, yet\\ncautious, he was always foremost and always successful.\\nUnder Pizarro, with a small force, he captured the Inca,\\nand left two thousand slain upon the field. After the con-\\nquest was achieved, and foreseeing the rivalries and difficul-\\nties about to spring up between the leaders, he withdrew,\\nwith a splendid booty of 180,000 ducats, which had fallen\\nto his share, and, with some valiant comrades, returned to\\nSpain in 1536.\\nIn addition to the permission to undertake the conquest\\nof Florida, he received the government of the island of\\nCuba, and the title of Adelantado of Florida, and marquis\\nof the lands he might conquer.\\nFlorida was then a terra incognita. Expeditions had\\ntouched upon the shores, and Narvaez had gone inland a\\nshort distance, but of the great extent of country reaching\\nfrom the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf of\\nMexico to the Arctic seas, very little was known the gen-\\neral impression, however, was that Florida was an island,\\nand that a passage was to be found to the northward, similar\\nto that around Cape Horn.\\nThe prestige of De Soto s name and reputation, and the\\nevidences of his preceding good fortune, shown in the\\nimmense treasures he had brought back with him, and which\\nwere lavished by him with a calculating and magnificent\\nprodigality, attracted to his standard a splendid retinue of\\nfollowers, burning for adventure, and still more anxious, it\\nis presumable, to share in the ransom of any Incas or Em-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nperors they might find in the richest country in the\\nworld, to the certain conquest and subjugation of which\\nthey confidently looked forward. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Possimt quia posse vi-\\ndentur (they are successful who believe they will be so)\\nwas the practical motto upon which the Spanish adventurers\\nacted, and, believing themselves invincible, they really\\nachieved prodigies of valor and manly prowess.\\nOne of the most distinguished of the associates of De\\nSoto in the expedition was Vasco de Porcallo, one of the\\nproprietary lords of the island of Cuba, who, although\\nsomewhat advanced in years, felt the spirit of both honor\\nand gain within him. It was of a steward of this cavalier\\nthat the somewhat whimsical story is related by Alonzo\\nFernandez, that understanding that his slaves would de-\\nstroy themselves, he went for them with a cudgel in his\\nhand at the place where they were to meet, and told them\\nthat they could neither do nor think anything that he did\\nnot know before, and that he came thither to kill himself\\nwith them, to the end that if he had used them badly in\\nthis world he might use them worse in the world to come\\nand this was a means, it is said, that they changed their\\npurpose, and turned home again, to do that which he com-\\nmanded them.\\nDe Soto first made a general rendezvous for his forces in\\nCuba, and recruited his command while staying here, he\\nsent two brigantines, with fifty men, to discover the ports\\nof Florida, and from thence they brought two Indians taken\\nupon the coast, wherewith (as well because they might\\nbe necessary as guides and for interpreters, as because they\\nsaid by signs that there was much gold in Florida) the\\ngovernor and all the company received much contentment,\\nand longed for the hour of their departure, thinking in\\nhimself this was the richest country that unto that day had\\nbeen discovered.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n53\\nDe Soto left Cuba on the i8th of May, 1539, and landed\\nat Tampa Bay on Whitsunday, the 25th of May, and the\\nname of Esph-itu Santo was given to the bay in honor of the\\nday. The number disembarked was about one thousand\\nmen-at-arms with three hundred and fifty horses, a force far\\nmore respectable in numbers and quality, in equipment and\\nappurtenances, than had ever gone forth in any previous\\nexpedition.\\nThe fleet entered the bay, on the west coast of Florida,\\nnow called Tampa Bay, and landed, probably at Gadsden s\\nPoint, a few miles from an Indian town belonging to a\\nchief called Hirrihigua, and which stood on the site of the\\npresent town of Tampa. The house of the chief was upon\\nan artificial eminence, which still remains, after more than\\nthree hundred years, to awaken the interest of the anti-\\nquary and certify the truth of ancient chronicles. While\\nat this place, the two Indians whom they had been training\\nfor guides and interpreters escaped, to the great disap-\\npointment of De Soto. From some captured women,\\nhowever, he learned that a Spaniard, left by Narvaez, was\\nin the keeping of a neighboring chief. This man was Juan\\nOrtiz, whose history would have been of itself a most inter-\\nesting one had he possessed the skill to write it, or had he\\nescaped with his life to Spain to relate it.\\nAfter Narvaez landed, he had sent back to Cuba, to his\\nwife, one of his smaller vessels, on board of which was\\nthis Juan Ortiz, to convey intelligence of his landing. She\\nimmediately sent additional supplies by the same vessel, and\\nthey arrived at the bay after Narvaez had entered upon his\\nmarch. Observing a letter fixed in the cleft of a stick on\\nshore, they asked some Indians whom they saw to bring it to\\nthem, which the savages refused, and made signs to come for\\nit. Juan Ortiz, then a youth of eighteen, with a comrade,\\ntook the boat and went on shore, when they were immedi-\\n5*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "^4 HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\nately captured by the Indians, and taken to the chief, who\\nwas greatly enraged against the Spaniards on account of\\ninjuries he had received from Narvaez, and the companion\\nof Ortiz was at once sacrificed upon his attempting resist-\\nance. The chief ordered Ortiz to be stretched out upon a\\nstaging of poles like a gridiron, and a fire to be built under\\nhim. He was of a young and interesting age, and when\\nthis cruel order was given, and the victim was about under-\\ngoing this torture, a scene ensued which deservedly arouses\\nour sympathies and admiration, and recalls at once the\\nbetter-known and more widely appreciated incident of\\nPocahontas. The cruel Hirrihigua had a beautiful daugh-\\nter, about the same age as Ortiz, who, when she saw the\\ndreadful fate to which the young Spaniard was doomed,\\nwas moved to that pity and compassion which, to the credit\\nof her sex be it spoken, are always aroused in woman s\\nbreast by misfortune and suffering. Narvaez had been\\nguilty, it seems, of acts of atrocious cruelty towards the\\nmother of the chief, and the wrong had sunk deep and in-\\neffaceably into his heart. Overcoming her own natural\\nfeelings of resentment against the race, and braving the\\nanger of her father, this noble Indian maid threw herself\\nat her father s feet and implored him to spare the life of\\nthe captive youth, urging upon him that this smooth-\\ncheeked boy could do him no injury, and that it was more\\nnoble for a brave and lofty chief like himself to keep the\\nyouth a captive, than to sacrifice so mere a lad to his re-\\nvenge.\\nThe intercession of the noble girl was successful, and\\nthe young Spaniard was loosed and his wounds cared for\\nby the gentle hands of her who had saved his life.\\nAfter some months his life was again in jeopardy, and he\\nwas about to be sacrificed to the supposed requirements of\\nthe Demon of Evil, when his fair deliverer again inter-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n55\\nposed, warned him of his peril, and advised him to flee\\nto Mucoso, a neighboring chief; and at the dead hour\\nof night she herself led him half a league upon his way,\\nand, placing him in the path of safety, gave him her true\\nwoman s blessing and hopes for his welfare. He reached\\nMucoso, who received him well and protected him from\\nthat period until the arrival of De Soto, twelve years after-\\nwards. It adds not a little to the romance of the story,\\nto repeat, that the daughter of Hirrihigua was affianced\\nto the chief Mucoso, and that, owing to the refusal of\\nMucoso to surrender Ortiz upon the repeated demands of\\nHirrihigua, the proposed alliance was refused by that chief,\\nand his daughter sacrificed her love to her humanity,\\nand Mucoso his bride to his sense of honor. Savages\\nthough they were, they gave an example of noble virtues\\nseldom equaled in any society more polished or more re-\\nfined.\\nA party of horse sent by De Soto met Ortiz on his way\\nto their camp, where he was received with great rejoicings,\\nand the first question addressed to him from the very depths\\nof their hearts was whether he knew of any neighboring\\ncountry rich in the precious metals.\\nSome of the cavaliers had participated in the ransom of\\nthe Inca of Peru, and had entered upon this expedition\\nwith similar expectations. The others, excited by the suc-\\ncess of the followers of Pizarro, were greedy to search some\\nland rich in gold. What they hoped from a country which\\nthey supposed to be the richest of any yet discovered, may\\nbe inferred from an examination of that chapter of the\\nConquest of Peru devoted to the recital of the almost fabu-\\nlous amount of treasure obtained as the ransom of Atahu-\\nalpa, which, it was said, filled with gold a room twenty-\\ntwo feet long, seventeen feet wide, and nine feet high;\\nan amount of treasure which perhaps it would not be rash", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nto say could not be obtained in gold, if Florida even now,\\nat the end of three hundred years, were pillaged anew.\\nA dim vision of some distant and ever-receding city, re-\\nsplendent with magnificence, and like Cuzco, where the\\nroofs of the temples were plated with gold, while the walls\\nwere hung with tapestry, and the floors inlaid with tiles of\\nthe same precious metal, was ever before their eyes, and,\\nlike an ignis-fatuus, led them for weeks and months and\\nyears, ever disappointed and ever credulous to the last, dis-\\nbelieving everything else told them by the savage races, and\\nbelieving every promise of this.*\\nJuan Ortiz was of much less real value to them as a guide\\nthan they expected. He had been kept within the limits\\nof a single tribe, and knew little or nothing of the country\\nbeyond. The excursions of the troops soon became dis-\\ncouraging. The vessels were sent back, and Porcallo, the\\nlieutenant of De Soto, found the hardships too great, and,\\nIn vol. iii. of Hakluyt will be found the relations of Pedro\\nMorales, whom Sir Francis Drake brought from St. Augustine, in\\nFlorida, in 1586, in which he says There is a great city sixteene\\nor twentie dayes journey from St. Helena northwestward, which the\\nSpaniards call La Gi-and Copal, which they thinke to bee very rich and\\nexceeding great, and have been in sight of it some of them. (P.\\n361.) There is also a relation of Nicolas Burguignon, alias Haly,\\nwhom Sir Francis Drake brought from Florida.\\nHe further affirmeth that there is a citie northwestward from St.\\nHelena in the mountains, which the Spaniards call La Grand Copal,\\nand is very great and rich, and that in these mountains there is great\\nstore of christal, gold, and rubies and diamonds; and that a Span-\\niard brought from thence a diamond which was worth ;i^5000. He\\nsaith also that to make passage unto these mountains it is needful to\\nhave store of hatchets to give unto the Indians, and store of pickaxes\\nto break the mountains, zvhich shine so bright in the day in some places\\nthat they cannot behold them, and therefore they travel unto them by\\nnight. Ibid., p. 361.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n57\\nleaving the honor to the younger candidates for glory, he\\nreturned to Cuba.\\nThey then commenced their march to the northward,\\nand, having no great supply of provisions, were soon re-\\nduced to the necessity of depending upon the Indian fields\\nbut, it is said, they were sore vexed with hunger and evil\\nways, because the countries were very barren of maiz, low,\\nand full of water, bogs, and thick woods. Wheresoever\\nany town was found, there were some beets, and they that\\ncame first, and sodden with water and salt, did eat them\\nwithout any other thing, and such as could not get them\\ngathered stalks of maiz, which, because they were young,\\nhad no maiz in them. When they came to the river (the\\nWithlacoochee, it is supposed) they found palmettos upon\\nlow palm-trees like those of Andalusia.\\nThey went thence to Ocali, which is described as being\\na fertile region, and where they found abundance of corn,\\nand other provisions, as well as plums, grapes, nuts, and\\nacorns. After leaving Ocali, situated in the neighborhood,\\nit is supposed, of the present town of that name, they entered\\nthe domain of a chief called Vitachuco, who gave them\\nbattle in every form, and exerted his utmost efforts to de-\\nstroy them. Those who have read Irving s Conquest of\\nFlorida will recall the bloody contest which took place on\\na level plain between two lakes, and the somewhat marvel-\\nous fact stated, that some two hundred Indians plunged\\ninto the lake, and remained there swimming for twenty-\\nfour hours without touching foot to the ground. This\\ncircumstance the chronicler La Vega thinks remarkable,\\nand hardly credible, but for the fact that his informants\\nwere all honorable men. Hardships, and a fierce resist-\\nance to their farther progress, soon made their journey\\npainful and disastrous; but De Soto was too determined a\\nleader and too good a soldier to feel other than his mar-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ntial ardor excited by opposition, and he with prudent\\nsagacity overcame all the obstacles in his path. His line\\nof march lay parallel to the shores of the gulf, and he\\nprobably at this time reached the neighborhood of Talla-\\nhassee. A party whom he dispatched to the coast were\\nshown by the Indians the remains of De Narvaez s encamp-\\nment at Aute, and the bleaching skeletons of his horses.\\nDe Soto s treatment of the Indians was probably better\\nthan that practiced by most of the discoverers, and in fact\\nthis was forced upon him as a matter of policy, for he\\nfound the natives of Florida far superior to the effeminate\\nraces of South and Central America, trained to combat,\\nand filled with the most indomitable courage and persever-\\nance. In some instances they may have been treated with\\ncruelty by him as a measure of policy, to overawe and\\nterrify them.\\nIn one of the illustrations to De Bry, is a large plate,\\nshowing the cutting off of the hands of a number of chiefs\\nby De Soto and many instances of his severity are scattered\\nthrough the Portuguese narrative.\\nIt is said that after the well-fought battle of Vitachuco,\\nsome of the youngest of the prisoners the governour gave\\nto them which had good chaines and were careful to look\\nto them that they got not away. All the rest he com-\\nmanded to be put to death, and they being tied to a stake,\\nin the midst of the market-place, the Indians of the Para-\\ncoussi did shoot them to death.\\nIn another place, it is said that they took an hundred\\nmen and women, of which, as well there as in other places\\nwhere they made any inroades, the captain chose one or\\ntwo for the governour, and divided the others to himself\\nand the rest that went with him. They led these Indians\\nin chaines, with yron collars about their neckes, and they\\nserved to carry their stuffe, and to grind their maiz, and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 59\\nfor other services that such captives could do. Some-\\ntimes it happened that, going for wood or maiz with them,\\nthey killed the Christian that led them, and ran away\\nwith the chain. Others filed their chaines by night with a\\npiece of stone, wherewith they cut them, and use it in-\\nstead of yron. The women and young boys, when they\\nwere once an hundred leagues from their countrie, and had\\nforgotten things, were let go loose, and so they served, and\\nin a very short space they understood the language of the\\nChristians.\\nA very creditable circumstance is mentioned, in the\\naccounts of the expedition, of the attachment of the Indians\\nto their wives. On one occasion the Spaniards found two\\nmen and a woman gathering beans the men might have\\nescaped, but one of them, being husband to the woman,\\nwould not leave her, and they fought most bravely until\\nthey were slain, having wounded three horses.\\nTheir style of dress is thus described: They have\\nmantles like blankets, made of the inner rind of the barks of\\ntrees (probably the cabbage-palmetto), and some were made\\nof a kind of grass like nettles, which on being beaten be-\\ncomes like flax. The grass referred to is evidently the\\nbear-grass, which has a strong and flexible fibre, suitable\\nfor cordage or cloth, and is very abundant in Florida.\\nThe women covered themselves with these mantles; one\\nwas fastened on the shoulders, and worn with the right\\narm out; they wore another fastened at the waist, and ex-\\ntending down towards the feet. The men wore a similar\\nmantle over the shoulders, and deer-skins around the loins.\\nThe deer-skins were well dressed, and so well colored that\\nthey resembled very fine cloth. They made their mocca-\\nsins of the same material. It would appear from this that\\nthe Indian costume of 1539 was the same as that of 1839.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nExpedition of Hernando de Soto, continued.\\n1540.\\nThe Spaniards under De Soto, leaving Apalachee, in the\\ncountry east of the Apalachicola, turned to the northeast,\\nand came to a town called Yupaha, the sound of which is\\nsuggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee.\\nHere the following notable speech is put into the mouth of\\nan Indian chief, which has a strong smack of Castilian\\ndiplomatic grandiloquence\\nRight high, right mightie and excellent lord, those\\nthings which seldome happen doe cause admiration what\\nthen may the sight of your lordship and your people doe\\nto me and mine whom we never saw? especially being\\nmounted on such fierce beasts as your horses are, entering\\nwith such violence and fury into my country, without any\\nknowledge of your coming. It was a thing so strange, and\\ncaused such fear and terror in our minds, that it was not in\\nour power to stay and receive your lordship with the solem-\\nnities due to so high and renowned a prince as your lord-\\nship is, (a diplomatic way of saying they could not help\\nrunning away and, trusting in your greatness and singu-\\nlar virtues, I do not only hope to be freed from blame, but\\nalso to receive favours, and the first which I demand of\\nyour lordship is that you will use me, my country and sub-\\njects, as your own and the second, that you will tell me\\n60", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 6i\\nwho you are, and whence you come, and whither you go,\\nand what you seek, that I the better may serve you thereto.\\nTo this courteous speech the governor replied, that he\\nwas very much obliged to him that he was the son of the\\nsun, and came from those parts where he is, and sought the\\ngreatest lord and richest province in it.\\nDe Soto here left a very high crosse of wood sett up in\\nthe middest of the market-place.\\nThe populousness of the country he had now entered,\\nupon the Altamaha, maybe inferred from the fact mentioned\\nthat a chief sent him two thousand Indians, with a pres-\\nent, to wit many conies and partridges, bread of maize,\\ntwo hens, and many dogs, which last, it is said, were es-\\nteemed as if they had been fat wethers and when they\\ncame to any town and found thirty or forty dogs, he that\\ncould get one and kill it thought himself no small man\\nand he that killed it and gave not his captain one quarter,\\nif he knew it, he frowned on him, and made him feele it on\\nthe watches.\\nIn another tribe four Indians were taken, and none of\\nthem would confess anything but that they knew of no\\nother habitation.\\nThe governor commanded one of them to be burned,\\nand presently another confessed, and gave the information\\nthey desired.\\nFeminine chieftainship is an unfrequent occurrence among\\nsavage tribes but near the Atlantic coast in South Carolina\\nDe Soto came into the territories of an Indian queen, in-\\nvested with youth, beauty, and loveliness, who is styled by\\nthe old chronicles the Ladie of the countrie. Upon De\\nSoto s approach, he was met by a lady ambassadress, sister\\nof her Majesty, who delivered a courteous speech of wel-\\ncome, and within a little time the Ladie came out of the\\ntown in a chaire, whereon certain of the principal Indians\\n6", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nbrought her to the river. She entered into a barge, which\\nhad the sterne tilted over, and on the floor her mat ready\\nlaid, with two cushions upon it, one upon another, where\\nshe sat her down, and with her came her principal Indians,\\nin other barges, which did wait upon her. She went to\\nthe place where the governor was, and at her coming she\\nmade this speech: Excellent lord, I wish this coming of\\nyour lordships into these your countries to be most happy\\nalthough my power be not answerable to my will, and my\\nservices be not according to my desire, nor such as so high\\na prince as your lordships deserveth, yet such the good will\\nis rather to be accepted than all the treasures of the world\\nthat without it can be offered with most unfailable and\\nmanifest affection I offer you my person, lords, and subjects,\\nand this small service.\\nAfter this courteous and graceful speech from the throne,\\nto which it maybe inferred that so gallant a cavalier as\\nDe Soto must have replied in equally complimentary style,\\nthe princess caused to be presented to the Adelantado\\nrich presents of the clothes and skins of the country, and\\nfar greater attraction for them beautiful strings of pearls.\\nHer Majesty, after some maiden coyness, took from her\\nown neck a great cordon of pearls and cast it about the\\nneck of the governor, entertaining him with very gra-\\ncious speeches of love and courtesy, and as soon as he\\nwas lodged in the town she sent him another present, of\\nnot quite so delicate and refined a character, but no doubt\\nconsidered by her of far greater value, namely, some\\nhens.\\nPerceiving that they valued the pearls, she advised the\\ngovernor to send and search certain graves that were in\\nthat town, and that he should find many. They sought\\nthe graves, and there found fourteen measures of pearls,\\nweighing two hmidred and ninety-two pounds, and little", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 63\\nbabies and birds made of them, reminding one of the\\nrecent excavations at Cliiriqui.\\nThe people were brown, well made and well propor-\\ntioned, and more civil than any others that were seen in\\nall the country of Florida, and all of them went shod and\\nclothed.\\nThe Spaniards, wearied with their long and fruitless\\ntravel, and worn down by their hardships, urged upon\\ntheir leader that it was a good country to inhabit, and in\\na temperate climate, and that ships going and coming from\\nSpain might touch there, and that it was a productive\\ncountry.\\nBut the governor, it is said, since his intent was to\\nseek another treasure like that of Atahualpa, Lord of Peru,\\nwas not contented with a good country, nor with pearls,\\nthough many of them were worth their weight in gold.\\nAnd being a stern man, and of few words, though he was\\nglad to sift and know the opinion of all men, yet after he\\nhad delivered his own he would not be contraried, and\\nalways did what he liked himself, and so it is said all men\\ndid condescend unto his will, and though it seems an\\nerrour to leave that country, yet there was none that would\\nsay anything against him after they knew his resolution.\\nThe fair princess seems to have been ill requited for her\\nhospitable reception of the Spaniards. Held as a hostage\\n(for the good behavior of the Indians, it is to be presumed),\\nDe Soto insisted upon her accompanying him, which she\\ndid for many days, until one day, turning aside into the\\nforest upon some slight pretext, she disappeared, not with-\\nout suspicion of design, as there happened to be missing\\nat the same time one of the Spaniards, who report said\\nhad joined the fair princess for weal or for woe, and had\\nreturned with her to her tribe. Upon this meagre inci-\\ndent, the romance-writer of the South, VV. Gilmore Simms,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhas woven an ingenious and pleasant tale in his story of\\nAndres Vasconselos.\\nThe journey of De Soto was thence to the borders of the\\nTennessee, meeting no opposition in his march. By one\\ntribe he was met with a present of seven hundred hens,\\nand by another with twenty baskets of mulberries, and on\\none occasion three hundred dogs were brought to him.\\nLed on by the indefinite stories of the Indians, whose\\nmotive was probably to mislead him, he traveled through\\nthe upper parts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama,\\nuntil he changed his course to the southwest, and arrived\\nat a town called Mauvilla.\\nThe tribes through which they had passed in the upper\\ncountry seem to have offered no opposition, and were\\nprobably of a more peaceable disposition than those along\\nthe gulf.\\nMauvilla was the scene of a bitter and sanguinary conflict.\\nThe pearls and baggage which the Spaniards had borne thus\\nfar were left in the hands of the Indian slaves, who were\\nsuddenly surprised by the Mauvillians and carried into the\\ntown. De Soto, determined to strike a blow which should\\ncarry terror to the natives, attacked the place with great\\nimpetuosity, and set fire to the buildings, consuming alike\\nthe stores of the Indians and his own baggage, and what\\nthey seem to have most regretted their stores of pearls.\\nThe number of Indians slain in this encounter is stated to\\nhave been twenty-five hundred, while of the Spaniards\\neighteen men were killed and one hundred and fifty\\nwounded.\\nAfter this battle De Soto learned that Francisco Mal-\\ndonado, who had been sent by him from Apalachicola\\nwith the brigantines to look for a port to the westward,\\nawaited him at the port of Ochuse (Pensacola), six days\\njourney from Mauvilla. This Mauvilla is supposed to have", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 65\\nbeen on the Alabama River, and the name of Mobile is\\nderived from it.\\nIt might naturally be that De Soto, having now trav-\\neled several hundred leagues through the country, and\\nfinding his hopes ever disappointed, would, at the end of\\nthese eighteen months of travel, gladly embrace the means\\nof extrication afforded by this opportune arrival of his\\nvessels.\\nBut the pride of the noble cavalier would not permit\\nhim to turn back while a glimmering hope remained of\\naccomplishing his designs. He instructed Juan Ortiz to\\nkeep Maldonado s arrival a secret, because, it is quaintly\\nsaid, he had not accomplished that which he determined\\nto do, and because the pearls were burnt there which he\\nmeant to have sent to Cuba for a show, that the people\\nhearing the news might be desirous to come to that coun-\\ntry. He feared also that if they should have news of\\nhim, without seeing from Florida either gold or silver or\\nanything of value, the country would get such a name that\\nno man would seek to go thither when he should have\\nneed of people; and so he determined to send no news\\nof himself until he had found some rich country.\\nAnd thus he deliberately turned his face forever from\\nthe shores of his native land, and from all the wealth and\\ndistinction of his viceroyalty in Cuba, intent on carrying\\nout to its full solution the problem of the wealth and riches\\nof Florida.\\nMaldonado long awaited the arrival of De Soto at\\nOchuse, and at last, despairing of ever again meeting him,\\nturned his sails sorrowfully to bear to the Lady Isabella\\nthe report of the probable fate which had befallen the\\nexpedition.\\nDe Soto changed his course thence to the northwest, sore\\nin body and sore in spirit, and was met at every step with\\n6*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ndemonstrations of enmity; the towns were burned over\\ntheir heads, and night -attacks were frequent. In the\\nprovince of Quinague he was waited upon by six principal\\nchiefs, who made this remarkable declaration: That they\\ncame to see what people they were, and that long ago they\\nhad been informed by their forefathers that a white people\\nshould subdue them, and that therefore they would return\\nto their cacique, and bid him come presently and serve\\nthe governour.\\nThe Spaniards were then near to the Father of Waters,\\nwhich they called the Great River Rio Grande. They\\ndescribed the river as about half a league broad. If a\\nman stood still on the other side, it could not be dis-\\ncerned whether he were a man or no. The river was of\\ngreat depth, and of a strong current the water was always\\nmuddy; there came down the river, continually, many\\ntrees and timber, which the force of the water and stream\\nbrought down. There was a great store of fish in it of\\nsundrie sorts, and the most of it differing from the fresh-\\nwater fish of Spain. From the cottonwood-trees on its\\nbanks, De Soto constructed boats large enough to carry\\nthree horses at a time, and crossed over at night without\\ninterruption from the natives. He spent the summer and\\nautumn in exploring the regions beyond the Mississippi,\\nand wintered, it is supposed, upon the White River. He\\nhere concluded that in the spring he would go to the\\nseacoast, and dispatch a vessel to Cuba and another to\\nMexico, with the view of sending to his wife, the Lady\\nIsabella, who as in Cuba, intelligence of himself, and for\\nanother outfit to enable him further to prosecute his expe-\\ndition. Up to this time he had lost two hundred and fifty\\nmen and one hundred and fifty horses.\\nAbout the middle of April he returned to the banks of\\nthe Mississippi, with the view of going to the coast, and at", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 67\\nonce began to make inquiries about the country, but could\\nget little intelligence. He then sent out an expedition to\\nthe southward, but it could make no progress on account\\nof the numerous creeks and canebrakes.\\nThe gallant chief, who had so long borne up under every\\nspecies of discouragement, who had ever responded with\\nalacrity to the call to battle, w^ho bore himself always as a\\nprudent and brave commander, now began to sink into\\ndespondency; and visions of the past, and a certain home-\\nsickness, it may well be imagined, came upon him. A slow\\nand wearing fever daily detracted from his strength, and he\\nsoon felt that the hour approached wherein he was to leave\\nthis present life. He called his followers around him to re-\\nceive his parting words, and said to them, that now he was\\nto go to give an account before the presence of God of all\\nhis life past, and since it pleased God to take him in such\\na time, and that the time was come that he knew his\\ndeath drew near, and that he. His most unworthy servant,\\ndid yield to Him many thanks therefor and desired all that\\nwere present and absent (whom he confessed himself to be\\nmuch beholding unto for their singular virtues, love, and\\nloyalty, which himself had well tried in the travels which\\nthey had suffered, which always in his mind he did hope to\\nsatisfy and reward when it should please God to give him\\nrest with more prosperities of his estate) that they would\\npray to God for him, that for His mercy He would forgive\\nhim his sins and receive his soul into eternal glory, and\\nthat they would quit and free him of the charge which he\\nhad over them, and that they would pardon him for some\\nwrongs which they might have received of him and, to\\navoid some divisions which upon his death might fall out\\nupon the choice of his successor, he requested them to\\nelect a principal person and able to govern, of whom all\\nshould like well, and, when he was elected, they should", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nswear before him to obey him and that he would thank\\nthem very much in so doing, because the grief that he had\\nwould somewhat be assuaged, and the pain that he felt be-\\ncause he left them in so great confusion, in leaving them\\nin a strange country where they knew not where they\\nwere.\\nBaltazar de Gallegos answered in the name of all the\\nrest; and first of all, comforting him, he set before his\\neyes how short the life of this world was, and with how\\nmany troubles and miseries it is accompanied, and how\\nGod showed him a singular favor which soonest left it, and\\nmany other things proper for the occasion and besought\\nthat he would himself appoint his successor. He there-\\nfore named Luis Muscoza de Alvarado his captain-general.\\nThe next day, being the 21st of May, 1542, departed out\\nof this life the valorous, virtuous, and valiant Captaine\\nDon Fernando de Soto, Governour of Cuba and Adelan-\\ntado of Florida, whom, says the chronicler, fortune\\nadvanced as it useth to do others, that he might have the\\nhigher fall. He departed in such a place and such a time,\\nand in his sickness he had but little comfort.\\nThey attempted to conceal De Soto s death, but, the\\nIndians suspecting the place of his burial, he was taken up\\nat a late hour of a dark night, and, wrapped in his mantle,\\nwas conveyed by the dim light of the stars to the middle\\nof the Mississippi, and buried beneath its stream, in sorrow\\nand silence, with a low whispered De Profundis from\\nnoble and saddened hearts, who seemed to bury with\\ntheir chief beneath those dark waters almost the last ray\\nof hope, and to look forward to the future with heavy\\nforebodings.\\nThe choice of a successor made by De Soto was ratified\\nwithout dissent by his followers, and their first and only\\naim was to escape as soon as possible from a country which", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n69\\nhad disappointed all their hopes, and given not even the\\nbarren rewards of honorable fame.\\nThey endeavored^ at first, to follow the supposed route\\nof Cabe^a de Vaca, and reach Mexico, then called New\\nSpain, by land but after traveling to the southwest for\\nsome time they became discouraged, and concluded to\\nbuild boats and attempt to coast along the shore. Finding\\na suitable place, called Minoya, the governor commanded\\nthem to gather all the chaines which they had to lead the\\nIndians, and collect the timber and material necessary\\nfor building boats. They built seven large boats and floated\\ndown the Mississippi, and, after several encounters with\\nthe natives, reached the open sea, and coasted along to the\\nwestward until they reached the northern Spanish settle-\\nments at Panuco, where they were joyfully received and\\ntreated with great kindness. Many went on shore and\\nkissed the ground, and kneeling on their knees, and lifting\\nup their hands and eyes to heaven, they all ceased not to\\ngive God thanks.\\nOf those constituting De Soto s expedition who came out\\nof Florida, there arrived at Panuco three hundred and\\neleven persons, the only survivors of the thousand brave\\nmen who, four years before, had landed at the harbor of\\nEspiritu Santo.\\nThe main interest of this extraordinary expedition cen-\\ntres in the person of the gallant chief with whom it orig-\\ninated, and who staked his name, his fortune, and his life\\nupon the success of the enterprise and as long as the great\\nFather of Waters shall roll in resistless flood towards the\\nsea, so long will the name of De Soto be recalled in con-\\nnection with this expedition, and the sad fate which ter-\\nminated his life upon its borders will excite a throb of\\nsympathy for one who, at the early age of forty-two,\\npassed from this world, second to none of his day or age", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nin the practice of all manly virtues and deeds of knightly\\nprowess.\\nWe can hardly trace this long journey of De Soto through\\na trackless wilderness without astonishment at the persever-\\nance and hardihood which, under such circumstances, could\\ntraverse thousands of miles unprovided with means of sub-\\nsistence, marching from tribe to tribe and country to coun-\\ntry, wherever the information of the hour produced hope\\nfor the future.\\nLet us, for a moment, carry ourselves back in imagination\\nthree hundred and thirty-one years. From the beautiful\\npine-glades of Florida we see issuing forth the gallant\\ntroops of the Adelantado. Three hundred mounted men,\\non noble Andalusian steeds, richly caparisoned, lead the ad-\\nvance. These are all gentlemen and noble cavaliers, hidal-\\ngos of rank and scions of the noblest families of Spain,\\nofficered by brave captains, whose names are emblazoned\\nfor their valor under the banner of Pizarro. Following\\nthese come six hundred and fifty men-at-arms, on foot, in\\nclose and serried ranks, and in their midst several hundred\\nof the natives, bearing the burdens of their masters. These\\nare the slaves, native Indians, whom they have impressed\\ninto their service many are led by chains, and others man-\\nacled, to prevent escape. When a sufficient number of\\nsome other tribe are taken to supply their place, these will\\nbe relieved and allowed to return to their homes, and the\\nothers substituted, to be again relieved in like manner.\\nRiding behind the cavaliers appear twelve men in long,\\nblack soutaines, who are evidently non-combatants. These\\nare the clericos, priests and friars, and in their train are\\nthose who bear the ornaments and plate for celebrating\\nmass. At each encampment an altar is erected, draped\\nwith rich altar-cloths, and surmounted with a golden cruci-\\nfix, while lofty candelabra throw their pale light upon the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 71\\nworshipers. The priests, in their gorgeous vestments, cele-\\nbrate mass in the sight of the whole army, drawn up in\\nhollow square and, kneeling amid their Christian masters,\\nthe natives of the forest, in mute wonderment, bow their\\nheads in adoration of the Christians God.\\nSo, day by day and week by week, proceeded the march.\\nWherever an Indian field was found, its harvest was gathered\\nand wherever an Indian store-house or granary was dis-\\ncovered, its contents were speedily appropriated. For three\\nyears and a half this long march proceeded, without rein-\\nforcements or additional supplies. This fact of itself speaks\\nvolumes for the energy and generalship of this distinguished\\nleader.\\nWith but a thousand men, De Soto conquered and over-\\nran a country containing hundreds of thousands of inhab-\\nitants, and for over three years subsisted his troops and\\nmaintained the discipline of his forces in a wild and track-\\nless country, without, so far as we know, a single murmur\\nof discontent being raised against him by his devoted fol-\\nlowers.\\nFor three hundred years the red and white races have\\nfought for supremacy over the countries traversed by De\\nSoto, and now, at the end of more than three hundred\\nyears, the descendants of the warlike chiefs of Hirrihigua,\\nVitachuco, and Ocali still possess, amid the grassy ever-\\nglades and cypress swamps beyond the Espiritu Santa, the\\nhunting-grounds and graves of their ancestors.\\nThree hundred and thirty years ago, the advent of the\\nhorses of the adventurers, which the Indians invested with\\nsupernatural proportions, first struck with terror the savage\\nraces of Florida, and seemed to be the terrible precursors\\nand forerunners of the domination of the white race, the\\nchildren of the sun; and now the iron horse of an ad-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nvancing civilization is startling those same pine forests\\nwith its shrill scream, indicating the fulfillment of that\\nmanifest destiny which was to strike forever from the\\nland of their forefathers the last remains of the aboriginal\\nraces.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nRoute of De Soto s Expedition through Florida.\\nThe long sojourn of De Soto in the region bordering\\nupon the Gulf of Mexico and on the banks of the Missis-\\nsippi, and the remarkable adventures which he encountered,\\nenhanced by his personal character and prowess, have in-\\nvested the expedition of this gallant adventurer with unusual\\ninterest, and it has long been an important subject of in-\\nquiry to ascertain the route pursued by him and the locali-\\nties of the more important events of his journey, beginning\\nupon the beautiful bay of Espiritu Santo and ending with\\nthe descent of the great Father of Waters.\\nThe task of thus tracing the steps of De Soto is by no\\nmeans devoid of difficulty. We have to encounter not\\nonly the uncertainties of connecting names with localities\\nimperfectly described, but have to be governed in these\\ndescriptions by three separate accounts of the expedition,\\nexhibiting very important differences and discrepancies.\\nThe most voluminous of these is that of Garcilasso de la\\nVega, commonly called LTnca. The next in extent is\\nthe work of a gentleman of Elvas, who accompanied the\\nexpedition, and who is commonly called the Portuguese\\nGentleman. The third and briefest is the narration of\\nLewis de Biedma.\\nThe point where De Soto landed is stated by all to have\\nbeen at Espiritu Santo Bay, on the western coast of Florida,\\nand now known as Tampa Bay, a beautiful sheet of water,\\n7 (73)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsome thirty-six miles in length, and the largest bay on the\\nGulf of Mexico. There are two heads to the bay, one open-\\ning northerly and the other easterly. De Narvaez probably\\nlanded near and visited the northerly or old Tampa por-\\ntion of the bay. De Soto, it is likely, landed near Gads-\\nden s Point, where the shoal water begins, and beyond\\nwhich it was of insufficient depth to carry his vessels.\\nTheir first day s march was to the village of Hirrihigua,\\ntwo leagues northeasterly, and the location of which, as\\ndescribed by L Inca, corresponds to the present town of\\nTampa.* The village consisted, it is said, of several large\\nhouses, built of wood and thatched with palm-leaves. In\\nan opposite part of the village, near the water, upon an\\nartificial eminence so constructed as to serve as a fortress,\\nstood the dwelling of the cacique or chief.\\nFrom Hirrihigua, proceeding in a northeast course, at\\nthe end of two days De Soto came to the village of Mucoso,\\nthe chief who had befriended Ortiz. This may have been\\nHichipucsassa. They next, at a distance of twenty-five\\nleagues from Hirrihigua, reached a town they call Urri-\\nbarracaxi, which was likely on the Withlacoochee, as they\\nthere crossed a river. They next reached a town they name\\nOcali, which was on the banks of a river. This location is\\nuncertain, but has been supposed to indicate the neigh-\\nborhood of the present town of Ocali and the Ocklawaha.\\nFrom Ocali they went to Vitachuco from the descrip-\\ntion of the adjacent country, indicating a location near\\nWacahootee. After leaving Vitachuco, they reached a\\ngreat river, too deep to ford, which must have been the\\nSuwanee.f Crossing this river, they reached Osachile,\\nwhich is said to have been ten leagues from Vitachuco. J\\nIrving s Conquest of Florida, p. 58.\\nt Ibid., p. 127. Ibid., p. 128.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n75\\nFrom Osachile they marched three days, and on the fourth\\ncame to the Great Morass.* Passing this, they entered a\\nfruitful country covered with fields of grain and containing\\nmany villages. In four days after passing the Great Morass\\nthey came to the village of Anhayea. The line of march\\nfrom Vitachuco west would carry them to the Suwanee,\\nnear Suwanee Old Town thence, bearing too far to the\\nwest, they were involved in one of the great coast swamps,\\nbut thence going northwestwardly they entered the fertile\\nregion embraced in the present counties of Madison, Jef-\\nferson, and Leon, and their Anhayea is thought to have\\nbeen in the vicinity of Tallahassee. From Anhayea two\\nexploring parties were sent out, one north and one south.\\nThe party which went north returned reporting very favor-\\nably of a rich and well inhabited country. The party which\\nwent down towards the coast found a sterile country, full\\nof ponds and swamps. These descriptions would corre-\\nspond very well with the country north and south of Monti-\\ncello or Tallahassee. The village of Aute was twelve leagues\\nfrom Anhayea, and not far from the Bay of Apalachee. De\\nSoto sent back to Espiritu Santo and had his vessels brought\\ninto this bay. Afterwards he sent vessels coasting west-\\nwardly. At a distance of seventy leagues they entered a\\nbeautiful and spacious bay, called by them Ochuse, which\\nwas evidently Pensacola Bay. They reported that it was\\nland-locked and completely sheltered with bold shores,\\nand large enough for a fleet to anchor in. De Soto does\\nnot appear to have crossed the Apalachicola or Chatta-\\nhoochee River, but, having made an appointment for\\nvessels to be sent from Cuba to meet him in the fall at\\nOchuse, he determined to proceed to a province to the\\nnortheast, abounding in gold, pearls, etc. Leaving Anhayea,\\nIrving s Conquest of Florida, p. 130.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "^6 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhe traveled northeast, and at the end of three days came\\nto Copachique; this was probably on the Savannah River.\\nTwo days farther travel brought them to Atapaha. This\\nname so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to\\nsuppose they are the same, and that the town was on the\\nriver of that name, which, passing through a portion of\\nGeorgia, discharges itself into the Suwanee, in Hamilton\\nCounty, Florida. Traveling still in the same direction, it is\\nsupposed they crossed successively the Altamaha and the\\nSavannah River, and reached the region of Middle Georgia\\nbetween Milledgeville and Augusta. They marched thence\\nnorthwestwardly to the mineral regions of Upper Georgia,\\nwhere they had been informed the gold which they saw in\\npossession of the natives had been procured. De Soto then\\npassed to the Etowah River, and visited a large Indian town\\nsituated at the confluence of the Coosa and Etowah, called\\nChiapa, the location now occupied by the present city of\\nRome, Georgia. He then passed southwardly through a\\nrich and fertile country called Coosa, and eventually reached\\nMaubila or Mauvilla, which was situated, it is supposed, at\\nChoctaw Bluff. He here heard of the arrival of his vessels\\nat Ochuse, on Pensacola Bay, and at first contemplated\\ngoing to meet them, but, fearing that once near his vessels\\nhis men would insist on leaving the country, he determined\\nto pursue his march westward. At Maubila he was not\\nmore than one hundred and fifty miles from Pensacola. His\\ncourse was then northwestward to the Mississippi, and it is\\nconjectured that he crossed a few miles below Memphis.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nOther Expeditions to Florida\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Occupation of Santa Maria by Tristan\\nde Luna Expedition to the Borders of Tennessee and the Province\\nof Coca,\\n1543\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1561.\\nWhile De Soto was thus traversing Florida and the coun-\\ntry east of the Mississippi, Mendoza, the Viceroy of\\nMexico, had fitted out an expedition to enter upon the\\nroute of De Vaca. It consisted of but thirty horsemen,\\nunder the command first of Juan de Caldivar, and after-\\nwards of Coronado, who passed as far north as Missouri,\\nand crossed several rivers, to which he gave names, but\\nwhich are described with so little accuracy as to give but\\nslender aid to their being now identified. Passing through\\na province called Quivira, they were informed of four white\\nmen having been there, whom they supposed must have\\nbeen De Vaca and his comrades. After the return of Co-\\nronado, the zealous brothers of the order of St. Francis\\ndetermined to visit Quivira, which, having undertaken\\nwith a small party, these worthy men fell martyrs to their\\nChristian zeal, being murdered by the natives, with all of\\ntheir party, except two men who escaped to Mexico by dif-\\nferent routes. Upon the arrival of Don Luis Muscoza de\\nAlvarado in Mexico with the remnant of De Soto s expe-\\ndition, Mendoza, the Viceroy, endeavored to induce some\\nof them to lead an expedition he was anxious to fit out for\\nFlorida; but they were unwilling again to enter upon this\\nenterprise.\\n7* (77)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "jS HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nIn the following year, 1544, Julian de Samano and Pedro\\nde Ahumada, being satisfied that Florida abounded in\\npearls and fine furs, and believing that mines of gold, sil-\\nver, and other metals could be opened, sought the privilege\\nof conquering the country, but failed to obtain the desired\\npermission.\\nA treasure-ship, on a voyage to Spain from New Mexico,\\nwas lost, on the eastern coast of Florida, in the year 1545,\\nand of some two hundred persons on board who escaped\\nto the land, all were sacrificed by the Indians except a few\\nwho were reduced to servitude. One of these made his\\nway to Laudonniere twenty years afterwards, and s\u00c2\u00bbeveral\\nothers escaped to Menendez.\\nThe religious zeal of the Franciscans again induced an\\nattempt to plant the cross on the shores of Florida. It is\\nprobable that had this attempt preceded the armed expedi-\\ntions which had landed on these shores, they would have\\nbeen received with the kindness which seems to have wel-\\ncomed the first comers to the shores of America. But the\\nnatives had learned to associate all white men with the\\narmed invaders of their soil, and they could make no dis-\\ntinction between the sword of the one and the cross of\\nthe other.\\nFour Franciscan brothers, Fra Luis Cancer de Bastro,\\nof the order of St. Dominic, who had been in Mexico, and\\nheld the office of Provincial Vicar of Guatemala and Chi-\\napas, Fra Gregorio de Betata, Fra Diego de Penalosa, Fra\\nJuan Garcia, and one Donado, called Fuentes, sailed from\\nHavana in the year 1549, and landed at Espiritu Santo Bay.\\nPenalosa and Fuentes, attempting to penetrate into the\\ncountry, were set upon at once and massacred by the\\nnatives. The others had remained on board their vessel in\\nthe harbor, and, while lying there, a Spaniard came off to\\nthem, named Juan Munoz, who was a page of Captain", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n79\\nCalderon, an officer of De Soto s expedition. He had\\nbeen captured by the Indians, and held by them ten years,\\nand now most gladly availed himself of this opportunity of\\nescape. Fra Luis, t*he chief of the clerical party, was not\\ndiscouraged by the fate of Penalosa and Fuentes, and, not-\\nwithstanding the earnest efforts of Munoz and others to dis-\\nsuade him from the attempt, he determined to try his\\npower of persuasion upon the hostile natives. His Chris-\\ntian zeal could not be restrained by the dictates of prudence,\\nand, unwilling to give up the object of his journey thither\\nwithout a final effort to reach the hearts of those people,\\nhe prepared to sacrifice his life, if necessary, in the attempt.\\nAccordingly, he insisted upon landing alone among the\\ndusky throng of warriors who lined the shores of the Espi-\\nritu Santo. Scarcely had the zealous priest touched the\\nbeach before he fell beneath the war-clubs of the infuriated\\nsavages, a martyr to his zeal and the shores of this most\\nbeautiful bay were reddened with the blood of one whose\\nChristian devotion and unselfishness formed a marked con-\\ntrast to the characters of those whose lust for gold had\\nbrought them to the New World.\\nThe companions of Fra Luis de Cancer, deterred by his\\nfate from making any further effort to Christianize the\\nnatives of Florida, abandoned the expedition, and set sail\\nfor Cuba.\\nSome three years afterwards, a Spanish plate fleet, which\\nhad left Vera Cruz with upwards of one thousand persons\\non board, was wrecked on the coast of Florida. Stopping,\\nas usual, at Havana, the fleet had again set sail for Spain,\\nwhen it was overtaken by one of those tremendous gales\\nwhich prevail with such terrific efl ect in the southern seas,\\nand driven before its resistless power. The whole fleet, with\\nthe exception of a single vessel, was cast upon the inhos-\\npitable shores of Florida, somewhere within the Gulf of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "So HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nMexico, probably very considerably to the west. Of the\\nthousand persons on board, only three hundred reached\\nthe shore. They endeavored to reach Mexico by passing\\nalong the shores, making rafts to cross the mouths of the\\nrivers, but, incessantly harassed by the Indians, and over-\\ncome by fatigue, they gradually decreased in numbers until\\nall had perished except one Francis Marcos. He had been\\nleft by his companions, in a dying condition, buried in the\\nsand, wirh only his face exposed; but, reviving sufficiently\\nto exert himself a little further, he crawled along the coast\\nuntil he was discovered and taken up by two friendly Indians,\\nwho carried him in a boat to Panuco. With the exception\\nof the few who were in the vessel that escaped shipwreck,\\nthis Francis Marcos was the sole survivor of more than a\\nthousand persons who had left the shores of New Spain full\\nof joyful anticipations of a return to their native land,\\nwhere they would become famous among their country-\\nmen as those who had visited far countries, performed great\\nfeats, seen wonderful things, and returned enriched with\\nsome of the treasures of Mexico.\\nNotwithstanding the many disasters that had befallen\\nthose who had approached the shores of Florida, and\\nwhich seemed to promise to the future invaders only disap-\\npointment and death, there yet appeared to exist some\\ngreat attraction for the adventurous, and a belief in the\\nhidden treasures of this country induced renewed efforts\\nfor its conquest.\\nIn 1556 a memorial was addressed to the emperor by\\nthe Viceroy of Mexico, and the Bishop of Cuba, to whose\\ndiocese Florida belonged, setting forth the great richness\\nof Florida, and the immense benefits which would result to\\nthe cause of religion and to the empire from its acquisition.\\nIn consequence of this memorial, orders were transmitted\\nto the Viceroy of New Spain to prepare an expedition for", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 8i\\nthe conquest and settlement of Florida, and it was said\\nthat such were the accounts given by those who had been\\nin the expeditions of Narvaez and De Soto, of the exceed-\\ning richness of the country, that there was a widespread\\ndesire to engage in the enterprise.\\nThe expedition, which was to leave Vera Cruz in the\\nspring of 1559, was planned upon an extensive scale. It\\nconsisted of fifteen hundred soldiers, and a large number of\\nfriars and zealous preachers, burning for the conversion of\\nthe Indians, all under the command of Don Tristan de\\nLuna and other officers of experience.\\nThey sailed from Vera Cruz amid salvos of artillery and\\nshouts of good will and kind wishes from the assembled mul-\\ntitude, and, gayly flinging their pennons to the breeze, they\\nwent forth with the most brilliant anticipations of success.\\nOn the 14th of August the fleet cast anchor in a bay to\\nwhich they gave the name of Santa Maria, and described\\nas a spacious and convenient harbor. This was doubtless\\nthe Bay of Pensacola, which we find frequently mentioned\\nafterwards in the Spanish relations as the Bay of Santa\\nMaria.\\nUpon their arrival at this point, dispatch-vessels were\\nsent to Mexico and Spain to announce their progress and\\nconfirm the opinions entertained of the value of the country.\\nReconnoitring expeditions were sent along the rivers, and\\npreparations made for exploring the interior. On the 20th\\nof August, six days after their arrival, there was a terrible\\ngale, which wrecked the entire fleet, and destroyed a large\\nportion of their provisions. Don Tristan de Luna en-\\ncouraged his followers to persevere in their course, assur-\\ning them that supplies would soon reach them from the\\nviceroy, and he directed an expedition to be fitted out,\\ncomposed of four companies, to penetrate the country\\nwhich was called the Province of Coca.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nWith the remainder of his men he established himself at\\nthe port, with the hope that some opportunity would offer\\nby which he might inform the viceroy of their unfortunate\\ncondition.\\nThe sergeant-major, with the four companies, traveled\\nfor forty days through an uninhabited country, until he\\narrived upon the banks of a river which he was unable to\\ncross. Following along the banks of this river, which was\\nundoubtedly the Alabama, they at length came upon an\\nIndian village, from which, on the approach of the Span-\\niards, the inhabitants all fled. They found within the\\nhouses a considerable supply of corn, beans, and other\\nvegetable products.\\nIn examining the surrounding country they encountered\\nsome of the natives, whom they propitiated with beads\\nand other trifling presents, and who, although they seemed\\nsurprised, made no attempt at escape. By means of an\\nIndian interpreter, the Spaniards asked the name of the\\ntown and province, why it was deserted, and what country\\nlay beyond it. They replied that the town was called\\nNapicnoca that it had been very large and well peopled,\\nbut that other strangers, like the Spaniards, had destroyed\\nit, and forced the inhabitants to fly, except a few who\\nremained to gather the harvest.*\\nThe sergeant-major sent out several detachments to ex-\\namine the adjacent country, but they were greatly dis-\\ncouraged on finding only vast deserts and solitudes. Re-\\nturning to Napicnoca, sixteen men were sent back to Santa\\nMaria to report the progress of the expedition.\\nIn the mean time Don Tristan de Luna, who had with\\nhim at Santa Maria a force of over one thousand men,\\nreceiving no intelligence from the sergeant-major, and con-\\nUndoubtedly the other strangers were De Soto and his party.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. Zt^\\neluding from the time which had elapsed that the explor-\\ning party had been cut off by the natives, determined to\\nremain no longer at the bay, where they were suffering\\nfrom the want of provisions, their supplies being now ex-\\nhausted.\\nWhile preparing to go into the interior, the sixteen men\\nsent back by the sergeant-major arrived, and, learning from\\nthem that at Napicnoca were corn and other supplies, De\\nLuna determined to proceed with his men to that town,\\nsome going by land and others by the river. Upon his\\narrival, Don Tristan named the place Santa Cruz de Napic-\\nnoca. The large number of persons to be provisioned\\nsoon consumed the supplies which the sergeant-major had\\ngathered, and they were obliged to rely upon such chance\\nfood as they could obtain, living upon acorns, which they\\npartially relieved of their bitterness by boiling them first\\nin salt water and afterwards in fresh water. The women\\nand young children, unable to eat the acorns, lived upon\\nthe tender leaves and young twigs of the forest trees. They\\nwere soon reduced to the last stage of hunger and de-\\nspair, looking forward to death as their only relief, when\\nthey were told of the province of Coca, which had the\\nreputation of being an abundant and rich province, of\\nwhich they had before heard, but were ignorant of the\\nroute to reach it. This information was gladly received;\\nsome of the party, who had probably visited that province\\nwith De Soto, assuring them that if they could once reach\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2there they would find an abundance of everything.\\nDe Luna thereupon sent the sergeant-major, with two\\nhundred men, to explore the route to Coca, two worthy\\nfriars accompanying the expedition. The sergeant-major,\\nnow hopeful for the future, moved northwardly, forced to\\nrely for food upon the roots and branches of trees seeming\\nto have been too unskillful to obtain game. They were", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nforced to eat even their thongs and straps, and seven of\\ntheir number died of starvation and from eating poisonous\\nshrubs. They found no habitations, and encountered none\\nof the natives, and were so reduced as to be almost in-\\ncapable of either advancing or returning to their comrades\\nbut they still pushed on, until they at length entered a\\nwooded country, abounding in chestnuts and hickory-nuts.\\nRelieved of their sufferings, they now felt cheered to prose-\\ncute their journey, and, fifty days after leaving Napicnoca,\\nthey came to Indian settlements upon the banks of a river\\nwhich the Indians called Olibahaki, and farther on they\\ncame to small towns.\\nMaking friendly advances to the natives, they procured\\nprovisions of them in limited quantities, the natives mani-\\nfesting much caution and distrust.\\nA miracle is reported to have occurred while they were\\nin this settlement, which is illustrative of the veneration\\nentertained by the Spaniards for the mysteries of their faith.\\nA rude chapel had been erected, of boughs, for the purpose\\nof celebrating mass, and while the priest was in the act of\\nconsecrating the Host, he perceived upon the edge of the\\nchalice a disgusting and probably poisonous worm, so situ-\\nated that an attempt to remove it would cause its fall within\\nthe chalice. Perplexed by so unfortunate a circumstance,\\nthe priest fell upon his knees and earnestly prayed that the\\nworm might not be permitted to fall into the holy sacra-\\nment, and immediately the worm fell from the cup to the\\naltar, devoid of life. The priest, regarding it as a miracu-\\nlous answer to his prayer, made use of the occasion to urge\\nupon the company constancy and conformity in their works,\\nat all times, to the will of God.*\\nThe sergeant-major remained quite as long as was accept-\\nBarcia, Ensayo Cronologico, p 34.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 85\\nable to his host on the Olibahaki, and they soon devised a\\nplan for relieving themselves of their guests, which was no\\nless cunning than amusing. Dressing up one of their num-\\nber en g7 and seignevr, with proper attendants, they sent him\\nto the camp of the Spaniards to represent himself to them\\nas an ambassador from the cacique of the province of Coca,\\nempowered to extend to them an urgent invitation to visit\\nthat province, and offering to act as a guide. The Span-\\niards gladly accepted the invitation, made much of the\\nsupposed ambassador, and informed him that they would at\\nonce set out with him for Coca. They marched out with\\nhigh expectations, but at the close of the first day s march\\ntheir guide disappeared, leaving them to find their way to\\nCoca as best they could.\\nFinding themselves duped, some counseled a return to\\nOlibahaki, but the majority preferred to go on, and a few\\ndays afterwards reached the object of their search, the\\nfar-famed province of Coca. The principal town of this\\nprovince contained about thirty houses, and there were\\nseven other towns belonging to this tribe. The land, in\\nconsequence of the want of cultivation, did not appear so\\nproductive as had been reported in Mexico by the sur-\\nvivors of De Soto s expedition. The neglect of the soil\\nwas attributed by the Indians to the fact that the people\\nhad fled from their habitations and fields, and been dis-\\npersed by the followers of De Soto.\\nThe sergeant-major remained at Coca seven days, receiv-\\ning every mark of attention from the natives. Learning that\\nthe people of Coca were at war with a neighboring tribe,\\nthe Spaniards proposed, in recompense for the kindness\\nthey had received, to assist their friends of Coca, a pro-\\nposal which the Indians gladly accepted. Meanwhile, the\\nfriars were not unmindful of the spiritual purposes of their\\nmission, and sought to enlighten the minds and reach the\\n8", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhearts of the natives, portraying to them, to the best of their\\nability, the truths of the gospel but with little success,\\nthe Indians, it is said, being more intent upon punishing\\ntheir enemies than upon the salvation of their own souls.\\nThe expedition against the Napaches, by the aid of the\\nSpaniards, proved successful, no loss being sustained on\\neither side, and a satisfactory treaty being made between\\nthe tribes.\\nThe sergeant-major proceeded to examine the country\\nwith a view to settlement, and in the mean time dispatched\\nan officer with twelve men to report to the general, who,\\nwith eight hundred of his followers, had remained at\\nNapicnoca.\\nDe Luna, having remained at the latter place for some\\ntime, and receiving ^no intelligence from the sergeant-\\nmajor, concluded to return to the Bay of Santa Maria.\\nSome of his party during their stay at the Indian town had\\ndied of hunger, and others had become greatly enfeebled.\\nBefore leaving, he buried at the foot of a tree a vase con-\\ntaining a scroll, with directions for any of the Coca expe-\\ndition who should return there and on the tree he cut the\\nwords, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Dig below. The Spaniards arrived at Santa Maria\\nafter a journey of severe toils and sufferings. At their own\\nrequest, the friars were permitted to set sail Avith two small\\nvessels for Havana, and to proceed thence to New Spain to\\nprocure succor for their companions.\\nThe twelve soldiers dispatched by the sergeant-major\\nreached Napicnoca in twelve days, traversing in this space\\nof time the distance which the Spaniards had taken seventy\\ndays to pass over upon their advance. Arriving at Napic-\\nnoca, the detachment were surprised to see no signs of the\\nSpaniards who had been left there, but, entering the town,\\nthey observed the inscription upon the tree, and disinterred\\nthe vase containing instructions for them, and rejoiced to", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 87\\nlearn that their friends were still living. Then pushing on\\nwith all haste to Santa Maria, which was forty leagues dis-\\ntant, they reached there in three days, when they met with\\na joyful reception from their friends.\\nThe party which had been sent by the sergeant-major\\ndelivered the letters with which he had intrusted them for\\nthe general and to the inquiries eagerly made in the camp\\nas to the character of the country which they had visited,\\nthey replied, making a very unfav^orable report of the\\nregions which they had passed through, enlarging upon\\nthe trials and sufferings they had undergone, and depre-\\nciating the province of Coca. These reports caused great\\ndiscontent in the camp, and disposed a large number to\\nadvocate the instant abandonment of such a country.\\nJuan de Ceron, the master of the camp, and others of\\nthe principal officers, expressed their opinion openly, and\\nDe Luna, in calling his officers together to announce to\\nthem his determination to proceed to the province of Coca,\\nwas met by a stout opposition on the part of De Ceron\\nand those who entertained his views. The general, in reply\\nto those who had no faith in the value of Coca, charged\\nthem with a desire to avoid the labor and trials attending\\nthe march and settlement of the country, and said that\\nthey were influenced more by their indolence than other\\nreasons, and issued his orders that all should prepare for\\nthe march to Coca. But the discontent had already ex-\\ntended to the larger part of the army, and, supported in\\ntheir opposition by their officers, they set at defiance the\\nauthority of the general, and secretly sent word to the\\nsergeant-major to return to Santa Maria. The messenger\\nsent by them arrived safely at Coca, and informed the\\nsergeant-major that the general commanded his return, as\\nthe army was about to leave the country. The Indians of\\nCoca parted from the Spaniards with great regret, accom-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\npanying them two or three days journey, and crying with\\ngreat demonstrations of affection. The sergeant-major\\narrived at Santa Maria in the beginning of November,\\nhaving been engaged some seven months in this explora-\\ntion of the country.\\nEvents often derive their importance from the skill\\nwith which they are narrated; and had this journey of\\nthe sergeant-major been sufficiently fortunate to have a\\nchronicler like Cabe^a de Vaca, doubtless it would have\\nbeen regarded with as much interest as the expeditions of\\nNarvaez and De Soto. The route pursued cannot be very\\nwell traced, the slight notices of natural objects and the\\nunrecognizable names of towns giving no clue to identifi-\\ncation. It is quite probable that the river encountered on\\ntheir march to Napicnoca was the Alabama, and that the\\nIndian town was somewhere near Camden. The twelve\\ndays travel thence to Coca was through the pine-barrens\\nand sand-hills of South Alabama, and the Olibahaki was\\nthe Coosa or Alabama. The province of Coca was the\\nCoosa country in the northeastern part of Alabama.\\nUpon the return of the sergeant-major to the Bay of\\nSanta Maria, the camp still remained divided. The gen-\\neral retained his purpose to remain in the country, and the\\ndisaffected were equally determined to depart from that\\nregion. All respect for authority was weakened, and the\\nquarrel became so violent as to render useless the efforts\\nof the priests to reconcile it. The general, jealous of his\\nauthority and indignant at the opposition of his officers,\\nbecame daily more harsh and irritable.\\nIn the mean time, the two vessels which had gone with\\nthe friars to procure relief reached Havana in safety, and\\nthence proceeded to Vera Cruz, where they carried to the\\nunwilling ears of the Viceroy their tale of the sufferings\\nand disappointments which had attended the expedition.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. gc^\\nHe was loath to credit the information; but the high char-\\nacter of the envoy, Don Pedro de Feria, afterwards Bishop\\nof Chiapa, gave no room to doubt the painful truth. It\\nwas a sad disappointment, after all the flattering accounts\\nwhich had been brought to Mexico of the riches and fer-\\ntility of the country, to be compelled to believe otherwise.\\nThe viceroy promptly sent off the two vessels loaded with\\nprovisions to Santa Maria.\\nThis opportune relief produced no change in the condi-\\ntion of affairs at the camp of Don Tristan de Luna. Five\\nlong months they lingered on the shores of Santa Maria,\\neach party inflexibly adhering to its resolution, so that the\\ngeneral could not proceed with his expedition, nor could\\nthe disaff ected leave the hated shores. A reconciliation\\nwas finally effected, from the foot of the altar, by the skill\\nand energy of Father Domingo.\\nAt length there arrived at the port of Santa Maria, Don\\nAngel de Villafane, who had been sent out by the Viceroy\\nof Cuba as Governor of Florida, with instructions to make\\nan examination of the shores of the gulf, which, in con-\\nsequence of the continual storms, he had been imable to do.\\nUpon his arrival, councils were held by the officers as to\\nthe course which it was advisable to pursue. The general\\nand a few others desired to continue the enterprise, but the\\nlarger number preferred to abandon the country. Those\\nwho desired to leave embarked on the vessels of Don\\nAngel de Villafane.\\nDon Tristan de Luna, with a few of his followers, re-\\nmained at the Bay of Santa Maria, and communicated to\\nthe Viceroy of Mexico the events which had occurred, the\\nobstacles he had encountered, and his views of the manner\\nof remedying them; but the Viceroy, discouraged by the\\nfailures which had hitherto attended the expedition, and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "go HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nunwilling further to pursue it, recalled De Luna, and aban-\\ndoned his efforts for the conquest of Florida.\\nThus ended the most considerable and best-appointed\\nexpedition which had ever landed on the shores of Florida,\\nand which, under better management, might have been\\nmeasurably successful in planting a colony on the banks of\\nthe Coosa. Although no such terrible disaster attended\\nthis as had befallen the previous expeditions, yet the priva-\\ntions and sufferings which were undergone were well calcu-\\nlated to deter others from a renewal of the attempt.\\nThe cavalier Don Tristan de Luna remained to the last,\\nunwilling to turn his back upon a country the conquest of\\nwhich had been assigned to him, and which he was satisfied\\nwas really valuable and productive. The clergy, who had\\nin considerable numbers been attached to the expedition,\\nadded their voices to those who felt unwilling to remain,\\nand De Luna was forced to abandon the beautiful Bay of\\nSanta Maria, and leave the occupation of the country he\\nhad explored to be accomplished by succeeding generations.\\nIt seems evident, upon comparing the narrative of the\\nexpedition of the sergeant-major of De Luna with the ac-\\ncounts of Cabe^a de Vaca and De Soto, that the sergeant-\\nmajor must have wandered through some barren portion of\\nLower Alabama, and failed to reach more than the out-\\nskirts of the numerous Indian settlements in the country\\nbordering on the Coosa and the Tennessee Rivers, and\\nwhich De Vaca and De Soto had rightly described as rich\\nand fertile.\\nThis expedition of De Luna possesses much interest, as\\nestablishing the fact that a settlement of Spaniards occupied\\nthe shores of the Bay of Pensacola in 1561, and that the\\nwhole of that region was known to them. Moreover, this\\nwas the last of the exploring expeditions which visited\\nFlorida, and occurred only a year prior to the landing of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. ^I\\nthe French Huguenots, under Ribaut, on the eastern coast,\\nand only antedated by four years the permanent settlement\\nof Florida, effected by Pedro de Menendez. It is but just\\nthat among the historic names connected with the discovery\\nand exploration of Florida should be remembered that of\\nDon Tristan de Luna.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nHuguenot Settlements at Charles Fort under Ribaut, and at Fort\\nCaroline under Laudonniere.\\n1562\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1564.\\nWe have hitherto accompanied through the wilds of\\nFlorida the cavaliers of Spain, who, with the sound of the\\ntrumpet and the battle-cry of St. lago, carried devastation\\nand slaughter in their march. They styled themselves\\nConquistadors their purpose was conquest, and their\\nprincipal object the acquisition of gold, silver, and pearls.\\nA country which promised rich rewards to the patient and\\nlaborious pursuits of the agriculturist offered no induce-\\nments to them. They had been corrupted and engorged\\nwith the plunder of Mexico and the spoil of Peru. They\\nsought not to create wealth, but to seize and appropriate it\\nwherever found, and they had little regard to the amount\\nof suffering they caused the unhappy natives of the land,\\nif either by torture or destruction they could force the dis-\\ncovery of their treasures.\\nTheir efforts in Florida had proved fruitless. Where they\\nhad looked for easy conquest and great reward they had\\nfound only privation and toils, and had met a race fierce\\nand implacable, who lacked only the means of offensive\\nwarfare to sweep their invaders from their shores. Narvaez\\nand his followers had perished ingloriously in their attempt\\nto leave a land hostile at every step, and the miserable\\nremnant of the force of De Soto, baffled in all their efforts,\\n(90", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 93\\nhad barely escaped into Mexico. The fruitless expedition\\nof De Luna had failed of its object, and the whole of the\\nvast country, from Mexico to the Polar Seas and from the\\nAtlantic to the Pacific, contained not a single settlement of\\nthe white race. The dreams of conquest were over, and\\nthe adventurers were well satisfied to leave in peace the\\nrichest country of the world.\\nAn entirely different class of persons now made their\\nappearance upon the shores of Florida, the principal\\naim of whom was colonization and settlement. They\\nwere of a different race and had come from different\\nmotives.\\nThe weak and vacillating Charles IX. was King of\\nFrance, and the Admiral De Chastellan, better known as\\nthe famous Coligny, was at the head of the Protestant\\nparty. Civil war raged between the votaries of the two\\nreligious bodies between whom the kingdom was divided.\\nThe transatlantic discoveries and settlements of the Span-\\niards in Mexico, Peru, and the Spanish Main suggested\\nto the astute mind of the admiral the idea of founding be-\\nyond the sea a new empire which might extend the pos-\\nsessions of France, and at the same time strengthen, and,\\nin case of need, afford a refuge to, the Huguenots, if borne\\ndown in their contest at home.\\nAn expedition was fitted out, and sailed in February,\\n1562, consisting of two good vessels, under Captain Jean\\nRibaut, an officer of much experience and considerable\\nreputation. A prosperous voyage brought them directly to\\nthe coast of Florida, in the neighborhood of St. Augustine.\\nSailing to the northward, they discovered the entrance of\\nthe St. John s River, landed, and erected a monument of\\nstone, on which was engraved the arms of France, it being\\nplaced, it is said, within the said river, and not far\\nfrom the mouth thereof, upon a little sandy knap. They", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nnamed the river the river May, because they entered it\\nupon the first day of that month.\\nRe-embarking, they sailed to the northward, landing\\noccasionally, and being received with kindness by the\\nnumerous Indians they encountered, to whom they gave\\npresents of trifling value, such as looking-glasses and tin\\nbracelets, with which they were much pleased.\\nAfter sailing about ninety leagues to the north, they\\nentered the harbor of Port Royal, and anchored. For\\nseveral days they made excursions up the adjoining rivers,\\nmaking peaceable overtures to the Indians, with whom they\\nwere now upon terms of amity.\\nRibaut finally concluded to plant his colony at this\\npoint, but it was a question as to what portion of his fol-\\nlowers would be willing to remain alone upon these un-\\nknown shores.\\nHe thereupon called his men together and made them a\\nskillful oration, which is reported to us with all the fullness\\nof a modern Herald report. Adorning and illustrating\\nhis speech by various references to classical antiquity, he\\nclosed by saying, How much, then, ought so many worthy\\nexamples to move you to plant here, considering also that\\nyou shall be registered forever as the first that inhabited\\nthis strange country I pray you therefore all to advise\\nyourselves thereof, and to deliver your mind freely unto\\nme, protesting that I will so well imprint your names in\\nthe king s ears and the other princes, that your renown\\nshall hereafter thrive unquenchably through our realms of\\nFrance. Such has ever been the peculiarity of the Gallic\\nrace they appeal, not to the appetite for gain, not to the\\nriches to be acquired, but, from Charlemagne to Napoleon\\nIII., honor to France and renown to themselves have been\\nthe incentives to performance of duty and great enterprise.\\nRibaut judged rightly of the effect of such an appeal to the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n95\\nhearts of Frenchmen. He had hardly ended his oration\\nwhen the majority of the soldiers replied that a greater\\npleasure could never betide them, perceiving well the ac-\\nceptable service which by this means they do unto their\\nprince, besides that this thing should be for the increase\\nof their honors whereupon, it is said, Jean Ribaut, being\\nas glad as might be to see his men so well willing, deter-\\nmined at once to search out a place most fit and convenient\\nto be inhabited. The matter was a momentous one an\\nempire was to be founded, and a continent taken possession\\nof; \\\\X was felt to be a great occasion, and the minds of the\\nlittle band ran forward to the time when a New France,\\nwith its peopled cities, its rich and fertile fields, its coasts,\\nwhitened with the sails of commerce, would be in existence,\\nand they remembered in those after-days as the first occu-\\npants of this vast country.\\nA small fort was erected upon a little island and named\\nCharles Fort twenty-five men were selected to remain, and\\nplaced under the command of Captain Albert. Supplies of\\nammunition and provisions were left, and with a parting\\nsalute of artillery, replied to from the fort, the vessels left\\nthe infant settlement, and the destinies of New France were\\ncentred in that little fort. The Indians were on terms of\\namity, and everything promised fair for the future.\\nRibaut, satisfied with this beginning, returned to France,\\nhaving been absent about four months.\\nThe colony left at Charles Fort prospered for some\\ntime, and made various excursions among the Indians,\\nby whom they were well received and lovingly entreated.\\nIndeed, the French seemed to have a peculiar faculty of\\ningratiating themselves and the whole history of their ex-\\nplorations, in every part of America, shows most uniform\\nand remarkable success in conciliating and securing the\\naffection of the savage tribes.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "gS HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe secret consists most probably in the peculiarly\\nadaptable and versatile talent of the French, enabling them\\nto accommodate themselves with ease to any customs or\\nusages, and putting them at once at home wherever they\\nmay happen to be placed. Another reason is, that they\\nare skilled in the art of pantomime, the only language at\\nall available upon first meeting with a tribe whose language\\nis unknown. The Frenchman, with his varying gestures,\\nhis expressive shrug, his flexible features, his animated\\nmanner of expressing himself, would soon be on a good\\nfooting and smoking a pipe with the cacique, where the\\nstately Don would be expressing his pleasure in pure Cas-\\ntilian and making gestures at the end of his lance, or the\\nEnglishman, with his phlegmatic temperament, would be\\nattempting a direct negotiation. Whether as missionaries,\\nexplorers, or traders, the French have ever been foremost\\nin the facility with which they have managed their red\\nbrethren. A very little additional aid to French coloniza-\\ntion would have made the United States indeed a New\\nFrance.\\nCaptain Albert made an excursion to a country called the\\nOuade, probably the Savannah River, where the cacique,\\nafter supplying them with corn, it is said, gave them a cer-\\ntain number of exceeding fair pearls, two stones of fine\\ncrystal, and certain silver ore, and being inquired of where\\nthe ore and crystals came from, they answered that it came\\nten days journey, and that the inhabitants there dig the\\nsame at the foot of certain high mountains, referring, it is\\nquite evident, to the gold regions of Georgia.\\nIt had been the intention of Ribaut, when he left the\\ncolony, to return immediately with a much larger force,\\nand provided with everything necessary to establish a per-\\nmanent settlement but, when he returned to France,\\ncivil war was raging, and nothing could be done, and the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 97\\nexistence of Captain Albert and Charles Fort was almost\\nforgotten.\\nAnxiously did the little garrison await the promised re-\\nturn. Their provisions were becoming more scarce, and,\\nday by day, they in vain scanned the horizon in the hope\\nof descrying relief; but none came, and with disappoint-\\nment came discontent.\\nTheir captain became exacting and tyrannical and the\\nmen careless and disobedient. A difficulty arising with one\\nGuerlache, a poor drummer, he was ordered to be hung by\\nthe captain, and this conclusive evidence of civilization was\\ncarried into effect another he placed on an island to starve,\\nand then it was determined to remove Albert by taking his\\nlife, which they soon did. Months had rolled past since Ri-\\nbaut was to have returned. After the death of Albert they\\nchose one Nicolas Barre as their captain; and finally, de-\\nspairing of the return of Ribaut, they determined to attempt\\nto get away. They had not a single ship-carpenter among\\nthem, but they managed to build a small pinnace, probably a\\nmere shallop. They covered it with moss, made the cordage\\nof palmettos, and the sails of their shirts and linen. In this\\nmiserable little affair, caulked with moss, and with such sails,\\nthis little band attempted to cross the stormy ocean which\\nseparated them from their native land. It would seem as\\nthough the first shock of a tempest would have buried them\\nbeneath the waves. They had not laid in sufficient provisions\\nfor their long voyage, and, although the calms they encoun-\\ntered were favorable to their safety, they were soon placed\\nin danger of starvation. Listlessly floating upon the sea,\\nbecalmed for many days, they were reduced to terrible ex-\\ntremities, until at last they cast lots for the life of one of\\ntheir number, and Leclerc was sacrificed, and his flesh di-\\nvided equally a thing so pitiful, says the writer, that\\nmy pen is loath to write it. Fortunately, they were\\n9", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsoon after fallen in with by an English vessel and rescued.\\nIt seems wonderful that they should have escaped at all,\\nfor so crazy a craft never crossed the Atlantic.\\nAfter the truce between the contending parties in France,\\nColigny turned his attention to the occupation of Florida,\\nand on the 22d of April, 1564, he dispatched thither three\\nvessels, respectively, of one hundred and twenty, one hun-\\ndred, and sixty tons burden, under command of Rene de\\nLaudonniere, who- had accompanied Ribaut in the first\\nexpedition.\\nThis Rene seems to have been a clever young man, some-\\nwhat fussy and undecided, and considerably elevated by\\nhis first command. In person, if Le Moyne s pictures are\\ncorrect, he was small and slight, with a pleasant counte-\\nnance. The Indian chiefs are represented as towering a\\nhead and shoulders above him.\\nOn Thursday, the 2 2d day of June, 1564, about three\\no clock in the afternoon, Laudonniere says he came to the\\nland, went on shore near a little river which is 30\u00c2\u00b0 distant\\nfrom the equator, and ten leagues above Cape Frangois,\\ndrawing towards the south, and about 30\u00c2\u00b0 above the river\\nMay. After wx had stricken sail and cast anchor athwart\\nthe river, I determined to go on shore to discover the same.\\nTherefore being accompanied with Monsieur d Ottigni and\\nMonsieur d Arlac, my ensigne, and a certain number of\\nsoMiers, I embarked myself about 3 or 4 of the clock in\\nthe evening, and arrived at the mouth of the river. I\\ncaused the channel to be sounded, which was found to be\\nvery shallow, although that further within the same the\\nwater was there found reasonably deep, which separated\\nitself with two great arms, whereof one runneth toward\\nthe south and the other toward the north. Having thus\\nsearched the river, I went on land to speak with the In-\\ndians which waited for us on the shore, which, at our", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 99\\nincoming on land, came before us crying with a loud voice\\ntheir Indian language, Antipola, benassan, which is as much\\nas to say, brother, friend, or some such thing. After they\\nhad seen very much of us they showed us their paracoussi,\\nthat is to say their king and governor, to whom I presented\\ncertain toyes, wherewith he was well pleased and for mine\\nown part I pray God continually for the great love which I\\nhave found in these savages, which were sorry for nothing but\\nthat the night approached and made us retire unto our\\nships. For though they endeavoured by all means to make\\nus tarry with them, and showed by signals the desire they\\nhad to present us with some rare things, yet, nevertheless,\\nfor many and reasonable occasions^ I would not stay on shore\\nall night, but excusing myself for all their offers, I embarked\\nmyself again and returned toward my ships. Howbeit,\\nbefore mine departure, I named their river the River of\\nDolphins, because that at mine arrival I saw there a great\\nnumber of dolphins which were playing in the mouth\\nthereof.\\nThis account by Laudonniere himself, of his first landing\\non the coast of Florida, is given at length, for the reason\\nthat it is the harbor of St. Augustine which he describes;\\nand the spot where that city is now built was the scene of\\nthe interview which he here relates. The two arms of the\\nriver, running to the north and south, are the North River\\nand the Matanzas River, and the shallow water on the bar,\\nand the gentle and pleasant courtesy which characterized\\nthe natives, may be said to be perpetuated to this day. In\\nthe volume of De Bry, relating to Florida, the first plate\\ncontains a striking picture of the River of Dolphins, a boat\\nwith Captain Laudonniere about landing, a large number\\nof the natives on the shore. One group represents the\\nparacoussi, seated upon a carpet of green leaves, surrounded\\nwith his people, awaiting the landing of the French, whose", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "lOo HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthree vessels are at anchor. The pahii, the pine, and the\\ncedar are represented as growing on the shore.\\nOn the next day they sailed for the mouth of the river\\nMay, the St. John s, where Laudonniere was shown by the\\nIndians the column erected by Ribaut. After examining\\nvarious localities, Laudonniere concluded to establish his\\nsettlement at the point now known as St. John s Bluff.\\nThe reasons which induced a location upon the St. John,\\nas given by Laudonniere himself, were that to the south-\\nward there was nothing but a flat, marshy country, unfit to\\ninhabit, and, from the report of those who were left at\\nCharles Fort, the country thereabouts was not productive,\\nwhile the means of subsistence seemed to abound on the\\nriver May and upon their first visit they had seen gold and\\nsilver in the possession of the natives, a thing which put\\nme in hope, he says, of some happy discovery in time\\nto come.\\nThe poetic nature of the Frenchman, and his eye for\\nnatural beauty, was kindled as he explored the margin of\\nthe river; and to one place which pleased his fancy, at the\\nrequest of his soldiers, he gave the name of the Vale of\\nLaudonniere his eye charmed with the green meadows and\\nbright visions of spring.\\nHaving fixed upon the spot upon which to erect the fort,\\nhe commanded the trumpet to sound, and assembled his\\nmen, to return thanks to God for their favorable and happy\\narrival. Thus they sang hymns of praise to the Lord,\\nsupplicating that His holy grace might be continued to His\\npoor servants, and aid them in all undertakings which they\\ndesired should redound to His glory and the advancement\\nof our Holy Faith. They laid out their fort in the form\\nof a triangle, and received some assistance from the Indians\\nin its construction.\\nAn expedition went up the river in boats, and at twenty", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. TOi\\nleagues distance, probably about Mandarin, they came to\\nan Indian town called Thimagua, and by the Indians of\\nthis tribe he was informed of nine other kings or caciques,\\nnamed Cadecha, Chilili, Eclanan, Enacoppe, Calany, Ana-\\ncharagua, Anitagua, ^quera, Mucoso. The last named\\nwill be recognized as the protector of Juan Ortiz, thirty\\nyears before. From time to time, boat expeditions were\\nmade to the tribes settled along the river, and they had\\nfrequent applications to assist the caciques in their wars\\nagainst each other, and on several occasions did so. to\\nstrengthen themselves with their neighbors.\\nOn the 29th of August, 1564, it is said a lightning\\nfrom heaven fell within half a league of our fort, more\\nworthy to be wondered at and put in writing than any of\\nthe strange signs which have been seen in times past, and\\nwhereof histories have been written. For although the\\nmeadows were then green, and half covered with water,\\nnevertheless the lightning, in one instant, consumed about\\nfive hundred acres, therewith, and burned, with the ardent\\nheat thereof, all the souls which took their pasture in the\\nmeadows, which thing continued for three days space,\\nwhich caused us not a little to muse, not being able to\\njudge whereof the fire proceeded. For one while we\\nthought the Indians had burned their houses and aban-\\ndoned their places for fear of us. Another while we\\nthought they had discovered some ships at sea, and that,\\naccording to their customs, they had kindled many fires\\nhere and there to signify that their country was inhabited\\nnevertheless, being not assured, I was upon the point to\\nsend some one by boats to discover the matter, when six\\nIndians came to me from Paracoussi Allimicany, which, at\\ntheir first entry, made me a long discourse, and a very long\\nand ample oration (after they had presented me with cer-\\ntain baskets full of maize, of pumpkins, and of grapes) of the\\n9*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "I02 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nloving amity which AUimicany desired to continue with\\nme, and that he looked from day to day where it would\\nplease me to employ him in my service. Therefore, con-\\nsidering the serviceable affection that he bore unto me, he\\nfound it very strange that I thus discharged mine ordinance\\nagainst his dwelling, which had burnt up an infinite sight\\nof green meadows, and consumed even down unto the\\nwater, and came so near unto his mansion that he thought\\nhe saw the fire in his house wherefore he besought me\\nmost humbly to command my men that they would not\\nshoot any more towards his lodgings, otherwise he would\\nbe constrained to abandon his country, and to retire him-\\nself unto some place farther off from us,\\nThe French commander, seeing that the Indians thought\\nthis wonderful stroke of lightning had proceeded from\\ntheir cannon, encouraged the idea, and informed them he\\nwas glad they were inclined to be peaceable that he could\\neasily have reached his house, some miles distant, if he had\\nchosen, but that he only fired half-way to show them his\\npower. All this the Indians believed, and the paracoussi\\nwould not come within twenty-five leagues of the fort for\\ntwo months. Two days afterward there followed such an\\nexcessive heat in the air, that the river became so hot that\\nI think it was almost ready to seethe, for there died so\\ngreat abundance of fish, and that of so many divers sorts,\\nthat in the mouth of the river only there were found dead\\nenough to have laden fifty carts, whereof there issued a\\nputrefaction in the air which bred many dangerous dis-\\neases amongst us, inasmuch as most of my men fell sick and\\nalmost ready to end their days. Yet, notwithstanding, it\\npleased our merciful God so far to provide by his Provi-\\ndence, that all our men got well.\\nIn September one of the Frenchmen pretended that by\\nthe secret art of magic he had discovered a mine of gold", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n103\\nand silver, far up within the river, and that their captain\\nwas intending to conceal it from them. Acting upon the\\ncredulity of others, he soon organized a conspiracy to make\\nway with Laudonniere.\\nAt this time Laudonniere sent a small vessel back to\\nFrance, under the command of Captain Bourdett, and with\\nhim seven or eight of those whose fidelity he suspected.\\nHe was subsequently prostrated by fever, and the dis-\\ncontented in his garrison proceeded to an open con-\\nspiracy. They seized his person, and confined him upon\\na small vessel in the river for fifteen days.\\nFor the purpose of explorations by water, Laudonniere\\nhad constructed two small vessels. These they seized, and\\ntaking from the fort whatever they required, they set out\\nupon a freebooting expedition against the Spaniards, or\\nanybody else they might meet. The vessels were separated,\\nand each went on its course. One of them captured the\\nfirst vessel they met, and abandoned their own afterwards,\\ncruising among the islands, they made another capture,\\nand were finally most of them taken and destroyed. A\\nsmall brigantine, escaping pursuit, returned to Fort Caro-\\nline, and Laudonniere had them tried by court-martial, and\\nthe four leaders were sentenced to be hung. It is related\\nthat when they found their proximity to Fort Caroline,\\nin a kind of mockery, they counterfeited judges; but\\nthey played not this prank until they had tippled well\\nof the wine they had on board. One counterfeited the\\njudge, another Captain Laudonniere another, after he\\nhad heard the matter pleaded, concluded thus: Make you\\nyour causes as good as it pleases you, but if, when you come to\\nthe Fort Caroline, the captain causes you not to be hanged, T\\nwill never take him for an honest man. Others thought that,\\nhis choler being past, he would easily forget the matter.\\nBeing out of provisions, they were obliged, however,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "I04\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nto enter the river and submit to Laudonniere. The only\\nmodification of the sentence of death upon the four leaders\\nwas that, being soldiers, they should be first shot before\\nbeing hung. Being led out to execution, one of them en-\\ndeavored to excite a rescue but they were all four shot,\\nand then hanged upon gibbets at the mouth of the river.\\nThus early did this sad emblem of crime and human de-\\npravity succeed the planting of the sign of man s redemp-\\ntion upon our shores.\\nDuring this period, Laudonniere heard that two white\\nmen were living at a distance among the Indians. He at\\nonce sent word to the caciques of the neighboring tribes\\nthat he would give a large reward to have them brought to\\nhim. He soon obtained them. They were naked, wear-\\ning their hair long to their hips, in the Indian fashion.\\nThey were Spaniards by birth, but had been fifteen years\\namong the Indians, having been wrecked upon the keys\\ncalled the Martyrs. They said a considerable number\\nwere saved, and among them several women, who had\\nmarried among the Indians and had families, so that pos-\\nsibly the descendants of these Spaniards may be among\\nthe Seminoles to this day. Among other excursions which\\nwere made, was one to the widow of King Hia-caia, whose\\ndomain seems to have been at St. Mary s. It is said she\\ncourteously received our men, sent me back my barks full\\nof beans and acornes, with certain baskets of cassina, where-\\nwith they make their drinke. And the place where this\\nwidow dwelleth is the most plentiful of any that is in all\\nthe coast, and the most pleasant. It is thought that the\\nqueene is the most beautiful of all the Indians, and of whom\\nthey make the most account, yea, and her subjects honor\\nher so much, that almost continually they carry her on\\ntheir shoulders, and will not suffer her to go on foot. In\\nDe Bry there is an engraving made from a sketch of Jacques", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\n105\\nMorgues,* who accompanied this deputation, representing\\nher Majesty in her state procession. At the head appear\\ntwo trumpeters blowing upon reeds. Then follow six\\nchiefs bearing a canopied platform, on which is seated,\\nshaded by a leafy canopy, her Majesty in the person of a\\nbeautiful female. Around her neck is a cordon of pearls\\nbracelets and anklets adorn the person, et prceterea nihil.\\nOn each side walk other chiefs, holding large feather shades\\nor fans; beautiful young girls bearing baskets of fruits and\\nflowers follow next to the queen, and then warriors and her\\nhousehold guards.\\nAn excursion to Lake George and the island at its mouth\\nnow called Drayton Island is thus mentioned\\nI sent my two barks to discover along the river, and up\\ntowards the head thereof, which went so far up that they\\nwere thirty leagues good beyond a place named Matthiaqua;\\nand there they discovered the entrance of a lake, upon the\\none side whereof no land can be seen, according to the re-\\nport of the Indians, which was the cause that my men went\\nno further, but returned backe, and in coming home went to\\nsee the Island of Edelano, situated in the midst of the\\nriver, as faire a place as any that may be seen through the\\nworld, for, in the space of three leagues that it may contain\\nin length and breadth, a man may see an exceeding rich\\ncountry and marvellously peopled. At the coming out of\\nthe village of Edelano to go unto the river s side, a man\\nmust pass through an alley about three hundred paces long\\nand fifty paces broad, on both sides whereof great trees are\\nplanted the boughs thereof are tied like an arch, and meet\\ntogether so artificially, that a man would think that it were\\nan arbor made of purpose, as fair, I say, as any in all Chris-\\ntendom, although it be altogether natural.\\nSometimes called Le Moyne.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "lo6 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThey had expected succor from France, by the end of\\nApril, 1545, at the uttermost, and had not been prudent\\nin the saving of their provisions. They had latterly lived\\nupon the provisions they obtained from the Indians, but\\nas spring and summer came on they began to suffer from\\nwant, and, the season wearing on, they despaired of re-\\nceiving help from home, and resolved to leave the country\\nso soon as they could repair their vessels, or build another.\\nThey were now in great straits to keep from starvation,\\nand besought the Indians to furnish them. But the natives\\nnow became very exacting, and soon exhausted the store\\nof articles suitable for presents which the French had with\\nthem. At last, finding themselves unable to procure of the\\nsavages provisions to victual their vessels, they determined\\nto abandon the peaceful policy which they had hitherto\\npursued towards the Indians, and, by capturing one of the\\nleading chiefs, force a large amount of provisions for his\\nransom. They thereupon seized Olata Utina, a great chief,\\nand held him prisoner, but they failed to procure the ex-\\npected ransom, and embittered the Indians fruitlessly.\\nAfterwards they obtained some relief from the new corn in\\nhe Indian fields near them, and the fair queen, before\\nspoken of, gave them a liberal quantity. In the mean\\ntime they pushed forward with all diligence their prepara-\\ntions for leaving.\\nIn August there appeared on the coast four vessels,\\nbeing the fleet of Sir John Hawkins, returning from an ex-\\npedition to the Spanish Main. They came in for a supply\\nof water, and were received and entertained by Laudon-\\nniere with the best he had, even, he says, killing certain\\nsheep and poultry which he had hitherto carefully preserved\\nto stock the country withal.\\nSir John, seeing the distress they were in, generously of-\\nfered to transport them all back to France, which Laudon-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n107\\nniere declined, because, he says, he was in doubt upon\\nwhat occasion he made so large an offer, for I knew not how\\nthe case stood between the French and English and though\\nhe promised me, on his faith, to put me on land, in France,\\nbefore he would touch England, yet I stood in doubt least\\nhe should attempt somewhat in Florida in the name of his\\nmistress. Therefore I flatly refused his offer. The garrison,\\nhowever, hearing of the offer made by the English general,\\nhad no such scruples, and said they would go, unless he\\nmade some arrangement for their departure. Laudonniere\\nfinally effected the purchase of the smallest of the English\\nvessels. The English commander acted very handsomely,\\nleaving the French to put their own valuation upon the\\nvessel, who judged it worth seven hundred crowns. In pay-\\nment of this sum, he delivered them four pieces of artillery,\\none thousand of iron, and one thousand of powder.\\nSeeing the small amount of provisions the French had on\\nhand. Sir John most generously supplied them with twenty\\nbarrels of meal, five pipes of beans, a hogshead of salt, one\\nhundred pounds of wax, to make candles with forasmuch,\\nas it is said, he saw the French soldiers were barefoot, he\\ntook compassion upon them and gave them fifty pairs of\\nshoes besides this, he made presents to all the officers.\\nAs soon as Sir John had sailed, they made all diligence to\\nget their stores ready for their departure, and by the 15 th of\\nAugust they had everything ready, and awaited fair winds.\\nIt was with no pleasant feelings they prepared to leave\\na country to which they seemed to have become much at-\\ntached. Laudonniere says, There was none of us to whom\\nit was not an extreme grief to leave a country wherein we\\nhad endured so great travails and necessities, to discover\\nthat which we must forsake through our own countryman s\\nfault. I leave it your cogitation to think how near it went\\nlo our hearts to leave a place abounding in riches, as we", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "lo8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwere thoroughly enformed thereof in coming whereunto, and\\ndoing service unto our prince, we left our own country,\\nwives, children, parents, and friends, and passed the perils\\nof the sea, and were therein arrived, as in a plentiful trea-\\nsure of all our hearts desire.\\nThe question naturally suggests itself, how did it happen\\nthat, in a country abounding in the means of subsistence,\\nthis colony should have been reduced to such distress?\\nTheirs was no peculiar case; in every instance of an at-\\ntempt at settlement withm the limits of the United\\nStates the same thing occurred after they had eaten up\\nwhat they had brought with them and what they could ob-\\ntain of the Indians, they invariably starved. They were\\ngenerally either soldiers, or persons not accustomed to\\nlabor, and their idea of obtaining the means of subsistence\\nwas the commissary s store, or the market the labor of\\ntheir own hands in the field they never looked to, and did\\nnot seem to know how to avail themselves of the resources\\nof hunting and fishing. At this very period the river\\nwhich ran by Fort Caroline abounded in fish and oysters,\\nand, when literally starving, the Indians caught fish before\\ntheir eyes, and demanded such prices as they chose. The\\nexample of the Indian fields of maize was before them, and\\nyet they planted not a seed.\\nIn interesting juxtaposition with Laudonniere s own ac-\\ncount of his troubles, and of the visit of the English fleet,\\nwe have the account of this visit from one of Sir John\\nHawkins s expedition, who, after speaking of the condi-\\ntion in which he found the French, says Notwithstanding\\nthe great want that the Frenchmen had, the ground doth\\nyield victuals sufficient, if they would have taken pains to\\nget the same but they, being soldiers, desired to live by\\nthe sweat of other men s brows. The ground yieldeth\\nnaturally grapes in great store, for in the time the French-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 109\\nmen were there, they made twenty hogsheads of wine.\\nAlso it yieldeth roots, passing good; deeres marvellous\\ngood, with divers others beasts and fowl serviceable to the\\nuse of man. There be things wherewith a man may live,\\nhaving maize wherewith to make bread, for maize maketh\\ngood savory bread and cakes, as fine as flour; also it\\nmaketh good meale, beaten and sodden with water, and\\neateth like pap wherewith we feed children, a good drink,\\nnourishable, which the French did use to drink of in the\\nmorning, and it assuageth their thirst, so that they had no\\nneede to drink all the day after.*\\nThe commodities of this land are more than are yet\\nknown to any man for besides the land itself, whereof\\nthere is more than any Christian king is able to inhabit, it\\nflourisheth with meadow pasture-ground, with woods of\\ncedar and Cyprus, and other sorts, as better cannot be in\\nthe world. They have for apothecary, herbs, roots, and\\ngums great store, as storax liquida, turpentine, gum myrrhe,\\nand frankincense.\\nOf beasts in the country, besides deer, foxes, hares,\\npole-cats, conies, ounces, and leopards, I am not able cer-\\ntainly to say, but it is thought that there are lions and\\ntigers, as well as unicorns lions especially. Also venom-\\nous beasts, such as crocodiles, whereof there is a great\\nThe Floridians, when they travel, have a kind of herbe dried,\\nwho, with a cane, and earthen cup in the end with fire and the dried\\nherbs put together, doe suck throu a cane the smoke thereof, which\\nsmoke satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they live four or five days\\nwithout meate or drinke and this all the Frenchmen used for this pur-\\npose; yet doe they hold, withal, that it causeth them to reject from\\ntheir stomachs, and spit out water and phlegm.\\nThis wonderful weed, or dried herb, was, of course, tobacco; al-\\nthough, from a defect in the quality, probably, it does not now keepe\\nus from hunger three or four days at a time.\\n10", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "no HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nabundance adders of great bigness, whereof our men\\nkilled some a yard and a half long. On these adders\\n(rattlesnakes, probably) the Frenchmen did feed, to no\\nlittle admiration of us, and affirmed the same to be a deli-\\ncate meat, A tolerably accurate description of the dif-\\nferent kinds of fish and birds is given, and the writer seems\\nto have been particularly struck with the advantages of the\\ncountry for raising cattle. The houses of the Indians,\\nhe says, are not many together, for in one house an hun-\\ndred of them do lodge, they being made much like a great\\nbarn, and in strength not inferior to ours, for they have\\nstanchions and rafters of whole trees, and are covered with\\npalmetto leaves, having no place divided but one small\\nroom for their king and queen. In the midst of this\\nhouse is a hearth, where they make great fires all night, and\\nthey sleep upon certain pieces of wood, hewn in for the\\nbowing of their backs, and another place made high for\\ntheir heads.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nFrench Expedition of Ribaut to relieve Fort Caroline Spanish Expe-\\ndition of Menendez to expel the Huguenots Capture of Fort\\nCaroline by Menendez, and Massacre of the Garrison.\\n1565\\nThe settlement at Fort Caroline, although neglected by\\nFrance, had not been forgotten by its illustrious patron\\nbut the civil commotions which distracted the country had\\nrendered it impossible to forward the succors which were\\nso much needed. Reports had reached France from the\\nlittle colony, bearing unfavorably upon Laudonniere, set on\\nfoot by those who had been in the conspiracy against him.\\nAmong other things, they had accused him of playing the\\nviceroy, of living in great state, and of aggrandizing him-\\nself. As soon as the admiral was enabled to devote his\\nattention to the subject, an expedition of considerable\\nmagnitude was set on foot, to be under the command of\\nCaptain Ribaut, who had been in command in the first\\nvoyage. A fleet of seven vessels, some of considerable\\nsize, was provided, and ample provision made for a per-\\nmanent occupation of the country. Some six hundred and\\nfifty persons were embarked, and among the adventurers\\nwere representatives from many of the first families of\\nFrance. By some means, and, as is charged by many, in\\naccordance with direct information from the French court,\\nthe expedition of Ribaut destined to succor and insure the\\npermanent establishment of the French Huguenots in\\n(III)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nAmerica was made known to Philip II. There was at\\nthe Spanish court at that period, unemployed, a man\\nof considerable distinction, Menendez by name, who\\nhad acquired a high reputation by the success of many\\nnaval expeditions in which he had been engaged. He\\nhad shortly before learned that a son who had sailed from\\nMexico on board a treasure-fleet bound for Spain, which\\nhad been wrecked upon the coast of Florida, was a cap-\\ntive among the savage tribes who inhabited its shores.\\nThis man, soured by some difficulties and annoyances he\\nhad encountered, sorrowing over a favorite son whose fate\\npresented itself to his imagination as worse than death,\\nand largely imbued with the spirit of the military propa-\\ngation of the faith, was led to seek the command of an\\nexpedition to Florida. His own principal tliought was\\nundoubtedly the recovery of his son, but the leading con-\\nsideration he placed before the king was the salvation\\nof the souls of the tribes of Florida. The coast of Florida\\nhad already acquired a bad reputation, on account of\\nthe numerous shipwrecks which had occurred there, and\\nit was thought that a more thorough examination and\\nacquaintance with its shores, harbors, currents, and sound-\\nings would enable such disasters to be avoided for the\\nfuture.\\nThe Spanish crown had long claimed an exclusive right\\nto Florida, and under this designation included all of the\\ncountry in North America which had been or might be\\ndiscovered. The existence of the settlement made in 1564\\nby the French, on the St. John s River, must have been\\nwell known to the Spanish court, and would naturally have\\nbeen considered an aggression upon their rights, although\\nthey had never been able themselves to occupy or take\\npossession of any portion of the immense country claimed\\nby them. It added not a little, undoubtedly, to their sensi-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n113\\ntiveness relative to this settlement, that it was made by the\\nHuguenots of France, who were regarded by the Spaniards\\nas the most detestable of the human race and beyond the\\npale of humanity. In view of the misfortunes which had\\nattended every expedition to the shores of Florida, it\\nseems as though it would have been a hopeless effort to\\nprocure the means or the men for another enterprise in\\nthat direction, and so undoubtedly it would have been,\\nbut for the character of the man who undertook it and\\nthe religious motives which urged him, and which have\\nso often proved that no stronger passion can control\\nthe human heart than religious zeal, even among those\\nwho conform to none of the obligations of a religious\\nlife.\\nAlthough the sad fate of Narvaez s and De Soto s expedi-\\ntions must have been fresh in their minds, yet the name of\\nFlorida had not lost its charm, and the appeal of Menendez\\nwas responded to by greater numbers than he could provide\\ntransportation for. The number to be furnished at the ex-\\npense of the crown was to have been five hundred men-at-\\narms, but only two hundred and forty-nine of the force\\nwere actually provided. Notwithstanding this, a force\\namounting to two thousand six hundred persons were\\nembarked on board of thirty-four vessels of various sizes, the\\nlargest of which was of near one thousand tons, and carried\\nover one thousand persons, a large vessel and a very large\\ncomplement of passengers for that day. Menendez had\\nexpended in the equipment of the expedition nearly a mil-\\nlion of ducats, the crown having provided but a single\\nship, and had embarked in the expedition all of his own\\nmeans and all that he could obtain either by loan or gift\\nfrom his friends. Although he had made the religious\\nwelfare of the natives of Florida the principal object of his\\nmission in his interviews with the king, the number of the\\n10*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nclerical party provided was not commensurate with so ex-\\ntensive a work, twenty-six priests, brothers, and monks\\nbeing the entire number mentioned out of the two thousand\\nsix hundred and fifty who embarked. The agreement with\\nthe king had authorized Menendez to take with him five\\nhundred slaves, the third part to be men for his own service\\nand that of his people, in order that he might build, settle,\\nand cultivate Florida with more facility, and plant corn\\nand put up sugar- works but so great was the anxiety of the\\npeople to accompany him, it is said, that he found it unneces-\\nsary to carry with him the five hundred slaves.\\nThe expedition of Ribaut, which set sail from Dieppe\\non the 23d of May, 1565, consisted of five hundred men,\\nbesides some families of artisans who accompanied the ex-\\npedition the fleet numbered seven sail, some of which\\nmust have been of considerable size, as four of the vessels\\nwere obliged to anchor outside the bar of the river May,\\nnow known as the St. John s. For nearly a month after\\ntheir getting to sea they were detained on the coasts of\\nFrance by contrary winds, and, when fairly on their course,\\nwere two months in reaching Florida. Making first one of\\nthe Bahamas, they came upon the coast of Florida north of\\nCape Canaveral, and probably first landed at Mosquito,\\nwhere they found a Spaniard, who had been wrecked upon\\nthe coast twenty years before, and who informed them,\\nupon the report of the natives, that Laudonniere s colony\\nwas about fifty leagues northward. Coasting along, they\\nsounded the bar of the River of Dolphins, at St. Augustine,\\nand, proceeding farther north, entered the river May (St.\\nJohn s) on the 29th of August, 1565.\\nThe three smaller vessels only were able to enter the\\nriver, as has been already stated. For several days they\\nwere employed in landing the stores and provisions in-\\ntended for the colony, and disembarking the most of the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 115\\npeople, leaving on board the vessels outside the bar but\\nlittle more than their ordinary crew.\\nMenendez had pushed forward his preparations with\\nthe greatest vigor, and was extremely anxious to reach\\nFlorida before the French should be enabled to fortify and\\nintrench themselves. He made all possible dispatch, and,\\nleaving a portion of his fleet to follow after him, set sail\\nfrom Cadiz on the ist of July, 1565, with about two-thirds\\nof the whole number who were to join in the expedition. A\\nsevere tempest which they encountered after leaving the\\nCanaries wrecked and dispersed a portion of the fleet, so that\\nwhen the general arrived at Porto Rico, on the 9th of Au-\\ngust, he had but a third part of his expedition under his\\ncommand. He learned here that a dispatch-vessel, sent with\\norders to him from Spain, had been intercepted by the\\nFrench, and intelligence of his movements probably con-\\nveyed to the French colony in Florida. Menendez at\\nonce decided to pursue his voyage with all expedition,\\nwithout awaiting the coming up of his other vessels and,\\nrefitting as well as he was able, he sailed northward, by an\\nuntried route, among the Lucayan Islands, and on the 28th\\nof August, being the day devoted in the calendar of the\\nRoman Church to the memory of St. Augustine, they\\ncame in sight of Florida and landed on her coast. Upon\\nthe same day the French fleet, under Ribaut, had cast\\nanchor at the mouth of the St. John s River, the two hos-\\ntile fleets being thus within fifty miles of each other, and\\nlanding simultaneously at two neighboring points, each\\nunconscious of the proximity of the other.\\nIt adds not a little interest to this concurrence of events\\nto recall the fact that on the 4th of the same month the\\nEnglish fleet, under the celebrated Sir John Hawkins, had\\nanchored and landed at the St. John s, thus bringing into\\nclose proximity the fleets of the then three great maritime", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "it6 history of FLORIDA.\\npowers; although upon all the great continent lying north\\nof the Gulf of Mexico neither of them possessed a single\\nfoot of ground, except that occupied by the feeble detach-\\nment of the French at Fort Caroline, which was preparing\\nto return to France on the very day that Ribaut s fleet ap-\\npeared. Another day s detention, and Ribaut probably\\nmight not have landed to occupy the deserted fort. Me-\\nnendez would have found no heretical colony to extirpate,\\nand would probably not then have remained, and the first\\nchapter of the colonization and permanent settlement\\nmight have been deferred for a long period. The Spaniards,\\non landing, had learned from the Indians that the French\\nwere at twenty leagues distance to the north, and, re-em-\\nbarking eight leagues beyond, they arrived at the harbor\\nof St. Augustine, to which, in honor of the day upon which\\nthey arrived on the coast, they gave the name which it\\nhas now borne for nearly three hundred years. Again\\ncoasting northward, on the 4th of September they de-\\nscried the four large vessels of the French anchored at the\\nmouth of the St. John s River.\\nA council of war was now held by the Spanish captains,\\nand the opinions of a majority were in favor of withdraw-\\ning to Hispaniola and preparing a more powerful expedi-\\ntion to attack the French in the spring. The Adelantado\\ncould not, however, brook this timid counsel, and declared\\nhis intention of making an attack at once. Preparations\\nwere accordingly made, and about daybreak the Spanish\\nvessels began to move up towards the French trans-\\nports. These, distrusting the intentions of the Spaniards,\\nhoisted sail and prepared to slip their cables. Confirmed\\nin their suspicions by the actions of the Spaniards, the\\nofficers of Ribaut s fleet put to sea, and the Spaniards, per-\\nceiving this, fired upon them from their heavy guns, at too\\ngreat a distance, however, to effect any injury. Pursuit was", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. ny\\nkept up all day, but they were unable to overtake the\\nFrench vessels, and at nightfall they abandoned the pur-\\nsuit, sailed to the southward, and cast anchor in the\\nriver Seloy, called by the French the River of Dolphins,\\nnow known as the port of St. Augustine, whither they were\\nfollowed at a distance by one of the French vessels, in\\norder to observe their further movements. There they\\nwere seen to disembark their forces, victuals, and muni-\\ntions, three of their vessels entering the harbor and three\\nremaining outside. Having made a reconnoissance, the\\nFrench vessel returned, and reported to Ribaut that the\\nSpaniards had landed and commenced fortifying them-\\nselves. That zealous officer at once conceived the idea of\\nsurprising them, and by the capture of their ships so far\\ndisabling them as to prevent any molestation of his colony\\non their part. Calling a council of his officers, he laid his\\nviews before them. Laudonniere and his other captains re-\\nmonstrated against his enterprise, deeming it altogether too\\nhazardous and uncertain in its results Laudonniere, by his\\nown account, especially opposing it because of the severe\\ngales which prevailed along the coast at that season of the\\nyear. But to all of these objections Ribaut replied that he\\nwas instructed not to allow his colony to be encroached\\nupon, and that the landing and fortifications commenced\\nby the Spaniards indicated that hostile intentions were\\nentertained.\\nHe accordingly, on the 8th of September, re-embarked\\nall of his effective force, and with them most of the able-\\nbodied men of Laudonniere, to the number of thirty-eight,\\nleaving him an invalid force with which to defend Fort\\nCaroline. Ribaut did not anticipate an absence of more\\nthan two days, as the Spaniards were within fifteen leagues\\nof him. He was, however, by a fatal mischance, two days\\ntoo early or too late, for, sailing on the loth of September,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "n8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\non that very day he encountered a terrible tempest, which\\ndrove him, helpless to resist, far down the coast. In the\\nmean time, his rival, Menendez, was influenced by similar\\nwishes to act promptly, and discussed with his captains an\\nexpedition by land to attack the Huguenots in their fort.\\nHis own force was estimated at six hundred, and he sup-\\nposed the French garrison to be about the same number\\nperhaps a little stronger. Having secured guides, Menen-\\ndez determined, against the advice of his officers, to under-\\ntake the expedition. The storm which now raged along\\nthe coast, accompanied with a deluge of rain, seemed to\\nfavor his design of surprising the French at a time and by\\na mode of attack which they could hardly anticipate. He\\nfelt almost confident, however, that the French fleet was at\\nsea, and that even if it escaped shipwreck it would be\\nhardly possible for it to regain the harbor for several days.\\nOn the 17th of September, Menendez set out at the head\\nof five hundred men, to pursue a most difficult march over\\nan almost impassable country, guided by two Indian chiefs\\nwho were enemies to the French. Their march was much\\nimpeded by the effects of the heavy rains, which had over-\\nflowed the streams and made the marshes almost impassa-\\nble. They were three days in reaching the vicinity of Fort\\nCaroline, and during the whole march were exposed to heavy\\nrains. Many of the ofiEicers and men wished to return, and\\nmuch dissatisfaction was felt, but the character and energy\\nof their leader restrained them from deserting him.\\nIn the mean time, Laudonniere had done his best to repair\\nthe injuries to his works which had been made preparatory\\nto their abandonment, and endeavored to infuse some\\nspirit into and restore some order to his invalid garrison. He\\nwas himself very ill, and had only sixteen or seventeen well\\nmen in the fort. Of Ribaut s men, whom he had left be-\\nhind, there were some who had never drawn a sword four", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. up\\nbeing boys who kept Ribaut s dogs; one cook; a car-\\npenter, Nicholas Chaleux, who wrote an account of his\\nescape a beer-brewer an old cross-bow maker two shoe-\\nmakers; four or five men who had wives; a player on the\\nvirginals in all, about fourscore and five or six, counting\\nlackeys and women and children. Two captains of the watch\\nwere appointed, and a strict guard was kept up for several\\ndays. But the terrible tempest which prevailed relaxed\\ntheir vigilance, they thinking it absurd to expect an at-\\ntack at such a time. The night of the 19th of September\\nwas very stormy, and at dawn the sentinels were with-\\ndrawn under shelter, and the officer of the watch himself\\nretired to his quarters.\\nAt break of day the forces of Menendez reached the fort,\\nand commenced the attack. A sudden rush, a quick alarm,\\na surprise, a feeble resistance by a bewildered garrison,\\nand the fort was taken. Laudonniere, by his own account,\\ntried to rally his men, and fought in person, as long as\\nthere was hope but, finding himself recognized and pur-\\nsued, he fled to the neighboring forest, and there fell in\\nwith other fugitives from the fort. With much difficulty\\nthey made their way through the sedge that lined the\\nbanks of the river, and, reaching some vessels that lay\\nat its mouth, they escaped. In the first assault on the fort,\\nmany of the garrison were cut down, without regard to age\\nor sex; a statement which may well be believed, in view of\\nthe more deliberate cruelty afterwards practiced. When\\nwe recall in how many instances religious rancor has carried\\nmen into the extremes of cruelty, it will not seem incredi-\\nble that even women and children fell victims to the fero-\\ncious soldiery who accompanied Menendez. The Spanish\\naccount of the massacre admits that an indiscriminate\\nslaughter took place until checked by an order from Me-\\nnendez that no woman, child, or cripple, under the age of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "I20 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nfifteen, should be injured, by which it is said that seventy\\npers6ns were saved. The rest were killed. Some of the\\nprisoners were hung upon the neighboring trees, and this\\ninscription placed over them, No por Franceses, sino\\nporLuteranos. Not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans.\\nMenendez changed the name of the fort to San Mateo,\\nin honor of the apostle whose festival occurred on the day\\nsubsequent to its capture. The Spaniards also changed the\\nname of the river May to San Mateo. Menendez repaired\\nthe fort, and made such arrangements as were necessary\\nto fortify the post against an attack should Ribaut return\\ngarrisoning it with three hundred men-at-arms under Gon-\\nzalez de Villareal. Before leaving, he had crosses erected\\nin prominent situations, and marked out the site of a\\nchurch, to be built of the timber which Laudonniere had\\nprepared for building vessels.\\nTaking a small number of his men with him, he returned\\nto St. Augustine, finding even greater difficulty than before\\nin crossing the swamps and creeks. His arrival at St.\\nAugustine was signalized by great rejoicings, and a solemn\\nmass was celebrated, and a Te Deum sung, in commemo-\\nration of the victory.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nShipwreck and Massacre of Ribaut and his Followers.\\n1565.\\nRibaut s unfortunate vessels, which had encountered the\\ngale the night after leaving port, were driven down the\\ncoast at the mercy of the storm, which increased in vio-\\nlence, and, after ineffectual efforts to keep out to sea, they\\nwere driven ashore between Matanzas and Mosquito Inlet.\\nSuch is the character of the shelvy beach on the eastern\\ncoast of Florida that but little danger to life attends a ship-\\nwreck there. The low and sandy shore is devoid of rocks,\\nand vessels are ofttimes driven high upon the land, and, at\\nthe fall of the tide, one may pass almost dry-shod from the\\nstranded ship. But one person was lost from Ribaut s ves-\\nsels, a Captain La Grange, who had opposed the expedi-\\ntion, and only at the last moment consented to share the\\nperils of which he was the first victim. Of the occurrence\\nof this fatal expedition of Ribaut we have no account from\\nhis own party, except that given by Le Moyne, as having\\nbeen related to him by a sailor, a native of Dieppe, who\\nescaped the massacre, having been left for dead. There\\nare two detailed Spanish accounts extant, emanating from\\nchaplains attached to Menendez s colony.\\nThe information of the disaster that had befallen Ribaut s\\nvessels was brought to St. Augustine by the Indians, who\\ngave Menendez to understand, by signs, that a large num-\\nber of persons were at an inlet, four leagues distant, which\\nII 121", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "1 2 2 HI ST OR Y OF FL OR ID A.\\nthey were unable to cross. Menendez at once set out with\\na party of his men, and, arriving the same evening at Ma-\\ntanzas Inlet, he saw in the morning, on the opposite side of\\nthe inlet, quite a number of men with standards, one of\\nwhom swam across to Menendez and told him they were a\\nportion of the French forces under Ribaut, whose vessels\\nhad all been wrecked, twenty leagues distant from each\\nother, along the coast below. The first question of Menendez\\nwas, Are they Catholics or Lutherans? The reply was,\\nThey are all of the New Sect, a fact known, of course,\\nto Menendez; but the question was intended to justify the\\ncourse he intended to pursue towards them. He allowed\\nthe man to return to his comrades, with a guarantee of\\nprotection for his captain and four or five of his followers,\\nshould they choose to cross over. The captain and four\\nmen came across, and held an interview with Menendez.\\nThe Spanish chaplain, De Solis, gives a minute account of\\nthe conversation, and says that the French captain informed\\nMenendez that he was the commander of one of the vessels\\nwhich had been wrecked that he desired a boat to cross\\nthis river and one four leagues farther on, at St. Augustine,\\nin order to reach the fort, twenty leagues beyond. To this\\nMenendez replied at length, informing him of the capture\\nof Fort Caroline and the slaughter of the garrison. The\\ncaptain then desired to be furnished with a pilot and vessels\\nto carry them to France, as there was no war existing be-\\ntween their respective sovereigns, who were friends and\\nbrothers. Menendez thereupon replied that this was true,\\nand as Catholics or friends he would favor them, and feel\\nthat he was serving both kings in doing so but as for those\\nof the new sect, he considered them enemies, and would\\nwage war upon them with fire and sword, and this he in-\\ntended to do to all such as should come into those seas or\\ncountries where jtie governed as viceroy and captain-gen-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 123\\neral for his sovereign that he had come to plant the Holy\\nEvangelist in this land, in order tha,t the savages might\\nbe enlightened and brought to the knowledge of the Holy\\nCatholic Faith of hrist our Lord, as declared by the\\nRoman Church la Iglesia Romana and that if they\\ndesired to surrender their standards and arms, and yield\\nthemselves to his mercy, they could do so, in order that\\nhe might do to them what should be directed him by the\\ngrace of God.\\nThis is the precise language attributed to Menendez by\\nDe Solis; and as in the course of his narrative he refers to\\ncharges of cruelty made at the time, and as he was writing\\nan apology for the acts of his brother-in-law, it is not to be\\ndoubted that he would give such a statement of the trans-\\nactions as would be most favorable to Menendez. The\\nlanguage attributed to Menendez by De Solis was certainly\\nevasive, and by his allusion to their trusting to his mercy,\\nand his intention of following divine guidance, the French\\nwere naturally deceived, as it seems very evident he in-\\ntended they should be, into yielding themselves as prisoners\\ninto his hands. The French captain returned to his men,\\nand reported the result of his conference with the Spanish\\nleader. Among Ribaut s men were many of wealth and\\nnoble birth, who were willing to pay as much as fifty thou-\\nsand ducats as a ransom for their lives; and the offer was\\nmade to Menendez, but he refused, in an evasive manner,\\nto accept it. The French finally agreed to surrender their\\nstandards and all their arms, and cast themselves upon the\\nclemency of Menendez. They were brought over ten at a\\ntime, and when the first party reached the shore, Menen-\\ndez said to them, As I have but a few men, and you are\\nPara que il haga de ellos lo que Dios le diere de gracia. Ensayo\\nCronologho, p. 86.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124 ITT STORY OF FLORTDA.\\nnumerous, it will be easy for you to revenge yourselves\\nupon us for the destruction of your fort and people it is\\nnecessary, therefore, that you should march, with your hands\\ntied behind you, four leagues from here, to my camp.\\nTo this the French assented, and they were marched\\nbehind a clump of trees, where they could not be seen by\\ntheir comrades, and their hands were strongly secured be-\\nhind them the same course being pursued with each suc-\\nceeding party that came over, to the number, it is said, of\\ntwo hundred and eight persons. Upon being questioned,\\neight of their number declared themselves to be Catholics,\\nand were sent in a boat to St. Augustine the others were\\nordered to march in that direction by land, probably along\\nthe beach of Anastasia Island; and orders were given by\\nMenendez to the officers in charge of them, that when they\\nreached a designated spot in the path, the prisoners should\\nbe killed.* The order was carried out, and Menendez and\\nhis men returned to St. Augustine the same night. The\\nnext day Menendez was informed by the same Indians who\\nhad brought the first report that a much larger party of\\nChristians were at the same place. Menendez supposed\\nthat this must be Ribaut himself, and, taking one hundred\\nand fifty soldiers with him, marched to the spot, where he\\nsaw, on the opposite bank, a considerable force, with stand-\\nards displayed, who had constructed a raft for the purpose\\nof crossing, but found much difficulty in managing it on\\naccount of the strength of the tide. One of the party had\\nbeen allowed to swim over and obtain a boat, in which\\nthe sergeant-major crossed. Menendez informed this officer\\nthat he had destroyed the French fort and all its garrison,\\nas well as a portion of those who had been shipwrecked,\\nand caused the bodies of those slain on the previous day\\nBarcia, Ensayo Cronologico.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 1 25\\nto be pointed out to him. He directed the sergeant-major\\nto guarantee Ribaut safe conduct, if he chose to come over\\nand confer with him. Ribaut accordingly crossed with\\neight of his officers, held a long conference with the Spanish\\ngeneral, and was handsomely entertained by him. Menendez\\nrepeated to Ribaut the story of the capture of Fort Caro-\\nline, and he was allowed to converse with one of the gar-\\nrison who accompanied Menendez. He, too, was shown\\nthe bodies of his cruelly murdered men.\\nTo Ribaut s offer of a very large amount for the ransom\\nof himself and party, Menendez turned a deaf ear, and\\nwould give no assurance as to the treatment he would re-\\nceive. Ribaut returned to consult with his officers and\\nmen, and the next morning they gave themselves up as\\nprisoners, to the number of one hundred and fifty, with all\\ntheir arms, standards, etc. Two hundred of his party re-\\nfused to surrender, and withdrew during the night. Ribaut\\nand his comrades were carried across in parties of ten, as\\nupon the former occasion, and the same pretense was urged\\nto induce them to have their hands tied behind them. Ribaut\\nhimself, with the philosophy of a stoic and the firmness of\\na Christian, when he saw the fate that awaited him, began\\nto sing the psalm Domme, memento met, and, that finished,\\nhe said, From earth we came, and to the earth we must\\nreturn; that twenty years of life, more or less, did not\\nmatter, and the Adelantado might do unto them what he\\nwished.\\nOne would suppose that the noble. Christian, and serene\\ndeportment of Ribaut would have touched the chivalry of\\nMenendez s nature, and that the spectacle of a gentleman,\\nhis equal in rank, reduced by shipwreck to suffering and\\nhelplessness, appealing to his generosity for aid and to his\\nhumanity for life, helpless, powerless, and prostrate, would\\nhave called forth some spark of sympathy from a heart yet\\nII*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsore under the loss of a son whom he believed to have\\nbeen cast, like Ribaiit, upon a savage coast, and who\\ndoubtless, like him, was bound by the chains of his ene-\\nmies. But, alas! Menendez s was a nature full of deadly\\nhatred, and it was now roused almost to a frenzy towards\\nthe unfortunate Frenchman. His apologist closes the drama\\nwith these words E iitandando el Adelantado los matasen\\n(and the Adelantado directed them to be killed). The\\nentire number, one hundred and fifty, were massacred at\\nthe same spot and in the same manner as their comrades\\nwho had gone before them.\\nThe account given by the Dieppe sailor of the death of\\nRibaut is somewhat different. He says that, after the\\nshipwreck, Ribaut sent a boat to the river May, and upon\\nits arrival they discovered the Spanish flag floating over\\nFort Caroline. The messenger immediately returned and\\ninformed Ribaut, who was overwhelmed with distress at\\nthe intelligence, and sent a second time, directing his\\nmessenger to communicate with the Spaniards and find\\nout what had become of the French garrison. Meeting\\nsome Spaniards, they were informed by them that the\\nSpanish general, a most humane man, had sent all of the\\nFrench garrison in a large vessel to France, well pro-\\nvisioned and equipped, and that he would treat Ribaut and\\nhis followers with like humanity. Upon this intelligence,\\nRibaut himself, distrustful of the Spanish clemency, called\\na council of his officers. Being on the verge of starvation,\\nand hopeless of relief from any quarter, a majority were in\\nfavor of yielding themselves up to Menendez, and an\\nenvoy, one La Caille, was sent to obtain terms. He was\\ntaken before the Spanish commander, who pledged his\\nfaith by the most solemn assurances, by religious invoca-\\ntions and sacred oaths in the presence of his followers, and\\npromised, without fraud, faithfully, and as a true man, that", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n127\\nhe would spare the lives of Ribaut and of all his people. La\\nCaille returned with these assurances, which some received\\nwith great joy, while to others they carried but little hope.\\nYet all consented, in their desperation, to surrender, and\\ncame to the river, which was near the fort. Ribaut and\\nOttigny alone were taken into the fort. Here appearances\\nsoon indicated the fate that awaited them. Ribaut demanded\\nan audience with Menendez, and Ottigny indignantly re-\\nquired a pledge of safety. To Ribaut no reply was given,\\nand Ottigny received only contemptuous laughter. Ribaut\\nagain demanded to see Menendez, when a soldier asked him\\nif he was not Ribaut, the French commander. He replied,\\nYes. Then said the soldier, When you issue orders\\nto your men, do you not expect obedience? Certainly,\\nreplied Ribaut. Thus, said the soldier, do I desire\\nto obey my commander. I have been directed to kill you.\\nAnd thereupon he plunged his dagger to the heart of Ribaut,\\nand immediately after Ottigny fell by the same hand. The\\nrest were killed outside the fort, three musicians alone\\nbeing spared.* The author of this account, whose name\\nis not given by Le Moyne, was left for dead, but his\\nwounds were not mortal, and he escaped during the night\\nto the Indians, with whom he remained some months, but\\nwas finally given up to Menendez, who was doubtless not\\naware of his having belonged to Ribaut s party, and sent\\nhim to Havana, and thence to Spain but on this voyage\\nhe was released by a French vessel, and so reached France. f\\nOther accounts, cotemporaneous with the event, say that\\nRibaut was quartered and his dissevered body placed on\\nthe four angles of the fort, and that his beard was sent as a\\nDe Bry, Brevis Narratio Secunda Pars, Florida, p. 29.\\nf This sailor and another, named Pompierre, mentioned in Ensayo\\nCronologico, p. 135.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ntrophy to Spain a statement indignantly denied by Spanish\\nauthorities.\\nBesides this account, we find in De Bry a statement\\ngiven in a supplicatory letter addressed to Charles IX.,\\noffered in the name of the widows, orphans, and rela-\\ntives of those who were slaughtered by the Spaniards in\\nthis expedition. This letter states that Menendez gave\\nthem his faith that if they would surrender they should\\nreceive no injury, but would be forwarded with vessels\\nand provisions to enable them to return to France, but\\nthat they were tied, and led after the manner of brute\\nbeasts to the castle, where they were received with taunts\\nand jeering mockery by the Spanish soldiers, subjected to\\nabuse and insults, and then most cruelly massacred that\\nRibaut, after being forced to witness the slaughter of his\\nmen, vainly appealing to the faith of Menendez, was struck\\ndown from behind, his body treated with the grossest in-\\ndignity, his beard cut off and sent as a trophy to Spain,\\nand his head quartered and stuck upon spears in the area\\nof the fort. This letter, bearing date 1565, the same year\\nin which the destruction of the Huguenot colony occurred,\\nshows at least what were the accredited reports received\\nin France. But these statements are denied by Spanish\\nwriters, whose representations of the course of Menendez,\\nhis pledges to Ribaut, and treatment of his body after he\\nhad been killed, are so utterly at variance that the his-\\ntorian has no mems of deciding upon facts, and can only\\nstate the probabilities of the case, which on this point lean\\nin favor of the Spaniards, divesting Menendez s conduct\\nof none of its enormity, but relieving the tragedy of some\\nof the horrors with which the French records surround it.\\nThe atrocity of the deed struck all Europe with horror,\\nBrevis Narratio, Epis. Supp.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 329\\neven in that day; and the shocking story has been per-\\npetuated over three hundred years, giving the name of\\nMenendez a stain of infamy which time cannot wipe out.\\nOf those who accompanied Ribaut, two hundred refused\\nto surrender, and, withdrawing to the southward, made\\npreparations to construct vessels with which they might\\nleave the coast. Some twenty days afterwards a party of\\nIndians came in, and informed Menendez that at a distance\\nof eight days journey southward, near Canaveral, the\\nFrench were building a fort and a ship. Menendez, after\\ngetting part of the garrison from San Mateo, sent vessels\\nby sea, and marched himself by land with three hundred\\nmen, to attack the French, who, on the approach of the\\nSpaniards, fled to the woods. A messenger was sent out,\\noffering them protection, and telling them that they should\\nhave the same treatment as Spaniards if they would come\\nin. One hundred and fifty surrendered, and, it is said,\\nreceived kind treatment. Twenty others sent word -that\\nthey would rather be devoured by the Indians than sur-\\nrender to the Spaniards. The fort was destroyed, the\\nvessel burnt, and the cannon spiked. A small garrison was\\nleft at a fort the Spaniards built and called St. Lucia. The\\nnames of Canaveral and St. Lucia are still found on the\\neastern coast of Florida.\\nThe Spanish forces returned to St. Augustine accom-\\npanied by their French prisoners, who were incorporated\\ninto the colony. Some of them eventually returned to\\nFrance; others remained, renouncing their faith and ac-\\ncepting that of their captors.\\nThe subsequent history of these twenty is unknown. Those who\\ndesire to follow in the path of their probable adventures will find in\\nThe Lily and the Totem an interesting story, of which D Erlach\\nand his companions are the heroes.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nLet us now return to Laudonniere and the few survivors\\nof the massacre at Fort Caroline.\\nThere were two small vessels remaining to the French,\\nat the mouth of the river, and some eighteen or twenty of\\nthe fugitives, with Laudonniere, were received on board.\\nOn the 25th of September, these two vessels put out to sea,\\none commanded by Laudonniere, the other by Jean Ribaut,\\nthe son of the admiral. After a long voyage, and much\\nsuffering, Laudonniere arrived on the coast of Wales about\\nthe middle of November. He here left his vessel, and re-\\nturned to France, where he was badly received by the\\ncourt, and died in obscurity. The other vessel, under Cap-\\ntain Ribaut, had proceeded prosperously some five hundred\\nleagues, when they fell in with a Spanish vessel, with which\\nthey had a severe encounter. The French claim the vic-\\ntory, having lost but one man, their cook but they were\\nunable to secure their prize. Pursuing their voyage, they\\nreached Rochelle, where they were most kindly received\\nand entertained.\\nThus ended the efforts of the, French to establish a\\ncolony on the southern coast of America. The Lilies of\\nFrance had been trampled in the dust, and the flag of\\nSpain waved over St. Augustine, San Mateo, and San\\nLucia.\\nThe destruction of the Huguenots excited the utmost\\ngratification at the court of Spain; and the conduct of\\nMenendez was approved and commended by his Catholic\\nLaudonniere, after his return to France, wrote an account of the\\nattempted settlement by the French, under the title of L Histoire des\\ntrois Voyages des Frangois en la Floride, which was published in\\nthe year 1586, by M. Basanier, to which was added a relation of a\\nfourth voyage, by De Gourgues.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n13\\nMajesty, the bigoted Philip 11.,* and even drew forth a\\nletter of gratitude from the pontiff, Pius V.f\\n0f the great success that has attended your enterprise we\\nhave the most entire satisfaction and as to the retribution you have\\nvisited upon the Lutheran pirates who sought to occupy the country,\\nand to fortify themselves there in order to disseminate in it their wicked\\ncreed, and to prosecute there those wrongs and robberies which they\\nhave done, and were doing, against God s service and my own, we be-\\nlieve that you did it with every justification and propriety, and we con-\\nsider ourselves to have been well served in your so doing. Ensayo\\nCronologico, p. 115.\\nf Letter of St. Pius V. to Pedro Menendez.\\nTo our beloved son and nobleman, Pedro Menendez Aviles, Vice-\\nroy in the Province of Florida, in the Indies Beloved son and noble-\\nman, Grace and Benediction of our Lord be with you, Amen. We\\ngreatly rejoice that our much-beloved, dear son in Christ, Philip, the\\nmost Catholic King, had appointed and honored you by the govern-\\nment of Florida, making you Adelantado of the country for we had\\nreceived such accounts of your person, and the excellencies of your\\nvirtues, your worth and dignity were so satisfactorily spoken of, that\\nwe believed, without doubt, that you would not only fulfill faithfully,\\nand with care and diligence, the orders and instructions which had\\nbeen delivered to you by so catholic a king but we also fully trusted\\nthat you would with discretion do all that was requisite, and see car-\\nried forward the extension of our Holy Catholic Faith, and the gaining\\nof souls for God. I would that you should well understand that the\\nIndians should be governed in good faith and prudently, that those\\nwho may be weak in the faith, being newly converted, be strength-\\nened and confirmed and the idolaters may be converted and receive\\nthe faith of Christ, that the first may praise God, knowing the benefits\\nof his divine mercy, and the others who are yet infidels, by the ex-\\nample and imitation of those who are already freed from blindness,\\nmay be led to the knowledge of the Faith. But there is no one thing\\nthat is more important for the conversion of the Indian idolaters, than\\nto endeavor by every means that they shall not be scandalized by the\\nvices and bad habits of those who pass from our Western shores to\\nthose parts. This is the key of this holy enterprise, in which are in-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe French court seem to have received the news of\\nthe destruction of their colony and the atrocious massacre\\nof their countrymen with perfect indifference. This is\\nbelieved to have arisen from the religious animosities that\\nexisted at that period, and which destroyed all sympathy\\nbetween those of different faith. The sufferings of the\\nHuguenots excited no pity in the hearts of the opposite\\nparty, to which the court of Charles IX. belonged. This\\nmust have excited great indignation among the people, and\\nparticularly among the Huguenots. The narratives of the\\nsurvivors were published, and the widows and orphans of\\nthe slain sent up a memorial to the king, calling upon him\\nfor a speedy revenge upon the Spaniards for the acts of\\nMenendez but his Majesty made no response, and it was\\nleft to private individuals to resent the indignities to the\\nflag and honor of France, and to avenge the wrongs of her\\npeople.\\neluded all things requisite. Well understand, most noble man, that I\\ndeclare to you that a great opportunity is offered to you in the carry-\\ning out and management of these matters, which shall redound on the\\none hand to the service of God, and on the other to the increase of the\\ndignity of your king, esteemed of men, as well as loved and rewarded\\nby God. Wherefore, we give you our Paternal and Apostolic Bene-\\ndiction, We seek and charge you to give entire faith to our brother,\\nthe Archbishop of Rossini, who in our name will signify our wishes\\nin more ample words.\\nGiven in Rome, at St. Peter s, with the ring of the Fisherman, the\\n1st of August, 1569; the 3d year of our Pontificate.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nSituation of Matters at St. Augustine, and Explorations made by\\nMenendez.\\n1566\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1567.\\nOne purpose of the expedition of Menendez was now\\naccomplished. He had destroyed the French colony, and,\\nfor the present, at least, put an end to the efforts of that\\nmuch-despised sect, the Lutheran, to establish itself in the\\nNew World. He needed now to strengthen his own posi-\\ntion, and guard against any attempts the French might\\nmake to reoccupy the country which he was so anxious to\\nsecure to the Spanish crown. Unlike those who had pre-\\nceded him, Menendez had, by accident and good fortune,\\nplaced his settlement at a peculiarly favorable point. The\\nharbor, while affording ample accommodation for vessels\\nbringing in supplies for the garrison, was inaccessible to\\nthose of a larger class, and he was thus effectually protected\\nfrom the attack of any hostile fleet, and, being on a penin-\\nsula of moderate size, he could without much difficulty\\nguard against attack from the Indians. A still more favor-\\nable feature in the location of Menendez s garrison was its\\ngreat healthiness. Surrounded by salt marshes, free from\\nall miasmatic exhalations, the balmy and pure sea-air pre-\\nserved the colonists almost wholly from those fatal diseases\\nwhich had swept away so many of the first settlers on this\\ncontinent.\\nThe old towQ of St. Augustine is built upon the precise\\n12 (133)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "134\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\npoint that was occupied by Menendez. Its Indian name\\nwas Seloy, and the Spaniards found several habitations of\\nconsiderable size which had been built by the natives.\\nSatisfied that his position was a good one, Menendez pro-\\nceeded to fortify it. A fort was constructed of logs at\\na point commanding the approaches by sea and by land,\\nand made as effective as the limited means at hand would\\npermit. Other buildings were erected, and the forms of\\ncivil as well as military government were instituted in the\\nprovince. Among the buildings erected was, undoubtedly,\\none in which the rites of the Roman Church were celebrated,\\nand we may probably say without hesitation that the first\\nRoman Catholic church on the Atlantic coast of North\\nAmerica was erected at St. Augustine. Menendez did all\\nin his power to advance the cause of religion wherever he\\ngained a footing in the New World, and never forgot this\\nfeature in the object of conquest.\\nHaving done all that he could -for the comfort and\\nsecurity of his garrison, Menendez proceeded to strengthen\\nFort Mateo, formerly Fort Caroline, and erected further\\ndetenses nearer the mouth of the river. In the mean time\\nhe had caused explorations to be made into the interior,\\nbut with what result we are not informed.\\nThe Spaniards were not left very long in undisturbed\\npossession of their ground. The most powerful of the\\nneighboring chiefs who were hostile to them soon came\\nand waged war upon them. The soldiers of Menendez\\ncould not venture out of camp in any direction without\\nbeing fired upon by their savage foe, and day after day, one\\nafter another of those who went out fishing or hunting, were\\ncut ofi until more than a hundred men and several officers\\nfell victims. The Indians came up to the lines of the fort,\\nand on one occasion succeeded in setting fire to a maga-\\nzine and a great number of the thatched houses, causing", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n35\\ngreat destruction of property and provisions, and much\\nsuffering. Menendez finally determined to ask aid from\\nthe Governor of Cuba, but none was granted him, and he\\nwas obliged to send a vessel to Campeachy. Up to this\\ntime he had in vain sought tidings of his lost son, and,\\nwhile waiting the return of the vessel from Campeachy, he\\ndetermined to make search himself on the part of the coast\\nwhere he was reported to have been shipwrecked, and for\\nthis purpose took a vessel and sailed along the coast of\\nSouth Florida. Landing at Cape Florida, he found there,\\nat an Indian settlement, seven Spaniards who had been,\\nwith many others, wrecked on the coast some twenty years\\nbefore, these alone surviving the cruelty and hardships to\\nwhich all had been subjected. From these Spaniards the\\nIndians had obtained the name of Carlos, which we find\\ngiven to one of the tribes of South Florida. Hearing that\\ntheir king, the greatest king in all the world, was called\\nCarlos, the Indians adopted the name in their royal family,\\nthinking thereby to attain to greater power and honor.\\nReleasing his countrymen from captivity, Menendez re-\\nceived them on board his vessel, and returned to St. Augus-\\ntine, much depressed at the failure of all his efforts to\\nrecover his child. New trials and difficulties awaited him.\\nIncreasing distress at St. Augustine and Fort Mateo had\\ncreated disaffection. Both garrisons mutinied, and de-\\ntermined to abandon the colony. The officers left in com-\\nmand were unable to control the mutineers at St. Augustine,\\nwho seized one of the vessels and sailed for the West Indies.\\nOf the garrison at Fort Mateo, consisting of one hundred\\nand fifty persons, all but twenty-one mutinied, and de-\\ntermined to leave the country. A vessel of seventy tons\\narriving with provisions, they seized upon it, intending to\\nsail to the West Indies or Peru.\\nMenendez returned after the mutineers had embarked,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nbut had not yet sailed, and tried to arrest their movements\\nand induce them to return to the garrison. But the greater\\nnumber were obstinately determined to go, and of one\\nhundred and thirty on board the vessel only thirty-five ex-\\npressed their willingness to remain. These the mutineers\\nplaced on board a bateau, but before they could reach St\\nAugustine they were fired upon by the Indians, and most\\nof them killed. Those who escaped turned their course,\\nhoping to reach Cuba, but were wrecked on Cape Florida,\\nand remained among the Indians of Carlos.\\nOf the garrison at St. Augustine, over one hundred, at\\nthe head of whom was Juan de Vicente, forced Menendez\\nto allow them to return to Porto Rico. Crowded upon a\\nsmall vessel, they suffered much from heat and sickness,\\nand during a long voyage many of them died.\\nRelieved of the disaffected portion of his command,\\nMenendez restored what order he could but his position\\nwas a most discouraging one, and under a less resolute\\nleader the enterprise must have failed. Many of the de-\\nserters returned to Spain, and, by their unfavorable reports\\nof the country, greatly abated the interest which Menendez\\nhad excited, and prevented other colonists from joining\\nhim. The Adelantado now undertook a voyage to the\\nnorth, visiting and making overtures of peace to the chiefs\\nalong the coast of Georgia and South Carolina, and is sup-\\nposed to have sailed as far north as the Chesapeake. The\\npoints especially mentioned are Quale, Avista, and St.\\nHelena. At St. Helena he left a number of his men to erect\\na fort; and also at Avista and all the Indian settlements\\nwhich he visited he insisted upon building forts. Return-\\ning south, Menendez ascended the San Mateo River,\\nvisiting several Indian tribes on its borders. It seems to\\nhave been supposed by Menendez that this river commu-\\nnicated with the sea at some point in the lower part of the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n37\\npeninsula, and the Indians told him of a lake, called\\nMiami, that communicated with the sea and with this river.\\nThey may have alluded to that extensive savanna now\\nknown as the Everglades, which is more or less covered\\nwith water at all times, and in seasons of heavy rains may\\nhave afforded access by light canoes to the head-waters of\\nthe St. John s. One of the outlets to the Everglades, near\\nCape Florida, is now known as the Miami River, and we\\nfind the same name given to two rivers of Ohio, from which\\ncircumstance we may suppose it probable that the original\\ninhabitants of these States, Ohio and Florida, had a com-\\nmon origin and language.\\nMenendez revisited his posts at St. Helena, Avista, and\\nGuale, and took measures for their secure establishment;\\nand at these and all other places which he visited he\\ncaused the cross to be planted, and left religious teachers,\\nwho were to instruct the natives. He seems to have been\\ngratified with the willingness of most of them to receive\\ninstruction and become Christians. One of the chiefs,\\nhowever, Satourioura, always stood aloof, and showed no\\ngood feeling for the Spaniards, who, notwithstanding this\\nfact, ventured to visit his tribe. On one occasion, seven-\\nteen of them going out to the Indian houses, about two\\nleagues from Fort Mateo, were fallen upon and eight of\\ntheir number killed, the rest returning to camp covered\\nwith wounds. The distress for provisions continued, and\\nMenendez was compelled to go himself to the West Indies\\nto seek relief for his colonists.\\nDuring his absence a fleet of fifteen sail arrived, bringing\\nheavy reinforcements, which were greatly needed, for, in\\naddition to the loss sustained at Fort Mateo and St. Au-\\ngustine by mutiny and desertion, the greater part of the\\ngarrison left at St. Helena had deserted. Seizing upon a\\ntransport, they made sail for Cuba, but were cast upon that\\n12*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nfatal coast of North Florida, and there fell in with the\\nwrecked mutineers from Fort Mateo, who most gladly\\nwelcomed this accession to their numbers.\\nAbout this time a vessel arrived off the coast with three\\nJesuit fathers of some distinction, the first of their order\\nwho had visited this part of the New World, all of the\\npriests who had come over before being Franciscans.\\nFather Martinez, having landed in a small boat, proceeded\\nwith the crew in search of the fort which was their point of\\ndestination, but, a sudden squall coming up, the vessel was\\ndriven out to sea, and the good priest and his boat s crew\\nwere left on shore defenseless and without provisions.\\nFalling in with a party of Indians, they were directed to\\nFort Mateo but within half a league of the mouth of the\\nriver they were attacked by another party of savages, and\\nFather Martinez and three of his men were slaughtered on\\nthe shores of St. George s Island.\\nWhen Menendez returned from Cuba he was much en-\\ncouraged at finding the reinforcements which had arrived\\nduring his absence, and he proceeded at once to strengthen\\nhis garrisons at Fort Mateo and St. Helena. Leaving them\\nin good condition, he started on an expedition to South\\nFlorida, wishing to visit all the tribes who occupied the\\nlower part of the peninsula. The most southerly of these\\nwas that of Tequesta, and next were the tribes of Carlos,\\nthe most powerful of all the Indian tribes of this peninsula,\\nand whose limits extended from one coast to the other.\\nWithin their domain, probably near Cape Florida, Me-\\nnendez built a small fort and left a garrison. In reply to\\ninquiries made here relative to Lake Miami and its con-\\nnection with the San Mateo River, the Indians directed\\nhim to the country of the Tocobayo, fifty leagues to the\\nnorth.\\nBefore leaving Fort Mateo he had given orders that a", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n139\\nvessel should be sent up the San Mateo River to search\\nfor Lake Miami, and to meet him, if possible, on the north\\ncoast of Florida. Three vessels were accordingly sent;\\nbut, finding the course of the river very tortuous and its\\nborders inhabited by numerous Indians, in whose good\\nfeeling they felt no confidence, the commanders deter-\\nmined to return to the fort. From the country of Carlos\\nMenendez came to Tocobayo and obtained permission to\\nerect a fort and leave some religious teachers to bring them\\nto a knowledge of the true faith.\\nFrom Tocobayo three days march brought him to Fort\\nMateo, from which we may suppose that the location of\\nTocobayo was about that of Cape Canaveral. The Ade-\\nlantado is said to have met at Tocobayo more than fifteen\\nhundred Indians, and at a council held there twenty-nine\\ncaciques were present.\\nAt Fort Mateo Menendez found Juan Pardo, who had\\nbeen sent out with one hundred and fifty men to explore\\nthe country to the west and see if there was any commu-\\nnication open with New Spain by means of rivers having\\ntheir course in that direction. Pardo penetrated some one\\nhundred and fifty leagues to the Apalachian Mountains,\\nmaking friendly overtures to the caciques of the country,\\nand building a fort in the territory of one named Coava.\\nLeaving a garrison and religious teachers here, Pardo re-\\nturned to Felipe.\\nUpon the river Mateo several caciques had rule, the\\nmost powerful of whom was Otima, whose territory was\\non the west bank of the river, near the Ocklawaha. To\\nthe north was the domain of Macaya, and to the south\\nthat of Ays. Satourioura, the bitter enemy of the Span-\\niards, occupied the country between St. Augustine and the\\nSan Mateo River, east and north, and so cut off all com-\\nmunication between the Spanish forts by land. The hos-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ntility of this chief could not be appeased, and his prox-\\nimity to the two most important posts was peculiarly\\nannoying to Menendez, who determined to attack Satouri-\\noura with all the available force he could command. Four\\ndetachments of seventy men each, one of them under the\\ncommand of Menendez himself, marched out, hoping to\\nsurprise the Indian chief; but the wily savage was on the\\nalert, and, after a fruitless effort, the Spaniards returned to\\ntheir posts.\\nIt seemed highly important, at this stage of affairs, that\\nMenendez should visit Spain. He was aware that injuri-\\nous reports had been circulated against him at home, and\\nmany complaints and accusations made before the Spanish\\ncourt, all of which he believed it his duty to refute in\\nperson before his sovereign.\\nWithin the eighteen months that had elapsed since his\\nlanding in Florida, Menendez had carefully examined the\\nentire coast from Cape Florida to St. Helena, had built\\nforts at St. Augustine, San Mateo, Avista, Guale, and St.\\nHelena, and had established block-houses at Tequesta,\\nCarlos, Tocobayo, and Coava, in all of which he had left\\ngarrisons and religious teachers. In most of this work\\nMenendez had been personally engaged, while he was re-\\nsponsible for all and mind and body now required change\\nand relaxation.\\nBelieving that the interest of the colony, as well as his\\nown, would be advanced by his going to Spain, Menendez\\ncaused a small vessel of twenty tons to be built, and in the\\nspring of 1567 he set sail in his frail bark, accompanied\\nby thirty-eight persons, including the crew. Fair weather\\nand favorable winds brought them rapidly on their way,\\nand in seventeen days they reached the Azores, making, it\\nWHS said, seventy-two leagues a day, a statement hardly to\\nbe believed.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n141\\nThey arrived safely in Spain, and Menendez was received\\nwith great favor at court. But empty honors were not\\nwhat the Adelantado wanted. He required prompt and\\nsubstantial aid to enable him to carry on his enterprise;\\nand this he found not easily to be obtained. He was kept\\nin anxious suspense at court, chafing under unnecessary\\ndelay and the obstacles thrown in his way, all the while\\nfearful that the French might avail themselves of his ab-\\nsence and make an attack upon his colony in retaliation\\nfor the massacres at Matanzas and Fort Caroline. Indeed,\\nrumors of such designs had already reached him. Those who\\nescaped those terrible massacres and returned home had\\nscattered widely through France the bloody story of their\\ncountrymen s sufferings at the hands of the Spanish leader,\\nand the indignation of the people grew stronger day by\\nday as they witnessed the indifference of the French court.\\nIt was said that they intended to take the matter into their\\nown hands, and that an avenger was about to appear.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nRecapture of Fort Caroline, and the Notnble Revenge of Dominic de\\nGour iues.\\n1567.\\nThe name of Dominic de Gourgues occupies a place\\nsecondary in interest to none, perhaps, in the history of\\nFlorida. Associated as he is with one of the most remark-\\nable and dramatic incidents on record, we find a more\\nthan usual attraction in the character and circumstances of\\nhis early life.\\nThis self-constituted champion of his country s wrongs\\nand of the rights of humanity was a native of Marsan, in\\nGuienne.* In those day^all persons of gentle birth adopted\\nthe profession of arms, and Dominic entered the service of\\nhis king as a private soldier, deeming it honor enough to\\nbe allowed, even in this humble position, to serve France.\\nWinning promotion on the field, he obtained the rank of\\ncaptain, a place at that time of greater distinction than\\nnow. He was charged with the defense of a place near\\nSienna, with only thirty soldiers at his command, and,\\nbeing attacked by a largely superior force, made a despe-\\nrate resistance, but all his followers were slain, and he fell\\ninto the hands of the Spaniards.\\nTo show their appreciation of his signal bravery, and, as\\nthe French chronicler with bitter sarcasm remarks, with\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25^ He was a brother of the Governor of Guienne. Efisayo Cro-\\nnologico, p. 133.\\n(142)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nU3\\nrare Spanish generosity, De Gourgues, instead of being put\\nto death, was condemned to the galleys. The vessel upon\\nwhich he was placed as a galley-slave was captured by the\\nTurks, and he was carried to Rhodes and Constantinople,\\nand had the good fortune afterwards to be recaptured,\\nand, by the French commander at Malta, restored to his\\ncountry. He did not remain long unemployed, but em-\\nbarked with an expedition to Brazil and the South Seas,\\nwhere he probably acquired a considerable fortune.\\nFrom this voyage Dominic returned in time to sympa-\\nthize in the grief and indignation excited throughout France\\nby the massacre of the Huguenots at Fort Caroline, and the\\nfate of Ribaut and his shipwrecked companions. The treat-\\nment De Gourgues had received at the hands of the Span-\\niards, and the fetters of his galley-life, had left scars on\\nhis soul which nothing could efface, and it may well be\\nsupposed that this new tale of horrors stirred to its depths\\nall the concentrated hatred of his nature. The spirit of\\nretaliation was fully aroused, and he felt that the blood of\\nhis countrymen, no less than his own wrongs, cried for\\nvengeance.\\nIt has been seen that the destruction of the Huguenots\\nin Florida was treated by the king and court of France\\nwith an indifference that greatly embittered the people,\\nmany of whom had religious sympathies with the sufferers,\\nwhile others doubtless lost friends and relatives in the\\nbloody massacre. Of the faith of De Gourgues we know\\nnothing,* and are only told of his sympathy with his ill-\\ntreated countrymen, and his determination to resent their\\nwrongs. He seems to have deemed it unwise or unsafe to\\nmake his feelings public by asking aid of the king, and it\\nThe Spanish account says he was a terrible heretic Herege ter-\\nrible. Ens ay Cron., p. 133.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nis not improbable that had he done so he would have met\\nwith strong opposition at court, and that his plans would\\nhave been communicated to the Spaniards. He more pru-\\ndently concealed his intentions, and began his preparations\\nprofessedly with the design of making a trip to the coast of\\nAfrica to procure slaves. Fortunately, the king s lieutenant\\nin Guienne, Monsieur Montluc, was a friend of De Gour-\\ngues, and readily granted the necessary license for a voyage\\nto Africa.\\nDominic did not underrate the difficulties that lay before\\nhim. He had reason to believe that the Spaniards in\\nFlorida were strongly fortified, and that their conscious-\\nness of guilt, while probably making cowards of them all,\\nwould yet point out the necessity of being always on the\\nalert and prepared for an attack from those they had so\\ncruelly wronged. He felt the justice of his own cause, and\\ntrusted to this, and to his utter fearlessness of danger, rather\\nthan to the strength of any force he might possibly be able\\nto command. His own resources were not large, for it\\nwas said of him that in all his life he had sought to\\nattain honor rather than wealth, and the sale of his\\nestate did not bring him means sufficient to enable him to\\nequip an expedition. He was compelled therefore, how-\\never reluctantly, to borrow money from his friends. With\\nthe assistance thus obtained, he was able to procure and fit\\nout three vessels, one of them quite small, and intended\\nto be used only as a tender, with either sails or oars.\\nDe Gourgues then enlisted one hundred men (many of\\nwhom are said to have been gentlemen) and eighty-four\\nmariners, who were expected in any emergency to take up\\narms as soldiers. By the 2d of August, 1567, he had all\\nthings in readiness to put to sea, but, being detained twenty\\ndays by a long and very severe gale, he could not com-\\nmence his voyage until the 22d of the same month.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n145\\nHe at first proceeded to the coast of Africa, where he\\nencountered another violent gale, and was attacked by-\\nthree African chiefs, whom he repulsed. Turning west-\\nward, he made land at Dominica, and then touched at St.\\nDomingo, where he repaired his vessels, but was not\\nallowed to procure supplies or even to take in water.\\nIt was not until after leaving St. Domingo, and on the\\npoint of sailing for Florida, that De Gourgues made known\\nto his men his real place of destination and the object of\\nhis expedition.\\nHe then addressed them most eloquently, depicting the\\nwrongs their countrymen had received at the hands of the\\nSpaniards, the indignity their nation and flag had suf-\\nfered, and the shame that rested upon France for leaving\\nso long unavenged an act so wicked and base as the murder\\nof the Huguenots and the destruction of the French colony.\\nHe told them that the work that lay before them was to\\npunish the Spaniards, and wipe out the stain that rested\\nupon their own country, and explained, as fully as he could,\\nhis plans, and the means by which he hoped to attain suc-\\ncess, expressing entire confidence in his men, and hoping,\\nas he said, they would not disappoint the high expecta-\\ntions he had formed when he selected them from the many\\nwho had been eager to join in this expedition.\\nHis words fell upon willing ears, and the hearts of his\\nfollowers burned with anxiety to reach the shore and begin\\ntheir work of revenge. A favorable wind soon brought\\nthem to the coast of Florida, and, passing near the mouth\\nof the San Mateo River, they were descried from the forts\\nat its entrance. The garrison, supposing they were Span-\\nish vessels, fired a salute, which De Gourgues returned, in\\norder to keep up the deception. A few leagues north of\\nthe San Mateo they entered the fine harbor of Fernandina,\\nnear the mouth of the St. Mary s River, called by the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nnatives Tacatacouron, and, by the French, La Seine. At\\ndaybreak, the morning after their arrival, they beheld the\\nshores of the harbor lined with savages in hostile array,\\nready to prevent their landing, for the Indians supposed\\nthem to be Spaniards. Fortunately, the trumpeter on board\\nDe Gourgues s vessel was well acquainted with the Indian\\nlanguage, having been out with Laudonniere, and he was\\nsent on shore to give assurances of friendship, and to en-\\ngage their services. The trumpeter was soon recognized by\\nthe Indians, and received with demonstrations of joy.\\nSatourioura, the bitter foe of the Spaniards, was present,\\nand welcomed De Gourgues as the friend of Laudonniere.\\nThe complaints of the Indians against the Spaniards were\\nvery bitter, and they expressed an impatient desire for re-\\nvenge. Having explained, as far as was prudent, his plans\\nto the Indians, De Gourgues started out on a reconnoi-\\ntring expedition to the mouth of the San Mateo, in order to\\nmake himself thoroughly acquainted with the position of\\nthe Spanish forts and the strength of their garrisons; then,\\nreturning to his vessel, he awaited the assembling of the In-\\ndians, who, under their chiefs Olocatora and Satourioura,\\nwere to join him in the assault. They had promised to\\nreturn in three days and bring their warriors with them,\\nand, true to their word, they came in on the third day\\nwith thousands of dusky followers.\\nSatourioura brought with him a youth of sixteen or\\nseventeen, by the name of Peter de Bre, who had escaped\\nfrom Fort Caroline, and had been all this time with the\\nIndians. The Spaniards had made many efforts to get pos-\\nsession of De Bre, but the Indians faithfully protected him\\nand now allowed him to join De Gourgues. He proved\\nmost useful as an interpreter, and informed De Gourgues of\\nthe strength of the three forts on the river, which he said\\ncontained in all but four hundred men-at-arms. The French", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 147\\nwere rejoiced to find themselves supported by the Indians,\\nand De Gourgues skillfully availed himself of their enmity\\ntowards the Spaniards, to further his own purposes. The\\nattack was to be made upon the fort on the north side of the\\nriver; and, guided by Helicopali, one of the chiefs, the\\nFrench arrived in the neighborhood of the fort just at dawn,\\nbut were obliged to wait until the ebb tide should enable\\nthem to reach the island on which it stood. At mid-day\\nthey passed over, and, the sentinel not being at his post, the\\nFrench troops had nearly reached the fort before they were\\ndiscovered. The Spaniards, though for three years they had\\nbeen dreading this attack, were at last taken by surprise, and\\nthe cry which now reached their ears The French! the\\nFrench! struck terror to every heart. The sentinel flew\\nto his post and fired a culverin twice at the enemy, and was\\non the point of firing a third time when Olocatora leaped\\non the platform and transfixed him with a pike. Ignorant\\nfrom what direction the French had come upon them, and\\nprobably only expecting an attack to be made by sea, the\\ngarrison rushed to the gates, hoping to escape, but were\\nmet by De Gourgues s men, and their entire number, sixty\\nin all, either killed or captured. The inmates of the fort\\non the opposite side of the river, observing the contest,\\nopened fire upon the French, who, being now in possession\\nof the first fort, turned the captured guns upon their assail-\\nants, and returned their fire with good effect. In the mean\\ntime De Gourgues s vessels had come around to the mouth\\nof the river and commenced an attack by sea, while the\\nIndians, in large numbers, swam across the stream to the\\nfort. The Spaniards, finding themselves thus surrounded,\\ngave up all for lost, and endeavored to escape, hoping to\\nreach Fort Mateo by passing through the woods along the\\nshores of the river. But De Gourgues, suspecting their\\npurpose, intercepted their flight, and, with the aid of the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nIndians, succeeded in killing or capturing their entire num-\\nber. Among the fifteen taken prisoners was an old sergeant,\\nwho gave much important information respecting the posi-\\ntion, height, and strength of Fort Mateo, towards which\\npoint De Gourgues was next to turn his attention. He pru-\\ndently determined, however, first to fortify himself in one of\\nthe forts already captured, and thus guard against surprise\\nfrom any attack the Spaniards might make upon him. He\\nalso busied himself with preparations for an assault upon\\nFort Mateo, making scaling-ladders, etc., and sending\\nout reconnoitring parties to observe the operations of the\\nSpaniards. One of these parties, headed by the youilg\\nchief Olocatora, seized a Spaniard disguised as an Indian,\\nand brought him in to De Gourgues. The Spaniard pro-\\nfessed to have escaped from one of the captured forts, and\\nsaid that he had disguised himself in order, as he hoped,\\nto escape being killed by the Indians; but, being con-\\nfronted with the old sergeant, he was found to be a spy\\nfrom Fort Mateo, sent out to discover the strength of the\\nenemy and obtain any other useful information he could.\\nHe said that the Spaniards supposed the French to be over\\ntwo thousand strong, while their own garrison consisted of\\nonly two hundred and sixty men, and that they felt wholly\\nunable to defend themselves against such vastly superior\\nnumbers. De Gourgues at once determined to hasten an\\nattack upon the Spaniards, and so avail himself of an ad-\\nvantage which their overestimate of his strength would\\ngive him. Coming out under cover of night, he dis-\\nposed his Indian forces in ambuscade around the fort to\\nawait the moment when their services would be required\\nand at day-dawn he approached wkh his own men, and\\nwas soon discovered and fired upon from a battery that\\nhad been so constructed as to cover the approach to the\\nfort by water. De Gourgues fell back a little, and, turning", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 149\\naside, secured a position in which he was protected from\\nthe fort, while he could himself observe all the movements\\nof the Spaniards. He soon discovered a party of some\\nsixty armed men issue from the fort on a reconnoissance.\\nAs soon as they had advanced far enough from the fort to\\nadmit of it, De Gourgues threw some of his men in their\\nrear, in order to intercept their return, and then, rushing\\nout of his concealment, attacked the Spaniards in their\\nfront. They quickly fled before him, and, falling in with\\nthe French in their rear, were cut to pieces.\\nThe garrison, becoming panic-stricken, attempted no\\nresistance, and sought safety in flight but, being sur-\\nrounded on all sides by the French and their Indian\\nallies, only a few, including the commander of the fort,\\nescaped.\\nMost of them fell under the swords of the Frenchmen or\\nthe clubs of the Indians, while the few who were taken\\nalive were reserved for a more awful doom.\\nThere were found in the fort five double culverins, four\\nmignons or moyennes, and other smaller pieces of iron\\nand brass, besides corselets, arquebuses, pikes, etc., and\\neighteen large cakes of powder. The artillery De Gour-\\ngues had placed upon his vessels, but before he could\\nsecure anything more an accident occurred which de-\\nstroyed everything. An Indian, broiling fish near the fort,\\nset fire to a train leading to the magazine and store-\\nhouses, by which they were entirely destroyed.\\nThe Spaniards who were taken prisoners were soon led\\nout to the spot on which, in September, 1565, Menendez\\nhad caused the Huguenots of Fort Caroline to be hung.\\nDe Gourgues here arraigned them at the assizes of retribu-\\ntive justice. He told them of the wrongs they had done to\\nthe French king, how they had murdered his unprotected\\n13*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "I^o HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsubjects, destroying the forts they had built, and taking pos-\\nsession of the country they had conquered. Such base\\ntreason and detestable cruelty could not go always unpun-\\nished, and he had taken upon himself, at his own risk and\\nexpense, to avenge the wrongs of his countrymen. He\\ncould not make them suffer as they justly ought, but must\\nmete out to them such punishment as an enemy might\\nfairly inflict, in order that their fate might be a warning\\nunto others.\\nHaving thus spoken, he caused the poor wretches to be\\nsuspended from the branches of the spreading oaks under\\nwhose shade the unfortunate Huguenots had suffered and\\nthen, in place of the inscription which Menendez had\\nwritten in Spanish over his bloody deed I do this, not\\nas unto Frenchmen, but as to Lutherans De Gourgues\\ncaused to be engraved, on a tablet of pine, with a red-hot\\niron, I do this, not as unto Spaniards, nor as to outcasts,\\nbut as to traitors, thieves, and murderers.\\nHe now called together the Indian chiefs and their war-\\nriors, and told them that he had fulfilled his promises to\\nthem, and with their aid successfully carried out his pur-\\nposes of retaliation upon the Spaniards, that their wrongs\\nhad been avenged, and that it only remained, to make\\ntheir work complete, that the forts should be destroyed.\\nThis the Indians gladly undertook to accomplish, and so\\ngreat was their zeal that by nightfall, it is said, not one\\nstone remained upon another at Fort Mateo. They were\\nanxious that De Gourgues should attack the fort at St. Au-\\ngustine, but he felt that his means were altogether inade-\\nquate to such an enterprise. Moving down the river to the\\nforts at its mouth, the thirty prisoners who had been cap-\\ntured and secured there were brought out and hung, and\\nthe forts totally destroyed. Among these last Spaniards\\nwho were put to death was one who confessed that he had", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n151\\ntaken part in the massacre at Fort Caroline, and had with\\nhis own hands hung five of the Huguenots. Acknowledg-\\ning his guilt, he reproached himself greatly, and recognized\\nthe hand of God in the just punishment he was about to\\nsuffer.\\nDe Gourgues now prepared to return to his vessels, which\\nlay at the mouth of the river Tacatacouron and as he\\nmarched along he found the paths everywhere filled with\\nIndians, who had come to do him honor and offer him\\npresents. Having reached his vessels and found them\\nready for sea, he assembled the Indians, and, addressing\\ntheir chiefs, thanked them in his own behalf, and in the\\nname of his countrymen, for their service, and exhorted\\nthem to continue the friendship which they had ever shown\\nfor the King of France and his subjects, who hoped ever\\nto maintain peaceful relations with the Indians, and would\\nprotect them from the Spaniards and all other enemies.\\nHe warned them to be on their guard against surprise\\nuntil his Majesty could send a sufficient force to protect\\nthem. The Indians parted from the French with tears and\\nlamentations, and could be pacified only by a promise from\\nDe Gourgues to return to them within a twelvemonth with\\na larger force than he now had.\\nAfter weighing anchor, De Gourgues assembled his ship s\\ncompany and called upon them to return thanks to God\\nfor the great success He had vouchsafed to their enter-\\nprise. It was not, said he, other than God who pre-\\nserved us from shipwreck at the Cape Finisterre, and from\\nour enemies at the Isle of Cuba, and at the river Hali-\\ncamini, where He moulded the hearts of the savages to\\njoin with us. Twas God who blinded the understanding\\nof the Spaniards, so that they were unable to discover\\nthe number of our forces or to know how to employ\\ntheir own. They were four to our one in numbers, had", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "1^2 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nstrong fortresses, well provided with artillery, ammunition,\\narms, and provisions. We had the just cause, and con-\\nquered those who contended without the right. Thus it\\nwas God alone, and not ourselves, who won the victory.\\nLet us then always give thanks to Him, and pray Him\\never to continue his favors to us, and now beg Him to\\nguide and protect us on our homeward journey, and ask\\nHim so to dispose the hearts of men that the dangers in\\nwhich we have been placed and the labors we have under-\\ngone, shall find grace and favor before our sovereign,\\nand, before all, France, for that we have sought nothing\\nelse than the service of our king and the honor of our\\ncountry.\\nOn Tuesday, the 3d day of May, 1568, they set sail for\\nFrance with favorable winds, and on the 6th of June ar-\\nrived at Rochelle, having lost on the passage the tender\\nwith eight men a few had been killed at the assault on the\\nforts.\\nDe Gourgues was received with great honor and applause\\nat Rochelle, but, the report of his exploits having reached\\nSpain, a fleet was dispatched to capture him, which arrived\\nat Rochelle the very day he had sailed for Bordeaux, and\\nhe was pursued as far as Blays. De Gourgues presented\\nhimself at court, gave an account of his doings in Florida,\\nand tendered his services to the king to regain the posses-\\nsion of that country but the anti-Huguenot party was then\\nin power, and the temper of the court was not favorable\\nto such an exploit, and, though there were doubtless many\\nwho rejoiced that the slaughter of Ribaut had been avenged,\\nDe Gourgues met with a cold reception, and was compelled\\nto seek safety in concealment. Philip of Spain, the same\\nking who had shortly before bestowed commendation and\\nhonor upon Menendez for his bloody acts in Florida, now", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "JHSTOR V OF FL OR IDA.\\n153\\nhad the unblushing assurance to demand of the French\\nking the head of De Gourgues. The President of Parlia-\\nment, De Marigny, and the Receiver, Vacquieux, shielded\\nDe Gourgues from the demands of Philip, and, after some\\nyears spent in obscurity, he was appointed by the king to\\nthe command of the French fleet, and died suddenly in\\nthe year 1582, greatly regretted.*\\nOne can hardly fail to be struck with surprise at the suc-\\ncess of this remarkable expedition. From the day of the\\ndestruction of Fort Caroline, Menendez had lived in hourly\\nfear of the return of the French to avenge the slaughter of\\nthe Huguenots. Every passing sail, and every reverbera-\\ntion, had caused the Spaniards to grasp their arms and\\nhasten to their ramparts to meet the expected foe. The\\nfort, under its new name of San Mateo, had been rebuilt,\\nand strengthened in such a manner that the Chaplain Men-\\ndoza records the boast, that half of France could not\\ntake it; The Spaniards further strengthened their posi-\\ntion, by erecting two forts near the mouth of the San Mateo\\nRiver, and mounted guns of considerable calibre to com-\\nmand the passage of the river. Forts had been built at\\nseveral points on the coast, every effort made to conciliate\\nthe Indians, and, in fact, Menendez had done all in his\\npower to prepare his colony against any sudden surprise or\\nattack.\\nSuch was the condition of affairs when De Gourgues\\nplanned and executed his scheme of vengeance. Looking\\nat the limited means and small force he had at his com-\\nmand, his enterprise seems the extreme of recklessness.\\nWith only two small vessels and a tender, a force of one\\nWe have followed the account given in Ternaux Compans, taken\\nfrom a manuscript in the Royal Library of France, Reprise de la\\nFloride.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhundred armed men and sixty sailors, without artillery, he\\nwas to attack a foe outnumbering his own four to one, oc-\\ncupying three forts which were mounted with heavy guns\\nand provided with abundance of military stores, ammuni-\\ntion, etc.\\nOn his arrival in Florida, De Gourgues had been met by\\na few Indian chiefs who were hostile to the Spaniards, and\\nwho were eager, with their followers, to join his expedi-\\ntion but their only weapons were their bows and arrows,\\nand no great dependence could be placed upon such allies.\\nThe success of his plan could be looked for only through\\none of those chances or accidents of war that sometimes\\nreward confidence and audacity. The boldness of the\\nassailants certainly deceived the Spaniards, who could not\\nbelieve that any inferior force would assault them in their\\nstrongholds, and with a natural dread of the French they\\npreferred to seek safety in flight, rather than stand their\\nground and risk the fate which would inevitably follow their\\ndefeat. Had the commander of Fort Mateo sustained the\\nattack, De Gourgues must inevitably have been driven off,\\nand compelled to abandon his purpose, or but imperfectly\\naccomplish it in the capture of the smaller forts. Well\\nmight he be thankful for the success, and attribute it to the\\nintervention of a higher power. We cannot, in this age\\nof a more enlightened and refined Christianity, approve all\\nthe acts of De Gourgues. We feel that it would have been\\nmore noble to have spared his captives, and given an illus-\\ntrious example of magnanimity to his enemies but at that\\nday such an instance of generosity would have been con-\\nsidered egregious folly. De Gourgues had himself, in re-\\nward for deeds of valor, been consigned by the Spaniards to\\nthe galleys, and was embittered alike by the remembrance\\nof this personal grievance, and by the cruelty practiced", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n155\\nupon his countrymen, the memorials of which perhaps still\\nremained to animate his purpose of revenge. Thus incited,\\nhe believed that he was the minister of divine vengeance\\nto execute justice upon traitors, thieves, and murderers\\nThe atrocities of Menendez, and the vengeance of De\\nGourgues, are alike sad records of the cruelty and vindic-\\ntiveness of the human race.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nReturn of Menendez Attack on St. Augustine by Sir Francis Drake\\nMissions to the Indians, and Massacre of the Mission Fathers\\nAttack on St. Augustine by Captain Davis Establishment of a\\nSpanish Settlement at Pensacola.\\n1568 1696.\\nWhile De Gourgues was thus visiting with swift destruc-\\ntion the Si^anish forts and garrisons on the St. John s River,\\nMenendez still tarried in restless impatience at the Spanish\\ncourt. He finally succeeded in obtaining a partial reim-\\nbursement of the funds he had expended, and procured\\nfrom the Duke of Borja ten missionaries to accompany him\\non his return to Florida, who were to engage in the propa-\\ngation of the faith among the Indians. Menendez had also\\nbeen honored by being appointed Governor of Cuba, an\\nappointment then considered of less importance than the\\ncommand of Florida. He set sail on the 17th of March,\\n1568, and arrived in Florida shortly after the departure of\\nDe Gourgues, of whose attack he only learned upon his\\narrival there. His proud spirit must have chafed with un-\\navailing rage at the severe blow which had been dealt\\nupon his colony by so insignificant a force, but he had\\ncome too late to prevent or revenge it.\\nMenendez found his garrison demoralized, suffering from\\nhunger and insufficiency of clothing. The Indians, aroused\\nby the inroad of De Gourgues, were everywhere in open\\nhostility, and he found ample occupation in restoring\\n(156)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 157\\norder, and re-establishing his posts along the coast. He\\ngave particular attention to the missionary operations\\namong the Indians, and, to his credit be it said, devoted\\nhimself with zeal and earnestness to this good work. The\\nsuccess of the missionaries was not equal to their labors,\\nfor it is said that although the Indians asked many ques-\\ntions, and gave apparent attention to the explanations and\\ninstructions of the worthy fathers while the corn which was\\ndaily given to them lasted, yet when that was gone they\\nalso disappeared and notwithstanding four of the fathers\\nlabored in one locality most assiduously for a year, they\\nsucceeded in baptizing only seven persons within that\\nperiod, of whom four were children and the others at the\\npoint of death.\\nThese missions were soon extended through a large\\nregion; beginning at Cape Florida, they reached along\\nthe coast to St. Helena on the coast of Georgia, and an\\nattempt was made, even at this early period, to plant a\\nmission on the shores of the Chesapeake, then called the\\nprovince of Axiocan.\\nMenendez had brought back with him an Indian who had\\nbeen carried to Spain some time previously and educated\\nin the Roman Catholic faith. This convert now proposed\\nto guide a band of missionaries to his native province, of\\nwhich his brother was the cacique or chief. An expedi-\\ntion having been fitted out^ a party of missionaries, con-\\nsisting of Father Segura, vice-provincial, with five other\\npriests, and four junior brothers of the order of St.\\nFrancis, under the guidance of Don Luis, sailed to the\\nChesapeake, where they landed and the treacherous con-\\nvert, pretending to conduct them into the country, caused\\nthe massacre of the whole party, one of the junior brothers\\nalone escaping, who was afterwards surrendered to Me-\\nnendez.\\n14", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "1^8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nHaving learned of this bloody massacre of the mission-\\naries, Menendez in the following year sailed to Axiocan.\\ncaptured some of the Indians who had participated in\\nit, and executed eight of them. Others of the mission\\nwere desirous to renew the attempt for the conversion of\\nthese Indians; but Menendez, in consideration of the dis-\\ntance from his settlements and the duplicity shown in the\\ntreatment of Segura and his companions, would not give\\nhis consent to their going. Had this company of mis-\\nsionaries succeeded in establishing themselves on the shores\\nof the Chesapeake, it is not improbable that Virginia would\\nhave become one of the most important of the Spanish set-\\ntlements in America.\\nThe importance of Florida soon diminished in public\\nestimation. None of the rich rewards which had been\\nanticipated had followed its occupation, and it was only\\nby the constant importation of provisions that the inhabit-\\nants could be sustained. The colony languished, and was\\nsupported only by the personal exertions of Menendez,\\nto whom it was a profitless position, impoverishing him\\ndaily. Finally, leaving the government in the hands of his\\nrelative, the Marquis de Menendez, he returned to Spain,\\nwhere his high reputation gave him position at court as one\\nof the counselors of his Majesty, and it is said that no im-\\nportant enterprise was undertaken without his advice.\\nIn the year 1574 he was appointed captain-general of\\nthe Spanish fleet, and at the mature age of fifty-five, at the\\nsummit of his honors, and surrounded with devoted fol-\\nlowers, attracted by his brilliant reputation, when on the\\neve of assuming the command of a grand armada of over\\nthree hundred vessels, he was attacked by a violent fever,\\nto which he succumbed after a short illness. It was said by\\nsome that he put an end to his own existence.\\nMenendez combined with many admirable and heroic", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 759\\nqualities others which have left a stain upon his name and\\nmemory. He was distinguished for the perseverance and\\nenergy of his movements, the fortitude with which he bore\\nhardships and sufferings in the prosecution of his enter-\\nprise, and the possession of many of the virtues which con-\\nstitute a great leader, and which, on a larger field, would\\nhave made him illustrious. Unfortunately, he was a cruel\\nbigot, and was placed in a position calculated to develop\\nthe worst traits of his character. His portrait bears some\\nresemblance to that of Henry VIH. of England the\\nforehead and upper portion of the face noble and full of\\nintelligence, while the wide mouth and heavy chin be-\\nspeak the cruelty and selfishness of character which alike\\nbelonged to them. Under a leader of less resolution, the\\nsettlement of Florida would have been abandoned and he\\nis justly entitled to the credit of establishing the first per-\\nmanent colony in the United States.\\nThe settlement of the country progressed but slowly,\\nconsisting mainly of garrisons established at a few points.\\nIn 1586 Sir Francis Drake, returning from a freebooting\\nexpedition against the Spanish settlements in the West\\nIndies, observed a lookout upon the shores of Anastasia\\nIsland, near the entrance to the harbor of St. Augustine.\\nThe English landed with a piece of ordnance, and, planting\\nit at the nearest point, fired two shots, the first of w^hich\\npassed through the royal standard of Spain waving over\\nthe fort, and the second struck the ramparts. As it was\\nnearly dark, the English suspended any further demonstra-\\ntions until the following day. During the evening, several\\nofficers, making a reconnoissance in a boat, were fired at\\nthree or four times from the fort, which was at the same\\ntime being evacuated by the Spanish garrison to the number\\nof one hundred and fifty, they supposing that the whole\\nEnglish force was about to attack them.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "i6o HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nIn the mean time the boat had returned to the English\\ncamp, when a French fifer, playing the Prince of Orange s\\nMarch, approached in a canoe. He reported himself as\\none of the garrison, informed them of the flight of the\\nSpaniards, and offered to act as a guide to the English\\nforces.* The boats were immediately manned, and, upon\\napproaching the fort, two shots were fired from it by some\\nof the garrison who had remained but, upon landing, the\\nEnglish found the place entirely deserted, the garrison\\nhaving left in such haste that the treasure-chest, containing\\ntwo thousand pounds sterling, destined for the pay of the\\ntroops, fell into the hands of Sir Francis. The fort then\\nexisting was constructed of the trunks of pine-trees, set\\nupright as a palisade, but was without ditches; the plat-\\nforms were of trees laid horizontally and filled in with\\nearth; but the works were in an unfinished state, and not\\ncapable of defense against a superior force. Owing to\\nheavy rains and some intervening creeks, it is said, the\\nEnglish were not able to approach the town by land. Upon\\ntheir arriving at the town, after a slight show of resistance,\\nthe garrison and inhabitants fled, the former going to San\\nMateo. The English sergeant-major, pursuing the fugi-\\ntives, was shot from an ambush, in retaliation for which the\\nEnglish pillaged and then burnt the town. Understanding\\nthat there was another Spanish settlement at St. Helena on\\nthe coast, and also that of San Mateo, Sir Francis deter-\\nmined to attack these points, but was unable, on account of\\nthe tempestuous weather, to make a landing.\\nSt. Augustine, at the time of its destruction by Drake,\\nboasted of a hall of justice, a parish church, and a mon-\\nastery.\\nThis French fifer bore the name of Nicolas de Bourgoyne, and\\nwas one of the musicians said to have been spared at the time of\\nRibaut s massacre.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. l6l\\nThe combined garrisons of St. Augustine and San Mateo\\nthen numbered but four hundred men, and the only other\\npost of any importance was St. Helena. With the de-\\nparture of Menendez, the importance of the province had\\nsensibly diminished, and, as no discoveries of the precious\\nmetals had been made, it was difficult to procure colonists\\nto engage in mere agricultural pursuits.\\nAfter the departure of Drake, the Spanish governor re-\\nturned to St. Augustine and commenced to rebuild the\\ntown. In the year 1593, twelve brothers of the order of\\nSt. Francis were sent to Florida to continue the missions\\namong the natives, and were distributed at different points\\nalong the coast, the principal mission being on the island\\nof Guale.\\nFive years afterwards the son of the chief of Guale, dis-\\nsatisfied with the restrictions and reproaches of the priests,\\nincited a general conspiracy for the destruction of the mis-\\nsionaries.\\nIn the suburbs of St. Augustine were two Indian villages,\\ncalled respectively Tolomato and Topiqui. At midnight,\\nthe young chief and his followers made an attack upon\\nFather Corpa, who had charge of the mission of Tolomato,\\nand dispatched him with their hatchets. Then, being\\nurged by their chief to complete their cruel work, the band\\nhastened to Topiqui, where they entered the habitation of\\nFather Rodriguez, who begged the privilege of celebrating\\nmass before he died. He had no sooner concluded tlian\\nthey fell upon him with the utmost fury, killing him at the\\nvery foot of the altar, and from thence dragging his life-\\nless body, they cast it into the fields. They then went to the\\nIndian town of Assopo, on the island of Guale, where were\\ntwo friars, Fathers Auiion and Badazoz, whom they quickly\\ndispatched, their bodies being afterwards buried by their\\nfriends at the foot of a high cross, which Father Auiion\\n14*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "1 62 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhad himself erected. From Guale, the infuriated savages\\nwent to the Indian town of Asao, where a friar resided by\\nthe name of Velascola, a man of great humility and piety,\\nbut endowed with remarkable strength, and of whom the na-\\ntives stood in great awe. Becoming aware of their hostile\\nintentions, he embarked for St. Augustine in a canoe. En-\\nraged at his escape, the Indians hastened to intercept him,\\nif possible, at the point of his landing near St. Augustine.\\nReaching this place in advance of him, they concealed\\nthemselves in the thickets, and, stealing upon him, seized\\nhim from behind and struck him repeated blows with their\\nclubs and hatchets until they had deprived him of life.\\nTheir thirst for blood still unslaked, they proceeded to\\nOspo, where Father Davila was stationed, who, hearing\\ntheir yells and being made aware of his danger, sought\\nsafety by flight to the woods. But the night being clear,\\nand the moon at the full, they soon discovered him and\\nwounded him with their arrows. As he was seized and was\\nabout being sacrificed, he was saved by the intercession of\\nan Indian woman, who claimed him as a captive and car-\\nried him to the interior, where he was forced to perform\\nthe lowest menial service, accompanied with much ill usage\\nand severe treatment. Tired of their captive, they at last\\ndetermined to complete their measure of vengeance against\\nthe missionaries by burning him alive. He was brought\\nout for this purpose, and bound with thongs to an upright\\npost in the ca^npiLs of the town the fuel was heaped about\\nhim, and the torch about to be applied, when an Indian\\nmother, whose son was held prisoner by the Spaniards at\\nSt. Augustine, begged that the priest might be delivered\\nto her that she might procure the exchange of her son for\\nhim. With great difficulty she at last succeeded in having\\nthe father released from his great peril, and delivered to\\nhis friends in exchange for the Indian youth.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 163\\nThe savages had now visited all the missions except that\\nof the island of San Pedro. With upwards of forty canoes\\nthey made a vigorous assault upon that mission, but were\\nrepulsed by the friendly cacique, whose tribe was at enmity\\nwith that of the assailants, and who followed up his success\\nwith such vigor that all who had already landed were de-\\nstroyed, and the remainder forced to seek safety in flight.\\nIn this massacre of the missionaries perished five priests,\\nand another, Davila, was so maltreated that when he re-\\nturned to his friends they were unable to recognize him.\\nThe Spanish governor proceeded immediately to visit\\nthe murderers with exemplary punishment, burning the\\ndwellings and granaries of those whom he could not more\\ndirectly reach.\\nIn the course of the years 161 2 and 161 3, thirty-one\\nmissionaries of the order of St. Francis were sent to Flo-\\nrida, which was now erected into a religious province of\\nthat order, by the name of St. Helena the principal house\\nof which was established at Havana, and Juan Capelles\\nchosen the first provincial.*\\nA catechism in the Indian language had already been\\nprepared and printed, being probably the first work ever\\npublished in the Indian language. f\\nThree years later, twelve brothers of the order were\\nadded to the mission of St. Francis, and such progress\\nwas made in the ensuing two years that there were now\\ntwenty missions established in the principal Indian towns\\nEnsayo Cronologico, p. l8i.\\nf Mr. Buckingham Smith, former Secretary of Legation to Spain, to\\nwhose indefatigable labors Florida owes so much, in his reseaixhes\\nabroad, discovered a copy of this Indian catechism, called La Doc-\\ntrina Cristiana, in the Timuqua language a tribe occupying the\\nlarger part of the coast below St. Augustine, the name of which is\\nstill preserved in the Tomoka River.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "164\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthrough the country, and many of the friars preached to the\\nnatives with great success.\\nIn the year 1638 a war broke out between the Spanish\\ncolonists and the Apalachee Indians, and although the\\ngarrison was very weak, not being able to furnish over one\\nhundred effective men, the governor succeeded in repelling\\nthe assaults of the Indians and driving them back to their\\nown province. A considerable number of Indians of this\\ntribe, who had been captured, were set to work on the for-\\ntifications of St. Augustine, and they and their descendants\\nwere kept thus employed for sixty years.\\nSt. Augustine remained the principal town of the Span-\\niards, and so slow was the progress of settlement that, al-\\nthough the recipient of government patronage and aid, in\\n1647 it is stated, with some degree of exultation, that the\\nnumber of families or householders had reached three hun-\\ndred, and that there were then domiciled in the city, at\\nthe convent of St. Francis, fifty members of that order.\\nThe succession of the house of Menendez to the govern-\\norship of Florida had now terminated, Hernando de Alas\\nbeing the last of that family. Pedro Menendez, the nephew\\nof the governor, had perished at the hands of the Indians,\\nand De Alas had married his daughter Carolina. Diego\\nde Rebellado was captain-general from 1655 to 1675, when\\nDon Juan Hita de Salacar succeeded him, and held the\\ngovernment until 1680. He was succeeded by Don Juan\\nMarquez Cabrera.\\nThe settlement of Virginia had been commenced in\\n1607, and the other colonies to the north had been planted\\nby the English and Dutch without opposition on the part\\nof the Spanish crown. The wide separation of the Spanish\\nand English settlements, for a time prevented difficulties\\nbetween them, and the spirit of Menendez no longer ani-\\nmated his successors.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 165\\nIt was not until 1663, when the charter of Carolina was\\ngranted by Charles II., that the English settlements trenched\\non the ground which the Spaniards had at any time claimed\\nby possession. With the settlement of Carolina there at\\nonce grew up a hostile state of feeling, which lasted for a\\ncentury, between these neighboring colonies. At this\\nperiod the buccaneers or free rovers filled the seas, to the\\ndestruction of the Spanish commerce, and to the great dis-\\nturbance of the Spanish settlements.\\nIn 1665, one of these piratical expeditions, under the\\ncommand of Captain John Davis, made a descent upon St.\\nAugustine, with some seven small vessels, and pillaged the\\ntown.* The garrison, consisting of two hundred men, do\\nnot appear to have resisted the attack, which, it is probable,\\nwas made from the south by boats. The fort is said to have\\nbeen an octagon, with two round towers. f\\nThe ill feeling existing between Florida and Carolina\\ncontinued to increase the Spaniards alleging that the\\npirates who preyed upon their commerce were received and\\nsheltered in the harbors of Carolina, an accusation which\\nwas but too true. The Carolinians, on the other hand,\\ncomplained that the Spanish authorities endeavored to\\nincite the Indians to acts of hostility against them, and\\nalso seduced their servants from them and gave them pro-\\ntection at St. Augustine.\\nThe Spaniards sent a force to attacki^some of the colo-\\nnists on the Ashley River in the year 16/6, but, the settlers\\nhaving thrown up intrenchments for their protection, the\\nSpaniards retreated. Two years later, an expedition, con-\\nsisting of three galleys, from St. Augustine, made an attack\\nBuccaniers of America, 53, London, 1684.\\nf This description of the fort is evidently erroneous; it was then un-\\nfinished, but was square, with bastions.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "1 66 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nupon a Scotch settlement on Port Royal Island, which\\nhad been established by Lord Cardross. The settlers were\\ntoo few ni number to protect themselves, and their houses\\nwere pillaged. From thence the galleys ascended the\\nNorth Edisto River to Bear s Bluff, where they made a\\nlanding, burnt the houses, and plundered the settlers. This\\nexpedition inflicted severe injury upon the colony, then in\\nits infancy, and was characterized by all the atrocities\\nof savage warfare. The property of the settlers was carried\\noff, and their persons maltreated by the infliction of every\\nindignity one gentleman, of the name of Morton^ abrother\\nof the governor of the colony, was allowed to perish by\\nthe burning of the galley upon which he was confined.\\nThe utmost indignation was excited throughout the colony\\nby these acts.\\nIt was a part of the original contract with Menendez\\nthat he should carry into Florida five hundred negro slaves\\nfrom the coast of Africa, but he does not appear to have\\ncomplied with it, having introduced but a small number.\\nOne hundred years later, we find the privilege of introducing\\nslaves accorded to one De Aila as a reward for meritorious\\nservices, and his arrival, in 1687, with negroes, seems to\\nhave occasioned much rejoicing in the colony.\\nRenewed efforts were made at this period to extend mis-\\nsions among the natives, and large numbers of priests and\\nfriars were sent across from Cuba to labor in Florida.\\nThe natives of South Florida had begun to have consider-\\nable commercial intercourse with Havana, carrying across\\nskins, fish, and fruit in exchange for merchandise suited to\\ntheir wants.\\nDon Juan Marquez Cabrera, the governor, about 1681\\nattempted to remove the various Indian tribes of Apala-\\nchees, Cowetas, and Casicas, as well as those of San Felipe,\\nSan Simon, San Catalina Sapala, and others, to the islands", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 167\\non the coast, and along the St. John s. This occasioned\\nan insurrection of all these tribes, and several of them re-\\nmoved within the limits of Carolina, and subsequently\\nmade a sudden incursion into Florida, attacked the towns\\nof the Timuquas, robbed the church and convent of St.\\nFrancis of the vestments and plate, burnt the town of To-\\nmuqua, killed a large number of the Christian Indians, and\\ncarried many others away as prisoners to St. Helena, where\\nthey were made slaves of.*\\nAt this comparatively late period in the history of\\nAmerica, by the energy and perseverance of Monsieur de\\nla Salle, the course of the Mississippi was traced from the\\nregions of the Illinois to the points of its discharge into\\nthe Gulf of Mexico. Although one hundred and seventeen\\nyears had passed since the actual settlement and occupation\\nof Florida by the Spaniards, the spirit of enterprise and\\ndiscovery had so far died out, that the information they\\nhad already derived from the expeditions of Narvaez, De\\nSoto, and De Luna, apprising them of vast and fertile re-\\ngions and magnificent rivers, had not stimulated them to\\nundertake further explorations and occupation of the rich\\nregions lying within the limits -claimed by them as a part of\\nFlorida.\\nIt was left to the insignificant expedition of La Salle\\nembarked in slight canoes and almost unarmed to trace\\nthe mighty floods of the great rivers of the west to the sea,\\nand thus to confer on France, by the claim of discovery,\\nthe right of appropriating the fairest portion of the Amer-\\nican continent, the great valley of the Mississippi, to\\nwhich they applied the name of Louisiana.\\nSpain, indifferent to other motives, was always accessi-\\nble to the impulse of jealousy and the successful voyage\\nEnsayo Cronologico, p. 287.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "1 68 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nof La Salle aroused her to the necessity of presenting her\\nclaims to the extensive regions about to pass under the sway\\nof France. Hitherto she had been content to occupy the\\nsingle fortified post at St. Augustine, and to make some\\nfeeble attempts at colonization. In 1692, however, an ex-\\npedition was fitted out by the Viceroy of New Spain to\\nexplore the harbors on the western coast of Florida, and es-\\npecially that of Santa Maria de Galva (which De Luna had\\noccupied in 1561). In the year 1696, a Spanish colony\\nwas planted, called Pengacola, a name derived from the\\nlocality having been formerly that of the town of a tribe\\nof Indians called Pengacolas, which had been entirely ex-\\nterminated in conflicts with neighboring tribes.\\nA fort of quadrilateral form, a church, and other public\\nbuildings were erected. To the fort the name of Charles\\nwas attached, in honor of Charles II. of Spain. Andres de\\nArriola was the first governor of the province Don Lauseano\\nde Torres was at that time governor of East Florida.\\nTwo years later, DTberville arrived on the coast with\\nthree vessels sent out by Louis XIV. to establish a colony\\nin Louisiana. He touched at Pensacola, then occupied by\\nthree hundred Spaniards. Sailing thence to the west, he\\nentered Mobile Bay, and landed on an island, called by\\nhim Massacre Island, and subsequently known as Dauphin\\nIsland, where he established a colony.\\nThe Spaniards, at this period, called the Mississippi the\\nRiver of Palisades, from the number of tall trees standing\\nsingly along its shores. The English called it Mes-sa-che-\\nbe. While France and Spain were thus planting their col-\\nonies in the western portion of Florida, England was con-\\ntemplating a similar enterprise, and three vessels were sent\\nby King William to take possession of the country border-\\ning on the Mississippi. But they were too late; DTber-\\nville had already occupied the country.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n69\\nThe interior of Florida was occupied by the Apalachians\\nbeyond the Suwanee. The tribes of Calos or Carlos were\\nin the southern portion, and the Timuquans along the coast\\nnorth and south of St. Augustine.* Many of these Indian\\nnames are still attached to various localities in Florida.\\nThere does not seem to have been much progress made in\\nthe civilization of the Indians during the Spanish rule;\\nthe natural ferocity of these savage tribes, their freedom\\nfrom restraint, and their warlike propensities, made them\\nimpenetrable to the claims of a faith which inculcated love\\nand forbearance towards one another.\\nOver one hundred years had now elapsed since Menen-\\ndez had planted the standard of Spain on the coast of\\nFlorida, and a vast amount of labor and treasure had been\\nexpended in the almost fruitless effort to occupy and chris-\\ntianize the country. At the beginning of the seventeenth\\ncentury no European colony existed on the Atlantic coast\\nof North America, except St. Augustme. In 1607, and\\nforty-two years after the founding of St. Augustine, the\\nsettlement of Virginia, by the English, began at James-\\ntown, and thirteen years later the Plymouth colony landed\\nin New England. In the course of the next fifty years set-\\ntlements were made on the whole coast by the French,\\nEnglish, Dutch, and Swedes and from the Gulf of St.\\nLawrence to Port Royal harbor in Carolina, flourishing\\nsettlements had arisen and a very considerable commerce\\nhad grown up under the fostering care of their respective\\ngovernments.\\nDuring the seventeenth century, Spain possessed, by\\nThese were apparently tlie dialects, the Timuquan being the\\nlanguage used at San Mateo, San Pedro, Asila, Machua, etc., as\\nshown in the memorials in the Timuquan and Apalachian languages\\nfound by Buckingham Smith, Esq., in the Spanish archives at\\nMadrid.\\n15", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "lyo HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nright of discovery and conquest, the claim to the most val-\\nuable portion of the American continent, but the history\\nof this hundred years of Spanish domination is barren and\\nfruitless. It is a record of feeble and spasmodic efforts at\\ncolonization, with a timid exploration of the regions ad-\\njoining the military posts.\\nPensacola and St. Mark s had been established as isolated\\nposts, and a few others. The history of Florida, during\\nthis period, presents but little more than a chronicle of the\\nchanges of governors, and petty details of local events.\\nHaving the fertile valley of the Mississippi, the rich plains\\nof Texas, and the productive uplands of Alabama, Missis-\\nsippi, and Tennessee within their reach, no exploration\\nhad been made, no colonies planted, no empire founded,\\nand in this magnificent and then vacant domain the results\\nof over one hundred years of Spanish domination were,\\nthree small fortified towns, and a few mission-houses. It\\nis indeed quite probable that in the year 1 700 they actually\\nknew less of the country than did Menendez within ten\\nyears of his settlement. The mines of Mexico and the\\nriches of the Spanish Main had drawn the attention of the\\nSpanish monarchy from the more enduring wealth and\\npower to be derived from a fertile and populous agricultural\\nregion, and the colony in Florida was allowed to languish,\\npresenting but little more than a bare existence.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nGovernor Moore s Attack on St. Augustine Invasion of Moore, with the\\nCreek Indians, of the Indian Missions and Spanish Posts in Middle\\nFlorida Erection of a Fort at St. Mark s Capture of Pensacola by\\nthe French Recapture of Pensacola by the Spaniards Recapture\\nof Pensacola by the French Transfer of Pensacola to Spain.\\n1696 1722.\\nFrom the time of the settlement of Carolina, constant\\nsources of irritation and difficulty sprang up between the\\nEnglish and Spanish settlements, arising from their mutual\\njealousies. The aid of the Indian tribes was sought by\\nboth parties, and friendship towards one was regarded as\\nnecessarily involving hostility towards the other. The\\nSpaniards, it will be recollected, had, in the year 1686,\\ninvaded the English settlements at Port Royal, inflicted\\ngreat injury upon the settlers, and aroused great indignation\\nthroughout the colony. Prudential reasons had prevented\\nthe colonists from then resenting the attack by an invasion\\nof Florida, but the purpose to do so was only deferred, not\\nabandoned. More amicable relations had, however, sprung\\nup subsequently between the colonies under the judicious\\nadministration of Governor Archdale. Unfortunately for\\nthe peace of the country, Governor Archdale was succeeded\\nin the government of Carolina by Governor Moore, an am-\\nbitious man, who had secured his appointment by question-\\n(171)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nable means, and who was desirous of acquiring reputation\\nby some signal enterprise.\\nBy the influence of Governor Moore, the Assembly of\\nSouth Carolina were induced to authorize an expedition\\nagainst St. Augustine, which they had been informed was\\nnot in a very defensible condition, and might readily be\\nreduced. Many of the settlers in the province of Carolina\\nhad lost servants, who had fled to Florida and been har-\\nbored and protected by the Spanish authorities, and many\\nothers of the inhabitants, doubtless, were quite willing to\\nprocure labor by making an inroad upon the Spanish In-\\ndians and reducing them to a state of servitude.*\\nA rupture had occurred between England and Spain, and\\nGovernor Moore, with the motive, as is charged by his\\nenemies, of enriching himself, embraced the opportunity\\nthus afforded of setting on foot an expedition against the\\nSpaniards of Florida. Many of the inhabitants, with the\\nrecollection of former injuries sustained from the invasion\\nof the Spaniards, seconded his plans, while others supported\\nthe proposal from mercenary motives.\\nThe governor assured the people that the conquest of\\nFlorida would be an easy undertaking, and that the capture\\nof considerable treasures of gold and silver would reward\\nthe enterprise. Some, however, opposed the project, and\\ndirected attention to the known strength of the castle at\\nSt. Augustine, the great expense certain to be incurred,\\nand the fruitless nature of the enterprise. As is usual in\\nsuch cases, the bold outnumbered the prudent, and the\\nProvincial Assembly sanctioned the expedition, and voted\\ntwo thousand pounds for the purpose, a sum which, although\\nThe failure of the expedition caused so much controversy between\\nthe friends and enemies of Governor Moore that it is not easy to find\\nan impartial account of it by contemporaneous writers.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n173\\nit seems insignificant compared with the cost of modern\\ncontests, was no inconsiderable amount to be raised by a\\npoor colony of some five or six thousand people burdened\\nwith the expenses of a new government.\\nThe force deemed sufficient to carry out this enterprise\\nwas placed at six hundred provincial militia, to be assisted\\nby an equal number of friendly Indians. They were di-\\nrected to rendezvous at Port Royal, in September, 1702.\\nThe plan of operations contemplated a march by land of\\none division, and an expedition by sea of the other, in\\norder to effect a combined naval and land attack upon St.\\nAugustine. The land forces were to proceed in boats by\\nthe inland passage to the St. John s River, and to ascend\\nthat river to the neighborhood of Picolata, whence they\\nwere to march across and invest the town in the rear.\\nColonel Daniel was assigned to the command of this por-\\ntion of the expedition, the governor himself taking command\\nof the naval force.\\nIn the mean time the Spaniards, learning of the pro-\\nposed attack, had availed themselves of all the means of\\ndefense in their power provisions were stored in the\\ncastle, and preparations were made to sustain a long siege.\\nThe governor, Don Joseph Cuniga, had moreover succeeded\\nin procuring some reinforcements.\\nThe forces under command of Colonel Daniel, notwith-\\nstanding their circuitous route, reached St. Augustine in\\nadvance of the naval part of the expedition, and imme-\\ndiately attacked and gained possession of die town the\\ntroops and inhabitants retiring to the protection of the\\ncastle. Governor Moore, with the vessels, soon after\\narrived, and invested the fortifications, but, on account of\\nthe want of siege-guns of larger calibre, no impression could\\nbe made upon the walls of the fort. Colonel Daniel was\\nsent to Jamaica to procure heavier guns. While absent on\\n15*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "174\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthis mission, two Spanish vessels appeared off the harbor.\\nAlarmed by this circumstance, and fearing that his retreat\\nmight be cut off, Governor Moore hastily raised the siege,\\nabandoning or destroying such of his stores and munitions\\nas he was unable to remove. Before withdrawing, he com-\\nmitted the barbarity of burning the town. He was obliged\\nto sacrifice his transports, fearing to encounter the Spanish\\nvessels if he went to sea. Colonel Daniel returned shortly\\nafter, having succeeded in obtaining some mortars and\\nheavy guns, and, being ignorant of the withdrawal of\\nGovernor Moore, narrowly escaped capture. Governor\\nMoore carried the forces back to Carolina without the loss\\nof a man.*\\nThe expedition cost the colony of South Carolina some\\nsix thousand pounds, and led to the issue of the first paper\\nmoney ever circulated in America.\\nIn the same year the Spaniards had incited the Apala-\\nchian Indians to make an attack upon the English settle-\\nments in Carolina. The Apalachees had assembled a force\\nof nine hundred warriors, and had commenced their march,\\nwhen they were encountered by five hundred Creek Indians\\nwho were allies of the English and were organized by the\\nCreek traders to repel the attack. The Creeks suspended\\ntheir blankets in their camp, as though quietly reposing by\\ntheir camp-fires, and placed themselves in ambush. The\\nApalachees, confident of an easy victory, rushed forward\\nupon the supposed sleeping camp with great impetuosity,\\nwhen they fell into the ambush prepared for them by the\\nCreeks, and were routed with great loss.f\\nAlthough unsuccessful in this attack on St. Augustine,\\nCarroll s Hist. Col. S. C, vol. ii. Fairbanks s Hist. St Augustine,\\n131-\\nf MS. Report of Com. S. C. Assembly. St. Papers.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n175\\nMoore appears to have been a man of much energy, and\\nhad influence enough to organize another expedition in the\\nlatter part of the following year, to attack the Indian towns\\nunder the Spanish protection, which were scattered mainly\\nthrough the region between the Suwanee and Apalachicola\\nRivers, in what is now known as Middle Florida.\\nAfter being in the castle for three months, the inhabit-\\nants of St. Augustine were enabled, upon the retreat of\\nMoore, to leave the close quarters in which they had been\\nconfined, but it was to find their homes destroyed and\\nthemselves without shelter until they could rebuild.\\nAid to some extent w^as sent from Spain to help them\\nto rebuild, but the prosperity of the unfortunate city must\\nhave received a great blow. Urgent representations were\\nmade by Governor Cuniga to the home government of the\\nnecessity for an increased force and larger means to\\nstrengthen the colony against its English neighbors. He\\npointed out the propriety of placing small garrisons at\\nApalachee,* eighty leagues distant from St. Augustine, at\\nTimuqua,f thirty leagues south, and at Guale,J eighteen\\nleagues north from St. Augustine. He also proposed to\\nbuild a strong fort at the town of Ys,\u00c2\u00a7 and on the coast\\nbelow Cape Canaveral.\\nThe Indians of Apalachee, who for sixty years had been\\nlaboring upon the fortifications of St. Augustine, as a pun-\\nishment for their revolt in 1640, were now, at the solicita-\\ntion of their chiefs, released under a promise to renew\\ntheir labors when it should become necessary.\\nGovernor Moore, with a small force of militia, some\\nfifty in number, and about one thousand Creek Indians,\\nattacked the Spanish Indian towns with great impetuosity.\\nSt. Mark s. f New Smyrna, Amelia Island.\\nIndian River. Ensayo Cronologico, p. 322.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\nEntering the province from the direction of the Flint\\nRiver, he first attacked a town containing fifty warriors,\\nwhich he reduced after a stout resistance. On the follow-\\ning day, the commander of the principal town. Fort San\\nLuis, with a force of twenty- three Spaniards and four hun-\\ndred Indians, encountered the English and Creek forces.\\nDon Juan Mexia, the Spanish commander, was killed in the\\nbattle, with eight of the Spanish soldiers. The Apalachian\\nIndians lost two hundred of their number. This battle\\ndecided the fate of all the Indian towns. The King of\\nAtimiaca, who occupied a strong fort with a garrison of\\none hundred and thirty men, terrified by the defeat and\\ndeath of Mexia, and by the terrible slaughter of the Indians\\non that occasion, offered his submission. Moore then vis-\\nited all of the other Indian towns, without experiencing\\nfurther resistance. Five of the towns were fortified,\\nand it is probable th:it had Mexia met the English and\\nCreeks behind his intrenchments he might have repelled\\ntheir attack and rallied sufficient force to drive them\\nfrom the province. Moore is said to have destroyed en-\\ntirely two of the Indian towns, and to have carried away\\nmost of the people of seven others, to be held as slaves,\\nleaving only one town undisturbed, which either by its\\nstrength or wealth was able to make terms with him.\\nThe towns of San Luis* and Ayavallaf were burnt, with\\ntheir churches and forts. All of the towns were plundered\\nand robbed of everything of value, including the church\\nplate and the sacred vestments and desolation and ruin\\nmarked the track of the invaders.\\nThere is much discrepancy in the accounts of the strength\\nof the Spanish forces. A note attached to a manuscript map\\nSan Luis was two miles west of Tallahassee.\\nAyavalla was near the St. Mark s River,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n177\\nfound in the English State Paper Office says, On the 15th\\nof January, 1703, was a battle fought between the Caroli-\\nnians, commanded by Colonel Moore, and the Spaniards,\\ncommanded by Don Juan Mexia, wherein eight hundred\\nSpaniards were killed, whereupon the whole country sub-\\nmitted, being destroyed. Fourteen hundred Apalachee\\nIndians removed to the savana towns, under English gov-\\nernment.\\nThere seems to be also some discrepancy in the dates,\\nsome accounts giving the year 1703 and some 1704. Wil-\\nliams s account says that Mexia had a garrison of four hun-\\ndred men if it is meant that he had a Spanish garrison of\\nfour hundred men, it is certainly an error, as there were at\\nthat time not more than forty or fifty Spanish soldiers in\\nthat part of the country, and it is not likely Mexia had\\nmore than half of these.\\nThe Indian missions in that part of the country were\\nthoroughly broken up, and, it would seem, without excuse\\nor provocation. The remains of these mission stations\\nmay be traced at several localities in Florida, and tradition\\nhas assigned to them far greater antiquity than they are\\nreally entitled to. A fort and chapel were erected together,\\nand were surrounded with earthworks and ditches, with\\npalisades sufficient to withstand an attack from Indians, the\\nonly enemies they were likely to require protection from.\\nThe outlines of these earthworks may be very distinctly\\ntraced at Lake City and elsewhere.\\nIt is a sad reflection that the humble chapels, where the\\nworthy fathers were accustomed to assemble congrega-\\ntions of the dusky sons of the forest to be instructed in\\nI am indebted to Professor Rivers, of Columbia, S. C, for a copy\\nof the manuscript map procured by him from the State Paper Office in\\nEngland It appears to be one of the original manuscript maps from\\nwhich the map of Florida in Molls Atlas was compiled. {Author.)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1 78 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthe knowledge of the true God, and the altars erected to\\nhis worship, should have been ruthlessly swept away by the\\narms of a nation professing itself to be Christian, and by a\\nleader who claimed to be animated by peculiar zeal for the\\nChristian faith, and that from the poor natives of Florida\\nshould be thus taken the light of eternal truth, glim-\\nmering feebly though it may have been, and that the altars\\nthus thrown down were never more, so far as we know,\\nrestored.\\nWe have a striking evidence of the manner in which in-\\nterest sways the conviction of right and wrong, when we\\nread that the governor received the thanks of the pro-\\nprietors for his patriotism and courage, who acknowledged\\nthat the success of his arms had gained their province a\\nreputation; and the historian seems to utter a bitter sar-\\ncasm on the patriotism attributed by the proprietors to\\nGovernor Moore, when he adds, but, what was of greater\\nconsequence to him, he wiped off the ignominy of the St.\\nAugustine expedition, and procured a number of Indian\\nslaves, whom he employed to cultivate his fields or sold for\\nhis own profit and advantage. f\\nThe war between Great Britain, France, and Spain still\\ncontinued to be carried on in Europe, and in the year 1 706\\nan expedition was projected by the French and Spanish to\\nmake a descent upon Carolina. Monsieur Le Febvre com-\\nmanded a French frigate and four sloops, with which he\\ntouched at St. Augustine to take on board a Spanish land-\\nforce to co-operate in an attack upon Charleston. The\\nSpanish troops having been taken on board, the fleet pro-\\nHewitt, in Carroll s Hist. Col. S. C, p. 140.\\nf The Atimacian and Apalachian Indians, before Governor Moore s\\nattack, had made some progress in civilization, and received instruction\\nfrom the Roman Catholic missionaries, being very loyal to the Spanish\\ngovernment. Hewitt, in Carroll s Hist. Col., 203; Ibid,, p. 140.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n179\\nceeded to the coast of Carolina, where, by mistake, the\\nfrigate entered Sewee Bay, the other four entering Charles-\\nton harbor. By the exercise of great prudence and some\\nstratagem, the governor of Carolina was enabled to repel\\nthe attack with but slight loss, and eventually captured the\\nfrigate with a large number of the allies. The defeat of\\nthe French-Spanish expedition was complete, and the at-\\ntempt at molestation of the colony was not repeated.\\nIn 1708, Colonel Barnwell, of South Carolina, made an\\nexcursion to the Apalachian province of Florida, by way\\nof the Flint River.* After visiting San Luis, and the re-\\ngion occupied by the mission towns, he passed on to the\\nAlachua country and the St. John s River. It was perhaps\\nat this period that Captain T. Nairn, of South Carolina,\\nwith a party of Yemassee Indians, penetrated to the head-\\nwaters of the St. John s, and the vicinity of Lake Okecho-\\nbee, and and returned with a number of captives or slaves,\\nas noted on a map of Molls Atlas of 1719.\\nThe year 1714 was signalized by a general outbreak of\\nthe Indian tribes in Carolina. This was charged to the in-\\nstigation of the Spaniards, who, it is said, sent emissaries\\nfrom Florida to stir up the Indian tribes bordering upon\\nthe English settlements to attempt their extermination\\nand, as evidence of the complicity of the Spaniards, it is\\nsaid that the Indians, before conmiencing hostilities, re-\\nmoved their women and children to Florida, and placed\\nthem near to, and under the protection of, the Spanish\\ngarrisons. The Indians made a combined and powerful\\nattack upon the English settlements, but were defeated and\\ndriven out of the province, retreating south to the Spanish\\nOn the MS. map before referred to, there is a note saying that\\nthe Apalachian region of Florida was destroyed hy Carolinians in\\n1706.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "l8o HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\npossessions, and were welcomed at St. Augustine with\\nbells ringing and guns firing, as if they had returned vic-\\ntoriously from the field. Above four hundred of the\\npeople of South Carolina lost their lives by this Indian\\noutbreak before the Indians were overcome.\\nIn the mean time, considerable progress had been made\\nin establishing French settlements on the shores of the\\nGulf of Mexico. Injudicious locations had been made at\\nthe outset for these settlements, which had to be afterwards\\nabandoned and better positions sought, and the usual diffi-\\nculties and obstacles attending new settlements had re-\\ntarded the rapid progress of French colonization but, by\\nthe perseverance of those intrusted with the charge of the\\ncolonists, and the fostering care of the parent country,\\nwhich supplied all their wants, even to the furnishing of\\ntheir wives, the colonists succeeded in establishing them-\\nselves permanently, and were soon in a prosperous condi-\\ntion. The settlements at Mobile and Pensacola were in\\ntoo close proximity to avoid jealousies and collisions, each\\ncharging the other with encroachments upon their terri-\\ntory.\\nFor a long period all the Spanish plate fleets which were\\nsent from Mexico to Spain pursued the route known as the\\nBahama channel, passing near the shores of Florida. In\\n1 715, one of these fleets, consisting of fourteen vessels\\nladen with a very large amount of gold and silver, was\\nwrecked on Carysfort reef, and an immense amount of\\ntreasure was lost. Much of this was afterwards recovered by\\nthe wreckers employed for that purpose, but the knowledge\\nof this recovery coming to the English at Jamaica they\\nsent an expedition to the point where the wreckers were\\nengaged, and robbed them of the amount saved, which was\\ne\\nHewitt, Hist. Col. S. C, vol. i. p. 199.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "history of FLORIDA. l8i\\nupwards of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The\\ncaptors no doubt received great credit for this profitable\\nexploit.\\nThe Yemassees, who had been driven out of Carolina\\ninto Florida, maintained a constant and harassing warfare\\nupon the settlements in Carolina, committing great havoc\\namong the scattered families along the frontiers. The re-\\nlation of the horrors of Indian warfare has ever drawn\\nforth the sympathies of mankind. With a strange incon-\\nsistency, the most harrowing scenes of suffering occurring\\nunder our daily observation pass almost unnoticed, while the\\ncaptivity and sufferings endured by some sturdy frontiers-\\nman or his family call forth all our sympathy and compas-\\nsion. In every New England household the story of the\\nsufferings of the Williams family, of the Dustans, and of\\nMiss McCrea, excited the most tender emotions of pity.\\nThe history of the Southern colonies presents hundreds of\\nsuch instances. It seems to be well established that the\\nSpanish authorities in Florida instigated and protected\\nthese savage allies. A historian of Carolina relates that\\nat this period a scalping-party of Yemassees from Florida\\npenetrated as far as the Euhati lands, where, having sur-\\nprised John Lent and two of his neighbors, they knocked\\nout their brains with their tomahawks. They then seized\\nMrs. Barrows and one of her children, and carried them\\naway with them. The child, frightened by the presence\\nof the savages, began to cry, when it was immediately killed\\nin its mother s presence, who was warned to cease her\\ndemonstrations of grief or she should share the fate of the\\nchild. She was then carried to St. Augustine, where she was\\ndelivered to the Spanish governor and thrown into prison,\\nagainst the remonstrances of one of the Yemassee chiefs, who\\nstated that he had known her a long time and that she was\\ni6", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1 82 HISTORY OF FLORIDA*\\na good woman. The Spaniards, it is said, rejoiced with\\nthe Indians for the goodly number of scalps they had\\nbrought. Subsequently, Mr. Barrows went to St. Augus-\\ntine to obtain his wife s release, but was thrown into prison,\\nand died shortly afterwards. She, eventually, was permitted\\nto return to Carolina, and gave an account of the barbarous\\ntreatment she had received. She reported that rewards\\nwere given to the Indians to incite them to these incur-\\nsions, and that they were instructed to spare none but\\nnegroes, who were to be brought to St. Augustine.* Don\\nJuan de Ayala was at this time governor of East Florida,\\nand Don Gregorio de Salinas governor of Pensacola.\\nSalinas was succeeded in 171 7 by Don Juan Pedro Meta-\\nmoras.\\nThe increasing settlements of the French in Louisiana\\nhad already occasioned much uneasiness to the governor\\nof Pensacola, and he had represented to the Viceroy in\\nMexico the importance of strengthening the fortifications\\nof Pensacola. These representations were acted upon, and\\nthe requisite instructions given to Don Pedro, the new\\ngovernor.\\nAt the instance of the chief of the Apalachee Indians,\\nthe governor of St. Augustine sent Captain Don Jose\\nPrimo de Ribera to erect a fort at St. Mark s, in March,\\n1 718, which was named San Marcos de Apalache. During\\nthe same year a small fortification was erected at St.\\nJoseph s Bay by the French, and called Fo? t Creveccsur,\\nwhich seems to have been a favorite name with the French,\\nalthough the heart of a Frenchman is not so easily broken\\nas the name would seem to imply. The Spanish governor\\nat Pensacola remonstrated against this occupation of the\\nterritory of Spain, and in a few months the fort was evac-\\nHewitt, Hist. Coll. S. C, vol. i. p. 213.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 183\\nuated by the French. A Spanish fort was erected at the\\nsame place, but afterwards abandoned. Don Antonio de\\nBenavides was appointed to succeed Juan de Ayala as gov-\\nernor at St. Augustine.\\nMonsieur de Bienville, the French commander at Mobile,\\nupon being informed that hostilities existed between France\\nand Spain, fitted out an expedition against Pensacola, and,\\nhaving sent a large force of Indians by land, embarked with\\nhis troops, on board of three vessels, to make a sudden\\ndescent, in the hope of capturing the fort by surprise.\\nHe landed upon the island of Santa Rosa, where an out-\\npost was situated, the garrison of which he soon over-\\npowered, and some of the French, putting on the Spanish\\nuniform of their captives, awaited the arrival of a detach-\\nment sent down to relieve the post, and captured and\\ndisarmed them. Taking the boat the Spaniards had\\nbrought, the French, still disguised, passed over to the\\nfort, seized the sentinel on duty, and took possession of\\nthe guard-house and fort, making the commander a pris-\\noner in his bed, and thus capturing the place without\\nfiring a shot. Such is the French account of the matter.\\nThe Spanish authorities confirm the statement of the sur-\\nprise at the outpost at Point Siguenza, which was occu-\\npied by an officer and ten men only, but say that the\\nfort was assaulted by four French frigates, which opened\\nfire upon the Castle de San Carlos, and, after five hours of\\ncannonading, the castle, being unable to reply effectively,\\nand having only a garrison of one hundred and sixty\\neffective men and provisions for fifteen days, and having\\nsustained the loss of one man, agreed to capitulate, upon\\nthe following terms offered by Governor Metamoras\\nThat the garrison should march out with the honors of\\nwar, and retain all private property that they should retain\\none cannon, with three charges of powder that they", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "1 84 HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\nshould be transported in French vessels to Havana and\\nthat the town should not be sacked, nor private property\\nmolested.*\\nThe garrison was taken by two French vessels to Havana,\\nwhere, by the perfidy of the Spanish commander at that\\nplace, the vessels were seized and their officers and crews\\ncast into prison. An expedition for its recapture was\\nimmediately equipped, at the suggestion of Governor\\nMetamoras.\\nThe fort at Pensacola had been garrisoned by De Bien-\\nville with a force of some sixty men, under the command\\nof Sieur de Chateaugue. The Spaniards had fitted up the\\nFrench vessel called the Due de Noailles, and a. Spanish\\nfrigate, to retake the fort; and a ruse was adopted by\\nsending in the French ship first, which, on being hailed,\\nran up the French flag and gave the name of the French\\ncaptain who had commanded her, and was thereupon\\nallowed to pass into the port. When abreast of the fort,\\nshe was joined by her consort, the flag of Spain w^as dis-\\nplayed, and the garrison summoned to surrender. A brisk\\ncannonade ensued, with but trifling damage to the garrison.\\nIn order to gain time, Chateaugue asked for an armistice\\nof four days. The Spanish admiral allowed him two days,\\nand Chateaugue dispatched a messenger to Mobile asking\\nfor reinforcements, which De Bienville was unable to send.\\nAt the expiration of the armistice, the action was renewed\\nuntil night, during which most of the garrison deserted,\\nThe Spanish account seems far more to be relied upon than\\nthat of the French. It is hardly credible that a force which could\\nbe transported in a single guard-boat could surprise a well-equipped\\nfort and garrison and capture the governor in his bed, and, as the\\nfrigates were there, it is more probable that a bombardment effected\\nthe surrender.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 185\\nand on the following day the French commander surren-\\ndered the fort.*\\nThe Spanish account of the recapture of the fort places\\ntheir own force at eight hundred and fifty men and that\\nof the garrison at three hundred and fifty, and says the\\narmistice was for but one day, when the fort surrendered,\\nas well as the vessels lying in the harbor. So difficult is\\nit ever to find an exact agreement in reference to the\\nmost simple transactions. The French who were cap-\\ntured were sent to Havana as prisoners of war.\\nThe Spanish general proceeded immediately to strengthen\\nthe fortifications, and, having sufficiently secured his post\\nfrom assault, he set out, with the forces under his com-\\nmand, to attack the French settlement on Dauphin Island.\\nOwing to the skill and courage of Bienville, the Spaniards,\\nalthough superior in point of numbers, were unable to\\neffect a landing, and were forced, by the arrival of five\\nFrench vessels, to retire to Pensacola.\\nThe French, now strongly reinforced, determined to\\nattempt the recapture of Pensacola, and returned there in\\nSeptember, 1719. A force was landed on the Perdido, to\\nassail the town in the rear, and the fleet proceeded to the\\nbar. A difficulty here presented itself in carrying in the flag-\\nship, the Hercules, which drew twenty-one feet of water\\nbut, by the skill of a Canadian pilot, the ship was carried\\nsafely in.f\\nThe Spanish soldiers were much discontented at not being per-\\nmitted to plunder the town, and, in order to gratify them, a detach-\\nment was sent by water to an Indian town not far distant, where a\\nlarge number of slaves belonging to the French Company were, and\\none hundred and sixty of them wex e captured and given to the troops\\nas plunder. Ensayo Cronologico, p. 234,\\nf The pilot was afterwards rewarded for this service with a patent\\nof nobility.\\n16*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1 86 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe French say that upon the appearance of their land-\\nforces, accompanied by a large number of Indians, in rear\\nof the fort, the garrison, after a very feeble resistance, re-\\ntired to a new fort, which they had hastily erected at Point\\nSiguenza, called Principe de Asiurias. The Spanish ac-\\ncounts, however, contend that their troops fought with\\nmost heroic bravery until their guns were dismounted at\\nPoint Siguenza and their vessels forced to surrender, and\\nthat, the French vessels having then entered the port, the\\ncastle was forced to surrender, which took place on the i8th\\nof September, 17 19.\\nThe French accounts of the capture award great credit\\nto the commander at Fort Principe de Asturias for his\\ngallant defense, which was continued until his ammunition\\nfailed, while it is said the commander at Fort San Carlos\\ndisplayed great cowardice. On the following day a\\nSpanish vessel entered the port with supplies and dispatches\\nfrom the governor of Havana to the governor at Pensacola,\\nthe dispatches saying that he was confident the Spanish\\nforces had succeeded in conquering all the places held by\\nthe French in that country, and directing him to send all\\nthe prisoners to work in the mines, in order to avoid the\\nexpense of feeding them.\\nThe French, feeling unable to afford the amount of force\\nnecessary to hold the place, concluded to destroy the forti-\\nfications and public buildings and burn the town, leaving\\nonly a few small buildings to shelter a guard who were left\\nin charge of one small battery.\\nBefore leaving, the French commander caused the fol-\\nlowing inscription to be placed upon a tablet erected on\\nthe ruins of the fort:\\nIn the year 1719, upon the i8th day of September,\\nMonsieur Desnade de Champmeslin, commander of the\\nsquadron of his Most Christian Majesty, took this place by", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 187\\nforce of arms, as well also the island of Santa Rosa, by order\\nof the King of France.\\nReturning first to Dauphin Island, the French fleet sailed\\nfor France, carrying with them the Spanish garrison of\\nPensacola as prisoners of war.\\nThus, after having been thrice assaulted and thrice cap-\\ntured within a period of three months, Pensacola was laid\\nin ashes, and the quiet of desolation allowed to rest over\\nits remains for there was no longer anything to capture or\\nanything to defend.\\nThe town first built by the Spaniards in 1696, and which\\nwas thus destroyed in 1719, was built where Fort Barrancas\\nnow stands, the fort being placed in the centre. On the\\nopposite point, called Point Siguenza, Fort Principe de As-\\nturias had stood, and was destroyed at the same time as Fort\\nCarlos. When reoccupied in 1722 by the Spaniards, the\\ntown was rebuilt on Santa Rosa Island, near where Fort\\nPickens now stands. This location continued to be occu-\\npied until some time between 1743 and 1763, the inhabit-\\nants having begun to plant upon the northern side of the\\nbay, and the location upon the island being peculiarly\\nsterile and sandy, the settlement was gradually transferred,\\nso that in 1763 it was laid out in the form of a city, the\\nstreets crossing at right angles, making squares four hun-\\ndred by two hundred feet, with a large common fronting\\non the bay, about fifteen hundred feet in length by one\\nthousand in breadth.* The present city of Pensacola may\\nbe considered to date back its existence to about the year\\n1750, being nearly two hundred years the junior in age of\\nSt. Augustine.\\nAfter the treaty of peace made in 1722 between France\\nAn engraved view of the town as it appeared in 1743 may be seen\\nin Roberts s Florida, London, 1743.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1 88 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nand Spain, Pensacola was restored to the Spanish crown\\nand a new town built on Santa Rosa Island, as has just\\nbeen stated.\\nThe difficulties between the neighboring provinces of Flo-\\nrida and Carolina had increased. The Spanish authorities\\nat St. Augustine for many years harbored as well as encour-\\naged the desertion of the negroes from the English settle-\\nments, against the continual and earnest remonstrances\\nof the authorities of Carolina. The Spanish governors\\nor officials had connived at, if not actually incited, the\\nplundering incursions of the Yemassees upon the exposed\\nfrontiers of the English colony. To guard against these\\nforays, a small fort had been erected on the banks of the\\nAltamaha, called Fort King George. This was considered\\nby the Spaniards an encroachment upon the Spanish terri-\\ntory, and representations were accordingly made to the\\nBritish crown. A conference of the two governors was\\nthereupon directed to be held, to endeavor to settle amica-\\nbly the points in dispute between the two provinces. For\\nthis purpose Don Francisco Menendez and Don Jose\\nRibera came to Charleston, in 1725, to confer with Gov-\\nernor Middleton. In reply to their claim that the fort on\\nthe Altamaha was within the limits of Florida, Governor\\nMiddleton appealed to the chartered limits of Carolina in\\nconfirmation of the English claim to that region. This\\nwas, of course, no evidence of that claim; but as the Spanish\\ngovernor could show no actual prior occupation since the\\ndays of Menendez, he could hardly gainsay the English\\nclaim. On the other hand. Governor Middleton demanded\\nan explanation of the course pursued by the Spanish au-\\nthorities at St. Augustine in enticing away slaves from the\\nEnglish colonists and offering refuge and protection to\\ncriminals and debtors, and refusing to surrender these\\nfugitives.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 189\\nThe Spanish commissioners expressed their willingness\\nto surrender the criminals and debtors, but said they were\\ninstructed by the Spanish crown not to surrender the fugi-\\ntive slaves, on account of the great concern their king and\\nmaster had for their souls, but that compensation would be\\nmade to their owners for their value. As might be inferred,\\nno agreement was come to, and these irritating difficulties\\nremained unsettled.\\nThe incursions of the Yemassees became afterwards more\\nfrequent and injurious to the colonists. Murders were fre-\\nquent, and every negro that could be reached was carried\\noff. To put a stop to this state of things. Colonel Palmer,\\nan energetic officer, in the year 1727 collected a militia\\nforce of some three hundred men, with a body of friendly\\nIndians, made a rapid and unexpected descent upon the\\nIndian and Spanish settlements in Florida, and carried\\ndesolation and destruction over the whole province, push-\\ning forward to the very gates of St. Augustine, sparing\\nnothing which was destructible, and driving off all the\\nstock which fell in their way. The Yemassee towns were\\ndestroyed, many of the natives killed, and a great number\\ncarried off prisoners.* This chastisement seems to have\\nrepressed further incursions on the part of the Spanish In-\\ndians for a time, and a few years of comparative quiet\\nensued.\\nOne of these Yemassee towns, called Macariz, was about one mile\\nnorth of St. Augustine.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nAttick on St. Augustine by Oglethorpe Attack of Monteano on St.\\nSimon s Island Transfer of Florida to Great Britain.\\n1722 1762.\\nThe settlement of the new colony of Georgia, in 1732,\\nincreased the strength of the English settlements, and in-\\nterposed another barrier between the Indians and Spaniards\\nof Florida and the colonists of Carolina. The Altamaha\\nwas claimed as the southern boundary of the new colony,\\nand a settlement of Scotch Highlanders was planted on the\\nbanks of that river. A fort was also built at Frederica, to\\ncommand the approach to the settlements on St. Simon s\\nIsland. In the year 1736, the Spanish government, look-\\ning upon the settlement of Georgia as an encroachment\\nupon their limits, sent a commissioner to Oglethorpe re-\\nquiring him at once to surrender and evacuate all the terri-\\ntories south of St. Helena s Sound, as they belonged to the\\nKing of Spain, who was determined not to allow of their\\noccupation by any other nation. Oglethorpe maintained\\nthe right of the English crown to all the territory occupied\\nby him, and declined to comply with the requirements of\\nthe Spanish governor. From the imperious nature of the\\ndemand, Oglethorpe rightly conjectured that he might ex-\\npect an armed invasion of his territory, and proceeded at\\nonce to England to direct the attention of the crown to\\n190)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 191\\nthe dangers that menaced the infant colony. English com-\\nmerce had already suffered severely from the interference\\nof Spain, and a feeling of hostility to the Spanish preten-\\nsions occupied the public mind. Supported by the king,\\nand aided by popular sentiment, Oglethorpe was able to\\nmake strong preparations for the protection of Georgia\\nagainst the anticipated attack. He returned in 1739,\\nwith the commission of major-general, a regiment of\\nsoldiers, and considerable pecuniary aid, and proceeded\\nto erect forts on the coast and put the province in a state\\nof defense. The Spanish force at St. Augustine was also\\nstrengthened, and both parties labored assiduously to pre-\\npare themselves /or the impending conflict by securing the\\nalliance of the Indian tribes of the adjacent regions. Of\\nthese tribes the Creeks were the most powerful, and they\\ntook the British side of the dispute.\\nNegotiations were meanwhile pending between the two\\ngovernments. The English demanded redress for the in-\\njuries inflicted on their commerce, for which the Spaniards\\nagreed to award compensation, provided the lands occupied\\nby Oglethorpe were given up to them. This was refused,\\nand the negotiations failed. The Spaniards at St. Augus-\\ntine sent emissaries to the borders of Carolina to entice\\naway the negroes, promising them freedom and protection.\\nMany negroes had gone to them from time to time, a suffi-\\ncient number, it was said, to enable the Spaniards to form a\\nregiment, with officers of their own, placed on the same\\nfooting, as to pay and uniform, as the Spanish regulars. In\\nOctober, 1739, war was declared by Great Britain against\\nSpain, and a squadron was sent to the West Indies to co-\\noperate with General Oglethorpe in his intended operations\\nagainst the Spanish provinces in Florida. Oglethorpe at\\nonce set on foot an expedition to operate against St. Augus-\\ntine, and visited South Carolina to engage assistance from", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthat colony, which was readily given, and a joint expedi-\\ntion, to operate by land and sea, was agreed upon.\\nA regiment of four liundred men was raised in Carolina,\\nunder Colonel Vanderdussen. The assistance of several\\nIndian tribes was sought, and a naval force, to consist of\\nfour twenty-gun ships and two sloops, was to take part in\\nthe attack. Oglethorpe had ascertained that the garrison\\nat St. Augustine was not very formidable in point of num-\\nbers, and was poorly provisioned, and therefore urged for-\\nward his preparations with great vigor, in order to make\\nhis attack before they could be reinforced. The expedition\\nwas not ready to march, however, before the latter part of\\nApril, 1740. In the mean time, the energetic governor of\\nFlorida, Don Manuel de Monteano, was making every\\npreparation to strengthen his defenses against the menaced\\nattack of Oglethorpe. The garrison was increased, the ap-\\nproaches to the fort were guarded, and the most urgent\\nsolicitations made for a supply of provisions from Cuba.\\nThere were at this time several outposts, where a few\\nsoldiers, under sub-officers, were stationed. One of these\\nwas on Cumberland Island, but was withdrawn on account\\nof its distance and isolation. Another fort, called St. Nico-\\nlas, was on the St. John s River, a few miles above its mouth.\\nAt Picolata there were two forts the larger, on the west\\nbank of the river, and called Poppa,* was garrisoned by\\nsixty men; the other, at Picolata, had only ten men. These\\nforts were designed to keep in check the Indians, and to pro-\\ntect the passage of detachments marching from St. Augus-\\ntine to Apalachee. An attack had been made upon Fort\\nPoppa by a party from the English settlement, in Decem-\\nber, which had proved unsuccessful. In January, however,\\nThe remains of Fort Poppa are still visible, near the feny-house\\non the west bank of the St. John s River, opposite Picolata.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n193\\nthe fort at Picolata was taken, and Oglethorpe seemed to\\nexpect that the garrison at St. Augustine, being short of\\nprovisions, would become dissatisfied and desert in large\\nnumbers to him, while the rest, when driven into their\\ncastle and bombarded, would speedily surrender.* The\\nvessels that composed the English squadron were the Flam-\\nborough, Captain Pearce, the Squirrel, Captain Warren,\\nthe Phoenix, Captain Fanshaw, and the Tartar, Captain\\nTownshend, each of twenty guns. The force Oglethorpe\\nhad at his command in Georgia consisted of a regiment\\nof regulars just arrived from England, a company of\\nScotch Highlanders from the Altamaha, under Captain\\nMcintosh, and an inconsiderable body of Indians. The\\nplace of rendezvous appointed for the land-forces was the\\nmouth of the St. John s River.\\nOglethorpe felt the necessity of proceeding with the utmost\\nenergy but, as is usual with such expeditions, made up of\\ncontingent forces and without regular military organiza-\\ntion and discipline, there were delays, so that it was late in\\nMay the 24th before the land-forces reached the mouth\\nof the river, about forty miles from St. Augustine.\\nAbout midway stood a fort, called San Diego, garrisoned\\nby a few men, who fell back to St. Augustine and left the\\nfort in the hands of Oglethorpe s party. On the ist of\\nJune they reached a small fort, called Fort Moosa, about\\ntwo miles north of St Augustine, and generally called\\nThe Negro Fort, it having been constructed for the fugi-\\ntive slaves from South Carolina, and used by them as a\\nplace of security. This fort is described as being about\\ntwenty miles from Fort Diego, and within two miles dis-\\ntance and in full sight of the castle of St. Augustine, and\\nsituated near the creek which runs between Point Cartel\\nReport of Com. S. C, p. 430.\\n17", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nand the castle up to Fort Diego. Fort Moosa was built in\\nthe middle of a plantation, to protect the negroes from the\\nIndians. It was square, with a flanker in each corner,\\nbanked around with earth, having a ditch without on all\\nsides lined with prickly palmetto royal, and contained a\\nhouse, a well, and a lookout. The English found this\\nfort deserted, and, for some reason, concluding to destroy\\nit, the gate and the house within the fort were burnt, and\\ntwo breaches made in the ramparts, probably with the view\\nof preventing its reoccupation by the enemy. Afterwards,\\nconcluding to garrison it. Colonel Palmer was sent there\\nwith one hundred and thirty-three men, consisting of Mc-\\nintosh s Highlanders and some infantry, forty mounted\\nmen, and thirty-five Indians. Palmer protested against re-\\nmaining with so small a force.*\\nLieutenant Bryant was sent out to obtain information,\\nand, returning, reported the town to be in great confu-\\nsion, the inhabitants screeching and crying, and recom-\\nmended an immediate attack. Oglethorpe then made a re-\\nconnoissance in person, and, concluding that he would not\\nbe justified in* exposing his men in so hazardous an attempt,\\ndetermined to fall back to Fort Diego until joined by\\nthe remainder of his forces. It was not until the 6th of\\nJune that Colonel Vanderdussen arrived with his Carolina\\nregiment, marching along the sea-beach to Point Cartel,\\nand about the same time the fleet took position, and the\\nsiege was formally begun on the 20th of June.\\nOn the 24th of Junq the English opened fire upon the\\ntown and castle from three batteries which they had\\nerected on Anastasia Island. One of these batteries was\\non the point of the island opposite the fort, and consisted\\nof five pieces, four eighteen-pounders and one nine-\\nMS. Report of Expedition to St. Augustine, S. C, p. 437.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 195\\npounder another battery was on the margin of some high-\\nwooded ground on the same island, and consisted of two\\neighteen-pounders the third battery was on the north\\nbeach, on North River Point, called San Mateo, and had\\nseven pieces, six of which were of iron and one of bronze.\\nThe mortars and mortarets were thirty-four in num-\\nber, two of large size, two medium, and thirty of small\\ncalibre.*\\nOn Sunday night, the 25th of June,t a force of three\\nhundred men attacked Fort Moosa, then held by Colonel\\nPalmer (who, it will be remembered, had remonstrated\\nagainst being left there with so small a garrison). There\\nhad been much dissatisfaction from the first among the\\nofficers. Colonel Palmer believed the fort to be untenable,\\nand desired his officers to go out and scout about the\\ncountry^ which they declined doing. There was some dif-\\nficulty, too, about the command, between Colonel Palmer\\nand Captains Mcintosh and McKay, and this led to in-\\nsubordination, and the garrison was not in condition to\\nmake as firm a resistance as would have been otherwise\\nmaintained and as might have proved effectual. As it\\nwas, they were taken by surprise and overcome.\\nAs there was at that time much discussion and recrimi-\\nnation in reference to this matter, it may be as well to in-\\nsert, verbatim, the account of one of the party engaged in\\nthe affair, as given before an investigating committee of\\nthe Carolina House of Assembly. The account is as\\nfollows\\nOn the 15th of June, about ten o clock p.m., one of\\nmy rangers reported he had heard the Indian war-dance.\\nMonteano MS. Dispatch, No. 205.\\nThe English account says 15th June. The discrepancy may arise\\nfrom the difference in computation, Old Style and New Style.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThereupon Colonel Palmer said we might expect a brush\\nbefore day, and ordered the men to lie down and take a\\nnap, and he would awake them by three or four o clock.\\nAccordingly he did so, and all the rangers got up imme-\\ndiately and stood to their arms. Then the colonel went\\ninto the fort and aroused the garrison, and, telling them\\nthe danger they were in, urged them to stand to their arms.\\nBut, as usual, not regarding him, they all lay down again.\\nThis put him into a great passion, and, coming out, he said\\nhe did not know what they trusted to, that the Spaniards\\nwould surely attack them after the Indian manner, and re-\\npeated that the general had sent them there to be sacrificed.\\nHe stood for some time after in the gateway, talking with\\none Jones. On a sudden one of the sentinels called out\\nthat there was a party of men coming. Colonel Palmer\\ncalled out aloud, Stand to your arms not a man of you\\nfire receive their first fire, then half of you fire and fall\\nback, making room for the rest to come up, and we will\\nkill them like dogs. Some of the Highlanders, then upon\\nguard in the bastions, fired notwithstanding. Directly the\\nenemy poured in a large volley, upon which the colonel\\nsaid, Are these the men I have to trust to I thought so\\nbefore, and betook himself to the ditch. The rangers,\\nwho were about twelve yards without, followed the colonel\\nas he had before directed them, because they would be in\\nas much danger from the fire of the Highlanders within\\nthe fort as from the enemy without. Jones ran into the\\nfort and got all the Indians together in one flanker, there\\nbeing great hurry and confusion among the men, some be-\\ning dressed and some undressed. Jones went into every\\nflanker three times, yet could not find Captain Mcintosh or\\nsee anything of the soldiers. He found Captain McKay\\nin one of them, just got up, in his shirt, with a small-sword\\nand a musket. Jones advised Captain McKay to support", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 197\\nthe gate with the Highlanders, but to no purpose. In the\\nmean time the enemy, attacking in different parties, par-\\nticularly endeavored to force their way into the fort through\\nthe gate. But it was so well defended during a constant fire\\non all sides for a quarter of an hour, from the two flankers\\nthat commanded that side, and by Colonel Palmer, who kept\\nforming and encouraging his men, that they were repulsed\\ntwice. At length they came on again, sword in hand, and\\nentered the gate, being led by an officer whom Jones shot at\\nhis entrance. At the same time another party entered at one\\nof the breaches, and soon the fort was full of Spaniards, it\\nbeing now about half an hour before day. McKay immedi-\\nately jumped over into the ditch, sword in hand, and ad-\\nvised all to shift for themselves. Soon after Mcintosh was\\ncarried out, a prisoner. They continued some time longer\\nat club-work, cutting and slashing as fast as they could,\\nuntil, the Spaniards being evidently masters, all that were\\nable jumped into the ditch and made their way off through\\nthe enemy that surrounded the fort. Among these were\\nJones and six Indians, who on their way were joined by\\nColonel Palmer s two sons, the captain and his brother,\\nand one of the rangers, who all together kept firing as they\\nmarched, and so, opening a way for themselves, escaped,\\nCaptain Palmer in particular killing a Spanish Indian. All\\nthis time Colonel Palmer maintained the ditch, with only\\ntwo of his company by his side. At last he was shot from\\nwithin the fort, and, bleeding very much inwardly from the\\nmouth, he yet loaded his gun, and, when almost gone,\\nreeling and panting, he cried out as he fell, Huzza, my\\nboys the day is ours I have been in many a battle, and\\nnever lost one yet!\\nOthers escaped to Point Cartel by the creek. Fifty\\nwhites and Indians were killed, and twenty prisoners were\\ntaken. Colonel Palmer was the only Carolinian killed.\\n17*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1^8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe enemy s force consisted of three hundred forzadas\\n(convicts) and negroes. They lost two officers, including\\ntheir commander, and had as many killed as the English.\\nGovernor Monteano says that the attack on Fort Moosa\\nwas made with three hundred men, at eleven o clock at\\nnight, with such impetuosity that sixty-eight of the Eng-\\nlish were left dead on the field and thirty-four were\\ntaken prisoners. The English force was stated by pris-\\noners to be from one hundred and forty to one hundred\\nand seventy, of whom thirty-five were Indians, Ychies and\\nUchies, commanded by a white chief. That an Indian-\\nreported he saw the body of Colonel Palmer, headless.\\nMonteano acknowledges the loss of Lieutenant Don Jose\\nde Aguilar and nine soldiers, and says his forces destroyed\\nthe fort and buried the dead.\\nIt appears pretty clearly, from the accounts on both\\nsides, that, although not actually surprised, the greater part\\nof Palmer s forces were entirely unprepared and had made\\nno preparations for a successful resistance. The number\\nof killed would show that there was a somewhat desperate\\nhand-to-hand conflict, and from Colonel Palmer s remark\\nit would appear that many of the English suffered from\\nthe misdirected aim of their comrades in the fort.\\nDisorganization and want of discipline, and the lack of\\nunity in the counsels at Fort Moosa, led to the natural\\nresult. The success of the Spaniards greatly encouraged\\nthem to make strenuous efforts for the defense of the castle,\\nwhile the besiegers became depressed and anxious, and\\nCaptain Mcintosh, in a letter written while he was a prisoner in\\nSpain, says, Seven hundred Spaniards sallied out to attack us. They\\ndid not surprise us, but put on with numbers. Twenty were taken\\nprisoners, a few got off; the rest killed. The Spaniards lost three\\nhundred killed on the spot, besides wounded. MS. in Ga. Hist.\\nSoc. Library Fairbanks s Hist. St. Augustine, p. 147.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 199\\nwere daily suffering from the effects of the midsummer heat\\nin this exposed position, where, too, they were annoyed by\\nswarms of insects, from which they could invent no protec-\\ntion.\\nOglethorpe, however, proceeded with his offensive opera-\\ntions, and, having completed his first battery, on the 19th\\nof June formally summoned the Spanish garrison to sur-\\nrender. On the following day. Governor Monteano re-\\nturned his answer, in which he swore by the Holy Cross\\nthat he would defend the castle to the last drop of his\\nblood, and hoped soon to kiss his Excellencie s hand within\\nits walls. It is said, however, on English authority, that\\nthe majority of the people of St. Augustine were in favor\\nof a surrender, on condition that they should be permitted\\nto go to Havana but the governor and bishop, who, it is\\nsaid, had come to a knowledge of the time our men-of-\\nwar intended to stay, would not consent.* This statement\\nrefers to a determination made by the commander of the\\nfleet, and communicated to General Oglethorpe on the 6th\\nof June, that he should deem it unsafe to remain on the\\ncoast later than the 5 th of July, and which communication\\nmay have reached the ears of the Spanish government\\nthrough deserters, or through prisoners captured at Fort\\nMoosa. A few days afterwards, some Chickasaw Indians\\nbrought into camp the head of a Spanish Indian, and pre-\\nsented it as a trophy to General Oglethorpe, who, wholly\\nunaccustomed to the barbarities of savage warfare, spurned\\nthe offering and called the Indians barbarous dogs. This\\nsurprised and greatly exasperated them, and they soon\\nafter deserted. The batteries continued to play upon the\\ntown and fort, but with indifferent success, owing to the\\nReport of Com. S. C. House of Assembly, pp. 453-4-\\nf Monteano says a deserter came over on the 14th of June.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nshort range of the guns and the want of precision in\\nhandling them, but still more to the peculiar nature of\\nthe material of which the castle was built being con-\\nstructed of a stone formed by the aggregation of small\\nshells, thoroughly compacted, soft and yielding in appear-\\nance, but offering very much the same resistance to cannon-\\nshot as that of moss or cotton on the face of a sand battery.\\nThe balls penetrated the stone to about their own depth,\\nbut made no fracture. Probably a continuous battering\\nwith modern rifled cannon might have cut through these\\nwalls and brought them down but with such guns as were\\nthen used the castle was impregnable. The English claimed\\nthat all the shells fired except three broke either in the\\ntown or castle but Monteano, in a report to the governor\\nof Cuba, says that up to the 6th of July, although one\\nhundred and fifty-three shells had fallen, his garrison and\\npeople had received no injury.\\nOglethorpe knew that the Spaniards were short of pro-\\nvisions, and vigilantly guarded the entrances to St. Augus-\\ntine by the main bar and Matanzas Inlet, but neglected\\nto blockade a port some sixty miles south, at Mosquito.\\nThis port communicated by tide-water within a few miles\\nof the head of the Matanzas River, so that vessels might\\nunload their cargoes at Mosquito, to be transshipped, by\\nsmall boats to the intervening haul-over, and thence again\\nto St. Augustine. It seems a little singular that in this\\nfruitful country the people should have been so entirely\\ndependent upon supplies furnished from abroad but this\\nwas the case with all of the early settlers and had Ogle-\\nthorpe effectually blockaded Mosquito, or placed a vessel\\ninside Matanzas River to cut off that communication, the\\nSpanish garrison would soon have been reduced by starva-\\ntion, for the tenor of Monteano s letters to his superior in\\nCuba was, Provisions, or I starve. The communication", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 20 1\\nwith Cuba was kept up by way of Apalachee, and also by\\ncanoes sent to the Florida Keys, there to connect by fish-\\ning-smacks with Cuba.\\nThe Spaniards had within the harbor some half-galleys,\\nupon which they had mounted a few guns, and from time\\nto time greatly annoyed the English by threatening a night-\\nattack, so that they were kept in a continual state of anxiety.\\nOn the I St of July there were fifty reported sick in the\\nEnglish camp, and Captain Wright, with the South Caro-\\nlina volunteers, determined to return home. About this\\ntime, also, several deserters went over to the Spaniards,\\namong them an Irishman,* and a man from New England,\\nwho reported to Monteano the condition of things in Ogle-\\nthorpe s garrison. The latter had learned the inefficiency\\nof his batteries, but still hoped to reduce the castle by\\nstarvation, until on the 27th of June he was informed by\\nthe captain of the vessel which lay off Matanzas Inlet\\nthat he had seen lying at Mosquito Bar a large sloop, two\\nschooners, and some launches. Monteano says that on the\\n7th of July he received intelligence, through Luis Gomez,\\nthat vessels had arrived at Mosquito bringing him supplies\\nso it seems that, allowing for the difference in computation\\nof time between the English and Spaniards, Monteano\\nand Oglethorpe must have been informed about the same\\ntime of the arrival of the vessels which brought to the\\nformer confidence and relief and to the latter discourage-\\nment. On the same day the commander of the fleet in-\\nformed Oglethorpe that, as the easterly winds were coming\\nin, he felt obliged to ship his anchors and stand off.\\nOglethorpe seems to have then concluded to make a\\nnight-assault upon St. Augustine, as a deserter informed\\nBayley, an Irishman, deserted, but was caught by a negro, tried by\\ncourt-martial, and shot. S. C, Rep.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nMonteano of the intention of the English to attack him\\nduring one of the dark nights that were approaching. In the\\nmean time, the supply-vessels were safely discharged at Mos-\\nquito, and the transshipment by the inland route was com-\\nmenced and carried on securely, until rendered unnecessary\\nby the removal of the English ships, which made it safe\\nfor small vessels to enter at Matanzas Inlet. On the 3d of\\nJuly Colonel Vanderdussen s scouts on Anastasia Island dis-\\ncovered launches coming up Matanzas River, and he there-\\nupon went with a detachment to the narrows, hoping to cut\\noff the passage of the launches, but was driven off by the\\narmed galleys that now guarded the river. The next day\\nthe question of abandoning the siege was discussed by the\\nEnglish commanders, and Colonel Vanderdussen, it is\\nsaid, was opposed to withdrawing. But Oglethorpe felt\\nthat the force at his command was wholly inadequate for\\nprosecuting the siege. Many of his men were sick, the\\nfleet had withdrawn, and, the Spanish garrison having re-\\nceived supplies, there was no longer a hope of reducing\\nthem by starvation. It was therefore decided to raise the\\nsiege and abandon the enterprise for the present. On the\\n7th of July most of the guns from the batteries were placed\\non board the ships, which crossed the bar and went out on\\nthe 9th. Three six-pounders were buried in the sand at\\nPoint Cartel, and one eighteen-pounder at the battery\\nnearest the fort.\\nThe amount of stores destroyed did not probably ex-\\nceed one hundred pounds in value. It is said that the\\nsoldiers were loath to part with the liquor, and drank very\\nfreely of it. The troops marched on the loth, with ban-\\nners flying and drums beating, but were unable to provoke\\nan attack from the Spaniards, Monteano doubtless think-\\ning that prudence was the better part of valor. The\\nloss at Moosa was the only serious one sustained by the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 203\\nEnglish in battle. The Carolina regiment lost but eight\\nmen by sickness, four by accident, and two by desertion to\\nthe enemy. The small number of deaths speaks well for\\nthe healthiness of their encampment on Anastasia Island.\\nBut the siege was undertaken too late in the season, when\\nthere was much unavoidable suffering from the heat and\\ninsects, sand-flies and mosquitos, which must of course\\nhave interfered seriously with the efliciency of Oglethorpe s\\nsmall command. Had he arrived sixty days earlier, he\\nmight have accomplished more than he did but it is hardly\\nto be supposed that, with his small numbers and insufficient\\nsiege-guns, he could at any season have reduced the castle\\nat St. Augustine, fortified as it was with all the equipments\\nknown to the military engineers of that day. The shal-\\nlowness of the water on the bar prevented the entrance of\\nthe English ships to participate in the attack, while the\\narmed galleys of the Spaniards effectually protected the\\ntown from assault by small boats. St. Augustine is situated\\nupon a narrow peninsula formed by the Sebastian and\\nMatanzas Rivers, the waters of which are connected by a\\nditch at the north end of the town, where the fort stands.\\nPalisades and batteries defended the only open side of the\\ntown, in front of which a space of fifteen hundred yards\\nwas kept clear of all obstructions, so that in order to attack\\nthe town from the land-approaches the enemy would have\\nto pass over this open space under fire from the fort,\\nbatteries, and earthworks that protected it. If the town\\nitself had been taken, the castle could have sustained a.\\nsiege, unless forced to surrender for want of provisions.\\nHad Oglethorpe effectually blockaded the ports, including\\nMosquito Inlet, or had he cut off inland communication\\nwith Matanzas River, it would have been almost impossible\\nfor Monteano to obtain supplies; but these avenues of\\ncommunication with the Spanish garrison seem not to have", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nbeen known or clearly understood by the English com-\\nmander.\\nThe failure of his expedition created great dissatisfaction\\nin Carolina, and, as usual, recriminations were indulged in\\ndisputes arose between the South Carolina and Georgia\\npartisans, each endeavoring to throw the entire respon-\\nsibility of the failure upon the other. The disputes\\nwere never settled satisfactorily, and criticisms have ex-\\ntended down even to our own time but the conclusion\\narrived at by those who have thoroughly examined the\\nmatter seems to be, that no blame could be attached to\\neither party, and that the want of success was owing\\nto circumstances over which neither the commander nor\\nhis troops had any control. The season was certainly\\nmost unfavorable, and the force placed at the control of\\nOglethorpe was felt by him to be insufficient but the\\nurgency of the case seemed to admit of no delay, and\\ndoubtless, had the attempt not been made, greater dis-\\nsatisfaction would have been felt than was created by\\nthe failure of the expedition. It has been supposed that a\\ndiscrepancy existed in the English and Spanish reports as\\nto the date at which supplies arrived from Cuba but this\\nis satisfactorily reconciled by observing that the computa-\\ntion in the Spanish accounts was made according to the\\nNew Style, and that in the English by the Old Style.\\nMonteano was informed by deserters that it was the pur-\\npose of Oglethorpe to return in the winter or spring with\\na larger force and he accordingly labored with great dili-\\ngence to strengthen his position, and urged upon the gov-\\nernor of Cuba the necessity of sending him strong rein-\\nforcements. The castle had sustained no material injury\\nin the late bombardment, as its walls now, after a lapse of\\nmore than one hundred years, attest but more men were\\nneeded, for, according to Monteano s statement, he had a", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n205\\nnominal force of seven hundred and fifty men, and of these\\nonly three hundred and fifty-six could be relied on for\\nactive duty. He asked for three hundred and ninety-four\\nto make up the complement of the garrison, and three\\nhundred more to strengthen it against the return of Ogle-\\nthorpe;* these three hundred to be men of arms, mulat-\\ntoes and free negroes, to be sent out immediately, the\\nregulars and artillery not later than the ensuing December. j\\nHe urged constantly upon the governor of Cuba the\\nnecessity of sending him reinforcements to meet the appre-\\nhended attack of the English and it undoubtedly was the\\nintention of Oglethorpe to return to St. Augustine when-\\never he had such force as experience had proved to be\\nnecessary.\\nEight companies of infantry were sent to Monteano\\nand in the following spring, finding the attention of the\\nEnglish apparently withdrawn from further offensive opera-\\ntions, he advised the invasion of South Carolina and\\nGeorgia. A destructive fire had occurred in Charleston,\\nconsuming three hundred of the best buildings in the place\\nand, the province being greatly depressed by the heavy in-\\ndebtedness in which the expedition to Florida had involved\\nher, Monteano thought that the misfortunes of his neigh-\\nbors invited an invasion of their province with the greater\\npromise of success. He hoped to strike them with terror\\nby an attack which would threaten them with an insurrec-\\ntion of their slaves, and which, by the destruction of their\\ncity and some of their plantations, would create consterna-\\ntion, and perhaps cause the flight of many.\\nThe proposition of Monteano does not appear to have\\nbeen acted on immediately, and the year 1741 passed\\nMonteano MS., Carta de 7 Agosto, 1740.\\nf Monteano MS.\\n18", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "2o6 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\naway without active operations on either side. Prepara-\\ntions were, however, made by the Spaniards with the view\\nof invading the English colonies with a large force in the\\nfollowing spring. Early in the spring of 1742, the governor\\nof Cuba dispatched an expedition designed to operate\\nagainst the settlements in Georgia. It consisted of some two\\nthousand men, and went first to St. Augustine, where great\\ndelay occurred, from the difficulty of organizing that por-\\ntion of the expedition that was to be formed from the gar-\\nrison at that place. In the mean time, Oglethorpe was\\napprised of the proximity of the Spanish fleet. He at\\nonce called to his aid the friendly Indians attached to his\\nservice, and sent a message to Carolina, urging prompt\\nassistance. No effort was spared to strengthen his position\\nand to use to the best advantage his very limited means,\\nand, without professional engineers, he went to work to\\nconstruct batteries to command the approach to St. Simon s\\nIsland.\\nThe Spanish fleet, consisting of thirty-six sail, received\\nat St. Augustine an additional force of one thousand men,\\nand was placed under the command of Governor Monteano.\\nOn the 5th of July, 1742, he entered the harbor of St.\\nSimon s, where he met with strong resistance from Ogle-\\nthorpe, who had mounted guns on two vessels in the harbor,\\nand kept up a steady fire from these and his batteries on\\nthe shore. After four hours engagement, Monteano suc-\\nceeded in passing these and getting beyond the range of\\nthe guns whereupon Oglethorpe determined to abandon\\nthe works and retire to Frederica. Having destroyed the\\nfort and batteries at St. Simon s, he succeeded in safely\\nretreating to Frederica with several vessels, and there\\nawaited the attack of Monteano. Two days later the\\nSpanish general landed his troops and commenced his\\nmarch. In order to reach Frederica he was obliged to", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n207\\npass over a narrow causeway through the marshes, and,\\nwhile crossing this place, he was attacked, and sustained\\nsuch heavy losses that he fell back to the cover of his camp,\\nleaving many prisoners in the hands of the English. A\\nfew days afterwards the Spaniards attempted to ascend the\\nriver and attack Frederica Dy water, but they encountered\\nsuch a warm reception that they again fell back. Ogle-\\nthorpe learned that in the action at the causeway Monteano\\nlost four captains and over two hundred men, and that\\na number had also been killed at the action with the bat-\\nteries. The English general determined to avail himself\\nof the evident discouragement prevailing in the Spanish\\ncamp, and by a night-attack add to their apprehension and\\ndissatisfaction, and accordingly marched his forces to the\\nneighborhood of the Spanish camp. But the desertion of\\na Frenchman, who betrayed his plans to the enemy, com-\\npelled him to abandon the attack. This apparently unfor-\\ntunate incident was, however, used to good effect by the\\nready genius of Oglethorpe. Calling in one of his Span-\\nish prisoners, he gave him a sum of money and promised\\nhim his liberty if he would carry a letter from him to the\\nFrench deserter. This letter was in French, and purported\\nto be written by a friend of the Frenchman, desiring him\\nto persuade the Spaniards that the English forces were weak\\nand could be easily overcome and he was then to induce\\nthem (the Spaniards), if possible, to allow him to pilot\\nthem up a safe passage to the English fort, but he was to\\nbring them directly upon concealed batteries and, if the\\nplan was carried out faithfully, the Frenchman was to re-\\nceive a liberal reward. When the Spaniard arrived in\\ncamp, he was carried immediately before the governor and\\nquestioned as to his escape and whether he had letters.\\nHe said he had none, but, upon being searched, the letter\\nwas found. The Frenchman denied knowing the writer of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "2o8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nit or anything of its contents but, on trial, he was con-\\ndemned as a double spy, and so the object of Oglethorpe s\\nintrigue Avas effected, in having awakened the distrust of\\nthe Spaniards towards the French deserter. Monteano\\nwas, however, greatly perplexed by the letter, and re-em-\\nbarked his troops. Just at this critical time, three vessels,\\nthat had been sent from Charleston to aid Oglethorpe, ap-\\npeared in sight, and Monteano, believing that the English\\nwould be heavily reinforced, determined to retire. An\\nattack was made upon Fort William by a portion of the\\nfleet, but was unsuccessful whereupon the entire Spanish\\nforce retired to Cuba and St. Augustine, deeply chagrined\\nat the failure of their enterprise.* There appears to have\\nbeen a want of cordiality and co-operation between Ogle-\\nthorpe and the Carolinians on this occasion, caused, it is\\nsaid, by their distrust of the general s abilities as a military\\nleader, the unfortunate expedition to St. Augustine being\\nstill fresh in their memories; but Oglethorpe s repulse of\\nMonteano restored their confidence and established his\\nreputation as one of the most distinguished colonial gov-\\nernors on this continent. In March of the next year,\\n1743, Oglethorpe made a sudden descent upon Florida,\\nand marched to the gates of St. Augustine, offering battle,\\nand the Indians attached to his force advanced with so\\nmuch celerity that they captured and slew forty of the\\nSpanish troops under the very walls of the fort where they\\nwere seeking shelter. The Spaniards refusing to fight,\\nOglethorpe retired and, though it was reported that troops\\nwere to be sent from Havana to destroy the English colonies,\\nno further hostilities occurred, and comparative peace pre-\\nGeneral Oglethorpe s letter to the Duke of Newcastle, July 30,\\n1741.\\nf General Oglethorpe s letter, 21st March, 1743.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n209\\nvailed for many years, although the Indians in the Spanish\\ninterest continued to molest and ravage the English border\\nsettlements. The garrison at St. Augustine was greatly\\nreduced after the necessity for defensive operations had\\nceased, and in 1759 Governor Palazir reports his com-\\nmand as only five hundred men in all on duty there.\\nA treaty was concluded between Great Britain and Spain\\nin the year 1748, which caused a suspension of hostilities\\nbetween the colonies. The progress of French settlements\\nin the West began to create uneasiness, as a conflict of in-\\nterest threatened between the trading- houses of the three\\nrival nations. Upon the renewal of hostilities between\\nSpain and Great Britain, in 1762, Havana fell into the\\nhands of the English, which at once isolated St. Augustine\\nfrom its home government and sources of supply. England\\nhad long desired to complete her colonial boundaries by\\nthe acquisition of Florida, and the capture of Havana\\nseemed to offer a favorable opportunity, by arranging for\\nits transfer to Spain in exchange for Florida. This was\\neffected in concluding the treaty between England, France,\\nand Spain, November 3, 1762, and ratified on the loth of\\nFebruary, 1763. By this treaty, the provinces of East and\\nWest Florida were ceded to Great Britain, and Cuba was\\nrestored to Spain.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nPolicy of the English Government for the Settlement of Florida Land-\\nGrants Dr. Turnbull s Colony of Greeks and Minorcans at Smyrna\\nGovernor Grant s Administration Governor Tonyn s Adminis-\\ntration First Colonial Assembly Revolutionary War Burning of\\nEffigies of Hancock and Adams.\\n1763\u00e2\u0080\u00941779.\\nThe change of flags was excessively distasteful to the\\nSpanish population of Florida. Apart from the feelings\\nengendered by the long continuance of hostilities between\\nthemselves and the neighboring English colonies, there\\nwas the utter repugnance arising from religious prejudices\\nand traditional animosities, extending back to the days of\\nHenry VIII.\\nThe nineteenth article of the treaty between Spain and\\nEngland provided that Great Britain should grant to the\\ninhabitants of the countries ceded the liberty of the\\nCatholic religion, and that his Britannic Majesty will, in\\nconsequence, give the most exact and the most effectual\\norders that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess\\nthe worship of their religion according to the rites of the\\nRoman Church, so far as the laws of Great Britain per-\\nmit. His majesty further agreed that the Spanish inhab-,\\nitants or others who have been subjects to the Catholic\\nking in the said countries, may retire in all safety and\\nfreedom, etc. These guarantees, though in liberality and\\ntoleration far in advance of the principles and practice of\\n(210)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 211\\nthe Catholic King of Spain, were insufficient to overcome\\nthe repugnance of the inhabitants to passing under the\\ndomination of England.\\nOn the 7th of October, 1763, the King of Great Britain,\\ntaking into consideration the extensive and valuable ac-\\nquisitions in America secured to his crown by the treaty\\nof the preceding year, issued a royal proclamation, in\\nwhich he declared that, with the advice of his privy coun-~\\ncil, he had granted letters-patent, under the great seal,\\nto erect, within the countries and islands ceded and con-\\nfirmed to us by the said treaty, four distinct and separate\\ngovernments, styled and called by the names of Quebec,\\nEast Florida, West Florida, and Granada.\\nThe government of East Florida was declared to be\\nbounded to the westward by the Gulf of Mexico and the\\nApalachicola River to the northward, by a line drawn\\nfrom that part of the said river where the Chattahoochee\\nand Flint Rivers meet, to the source of the St. Mary s\\nRiver, and by the course of the said river to the Atlantic\\nOcean and to the eastward and southward, by the Gulf of\\nFlorida, including all islands within six leagues of the sea-\\ncoast.\\nThe government of West Florida was declared to be\\nbounded to the southward by the Gulf of Mexico, includ-\\ning all islands within six leagues of the sea-coast, from the\\nriver Apalachicola to Lake Pontchartrain to the westward,\\nby said lake, the Lake Maurepas, and the river Mississippi\\nto the northward, by a line drawn due east from that part\\nof the river Mississippi which lies in thirty-one degrees\\n(31\u00c2\u00b0) of north latitude, to the river Apalachicola or Chat-\\ntahoochee and to the eastward, by said river.\\nIt will thus be seen that Florida in 1763 embraced all\\nof the coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and a part of that of\\nLouisiana.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe letters-palent constituting the new governments gave\\nexpress power and directions to the governors of the respect-\\nive provinces, that, so soon as the state of the colonies would\\nadmit, they should, with the advice and consent of the mem-\\nbers of their several councils, summon General Assemblies\\nwithin their respective governments, in such manner and\\nform as were used and directed in those colonies and prov-\\ninces in America which were under the king s immediate\\ngovernment. Power was also given to the said governors,\\nwith the consent of the councils and the representatives of\\nthe people, to make laws for the public peace, welfare, and\\ngood government as nearly as might be agreeable to the\\nlaws of England, and under such regulations and restric-\\ntions -as were used in other colonies; and until such assem-\\nblies could be called, the governors, with the assent of\\ntheir respective councils, were authorized to establish\\ncourts of judicature in their respective colonies.\\nThis was the first admission of representative govern-\\nment within the bounds of Florida, and indicates the\\nsource of the unexampled prosperity which attended the\\nefforts of Great Britain in the work of colonization. The\\nnarrow and autocratic regulations with which other powers\\nhad endeavored to regulate their colonial dependencies,\\nand which were aggravated by the distance from the seat\\nof power, gave no voice in the government to the colonists,\\nand had a tendency to repress all enterprise and chill all\\npublic spirit. Colonies are usually increased by the favor-\\nble representations of their first settlers and their opinions\\nwill be influenced, favorably or otherwise, quite as much\\nby the institutions of a country as by its physical advan-\\ntages.\\nThe Spanish system of colonial administration advanced\\nnone of the material interests of the country, and the gov-\\nernment never treated the inhabitants as capable of self-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 213\\ngovernment, but collected around its garrisoned posts a\\ncrowd of parasites and dependents, who were contented to\\nlive in safety under its protection, satisfied with salaries and\\npetty employments.\\nWith the view of encouraging the speedy settlement of\\nthe newly-acquired territories, the English governors were\\nempowered and directed to grant lands, without fee or re-\\nward, to such reduced officers as had served during the late\\nwar, and to such private soldiers as had been or should be\\ndisbanded in America, and were actually residing there,\\nand should personally apply for such grants, subject, at the\\nexpiration of ten years, to the same quit-rents as other\\nlands in the provinces in which they were granted, as\\nalso to the same conditions of cultivation and improve-\\nment. These grants were to be proportioned to the\\nrank of the applicants. A field-officer was to receive five\\nthousand acres a captain, three thousand a subaltern\\nor staff-officer, two thousand every non-commissioned\\nofficer, two hundred acres and every private soldier, fifty\\nacres.\\nAt the period of the cession of Florida, the Spanish\\nflag had floated over the city of St. Augustine for one hun-\\ndred and ninety years. Within that period, the French\\nhad made settlements in Louisiana, and on the Mississippi\\nfrom its mouth to the Falls of St. Anthony, and thence\\neastward along the great lakes to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,\\nas well as on the Ohio and other principal rivers. The\\nEnglish had occupied the whole Atlantic seaboard with\\nher colonies, which now comprised a population of nearly\\nthree millions. At the close of nearly two hundred years\\nfrom her occupation of Florida, Spain occupied but little\\nmore territory than at the beginning and the entire popu-\\nlation of Florida at the time of the cession hardly ex-\\nceeded six or seven thousand, and the interior of the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ncountry was almost as much of a wilderness as ever. The\\nSpanish population was gathered within the towns of St.\\nAugustine and Pensacola and Mobile, and hardly any agri-\\ncultural population existed. The people were mostly de-\\npendents upon the military and civic employment of the\\ngovernment, and seem to have been greatly deficient in in-\\ndustry and enterprise.\\nThe change of government of course involved the loss\\nof official employment, and this portion of the inhabitants\\nwithdrew at once to the West Indies and Mexico. The\\noppressive conduct of Major Ogilvie, who held the tem-\\nporary command of the province immediately after its\\ncession, is said to have had much influence upon the re-\\nmoval of the Spanish inhabitants, which was so complete\\nthat not more than five persons remained and had it not\\nbeen for the efforts of the commanding officer the retiring\\ninhabitants would have destroyed every house and building\\nin St. Augustine. The governor destroyed his fine garden,^\\nand the inhabitants before they left not only assumed to\\nsell their houses in town, but the whole country, to a few I\\ngentlemen who remained there for that purpose.*\\nGeneral James Grant was appointed the first English\\ngovernor of East Florida in 1763, and proceeded to adopt\\nthe most salutary measures to promote the settlement of\\nthe province and to develop its resources. In a procla-\\nmation, issued in October, 1767, he especially refers to the\\ngreat salubrity of the country and the extreme age which\\nits inhabitants had attained. He refers also to the advan-\\ntages which the climate offers for the production of indigo\\nand the fruits and tropical productions of the West\\nIndies.\\nUnder the impetus of the patronage of the government,\\nForbes s Florida, p. 18.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 215\\nattention was drawn to Florida, and emigration from the\\nBritish Islands to its shores encouraged. Public roads\\nwere laid out, and so well constructed that they remain to\\nthis day the best roads in the State, and are still known\\nas the king s roads. Bounties were offered upon indigo,\\nnaval stores, etc., in order to stimulate their production.\\nPamphlets descriptive of the country were issued in Eng-\\nland, and letters recounting its many advantages appeared\\nin the newspaper publications of the day, and two or more\\nworks with engraved illustrations were issued from the press.*\\nIn the year 1765, a general council of the western tribes\\nof Indians Avas held at Mobile, attended by the head-men\\nand warriors of the Chickasaws and Choctaws, and by the\\nBritish governor of West Florida. At this council a tariff\\nof trade was settled to the satisfaction of the Indians.\\nThe road from Fort Barrington, on the St. Mary s, to\\nSt. Augustine, now called the King s Road, was con-\\nstructed in 1765 by the subscription of several public-\\nspirited gentlemen, among whom were Governors Grant\\nand Moultrie, and Messrs. Forbes, Fish, Izard, Pinckney,-\\nGerard, Walton, Manigault, Oswald, Huger, Henry, Lau-\\nrens, Elliot, Murray, and others, names which indicate\\nthat the distinguished families of South Carolina bearing\\nthose names once belonged to Florida.\\nA considerable emigration, consisting of some forty\\nfamilies, went from Bermuda, in 1766, to Mosquito, with\\nthe purpose of applying themselves to ship-building. The\\nfine groves of live-oak in that neighborhood had attracted\\nthe attention of the British government, and the abundant\\nsupply of ship-timber was considered among the most val-\\nuable fruits of the acquisition of Florida.\\nRoberts s Florida, London.\\nf Forbes s Florida, 73; Stark s Florida, London,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "21 6 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nAn association was formed in London, at the head of\\nwhich was Dr. Andrew TurnbuU, a Scotch gentleman, hav-\\ning in view the settlement of the large and very valuable\\nbody of land lying near Mosquito Inlet. They proposed\\nto accomplish this purpose by procuring settlers from the\\nsouth of Europe and the Mediterranean islands of Minorca,\\netc., who, living in a similar climate, might successfully\\ntransplant to and cultivate the productions of their country\\non the rich lands of Florida.\\nSir William Duncan and Dr. Turnbull, at an expense\\nof one hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars, brought\\nfrom Smyrna, under indentures, fifteen hundred Greeks,\\nItalians, and Minorcans, who formed a settlement at\\nMosquito and called it New Smyrna. Their indentures-\\nrequired them, in consideration of the sums paid for\\ntheir passage and support, to labor for the proprietors a\\ncertain number of years, at the end of which they were\\nto be entitled to receive grants of land in proportion\\nto the number of persons in their families. The location\\nof the settlement was well chosen, on the line below the\\nregion of frost, situated upon a river abounding in fish,\\nturtle, and oysters, with a rich and productive soil, in the\\nhammocks bordered by pine ridges favorable to health.\\nMuch labor was expended in opening canals and ditches,\\nand in making various permanent improvements, among\\nwhich was the stone wharf which still remains. The opera-\\ntions of the colony were carried on with much system, and,\\nit is said, with success. Indigo and sugar were the principal\\narticles cultivated, but the vine and fig were planted.\\nThe settlement of the new town of Pensacola, upon the-\\nmainland, where it now stands, had been commenced by.\\nthe Spanish inhabitants before the cession, and the old\\nsettlement on Santa Rosa Island almost entirely abandoned.\\nThe arrival of the English gave an impulse to the growth-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n217\\nof the ii^tv city, and its being now made the capital of the\\ncolonial government of the province of West Florida, and\\nthe presence of a large garrison, for whose accommoda-\\ntion extensive barracks were constructed, made it a place\\nof considerable importance. The expenditures of the\\nBritish government in carrying on the government of West\\nFlorida during the last three years of the English occupa-\\ntion amounted to the large sum of four hundred and five\\nthousand pounds. Those for East Florida, during the\\nsame period, were about one hundred and thirty-five thou-\\nsand pounds. The expenditures of the Spanish govern-\\nment were for both provinces about one hundred and fifty\\nthousand dollars per annum. The population of West\\nFlorida did not increase so rapidly as that of the eastern\\nprovince, being more distant and less accessible from the\\nAtlantic coast. There seems to have been the usual amount\\nof provincial intrigue and local politics in West Florida,\\nas in other small communities.*\\nPublished letters, written by officers of the garrison at\\nOne of the officers, writing from Pensacola in 1770, says, Affairs\\nin our unlucky province have as yet been upon a very unstable foot-\\ning. Whether this ill fate is still doomed to be our lot, or whether we\\nare about to emerge from such unhappy circumstances, a little time\\nwill discover.\\nPensacola has been justly famed for vexatious lawsuits. It is\\ncontrived, indeed, that if a poor man owes but five pounds, and has\\nnot got so much ready money, or if he disputes some dollars of im-\\nposition that may be in the account, or if he is guilty of shaking his\\nfist at any rascal that has abused him, he is sure to be prosecuted\\nand the costs of every suit are about seven pounds sterling I\\nhave known this province for a little more than four years, yet I could\\nname to you a set of men who may brag of one governor resigned, one\\nhorse-whipped, and one whom they led by the nose and supported\\nwhile it suited their purpose and then betrayed him. What the next\\nturn of affairs will be, God knows. Forbes, p. 180.\\n19", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "2i8 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nPensacola, abound with unfavorable criticisms upon the\\nplace and its society. One is often forced to observe how\\napt persons composing such limited circles are to be\\nengrossed with the petty details of their narrow limits,\\nto exaggerate their inconveniences, magnify their own-\\ntroubles, and gossip freely of their neighbors imputing\\nsometimes the grossest derelictions in morals upon mere _\\nconjecture, and illustrating in a thousand ways the weak-\\nnesses and infirmities of poor human nature. The history\\nof every colony is replete with discussions, backbitings,\\njealousies, conspiracies, harsh oppression, unjustifiable re-\\nvenge, and often bloody retribution. Exiled far from their\\nhomes, and requiring every alleviation of sympathy and\\nmutual aid; the colonists oftentimes appeared to exhibit the\\nspirit of the Evil One, increasing and embittering the un-\\navoidable hardships and privations of their position.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Many writers have labored to frame a theoretical form\\nof government which should be adapted to human society,\\nwherein all the acknowledged evils and misfortunes of exist-\\ning social organization should be remedied, the evil tenden-\\ncies of human nature corrected, its good impulses excited,\\nall that is venerable, good, and pure respected, virtue oc-\\ncupying high places, and the law of justice universally\\nacknowledged. While these theorists might well say to\\ntheir objectors that no sufficient test could be applied in the\\nmidst of old and organized societies, they would find it im-\\npossible to deny that in the settlements of the New World,\\nwhere the fairest field existed for the successful reformation\\nof the abuses of old societies, these evils became intensi-\\nfied, selfishness exhibiting itself as the main principle of\\naction, and these new settlements were, for the most part,\\nthe most wretchedly disagreeable, unsatisfying, and miser-\\nable assemblages of people which could anywhere be\\nfound. Those who will carefully peruse the annals of our", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n219\\nearly colonial settlements will find abundant proof of these\\nobservations.\\nMany grants of land were made in the province of\\nWest Florida in 1776, under the regulations established\\nby the crown, and were mostly located along the banks of\\nthe rivers.\\nAn eminent naturalist, who visited Pensacola in the year\\n1778, says there were at that time some hundreds of houses.\\nThe palace of Governor Chester was a large stone edifice,\\nsurmounted with a tower, which had been built by the\\nSpaniards. The city was defended by a large fortress, the\\nplan of which was a tetragon, having at each corner a\\nsalient angle, and a small round tower was elevated one\\nstory above the curtains, upon which were placed the\\nsmaller cannon. The fort was constructed of timber\\nthere were contained within the walls the council-chamber,\\noffice of records, an arsenal, and magazine, with lodgings\\nfor the garrison.* There were in the city many merchants\\nand professional gentlemen, who occupied well-built houses.\\nA fort also existed on the point of Santa Rosa Island,\\nwhich defended the entrance to the harbor.\\nGeneral Grant continued to fill the office of governor of\\nEast Florida from 1763 to 1771, and, by his wise and judi-\\ncious administration of public affairs, acquired the respect\\nand affection of his people, as well as the confidence of\\nthe home government. During this period the colony re-\\nceived a large accession of inhabitants of the best class\\nfrom Carolina, among whom was Major Moultrie, after-\\nwards lieutenant-governor of the province, and William\\nDrayton, Esq., who became chief-justice. Several English\\nnoblemen, among whom were Lords Granville, Hillsbor-\\nough, Egmont, and Hawke, received large grants of land\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25^ Bartram s Rep. Florida, vol. ii. p. 252,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2 20 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nupon the condition of settlement and cultivation. Several\\ngentlemen of fortune also procured land, upon the same con-\\nditions, among the most prominent of whom were Richard\\nOswald and Dennis Rolle. Mr. Oswald established a planta--\\ntion on the Halifax River, at a place still known as Mount\\nOswald. Dennis Rolle, Esq., father of Lord Rolle, ob-\\ntained from the British government a grant of forty thou-\\nsand acres, and embarked in 1765 from England with\\none hundred families, intending to settle in Middle Florida\\nnear St. Mark s; but, being driven by stress of weather to\\nenter the St. John s River, and wearied with having been-\\na long time on shipboard, he decided to remain, and\\nselected a location on the east side of the St. John s River,\\ntwo or three miles above Pilatka, which he named Char-\\nlottia,* and made his settlement between this point and\\nDunn s Lake. After incurring very great expense, the set-,\\ntlement, owing to the bad management of his agents, was\\nabandoned, and most of the settlers removed to Carolina. f\\nTraces of the old settlement are still to be seen.\\nThere was a large plantation opened about the same\\ntime on the upper St. John s, known as Beresford, and\\nstill bearing that name, and another at Spring Garden. A\\ncolony of Scotch Highlanders made a settlement on the\\nSt. John s River, and afterwards removed to Georgia. .The\\ncultivation of sugar-cane was begun on the Halifax River,\\nand, under the fostering care of the British government,\\nwould, in the course of a few years, have become a very\\nimportant staple of Florida. s,\\nThe colony established by Dr. TurnbuU at New Smyrna\\nin 1767 remained until 1776. Having put the land in\\na proper condition for cultivation, they turned their atten-\\nThis place is still known as Rollstown.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j- Bartram, vol. i 177.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 221\\ntion to the production of indigo, which then bore a high\\nprice in the London market. The net vahie of their first\\ncrop reached the sum of three thousand dollars but diffi-\\nculties soon arose between the proprietors and the colonists,\\nthe latter alleging that the former had not complied with\\ntheir agreements, and that they were restricted in the quan-\\ntity of provisions allowed them, and otherwise treated with\\ngreat tyranny and injustice.\\nIn 1769 an insurrection had taken place among them, in\\nconsequence of the infliction of severe punishments upon\\nsome of their number. The insurrection was put down,\\nand the leaders brought to St. Augustine for trial five of\\nthe number were convicted and sentenced to death, two\\nof whom were pardoned by the governor, and a third was\\nreleased upon the condition of his becoming the execu-\\ntioner of the remaining two.\\nThe Smyrna colony upon its establishment consisted of\\nfourteen hundred persons, but in nine years their numbers\\nhad become reduced, by sickness, to about six hundred.\\nIn the year 1776, two of their number came to St. Augus-\\ntine, and placed before the attorney-general, Mr. Yonge,\\na statement of their wrongs and grievances, with the view\\nof finding some means by which they might be relieved\\nfrom their indentures, and from the thraldom in which\\nthey were held by the proprietors.\\nThe statement of the cruelties practiced upon these col-\\nonists, it is presumable^ is greatly exaggerated, as it does\\nnot seem probable that a course so opposed to the dictates\\nof humanity, and not less so to those of self-interest,\\nshould have been pursued.\\nProceedings were instituted in the civil tribunals at St.\\nAugustine, which resulted in a decree requiring the inden-\\ntures to be cancelled and the colonists released from their\\nengagements to the proprietors. Liberal offers were now\\n19*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "v\\nS^ ^a HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nmade to retain them as freeholders, and to continue the\\ncultivation of their lands but the colonists had suffered so\\ngreatly from sickness and trouble that they were unwilling\\nto remain. The entire number removed to St. Augustine,\\nwhere they received allotments of land in the northern part\\nof the city, which are occupied by their descendants at the\\npresent day.\\nOf the character of Dr. Turnbull we have little knowl-\\nedge, except the prejudicial inferences to be derived from\\nthis transaction. He was a Scotchman, and undoubtedly\\nstrict and exacting in business matters. His position in\\nthe province appears to have been highly respectable, as he\\nwas one of the privy council, and possessed great weight\\nin the management of the affairs of the province, and it\\nwas expected that he would be appointed governor to suc-\\nceed Governor Grant in 1771. The colony which he es-\\ntablished at New Smyrna must have proved almost a total\\nloss to him, as it was abandoned before it could have\\nreached the point of success when it would have proved re-\\nmunerative. The location, although a highly favorable\\none, has never been reoccupied to the same extent but it\\nis not unlikely that at some future day the lands first settled\\nby the Greek colonists will be the centre of a highly culti-\\nvated and wealthy community.\\nX^ Governor Grant retired from office in 1771, and was\\nsucceeded by Lieutenant-Governor Moultrie, who had ac-\\nquired some reputation in the Cherokee war under Colonel\\nMontgomery. Governor Moultrie was a brother of Gen-\\neral Moultrie, a conspicuous officer of the American\\n,army in the Revolutionary War. The chief-justice of the\\nprovince, William Drayton, a gentleman of high social\\nposition and much political inffiience, was unwilling to\\nyield to Major Moultrie the deference which he claimed in\\nhis new position, and these gentlemen were soon at variance", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA, 223\\nin respect to all public measures, and the chief- justice,\\nhaving taken means to thwart the lieutenant-governor in\\nhis official acts, was suspended from his office by Governor\\nMoultrie. Mr. Drayton was charged with being friendly\\nto the revolutionary party in the American colonies, and\\nhis appeal to the English ministry for reinstatement to his\\noffice was unsuccessful. He retired from East Florida, and,\\nafter remaining some time in England, went to South Caro-\\nlina, where he bore a conspicuous part in the struggle for\\nAmerican independence.* One of the assistant judges was\\nappointed by Governor Moultrie to the place of chief-jus-\\ntice, but, being suspected of republican principles, his ap-\\npointment was not confirmed, and a new appointee was\\nsent to fill the place.\\nIn 1774, Governor Tonyn came out from England to\\nassume the government of East Florida. Upon his arrival,\\nhe issued a proclamation to the loyalists of the. colonies \\\\y\\nof Georgia, South Carolina, etc., inviting them to remove to\\nFlorida, and promising them the protection and patronage\\nof the government. A considerable number availed them-\\nselves of his invitation, and settled upon plantations in the\\nneighborhood of St. Augustine.\\nThe transfer of Florida from Spain to Great Britain was\\ntoo recent, and was too great and favorable a change from\\nits former condition, to allow of the growth of the feeling\\nof disaffection which pervaded the other North American\\ncolonies. There were, however, some who sympathized\\nvery strongly with the movements of the republicans, and\\nshared their opinions. Upon the news of the adoption by\\nCongress of the Declaration of Independence being re-\\nceived at St. Augustine, the effigies of John Adams and John\\nHancock were burnt upon the public square at St. Augus-\\ntine, on the spot where the monument now stands.\\nForbes s Sketches of Florida, p. 22.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "2 24 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nA British vessel, called the Betsey, commanded by Cap-\\ntain Lofthouse, sent from London, and having on board\\none hundred and eleven barrels of powder, was captured\\noff St. Augustine bar, in August, 1775, by a privateer from\\nCarolina, which ran alongside and discharged her in sight\\nof the ships of war in the harbor and in plain view of the\\ngarrison. This capture was very mortifying to the gov--\\nernor, and, in order to avenge the insult, he immediately,\\nordered a predatory expedition to advance upon the fron-\\ntier settlements of Georgia. The expedition was placed\\nunder the command of Colonel Brown, who afterwards-\\nbecame very prominent as a partisan leader, and was one\\nof the most successful and enterprising officers in the Brit--\\nish service. His force was made up of Indians and irreg-\\nular troops. Privateers were also fitted out, and a fort-\\nerected at the mouth of the St. Mary s for their protection\\nand that of their prizes.\\nEast Florida, with the inauguration of active hostilities\\nbetween Great Britain and her colonies, began to assume\\nmore importance as a rendezvous and base of operations.\\nThe governor called out the militia, in the summerof 1776,\\nto join the royal troops in resisting what he called the\\nperfidious insinuations of the neighboring colonists, and\\nrepelling their future incursions into the province, and to\\nprevent any more infatuated men from joining their\\ntraitorous neighbors. It would appear from this that\\nsome persons from Florida had joined the Americans.\\nPresident Gwinnett, of Georgia, issued a counter-proc-\\nlamation, offering protection to the persons and property\\nof those who would join the American standard in oppo-\\nsition to tyranny.\\nIn addition to the rangers, who were considered as reg-\\nForbes s Sketches, p. 26.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 225\\niilarly enrolled, there was a volunteer militia, organized\\nand officered under their own choice when called out.\\nMany loyalists now began to arrive from Georgia and Caro-\\nlina, who increased the effective strength of the province,\\nas well as introduced an element of additional bitterness\\ntowards the rebel colonies.\\nAn invasion of Florida was now contemplated by the\\npatriots in Georgia, and forces for that purpose directed to\\nassemble in Burke County, to march from thence, under\\ncommand of the governor, against Florida but the pur-\\npose was not carried into effect. The province was at the-\\nsame time threatened by the Indian tribes friendly to the-\\nAmerican cause.\\nCaptain Elphinstone, of the navy, and Captain Mon--\\ncrief, a distinguished officer of the engineer corps, having\\narrived at St. Augustine with a promise of reinforcements,\\nthe fears of an invasion were allayed, and an expedition\\nagainst Georgia was fitted out and placed under the com-\\nmand of Colonel Fuser, of the 60th Regiment, who, with\\na force of five hundred infantry and the aid of several\\npieces of artillery, made an attack on Sunbury. He failed\\nin the object of his expedition, and fell back into Florida\\nto await promised reinforcements.\\nDuring the year 1778 nearly seven thousand loyalists\\nfrom Carolina and Georgia moved into Florida. Among\\nthose who came in 1777 was one Captain Roderick Mcin-\\ntosh, better known as Rory Mcintosh, who had been with\\nthe company of Highlanders who were surprised at Fort\\nMoosa in 1740, in the Oglethorpe expedition. At the time\\nhe went to Florida he was sixty-five years of age, about six\\nfeet in stature, strongly built, with white frizzled bushy hair,\\nfresh complexion, and large muscular limbs. In 1763 he\\ncarried a drove of cattle to St. Augustine, and received\\nhis pay in Spanish dollars, which, putting in a canvas bag,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "2 26 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhe carried on his horse. Some miles from home the bag\\ngave way, and part of the money fell out. ^Paying no at-\\ntention to what had fallen, he fastened the sack and went\\non, and some years afterwards, being in want of money,\\nhe returned to the spot and picked up the amount he re-\\nquired. He had a favorite dog, which he had taught to\\ntrack his back scent. On one occasion he laid a wager\\nthat he would hide a doubloon and send his dog back three\\nmiles to fetch it. The dog returned without it. Treason\\ncried Rory, and returned to the log under which he had^\\nhidden the gold, but found it had been removed.- Seeing\\na man in a field some distance off, he galloped up to him,\\nand, drawing a dirk, threatened to kill him unless he pro-\\nduced the piece of gold, which the man surrendered.\\nRory threw it back to him. Take it, vile caitiff! said\\nhe it was not the pelf, but the honor of my dog, I cared\\nfor!\\nGovernor Houston of Georgia, in conjunction with Gen-\\neral Howe, projected an attack upon St. Augustine in the\\nspring of 1778; but, owing to sickness among the troops,\\ndisagreements among the commanders, and deficiency of\\nsupplies, the expedition was not carried out. To meet this\\nattack, a force was organized in Florida, to proceed from\\nSt. Augustine, under command of Captain Mowbray, of\\nthe navy, and Major Graham, of the i6th Regiment, with\\none hundred and forty men, and Major Prevost, of the\\n60th, the whole force being under the command of Colonel\\nFuser, of the 60th Regiment. From the same causes\\nwhich paralyzed the movements of the American expedi-\\ntion, the disagreement and jealousies of the commanders\\nof different arms of the service, the English forces did not\\ncross the St. John s, but contented themselves with erecting\\nWhite s (jeorgia.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 227\\na fortification at St. John s Bluff. Colonel Fiiser also ordered\\nout all the militia of the province to resist the anticipated\\ninvasion.\\nFurther alarm was created in the province, at this junc-\\nture, by the sudden death of Captain Skinner, Deputy\\nSuperintendent of Indian Affairs, an active and energetic\\nofficer. The expedition of the Americans against St.\\nAugustine, if it had been carried out, would probably\\nhave met with entire success, as the English forces were\\nthen weak in numbers and divided in counsels.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nEnglish Occupation, continued Capture of Pensacola by De Galvez\\nCapture of New Providence by the English Retransfer of Florida\\nto Spain.\\n1779\u00e2\u0080\u00941784.\\nReinforcements having been received at St. Augustine,\\nMajor Prevost, who had been promoted to the rank of\\ngeneral, leaving the militia to guard the province, advanced,\\nin December, 1778, to join the forces on their way from\\nNew York to attack Savannah. Rory Mcintosh had at-\\ntached himself to the 60th Regiment, which was engaged\\nin this expedition. On their way the English forces laid\\nsiege to the fort at Sunbury, commanded by Captain, after-\\nwards General, Mcintosh, the same officer who had been\\ntaken ^prisoner by the Spaniards in 1740 at Fort Moosa.\\nRory Mcintosh was in the British lines, in front of the\\nfort at Sunbury. Early one morning, when he had imbibed\\nrather too freely of mountain -dew, he insisted on sallying\\nout to demand the surrender of the fort. His friends\\ncould not restrain him, and out he marched, claymore in\\nhand, followed by his slave Tom, and, approaching the fort,\\nroared put, Surrender, you miscreants! how dare you\\npresume tr resist his Majesty s arms? Captain Mcintosh,\\nthe commander of the fort, knew him, and, seeing his con- x\\ndition, forbade anyone firing on him, and, throwing open\\nthe gate, said, Walk in, Mr. Mcintosh, and take posses-\\nsion. No, said Rory, I will not trust myself among\\nsuch vermin; but I order you to surrender. Some one\\n22S", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA, 229\\nfirec a rifle at him, the ball from which passed through\\nhis face immediately below his eyes. Stumbling, he fell,\\nbut recovered, and retreated backwards, flourishing his\\nsword. Several shots followed, and Tom called out,\\nRun, massa! dey kill you. Run, poor slave, says\\nRory; thou mayest run, but I am of a race that never\\nruns, and succeeded in getting back safely into the\\nlines, t\\nThe attack upon the fort at Sunbury and Savannah,\\nunder General Prevost, proved successful, and that officer s\\ngallant defence of Savannah against the combined attack\\nof the forces of D Estaing and Lincoln, in 1779, added\\nvery greatly to his reputation.\\nDon Bernardo de Galvez, a young and enterprising Span-\\nish general, had been placed in command of the Spanish\\npossessions west of the Mississippi, and of New Orleans\\nand its dependencies. Upon the breaking out of hostili-\\nties between England and Spain, in September, 1779, he\\ninvested the English fort at Baton Rouge, which was within\\nthe then limits of West Florida. Lieutenant-Colonel\\nDickson, who was in command, found himself ^unable to\\nresist the forces brought against him, and surrendered to\\nDe Galvez.\\nAfter Charleston had fallen into the hands of the British\\nforces, the general in command at that place, in order to\\nremove from Carolina those whom he supposed to have\\nbeen the principal promoters of the Revolutionary cause,\\ncaused some forty gentlemen, of high standing, to be\\nWhite s Ga. Hist. Coll., p. 471.\\nf When at St. Augustine, upon one occasion, Rory was introduced\\nto a Scotch gentleman of the name of Morrison. Rory addressed him\\nin Gaelic Mr. Morrison regretted his ignorance of that language. I\\npity you, said Rory but you may be an honest man, for all that.\\nWhite s Ga. Hist. Co 11.,-^. 470.\\n20", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\ntransferred, in August, 1780, to St. Augustine, and at a\\nlater period twenty-one others were forwarded to the same\\npoint.\\nThe following list comprises the names of these distin-\\nguished prisoners of state: John Budd, Edward Blake,\\nJoseph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Berwick, D. Bor-\\ndeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth, H. V.\\nCrouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Dessaussure,\\nJohn Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General\\nA. C. Gadsden, Wm. Hazel Gibbs, Thomas Grinball,\\nWilliam Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes,\\nThomas Heyward, Jr., Richard Hutson, Noble Wimberley\\nJones, William Johnstone, William Lee, Richard Lushing-\\nton, William Logan, Rev. John Lewis, William Massey,\\nAlexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward Mc-\\nCready, John Mouatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Jo-\\nseph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel\\niPrioleau, John Ernest Poyas, Edward Rutledge, Hugh\\nRutledge, John Sansom, Thomas Savage, Josiah Smith,\\nThomas Singleton, James Hampden Thompson, John Todd,\\nPeter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Weyman, Ben-\\njamin Waller, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield.\\nSubsequently, General Rutherford and Colonel Isaacs, of\\nNorth Carolina, were added to their number. These gen-\\ntlemen were taken early in the morning from their beds,\\nand placed on the vessels, in violation of the paroles which\\nhad been granted to them.* Upon their arrival at St.\\nAugustine, upon giving new paroles, they were allowed the\\nfreedom of the city. General Gadsden refused to accept\\na parole, and, with a sturdy independence, bore a close\\nconfinement in the castle for forty-two weeks, rather than\\ngive a second parole to a power which had violated the\\nRamsay s Hist, of S. C, vol. i. pp. 370-373.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 231\\nengagements contained in the first. These prisoners of\\nstate were officially treated with great indignities at St.\\nAugustine, and were annoyed by being informed of several\\ndecisive battles, which were represented as having destroyed\\nall chance of success by the rebels, and told to expect the\\nfate of vanquished rebels; they were also told, from high\\nauthority, that the blood of the brave but unfortunate\\nAndre would be required at their hands, and were cut off\\nfrom all intelligence of their friends. The English gov-\\nernor, Patrick Tonyn, in an official letter to Lord St. Ger-\\nmain, says that to prevent these rebel prisoners from\\npoisoning the minds of the people, and for their former\\nconduct, they are treated with great contempt, and to have\\nany friendly intercourse with them is considered as a mark\\nof disrespect to his Majesty and displeasing to me. This\\nconduct, it is said, tended to increase the number of the\\ndisaffected rather than to excite the inhabitants to acts of\\naggression against them. These prisoners remained at St.\\nAugustine nearly a year, when they were sent to Philadel-\\nphia, to be exchanged at the general exchange of prisoners\\nin the year 1781.\\nAn order was issued in 1780, by Sir Guy Carleton, direct-\\ning the entire evacuation of the province of East Florida,\\nbut, remonstrances having been forwarded, the order was\\ncountermanded.*\\nThe letters-patent of the king, in 1763, upon the occu-\\npation of Florida, had provided that the governors of the\\ncolonies, so soon as the state of the country would admit,\\nshould summon General Assemblies. This, however, had\\nnever been carried into effect in Florida during the seven-\\nteen years of British occupation, the governors having\\navailed themselves of the discretionary power placed in\\nForbes s Florida, p. 50.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "232\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ntheir hands as to the period of calling such Assemblies, and\\nbeing quite willing to withhold as long as possible a par-\\ntition of power. In 1780, the state of public opinion in\\nthe province forced Governor Tonyn, apparently a weak-\\nminded and conceited individual, to call a General Assem-\\nbly, which assembled in December, 1780.\\nThis step was taken very reluctantly by the governor.\\nIn a dispatch to the British Secretary of State, he says,\\nI have, my lord, maturely weighed the expediency, neces-\\nsity, advantages and disadvantages, benefits and danger,\\nof convoking a House of Representatives, and nothing but\\nthe necessity of it (to remove deep-rooted prejudices) for\\nthe benefit of this province could have induced me to re-\\nquest instructions from your lordship relative thereto, how\\nto proceed further on this point but these great objects\\nmust actuate my conduct, and determine me to take this\\narduous and dangerous step. I perceive the cry for a pro-\\nvincial legislature to remedy local inconveniences is as\\nloud as ever, and suggestions are thrown out, that without\\nit people s property is not secure, and that they must live\\nin a country where they can enjoy to their utmost extent\\nthe advantages of the British Constitution and laws formed\\nwith their consent. But mention the expediency, pro-\\npriety, reasonableness, justice, and gratitude of imposing\\ntaxes for the expenses of government, they are all silent,\\nor so exceedingly poor as not to be able to pay the least\\nfarthing.\\nIn a dispatch of January, 1781, the governor informs\\nthe Secretary of State that the first General Assembly of\\nthe province had met, and that the freeholders had elected\\nthe most substantial, sensible, and best-affected persons in\\nthe province as their representatives. The business was\\nFoibes s Sketches, p. 35.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 233\\ntransacted with moderation and zeal, and the governor\\nseems to have been relieved of the fear of revolutionary-\\ntendencies, very naturally suggested by the example of the\\nneighboring American colonial assemblies. If there were\\nany in the Provincial Legislature of Florida who had sym-\\npathies with the American cause, they must have been too\\nfew in number to make any demonstration. The Assembly\\nappears to have confined itself to the enactment of a few\\nlaws of local importance, and the organization of a militia\\nforce.\\nThe governor made an address to the two Houses at the\\nopening of the session, in which he congratulates them\\nthat during his administration of the government the\\nprovince had arrived at such a state of affluence and im-\\nportance as to enable him with propriety to fulfill his Ma-\\njesty s most gracious engagements in his Royal Proclama-\\ntion of the 7th of October, 1763, by establishing a Provincial\\nLegislature, for the purpose of making constitutions, ordain-\\ning laws, statutes, and ordinances, as near as may be agree-\\nable to the laws of England, under such regulations and\\nrestrictions as are used in other colonies, for the public\\nwelfare and good government of the province and its inhab-\\nitants. Of late, he says, the increase of property from\\nyour success in commerce and planting has been consider-\\nable, and the industry and the judgment of a few may evince\\nto Great Britain that ample returns in produce may be\\nmade for money laid out in raising a produce equally bene-\\nficial to the planter and mother-country, in one of the\\nmost healthy and fertile climates upon earth.\\nThe condition of the province at this period appears to\\nhave been prosperous, and, by the influx of a hardy race\\nof planters from Georgia and Carolina, experienced in\\nForbes s vSketches, p. 47.\\n20*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nfarming and inured to the difficulties and obstacles attend-\\ning new settlements, a new impetus had been given, and\\nthe province had attained a position which promised to\\nmake it, aided by the fostering power of the home govern-\\nment, quite as prosperous as the other colonies. The com-\\nmerce of the colony had steadily increased, the agricultu-\\nral productions, stimulated by the liberal bounties offered\\nupon indigo, rice, and naval stores, had been constantly\\ngrowing larger, and nothing seemed now to forbid the\\nhope that Florida would become one of the most product-\\nive and valuable of the English transatlantic possessions.\\nThe climate, especially upon the coast, had proved emi-\\nnently favorable to health, and the variety and value of its\\nnatural productions gave promise of a bountiful reward to\\nindustry and labor. All who had explored Florida gave\\nanimated accounts of the beauty of its forests, lakes, and\\nrivers, the wonderful growth of vegetation along its streams,\\nand its adaptation to all the productions of the tropics.\\nAmong the most valuable articles which could be profitably\\ncultivated were enumerated sugar-cane, cotton, rice, indigo,\\noranges, lemons, figs, grapes, bananas, pineapples, etc.,\\nwhile the forests abounded in timber of the best descrip-\\ntion, and the waters teemed with fish, oysters, and turtles.\\nIt is hardly to be doubted that had Florida remained a\\nBritish colony it would at this time have equaled any of\\nthe seaboard States of the South in population. One can\\neven now hardly penetrate a swamp or hammock along the\\nAtlantic coast of Florida without finding distinct traces of\\nthe English cultivation and remains of improvements made\\nby them.\\nAs an evidence of the healthiness of the country, the\\nimportant fact may be referred to that the 9th British Regi-\\nment remained in St. Augustine eighteen months without\\nlosing a single man by sickness j and it was also observed", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n235\\nthat a detachment of artillery which arrived from the\\nWest Indies with a great deal of sickness soon recruited,\\nand left no traces of the contagious disease from which\\nit had suffered. During the whole period of the British\\noccupation there were but ten medical men in East Florida.\\nMr. Rolle, under date of September i, 1766, indicates the\\nfavorable impression made upon him by saying, Every-\\nthing in nature seems to correspond towards the cultivation\\nof the productions of the whole world, in some part or\\nother of this happy province, the most precious jewel of\\nhis Majesty s American dominions.\\nThe exports of the province of East Florida amounted\\nin 1768 to the sum of \u00c2\u00a314,078; in 1778 they had increased\\nto \u00c2\u00a348,236; in 1 781 they were \u00c2\u00a330,715.\\nDuring the year 1770 there were fifty schooners entered\\nthe port of St. Augustine coastwise, besides several square-\\nrigged vessels in the trade to London and Liverpool. In\\n1 771, five vessels arrived at St. Augustine from London,\\nseven from New York, and eleven from Charleston and\\nthere were imported into the province about one thousand\\nnegroes, of whom one hundred and nineteen were directly\\nfrom Africa.\\nThe Florida indigo brought the highest price of any sold\\nin the London market. Forty thousand pounds were ex-\\nported in 1772. During the year 1779, forty thousand\\nbarrels of naval stores were shipped, and an increase in the\\nquantity was anticipated the following year. The British\\ngovernment allowed the very liberal bounty of ten shillings\\nper barrel upon turpentine shipped from Florida its value\\nat St. Augustine was thirty-six shillings per barrel.\\nA large trade was also carried on in peltries by several\\nIndian trading-houses, among the more important of whom\\nwere Panton Leslie, Spaulding, Kelsull, McLatchie,\\nSwanson, and McGillivray Strother; and in West", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nFlorida by Panton, Leslie Forbes, and Matthew\\nMorgan.\\nThe Spanish governor of Louisiana, Don Bernardo de\\nGalvez, who had captured in 1779 English post at\\nBaton Rouge, made an investment of Pensacola with a\\nvastly superior force, in March, 1781, assisted by a naval\\nforce under Admiral Solana. The place was strongly\\nfortified, and held by a garrison of one thousand men,\\nunder the command of General Campbell, The English\\noccupied two strong forts, called St. Michel and St. Ber-\\nnard, which were bravely defended for a long time against\\nthe heavy bombardment of the troops of Galvez and the\\nships of Solana. The Spaniards were able to make no im-\\npression on the works until an unlucky accident occurred,\\nby a chance shell entering the magazine of Fort St. Michel\\nat the moment it was opened to take out ammunition. This\\nexplosion carried away the principal redoubt, and enabled\\nthe Spanish troops to possess themselves of Fort St. Michel.\\nPreparations were then made to avail themselves of the\\nposition, in order to carry Fort St. Bernard by assault.\\nBeing satisfied that St. Bernard was now untenable. Gen-\\neral Campbell capitulated on honorable terms, being al-\\nlowed to withdraw with his whole force, under an engage-\\nment not to serve against Spain until exchanged.\\nIn consequence of the necessity of employing all their\\ndisposable forces in the military operations with the Amer-\\nican colonists, the English commanders in America were\\nunable to send reinforcements to General Campbell, and\\nmuch mortification was experienced at the capture of so\\nimportant and well-fortified a post. The same causes\\nwhich prevented the sending of reinforcements made any\\nattempts to recapture it out of the question at that time,\\nand from Pensacola westward to the Mississippi the coun-\\ntry and all the military posts remained in the possession of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 237\\nSpain until the treaty of 1781, when they were formally\\nre-ceded to her by Great Britain.\\nThe mortification which the British government expe-\\nrienced in the loss of West Florida, Pensacola, Mobile,\\nand Baton Rouge was in part compensated by the capture\\nof the Bahama Islands. An expedition fitted out by\\nColonel Devereux, who had come to Florida from Caro-\\nlina, and had a high reputation for spirit and gallantry,\\nsailed from St. Augustine, in 1783, in two private armed\\nbrigs, for the purpose of attacking New Providence. The\\nbrigs carried twelve guns each, and the forces on board\\nconsisted of some fifty adventurers, who were desperate\\nand reckless enough to engage in an expedition to capture\\nstrong fortifications well garrisoned. The vessels stopped\\nat Eleuthera, where they took on board a number of negro\\nrecruits. The vessels arrived off the point on which\\nNassau is built, at night, and the men were landed without\\ndiscovery on the east side of Fort Montague, which stands\\nat the entrance of the harbor. The garrison, resting in\\nfancied security, exhibited so little vigilance that the\\nEnglish troops reached the ramparts without alarming the\\nSpaniards. Colonel Devereux rushed upon and surprised\\nthe sentinel before he could challenge or give an alarm,\\nand without difficulty disarmed the sleeping garrison and\\nobtained possession of the fort.\\nThe colonel then proceeded to the summit of a ridge oppo-\\nsite the governor s house. In order to deceive the inhabitants\\nin reference to their numbers, he arranged a show of boats\\npassing to the fort, crowded with men, and returning appa-\\nrently empty to the vessels, with their occupants concealed\\nby lying down. Men of straw were posted as sentinels on\\nthe heights, and some of the party were dressed up and\\npainted as Indians to strike the inhabitants with terror.\\nOne or two galleys in the harbor were taken possession of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwith an appearance of being sustained by a considerable\\nforce. Colonel Devereux, with a pompous description of\\nhis force, summoned the governor to surrender. The gov-\\nernor hesitating in complying with his demand, he directed\\na shot to be fired over the governor s house, which pro-\\nduced an immediate capitulation. The Spanish troops, as\\nmay well be imagined, were astonished and chagrined\\nwhen they discovered the number and character of the\\ntroops to whom they had surrendered, and by what a mis-\\nerable force they had been deceived.* The consequences\\nof the expedition were very important, as these valuable\\nislands have ever since remained a part of the British\\nEmpire.\\nAt a period when the inhabitants of Florida were flatter-\\ning themselves with the prospect of a long career of peace-\\nful prosperity, and when they had attained the fullest meas-\\nure of constitutional liberty, they found themselves sud-\\ndenly made the victims of one of those political set-offs, or\\nequivalents, by which diplomats endeavor to make amends\\nfor the ill success of cherished plans, and by a new ar-\\nrangement of political divisions, the acquisition of new\\nterritory, and the transfer of equivalents, shield them-\\nselves from the acknowledgment of failure. At the close\\nof the American Revolution, the ministry of Great Bri-\\ntain found themselves compelled to acknowledge the inde-\\npendence of the colonies. They were also desirous of\\nclosing a fruitless war with Spain. In order to effect\\nthis, they assumed that tke provinces of East and West\\nFlorida, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi,\\nand the island of Minorca, were of little value to the\\ncrown, as all the colonies north of Florida had passed fro.ui\\nunder the British flag, and it was proposed to make a re-\\nForbes s Sketches, p. 53.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n239\\ncession of these provinces, and also of Minorca, for the\\ncomparatively insignificant Bahama Islands, important only\\nas a naval station.\\nAlmost the first intelligence the unfortunate people of\\nFlorida received of the coming disaster was the promul-\\ngation of a treaty, entered into on the 3d September, 1783,\\nceding East and West Florida. In this treaty the religious\\ntoleration which was exacted by the King of Spain for his\\nRoman Catholic subjects from his Britannic Majesty in\\n1763 was not reciprocated, but it was simply provided that\\nthe English inhabitants might have eighteen months within\\nwhich to remove with their property, or to dispose of their\\neffects. The evacuation was to take place within three\\nmonths after the ratification of the treaty.\\nThe unfortunate inhabitants of Florida, who were thus\\nsummarily disposed of, were placed in a most miserable\\npredicament. For years the British government had been\\noffering to its subjects every inducement to establish them-\\nselves in the province they had come there relying im-\\nplicitly upon the good faith of the government, and had\\nundergone all the hardships incident to the settlement of a\\nnew country. Many of them had left the adjoining col-\\nonies in consequence of their adherence to the royal\\ncause, and could not return. Their property consisted\\nlargely in slaves and lands, and they had no point of refuge\\nexcept the unwelcome rocks and barren islets of New\\nProvidence and the Bahamas.\\nIn June, 1784, Governor Zespedez, the new Spanish gov-\\nernor, arrived at St. Augustine with a few troops, to take\\npossession of Florida in the name of the King of Spain.\\nThe British government had sent to the harbor of Amelia,\\nat the mouth of the St. Mary s River, a fleet of transports\\nto remove the inhabitants of East Florida. Some returned\\nto England, some went to Nova Scotia, some to the Baha-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nmas. A large number of others carried their negroes to\\nJamaica, where they were received with much jealoi sy,\\nand a system of government and regulations adopted in\\nreference to them, so injurious that they made application\\nto the home government for relief, which was tar :ly\\ngranted, but not until many had sunk under the pressure\\nof difficulties and annoyances. Afterwards, some of the\\ninhabitants of Florida preferred returning to the Amen^an\\nStates and trusting to the generosity of their former fellow-\\ncitizens to obliterate past differences. Many of those who\\nthus returned to Carolina had emigrated to Florida before\\nthe war, and had not therefore to encounter the odium\\nattaching to the tories and refugee loyalists who had taken\\nup arms on the British side. These parties carried back\\nwith them to South Carolina one thousand three hundred\\nand seventy-two negroes. Of the number carried to\\nJamaica and the Bahamas we have no account, but it must\\nhave been very considerable.\\nThe time for removal was extended four months by the\\nSpanish crown, and in April, 1786, a further order v^iis\\npassed in consequence of representations made by -he jov-\\nernor of Louisiana, allowing the former inhabitants 10 re-\\nmain on condition that they should take a solemn oath of\\nfidelity and obedience to his Catholic Majesty that they\\nshould not change their residence or go away without leave\\nof the government that at Natchez, and other places of\\nboth Floridas, where it is convenient, parishes oi Irish\\nclergy be established, in order to bring said colonists and\\ntheir children and families to our religion with the sweet-\\nness and mildness which it advises.\\nSt. Augustine was the only town of any importance in\\nEast Florida at the period of the evacuation by the Spaniards,\\nVignoles, Observations on Florida, p. 196.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 241\\nin 1763. It contained tliree thousand inhabitants at that\\ntinikj. All the gardens in the town were well stocked with\\nfruit-trees, such as figs, guavas, plantains, pomegranates,\\nlemons, limes, citrons, shaddocks, bergamot, China and\\nSe He oranges. The city was three-quarters of a mile in\\nlength, and about a quarter of a mile in width. It had four\\nchurches, ornamentally built of stone in the Spanish style.\\nOne was pulled down during the English occupation, the\\nsteeple of which was preserved as an ornament to the town.\\nOne of the churches was attached to the Convent of St.\\nFrancis. The houses were all built of stone, their entrances\\nshaded by piazzas supported by Tuscan pillars or pilasters.\\nUpon the east the windows projected eighteen inches into\\nthe street, and were very wide and proportionably high.\\nOn the west side the windows were commonly very small,\\nand there was no opening of any kind to the north, upon\\nwhich side they had double walls, six or eight feet asunder,\\nforming a kind of hall for cellars and pantries. Before\\nmost of the entrances, which were from an inner court,\\nV, _re arbors of vines, producing fine and luscious grapes.\\nNoJ/^ of the houses were supplied with chimneys or fire-\\nplace s. For the purposes of warmth, stone urns were filled\\nwith coals, and placed in the rooms in the afternoon to\\nmoderate the temperature in weather sufficiently cool to\\nrequire it.\\nThe governor s residence had piazzas on both sides, also\\na belvedere and grand portico, decorated with Doric pil-\\nlars and entablatures. At the north end of the town was\\nthe castle, a casemated fort, with four bastions, a ravelin\\ncounterscarp, and a glacis, built with quarried stone, and\\nconstructed according to the system of Vauban. Half a\\nmile to the north was a line, with a broad ditch and bas-\\ntions, running from the Sebastian Creek to St. Mark s\\nRiver a mile from that was another fortified line, with\\n21", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "242\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsome redoubts, forming a second line of communication\\nbetween a staccata fort upon St. Sebastian River, and Fort\\nMoosa, upon the St. Mark s River.* Within the first line,\\nnear the town, was a small settlement of Germans, who\\nhad a church of their own. Upon the St. Mark s River,\\nwithin the second line, was also an Indian town, with a\\nstorte church built by the Indians themselves, and in very\\ngood taste.\\nDuring the English occupation, large buildings were\\nerected for barracks, of sufficient extent to quarter five\\nregiments of troops. The brick of which they were built\\nwas brought from New York, although the island opposite\\nthe city afforded a much better building-material, in the\\ncoquina stone. The lower story only of the British bar-\\nracks was built of brick, the upper story being of wood,\\nThese barracks stood at the southern extremity of the\\ntown, to the south of the present barracks, and the length\\nand great extent of the buildings fronting on the bay added\\ngreatly to the appearance of the city as viewed from the\\nharbor.\\nThe city, in English times, contained many gentlemen\\nof distinction, among whom were Sir Charles Burdett,\\nChief-Justice Drayton, Rev. John Forbes, the Admiralty\\nJudge, General James Grant, Lieut. -Governor Moultrie,\\nWilliam Stark, Esq., the historian. Rev. N. Frazer, Dr.\\nAndrew Turnbull, Bernard Romans, Esq., civil engi-\\nneer, James Moultrie, Esq., and William Bartram, the\\nnaturalist.\\nSome few English families remained after the evacuation\\nby the British in 1784, and the entire settlement of Greeks\\nThese lines may be still distinctly traced. The churches spoken\\nof, outside the city, as well as Forts Moosa and Staccata, have long\\nsince disappeared, but their sites are known. The outer line passed\\nthrough the grounds formerly occupied by the writer.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 243\\nand Minorcans, who had come up from Mosquito from Dr.\\nTurnbull s colony. As they were all Roman Catholics, and\\nwere accustomed to a language resembling the Spanish,\\nthey were not affected to any great degree by the change\\nof rulers.\\nIt is a sad thing for an entire people to be forced to give\\nup their homes and seek an asylum in some foreign land\\nand melancholy was the spectacle presented on all the\\nroutes leading to the harbor designated for the embarka-\\ntion of the English inhabitants of Florida. Families sep-\\narating perhaps forever, long adieus between neighbors and\\nfriends who had together shared the privations and pleas-\\nures of the past, leaving behind them places endeared by\\nthe most sacred associations, and containing, perchance,\\nthe precious dust of the departed. Homes embowered\\namong the orange-groves, and made pleasant by the fra-\\ngrant blossoms of the honeysuckle, the rose, and the acacia;\\na land where Nature had lavished her choicest beauties,\\nand created a perpetual summer, such was the land upon\\nwhich the unfortunate residents of Florida were obliged to\\nturn their backs forever.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nCondition of the Province after its Recession to Spain Notice of Mc-\\nGillivray Operations of Bowles Patriot Rebellion Operations of\\nUnited States Troops in Florida Indian Hostilities, between the\\nAmericans and King Payne the Seminole.\\n1784\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1813.\\nUpon the reoccupation of Florida by the Spaniards, in\\n1784, but few of its former inhabitants returned. Twenty\\nyears had scattered them through other lands, where they\\nhad made new homes, and new occupations and associa-\\ntions had weakened or wholly destroyed their attachment\\nto Florida. The few inhabitants left in St. Augustine felt\\ntheir weakness and insecurity, and hardly ventured to go\\nbeyond the range of the guns of the castle.\\nThe fine estates upon the coast, and upon the St. John s\\nRiver, left by the retiring English proprietors, remained\\nunoccupied, a prey to that rapid decay which so soon re-\\nclaims to its native wildness the improvements and cul-\\ntivation which it had been the labor of years to effect.\\nThe boldness of the Indians, in their intrusions upon\\nthe whites, created a feeling of insecurity, which was\\ngreatly increased when, a short time after the departure of\\nthe English, they destroyed Bella Vista, the beautiful\\ncountry-seat of Governor Moultrie, seven miles from St.\\nAugustine. Some attempt was made to induce settlement,\\nby offers of lands,; but they were accompanied with such\\nconditions that very few cared to avail themselves of\\nthem. Some of those who had left with the English, and\\n(244)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 245\\ngone to the Bahama Islands, became disgusted with the\\npoverty of the soil, from which they found it impossible to\\nreap a subsistence, and, returning to Florida, made a set-\\ntlement at New Smyrna. But the policy of the Spanish\\ngovernment, which seemed always averse to individual\\nprosperity, soon forced them to abandon their settlement\\nand seek homes in the States, where more liberal institu-\\ntions encouraged industry, protected property, and hon-\\nored integrity. The Spanish authorities soon endeavored\\nto enter into negotiations with the neighboring Indian\\ntribes, upon whose friendship so much depended for the\\nSpaniard.\\nAt this time the principal chief among the Creeks was\\nAlexander McGillivray. This remarkable person was the\\nson of a half-breed Creek woman and Lachlan McGilli-\\nvray, a Scotchman who was engaged in the Indian trade.\\nThe son was carefully educated, and on his return to the\\nnation acquired great influence from his superior intel-\\nligence, gained the confidence of the tribes, and was\\nmade their chief. During the Revolutionary War he at-\\ntached himself to the royalists, and received the rank of\\ncolonel from the British government, and was an active\\nand useful ally to them in their operations against the\\nfrontiers of Georgia. In 1784 he formed a treaty with\\nthe Spanish governor in behalf of the Creeks and Sem-\\ninoles, and engaged to adhere to the government of Spain\\nand prevent all white men from entering their country\\nwithout a Spanish permit. The Spanish authorities gave\\nhim the rank and pay of a colonel in their service, and he\\nwas very useful to them in the control he exercised over\\nthe neighboring Indian tribes, whom he succeeded in\\npreventing from attaching themselves to the American\\ninterest.\\nAbout the year 1789, a bold attempt was made by a", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nGeneral William Augustus Bowles to dispossess Spain of\\nFlorida by a concerted and general attack of the Indian\\ntribes upon the borders. This individual was a native of\\nMaryland, and held a commission in the British army in\\nthe latter part of the Revolutionary War. He sailed with\\nhis regiment to Jamaica, and afterwards to Pensacola,\\nwhere he was dismissed from the service. While he was at\\nPensacola, a party of Creeks visited the post for the pur-\\npose of receiving their annuities. Animated by a love of\\nadventure, Bowles returned with them to their nation,\\nwhere he learned the Indian language and married the\\ndaughter of an Indian chief. Gaining the confidence of\\nthe Indians, he was able to obtain the command of the\\nparty who went as allies to the English at the siege of\\nPensacola, and by his good conduct on that occasion he\\nwas restored to his former position by the English com-\\nmander. After West Florida was ceded to Spain, in 1784,\\nhe went to New York, where he joined a company of play-\\nactors, and subsequently went to the Bahamas. While\\nthere he followed the profession of comedian, and added\\nto this the business of portrait-painting. The versatility\\nof his talents, and his acquaintance with the Creek Indians\\nand familiarity with their language, induced Lord Dunmore,\\nthe governor of the Bahamas, to appoint Bowles as an\\nageiit to establish a trading-house among the Creeks. His\\nown ambition seems to have led him to hope that he might\\nattain a much higher position, and perhaps be able to es-\\ntablish an extensive empire in the southwest, under Eng-\\nlish protection, in which he might fill a conspicuous and\\nhonorable place.\\nHe left New Providence with about sixty followers, and\\nlanded at Mosquito. From thence he crossed over to the\\nSt. John s River for the purpose of attacking an Indian\\ntrading-house, called Hamblys, near Lake George. The", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 247\\ntraders had been advised by friendly Indians of Bowles s\\nintention, and the delay occasioned by his attempts to\\nbring from his vessel several small iron cannon gave the\\ntraders time to prepare for him, and they had received fifty\\nSpanish soldiers from St. Augustine. Bowles found them\\nso well fortified that he was discouraged from making the\\nproposed attack, and directed his steps towards Cuscowilla,\\nan Indian town in Alachua, which stood near the present\\nsite of Micanopy, and was the chief town of the Seminoles\\nunder King Payne.\\nFinding the Indians here unwilling to join him, his fol-\\nlowers deserted him, and he fled to the Creeks. Here he\\nmarried a daughter of Pennyman, an Indian chief, and was\\njoined by a Spanish subject, one Daniel McGirth, who had\\nbeen conspicuous in the border war waged by McGillivray\\nagainst the Georgians during the Revolutionary War.*\\nThey induced the Creeks to believe that the goods con-\\ntained in the various trading-houses were intended as\\npresents for them, and were improperly withheld from them\\nDaniel McGirth was a native of South Carolina, and in the begin-\\nning of the American Revolution was a valuable partisan scout. While\\nstationed at the Satilla River with the American troops, he was court-\\nmartialed for using disrespectful language to an officer who desired to\\ndispossess him of a favorite mare, and he was sentenced to be whipped.\\nThis indignity was borne by him in silence, but he soon managed to\\nescape, and became from that day one of the most vindictive, untiring,\\nand revengeful enemies of the Georgians, upon whom he inflicted a\\nvast amount of injury. After the war he remained in Florida, and\\nwas concerned with Bowles, and probably on this account was arrested\\nby the Spanish government and thrown into the dungeon of the castle\\nat St. Augustine, where he was confined for five years a close pris-\\noner. Subsequently, with his health totally destroyed by his long and\\ncruel confinement, he returned to his wife in Sumter District, S. C. A\\nsmall tributary that empties into the St. John s River, near Jackson-\\nville, bears his name. Whitens Hist. Col., page 281.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nby the Indian traders. The Indians credited this story,\\nand several of the chiefs agreed to assist attacking the\\nhouses and taking possession of the stores. They estab-\\nlished their head-quarters at Miccosukie, a town in Middle\\nFlorida, and, fortunately for their purpose, a vessel arrived\\nat Apalachee, with goods for Bowles, from New Providence.\\nThese he distributed among his followers, telling them that\\nthey were a part of the same goods the traders had in their\\npossession. Having taught navigation to an Indian crew,\\nhe kept a vessel running from New Providence to Apa-\\nlachee, until the traders, having determined to break up his\\nparty, prevailed upon the Seminoles to take Bowles pris-\\noner. McGirth, hearing of the approach of the Seminoles,\\ninformed Bowles in time for him to escape to the Oclockony\\nRiver and hide himself. Nothing is said of the escape of\\nMcGirth, who, it is probable, on this occasion fell into the\\nhands of the Spaniards, who had instigated the Seminoles\\nto make the attack.\\nThe Creeks who were with Bowles and McGirth pro-\\nfessed a willingness to return home, and entered into a\\ntreaty of peace; but after the Seminoles had dispersed\\nthey again joined Bowles, and aided him in the capture of\\na vessel laden with goods for the traders. Bowles was em-\\nboldened by his success to make an attack upon St. Mark s,\\nand, finding the garrison off their guard, he captured the\\nfort, and for several weeks kept possession of it, until Gov-\\nernor O Neil, coming down from Pensacola, drove him\\nout, without making any effort to capture him or his Indian\\nallies. Orders were afterwards sent out for his arrest, and,\\na large reward being offered for him, the Indians gave him\\nup. He was sent in chains to Cuba and confined in Moro\\nCastle, where he is said to have died.\\nAt one time his influence with the Creeks was so great\\nthat he destroyed their confidence in their great chief", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n249\\nMcGillivray, whom he represented to them as a traitor who\\nhad sold them to Spain and afterwards to the United\\nStates. This accusation was not without foundation, as\\nMcGillivray had entered into a treaty with Washington, by\\nwhich he promised that after a certain date all of the com-\\nmerce of the Creek nation should pass through the ports\\nof the United States. This gave great dissatisfaction to\\nthe Indians as Avell as to the Spaniards, who now began to\\ndistrust McGillivray. It was proved that while receiving\\nthirty-five hundred dollars a year as agent of Spain, he was\\nfilling the same office under the United States government\\nwith a salary of twelve hundred, sometimes wearing the\\nSpanish uniform, and at other times that of a brigadier-\\ngeneral in the American army. But there is no doubt that\\nhe was mainly inclined to the Spanish interest, as it does\\nnot appear that he ever carried out the provisions of the\\ntreaty with Washington. Carondelet, the Spanish Gov-\\nernor, endeavored to unite the four Indian nations under\\nMcGillivray, and secure their services in his effort to pre-\\nvent the advance of American settlements on the coast,\\nand also on the Mississippi. But the race of McGillivray\\nwas run. In 1793 he died, and was buried at Pensacola,\\nwith Masonic honors.\\nBy the treaty of 1 790, in which McGillivray had repre-\\nsented the Creek Nation, the United States had set aside\\na previous treaty between General Twiggs and the Creeks,\\nand agreed to a new boundary-line, less advantageous to\\nGeorgia. This gave great dissatisfaction to General Elijah\\nClarke, who had been a party to the treaty of General\\nTwiggs, and one of the most active and useful officers in\\nthe Georgia service. He was greatly incensed, and de-\\ntermined to take possession of the territory so improperly\\nsurrendered.* He had no difficulty in finding adherents,\\nStevens, Ga., p. 401,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "250\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nand, having established himself in the disputed territory,\\nmade several incursions into Florida, and drove in the\\nSpanish outposts. It was supposed that he was acting in\\nthe interest of France but the French consul at Savannah\\ndenied the charge. Having set at defiance the authorities\\nof Georgia, Clarke crossed the river Oconee, and erected a\\nfort, whereupon an expedition was sent out against him,\\nand he was forced to abandon the enterprise.\\nSome ten years after the change of flags, General John\\nMcintosh removed to Florida with his accomplished and\\ndevoted wife, and settled upon the St. John s River, at a\\nplantation which he called Bellevue. He had been a\\ndistinguished officer in the War of the American Revolu-\\ntion, and carried with him to Florida several families de-\\nvoted to his interests. The Spanish governor, Quesada,\\njealous and suspicious of the consideration with which\\nGeneral Mcintosh was treated, affected to believe that he\\nwas engaged in projects inimical to the interests of Spain.\\nHe pretended to be on friendly terms with the general,\\nbut upon one occasion, when he was on a visit to St. Au-\\ngustine, Quesada had him arrested and thrown into the\\ncastle. A detachment of soldiers was then sent out to the\\ngeneral s plantation, who searched the house, and carried\\noff all the private papers they could find. All communi-\\ncation with his family was prevented, and soon after Gen-\\neral Mcintosh was sent to Havana and immured in the\\ndungeons of Moro Castle. His resolute wife made every\\neffort in her power to procure his release. Though deprived\\nof her sight, she wrote to the Governor-General of Cuba\\nseveral able letters, declaring the innocence of her hus-\\nband, and urged that he should be brought to trial and\\nconfronted with his accusers. She also appealed to the\\nsympathies of her husband s old comrades in arms, and\\nenlisted the services of Washington himself to procure the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 251\\nrelease of the general. Finally, after having been kept a\\nyear in close confinement, the Governor of Cuba released\\nhim, and allowed him to return, without trial, to his\\nfamily. Incensed and disgusted with the treachery of\\nQuesada, General Mcintosh determined to abandon Flor-\\nida forever, and, gathering his adherents, some of whom\\nhad been fellow-sufferers, he descended the river, and\\nreturned to Georgia, not without having first destroyed a\\nSpanish fort at the Cowfords, opposite Jacksonville, and\\nseveral Spanish galleys that lay in the river. General\\nMcintosh was engaged in the War of 181 2, and died in\\n1826.\\nIn 1795 Spain receded to France all that portion of West\\nFlorida lying west of the Perdido River, thus cutting off\\nfrom West Florida the most valuable and important por-\\ntion of her territory. The progress of the great campaigns\\nin Europe, in which the interest of Spain was so deeply\\ninvolved, left the Floridas with but little care from the\\nhome government. White, who was for many years Gov-\\nernor of East Florida, had strong prejudices against the\\nAmericans, and opposed their settlement within his prov-\\nince. In the mean time, France, becoming satisfied that\\nin the progress of events Louisiana and her West India\\ncolonies would be taken from her, entered into negotia-\\ntions with the United States, and, in the year 1803, agreed,\\nfor the pecuniary consideration of fifteen millions of\\ndollars, to cede the territory of Louisiana to the United\\nStates.\\nThus, at the end of two hundred and thirty years, France\\nwithdrew from the last of her possessions in North America.\\nIf we examine a map of the country as it was held by vari-\\nous European powers in the early part of the eighteenth\\ncentury, we shall see on the north, the great territory of\\nNew France, extending along the Gulf of St. Lawrence,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "252\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nincluding part of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Cape Bre-\\nton, and Canada, lying on both sides of the river St.\\nLawrence and the lakes, along the Ohio River to its\\njunction with the Mississippi, and the whole valley of the\\nMississippi, extending on the east to the Alleghany Mount-\\nains, on the west to the Rocky Mountains, and south to\\nthe Gulf of Mexico. Her forts and trading-houses were\\nscattered along the borders of all the great lakes, and upon\\nthe Mississippi, from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf\\nof Mexico, and along all the tributaries of this great river.\\nFrom these vast possessions France had retired step by\\nstep, receding from the frost-bound regions of Canada and\\nthe Northwest to the mild and sunny borders of the Gulf\\nof Mexico. One by one she had parted with her posses-\\nsions by the fortunes of war and treaty stipulations, and at\\nlast transferred, for a few millions of dollars, an empire in\\nextent, reaching from the Gulf of Mexico to the far distant\\nsources of the mighty river Mississippi. The towns upon\\nits banks, the tributaries that swell its flood, the bold bluffs\\nthat overhang its currents, all bear to this day the names\\ngiven them during the French possession. All the saints in\\nthe calendar are honored, and many an historic name per-\\npetuated, along with the designation of the various tribes\\nwho once inhabited the land.\\nThe English colonies occupied a narrow strip along the\\ncoast, from the St. Croix on the north to the Altamaha\\non the south, with an average breadth of not over three\\nhundred miles, not one-half of which was occupied. Upon\\nthe cession of Louisiana, the United States possessed them-\\nselves of the territory lying west of the Perdido, and thus in-\\nclosed the Spanish province of Florida within narrow bound-\\naries. In the year 1811 the difficulties between the United\\nStates and Great Britain began to assume a threatening\\naspect. On the north the provinces of Upper and Lower", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n253\\nCanada extended along the entire border, and offered every\\nadvantage for assailing the people of the border States. It\\nwas suspected that a design was on foot to seize Florida,\\nand thus secure to the British a frontier along the whole\\nsouthern border. The matter was thought of sufihcient im-\\nportance by the President to bring it to the attention of\\nCongress, and, in secret session, a resolution was passed,\\nauthorizing the President, in the event of an attempt being\\nmade by Great Britain to get possession of Florida, that\\nterritory should be occupied by the American forces. The\\nPresident appointed General Matthews, of Georgia, and\\nColonel John McKee, commissioners to confer with the\\nSpanish authorities of Florida and endeavor to procure a\\ntemporary cession of the province to the United States.\\nThey were, if successful, to establish a provisional govern-\\nment over the colonies if the governor so required,\\nthey were to stipulate for the redelivery of the country at\\nsome future time to Spain. But, in case of refusal, should\\nthere be room to entertain a suspicion that a design ex-\\nisted on the part of any other power to occupy Florida,\\nthey were authorized to take possession of the province\\nwith the force of the United States. As might have been\\nanticipated, the Spanish governor declined a surrender of\\nthe province, and protested against any trespass upon his\\nrights or domain. The plans of the government of the\\nUnited States had, however, become generally known, and\\na number of frontiersmen along the borders of Georgia\\neagerly awaited an opportunity of making a descent upon\\nFlorida. In the spring of 181 2 a number of these persons,\\nand some of the settlers from the northern borders of Flo-\\nrida, assembled near St. Mary s, and organized themselves\\nas patriots seeking to establish republican institutions in\\nFlorida. A provisional government was formed, and\\n22", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "254 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nofficers were elected.* General John H. Mcintosh was\\nchosen governor or director of the republic of Florida, and\\nColonel Ashley was appointed military chief.\\nFernandina had been occupied as a Spanish port for some\\nthree or four years, and was becoming a place of some im-\\nportance. During the existence of the embargo imposed by\\nthe United States in the war of 1 812 with Great Britain, Fer-\\nnandina had become a depot of neutral trade, and as many\\nas one hundred and fifty square-rigged vessels, it is said,\\ncould have been counted at one time within her harbor, and\\nthe town then contained a population of about six hundred\\npersons. In 181 2 a small Spanish garrison held possession\\nof the place, commanded by Captain Jose Lopez. It was\\ndeemed important to secure possession of Fernandina, and\\nnine American gunboats, under the command of Commo-\\ndore Campbell, had come into the harbor, under the\\npretense of seeking to protect American interests. Gen-\\neral Matthews, having determined upon the occupation of\\nAmelia Island, used the patriot organization as a cover to\\neffect his purpose. The gunboats were drawn up in line in\\nfront of Fernandina, with their guns bearing upon the fort.\\nColonel Ashley then embarked his patriots in boats, and\\napproached the town with a summons to surrender. The\\ncommandant, Don Jose Lopez, seeing a line of gunboats,\\nwith their guns bearing upon the town, flying the flag of a\\nneutral power, but prepared to enforce the demand of the\\nsoi-disant patriots, had no alternative but to haul down the\\nSpanish flag. Articles of capitulation were entered into at\\nfour o clock on the 17th of March, 1812, between Don Jose\\nLopez, Commandant, etc., on the part of the Spanish gov-\\nernment, and John H. Mcintosh, Esq., commissioner\\nnamed and duly authorized by the patriots of the district\\nA copy of this constitution is in the possession of the writer.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n255\\nof the province lying between the rivers St. John s and St.\\nMary s. The fifth article of capitulation provided that\\nthe island shall, twenty-four hours after the surrender, be\\nceded to the United States of America, under the express\\ncondition that the port of Fernandina shall not be subject\\nto aftiy of the restrictions on commerce that exist at present\\nin the United States, but shall be open, as heretofore, to\\nBritish and other vessels and produce, on paying the law-\\nful tonnage and import duties; and, in case of actual war\\nbetween the United States and Great Britain, the port of\\nFernandina shall be open to British merchant vessels and\\nproduce, and considered a free port until the ist of May,\\n1813.\\nThe articles were witnessed by George Atkinson, George\\nI. F. Clarke, Charles W. Clarke, and Archibald Clark.\\nThe succeeding day. Lieutenant Ridgley, of the United\\nStates Army, assumed command, and Colonel Ashley, with\\nhis patriot army, numbering some three hundred men, were\\nmarched towards St. Augustine. On their way they arrested\\nZephaniah Kingsley, a well-known planter, and afterwards\\ninduced him to join in the enterprise. They marched to\\nwithin two miles of St. Augustine, and camped at the place\\nknown as Fort Moosa. Colonel Smith, with a detachment\\nof one hundred regulars, here joined the patriots. Soon\\nafter they became dissatisfied with Colonel Ashley, and sus-\\npended him from the command, and William Craig, one of\\nthe Spanish judges, was put in his place. Colonel Estrada,\\nthe acting governor of Florida, was unwilling to meet these\\ninsignificant forces in the field, but, managing to get some\\nsmall guns on a schooner, he shelled Fort Moosa from the\\nwater approaches, and compelled the patriots and their\\nsupporters to fall back to. Pass Navarro and intrench them-\\nselves; but soon, finding that their force was wholly insuffi-\\ncient to take St. Augustine, the patriots fell back to the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "256\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nSt. John s, leaving Colonel Smith and his regulars at the\\npass.\\nThe occupation of Fernandina, and subsequent move-\\nment upon St. Augustine, coming to the knowledge of the\\nSpanish Minister at Washington, he remonstrated with the\\nAmerican government against this violation of treaty stipu-\\nlations, and the British Minister also protested against this\\ninvasion of neutral territory.\\nThe President was in an embarrassing position. General\\nMatthews was his accredited commissioner, and had his\\nwritten instructions to occupy the country should there be\\nroom to entertain a suspicion that a design existed on the\\npart 0/ any other power to take possession of the province.\\nThe alternative existed of boldly justifying his own acts,\\nassuming the responsibility, and accepting the consequences,\\nor of sacrificing his agent and disowning his acts. The\\nPresident pursued the usual course of those in power he\\npolitely ignored the measures that had been taken by his\\ncommissioner, and declared that he had transcended his\\nauthority regretted the mistake, and promised to have it\\ncorrected. General Matthews was relieved from his posi-\\ntion, and Governor Mitchell, of Georgia, appointed in his\\nplace, with instructions to restore the condition of affairs\\nwhich existed before the invasion, and to act in harmony\\nwith Governor Estrada. While these diplomatic move-\\nments were in progress, and just after the appointment of\\nGovernor Mitchell, an affair took place which was very\\niisgraceful to the Spanish governor and tended greatly to\\nexasperate the United States military authorities. On the^\\nevening of the 12th of May, a detachment of United States\\ntroops, mostly made up of invalids, under the command\\nof Lieutenant Williams, of the United States Marine Corps,\\nwith a number of wagons, were on their way from Colonel\\nSmith s camp, at Pass Navarro, to Colonel Briggs s camp", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 257\\non the St. John s, when they were attacked by a company\\nof negroes, under the command of a fellow by the name of\\nPrince, sent out by the governor of St. Augustine. These\\nnegroes, concealing themselves in Twelve-Mile Swamp at\\na point where the road is lined on both sides by a dense\\nthicket, poured in upon the unsuspecting party a deadly\\nvolley. Lieutenant Williams fell, mortally wounded,\\npierced with six bullets. Captain Fort, of the Milledge-\\nville Volunteers, was wounded, and a non-commissioned\\nofficer and six privates were killed. The soldiers imme-\\ndiately charged upon the negroes, who instantly broke\\nand fled.\\nGovernor Mitchell promptly called for reinforcements,\\nto enable him to attack St. Augustine. In the mean time,\\nGovernor Kindelan had been sent out as Governor of Flo-\\nrida, and in June he made a formal demand for the with-\\ndrawal of Colonel Smith from the province, and the Presi-\\ndent, finding that Congress was opposed to entering into\\nany further hostilities with Spain while serious difficulties\\nwere threatening with England, felt obliged to make ar-\\nrangements for withdrawing all the United States troops\\nfrom Florida. The camp at Pass Navarro was broken up,\\nand Colonel Smith withdrew with his command, now\\ngreatly reduced by sickness, to Davis s Creek, on the\\nKing s Road. In the mean time, the Indians, under their\\nchiefs Payne and Bowlegs, had begun a predatory warfare\\nupon the settlements, carrying off all the live stock they\\ncould find, burning houses, and stealing negroes, and were\\npreparing to extend their incursions into Georgia. It was\\ndetermined to make an effort to disperse the Indians, if\\npossible, before they collected in sufficient numbers to be\\nformidable. Colonel Newnan, of Georgia, the Inspector-\\nGeneral of that State, who was a volunteer, offered to lead\\na party against Payne s town in Alachua. Organizing a", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ncommand of one hundred and ten men only, from the\\npatriots in Florida, he undertook to penetrate the enemy s\\ncountry over one hundred miles, and attack two formidable\\nchiefs surrounded by their warriors and with every advan-\\ntage of position and thorough knowledge of the country.\\nCrossing at Picolata, Colonel Newnan and his men ar-\\nrived the third day at the foot of Lake Pithlachocco, a few\\nmiles from Payne s town. They here unexpectedly encoun-\\ntered an Indian force of about one hundred and fifty,\\nunder their leaders Bowlegs and Payne, who had just set\\nout on the war-path. Both sides prepared for the conflict,\\nwhich began about mid-day. Captain Fort, of the infantry,\\nwas posted on the left, Lieutenants Broadnax and Reed in\\nthe centre, and Captain Humphreys, with a detachment of\\nmarines, held the right. King Payne, mounted on a white\\nhorse, displayed great gallantry in leading his men into\\naction. At first they fired from the shelter of a swamp, so\\nwell protected on both sides that but little effect was pro-\\nduced by the return fire of Newnan s men. A feigned re-\\ntreat on their part, however, drew the Indians out in pursuit,\\nwhen, suddenly turning upon them, Newnan killed a great\\nnumber, and mortally wounded Payne. Dismayed by the\\nloss of their leader, the Indians fled from the field but,\\nknowing the Indian character so well, Newnan felt confi-\\ndent they would soon renew the attack, and lost no time in\\nthrowing up temporary breastworks to protect his small\\nforce. About sundown Bowlegs returned, heavily rein-\\nforced, and began the attack with great vigor. They came\\nforward yelling, and charged nearly up to the intrench-\\nments.\\nNewnan s forces received them with great coolness, and\\nreturned a galling fire, which drove them back with great\\nloss. The Indians returned to the attack several times, but\\nthe steady valor of the whites forced them finally to re-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n259\\ntreat, carrying off their dead and wounded. Confident\\nthat Bowlegs would again return, Newnan still further\\nstrengthened his position, and prepared for a siege. For-\\ntunately, they killed an ox, and subsisted on that and the\\none horse they had left, the Indians having carried off all\\nthe others. The night of the eighth day they effected a\\nsilent retreat, and, carrying their wounded on litters,\\nmarched slowly back towards the St. John s. The Indians\\nwere not long in discovering that their enemy were on the\\nretreat, and quickly followed in pursuit. Newnan s party\\nwas overtaken when on their way to Picolata, and attacked\\nby a band of fifty Seminoles, under their young governor.\\nThree of the whites were killed at the first fire, but, not-\\nwithstanding their exhausted condition, they roused them-\\nselves, and made a charge on the Indians which put them\\nto flight, leaving their chief dead on the field. A few miles\\nfarther on, Newnan halted and threw up breastworks, and\\nsent a messenger in for the relief they so much needed.\\nTheir provisions were exhausted, and their wounded men\\nsuffering for want of care and rest. A party was sent out\\nforaging, but could find nothing but two alligators, and on\\nthese they subsisted until the arrival of sixteen horsemen\\nwith provisions. The wounded men were mounted, and in\\ntwo days they all reached Picolata. The death of Payne\\ngreatly discomfited the Indians, and for the time put a stop\\nto their preparations for war, but they still continued, in\\nsmall bands, to annoy the border settlers. Among these\\nwas Mr. Kingsley, whose plantation the Indians kept in a\\nstate of siege, and carried off his cattle and negroes. The\\npatriots retaliated upon the loyalists, and lawless bands\\nwere scattered over the country, plundering and destroying\\nproperty, until scarcely a house or plantation remained\\nuninjured in the province.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nOccupation of Pensacola by the English English driven from Pensa-\\ncola by General Jackson Destruction of Negro Fort on Apalachi-\\ncola by Colonel Clinch Defeat of Florida Indians by General\\nJackson Occupation of Pensacola by General Jackson Treaty with\\nSpain, ceding Florida to United States.\\n1813 1821.\\nAbout the year 1812 a party of Georgians visited the\\nAlachua district of country, carrying with them a surveyor\\nto run out the lands which they expected to conquer and\\noccupy. The surveyor was killed by the Indians, and it is\\nsaid that his field-notes and plots were carried in by the\\nIndians to Geo. I. F. Clarke, Esq., the Spanish Surveyor-\\nGeneral, and formed the basis of all the Spanish land-\\ngrants in the Alachua district of country, now covered by\\nAlachua and Marion counties. The promoter of this expe-\\ndition was a General Harris, of Georgia. The Indians\\nattacked the party and forced them to retire.\\nThe American troops were not finally withdrawn from\\nFlorida until the early part of the year 181 3. Governor\\nMitchell had been superseded by General Pinkney, but no\\nactive operations were carried on against the Spanish inhab-\\nitants. This incursion of the United States troops into\\nFlorida ruined the agricultural interests of the country,\\nwhich had begun to revive, and were attended with very\\nencouraging success. The civil war and unbridled license\\nwhich prevailed for a year and a half broke up and dis-\\n(260)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 261\\nheartened the planters, who saw the fruits of their well-\\napplied industry made the prey of lawless invaders, their\\nhomes rendered insecure, their stock carried off, their\\nslaves scattered, their crops and fences destroyed, and all\\nthey possessed plundered and pillaged under the immunity\\nand protection afforded to the perpetrators of these wrongs\\nby the flag of the United States. The planters retired in\\ndespair to St. Augustine, and sought shelter and protection\\nunder the guns of the fort. The Spanish forces were too\\nweak to contest with the invaders the possession of the\\ncountry, and during the years 181 2 and 1813 Florida was\\nvirtually in the condition of a conquered province.\\nThe war of 181 2, between the United States and Great\\nBritain, to some extent involved Florida. In August, 1814,\\na British fleet entered the harbor of Pensacola, and landed\\ntroops, which were placed in garrison in Forts Michel and\\nBarrancas, with the assent of Governor Manrequez; the\\nBritish flag was raised over the forts, and the Indians of\\nthat region taken under British protection and pledged to\\ncarry on hostilities against the Americans, being furnished\\nwith arms and ammunition and promised liberal bounties.\\nGeneral Jackson was directed by the government of the\\nUnited States to counteract these movements, and, having\\nraised a body of troops, marched against Pensacola in No-\\nvember of the same year. His forces consisted of five\\nthousand Tennessee volunteers and a large force of friendly\\nIndians. A flag which General Jackson had sent forward\\nto open communication with the Spanish governor was fired\\nupon, and he immediately determined to storm the town.\\nMarching his troops to the eastward of the city, he pushed\\nforward his columns for a direct assault. The town was\\nprotected by a fort, several batteries, and seven vessels of\\nwar lying in front of the city. The advance of General\\nJackson s column was rapid, and they soon entered the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "262 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nstreets of the city. A battery of two guns, which had been\\nplanted so as to sweep with grape and canister the street\\nupon which they entered, was stormed and captured by\\nMajor Laval. The town soon yielded, and with Fort\\nMichel was taken possession of by the American troops.\\nFort Barrancas was blown up by Colonel Nichols, the Eng-\\nlish commander, who, with the British troops and their\\nIndian allies, escaped on board the vessels and went to sea.\\nThe Indians were landed on the Apalachicola River.\\nAfter holding the town two days, and having destroyed\\nthe fortifications, General Jackson withdrew his troops and\\nproceeded with his command to New Orleans, then threat-\\nened by the British forces. The Spanish governor, after\\nGeneral Jackson s forces had withdrawn, commenced re-\\nbuilding the fortifications, declining the assistance proffered\\nby the English for that purpose.\\nColonel Nichols, having been expelled from Pensacola,\\ndevoted his attention to organizing an Indian and negro\\nterritory on the river Apalachicola, for the purpose of estab-\\nlishing a place of refuge for runaway negroes from the\\nSouthern States, who, in connection with the Indians,\\nmight operate with effect upon the frontier settlements.\\nSelecting a place admirably suited for the purpose on that\\nriver, he superintended the erection of a strong fortification\\nupon a high bluff, making out into the river, well protected\\nby a deep mor.ass in the rear. A garrison of three hundred\\nBritish troops was placed in it, and it was made a point of\\nrendezvous for the Creek Indians called Bluesticks. During\\nthe following year a large number of runaway negroes con-\\ngregated in this region of country, and settled along the\\nbanks of the Apalachicola River for some fifty miles, bid-\\nding defiance to both the Spanish and American govern-\\nments. After the close of the war with Great Britain, the\\nBritish garrison was withdrawn, and the fort was left in the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 263\\nhands of the runaway negroes, who were closely allied with\\nthe Indians, and were under the leadership of a negro\\nby the name of Garcia. The fort was situated on the east\\nside of the river, at the point where Fort Gadsden was\\nafterwards built. The parapet was fifteen feet high and\\neighteen feet thick, and it was defended by nine pieces of\\nartillery, several of which were of large calibre. Besides\\nthe swamp in the rear, it was protected by a large creek\\nabove it and a small creek below it. Two large magazines\\nwere w^ll supplied with ammunition, and three thousand\\nstand of arms had been furnished by their British allies.\\nThus situated, the fort commanded the navigation of the\\nApalachicola River, and of the Flint River also, and men-\\naced the settlements along the borders, while affording a\\nrefuge for all runaway slaves.\\nIn August, 1 81 6, Colonel Duncan L. Clinch, of the\\nUnited States Army, was stationed at Camp Crawford, on\\nthe Chattahoochee River, about one hundred and fifty\\nmiles above the Bay of Apalachicola. General Gaines had\\ndirected a supply of provisions, with a quantity of ordnance-\\nstores, two eighteen-pounders, and one howitzer, to ascend\\nthe river to Camp Crawford and, as the hostile attitude\\nof the Indians and negroes at the negro fort made it\\nprobable that some opposition would be made to the pas-\\nsage of the expedition up the river, General Gaines in-\\nstructed Colonel Clinch, in case of such opposition, to\\ntake measures to reduce the fort.\\nAn Indian chief by the name of Lafarka was sent down\\nthe river from Fort Crawford, to obtain some information\\nof the convoy and vessels guarding it, and soon re-\\nturned with dispatches from Sailing-Master Loomis, ad-\\nvising Colonel Clinch of his arrival in the bay with two\\ngunboats and two transports, with provisions, etc. Col-\\nonel Clinch immediately set out with one hundred and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsixteen men in boats to descend the river. These forces\\nwere divided into two companies, under command of Major\\nMuhlenberg and Captain Taylor. On their way a junction\\nwas accidentally effected with a large body of Creek In-\\ndians, who, without any knowledge of the movements of\\nthe United States troops, were also on their way to attack\\nthe negro fort, and capture the runaways for the benefit of\\ntheir owners.\\nThese Indians were under the command of Major Mc-\\nintosh, and the next day were joined by another party,\\nunder Captain Isaacs and Kateha-haigo mad-tiger. A\\ncouncil was held, and the Indians agreed to act in concert\\nwith the whites. Scouts were kept in the advance, who\\ncaptured an Indian with a scalp, which he was carrying\\ninto the fort. The prisoner informed Colonel Clinch\\nthat the black leader, Garcia, and a Choctaw chief, had\\nbeen down the bay the day before, saying they had killed\\nseveral Americans and taken a boat from them. It appears\\nthat Lieutenant Loomis, the commander of the gunboats,\\nhad sent out Midshipman Luffborough, with four seamen,\\ninto the river to get a supply of fresh water, where they\\nwere attacked by a party of negroes and Choctaws, who\\nfired upon them, killing the midshipman and two of the\\nseamen one was taken prisoner, and the fourth escaped.\\nThe command of Colonel Clinch landed within a short\\ndistance of the negro fort. The Indians were posted\\naround it, so as to cut off all communication, and an irreg-\\nular fire kept up to harass the besieged. They replied by\\na constant discharge of artillery, which inflicted no damage\\nupon the besiegers, but greatly reduced their supply of am-\\nmunition. Some days before, a party of Indian chiefs had\\nentered the fort and demanded its surrender, but they were\\nreceived with abuse, and the negro commander told theni\\nthat he had been placed in command by the British gov-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "HISTORY GF FLORIDA. 265\\nernment, and he intended to sink any American vessels\\nwhich should attempt to pass his fort, and that when he\\nfound that he could not hold the fort he would blow it up.\\nAfter this declaration, he hoisted the red flag with the\\nEnglish Jack over it.\\nThe vessels from below were brought up to within four\\nmiles of the fort, and, after a careful examination of the\\nground, a position was selected for a battery on the west\\nside of the river, opposite to the fort. The troops under\\nMajor Muhlenberg and Captain Taylor occupied the west\\nside of the river, and Major Mcintosh and his Indians,\\nand a detachment of American troops, invested the fort in\\nthe rear. On the morning of the 24th of August, the two\\ngunboats came up and took position in front of the battery.\\nThe negroes immediately opened fire upon them from a\\nthirty-two-pounder, which was replied to with such effect\\nthat, at the fifth discharge, a hot-shot from Gunboat 154,\\ncommanded by Sailing-Master Basset, entered one of the\\nmagazines of the fort and blew it up, thus rendering any\\nfurther defense of the fort impossible. The garrison con-\\nsisted of about one hundred effective men, including\\ntweaty-five Choctaws, and there were over two hundred\\nwomen and children, of whom not over fifty escaped the\\neffects of the explosion.\\nThe Americans sustained no loss whatever. A large\\namount of property was taken, estimated at two hundred\\nthousand dollars in value. One hundred and sixty barrels\\nof powder were saved from an uninjured magazine. The\\nnegro commander, Garcia, and the outlawed Choctaw chief,\\nwere condemned to death by a council of the friendly\\nIndians, for the murder of the midshipman and seamen.\\nThe sentence was carried into effect immediately. The\\nrunaway Spanish negroes were turned over to the Spanish\\nAgent, and the American negroes delivered to Colonel\\n23", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "266 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nClinch to be restored to their owners. A body of Semi-\\nnoles had come down the river to aid the besieged, but, the\\nnews of the capture of the fort having reached them, they\\nscattered to their homes.\\nThe destruction of this fort broke up for the time the\\nIndian and negro settlements. The English government\\nappear, in this instance, to have encouraged their agents\\nto violate all the rules of civilized and honorable warfare,\\nby permitting them to instigate an atrocious Indian war, in\\nconnection with a hostile negro organization, to prey upon\\nthe defenseless frontiers of the Southern States. Bounties\\nwere offered and paid for the scalps of Americans, a strong\\nfortress w^as built for the protection of outlaws, murderers,\\nand runaway slaves, and large sums of money were spent in\\nsupplying them with arms, ammunition, and provisions, and\\nthe British flag allowed to float over this mongrel crew.\\nThe evil influences of the course pursued by these English\\nagents were felt for a long time, and finally forced the\\nAmerican government, in self-defense, to adopt measures\\nfor putting to an end forever the atrocities of the savage\\nallies of Great Britain.\\nInstigated by the English emissaries Nichols and Wood-\\nbine, the Seminoles, with scattering bands from other\\ntribes, continued to annoy the border settlements in Geor-\\ngia, and several times attacked transports on the Apalachi-\\ncola River, in one instance mustering twelve hundred men\\nand continuing the fight for several days. In January,\\n1818, General Jackson made a treaty with the Creeks,\\nand engaged them to join him in an attack upon the Semi-\\nnoles of Florida. In the spring of the same year, with a\\nforce of one thousand militia, five hundred regulars, and\\nnearly two thousand Indians, he started on an expedi-\\ntion against the Seminoles, with the purpose of destroying\\ntheir power and putting an end to their depredations.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 267\\nMarching rapidly upon the Miccosukee towns of East\\nFlorida, he destroyed them, and soon afterwards attacked\\nand destroyed the Fowl towns, the Indians making but a\\nfeeble resistance. General Jackson then marched upon\\nSt. Mark s^ which was strongly fortified and had twenty\\nguns mounted. The fort surrendered without resistance,\\nand Prophet Francis and another Indian chief fell into the\\nhands of the Americans, and were immediately hanged.\\nAt Miccosukee, General Jackson found three hundred\\nscalps of men, women, and children, most of them fresh, and\\nwhich had evidently been recently exhibited with triumph.\\nFrom St. Mark s General Jackson marched to Suwanee,\\nwhere he dispersed a large number of Indians, and took\\nmany prisoners, among them two Englishmen, Arbuthnot\\nand Ambrister, who were accused of being the chief agents\\nin supplying the Indians with arms and ammunition and\\ndirecting their operations against the whites. A court-mar-\\ntial was held to try them, and both being found guilty were\\nsentenced to suffer death, one by hanging, the other to be\\nshot, and the sentence was promptly executed. This action\\nof General Jackson was severely criticised, both at the time,\\nand subsequently in the political contests in which he be-\\ncame engaged. General Jackson afterwards marched against\\nPensacola, having been infornjed that the Spanish govern-\\nment, while furnishing arms to the Indians who were hostile\\nto the United States, refused to allow provisions to pass up\\nthe Escambia for the American troops. Upon the approach\\nof General Jackson, the Spanish governor retired to Fort\\nBarrancas, which, being menaced by the United States\\ntroops, was surrendered after a slight show of resistance.\\nA treaty of peace, consisting of sixteen articles, was con-\\ncluded between Spain and the United States on the 2 2d of\\nFebruary, 181 9, ceding the Floridas to the United States.\\nThe sixth article of this treaty provided that the inhab-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nitants of the territories ceded to the United States should\\nbe incorporated into the Union of the United States, as\\nsoon as might be consistent with the principles of the Fed-\\neral Constitution, and admitted to the enjoyment of all the\\nprivileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of the\\nUnited States.\\nThe eighth article provided that all the grants of land\\nmade before the 24th of January, 181 8, by Spain, should\\nbe ratified and confirmed to the same extent that the same\\ngrants would be valid if the territories had remained under\\nthe dominion of Spain.\\nThe ninth article provided that the United States would\\ncause satisfaction to be made for the injuries, if any, which\\nby process of law should be established to have been suf-\\nfered by the Spanish officers and individual Spanish inhab-\\nitants by the late operations of the American army in\\nFlorida.\\nThese articles of the treaty have given validity to what\\nare now known as Spanish grants and claims for losses, in\\nwhich so many of the people of Florida were interested.\\nThe treaty was finally ratified on the 19th of February,\\n1 82 1. The change of flags in East Florida took place at\\nSt. Augustine, loth of July, 1821, under Governor Cop-\\npinger on the part of Spain, and Colonel Robert Butler\\non the part of the United States in West Florida, at\\nPensacola, on the 21st of July, 1821, Governor Callava\\nrepresenting the Spanish government and General Jackson\\nthat of the United States.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nOrganization of the Territory of Florida Condition of the Indians\\nTreaty of Fort Moultrie Indian Agency Treaty of Payne s Land-\\ning Collisions between the Races.\\n1821\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1833.\\nUpon the change of flags the civil administration of\\naffairs devolved upon the military authorities until the\\npassage of an act of Congress, on the 3d of March, 1822,\\nfor the establishment of a territorial government in Florida,\\nwhich provided that the territory ceded by Spain to the\\nUnited States, known by the name of East and West Flo-\\nrida, should constitute a Territory of the United States,\\nknown by the name of the Territory of Florida. The gov-\\nernment was to be administered by a governor appointed\\nby the President, who was to be ex-oificio Superintendent\\nof Indian Affairs, and aathorized to appoint all local\\nofficers. The legislative power was vested in the governor\\nand in thirteen of the most fit and discreet persons of the\\nTerritory, to be called the Legislative Council, to be\\nappointed annually by the President. The judicial power\\nwas vested in two superior courts, one for each division of\\nthe Territory. The governor was allowed a salary of two\\nthousand five hundred dollars, the secretary fifteen hun-\\ndred dollars, and the judges of the superior courts fifteen\\nhundred dollars each; members of the Council three dol-\\n23* C 269", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "2 70 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nlars per day. The first governor appointed was William\\nP. Duval, of Kentucky. The first Legislative Council mety\\nat Pensacola, in June, 1822. An amended act of Con-\\ngress, relative to the civil government of Florida, was\\npassed 3d March, 1823, and the second session of the\\nLegislative Council was held at St. Augustine. At the\\nsession of 1822 West Florida was divided into two coun-\\nties, Escambia and Jackson, and East Florida into the\\ncounties of St. John s and Duval.\\nDr. William H. Simmons and John Lee Williams, Esq.,\\nwere appointed commissioners to select a site for the seat\\nof government. They chose the old Indian fields of Tal-\\nlahassee, then covered in part by a noble growth of live-\\noaks and magnolias, and in the vicinity of a beautiful cas-\\ncade, which has long since disappeared. Their choice was\\napproved by the Council in October, 1823, and the seat of\\ngovernment permanently established, retaining, with great\\ngood taste, the euphonious Indian name of Tallahassee. The\\nfirst house was erected in the new capital in the spring of\\n1824, and the construction of the State-house began in\\n1826, but was not completed for many years. Gadsden\\nand Monroe Counties were established in 1824, and sub-\\nsequently Walton, Leon, Alachua, and Nassau. In 1825,\\nWashington and Mosquito Counties were established. In\\n1827, Jefferson County, and, in 1828, Hamilton and Madi-\\nson Counties were set off from Jefferson.\\nThe settlement of the country would have progressed\\nmuch more rapidly but for the difficulty of disposing of the\\nIndians, who occupied so large a portion of the country.\\nThe acquisition of Florida was regarded as a matter of\\ngreat national importance, occupying, as it did, so large a\\nportion of the Southern coast-line, and rendering its pos-\\nsession by an unfriendly power hazardous to the commerce\\nof all the States bordering on the Mississippi and the Gulf", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 271\\nof Mexico. It was also regarded with much interest as\\nadding to the United States a tropical region, beyond the\\nlimits of frost, where the sugar-cane and tropical fruits could\\nbe cultivated.\\nThe change of flags in Florida transferred the Indian\\ntribes from the mild and timid control, almost nominal in\\nits character, of the Spanish governors, to the exacting and\\never-encroaching domination of the Americans. The pre-\\nvious difficulties, caused by the irruptions oT the Georgians\\nunder Harris and Matthews, had created a strong feeling of\\nrepugnance between the Indians and the border white men.\\nThe Indians had so long remained in undisputed control of\\nthe country that they had never realized that any authority\\ncould be exercised superior to their own, and understood\\nnothing of the idea of a sovereignty over their domain by\\nany government or power. The chastisement inflicted\\nupon them by General Jackson had considerably broken\\ntheir power and diminished their numbers, but they still\\noccupied the whole interior of Florida. The Spanish set-\\ntlement had never extended far from the coast in the neigh-\\nborhood of St. Augustine and Amelia Island on the east,\\nand Pensacola on the west, while all the extensive range of\\ncountry lying between the Cape of Florida on the south,\\nthe St. Mary s River on the north, and the Perdido on the\\nwest, some eight hundred miles in extent, was occupied by\\nthe tribes of Seminoles or Miccosukies.\\nThe Miccosukies were considered to be the original\\noccupants of the country, and th^ Seminoles were, as their\\nname indicates, runaways from the Creek tribes living\\nalong the Chattahoochee River. A considerable number\\ncame into Florida in the year 1750, under Secoffee, a noted\\nCreek chief, and settled in Alachua, the central part of the\\npeninsula, a country possessing many very attractive fea-\\ntures to an Indian. Secoffee left two sons, who became", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "2 72 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nhead chiefs, Payne and Bowlegs. In 1808 another band of\\nCreeks settled in the vicinity of Tallahassee.*\\nThe parent nation, originally called Muscogees or Creeks,\\nwas one of the most powerful tribes of natives on the con-\\ntinent their villages, sometimes numbering two thousand\\nsouls, extending along the whole course of the Apalachi-\\ncola and Chattahoochee Rivers.\\nThe Seminoles were never very numerous, but occupied\\na vast extent of country. William Bartram, the celebrated\\nbotanist, visited a considerable part of the Indian country\\nnearly a century since, in 1773, and gives this flattering\\naccount of the Seminoles in that day\\nThey possess all of East Florida and a large part of\\nWest Florida, countries which, divided as they are by\\nnature into innumerable islands, hills, and marshes, marked\\nwith many rivers, lakes, streams, and vast prairies, offer\\nsuch a number of desirable localities convenient for settle-\\nment and inaccessible to enemies. This country, so irreg-\\nular in its form, and so well watered, furnishes, besides, so\\ngreat a quantity of the means of subsistence for wild ani-\\nmals, that I do not hesitate to say that no part of the world\\ncontains so much game, and so many animals suitable for\\nthe support of man.\\nSurrounded with this great abundance, guaranteed from\\nall extraneous attacks, the inhabitants of this region pos-\\nsess the two great requirements for men in their union as a\\nsociety, security for person and for property. With the\\nskins of the deer, the bear, the tiger, and the wolf, they\\npurchase from the traders clothing and other necessary\\narticles. They have no wishes to gratify, or wants for\\nwhich they are required to provide no enemies to fear,\\nno disquietudes, unless such as they may entertain from the\\nSprague s Florida War, 19.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 273\\ncontinual progress of the white settlements. Content and\\ntranquil, they seem as free from care as the birds of the\\nair like them they are light and volatile, like them they\\nsing and coo. The Seminole presents the picture of per-\\nfect happiness. The joy, the internal content, the tender\\nlove, and the generous friendship, are imprinted on his\\nvery countenance, they show themselves in his demeanor\\nand in his gestures, they seem to form his habitual state of\\nexistence, and to be a part of his nature, for their impress\\nonly departs from him with life.\\nA pressure of interest was brought to bear upon Con-\\ngress and the President, immediately after the cession of\\nFlorida to the United States, in order to have the country\\nthrown open to settlement.\\nAccording to the usual practice, the governor was made\\nSuperintendent of Indian Affairs, and an Indian Agent ap-\\npointed. Both were gentlemen of high character and un-\\nblemished reputation, and were, moreover, imbued with a\\nvery warm degree of sympathy for the Indians and a deter-\\nmination to protect them from aggression. The Indian\\nAgent was Colonel Gad Humphreys, who had served with\\ncredit in the war with Great Britain.\\nThe number of Indians in Florida, in the year 1822, was\\nascertained to be about four thousand, with perhaps one\\nthousand negroes associated with them as slaves or other-\\nwise. They had scattered villages throughout the territory,\\nwith an inconsiderable amount of land in cultivation, their\\nmain dependence being hunting and fishing.\\nThe first demand made by citizens of the States adjoin-\\ning Florida, was that the Indians of Florida should be re-\\nmoved from the northern and western part of the Territory\\nand restricted within narrower limits. Efforts were at\\nBartram s Voyages, Paris edition, vol. i. p. 363.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2 74 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nonce made by Colonel Humphreys, under the direction of\\nthe government, to obtain the meeting of a council of the\\nprincipal chiefs, for the purpose of making a treaty on this\\nsubject.\\nA considerable number were induced to assemble at Fort\\nMoultrie, six miles below St. Augustine, on the i8th Sep-\\ntember, 1823, where they were met by Governor W. P.\\nDuval, James Gadsden, and Bernardo Segui, as commis-\\nsioners on the part of the United States, and a treaty,\\ncalled the Treaty of Fort Moultrie, was negotiated, by\\nwhich the Indians agreed to remove within certain limits,\\nthe northern line of which was about twenty miles south\\nof Micanopy, the United States agreeing to compensate\\nthem for all improvements they might abandon. A bonus\\nof six thousand dollars was to be paid them, and an annuity\\nof five thousand dollars per year for twenty years. The\\ntreaty was signed by a majority of the chiefs, but six of the\\nmost influential had to be conciliated by further conces-\\nsions and liberty to retain their improvements.\\nColonel Humphreys established his agency at Fort King,\\nin the midst of the Indian settlements, and remained in\\ncharge of the agency until March, 1830, maintaining, dur-\\ning the whole period, a sincere and earnest championship\\nfor the rights of the people committed to his charge.\\nThe usual difficulties attended the progress of the settle-\\nment of the country the Indians stood in the way of the\\nwhite settlers, who regarded them with an unfriendly eye.\\nThey, moreover, did not confine themselves to their limits,\\nand thus gave ground for complaint. As the population of\\nthe country increased, a desire grew up to have the Indians\\nentirely removed from the Territory.\\nThe Legislature memorialized Congress, asking their\\nspeedy removal from the Territory, and that commis-\\nsioners should be appointed to hold a new treaty with", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 275\\nthem, stipulating for their immediate removal to the new\\ncountry west of the Mississippi.\\nA considerable number of negroes were living with the\\nIndians, mostly runaways. The parties from whom they\\nhad escaped were desirous of reclaiming them. The de-\\nmand was resisted by the Indians, and hence difficulties\\ncontinually arose.\\nOn the 29th October, 1828, a talk was held at McKen-\\nzie s Pond, by Colonel G. Humphreys, Indian Agent, with\\nHicks, head chief, and a number of other chiefs, sub-chiefs,\\nand warriors, for the purpose of prevailing on the chiefs\\nof the Seminoles to send a delegation to examine the coun-\\ntry west of the Mississippi, which it was proposed by the\\ngovernment to give to the Indians of Florida. At this talk\\nit was determined by the chiefs that they would organize\\na deputation for that purpose, to start early the ensuing\\nspring, provided the agent himself would accompany the\\ndeputation on its tour of exploration; that their expenses\\nshould be paid and provided, further, that nothing should\\nbe inferred from the journey of said deputation in the\\ncharacter of an obligation on the nation (or any part of\\nit) to remove to the country visited by said deputation\\nand that such removal was not to be expected from them\\nunless of their own free will and accord, after making the\\nproposed examination.\\nThis proposition of the Indians was transmitted to the\\nIndian Bureau, but no action was had upon it. Procrasti-\\nnation discouraged the Indians, who soon after declared\\ntheir determination to remain upon the land.*\\nThe relations with the Indians became more and more\\ntroublesome. The interior of Florida was a fine grazing\\ncountry, and stock-raising was exceedingly profitable, and\\nSpiague s Florida War, 65.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwas the readiest employment, as well as the most lucrative,\\nto which the white settlers could give their attention. The\\nIndians remained in the best grazing region, and they also\\nowned considerable stock. This stock, both hogs and cattle,\\nwas only to be recognized by marks and brands; and, for\\nthe purpose of marking and branding, the cattle were\\ngathered every spring by the cattle-drivers. Of course\\nthey did not always get up all the stock they had a claim\\nto, and left in the woods a considerable number of wild\\ncattle, unmarked, and called in the Florida vernacular\\nheretics and wild hogs. Collisions and difficulties grew\\nout of the disputed ownership of cattle, and invasions of\\neach other s limits in pursuit of stock were frequent. All\\nlosses were naturally charged upon the Indians, and com-\\nplaints were unceasingly made, and demands of indemnity.\\nAnother source of trouble was the harboring of fugitive\\nslaves in the Indian towns. From a long period anterior\\nto the change of flags, runaway negroes from Georgia and\\nSouth Carolina had joined the Indians, and, by intermar-\\nriage, had become connected with and intermingled with\\nthem. They naturally received, and were disposed to pro-\\ntect, the runaways who might escape from the neighboring\\nwhite settlements. The negroes were so numerous among\\nthe Seminoles in 181 6 that at the destruction of the negro\\nfort on the Apalachicola, by the United States troops, there\\nwere three hundred in the fort who were killed or captured\\nand some five hundred negroes were engaged in the battle\\nat Suwanee Old Town, in 1818. Their number in 1836\\nwas estimated at fourteen hundred.* It is said by many\\nfamiliar with the subject that they exercised a very power-\\nful influence over the Indians and they certainly added a\\nvery important difficulty to the many others involved in\\nnegotiations with the Indians.\\nGidding. Exiles of Florida, p. 97.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 277\\nA restlessness and distrust began to pervade both the\\nIndians and white settlers, and a constant pressure began\\ntowards an enforced emigration of the Indians to the West.\\nThe Indian tribes remaining in Georgia were also a subject\\nof annoyance to the people of that State, and a feeling had\\ngrown up and was then generally entertained in the South\\nand Southwest, that all these Indian tribes should be re-\\nmoved to the west of the Mississippi.\\nThe prevalence of intoxication, induced by the fondness\\nof the Indians for strong liquors, and promoted by the un-\\nprincipled venders of this poison, from the sale of which\\nthey not only derived ^large profits, but still larger advan-\\ntages from the trades consummated with drunken Indians\\nfor their property while in a state of inebriation, occasioned\\nnumberless petty difficulties and brawls, which laid up in\\nthe Indian mind revengeful memories.\\nThe agent. Colonel Humphreys, was accused of being\\ntoo partial to the Indians, certainly not a common charge,\\nand influences were brought to bear, at Washington, by\\nwhich his removal was effected in 1830.\\nHe was succeeded by Mr. John Phagan. The secretary\\nand acting governor of the Territory, in an official letter\\ndated 5th November, 1833, said that he found, on his\\nvisit to the agency, evidences of fraud and improper con-\\nduct on the part of Major Phagan that he had sub-con-\\ntracts with employees of the agency for much less than the\\namount they receipted for to the government, and that\\neven then he was a defaulter to them. It may there-\\nfore be presumed that his character and conduct would\\nhave been unsatisfactory to the Indians.\\nThe proposals made m Colonel Humphreys, to send a\\ndelegation West, were revived, and after many delays\\nSprague s History of the Florula War, p. 72.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "278\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nMajor Phagan succeeded in getting together a respectable\\nportion of the chiefs of the Seminoles at Payne s Landing,\\na point on the Ocklavvaha near Orange Springs, on the 9th\\nof May, 1832, where they were met by Colonel James\\nGadsden, as a commissioner on the part of the United\\nStates, and the treaty of Payne s Landing was formed.\\nThe preamble to this treaty recites that the Seminole\\nIndians, regarding with just respect the solicitude mani-\\nfested by the President of the United States for the im-\\nprovement of their condition, by recommending a removal\\nto a country more suitable to their habits and wants than\\nFlorida, are willing that their confidential chiefs, Jumper,\\nFuch-lus-to-had-jo, Charley Emathla, Coi-had-jo, Holati\\nEmathla, Ya-ha-had-jo, and Sam Jones, accompanied by\\ntheir agent. Major John Phagan, and their faithful inter-\\npreter, Abraham, should be sent, at the expense of the\\nUnited States, to examine the country assigned to the Creeks\\nwest of the Mississippi River, and should they be satisfied\\nwith the character of the country, and of the favorable dis-\\nposition of the Creeks to reunite with the Seminoles as\\none people, the articles of the compact and agreement\\nherein stipulated at Payne s Landing, on the Ocklawaha\\nRiver, the ninth day of May, 1832, between James Gads-\\nden for and on behalf of the United States, and the\\nundersigned chiefs and head men for and in behalf of\\nthe Seminole Indians, shall be binding on the respective\\nparties.\\nThe first article surrendered their lands in Florida for an\\nequal extent of country west of the Mississippi.\\nThe second article stipulated for the payment of the\\nsum of fifteen thousand four hundred dollars, to be divided\\namong them.\\nThe third article provided for giving a blanket, etc. to\\neach, on their arrival at their destination.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 279\\nThe fourth article gave an annuity of three thousand\\ndollars for ten years.\\nThe fifth article provided for the payment by the United\\nStates for their cattle.\\nThe sixth was as follows\\nThe Seminoles being anxious to be relieved from the\\nrepeated vexatious demands for slaves and other property\\nalleged to have been stolen and destroyed by them, so that\\nthey may remove unembarrassed to their new homes, the\\nUnited States stipulate to have the same (properly) inves-\\ntigated, and to liquidate such as may be satisfactorily es-\\ntablished, provided the amount does not exceed seven\\nthousand ($7000) dollars.\\nThe seventh article provided that the Indians would re-\\nmove within three years after the ratification of this agree-\\nment, the emigration to commence as early as practicable\\nin the year 1833, and the remainder of the Indians in equal\\nproportions in the years 1834 and 1835.*\\nThe language of the preamble, it will be observed, is\\nthat the Indians are willing that their confidential chiefs,\\nJumper, etc., shall be sent out to examine the country\\nwest of the Mississippi River, and if they were satisfied\\nwith it, then the articles of the treaty relative to their re-\\nmoval should be binding on the respective parties. What-\\never may have been the understanding and intention of\\nthe Indians, the language used is susceptible of but one\\nconstruction the pronoun they must necessarily relate to\\nthe confidential chiefs just before named, and does not\\nsustain Captain (now General) Sprague s remark that the\\nfulfillment of the treaty was clearly conditional. If the In-\\ndians, that is, the nation, were satisfied with the country,\\nFor the complete text of the treaty, see Sprague s History of the\\nFlorida War, 75.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "28o HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nas represented by those sent to explore it, a voluntary\\nemigration would take place. (Page 76.) Even Mr. Gid-\\ndings, with his strong desire to censure the whole transac-\\ntion, does not attempt to raise any question as to the plain\\nlanguage of the treaty, merely referring to it as vague\\nlanguage.\\nThe confidential chiefs, or Indian Commissioners, as they\\nmay properly be called, commenced their journey in Sep-\\ntember, 1832, accompanied by Major Phagan, their agent,\\nand were engaged in examining the country west of Ar-\\nkansas until the last of March, 1833, period, one would\\nsuppose, permitting of a very careful examination.\\nThe executive, acting upon the plain language of the\\ntreaty, appointed Messrs. Montfort Stokes, H. L. Ells-\\nworth, and J. F. Schermerhorn commissioners on the part\\nof the United States to meet the confidential chiefs, who\\nhad been appointed by the Seminoles, at Fort Gibson, to\\nascertain the result of their examination, and, if satis-\\nfactory, to make such other arrangements as might be\\ndeemed requisite to carry the treaty into effect. What is\\ncalled an additional treaty was made at Fort Gibson on\\nthe 28th day of March, 1833, by the aforenamed com-\\nmissioners on the part of the United States, and by Jumper\\nand all the other delegates of the Seminole nation of\\nIndians on the part of said nation. The preamble recites\\nthe principal provisions of the treaty of Payne s Landing,\\nand says that Whereas, the special delegation appointed\\nby the Seminoles on the 9th of May, 1832, have since ex-\\namined the land designated for them by the undersigned\\ncommissioners on behalf of the United States, and have\\nexpressed themselves satisfied with the same, in and by\\ntheir letter dated March, 1833, addressed to the under-\\nExiles of Florida, p. 84.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 281\\nsigned commissioners: Now, therefore, the commissioners\\naforesaid, by virtue of the treaty made with the Creek\\nIndians on the 14th February, 1833, hereby designate and\\nassign to the Seminole tribe of Indians, for their separate\\nfuture residence forever, a tract of land lying between the\\nCanadian River and the North Fork thereof, and extending\\nwest to where a line, running north and south between the\\nmain Canadian and north branch thereof, will strike the\\nforks of Little River and the undersigned Seminole chiefs,\\ndelegated as aforesaid on behalf of their nation, hereby\\ndeclare themselves well satisfied with the location provided\\nfor them by the commissioners, and agree that their nation\\nshall commence the removal to their new home as soon as\\nthe government will make arrangements for their emigra-\\ntion satisfactory to the Seminole nation.\\nThis treaty was ratified by the Senate of the United\\nStates, as was also that of Pa)^ne s Landing.\\nLooking at the transaction as it appears upon its face,\\nthere seems no ground to assume anything but good faith\\nand fair dealing on the part of the government. The\\ncountry designated for the Seminoles was as fertile and as\\nwell situated for their support as the one they surrendered.\\nThe climate was colder, and their favorite light-wood was\\nwanting; they were, however, relieved of the vexatious\\nand increasing hostility of their white neighbors they had\\na boundless region lying west of them, and game, including\\nthe buffalo, in the greatest abundance.\\nIt is said that, when they returned, the nation was dis-\\nsatisfied with what they had done, and that they disowned\\ntheir own acts that the Seminoles charged them with\\nhaving been circumvented by the United States. Some of\\nthose who had signed the treaty, in deference to the pop-\\nSprague s Florida War, p. 77.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "282 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\niilar clamor, became the warmest opponents of removal,\\nand in the war which succeeded took arms against the gov-\\nernment. All this may be true, without there being any\\ncause for reflection upon the government or its agents. The\\nremoval of the Indian tribes from the States fast settling up\\nwith the white race was a necessity, unless the richest and\\nmost productive portions of the United States were to be\\nsurrendered to them as hunting-grounds. Five thousand\\nIndians were scattered over a country equaling in extent the\\nState of New York. In Georgia and Alabama the Indian\\ntribes still lingered, and there were continually influences at\\nwork to induce the Indians to hold possession of the country\\nand to resist all attempts at removal. It is easy, in every\\ncommunity, for the young, the thoughtless, the restless,\\nand the foolish to create resistance to a wise policy or a neces-\\nsity, and to raise a clamor which passes for the voice of\\nthe people, when, in fact, it is but the noise of the few\\nprevailing over the silence of the many. Thus it was in\\nFlorida; young warriors, who had no experience in war-\\nfare, restless men, who desired excitement, and the run-\\naway negroes, who believed their security imperiled by\\nemigration, excited a resistance which the older men and\\nchiefs had little part in organizing, but had no power to\\nwithstand.\\nThe treaty and additional treaty were ratified by the\\nSenate on the 9th of April, 1834, and a proclamation to\\nthat effect was issued by President Jackson on the 12th of\\nApril, 1834.\\nMeasures were at once taken to effect the removal of the\\nIndians. Major Phagan, the Agent, was superseded by\\nGeneral Wiley Thompson, and Colonel Duncan L. Clinch,\\nan experienced army officer, was placed in command of the\\nUnited States forces.\\nGeneral Thompson was informed, in October, 1834, by", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n283\\nthe United States officers in command at Fort King, of the\\ndetermination of the influential chiefs not to emigrate, and\\nof the hostility felt towards Charley Emathla, who had\\ndeclared himself in favor of emigration.\\nViolent language was used by some of the chiefs in a\\ncouncil called by General Thompson, and Osceola drew\\nhis knife in anger, and, driving it into the table, said,\\nThe only treaty I Avill execute is with this. As he was\\nonly a sub-chief of the Red Sticks, and a half-breed of in-\\nferior standing, this something like stage- trick attracted but\\nlittle attention.\\nThe negroes exercised, it is asserted, a wonderful control,*\\nand they undoubtedly added very much to the barbarity\\nand savage manner with which the war was prosecuted.\\nThe subject of emigration was, of course, a constant\\ntopic of conversation, and, when at the Agency, the In-\\ndians were impudent, and treated the matter of their re-\\nmoval with ridicule. Charley Emathla alone, of the old\\nchiefs, took decided ground in favor of emigration, and\\npointed out to the Indians the destruction and eventual\\ndefeat which awaited them.\\nGeneral Thompson, in a report to the Secretary of War,\\nof October, 1834, says that he had observed that the\\nIndians were buying powder in considerable quantities, and\\nhe understood that they had a deposit of forty or fifty\\nkegs. In November, he writes that he is satisfied that they\\nhave been tampered with by designing and unprincipled\\nwhites.\\nSprague s Florida War, 81.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nHostile Disposition of the Indians Murder of General Thompson,\\nIndian Agent Massacre of Major Dade s Command Battle of the\\nWithlacoochee General Scott s Campaign.\\n1834\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1836.\\nAs time elapsed, it became evident to the Indian Agent\\nand the military and civil officers in Florida that the In-\\ndians had determined not to emigrate, and would altogether\\nrepudiate the treaty of Payne s Landing and the supple-\\nmentary treaty of Fort Gibson. Ten companies of troops\\nwere placed at General Clinch s disposal, to enforce the\\nprovisions of the treaty. In February, 1835, the Secretary\\nof War directed General Clinch to fully explain to the\\nIndians the determination of the government to insist upon\\ntheir removal, and that they should be made fully aware\\nof the consequences of resistance, and then, if neces-\\nsary, let actual force be employed and their removal\\neffected.\\nGeneral Jackson, then President of the United States,\\nsent a talk to be read to the chiefs, urging their com-\\npliance with the treaty. Preparations for supplies, trans-\\nportation, etc. were made by the War Department, upon a\\nscale supposed to be fully equal to any probable require-\\nment.\\nOn the 24th of April, 1835, another council was held at\\nthe Indian Agency, which was attended by Colonel Clinch\\n284", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n28s\\nand General Thompson, the Agent, and by a large number\\nof the influential chiefs. The chiefs had agreed, before-\\nhand, to interpose an unqualified negative to the proposal\\nfor their removal. On their assembling, Jumper acted as\\ntheir mouthpiece, and declared their determination to re-\\nmain in Florida. General Thompson responded with some\\nwarmth, which led to recriminations, and a scene of con-\\nfusion ensued. General Clinch interposed, and urged their\\nfulfillment of the treaty, telling them of his orders to use\\nhis troops to enforce it. Eight of the chiefs came forward\\nand agreed to emigrate, and five refused to abide by it\\nthese were Sam Jones, Jumper, Micanopy, Alligator, and\\nBlack Dirt. General Thompson at once struck the names\\nof these five from the roll of chiefs, which created great\\nill feeling and was a most injudicious step, afterwards dis-\\napproved of by the Secretary of War and the President.\\nAt the solicitation of the eight chiefs, the time for prepara-\\ntion for removal was extended until the ist of January fol-\\nlowing, when they promised that they would assemble at\\nthe points designated for their embarkation. The Indians\\nseemed quieted, for a time at leasts but hoAv far they acted\\nin good faith in making this promise is more than ques-\\ntionable, and it seems quite probable that they sought\\nnothing more than the delay necessary to secure their crops\\nand ammunition and mature their plans. They continued\\nto purchase ammunition and arms, until an order was\\nissued by the Agent forbidding the sale of these articles to\\nthe Indians. This the Indians regarded as an act of hos-\\ntility and an insult. Osceola was refused the privilege of\\npurchasing pow^der, and in a burst of savage indignation\\nexclaimed, Am I a negro a slave My skin is dark, but\\nnot black I am an Indian a Seminole The white man\\nshall not make me black I will make the white man red\\nw^ith blood, and then blacken him in the sun and rain,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "2 86 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwhere the wolf shall smell of his bones and the buzzard\\nlive upon his flesh\\nThis daring and impetuous leader was frequently at the\\nAgency, comporting himself with reserve and sullenness,\\nand using violent and intemperate language, and, on one\\noccasion, carried his disrespect to General Thompson to\\nsuch an extent that it was deemed necessary to arrest him\\nand confine him in irons several days, until he professed\\nto be penitent on the solicitation of other chiefs he was\\nreleased. He then expressed an entire willingness to emi-\\ngrate, and subsequently brought in seventy of his followers,\\nwho made the same pledge.\\nIn October, Major Llewellyn Williams and six of his\\nneighbors discovered a party of Indians near the Canna-\\npa-ha Pond, butchering a beef. As the Indians were a\\nlong distance outside of their boundaries, the white party\\ndisarmed them and flogged some of them, but one escaped,\\nand two Indian hunters coming up fired on the party of\\nMajor Williams. A skirmish ensued, in which two of the\\nIndians were killed, and three of the white men wounded,\\none mortally.\\nAbout the same time, the express-rider from Tampa Bay\\nto Fort King was murdered by the Indians.\\nCharley Emathla had commenced his preparations for\\nremoval, and gathered his cattle for appraisement and sale.\\nOsceola, at the head of a party of Miccosukies, met the\\nold chief on the trail to his village, in the latter part of\\nNovember, and shot him down. A friendly chief, with a\\nlarge number of women and children, now sought protec-\\ntion at Tampa Bay.\\nGeneral Clinch asked for additional troops, and fourteen\\ncompanies were directed to report to him from various\\nmilitary posts. The estimated number of Indians was\\nthree thousand, including women, children, and negroes.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 287\\nand, in all, from four to five hundred fighting-men. The\\nnumber of Indians was very greatly underestimated, as the\\ngovernment soon ascertained but upon their estimate the\\nforce placed under command of General Clinch seemed\\nample to compel submission. The ignorance of the gov-\\nernment agents as to the real number of the Indians in\\nFlorida seems strange, considering the intercourse main-\\ntained through the Indian Agency and the traders. The\\nerror was a very fatal one, and the remissness of the War\\nDepartment, in not sending troops in sufficient numbers as\\nsoon as the hostile intentions of the Indians were known,\\nwas very censurable. The authorities at Washington\\nseem hardly to have comprehended the warlike char-\\nacter of the Seminoles, or their powers of resistance. It\\nis not surprising that this supineness of the government\\nshould have emboldened the Indians, the majority of whom\\nwere too young to recall the campaign of Jackson in 1818.\\nThey had never seen more than a few companies of troops,\\nand had learned to despise the supposed feebleness of the\\ngovernment of the United States, while the many councils\\nand talks held with them, to persuade them into acquies-\\ncence, undoubtedly seemed to betoken conscious weakness.\\nOsceola had dissembled his real feelings and intentions\\nto such a degree as to deceive the agent and people into the\\nbelief of his sincerity but, brooding over his arrest and\\nimprisonment, he thirsted for revenge. Gathering a band\\nof some twenty of his followers, he approached the Indian\\nAgency, seeking an opportunity to glut his vengeance.\\nFor two or three days no opportunity presented itself; but,\\non the afternoon of the 28th of December, General Thomp-\\nson walked out after dinner in company with Lieutenant Con-\\nstantine Smith, enjoying a cigar. The day being pleasant,\\nthey extended their walk towards the military sutler s, some\\ndistance from the fort. Unsuspicious of danger, they were", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "288 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nalready covered by the watchful eyes and unerring rifles of\\nOsceola and his companions. At a given signal, the whole\\nnumber of Indians fired upon them. General Thompson\\nand the lieutenant fell, pierced by many balls. The In-\\ndians rushed out with a yell, and scalped and mutilated\\ntheir victims within sight of the fort. Proceeding to the\\nsutler s store, they fired upon the party within, and, after\\nscalping them and cutting in pieces their bodies, set fire to\\nthe building.\\nThe force in the fort consisted of only forty-six men,\\nand it was supposed that the number of attacking Indians\\nwas much larger. It was consequently deemed imprudent\\nto weaken the garrison by sending out any portion of the\\ntroops. Osceola and his band, however, contemplated\\nnothing further than the destruction of the agent. General\\nThompscRi, and the sutler, Mr. Rogers, who had probably\\nalso incurred their enmity. The Indians left immediately\\nafter they had fired the sutler s store.\\nMajor Francis L. Dade, of the 4th Infantry, had been\\nordered from Key West to Fort Brooke, and on the 21st of\\nDecember arrived at Tampa Bay, with Company A of his\\nregiment, thirty-nine men, and a small supply of ammuni-\\ntion. To this force was joined Captain Gardiner s company,\\nC, of 2d Artillery, and Frazer s company, B, 3d Artillery,\\nfifty men each. This force was directed to proceed to Fort\\nKing to strengthen that post. The distance was about one\\nhundred and thirty miles, and the route lay through an\\nentirely unsettled country. No one connected with the\\nexpedition being acquainted with the country, Major Dade\\nsecured the services of a negro slave named Lewis, be-\\nlonging to a sutler of the name of Antonio Pacheco.*\\nGiddings s Exiles of Florida, p. loi. Mr. Giddings makes a very\\npretty romance out of this negro Lewis, Avho must have been, by his", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 289\\nThis guide, it is said, informed the Indians of the date of\\ndeparture and the intended route, with the view of afford-\\ning them a favorable opportunity of making an attack. The\\npoint of rendezvous agreed upon by the Seminole leaders\\nwas the Big Wahoo Swamp. Osceola, however, had de-\\ntermined to first wreak his vengeance upon General Thomp-\\nson, which he so successfully accomplished.\\nThe troops under Major Dade commenced their march\\non the 24th of December. The officers attached to the\\ncommand were Major F. L. Dade, 4th Infantry, Captain\\nS. Gardiner, Second Lieutenant W. E. Basinger, Second\\nLieutenant R. Henderson, 2d Artillery, Captain U. S.\\nFrazer, Second Lieutenant R. R. Mudge, Second Lieuten-\\nant J. L. Reals, 3d Artillery, Assistant Surgeon J. S. Gat-\\nlin, and about one hundred men belonging to the 4th\\nInfantry and 2d and 3d Artillery. One six-pounder field-\\npiece and one light wagon, with ten days provisions, ac-\\ncompanied them. On reaching the Hillsborough River\\nthey were delayed some time on account of the bridge\\nhaving been burned by the Indians.\\nOn the 2 7th they reached the Withlacoochee, and camped.\\nThe next morning they continued their march through an\\nopen pine country, and in apparent security, utterly unap-\\nprehensive of danger. Their road was skirted, however,\\nby the low palmetto, which afforded a covert for the In-\\ndians, who were stationed on the west side of the road,\\nwhere it passed near a pond. The troops were marching\\nalong in open order, and extending a considerable dis-\\ntance. The Indians, posted near trees, and well concealed,\\naccount, an Admirable Crichton. He had been well bred, was polite,\\naccomplished, and learned. lie read, wrote, and spoke with facility\\nthe Spanish, French, and English languages, and spoke the Indian.\\nThis accomplished negro, it is said, had formerly belonged to Genera\\nClinch. He was the subject of the celebrated Pacheco Claim in 1848.\\n25\\nL", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "290 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwere to await the signal of attack, to be given by Mica-\\nnopy, when each should select his object. They were\\nmostly within a distance of thirty or forty yards, and, of\\ncourse, their fire could hardly fail to be destructive.\\nNearly half the command fell at the first fire, which, pro-\\nceeding from an unseen foe, gave no opportunity of seek-\\ning shelter from, or returning it. The number of Indians\\nengaged was, according to the report of Alligator, one\\nhundred and eighty warriors, and, having secured the ad-\\nvantage of the loss inflicted by the first fire, they were\\nenabled to reload.\\nThose who escaped the first discharge took shelter be-\\nhind trees, and Lieutenant Basinger poured in five or six\\nrounds of canister upon the Indians, which checked them\\nfor some time. They retreated over a small ridge and dis-\\nappeared. Captain Frazer was killed at the first fire\\nLieutenant Mudge was mortally wounded, and Lieutenant\\nReals had both arms broken they were bound up, and he\\nreclined against some logs until he was killed late in the\\naction. Lieutenant Henderson had his left arm broken,\\nbut continued to load and fire his piece until late in the\\nsecond attack, when he too was killed. Captain Gardiner,\\nLieutenant Basinger, and Dr. Gatlin were the only officers\\nwho escaped unhurt by the first volley.\\nOn the retreat of the Indians, Captain Gardiner com-\\nmenced the erection of the breastwork of pine-trees. In\\nabout three-quarters of an hour the Indians returned to the\\nattack and commenced a cross-fire on the breastwork with\\ndeadly execution. Lieutenant Basinger continued to fire\\nthe six-pounder until all the men who served the piece were\\nshot. Captain Gardiner at length fell. Dr. Gatlin, with\\ntwo double-barreled guns, continued to fire on the Indians\\nuntil he fell, late in the action and Lieutenant Basinger\\nwas wounded. About two o clock the last man fell, and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 291\\nthe Indians then rushed into the breastwork, headed by a\\nheavy painted savage, who, believing that all were dead,\\nmade a speech to the Indians. They then stripped off the\\naccoutrements of the soldiers and took their arms, without\\noffering any indignity, and retired in a body.\\nSoon after the Indians had left, about fifty negroes\\ngalloped up on horseback and alighted, and at once com-\\nmenced a horrible butchery. If any poor fellow on the\\nground showed signs of life, the negroes stabbed and\\ntomahawked him. Lieutenant Basinger, being still alive,\\nstarted up and begged the wretches to spare his life they\\nmocked at his prayers, while they mangled him with their\\nhatchets until he was relieved by death.\\nAfter stripping the dead, the negroes shot the oxen and\\nburned the gun-carriages. Shortly after the negroes re-\\ntired, a soldier named Wilson, of Captain Gardiner s com-\\npany, crawled out, and, discovering that Rawson Clark was\\nstill alive, asked him to go back to Tampa with him. As\\nhe jumped over the breastwork, an Indian shot him. Clark\\nlay down, and at night, with De Coney, another wounded\\nman, made the best of his way to Tampa. The next day,\\nDe Coney was killed by an Indian Clark concealed him-\\nself in a scrub, and the following day reached Tampa.\\nAnother soldier, named Thomas, bribed an Indian and was\\nallowed to escape.\\nCaptain Hitchcock, with a detachment of troops, passed\\nover the ground on the 20th of February following, and thus\\ndescribes the appearance of the battle-ground, which had\\nnot before been visited by the United States forces\\nOur advanced guard had passed the ground without\\nhalting, when General Gaines and his staff came upon one\\nof the most appalling scenes that can be imagined. We\\nfirst saw some broken and scattered boxes, then a cart, the\\ntwo oxen of which were lying dead, as if they had fallen", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "292 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nasleep, their yokes still on them a little to the right, one\\nor two horses were seen. We then came to a small inclo-\\nsure, made by felling trees in such a manner as to form a\\ntriangular breastwork for defense. Within the triangle,\\nalong the north and west faces of it, were about thirty\\nbodies, mostly mere skeletons, but much of the clothing\\nwas left upon them. These were lying, almost every one\\nof them, in precisely the same position they must have\\noccupied during the fight, their heads next to the logs over\\nwhich they had delivered their fire, and their bodies\\nstretched, with striking regularity, parallel to each other.\\nThey had evidently been shot dead at their posts, and the\\nIndians had not disturbed them, except by taking the scalps\\nof most of them. Passing this little breastwork, we found\\nother bodies along the road, and by the side of the road,\\ngenerally behind the trees which had been resorted to for\\ncovers from the enemy s fire.\\nAdvancing about two hundred yards farther, we found\\na cluster of bodies in the middle of the road. These were\\nevidently the advanced guard, in the rear of which was\\nthe body of Major Dade, and to the right that of Captain\\nFrazer.\\nThese were all, doubtless, shot down at the first fire of\\nthe Indians, except perhaps Captain Frazer, who must have\\nfallen very early in the fight. Those in the road and by\\nthe trees fell during the first attack. It was during the\\ncessation of the fire that the little band still remaining,\\nabout thirty in number, threw up the triangular breastwork,\\nwhich, from the haste with which it was constructed, was\\nnecessarily defective, and could not protect the men in the\\nsecond attack.\\nFor Alligator s account of the massacre, see Sprague s History of\\nthe Florida War, p. 90.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n293\\nOsceola and his band arrived at the Wahoo Swamp that\\nnight, too late to participate in the fight, but in time to\\nassist in the celebration of the victory.\\nIt was not until some time afterwards that General Clinch\\nlearned the fate of Dade s command. It is said, however,\\nthat on the next day after the Dade massacre it was known\\namong the negroes in St. Augustine that a terrible slaughter\\nof white troops had taken place in the interior, the news,\\nit is supposed, having been rapidly communicated by\\nIndian runners through the country, and that the Indian\\nnegroes sent word to their relatives in St. Augustine.\\nThe treacherous negro guide, Luis Pacheco, feigned to\\nfall at the first fire, but joined the Indians at the earliest\\nmoment, and ever afterwards remained with and aided\\nthem, and was eventually sent to Arkansas, where his ac-\\ncomplishments seem to have been obscured.\\nThis massacre astounded the country. No such event had\\never before occurred in the annals of Indian warfare. That\\ntwo entire companies of trained and disciplined soldiers,\\nfully armed and in perfect order and equipment, well and\\nbravely officered, with a field-piece at their command, in an\\nopen field and under the bright sun of a Florida sky, should\\nbe totally cut off and annihilated by a not very numerous\\nband of half-naked savages, was without a parallel. Alli-\\ngator says that he counted the whole Indian force, amount-\\ning to one hundred and eighty. Captain Hitchcock esti-\\nmated, from the appearance of the ground afterwards, that\\nthere must have been three hundred and fifty. The true\\nnumber will never be known but, even supposing the latter\\nestimate correct, it seems at first sight extraordinary that\\nsuch a number could accomplish the entire destruction of\\na body of disciplined troops.\\nOn the ist of December, General Clinch heard of the\\nmurder of Charley Emathla, and at once called for volun-\\n25*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "294 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nteers, and by the 15th several companies from Nassau and\\nDuval Counties joined General Call, with five hundred\\nmen from Middle Florida, at Newnansville. On their way\\nto Fort Drane they encountered two small parties of\\nIndians, and reached Fort Drane on the 24th of December,\\nand formed a junction with General Clinch. As the vol-\\nunteers were levied for only one month, the forces were\\nput in motion for the Withlacoochee as soon as Colonel\\nFanning, with three companies of artillery from Fort King,\\ncould join them. These having arrived, the expedition\\nreached the Withlacoochee on the 31st, and most of the\\ntroops had succeeded in crossing, when they were attacked\\nby the Indians, who had anticipated their attempt to cross at\\nthe usual ford, and were prepared to dispute their passage\\nat that point, where the advantages of position would have\\nbeen greatly in their favor.\\nThe Indians had spent the night of the 28th in a drunken\\ncarousal, and were perhaps on that account less watchful\\nthan usual. General Clinch had only a canoe to cross\\nwith, and some of the volunteers swam their horses over,\\nbut the larger number, under General Call, were still on\\nthe other side of the river when the attack commenced.\\nThe force which had crossed consisted of one hundred and\\nninety-five regulars and twenty-seven volunteers, and that\\nof the Indians of two hundred and fifty, inclusive of thirty\\nnegroes, led by Osceola and Alligator. The Indians fought\\nbravely, and the fortune of the day hung for some time in\\nthe balance the Indians were protected by a heavy ham-\\nmock and scrub, and poured a galling fire upon the troops,\\nwho charged twice up to the hammock and fell back, until\\nat length General Clinch dismounted, addressed his men\\nwith much feeling, and ordered another charge, which re-\\nsulted in the total rout of the enemy. The battle was\\nfought within three miles of Osceola s town and the Indians,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n295\\nfresh from their victory over Major Dade, fought with im-\\npetuosity and great perseverance. The Indian loss in the\\nengagement, so far as known, was five killed and several\\nwounded. The regulars under General Clinch lost four\\nkilled and twenty-five wounded, and the volunteers had\\nfifteen wounded. General Clinch had a ball through his\\ncap and another through his sleeve. The time of the vol-\\nunteers being about to expire. General Clinch returned\\nwith his command to Fort Drane unmolested. The volun-\\nteers returned home, and General Clinch was left with but\\none hundred and fifty men to hold the important positions\\nof Fort King, Fort Drane, and Micanopy, and to guard the\\nwagon-trains which were requisite to supply his troops with\\nprovisions.\\nThe settlements in the interior were at once broken up\\nand the inhabitants gathered in stockades or fled to the\\ncoast. Below St. Augustine, and in the neighborhood of\\nNew Smyrna, extensive sugar plantations had been opened.\\nDuring the month of January, 1836, sixteen plantations,\\nemploying from one hundred to two hundred negroes, were\\nentirely destroyed, with all their buildings and improve-\\nments. The country was desolated in every direction, and\\nmany of the settlers, men, women, and children, were ruth-\\nlessly massacred. The Indians made it literally a war to\\nthe knife. On the 17th of January, Major Putnam went to\\nTomoka in command of two companies of militia they\\ncamped at Dunlawton, and were attacked by a superior\\nforce of Indians, under King Philip, and compelled to re-\\ntreat. Seventeen of the volunteers were wounded, two\\nmortally, and a son of Hon. Elias B. Gould fell into the\\nhands of the Indians and was killed by them.\\nThe public mind was thoroughly aroused, and volunteers\\ncame in rapidly from the adjoining States. General Clinch\\nw^as authorized to call for and accept any amount of force", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "296 HIS TOR V OF FL OR ID A\\nhe might require from South Carolina, Georgia, and-\\nAlabama.\\nGeneral Gaines was on duty at New Orleans at this\\ntime, with a considerable force of regular troops at his\\ncommand. Upon receiving information of the massacre\\nof Major Dade s command, and a report that Fort Brooke,\\non Tampa Bay, was invested by a force of negroes and\\nIndians, he deemed the emergency so grave that he ought,\\nwith the forces at his command, to proceed with all haste\\nto the rescue, without awaiting the slow progress of\\nofficial orders from Washington. He dispatched a mes-\\nsenger to General Clinch, informing him of his inten-\\ntion to leave at once for Fort Brooke with seven\\nhundred men, and that he would be glad to co-operate\\nwith General Clinch for the prompt chastisement of the\\nIndians.\\nGeneral Gaines embarked at New Orleans on the 3d of\\nFebruary with a force of eleven hundred men, comprising\\nsix companies of the 4th Infantry, who were doubtless\\neager to avenge the loss of their comrades in Major Dade s\\ncommand, and a regiment of Louisiana volunteers under\\ncommand of General Persifer Smith. He reached Fort\\nBrooke on the loth, and on the 13th commenced a march\\nacross the country to Fort King. He had no means of\\ntransportation, and the men carried ten days rations on\\ntheir backs. On the 20th they reached the scene of the\\nDade massacre, and on the 2 2d of February arrived at Fort\\nKing, without having seen a hostile Indian, but not with-\\nout having been watched and seen by them. At Fort King\\nhe found one company of artillery, with no surplus pro-\\nvisions beyond their own rations. General Clinch was at\\nFort Drane, equally unprovided, and General Gaines found\\nhimself far from any base of supplies, almost out of pro-\\nvisions.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n297\\nWith great chagrin, the generous and gallant soldier and\\nhis comrades concluded that no other course was left to\\nthem but to return to Fort Brooke, and, to give a fuller\\nexhibition of his force, he concluded to take a return route\\nconsiderably to the west of the one by which he had come\\nup, having been assured by his guides that a ford could be\\nfound lower down the Withlacoochee. On the 27th, he\\nreached this river, and, while searching for the ford, the\\nIndians opened fire from the opposite bank. The river\\nwas here some thirty yards wide, deep and rapid. While\\ntrying to ascertain the depth of the water, Lieutenant Izard\\nwas mortally wounded. The crossing in face of the enemy\\nwas found impracticable. Finding a considerable body of\\nIndians in front of him. General Gaines sent an express to\\nGeneral Clinch, desiring him to bring what force and pro-\\nvisions he could spare, and co-operate with him in an attack\\nupon them. This General Clinch was unable to do, as he\\nhad been superseded in the command of the forces in\\nFlorida by General Scott, and was without provisions.\\nGeneral Gaines proceeded to strengthen his position,\\nwhile at the same time he prepared rafts for crossing the\\nriver. On the 29th, a vigorous attack was made upon the\\ntroops from all sides, which continued for two hours, during\\nwhich one man was killed, and three officers and thirty of\\nthe men wounded. On the 30th, another express was sent to\\nGeneral Clinch, asking for provisions and a reinforcement.\\nUpon the receipt of General Gaines s letter, inclosed to\\nhim by General Clinch, General Scott had written to the\\nlatter, expressing a considerable amount of pique against\\nGeneral Gaines, applying to him the term interloper, and\\nsaying, even if you had sufficient stores and means of\\ntransportation, I should command you to send no subsist-\\nence to him, unless to prevent starvation. There seems\\nto have been a strong personal dislike existing between", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "298\\nHIS TOR Y OF FL OR ID A.\\nGeneral Scott and General Gaines, which interfered with\\nprompt relief being furnished to the latter.\\nGeneral Clinch, however, on receipt of this second mes-\\nsage of General Gaines, and learning the condition of his\\ncommand, gathered some cattle, and, taking stores from his\\nown plantation, went, with one hmidred men, to his relief.\\nGeneral Gaines was now closely besieged for several\\ndays; the rations were reduced to a pint of corn per day,\\nand they began to consume their horses and dogs.\\nGeneral Clinch reached their camp on the 6th of March,\\nand on the 9th General Gaines turned over the command\\nof his troops to General Clinch, who returned with them\\nto Fort Drane on the loth. A talk had been held between\\nCaptain Hitchcock, of General Gaines s staff, and Osceola,\\nJumper, and Alligator, on the day of General Clinch s\\narrival, in which they had consented to make peace if\\nthey could be allowed to remain south of the Withlacoo-\\nchee.\\nGeneral Scott had now assumed the command in Florida,\\nand planned a campaign on paper, which he felt satisfied\\nwould close the war in a single season.\\nHis plan was to form three wings, which were to move\\nsimultaneously from Volusia, on the St. John s River, Fort\\nDrane, near Orange Lake, about the centre of the penin-\\nsula, and Tampa Bay, and to thus inclose the whole Indian\\nforce supposed to be about the forks of the Withlacoochee.\\nUnfortunately, this distinguished military commander was\\nnot familiar with the nature of the country, or with the\\ncharacter of the foe against whom he had to contend. It\\nwas a very great mistake, as is now generally admitted, to\\nsupersede General Clinch, who was better calculated than\\nany one else, at that time, to operate against the Indians,\\nand who had achieved the only decided success which had\\nbeen obtained.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n299\\nGeneral Scott s combinations were good only on paper;\\nthe delays and obstacles inseparable from movements in\\nsuch a country met him at every step. Indians, who could\\nslip through the lines in a single night, were not to be\\ncaught by a trilateral movement. The campaign was a\\nfailure, and operations closed by the ist of June. This\\nwas unfortunate, as it left an impression, on the minds of\\nthe Indians, of the weakness of the government.\\nThe wings of General Scott s movement had marched\\nand countermarched between Fort King and Tampa, but,\\nwith the exception of a few skirmishes, nothing was ac-\\ncomplished.\\nDuring the summer of 1836, the regulars were ordered\\nto summer quarters, and the volunteers returned home.\\nGeneral Clinch, disgusted with the treatment he had re-\\nceived at the hands of the War Department, resigned his\\ncommission and retired to his home at St. Mary s.\\nAbout the middle of March, Major McLemore had been\\nordered to the Suwanee, to procure a quantity of corn and\\nproceed with it to the Withlacoochee River, for the use of\\nthe troops. He executed the order, and erected a small\\nblock-house, about fifteen miles up the river, and left\\nCaptain Halliman with a small party to defend it until\\nGeneral Scott should send for it. Major McLemore died\\nwithin a few days after making his camp, and his detach-\\nment at the block-house was lost sight of. On the 12th\\nof April, the Indians attacked them in large numbers, but\\nwere spiritedly repulsed. On the 3d of May, Captain Hal-\\nliman was shot, and on the 15th and 24th heavy assaults\\nwere made and the roof of the block-house was burned off.\\nThe garrison were twenty-eight days subsisting on corn\\nalone, and were finally rescued by sending down three men\\nin a boat, who reported their situation, and a force was sent\\nto relieve them.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "300 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe Indians pursued their predatory incursions, cutting\\noff express-riders and butchering exposed families. In\\nJune they made an attack upon the post at Micanopy, some\\ntwo hundred or more participating in the affair, but they\\nwere promptly met by Major Heileman, the gallant officer\\nin command, and driven two miles. Major Heileman died\\nshortly afterwards, from the effects of overexertion during\\nthe engagement.\\nIn August a sharp skirmish occurred at Fort Drane,\\nbetween a force of one hundred and ten men, commanded\\nby Major Pierce, and three hundred Indians, under com-\\nmand of Arpeika.\\nOn the ist of May, Judge Randall s plantation, east of\\nTallahassee, was attacked and negroes stolen, and on the\\n8th hostile Indians appeared near St. Mark s.\\nFort King was abandoned about the last of May. The\\nsummer of 1836 was a very sickly season, and the troops\\nsuffered severely at all the posts. Fort Drane was especially\\nunhealthy, and was ordered to be abandoned in July. A\\nwagon-train, removing the stores from that point with a\\nlarge escort, was attacked near Micanopy, and would prob-\\nably have been captured but for the timely arrival of rein-\\nforcements.\\nAll the settlements east of the St. John s, lying south of\\nthe Picolata Road, had been destroyed, and all those south\\nof Black Creek and Newnansville had been broken up. In\\nJuly, the Indians appeared on the St. John s River, at New\\nSwitzerland, and attacked the places of Colonel Hallows,\\nDr. Simmons, and Mr. Colt, and destroyed the buildings.\\nThey afterwards appeared in considerable force at the\\nTravers plantation, at the mouth of Black Creek, and a\\nsharp skirmish ensued with a detachment under Lieutenant\\nHerbert.\\nAbout the last of August the post at Micanopy was", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n301\\nbroken up, and the whole country between Newnansville\\nand Tampa abandoned to the Indians, ;vvho found abundant\\nsupplies on the deserted plantations.\\nIn September, the Johns family, seventeen miles west\\nfrom Jacksonville, was attacked, Mr. Johns was killed,\\nMrs. Johns shot and scalped, and the house burned. A\\nlittle later a large force of Indians approached Newnans-\\nville. Colonel Warren marched out to meet them upon\\nthe edge of San Felasco Hammock, with a force consisting\\nof one hundred mounted volunteers, twenty-five citizens,\\nand twenty-five United States regulars under Captain Tomp-\\nkins, with a twenty-four-pound howitzer. After about two\\nhours fighting, the Indians retreated.\\nThe command of the army in Florida now devolved\\nupon General R. K. Call, of Florida. General Armstrong,\\nwith a command of twelve hundred Tennesseeans who\\nhad been operating in the Creek country, was ordered to\\nreport to General Call for duty in Florida. With these\\ntroops, one hundred and forty Florida militia, and one\\nhundred and sixty regulars under Major Pierce, General\\nCall began an offensive movement on the Withlacoochee in\\nOctober, but, being prevented by high water from crossing,\\nhe fell back upon Fort Drane for supplies.\\nIn November, General Call, reinforced by some regular\\ntroops and a regiment of Creek volunteers, advanced again\\nto the Withlacoochee, and crossed and attacked an Indian\\nencampment, which was broken up and the Indians routed.\\nOn the 1 8th, five hundred Tennesseeans attacked a con-\\nsiderable body of the enemy, posted strongly in a ham-\\nmock. After two hours hard fighting, the Indians fled,\\nleaving twenty-five dead on the field. On the 20th, Lieu-\\ntenant-Colonel Pierce, with a detachment of regulars,\\njoined General Call.\\nThe enemy being reported in large numbers in Wahoo\\n26", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "302 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nvSwamp, an attack was made in that quarter, and an engage-\\nment ensued, lasting several hours. The Indians being\\nprotected by a creek and deep miry swamp, it was found\\nimpracticable to dislodge them, and the forces of General\\nCall retired again to Fort Drane for supplies.\\nThis affair ended military operations for the year 1836.\\nThe result of the year s campaign was well calculated to\\nencourage the Indians. They had driven not only the\\ncitizens but the troops nearly out of the peninsula, and at\\nits close held their ground in all quarters. They had\\nclearly the advantage thus far.\\nIn October, General Jesup reached Tampa, and in the\\nlatter part of November joined General Call at Volusia,\\nwith four hundred men, and, under instructions of the War\\nDepartment, relieved that officer of the command of the\\narmy in Florida.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nFlorida War, continued General Jesup in Command Indian Assault\\non Fort Mellon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Capitulation of Fort Dade Flight of the Indians\\nfrom Fort Brooke Capture of King Philip, Coacoochee,and Osceola\\nBattle of Okechobee Escape of Coacoochee Surrender of Hal-\\nleck-Hajo and others Results of General Jesup s Operations\\nGeneral Taylor appointed to the Command.\\n1836-1837.\\nGeneral Thomas S. Jesup, upon his assignment to the\\nprosecution of the war in Florida, had the experience of\\nhis predecessors, Generals Scott and Call, to warn him\\nagainst the perils of insufficient preparation and temporary\\nand spasmodic movements. Eight thousand troops were\\nplaced at his disposal, and he prepared for a vigorous cam-\\npaign during the winter months, when active movements\\ncould best be carried on.\\nThe official reports of all the movements of troops during\\nthe previous year had based the want of successful pursuit\\nupon the want of supplies. General Jesup moved forward\\nwith rapidity with mounted troops, both officers and men\\ncarrying their rations in their haversacks, the commanding\\ngeneral himself often carrying his own haversack. The\\nstronghold of the Indians was in the neighborhood of\\nthe Withlacoochee, which they had successfully defended\\nagainst every effort to dislodge them.\\nColonel Foster was directed to move up from Tampa and\\napproach the west side of the Withlacoochee, and to scour\\nthe hammocks and swamps, General Jesup himself entering\\n(303)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "304 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nthe country lying between the forks of the river and the\\nheart of the Wahoo Swamp. The Indians saw in these\\nmovements the indications of a new system of warfare,\\nand that their fastnesses on the Withlacoochee were no\\nlonger tenable. The troops thoroughly explored the region,\\nand found the habitations of the Indians but recently\\ndeserted one solitary native was discovered and taken\\nprisoner. A careful examination indicated that the In-\\ndians had removed to the southeast.\\nThe term of service of the Tennessee troops, under\\nGeneral Armstrong, being about to expire, they were em-\\nbarked for New Orleans. A strong post was established on\\nthe Withlacoochee, called Fort Dade, as a depot and post\\nof observation in the region which had heretofore been the\\ncentre of the Indian settlements.\\nHaving ascertained that the Indians had moved in the\\ndirection of the Everglades, General Jesup organized several\\ndetachments to make a vigorous pursuit. On the 23d of\\nJanuary, Colonel Canfield, with a detachment of Alabama\\nand other troops, attacked Osarchee near Ahapopka Lake.\\nThe Indian chief and his son were killed, and several\\nprisoners taken, but the main body escaped.\\nNumerous herds of cattle were found on the Thlo-thlo-\\npop-ka-hatchee Creek, and the Indians were discovered on\\nthe Hatchee-Lustee Creek, were attacked by the troops, and\\ndispersed their baggage and a number of their women and\\nchildren were captured. The same evening another camp\\nof Indians was dispersed. The troops then moved forward\\nand took a strong position on Topelika Lake, and several\\nhundred head of cattle were taken on the borders of that\\nlake. An Indian prisoner was sent out to invite Abraham,\\nthe Interpreter, to come into the camp. Abraham shortly\\nafterwards made his appearance, and after an interview\\nwith General Jesup, returned to the nation to induce the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n305\\nchiefs to enter into negotiations. On the 3d of February,\\nAbraham returned, with Jumper, Alligator, and Hapatophe.\\nThe result of the conference was that the Indians expressed\\ntheir desire to treat for peace, and agreed to meet General\\nJesup at Fort Dade, with the other chiefs, on the 6th of\\nMarch, and that in the mean time all hostilities should\\ncease.\\nWith this understanding, General Jesup withdrew from\\nfurther pursuit, and returned to Fort Dade.\\nA military post had been established at Fort Mellon, on\\nthe west side of Lake Monroe, in December, 1836, by\\nColonel Fanning. The post was occupied by two com-\\npanies of artillery, a battalion of South Carolina volunteers,\\nfour companies of dragoons, under Colonel Harney, and a\\ndetachment of Creeks. The Indian spies had shortly be-\\nfore reported that there was but a small force at the fort,\\nand King Philip and his son Coacoochee assembled about\\nfour hundred Seminoles and made an attack at daylight\\non the 8th of February, 1837. The Indians fought with\\ngreat steadiness, against a superior force, for nearly three\\nhours, and then retired. Fortunately, the post had re-\\nceived considerable reinforcements a day or two before the\\nattack, the arrival of whom was unknown to the Indians.\\nCaptain Mellon, a veteran officer of the 2d Artillery,\\nwas killed Lieutenant McLaughlin, and fourteen others,\\nseverely wounded. The Indian loss was said to be about\\ntwenty-five.\\nThe Indians had encountered a succession of defeats,\\nand were being driven from their fields and homes by a\\nsuperior force. The season for planting was passing away,\\nand they had no assurance of being able to obtain pro-\\nvisions in any quarter during the coming season. From\\nconviction of its necessity on the part of some, and from\\npolicy on the part of others, it was agreed that the chiefs\\n26*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "3o6\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nshould comply with their agreement to meet General\\nJesup.\\nOn the 6th of March, the Indians assembled in large\\nnumbers, with their chiefs, at Fort Dade, and entered into\\narticles of capitulation. They agreed that they would cease\\nhostilities, and withdraw south of the Hillsborough River,\\nand stipulated that they would at once prepare to emigrate\\nto the West, in the mean time leaving hostages in the hands\\nof the government.\\nGeneral Jesup agreed, on behalf of the United States,\\nthat the Seminoles and their allies who come in to emi-\\ngrate to the West shall be secure in their lives and prop-\\nerty, that their negroes, their bona fide property, should\\naccompany them to the West, and that their cattle and\\nponies should be paid for by the United States.\\nThe capitulation was signed by Jumper, Holatoochee,\\nHoeth Lee Mathlee, Taholoochee, and Cawaya.\\nA location about ten miles from Tampa was agreed upon\\nas the place of rendezvous of the Indians, preparatory to\\nembarkation.\\nBy the middle of May a considerable number of the\\nIndians had arrived at the rendezvous, and some twenty-\\nfive transports were in readiness to take them to Arkansas.\\nThey asked for more time, that others belonging to their\\nfamilies might come in and accompany them.\\nIn the mean time, Osceola, Philip, Coacoochee, and Coe-\\nHajo, with a large number of Seminoles, gathered in the\\nneighborhood of Fort Mellon, and drew rations from the\\ngovernment, preparing, as they said, to emigrate.\\nIn consequence of the prevalence of sickness at Fort\\nMellon, that post was abandoned, and subsequently Volusia\\nwas evacuated from the same cause.\\nThe war was considered at an end. Arrangements were\\nmade for withdrawing the troops to healthier localities.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n307\\nThe settlers prepared to reoccupy their abandoned homes,\\nand others were ready to move into the country.\\nOn the 2d of June, Osceola, at the head of two hundred\\nMiccosukies, came to the camp of the Indians, near Tampa,\\nand either forced or persuaded the whole number, upwards\\nof seven hundred, to leave the camp and seek their fast-\\nnesses down towards the Everglades. All the hostages took\\nflight with the rest, and Abraham, the Interpreter, was the\\nonly one who remained.\\nVarious reasons for their flight were given. One was,\\nthat a report was spread among the Indians that when they\\nwere all embarked their throats were to be cut. Another,\\ngiven by Osceola, was their fear of the smallpox, the\\nmeasles having broken out among the soldiers at the fort.\\nAt the time the troops left Fort Mellon, Colonel Harney\\nsaid to Coacoochee that unless the Indians complied with\\nthe treaty the United States would exterminate them. The\\nyoung chief replied that the Great Spirit might extermin-\\nate them, but the pale-faces could not, else why had they\\nnot done it before?\\nIt is supposed by some, and probably by very many, that\\nthis treaty of capitulation, entered into by the Indians with\\nGeneral Jesup, was, from the outset, a mere ruse and device\\nto gain time to plant their fields, and to delay operations\\nagainst them until the warm season should, as in the pre-\\nvious year, force the troops to suspend their movements.\\nThis is, however, a supposition drawn from the event\\nrather than from any evidence of prior intentions. The\\nIndians, to the number of seven hundred, did come in,\\nand could at any moment have been placed on the trans-\\nports. Many of them, including Micanopy, their head-\\nchief, were thoroughly satisfied that they could not with-\\nstand the power of the government of the United States.\\nThe younger chiefs, at the head of whom was Osceola,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "3o8\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nundoubtedly were treacherous, and anxious to defeat the\\nemigration project, and their leader was reckless enough to\\nbe willing to abide the consequences, and he had influence\\nenough to give currency and effect to the two absurd stories\\nwdiich have been mentioned. There was another influence\\nat work which did much, undoubtedly, to induce the break-\\ning of the stipulations of the Indians for removal. Many\\nnegroes had taken refuge with the Indians, and were now\\nliable to be returned to their owners if the emigration\\nshould take place. They had, therefore, every motive to\\ninduce them to use their influence with the Indians to pre-\\nvent the carrying out of the capitulation agreed upon.\\nGeneral Jesup, on the 5th of April, 1837, issued his order\\nNo. 79, -in which he says,\\nThe commanding general has reason to believe that\\nthe interference of unprincipled white men with the negro\\nproperty of the Seminole Indians, if not immediately\\nchecked, will prevent their emigration and lead to a re-\\nnewal of the war. Responsible as he is for the peace and\\nsecurity of the country, he will not permit such interference\\nunder any pretense whatever and he therefore orders that no\\nwhite man, not in the service of the United States, be al-\\nlowed to enter any part of the Territory between the St.\\nJohn s River and the Gulf of Mexico, south of Fort Drane.\\nMany persons were desirous of identifying and reclaim-\\ning their slaves, and this order, which seemed to have both\\nthe purpose and effect of depriving them of the power of\\nobtaining their property, was looked upon as arbitrary and\\noppressive.\\nWhen it was known that the Indians had fled from their\\ncamp at Tampa, great consternation prevailed through the\\ncountry, and the planters, taught by former experience of\\ntheir insecurity, abandoned their crops and sought refuge\\nnear the military posts.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n309\\nIn June, the Indians killed Captain Walton, the keeper\\nof the light-ship on Carysfort Reef, and one of his men.\\nAbout the same time, Captain Gilliland was murdered near\\nIchatuckny Spring.\\nGeneral Jesup now determined to prosecute the campaign\\nwith effect as soon as the season would permit the resump-\\ntion of active operations. Volunteers were called for from\\nGeorgia, Florida, Louisiana, Tennessee, Alabama, and\\nKentucky. On the 24th of October he issued a general\\norder, in which he recites the success attending his pre-\\nvious operations in the field. He truly says, When the\\narmy took the field in December, the enemy s strongholds\\nwere on Orange Lake, Ocklawaha, Withlacoochee, Aunu-\\ntiliga Hammock they are now south of Lake Monroe and\\nTampa Bay. The permanent results of the campaign are\\nthirty Indians and negroes killed, and upwards of five hun-\\ndred prisoners taken.\\nOn the 4th of September, 1837, several negroes sur-\\nrendered near Fort Peyton. In consequence of informa-\\ntion obtained from them. General Hernandez, with the\\nforces under his command, proceeded south, and captured\\ntwo camps of Indians and negroes among the Indians\\nwere several chiefs, one of the most important of whom was\\nKing Philip, called Emathla. Philip desired to send a mes-\\nsage to his family, and an Indian having been sent returned\\nwith Coacoochee, known better as Wild Cat, a son of Philip,\\nwho offered to bring in many others. On the 1 7th of Oc-\\ntober, Wild Cat returned, and said that about one hundred\\nIndians and as many negroes were on their way in. Gen-\\neral Hernandez met them at Pellicier Creek, and directed\\nthem to encamp at Fort Peyton. On the 20th, Osceola\\nand Coe-Hajo sent word they had camped near the fort,\\nand desired to see General Hernandez. Upon the ground\\nthat these chiefs and Indians had all capitulated at Fort", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "3IO HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nDade in March previous, and that Osceola had brought in\\nhis family to Fort Mellon and received rations for his band,\\nGeneral Jesup directed General Hernandez to make pris-\\noners of them and bring them to St. Augustine. Osceola\\nafterwards sought an interview with General Jesup, and\\ntold him that Micanopy and Jumper, with the greater part\\nof the Seminoles, were ready to execute the treaty, and\\nasked that messengers might be sent to them and to their\\nown people.\\nOn the Tst of December, 1837, General Jesup had under\\nhis command about nine thousand men, of whom one-half\\nwere regulars.*\\nThe principal Indian force was on the Upper St. John s,\\nexcept some roving bands through the peninsula. The troops\\nunder General Jesup were assigned to duty as follows\\nColonel P. F. Smith, on the Calosahatchee, and to operate\\nas far south as Cape Sable General Taylor was directed to\\nproceed from Tampa Bay eastwardly, and establish posts at\\nthe head of Pease Creek and on Lake Kissimee, and to the\\nSt. John s River and Lake Okechobee. General Taylor\\nmoved out from Tampa on the 14th of December with a\\nforce of about eleven hundred, and proceeded to the neigh-\\nborhood of Lake Okechobee, where he found a large\\nIndian force, occupying a dense hammock, and protected\\nby a miry saw-grass pond in front of them. With great\\ngallantry, and under great disadvantages of position,\\nthe troops charged the enemy, and, after a hard-fought\\nbattle, routed them, but at a heavy loss. Lieutenant-Col-\\nonel Thompson, Captain J. Van Swearingen, Lieutenant\\nFrancis Brooke, and Second-Lieutenant J. P. Center, of the\\n6th Infantry, also Colonel Gentry, of the Missouri Volun-\\nteers, and twenty-two privates were killed. Nine officers\\nGeneral Jesup s General Report, July 6, 1838.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 311\\nand one hundred and two men were wounded. The Indians\\nwere commanded by Alligator, Arpeika, Coacoochee, and\\nHalleck-Tustenuggee, and numbered about four hundred.\\nEleven Indians and one negro were killed, and nine\\nwounded. The troops fell back after the battle to Tampa.\\nGeneral Hernandez moved down with his force to Indian\\nRiver and the head of the St. John s. The result of his\\noperations was two Indians killed, and two hundred and\\nninety-seven Indians and negroes taken prisoners.\\nBrigadier-General Nelson operated along the coast of the\\nGulf, along the Suwanee River, and in Middle Florida.\\nIn the course of his operations he killed six Indians, and\\ntook fourteen prisoners. Colonel Snodgrass was assigned\\nto the occupation of the country south of Black Creek and\\nwest of the St. John s, between that river and the Ockla-\\nwaha. He destroyed several Indian villages, and expelled\\nthe Indians from that region. Other officers were con-\\nstantly moving with detachments, and scouring the country\\nin all directions.\\nA Cherokee deputation, headed by John Ross, was sent\\ninto Florida to persuade the Seminoles to surrender. Their\\nmission^ according to General Jesup, was not only useless,\\nbut injurious, by the loss of valuable time and the suspension\\nof active operations in the field. Coe-Hajo was sent out as\\na guide to the Cherokees, and returned with many of his\\npeople, accompanied by the Cherokees and the Seminole\\nchiefs Micanopy, Cloud, Toskegee, and Nocase Yoholo,\\nwith fifteen or twenty of their followers. A council was held\\nthe chiefs agreed to fulfill their treaty, and sent messengers\\nto collect their people and bring them to camp. The Indians\\nfailed to come in, the few who had accompanied the chiefs\\nsilently withdrew, and the Indians again scattered.\\nThe failure to complete these negotiations was attributed\\nto the escape of Wild Cat from the fort at St. Augustine,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "312 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwith seventeen of his followers. This chief, with a consid-\\nerable number of other Indians, had been confined within\\nthe old Spanish fort for security. They occupied a room\\non the west side of the fort, immediately adjoining the\\nsouthwest bastion. A narrow embrasure gave light and air\\nto the room. The embrasure was some twenty-five feet\\nabove the ditch or moat, which was dry at all times. Coa-\\ncoochee conceived the idea of squeezing through this nar-\\nrow aperture and descending into the moat, where he would\\nfind himself at once at liberty. The task was easily enough\\naccomplished, and with very little risk. Once at liberty,\\nhe hastened to rejoin the Indians in the southern part of the\\npeninsula, and, exasperated by the treatment he had re-\\nceived, used every influence to prevent the submission of\\nthe Seminoles. The active operations of the large body of\\ntroops had harassed the Indians greatly, and the difficulty\\nof providing places of security for their women and chil-\\ndren, and of transporting provisions for their sustenance\\nin the winter season, had greatly discouraged them.\\nBy establishing depots of supplies on the Upper St.\\nJohn s and at strong posts between Tampa and Lake\\nMonroe, General Eustis was enabled to penetrate the re-\\ngion lying on the northern margin of the Everglades, and\\nmany Indian settlements were broken up. General Taylor\\nin the course of his operations captured and secured four\\nhundred and eighty-four Indians and negroes. The battle\\nof Okechobee was a hard-fought engagement, and reflected\\ngreat credit upon the bravery of the troops, who marched\\nthrough a deep morass against a foe concealed and pro-\\ntected from their fire; but it was a victory gained at a\\nheavy cost, and the result, it would seem, might have\\nbeen attained in an easier way. The comparatively slight\\nloss inflicted on the Indians, and their ready escape,\\nwould naturally impress them with a consciousness of their", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 313\\ngreat advantages in this kind of warfare. Okechobee was\\nthe last general fight in which the Indians engaged. They\\never afterwards avoided all engagements, and trusted to\\nthe climate, the swamps and morasses, and the almost in-\\nvincible natural obstacles of their country, to fight their\\nbattles for them.\\nDuring the summer, General Eustis and other officers\\nurged upon General Jesup the propriety of closing the war,\\nby allowing the Indians to remain within a small territory\\nin the southern part of the peninsula. Colonel Twiggs\\nafterwards, with other superior officers, called upon Gen-\\neral Eustis, and urged upon him the same views. Anxious\\nas they all were to get out of a region in which they ex-\\nperienced the most extreme hardships, without the com-\\npensation of even military glory or the excitement of\\nsuccess, it was very natural that they should see no objec-\\ntion to a peace on such terms as would relieve that part of\\nthe country which was habitable and desirable from this\\ninconsiderable Indian tribe, and confine them to an almost\\ninsular location, where their presence would injure no one,\\nleaving it to the government to decide, at some future\\nperiod, when the neccesity existed for their removal. As\\nthey diminished in numbers, and retreated farther to the\\nsouth, the more difficult became their pursuit.\\nIn February, 1838, impressed with these views, General\\nJesup, at that time encamped near Jupiter Inlet, sent a\\nmessenger to the Indians, to offer them peace, but deter-\\nmined, he says, on no account to grant them the privi-\\nlege of remaining in the country, unless the measure should\\nbe sanctioned by the general government.\\nHalleck-Hajo and Toskegee came in and had a confer-\\nence with General Jesup, and, after discussion, it was\\nGeneral Jesup s Report of July 6, 1838.\\n27", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "314 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nagreed that the Indians should come into camp near Fort\\nJupiter within ten days, and await the decision of the\\nPresident whether they should remain in the country.*\\nA considerable number of Indians and negroes came in\\nunder this arrangement. General Jesup communicated to\\nthe War Department the propositions which had been\\nmade, and urged that the requisite permission should be\\ngiven.\\nSecretary Poinsett replied, under date of March i,\\n1838, saying that, however desirable such an arrangement\\nmight be, it could not be sanctioned, as it was the duty of\\nthe President to carry out the provisions of the treaty. f\\nThis communication reached General Jesup about the 20th\\nof March, and, as he was satisfied that if the decision of\\nthe War Department was known to the Indians they would\\nat once retire to the swamps, he called a council to be held\\non the 2 2d March, and, in the mean time, directed Colonel\\nTwiggs to secure the Indians. Colonel Twiggs promptly\\nexecuted the order, securing five hundred and thirteen In-\\ndians and one hundred and sixty-five negroes. Passac-\\nMicco and fourteen others escaped capture.\\nThe Indians and negroes secured at Jupiter were at once\\ntransferred, under a strong guard, to Tampa Bay. Those\\nwho had been previously secured at Fort Peyton, with\\nOsceola (Powell), had been transferred to Fort Moultrie,\\nin Charleston harbor.\\nIt seems proper here to take some special notice of this\\ndistinguished leader of the Seminoles, whose name and repu-\\ntation stand perhaps higher in public estimation than those\\nof any other of his race. His true Indian name was As-se-\\nse-ha-ho-lar, or Black Drink, but he was commonly called\\nGeneral Jesup s Report of July 6, 1838.\\nf Sprague, p. 201.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n315\\nOsceola, or Powell. He belonged to a Creek tribe called Red\\nSticks, and was a half-breed. He removed to Florida with\\nhis mother when a child, and lived near Fort King. At\\nthe beginning of the Florida war he was about thirty-one\\nyears of age, of medium size, being about five feet eight\\ninches in height, resolute and manly in his bearing, with a\\nclear, frank, and engaging countenance. He was undoubt-\\nedly the master-spirit of the war, and by his firmness and\\naudacity forced the nation into the war which a large ma-\\njority were averse to engaging in, and either broke up every\\nattempt at negotiations or prevented their fulfillment. He\\nwas to have been one of the leaders at Dade s massacre,\\nbut was detained at Fort King by his determination to\\ngratify his revenge upon General Thompson. He parti-\\ncipated in the battles at the ford of the Withlacoochee\\nand Camp Izard, and led the attack upon Micanopy, where,\\nwith his force of less than two hundred and fifty men,\\nwithin sight of the fort, he attacked upwards of one hun-\\ndred regular troops in an open field, supported by a field-\\npiece.\\nHis capture by General Hernandez was due to his\\naudacity and self-confidence. Bad faith, and a disregard\\nof the usages of civilization, have been imputed to General\\nJesup on this occasion, Osceola having come in under a\\nwhite flag to negotiate but that ofiicer contended that\\nOsceola had broken his faith in reference to the Fort\\nDade capitulation, and was to be treated as an escaped\\nprisoner.\\nFrom all that can be gathered of his character, Osceola\\nwas possessed of nobler traits than usually belong to his\\nrace. His manners were dignified and courteous, and upon\\nthe field he showed himself a brave and cautious leader.\\nIt is said that he instructed his people in their preda-\\ntory excursions to spare the women and children. It is", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "3i6\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nnot, said he, upon them that we make war and draw\\nthe scalping-knife. It is upon men. Let us act like men.\\nOsceola has furnished to the poet, to the novelist, and to\\nthe lover of romance^ a most attractive subject, and scarce\\nany limit has been placed to the virtues attributed or the\\nexploits imagined in connection with this renowned chief\\nof the Seminoles. A poet has sung of him,\\nHis features are clothed with a warrior s pride,\\nAnd he moves with a monarch s tread\\nHe smiles with joy, as the flash of steel\\nThrough the Everglades grass is seen.\\nUpon his removal to Charleston he became dejected and\\nlow-spirited, and gradually pined away. All efforts to in-\\nterest him in a Western home failed to arouse him, and in\\na few weeks he died of a broken heart, and was buried\\njust outside of the principal gateway of Fort Moultrie,\\nwhere his resting-place is inclosed and a monument\\nerected.\\nMajor Lauderdale, with a company of the 3d Artillery\\nand two hundred Tennessee volunteers, explored the coun-\\ntry south, and established a post at New River. Lieutenant-\\nColonel Bankhead, with an additional force, joined Major\\nLauderdale, entered the Everglades, and captured Pahase-\\nMicco, a sub-chief of Micco, with a band of forty-seven\\npersons, and went in pursuit of Arpeika and his followers.\\nAfter wading through the mud and water for many miles,\\nthey found the Indians upon an island, but were unable to\\nprevent their escape. Afterwards, Colonel Harney came\\nup with Arpeika below Key Biscayne, and attacked him,\\nbut was unable to pursue him. General Jesup crossed from\\nFort Jupiter to Tampa Bay in April, 1837, to attack the\\nMiccosukies and Tallahassees, near the mouth of the With-\\nlacoochee, when the troops were ordered to the Cherokee\\ncountry and General Jesup was relieved from the command.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n317\\nThis officer is entitled to great credit for the energy and\\nperseverance with which he performed his duties. After he\\nassumed command, there was no longer the complaint of a\\nwant of supplies, or the report of falling back in conse-\\nquence of being short of rations. Within the year and a\\nhalf during which he held command, the number of Indians\\nand negroes altogether who surrendered or were taken\\namounted to nineteen hundred and seventy-eight, twenty-\\nthree of whom escaped. The number of Indians and\\nnegroes taken and killed by the different detachments of\\nthe army were equal to four hundred, making the whole\\nnumber twenty-four hundred, of whom seven hundred\\nwere warriors, considerably exceeding the entire esti-\\nmated number of Indians in the country at the beginning\\nof the war.\\nGeneral Jesup also reported, what he believed to be true,\\nbut was only so in part, that the villages of the Indians\\nhad all been destroyed, and their cattle, horses, and other\\nstock captured or destroyed, and that the small bands who\\nremained dispersed over the Territory had nothing left but\\ntheir rifles.*\\nThe Indians who had been captured or had surrendered\\nwere now placed on transports, under charge of Lieutenant\\nJ. F. Reynolds, and removed west of Arkansas. Twelve\\nhundred and twenty-nine constituted the first party, which\\nemigrated in May, 1837. In June, another party of three\\nhundred and thirty was sent to the same destination.\\nCaptain Stephenson was appointed their agent West.\\nOn the 15th of May, 1837, General Jesup retired from\\nthe command in Florida, which then devolved upon Gen-\\neral Zachary Taylor.\\nReport of General Jesup to the War Department, Ex. Doc., 8th\\nvol., 2(1 Sess,, 25th Cong.\\n27*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII.\\nFlorida War, continued, under General Taylor Removal of Apalachee\\nIndians General Macomb s Treaty with the Indians Proclamation\\nthat the War was ended Resumption of Hostilities Massacre of\\nColonel Harney s Detachment Tragical Fate of Mrs. Montgomery\\nThe Cuba Bloodhounds Expedition of Colonel Worth to Oke-\\nchobee Recapture of Coacoochee.\\n1838\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1842.\\nThe first important action of General Taylor after assum-\\ning command was the removal of some two hundred and\\ntwenty Apalachee Indians from West Florida, in October,\\n1838. The winter campaign of 1838-39 was arranged by\\nGeneral Taylor by districting the country under separate,\\ncommanders. Lieutenant-Colonel Green was left in Mid-\\ndle Florida Colonel Twiggs, with about two regiments,\\nwas stationed between the Santa Fe River and the coast,\\nand directed to occupy both sides of the St. John s River\\nto Lake Monroe Colonel Davenport, with six companies,\\nwas placed to look after the enemy between the Suwanee\\nand Withlacoochee Rivers and along the Gulf coast; Major\\nLoomis was to operate from Okechobee, south, in concert\\nwith General Floyd, commanding a force of mounted\\nGeorgians; and Colonel Cummings, with four companies\\nof 3d Artillery, was to establish posts, twenty miles apart,\\nbetween Tampa and Fort Mellon.\\nThe winter of 1838-39 was spent by the troops in active\\nservice in the endeavor to hunt out from their hiding-\\nplaces the small Indian bands scattered through the coun-\\ntry, but with little success, as the Indians, by their better\\nknowledge of the country, were enabled to avoid their pur-\\n(318)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n3^9\\nsuers. Occasionally their settlements were reached and\\nbroken up, but few of the Indians were seen.\\nDuring the operations of this campaign, one hundred\\nand ninety-six Indians and negroes surrendered or were\\ncaptured, and sent West.\\nThe policy of the Indians was now, says General Taylor,\\nto avoid giving battle to regular troops, even in single\\ncompanies, while, at the same time, every opportunity was\\nseized to wreak their vengeance on the unarmed inhab-\\nitants of the country. Moving by night, rapidly, in small\\nsquads, they were able to appear unexpectedly in remote\\nparts of the country, their presence indicated only by their\\nrifles and shrill yells as they approached at daylight the\\nhome of some unsuspecting settler. Murders were com-\\nmitted by the Indians within a few miles of Tallahassee\\nand St. Augustine.\\nDiscouraged at the failure of his efforts either to find the\\nIndians or bring them to a stand, General Taylor adopted\\nthe plan of dividing the whole country into squares, and\\nplacing a block-house, with a small detachment, in each, a\\npart of the number to be mounted. The officer command-\\ning was to scout his district every alternate day, thoroughly\\nexamining the swamps and hammocks to see that they were\\nclear of Indians. The merits of this plan were not tested,\\nas it was never fully carried out. While the posts were\\nbeing established, it was the misfortune of Florida to have\\nMajor-General Macomb sent out by the President to\\nmake an arrangement with the Seminoles. General Ma-\\ncomb arrived at Fort King on the 20th of May, 1839, and\\nrunners were sent out to invite the Indian chiefs in to hold\\na grand council.\\nHalleck-Tustenuggee and Tiger-Tail were present, and\\nSam Jones sent Chitto-Tustenuggee as his representative.\\nHalleck-Tustenuggee was the mouth-piece of the Indians,", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "320 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nand said they were willing to enter into terms if they were\\nnot required to go to Arkansas.\\nAn arrangement was entered into by General Macomb\\nwith the Indians, assigning them temporarily to a portion\\nof the country below Pease Creek and Lake Okechobee;\\nthat they should have sixty days to remove within said\\nlimits, where they were to remain until further arrange-\\nments were made and they were forbidden to pass out of\\nsuch limits, and all other persons were forbidden to go\\nwithin their boundary.\\nGeneral Macomb reported to the Secretary of War that\\nthe Indians at the council, when he explained to them who\\nhe was, and dictated terms of peace, which they readily\\naccepted, manifested great joy, and they have since been\\ndancing and singing, according to their fashion, in token\\nof friendship and peace, in which many of our officers\\njoined them, being satisfied of the sincerity of the respect-\\nive parties.\\nGeneral Macomb, on the i8th of May, issued his general\\norders, announcing that\\nThe major-general commanding in chief has the satis-\\nfaction of announcing to the army in Florida, to the au-\\nthorities of the Territory, and to the citizens generally,\\nthat he has this day terminated the war with the Seminole\\nIndians by an agreement entered into with Chitto-Tuste-\\nnuggee, etc. t\\nThe termination of the war being thus so authoritatively\\nannounced, and the terms being so favorable to the Indians,\\nconceding, as they did to them, the privilege of remaining\\nin Florida, and being virtually a capitulation and surrender\\non the part of the United States of the point at issue,\\nGeneral Macomb s Report of May 22d, 1839.\\nf Sprague, p. 228.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 321\\nthe question of emigration to the West, the citizens were\\nled to believe that the war had indeed been closed. Many-\\nprepared to return to their devastated fields, hoping to\\nmake at least a partial crop. All were glad to be relieved\\nof the terror and apprehension of the last three years, and\\nto escape from the restraint of their forted villages.\\nThe month of June was quiet and undisturbed, and\\npublic confidence increased. General Macomb returned\\nto Washington, and General Taylor resumed command.\\nThe season for active operations by the troops had passed,\\nwhen, early in July, the Indians began hostilities in all\\nparts of the country. Plantations were attacked, and the\\nsettlers forced to leave everything behind them. Express-\\nand post-riders and travelers were shot down on the roads,\\nand a feeling of general insecurity revived.\\nColonel Harney had gone down to Charlotte Harbor to\\nestablish a trading-post for the Indians after they should\\nhave retired beyond Pease Creek. His detachment con-\\nsisted of twenty-five men of the 2d Dragoons, with the\\nstore-keeper, Mr. Dalham, and Mr. Morgan, his clerk.\\nThey were encamped in the open pine barren near the\\nCalosahatchee, about twenty miles from the mouth. At\\ndaybreak on the 2 2d of July they were attacked by some\\ntwo hundred and fifty Indians, led by Chechika and Billy\\nBowlegs. Many were killed at the encampment others ran\\nto the river, and were shot in the water. Colonel Harney\\nescaped in his shirt and drawers only, and swam to a fishing-\\nsmack lying down the river. Out of thirty men, eighteen\\nwere killed. The two negro interpreters, Sandy and Sam-\\nson, were taken prisoners. Sandy was killed next day, and\\nSamson kept prisoner for two years.\\nThe Indians had, up to the time of the attack, professed\\nto be very friendly, coming into camp every day, and talk-\\ning with the men, professing to be entirely satisfied with\\nthe treaty.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "322\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nUpon receipt of the intelligence of this attack, Lieuten-\\nant Hanson seized forty-six Seminoles, who had come in\\nfor provisions, and shipped them to Charleston.\\nThis fiasco of a treaty made by General Macomb was\\ndue to the action of Congress, which had passed a resolu-\\ntion to that effect, and made an appropriation for that pur-\\npose. It was an unfortunate interference, and protracted\\nthe war, while it fruitlessly placed the government in a\\nhumiliating position.\\nThe prosecution of the war became now extremely dis-\\ncouraging, and the end seemed further off than three years\\nbefore. The Indians had become familiarized with the ex-\\nhibition of military power, and had learned to contemn\\nit. They found themselves at the close of four years still\\nin possession of the country, and powerful for annoyance\\nand to inflict revenge, and their ferocity seemed to increase\\nwith its exercise.\\nGovernor Reid, in his message to the Legislature of\\nFlorida, in 1839, said,\\nThe efforts of the general and territorial governments\\nto quell the Indian disturbances which have prevailed\\nthrough four years, have been unavailing. The close of\\nthe fifth year will find us struggling in a contest remarkable\\nfor magnanimity, forbearance, and credulity on the one\\nside, and ferocity and bad faith on the other. We are\\nwaging a war with beasts of prey the tactics that belong\\nto civilized nations are but shackles and fetters in its pros-\\necution we must fight fire with fire the white man must,\\nin a great measure, adopt the mode of warfare pursued by\\nthe red man, and we can only hope for success by continu-\\nally harassing and pursuing the enemy. If we drive him\\nfrom hammock to hammock, from swamp to swamp, and\\npenetrate the recesses where his women and children are\\nhidden if, in self-defense, we show as little mercy to him", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 323\\nas he has shown to us, the anxiety and surprise produced\\nby such operations will not, it is believed, fail to produce\\nprosperous results.\\nIt is high time that sickly sentimentality should cease.\\nLo, the poor Indian! is the exclamation of the fanatic\\npseudo-philanthropist. Lo, the poor white man is the\\nejaculation which all will utter who have witnessed the in-\\nhuman butchery of women and children, and the massacres\\nthat have drenched the Territory in blood.\\nThe citizens and troops had now become so exasperated\\nagainst the Indians for their repeated massacres of the\\nfeeble and the unprotected that a feeling had grown up that\\nthey were deserving of extermination, and that any and\\nevery means should be used to hunt and capture or de-\\nstroy them. The great difficulty in so wide an extent of\\ncountry, abounding in thick hammocks, palmetto and\\nscrubby lands, swamps, islands, and morasses, was to pur-\\nsue them successfully.\\nIn July, 1838, General Taylor forwarded to the War\\nDepartment a communication he had received on the sub-\\nject of procuring bloodhounds from Cuba, to ad the army\\nin its operations against the Indians in Florida. General\\nTaylor says, I am decidedly in favor of the measure, and\\nbeg leave to urge it as the only means of ridding the coun-\\ntry of the Indians, who are now broken up into small parties,\\nthat take shelter in swamps and hammocks as the army\\napproaches, making it impossible for us to follow or over-\\ntake them without the aid of such auxiliaries. I\\nwish it distinctly understood that my object in employing\\ndogs is only to ascertain where the Indians can be found,\\nnot to worry them.\\nAn agent was sent to Cuba to procure bloodhounds, in\\nDecember, 1839, and brought thirty-three, with five Span-\\niards to manage them, at a cost of about one hundred and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "324\\nHISTORY OF FLO R DA.\\nfifty dollars for each hound. They did not answer the\\npurpose, and they were soon discarded but in the mean\\ntime the subject had been taken up in Congress, and a\\nresolution of inquiry passed requiring a report from the\\nSecretary of War, and the employment of these blood-\\nhounds was used as political capital against Mr. Van Buren\\nwhen a candidate for re-election as President.\\nThere was a body of Spanish Indians inhabiting the\\nlower part of the peninsula, who had not heretofore taken\\nany part in the contest, but, finding the Seminoles driven\\ndown into their region, and probably urged by the savages,\\nwho seemed now to have acquired an insatiate thirst for\\nblood, they attacked various settlements upon the islands\\nalong the coast, murdered wrecked seamen, and waged war\\nagainst the fishermen who had frequented the coast for years.\\nOne of the most notable of these attacks was made, at Indian\\nKey, upon the family of Dr. Perrine, a botanist of distinc-\\ntion, who was devoting himself to the cultivation of tropical\\nplants. A large party of Indians attacked the settlement\\non the yth of August, 1840, and plundered and then burned\\nthe houses. Mrs. Perrine and her children were saved by\\nconcealing themselves under a wharf. The doctor was\\nmassacred in the upper part of the house. The family\\ngot possession of a boat which the Indians were loading\\nwith plunder, and pushed off to a vessel in the harbor.\\nSeveral others escaped to the same vessel.*\\nGeneral Taylor, having now been in command for two\\nyears, asked to be relieved from the arduous position he\\nhad so faithfully filled. On the 6th of May, 1840, Brevet\\nBrigadier-General W. R. Armistead, 3d Artillery, was\\nassigned to the command.\\nIn Sprague s History, p. 244, will be found a very interesting ac-\\ncount of the escape of the Perrine family.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n325\\nFruitless expeditions marched out and returned, and\\nfailed to find the enemy. The -work of surprise and mas-\\nsacre still went on by invisible bands, who struck the blow\\nand disappeared. The country was discouraged, the troops\\nwere disheartened, and the Indians remained unmolested.\\nInstructions had been given to endeavor to procure amica-\\nble relations. An interview was obtained at one time with\\nHalleck-Tustenuggee, through a Seminole delegation which\\nhad been brought from the West, but which accomplished\\nnothing towards bringing matters into a more satisfactory\\nstate. Occasionally the Indians came in, professed friend-\\nship, said they were tired of the war, received subsistence,\\nand then suddenly disappeared, having obtained all they\\ncame for.\\nOn the 28th of December, 1840, Lieutenant Sherwood\\nstarted from the military post at Micanopy, in company\\nwith Lieutenant N. Hopson, a sergeant, and ten privates\\nof the 7th Infantry, to escort Mrs. Montgomery, the wife\\nof Major Montgomery, to the military post at Wacahootee,\\nten miles distant. About four miles from Micanopy they\\nwere suddenly fired on by a large party of Indians, con-\\ncealed in a hammock which skirted the road. Two privates\\nwere killed at the first fire. Lieutenant Sherwood deter-\\nmined to stand his ground, and requested Mrs. Montgom-\\nery to dismount and get into the wagon, where she would\\nbe less exposed. As she was dismounting, she was shot\\nthrough the breast. Lieutenant Hopson returned to Mica-\\nnopy for reinforcements. Lieutenant Sherwood and his\\nmen continued a gallant hand-to-hand fight, until they\\nwere overpowered by the greatly superior force of the\\nIndians. The latter were led by Halleck-Tustenuggee and\\nCosa-Tustenuggee, and consisted of thirty warriors.\\nCosa-Tustenuggee, fearing the consequences of this bar-\\nbarous act, prepared to conie in and surrender, when he", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "326\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nencountered a detachment of dragoons, by whom his whole\\nband, consisting of thirty-two warriors and sixty women\\nand children, were brought in, and the party shortly after\\nsent to Arkansas.\\nThis tragic event roused anew the indignation of the\\nwhole country at the manner in which this miserable war\\nwas being carried on, and there sprung up a universal de-\\nmand to have it brought to a close and the Indians driven\\nout. The War Department rescinded the instructions to\\nthe commander to urge the Indians to an amicable surren-\\nder, and directed him to prosecute the war. Congress, on\\nthe I St of January, made an appropriation of one hundred\\nthousand dollars for the benefit of such of the Indians as\\nmight be willing to surrender, and, on the 3d of March,\\nappropriated upwards of one million of dollars for sup-\\npressing Indian hostilities in Florida.\\nThe Indians were now occupying all parts of the Terri-\\ntory some on the Ocklockonee, some near the Okefinokee\\nSwamp, and some in their old hiding-places on Orange\\nLake and the Withlacoochee.\\nLieutenant Alburtis was in command of Fort Russell,\\nwest of Pilatka, when a party headed by Halleck-Tuste-\\nnuggee killed a corporal and approached the fort with yells\\nof defiance. A spirited attack by Lieutenant Alburtis\\nwith some seventeen men only resulted in killing three\\nIndians and wounding two.\\nWaxehadjo, who had been a leader in waylaying the ex-\\npress-riders and others, had killed the express from Fort\\nCross to Tampa Bay, and, after torture, had cut off the head\\nof the unfortunate man and set it upright on the coals of\\nhis camp-fire, when a detachment of dragoons, with Captain\\nLloyd Beall, came up and drove him into a pond, where he\\nwas killed.\\nSpraguc, p. 249.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 327\\nBilly Bowlegs, the Prophet, and Hospetarkee, Shiver\\nand Shakes, were the head-men of a large party of Semi-\\nnoles who occupied the country south of Pease Creek. In\\nDecember, 1840, Colonel Harney, with a detachment of\\none hundred men, penetrated this hitherto -unexplored\\nregion in canoes, and created much alarm among the occu-\\npants of this almost inaccessible portion of the country.\\nChekika, the Spanish Indian chief, was overtaken by a\\ndetachment of troops and killed, and six of his companions\\ncaptured and hung on the spot, and, it is said, their bodies\\nwere suspended from the trees.\\nThis expedition, and the summary punishment inflicted\\nby Colonel Harney, greatly intimidated the Indians, and\\nthey resorted to their old expedient of having a talk\\nand expressing a strong desire for peace and amity. As\\ntheir sincerity could only be tested by the result, their\\noffers were accepted, and they came in and received cloth-\\ning and subsistence, thus gaining time to plant their fields\\nand devise new measures of security for their families.\\nDuring the winter and spring, every day they couJd delay\\noperations against them was important. In April, having\\naccomplished their purposes, they again disappeared, leav-\\ning the baffled officers of the government to speculate once\\nmore on the uncertainty of Indian professions.\\nMajor Belknap, stationed at Fort Fanning on the Suwa-\\nnee, succeeded, during the month of March, 1840, in\\nsecuring, and sending West, Echo-E-Mathlar, the Talla-\\nhassee chief, with sixty of his band.\\nDuring the early summer, the old artifice of professing\\nto be tired of fighting and willing to emigrate was practiced\\nsuccessfully by small bands of Indians, who would come\\nin with a tale of starvation and ask for subsistence for\\ntheir families to enable them to reach the military posts.\\nThe anxiety of the officers of the government to get them", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "328\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nin, made them hopeful and desirous of availing themselves\\nof every offer of surrender, and induced them to extend\\nthe time and allow still further subsistence. Thus, by\\ncunningly devised stories and well-invented excuses, they\\ndrew their subsistence from the government until they\\nwere able to dispense with it and the season was too late\\nto operate against them.\\nThe Territory was divided into seven military districts,\\nextending from Black Creek to Sarasota, each under the\\ncharge of a district commander. Five years had elapsed,\\nand still the Indians remained, and the government was\\nin the position of almost a suppliant for peace. The efforts\\nof the troops against the Indians were evaded by the exer-\\ncise of the utmost caution and cunning. With the sagacity\\nand thorough wood-craft of natives of the forest, while the\\nwhite soldier was plodding his weary way dependent upon\\nguides or the compass for a knowledge of his route, the\\nIndian stopped behind some clump of bushes or peered\\nforth from some leafy covert and saw his pursuers pass by,\\nand then stole back to attack some point in the rear of\\nthe pursuing troops, which had been left unprotected.\\nIll success brought, naturally, criticism and wholesale\\ncensure. Those who knew least were wisest in such mat-\\nters, and had always a plan which, if adopted, would\\ninfallibly succeed. Constant changes of plans, of officers,\\nand of troops, made matters worse. An uncertain policy,\\nholding out the olive-branch at one time, and fire and sword\\nat another, alternately coaxing and threatening, gave to the\\nIndians a feeling of distrust mingled with contempt. They\\nthought that they had been deceived by fair words and\\nfalse professions, and they used the same means to further\\ntheir own purposes.\\nIn January, 1841, offensive operations were resumed.\\nColonel William J. Worth, of the 8th Infantry, had been", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 329\\nplaced in command of the district of which Tampa was\\nthe headquarters, and about the ist of February a battalion\\nof the 8th Infantry, under General Worth, moved out to\\nthe Kissimee. The country was found overflowed in all\\ndirections. Believing that Coacoochee, the most active\\nand enterprising of the Indian chiefs, was in that region,\\nand that some arrangement might be made through him, a\\nmessenger was sent to find and, if possible, bring him in.\\nA few days afterwards, he visited the camp, arrayed in a\\ngorgeous theatrical costume obtained a few months pre-\\nviously when he had attacked a company of actors on\\nthe Picolata Road six miles from St. Augustine, several of\\nwhom were killed and their theatrical wardrobe became a\\nvaluable booty to the handsome young Indian chief.\\nAt this interview with General Worth he agreed to con-\\nsult his followers and other chiefs, and return in ten days.\\nOn the tenth day he returned, regretting that he could not\\ncollect his people, but wished to see General Armistead at\\nTampa Bay, to appoint a day when he would have his\\npeople assembled. On the 2 2d of March, he came to Fort\\nBrooke and met General Armistead, when it was agreed\\nthat he would bring his band in to Fort Pierce, on Indian\\nRiver. During April and May he came in frequently to\\nFort Pierce, expressing great anxiety to emigrate, but say-\\ning that the movements of the troops had caused his peo-\\nple to scatter and conceal themselves, and he had great\\ndifficulty in finding them. He said a council was to be\\nheld at Lake Okechobee, where he would meet Arpeika,\\nBilly Bowlegs, and Hospetarkee, and he would endeavor\\nto induce them to consent to emigrate. From the caution\\nand sobriety evinced by him, and the large requisitions he\\nmade for whisky and provisions, Major Childs, command-\\ning at Fort Pierce, became satisfied that Wild Cat was\\n28*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "330 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ncarrying on a deceptive game, and advised his seizure, and\\norders were issued for that purpose.\\nA band of Indians on the Ocklockonee River, in Middle\\nFlorida, kept all that portion of the Territory in continual\\nalarm, and although nearly a regiment of regular troops\\noccupied the country, their commanding officer reported,\\nin April, that he was unable to find or capture them.\\nAnother band lurked in and around the Okefinokee Swamp,\\nand disturbed all that region of country.\\nOne of the most active and treacherous of the remain-\\ning chiefs, Halleck-Tustenuggee, occupied the country\\naround the Withlacoochee and Ocklawaha. He sent in\\nhis sub-chiefs to Major Plympton with a bundle of sticks,\\nrepresenting that he was gathering his people in order to\\nemigrate, and asking for provisions, which being at length\\nrefused, he threw off the mask and left in his trail sixty\\nsticks, representing his band, painted with blood.\\nColonel Davenport, commanding at Sarasota, on the 26th\\nof April reported an entire failure in the attempted negotia-\\ntions with the Indians, and that they had all gone back to\\nthe woods, and gave a very hostile reception to the mes-\\nsengers sent to urge their return.\\nThe close of the season of active operations left matters\\nin very little better condition than at the same period in\\nthe previous year. General Armistead, in May, 1841,\\nasked to be relieved of the command in Florida. The\\nresult of his operations during the previous year was the\\nsurrender or capture of four hundred and fifty Indians, of\\nwhom one hundred and twenty were warriors. A delega-\\ntion of friendly Indians had been brought from Arkansas\\nto use their influence in persuading the remaining Semi-\\nnoles to emigrate. They were instructed to give a favor-\\nable account of the country assigned to the Indians west of\\nArkansas, and to use every inducement to obtain their sur-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nZl^\\nrender. It was doubted whether they did not accomplish\\nmore harm than good. General William J, Worth was\\nnow assigned to the command, making the eighth com-\\nmander sent out to close the war. No better choice could\\nhave been made than that of the distinguished officer who\\nso well earned the distinctive title assigned to him by uni-\\nversal consent, the gallant Worth.\\nNo more unpromising field for distinction could have\\nbeen found than Florida presented at the period when Gen-\\neral Worth was assigned to the command. As the number\\nof Indians had been reduced, their tactics had been\\nchanged. They no longer presented themselves, as at\\nfirst, to contest the passage of troops in the open field.\\nThey now found that by subdividing into small squads they\\ncould distract the attention of the troops, and, by the\\nsmallness of their number, find ready concealment and\\nelude pursuit. They had become accustomed to the mode\\nof conducting military operations, and knew that with the\\napproach of the summer heats they would remain unmo-\\nlested. Far down in the Everglades there were islands\\nnever trodden by the foot of the white man, where they\\ncould place their families in security and plant their crops\\nin peace. From these fastnesses they could sally forth upon\\nlong expeditions for murder and rapine acquainted with\\ncoverts to which they might readily fly in all parts of the\\ncountry, able to support themselves upon the abundant\\ngame, they possessed an unlimited power of doing mischief,\\nand were almost as unapproachable as the birds in the air.\\nWhere they had been, was easily ascertained by the bodies\\nof the slain victims and the ashes of destroyed homes, but\\nwhere they were, it was a matter of impossibility to more\\nthan conjecture. And when other means of support failed,\\nor it was desirable to check a too active movement in the\\ndirection of their camps, they had the convenient resort of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "332 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\na friendly talk and peaceful overtures, accompanied with an\\nabundant supply of whisky and rations.\\nThe officer now in command comprehended fully the task\\nbefore him. He had seen, in the failures of his predeces-\\nsors, the results of going into summer quarters one-half of\\nthe year, and the cessation of hostilities during peace ne-\\ngotiations occupying much of the remaining portion. He\\nhad been assigned to the command on 31st May, a period\\nof the year when it was usual to go into summer quarters.\\nGeneral Worth at once inaugurated a different policy. The\\nforce at his disposal was about five thousand men in all,\\nbut of these over one thousand were unfit for duty. He at\\nonce organized his force in the most effective manner, and\\nprepared for a continuous campaign, irrespective of the\\nseason and the simple injunction, Find the enemy, cap-\\nture or exterminate, was to govern the commanders in\\ntheir operations. General Worth established his head-\\nquarters at Fort King. Early in June a detachment of\\ntroops penetrated the swamps surrounding Lake Fanee\\nSuffeekee, with the hope of surprising Halleck-Tustenug-\\ngee, but, after a severe night march, they found his camp\\ndeserted.\\nOn the 15th of June, Major Childs, commanding at Fort\\nPierce, acting under the orders he had received from Gen-\\neral Armistead, secured Coacoochee, his brother, a brother\\nof King Philip, together with thirteen warriors and three\\nnegroes who came in to his post. They were immediately\\nsent off to Arkansas. General Worth being advised of this\\ncapture, and of their being shipped West, sent one of his\\nofficers to New Orleans to intercept the vessel on which\\nthey had been sent, in order to bring back Coacoochee,\\nwhom he desired to make use of in his ulterior operations.\\nMajor Capers, the officer sent, intercepted the vessel,\\nCoacoochee expressing the greatest pleasure at being taken", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 333\\nback to Florida, and promising to bring in his whole\\nband.\\nA simultaneous movement was ordered to take place in\\neach district, for the purpose of breaking up any camps\\nwhich the Indians might have formed, destroying their\\ncrops and stores wherever they might be found. Boat de-\\ntachments ascended the Withlacoochee, found several fields\\nof growing crops, and destroyed them. Every swamp and\\nhammock between the Atlantic and Gulf coasts was visited,\\nand the band of Halleck-Tustenuggee routed out of the\\nWahoo Swamp. Many fields were found in the hammocks\\nand islands of the Charl-Apopka country, with huts, pal-\\nmetto sheds, and corn-cribs. Tiger-Tail had a large field\\nupon one of these islands, which was his reliance for the\\nensuing year, and from a tree in the hammock he wit-\\nnessed its entire destruction by the troops. Several fields\\nwere destroyed on the Suwanee and in Wacasassa Ham-\\nmock.\\nThe operations of the army were harassing and destruc-\\ntive to the Indians, and they were driven to make use of\\nevery expedient to escape pursuit and capture by the troops,\\nwho were scouting in every direction. The last of June\\nthey held a council to consult upon their situation. They\\ndetermined not to surrender, but to put to death any mes-\\nsenger, whether white, Indian, or negro, who dared to\\ncome within their reach. They agreed to keep together\\nfor mutual protection, and had scouts out to report the\\nnumber and approach of troops.\\nThe detachments thus engaged in scouring the country\\ncontinued in the field twenty-five days. The number\\nengaged was about six hundred, and about twenty-five per\\ncent, were sent to the hospitals. The thermometer aver-\\naged 86\u00c2\u00b0, and, considering the heat and exposure, the\\nexperiment satisfactorily demonstrated the ability of the", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "334 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ntroops to operate in the summer. In the course of their\\nmovements they destroyed thirty-five fields and one hun-\\ndred and eighty huts or sheds.\\nThe inhabitants were invited to return to their homes,\\nand inducements of subsistence and protection were offered\\nthem if they would do so.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII.\\nFlorida War, continued, under Command of General Worth Inter-\\nview between General Worth and Coacoochee at Tampa Bay Sur-\\nrender of Coacoochee s Band Active Operations of General Worth\\nin the Everglades Surrender of various Bands Close of the\\nFlorida W^ar.\\nGeneral Worth, having been informed that Coacoo-\\nchee had arrived at Tampa, proceeded to that point to hold\\nan interview with him. The Indian chief and his com-\\npanions were on board a transport in the harbor, and held\\nin irons to prevent the hope or possibility of escape.\\nOn the morning of the 4th of July the interview took\\nplace on the transport. The stately and soldier-like pres-\\nence of the commanding general was enhanced by the\\npresence of his staff in full uniform. Nothing was omitted\\nto give impressiveness to the scene. After the general had\\narrived, and his party had been seated, Coacoochee and\\nhis companions came forward, heavily ironed, and moving\\nwith difficulty, and sat down on the deck. General Worth\\nrose, and, taking the young chief by the hand, said, Coa-\\ncoochee, I take you by the hand as a warrior, a brave man\\nyou have fought long, and with a true and strong heart, for\\nyour country. I take your hand with feelings of pride\\nyou love your country as we do; it is sacred to you; the\\nashes of your country are dear to you and the Seminole;\\nthese feelings have caused much bloodshed, distress, horrid\\nmurders it is time now the Indian felt the power of the\\n(335)", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "^^6 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwhite man. Like the oak, you may bear up for many\\nyears against strong winds the time must come when it\\nwill fall. This time has arrived. You have withstood the\\nblasts of five winters, and the storms of thunder, lightning,\\nand wind of five summers the branches have fallen, and\\nthe tree, burnt at the roots, is prostrate.\\nCoacoochee, I am your friend so is your Great Father\\nat Washington. What I say to you is true. My tongue is\\nnot forked like a snake s. My word is for the happiness of\\nthe red man. You are a great warrior; the Indians through-\\nout the country look to you as a leader by your counsels\\nthey have been governed. This war has lasted five years;\\nmuch blood has been shed, much innocent blood. You\\nnave made your hands and the ground red with the blood\\nof women and children. This war must now end. You\\nare the man to do it; you must and shall accomplish it.\\nI sent for you that through the exertions of yourself and\\nyour men you might induce your entire band to emigrate.\\nI wish you to state hoAV many days it will require to effect\\nan interview with the Indians in the woods. You can\\nselect three or five of these men to carry your talk name\\nthe time, it shall be granted but I tell you, as I wish your\\nrelatives and friends told, that unless they ifulfill your de-\\nmands, yourself and these warriors now seated before us\\nshall be hung to the yards of this vessel when the sun sets\\non the day appointed, with the irons upon your hands and\\nfeet. I tell you this that we may well understand each\\nother. I do not wish to frighten you you are too brave\\na man for that; but I say what I mean, and I will do it.\\nIt is for the benefit of the white and red man. The war\\nmust end, and you must end itf\\nSilence pervaded the company as the general closed.\\nCoacoochee rose, and replied, in a subdued tone,\\nI was once a boy then I saw the white man afar off.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n337\\nI hunted in these woods first with a bow and arrow, then\\nwith a rifle. I saw the white man, and was told he was my\\nenemy. I could not shoot him as I would a wolf or bear\\nyet like these he came upon me horses, cattle, and fields\\nhe took from me. He said he was my friend he abused\\nour women and children, and told us to go from the land.\\nStill he gave me his hand in friendship we took it; while\\ntaking it he had a snake in the other; his tongue was\\nforked he lied and stung us. I asked but for a small\\npiece of these lands, enough to plant and live upon, far\\nsouth, a spot where I could place the ashes of my kindred\\na spot only sufficient upon which I could lay my wife and\\nchild. This was not granted me. I was put in prison. I\\nescaped. I have been again taken you have brought me\\nback; lam here. I feel the irons in my heart. I have\\nlistened to your talk. You and your officers have taken us\\nby the hand in friendship. I thank you for bringing me\\nback. I can now see my warriors, my women and chil-\\ndren the Great Spirit thanks you the heart of the poor\\nIndian thanks you. We know but little; we have no books\\nwhich tell all things; but we have the Great Spirit, moon,\\nand stars these told me last night you would be our friend.\\nI give you my word; it is the word of a warrior^ a chief,\\na brave it is the word of Coacoochee. It is true I have\\nfought like a man so have my warriors but the whites are\\ntoo strong for us. I wish now to have my band around\\nme and go to Arkansas. You say I must end the war\\nLook at these irons Can I go to my warriors Coacoo-\\nchee chained No do not ask me to see them. I never\\nwish to tread upon my land unless I am free. If I can go\\nto them unchained, they will follow me in but I fear they\\nwill not obey me when I talk to them in irons. They will\\nsay my heart is weak, I am afraid. Could I go free, they\\nwill surrender and emigrate.\\n29", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "338 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nGeneral Worth, in reply, told him distinctly that he\\ncould not go, nor would his irons be taken off until his\\nentire band had surrendered, but that he might select three\\nor five of the prisoners, who should be liberated, and per-\\nmitted to carry his talk they should be granted thirty,\\nforty, or fifty days if necessary. He concluded by saying,\\nI say to you again, and for the last time, that unless\\nthe band acquiesce promptly with your wishes, to your last\\nwish, the sun, as it goes down on the last day appointed\\nfor their appearance, will shine upon the bodies of each of\\nyou hanging in the wind.\\nCoacoochee, after consultation, selected five of his com-\\npanions to bear his message. After reciting his past ser-\\nvices and claims upon his band, he concluded\\nMy feet are chained, but the head and heart of Coa-\\ncoochee reach you. The great white chief (Po-car-ger)\\nwill be kind to us. He says when my band comes in I\\nshall again walk my land free, with my band around me.\\nHe has given you forty days to do this business in if you\\nwant more, say so I will ask for more if not, be true to\\nthe time. Take these sticks here are thirty-nine, one for\\neach day this, much larger than the rest, with blood upon\\nit, is the fortieth. When the others are thrown away, and\\nthis only remains, say to my people that with the setting\\nsun Coacoochee hangs like a dog, with none but white\\nmen to hear his last words. Come, then come by the\\nstars, as I have led you to battle. Come, for the voice of\\nCoacoochee speaks to you.\\nThe five messengers were relieved of their irons, and\\nwent on their embassy. As time passed, the utmost anx-\\niety was felt by all for the return of the messengers. Old\\nMicco accompanied them, and in ten days returned with\\nsix warriors and a number of women and children. They\\ncontinued to arrive in small parties, when, on the last of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA. 339\\nthe month, all had come in, numbering seventy-eight war-\\nriors, sixty-four women, and forty-seven children, one\\nhundred and eighty-nine in all.\\nWhen Coacoochee was told that his people had all come\\nin, he seemed greatly relieved. Take off my irons, he\\nsaid, that I may once more meet my warriors like a man.\\nHis irons being taken off, he proceeded to the shore three\\nostrich plumes hung from his turban, his breast was covered\\nwith silver ornaments, his colored frock and red leggings,\\na red sash around his waist, containing a scalping-knife,\\ncompleted his costume. On arriving on shore he gave a\\nshrill whoop, passed on to headquarters and saluted Gen-\\neral Worth, then, turning to the crowd, said,\\nWarriors, Coacoochee speaks to you! You have lis-\\ntened to my word and taken it I thank you. The Great\\nSpirit speaks in our councils. The rifle is hid, and the\\nwhite and red man are friends. I have given my word for\\nyou; then let my word be true. I am done. By our\\ncouncil-fire I will say more.\\nGeneral Worth, by this sagacious use of Coacoochee,\\nhad accomplished the first part of his plan, the securing\\nof this warlike and troublesome band, numbering some\\ntwo hundred in all.\\nCoacoochee was by no means the great warrior his\\nvanity led him to estimate himself. He was vain, bold,\\nand cunning. General Worth had operated upon his weak\\npoint by treating him as a great chief. The general now\\nproposed to make still further use of him by procuring his\\nservices in bringing in the other bands, which he thought\\nmight more easily and certainly be brought to surrender\\nby negotiation than by hostile pursuit. Coacoochee him-\\nself having surrendered, he desired to increase his influence\\nat the West by carrying with him a larger force, and readily\\nconsented to use his influence in inducing the rest to emi-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "340 HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\ngrate. At his instance, the active operations of the army\\nwere to some degree suspended.\\nDetachments, however, continued to operate on the fron-\\ntier, and scouting-parties were patrolling the country. In\\nAugust a detachment under Captain Gwynn established a\\npost on Pease Creek, twenty miles above its mouth.\\nShortly afterwards Sole-Micco, accompanied by two other\\nmen and twenty women and children, came into the post\\nfor protection, being closely pursued by a party of the\\nProphet s band from the Big Cypress Swamp.\\nIn this swamp had now gathered a large number of des-\\nperate characters from all the tribes, and runaways from the\\nCreeks in Georgia. The influence of the Prophet, himself\\na runaway Creek, was supreme. Micco had been sent out\\nfrom Sarasota to carry a talk to some of the chiefs, but\\nwas in peril of his life, and took the first opportunity to\\nescape, bringing in his mother and other relatives. He\\nwas able to give important information as to the location\\nand designs of the Indians in that quarter.\\nCoacoochee had a brother, Otulkee, whom he was anxious\\nto reach and have come in to go West with him. He pro-\\nposed that his younger brother should go down to Pease\\nCreek with an Indian woman, who was to carry a talk to\\nArpeika and Billy Bowlegs. This messenger, after an ab-\\nsence of ten days, returned to the post on Pease Creek,\\nbringing with him Otulkee and five others. Otulkee\\nbrought a message from Hospetarkee that he was coming\\nto see Coacoochee. General Worth arrived about that\\ntime at Pease Creek with Coacoochee, who, learning that\\nHospetarkee was in camp near there, went out to find him,\\nand succeeded in getting him to come into camp with\\neighteen of his followers to have a talk. General Worth\\nappointed the talk on board a transport in the river, and,\\nbeing satisfied that the old chief did not intend to sur-", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n341\\nrender, he secured him and his warriors. Messengers were\\nsent to procure the coming in of the remainder of his\\nband, with the women and children, who, some weeks\\nafterwards, came in at Punta Rossa, and joined Hospe-\\ntarkee at Fort Brooke.\\nIn September an embassy arrived from Tiger-Tail and\\nhis brother, expressing themselves anxious for peace. A\\nparty of fifteen warriors, belonging to Halleck-Tustenuggee,\\nwas captured, and another party of fifteen belonging to\\nvarious bands. Communication was opened with several\\nchiefs, and Coacoochee and Aleck Hajo, a sub-chief, who\\nhad been captured, used their influence to bring in others.\\nThe negro interpreter Sampson, who had been captured\\nat the attack on Colonel Harney on Carlosahatchee, now\\ncame in, having made his escape from the Prophet s band,\\nand gave important information.\\nIn October, at the solicitation of Hospetarkee and Coa-\\ncoochee, their bands were sent to Arkansas with others who\\nwere at Tampa. The number sent was two hundred and\\neleven.\\nAlligator, one of the leading chiefs who had been sent\\nby General Jesup to Arkansas, had been sent for to use his\\ninfluence with Tiger-Tail and Halleck-Tustenuggee, and\\nhad an interview with Tiger-Tail shortly after his arrival.\\nDuring the month of October, thirty of Halleck-Tuste-\\nnuggee s band came in, and a portion of Tiger-Tail s.\\nA combined land and naval expedition, under Captain\\nBurke of the army, and Lieutenant McLaughlin of the\\nnavy, was made through the Everglades in October. No\\nIndians were captured, but a very thorough scout was\\nmade. It was now determined by General Worth to\\norganize a large force and penetrate the southern part of\\nthe peninsula by land and in boats, and to attack the\\nstronghold of the Indians in the Big Cypress, where Ar-\\n29*", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "342\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\npeika and the Prophet held supreme command. A large\\nnaval expedition was to accompany the movement. The\\nexamination of the hiding-places of the Indians was\\nthorough and complete. The troops marched through\\nswamps, deep in mud and water their boats penetrated\\nevery creek and landed upon every island. The Indians,\\napprised of their presence, fled towards the coast and were\\nseldom seen extensive fields were found and destroyed, and\\nevery hut and shelter burned. The Indians now saw that no\\nhiding-place was secure, and that, with a vigilant and en-\\nergetic commander like General Worth to deal with, they\\nwere to encounter war in a different form from that which\\nthey had previously experienced. They had hitherto con-\\nsidered their homes in the Big Cypress and in the islands\\nof the Everglades inaccessible, and they went on the war-\\npath when it suited their convenience, noiselessly stole\\nupon the unsuspecting traveler, or the isolated family of\\nthe settler, and, scattering death and devastation, gathered\\nup their plunder and regained their coverts in security.\\nThere was for the savage a horrible fascination in a life\\nlike this, and the young Indian lads, who had grown up to\\nmanhood during the conflict, hardly knew what a peaceful\\nexistence meant. A state of warfare had become habitual.\\nThe older warriors clearly perceived now that this state of\\naffairs could not last, and that they must make terms with\\ntheir foe. Their fields devastated, flying for their lives to\\nnew hiding-places, powder and ball becoming too scarce\\nto be used for hunting, and fearful that the sound of their\\nrifles would betray their location, this unceasing prosecu-\\ntion of hostilities began to tell upon and discourage them.\\nThe following graphic summary of the Big Cypress ex-\\npedition is appended to a long and interesting diary kept\\nby an officer. Thus ended the Big Cypress campaign, like\\nall others. Drove the Indians out, broke them up, taught", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n343\\nthem we could go where they could men and officers\\nworn down two months in water plunder on our backs\\nhard times; trust they are soon to end. Indians\\nasking for peace in all quarters. The only reward we ask\\nis the ending of the Florida War.\\nIn connection with the expedition entering the Ever-\\nglades from the Gulf, orders were given to Major Wade,\\ncommanding at Fort Lauderdale, on the southeastern part\\nof the Atlantic coast of Florida, to scout for any Indians who\\nmight be driven out in that direction from the interior.\\nHe succeeded in finding two villages, and captured fifty-five\\nIndians and killed eight, destroying twenty canoes, and all\\ntheir fields and huts.\\nWhile these active measures were going on to reach the\\nmain body of the Indians in the Everglades, the small\\nparties lying out in different parts of the country continued\\nto commit murders and evade pursuit. A considerable\\nparty was concealed on the Esteen-hatchee and adjacent\\nhammocks, consisting mainly of Creeks under Halpater-\\nTustenuggee. Another band, headed by Octiarche, were\\nin the Gulf Hammocks, near the Wacasassa.\\nOn the 2oth of December, 1841, the majority of the\\nmen in the Mandarin settlement, on the east side of the\\nSt. John s, about twelve miles from Jacksonville, went out\\non a general hunt. During their absence, a party of seven-\\nteen Indians, belonging to Halleck-Tustenuggee s band,\\nattacked the settlement and killed two men, two women,\\nand a child, and burned the houses. As this attack\\nwas made in one of the most thickly settled parts of the\\ncountry, it created universal fear and consternation. The\\nIndians were traced to the hiding-place of Tustenuggee, on\\nDunn s Lake.\\nLieutenant C. R. Gates s Journal, Sprague, 370.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "344 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nMajor Belknap succeeded in opening negotiations with\\nsome of the sub-chiefs of Bowlegs and Sam Jones in the\\nneighborhood of Lake Istokpoga, and secured sixty-seven\\nof their followers, including thirty-two young warriors.\\nOn the 5th of February, 1842, two hundred and thirty\\nIndians were shipped from Tampa to Arkansas, and on the\\nloth of April one hundred more were sent to the same des-\\ntination.\\nGeneral Worth now determined to make a final effort to\\nsecure Halleck-Tustenuggee and his band. This cunning\\nand vindictive chief had eluded every effort which had\\nbeen made to capture him, and laughed to scorn all the\\nmessages received from friendly Indians advising his sur-\\nrender. He was a complete master of wood-craft, and\\ncould conceal his tracks, or so arrange them as to mislead\\nthose engaged in the pursuit. He had baffled every detach-\\nment sent after him, and the commanding general now\\ntook command in person. Tustenuggee was finally brought\\nto bay in April, 1842, in the Pilaklikaha Swamp, and his\\nhiding-place surrounded. The troops charged the ham-\\nmock with great gallantry, and received the fire of the\\nIndians, who discharged their rifles rapidly, but soon\\nbroke into small parties and escaped, leaving one killed,\\ntwo wounded, and one prisoner, the loss of the troops being\\nabout the same.\\nThe troops were thus again baffled in their expectation\\nof capturing this noted chief. They had, however, cap-\\ntured his father- in-law, Osane-Micco (the King of the\\nLakes), through whom a talk was sent to Tustenuggee, and\\nwho shortly afterwards influenced the chief to come in to\\nhold a talk with General Worth. General Worth appointed\\nthe time for another talk with him at Fort King. Taking\\nadvantage of the absence of their chief. Colonel Garland\\nsucceeded in getting the entire band to attend a feast, and", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\n345\\nsecured the whole party, and the chief was also secured by\\nGeneral Worth, The capture of the one Indian in the\\nfirst instance thus resulted, by the sagacious use of this\\nmeans of communication, in getting possession of the en-\\ntire party, consisting of thirty-two warriors and thirty-\\neight women and children. This was one of the most\\nimportant steps towards bringing the war to a close. This\\nband had done more to keep up the general alarm, and\\ndisturb the settlements, than all the others.\\nThe band of Creeks and outlaws still occupied the\\nswamps west of the Suwanee. A large detachment took\\nthe field, and made a thorough scout through every part of\\nthis region where they were likely to be found. Their\\nfields and settlements were visited and destroyed, and two\\nIndians were killed, and two squaws and three children\\nwere -captured. To revenge this pursuit, Halpatter-Tuste-\\nnuggee, with a war-party, crossed the Suwanee River, at-\\ntacked a settler s family near Newnansville, killing a woman\\nand three children, and burned the house. They then\\nturned south, and fired upon a detachment of troops near\\nBlue Peter Pond, west of Wacahootee, killing two soldiers,\\nand, being sharply pursued, joined Octiarche in Wacasassa\\nHammock.\\nIn February, 1842, General Worth had addressed a com-\\nmunication to the War Department, submitting a statement\\nof the number of Indians remaining in Florida, which,\\nfrom the best sources of information he could obtain,\\namounted to one hundred and twelve warriors and one\\nhundred and eighty-nine women and children, and suggest-\\ning that, with such an insignificant number to deal with,\\nthe government might now safely close the war by allowing\\nsuch of them as chose to remain within certain limits below\\nPease Creek to have the privilege of doing so as a tempo-\\nrary arrangement that being confined within limits far", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "346 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\ndistant from the white settlements, with a knowledge of\\ntheir own weakness, they would remain quiet and inof-\\nfensive.\\nThis proposal was not at first approved, but subsequently,\\nin a message to Congress, of May lo, 1842, President Tyler\\napproved of General Worth s suggestions, and orders were\\nissued accordingly.\\nOn the 14th of July, Halleck-Tustenuggee, forty war-\\nriors, and eighty women and children were embarked for\\nArkansas.\\nOn the 14th of August, 1842, General Worth issued his\\nGeneral Order, No. 28, announcing that hostilities with\\nthe Indians in Florida had ceased, and designating the\\nlimits assigned for the temporary occupation of the Indians,\\nbeing from the mouth of Pease Creek to the fork of the\\nsouthern branch, thence to the head of Lake Istokpoga,\\nthence down to the Kissimee, thence to Lake Okechobee,\\nand down through the Everglades to Shark River, and\\nalong the coast to the place of beginning.\\nA part of General Worth s policy had been to reoccupy\\nthe habitable part of the country with settlers, who, with\\nblock-houses to resort to in case of need, should hold an\\narmed occupation. This plan was successfully carried\\nout, and over three hundred settlers with their families\\nwere located.\\nOn the 17th of August, General Worth turned over the\\ncommand in Florida, and proceeded to Washington, in\\npursuance of orders of the War Department. Upon his\\narrival, he was conducted by the Secretary of War to the\\nPresident, who expressed his appreciation, and that of the\\ncountry, of the fidelity with which all grades of the army\\nhad discharged their duty in Florida, and handed him the\\ncommission of a brevet brigadier-general, conferred by\\nthe Senate of the United States, in consideration of", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\n347\\ngallantry and highly-distinguished services as commander\\nof the forces in the war against the Florida Indians.\\nThe headquarters of the army had been established at\\nCedar Keys, and negotiations were going on, when the\\nintelligence was brought to Colonel Vose that, on the nth\\nof August, a band often Indians had attacked the settlement\\nat San Pedro, in Madison County, and killed two citizens.\\nColonel Bailey raised a party, and immediately went in pur-\\nsuit, overtook the Indians and killed two and wounded five\\nof their number. This event, occurring in the midst of a\\npopulous country, just at the time when General Worth had\\nissued his announcement that hostilities had ceased, caused\\nmuch anxiety, and induced many persons to censure or\\ndistrust the step which had been taken to close the war.\\nPublic opinion in Florida, acting upon the authorities at\\nWashington, caused the War Department to issue instruc-\\ntions, on the 22d of September, to Colonel Vose, directing\\nhim to muster into service a militia force, and push vigor-\\nously for the capture and punishment of the enemy.\\nColonel Vose suspended the execution of these orders,\\nexplaining to the War Departmen,t the true condition of\\naffairs.\\nOn the 4th and 5th of October, a violent gale caused an\\nunprecedented tidal wave and high water at Cedar Keys,\\ndestroying all the government stores, and nearly submerg-\\ning the whole island.\\nOn the ist of November, General Worth, under orders\\nof the War Department, resumed command in Florida.\\nOctiarche and Tiger-Tail had been for a long time\\ncarrying on a negotiation with the commanding officer for\\nsurrender and emigration. These negotiations had been\\naccompanied with requisitions for subsistence and whisky,\\nbut new excuses for delay were constantly made. Finding\\nthat Octiarche would probably be involved in difficulties", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "348\\nHISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nwith Billy Bowlegs, who now claimed to be the head-chief\\nof the Seminoles, General Worth directed that he and his\\nfollowers should be secured when they next came into Fort\\nBrooke. Shortly afterwards. Tiger-Tail and those remain-\\ning with him were captured and brought in.\\nThe Indians remaining on the Oklockonee with Pascoffer,\\nstill remained out. Colonel Hitchcock went out with a\\ndetachment to operate against them, and, by his energetic\\nand vigilant pursuit, compelled the surrender of that chief\\nand his entire band, numbering fifty-nine, twenty-nine of\\nwhom were warriors. Middle and West Florida were, by\\nthis surrender of Pascoffer, entirely relieved of Indians,\\nand the surrender of Tustenuggee, Octiarche, and Tiger-\\nTail had removed nearly all from the central and northern\\nparts of East Florida. These Indians were now all sent to\\nNew Orleans, and thence to Arkansas.\\nNo other Indians now remained in the Territory, except\\nthose under Arpeika and Bowlegs, who were within the\\nlimits assigned them south of Pease Creek, and there was\\nno longer any apprehension of difficulty, and, by com-\\nmon consent, it was admitted that the credit of finally\\nclosing the Florida War was attributable to the rare com-\\nbination of qualifications for this work exhibited by the\\ngallant Worth. Skillful alike in military combinations and\\nin negotiation, he was never outwitted or overreached.\\nHis operations were conducted with great economy of life\\nand treasure, and in the space of little more than a year\\nhe solved the problem which had so perplexed his prede-\\ncessors and embarrassed the government. Like other com-\\nmanders, he was at times severely criticised by those who\\nwere unable to comprehend, or were ignorant of, his plans\\nbut at this day only a sentiment of profound respect and\\nadmiration exists for the memory of the able and chival-\\nrous general who could win laurels upon so unpromising a", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF FLORIDA,\\n349\\nfield as that presented in Florida, and who earned a nation s\\ngratitude on the plains of Mexico.\\nIn November, 1843, General Worth estimated the whole\\nnumber of Indians remaining in Florida as follows of\\nwarriors, Seminoles, forty-tw6 Miccosukies, thirty-three\\nCreeks, ten Tallahassees, ten ninety-five warriors in all,\\nand, including women and children, three hundred in all,\\nunder Holatter-Micco as head-chief, and Assinwar and\\nOtulko-Thlocko, the Prophet, sub-chiefs. In 1845, Cap-\\ntain Sprague, w^ho had been specially in charge of the\\nIndian department in Florida, estimated the total number\\nat three hundred and sixty. Sam Jones (Arpeika) was\\nonly a sub-chief; he was then reputed to be ninety-two\\nyears of age.\\nThe Florida War may be said to have commenced with\\nthe massacre of Major Dade s command, on the 28th of\\nDecember, 1835, and closed, by official proclamation, on\\nthe 14th of August, 1842, having lasted nearly seven years.\\nIt was generally said to have cost the United States forty\\nmillions of dollars, which, before our recent contest, was\\nconsidered an immense sum of money. Captain (now\\nGeneral) Sprague, in his valuable work, states the expendi-\\ntures at upwards of nineteen millions.\\nThe number of troops, of all descriptions, employed\\nduring the several years was as follows\\nNov. 30, 1836.\\nGeneral Jesup commanding,\\n4220\\n1837.\\n8866\\n1838.\\nTaylor\\n3471\\n1839.\\n3S14\\n1840.\\nArmistead\\n6034\\n1 841.\\nWorth\\n3801\\nThe number of deaths among the regular troops during\\nthe war amounted to an aggregate of fourteen hundred and\\n30", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "350 HISTORY OF FLORIDA.\\nsixty-six, of whom the very large number of two hundred\\nand fifteen were officers.\\nOn two subsequent occasions there were difficulties with\\nthe Indians, caused by their coming in conflict with white\\nsettlers outside of their boundaries. After a brief cam-\\npaign of State troops, they were driven back within their\\nlimits.\\nAn inconsiderable number of Indians still inhabit the\\nmore southerly portion of the peninsula, peacefully sup-\\nporting themselves by hunting and fishing.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "LIST OF PUBLICATIONS\\nOF\\nJ. B. LIPPINCOTT Co.\\nPHILADELPHIA.\\nWill be sent by mail, f st paid, on receipt of the price.\\nThe Albert JVTanza. Great Basin of the Nile^\\nand Explorations of the Nile Sources. By Sir Samuel White\\nBaker, M. A., F. R. G. S., c. With Maps and numerous Illus-\\ntrations, from sketches by Mr. Baker. New edition. Crown 8vo.\\nExtra cloth, ^^3.\\nIt is one of the most interesting and\\ninstructive books of travel ever issued\\nand this edition, at a reduced price, will\\nbring it within the reach of many who\\nhave not before seen it. Bostonjourtial.\\nOne of the most fascinating, and cer-\\ntainly not the least important, books of\\ntravel published during the century.\\nBoston Eve. Trafiscript\\nThe Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia^ and the Sword-\\nHunters of the Hamran Arabs. By Sir Samuel White Baker,\\nM. A., F. R. G. S., c. With Maps and numerous Illustrations,\\nfrom original sketches by the Author. New edition. Crown\\n8vo. Extra cloth, $2.75.\\nWe have rarely met with a descriptive\\nwork so well conceived and so attractively\\nwritten as Baker s Abyssinia, and we cor-\\ndially recommend it to public patronage.\\nIt is beautifully illustrated.\\nTimes.\\n-N. a\\nEight Years Wandering in Ceylon. By Sir\\nSamuel White Baker, M. A., F. R. G. S., c\\ntions. i6mo. Extra cloth, ^1.50.\\nWith Illustra-\\nMr. Baker s description of life in Cey-\\njon, of sport, of the cultivation of the soil,\\nof its birds and beasts and insects and rep-\\ntiles, of its wild forests and dense jungles,\\nof its palm trees and its betel nuts and in-\\ntoxicating drugs, will be found very in-\\nteresting. The book is well written and\\nbeautifully printed. Bali. Gazette.\\nNotwithstanding the volume abounds\\nwith sporting accounts, the natural history\\nof Ceylon is well and carefully described,\\nand the curiosities of the famed island are\\nnot neglected. It is a valuable addition to\\nthe works on the East Indies. ki/a\\nLuth\u00e2\u0082\u00acra7t Observer.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT Sr\u00c2\u00bb CO.\\nThe American Beaver and his Works. By Lewi^\\nH. Morgan, author of The League of the Iroquois. Hand-\\nsomely illustrated with twenty-three full-page Lithographs and\\nnumerous Wood-Cuts. One vol. 8vo. Tinted paper. Cloth\\nextra, I5.\\nThe book may be pronounced an ex-\\npansive and standard work on the Ameri-\\ncan beaver, and a valuable contribution to\\nscience. N.Y. Herald.\\nThe book is an octavo of three hun-\\ndred and thirty pages, on very thick paper,\\nhandsomely bound and abundantly illus-\\ntrated with maps and diagrams. It is a com-\\nplete scientific, practical, historical and des-\\ncriptive treatise on the subject of which it\\ntreats, and will form a standard for those\\nwho are seeking knowledge in this de-\\npartment of animal life. By the pub-\\nlication of this book, Messrs. J. B. Lip-\\npincott Co., of Philadelphia, have really\\ndone a service to science which we trust\\nwill be well rewarded \u00e2\u0080\u0094^isij^f^w Even.\\nTraveler.\\nThe Autobiography of Dr. Benjamin Franklin.\\nThe first and only complete edition of Franklin s Memoirs. Printed\\nfrom the original MS. With Notes and an Introduction. Edited\\nby the Hon, John Bigelow, late Minister of the United States to\\nFrance. With Portrait from a line Engraving on Steel. Large\\ni2mo. Toned paper. Fine cloth, beveled boards, $2.50.\\nThe discovery of the original auto-\\ngraph of Benjamin Franklin s character-\\nistic narrative of his own life was one of\\nthe fortunate events of Mr. Bigelow s dip-\\nlomatic career. It has given him the op-\\nEortunity of producing a volume of rare\\nibliographical interest, and performing a\\nvaluable service to the cause of letters.\\nHe has engaged in his task with the en-\\nthusiasm of an American scholar, and\\ncompleted it in a manner highly credit-\\nable to his judgment and industry. The\\nNew York Tribiuie.\\nEvery one who has at heart the honor\\nof the nation, the interests of Am ;rican\\nliterature and the fame of Frankhi will\\nthank the author for so requisite a national\\nservice, and applaud the manner and\\nmethod of its fulfillment. Boston Even.\\nTrafiscript\\nThe Dervishes. History of the Dervishes; or.\\nOriental Spiritualism. By John P. Brown, Interpreter of the\\nAmerican Legation at Constantinople. With twenty-four Illus-\\ntrations. One vol. crown 8vo. Tinted paper. Cloth, $3.50.\\nIn this volume are the fruits of long\\nyears of study and investigation, with a\\ngreat deal of personal observation. It\\ntreats, in an exhaustive manner, of the\\nbelief and principles of the Dervishes.\\nOn the whole, this is a thoroughly\\noriginal work, which cannot fail to be-\\ncome a book of reference. The Fhilada.\\nPress.\\nN ew America. By Wm. He f worth Dixon. Fourth\\nedition. Crown 8vo. With Illustrations. Tinted paper. Extra\\ncloth, $2.75.\\nfn this graphic volume Mr. Dixon\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ketches American men and women sharp-\\nly, vigorously and truthfully, under every\\naspect. Dublin University Alagazine.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCO FT CO.\\nBuliver s Novels. Globe Edition. Complete in\\ntwenty-two volumes. With Frontispiece to each volume. Beau-\\ntifully printed on fine tinted paper. i6mo. Extra cloth, $33\\nextra cloth, gilt top, $38.50; half calf, neat, $55 half Turkey, gi\u00c2\u00bb\\ntop, $66 half calf, gilt extra, $66. Each novel sold separate!\\nas below, in extra cloth, at $1.50 per volume.\\nThe Caxtons i vol.\\nMy Novel 2 vols.\\nWhat will He Do with It ?..2 vols.\\nDevereux i vol.\\nLast Days of Pompeii. ..i vol.\\nLeila, Calderon and Pilgrims, i v.\\nRienzi i vol.\\nThe Last of the Barons i vol.\\nHarold i vol.\\nEugene Aram i vol.\\nThe Globe edition of Bulwer is very\\nneat and satisfactory more satisfactory\\ntlian any other issued in this country.\\nPhilada. North A merican.\\nThe Globe edition is remarkable for a\\ni udicious combination of cheapness, legi-\\nility and beauty. Charleston Courier.\\nWe have repeatedly borne witness to\\nthe pre-eminence of the Globe over all\\nother editions, in respect to cheapness,\\nneatness and convenience of size. Cin-\\ncinnati Gazette.\\nThe clear-cut type, delicately-tinted\\npaper and tasty binding of this Globe edi-\\ntion of Bulwer s works cannot be awarded\\ntoo much praise. Rural New Yorker.\\nWe repeat what we have so often be-\\nfore stated that the Globe edition is the\\nbest ever issued on this side of the Atlan-\\ntic. New Orleans Times.\\nZanoni i vol.\\nPelham i vol.\\nThe Disowned i vol.\\nPaul Clifford i vol.\\nErnest Maltravers i vol.\\nGodolphin i vol.\\nAlice I vol.\\nNight and Morning i vol.\\nLucretia. i vol.\\nA Strange Story i vol.\\nThe Globe edition of Bulwer fumisheii\\na model well worthy of imitation.\\nPhilada. Age.\\nAs to execution and price, there is no\\nbetter edition in the market. CAzira^tf\\nEvening Journal.\\nWe congratulate this well-known Phi-\\nladelphia publishing house upon furnish-\\ning so complete, so legible, so compact\\nand so beautiful an edition of the writings\\nof this great novelist. The America;\\nbook-buying and book-reading public wi.\\niiot fail to place this fine edition upon theii\\nlibrary shelves. It is the best cheap edition\\nof Bulwer that we have ever seen. It is\\noffered at the low price of $1.50 per volume,\\nat which price the purchaser gets the best\\npart of the bargain. Providence Even-\\ning Press.\\nReaders Novels. Illustrated Standard Edition of\\nCharles Reade s Novels. Complete in ten vols. i2mo. With\\nEngraved Frontispiece and Vignette Title to each. Handsomel)\\nbound in extra cloth. Price, $15 per set. Extra cloth, gilt top\\n$17 per set. Sold separately, in extra cloth, as follows\\nHard Cash $i-75\\nLove me Little Love me\\nLong 1.50\\nNever too Late to Mend. 1.75\\nWhite Lies 1.50\\nFoul Play 1.50\\nThe Cloister and the Hearth$i.75\\nGriffith Gaunt 1.50\\nPeg Woffington 1.25\\nChristie Johnstone 1.25\\nThe Course of True Love\\nNever did Run Smooth, t 2^", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT 6- CO.\\nHints for Six Months in Europe. Being the Pro-\\ngramme of a Tour through parts of France, Italy, Austria, Saxony,\\nPrussia, the Tyrol, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, England and\\nScotland, in the Summer of 1868. By John H. B. Latrobe.\\ni2mo. Toned paper. Extra cloth, $1.50.\\nIt has many of the best advantages of\\na regular guide-book, with the additional\\nexcellence of being reliable as to facts and\\ntrustworthy as to the opinions it utters.\\nNew York Christian Advocate.\\niVIr. Latrobe had some capital qualifi-\\ncations for producing a good book about\\nEurope. The result is a highly\\nsatisfactory volume, which we commend\\nand recommend to travelers, whether they\\ngo abroad or stay at home. The Phila-\\ndelphia Press.\\nIs a genuine treasure-book for every\\nnew European traveler. And if this\\nprogramme should be carefully studied by\\none about to start on a summer tour in\\nEurope, and be substantially tbllowed by\\nthe tourist, he would secure for iiimseli\\nmanitbld more enjoyment, and save him-\\nself from countless disappointments and\\nvexations which he would be sure other-\\nwise to experience. Boston Evenine\\nTraveler.\\nLifpincott s Treasuries of Literary Gems, Min-\\niature 4to. Choicely printed on the finest toned paper and beauti-\\nfully bound in extra cloth, gilt and gilt edges. 75 cts. each as\\nfollows\\nI. A Treasury of Table Talk. II. Epigrams and Literary Follies.\\n[II. A Treasury of Poetic Gems. IV. The Table Talk of Samuel\\nJohnson, LL. D. V. Gleanings from the Comedies of Shakspeare. VI.\\nBeauties of the British Dramatists. The six volumes in neat box, t \\\\-S^\\nA charming little series, well edited I is no padding in them all is epigram,\\nand printed. More thoroughly readable point, poetry or sound common sense.\\nlittle books it would be hard to find there London Publishers^ Circular.\\nMizpah Friends at Prayer. Con taining a Prayer\\nor Meditation for each day in the Year. By Lafayette C.\\nLoo MIS. i2mo. Beautifully printed on superfine tinted paper,\\nwithin red lines. Fine cloth, $2. Extra cloth, gilt edges. ^2.50.\\nThis work proposes Morning and Even-\\ning Scripture Readings, and an Evening\\nMeditation. The Morning Readings em-\\nbrace the Psalms twice, and the evening,\\nthe New Testament entire, during the\\nyear. The Meditations are not exposi\\ntions of the text, but rather devotional\\nreflections generally upon the Evening\\nReading and intended to follow the\\nScripture and precede prayer.\\nThe Wife s Messengers A Novel. By Mrs. M. B.\\nHoRTON. i2mo. Tinted paper. Extra cloth, $1.75.\\nThe writer has produced a capital con- ligious feeling. The story is well worth\\n./ibution to the cause of domestic truth, reading on its own merits, and some por-\\ntind one which will be read with delight tions of it are written with a real power\\nm many a household. (^A/i? Statesman. that cannot fail to command attention.*\\nThis sttry is pervaded by a strong re- Philada. Evening Telegraph.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPING OTT 6- CO.\\nOur Own Birds of the United States, A Familiar\\nNatural History of the Birds of the United States. By William\\nL. Baily. Revised and Edited by Edward D, Cope, Member of\\nthe Academy of Natural Sciences. With numerous Illustrations.\\ni6mo. Toned paper. Extra cloth, $1.50.\\nThe text Is all the more acceptable to\\nthe general reader because the birds are\\ncalled by their popular names, and not by\\nthe scientific titles of the cyclopaedias, and\\nwe know them at once as old friends and\\ncompanions. We commend this unpre-\\ntending little book to the public as pos-\\nsessing an interest wider in its range but\\nsimilar in kind to that which belongs to\\nGilbert White s Natural History of Sel-\\nborne. N. Y. Even. Post.\\nThe whole bock is attractive, supply-\\ning much pleasantly-conveyed information\\nfor young readers, and embodying an ar-\\nA Few Friends^ and How They Amused Them-\\nselves. A Tale in Nine Chapters, containing descriptions of Twenty\\nPastimes and Games, arid a Fancy- Dress Party. By M. E. Dodge,\\nauthor of Hans Brinker, c i2mo. Toned paper. Extra\\ncloth, $1.25.\\nrangement and system that will often make\\nit a helpful work of reference for older\\nnaturalists. Philada. Even. Bulletin.\\nTo the youthful, Our Own Birds is\\nlikely to prove a bountiful source of pleas-\\nure, and cannot fail to make them thor-\\noughly acquainted with the birds of the\\nUnited States. As a science there is none\\nmore agreeable to study than ornithology.\\nWe therefore feel no hesitation in com-\\nmending this book to the public. It is\\nneatly printed and bound, and is profusely\\nillustrated. New York Herald.\\nThis convenient Httle encyclopaedia\\nstrikes the proper moment most fitly. The\\nevenings have lengthened, and until they\\nagain become short parties will be gath-\\nered everywhere and social intercourse\\nwill be general. But though it is compar-\\natively easy to assemble those who would\\nbe amused, the amusement is sometimes\\nreplaced by its opposite, and more resem-\\nbles a religious meeting than the juicy en-\\ntertainment intended. The Few Friends\\ndescribes some twenty pastimes, all more\\nor less intellectual, all provident of mirth,\\nrequiring no preparation, and capable ol\\nenlisting the largest or passing off with the\\nsmallest numbers. The description is con-\\nveyed by examples that are themselves\\nas good as a play. The book deserves\\na wide circulation, as it is the missionary\\nof much social pleasure, and demands no\\nmore costly apparatus than ready wit and\\ngenial disposition. Philada. North\\nA inerican.\\nCameos /ro7n English History. By the atithor of\\nThe Heir of Redclyffe, c With marginal Index. i2mo.\\nTinted paper. Cloth, $1.25 extra cloth, J^i.75.\\nAn excellent design happily executed.\\n-N.Y. Times.\\nHistory is presented in a very attractive\\nand interesting form for young folks in this\\nwork. Pittsburg Gazette.\\nThe Diamond Edition of the Poetical Works of\\nRobert Burns. Edited by Rev. R, A. Willmott. New edition.\\nWith numerous additions. i8mo. Tinted paper. Fine cloth, $1.\\nThis small, square, compact volume is\\nprinted in clear type, and contains, in three\\nhundred pages, the whole of Burns poems,\\nwith a glossary and index. It is cheap,\\nelegant and convenient, bringing the works\\nof one of the most popular of British poets\\nwithin the means of every reader. Bos-\\nton Even. Tratiscript.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO,\\nAgnes Wentworth. A Novel. By E, Foxton^\\nauthor of Herman, and Sir Pave n and St. Pavon. I2ma\\nTinted paper. Extra cloth, ^1.50.\\nThis is a very interesting and well-told\\nBtory. There is a naturalness in the group-\\ning of the characters, and a clearness of\\ndeiinition, which make the story pleasant\\nand fascinating. Phases of life are also\\npresented in terse and vigorous words.\\nIt is high-toned and much above the aver-\\nage of most of the novels issuing from the\\npress. Pittsburg Gazette.\\nA novel which has the merit of being\\nwritten in graceful and clear style, while\\nit tells an interesting story, T/te Inde\\npendent.\\nSiena. A Poem. By A. C. Swinburne. \\\\_Refub^\\nlished from Lippincotfs Magazine. With Notes. i6mo. Tinted\\npaper. Paper covers, 25 cts.\\nIs polished with great care, and is by\\nfar the best composition we can recall from\\nSwinburne s pen, in more than one of its\\neffects. Philada. North Atnerican.\\nOne of the most elaborate as well as\\nthe most unexceptionable of his produc-\\ntions. N. V. Evening Post.\\nRecollections of Persons and Places in the West.\\nBy H. M. Brackenridge, a native of the West Traveler, Author\\nJurist. Neve edition, enlarged. i2mo. Toned paper. Fine cloth, $2.\\nA very pleasant book it is, describing,\\nin an autobiographical form, what was\\nThe West of this country half a century\\nago. Philada. Press.\\nThe writer of these Recollections\\nwas born in 1786, and his book is accord-\\ningly full of interesting facts and anec-\\ndotes respecting a period of Western his-\\ntory, which, when the rapid growth of the\\ncountry is considered, may almost be called\\nPre- Adamite. Boston Evening Tran-\\nscript.\\nInfelicia. A Volimie of Poems. By Adah Isaacs\\nMenken. i6mo. Toned paper. Neat cloth, $1. Paper cover,\\n75 cts. With Portrait of Author, and Letter of Mr. Charles\\nDickens, from a Steel Engraving. Fine cloth, beveled boards,\\ngilt top, $1.50.\\nwith the living author s form, and it serves\\nto drape the unhappy life with the mai.tle\\nof a proper human charity. For herein\\nare visible the vague reachings after and\\nreminiscences of higher things. Cin-\\ncinnati Evening Chronicle.\\nSome of the poems are forcible, others\\nare graceful and tender, but all are per-\\nvaded by a spirit of sadness. IVasking-\\nton Evening Star.\\nThe volume is interesting, as reveal-\\ning a something that lay beyond the vul-\\ngai eyes that took the liberty of license\\nDallas Galbraith. A Novel. By Mrs. R. Hat d-\\nING Davis, author of Waiting for the Verdict, Marg?xet\\nHowth, Life in the Iron Mills, c. 8vo. Fine cloth, $2.\\nOne of the best novels ever written for\\nRn American magazine. Philada.Morn-\\ning Post.\\nThe story is most happily written in\\nill respects. The North American.\\nAs a specimen of her wonderful in-\\ntensity and passionate sympathies, this\\ntustained and wholly noble romance is\\nequal or superior to any previous ach !ve\\nment. Philada. Eveniftg Bulletin.\\nWe therefore seize the opportun? y to\\nsay that this is a story of unusual pi wer,\\nopening so as to awaken interest and\\nmaintaining the interest to the en\\nThe National Baptist.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO.\\nBeatrice, A Poem, By Hon. Roden JVoel,\\nSquare i6mo. Tinted paper. Extra cloth, gilt top, $i.\\nIt is impossible to read the poem\\nthrough without being powerfully moved.\\nThere are passages in it which for in-\\ntensity and tenderness, clear and vivid\\nvision, spontaneous and delicate sympathy,\\nmay be compared with the best efforts of\\nour best living writers. London Spec-\\niaifr.\\nMr. Noel has a fruitful imagination,\\nand such a thorough command of language\\nas to link the heart and tongue in that\\nunion from which only true pot-sy is born.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094N. O. Times.\\nMr. Noel has no rival. He sings with\\nfairy-like and subtle power. London\\nA thetiteufn.\\nBreaking a Butter jly or^ Blanche Eller slices\\nEnding. A Novel. By the author of Guy Livingstone, c\\nAuthor s Edition. With Illustrations. i2mo. Extra cloth, $1.50.\\nPaper cover, 50 cts.\\nIt is a charming story of English life,\\nand marked by the well-known character-\\nsties of the author s style, in which the\\ngorgeous descriptions of manhood are pre-\\ndominant. Buffalo Express.\\nIt is intensely interesting, full of life\\nand spirit, and throughout is written in the\\ngifted author s most captivating vein.\\nPhilada. Age.\\nIt is a story which every one will find\\ninteresting and it is written with an easy\\ngrace indicative of good taste and large ex-\\nperience. Albany Jourfial.\\nThe Voice in Singing. From\\nEmma Seller. Third edition. i2mo.\\ncloth, $1.50.\\nthe Ge7 man of\\nTinted paper. Extra\\nWe would earnestly advise all inter-\\nested in any way in the vocal organs to\\nread and thoroughly digest this remarkable\\nwork. Boston Musical Times.\\nIt is meeting with the favor of all our\\nauthorities, and is a very valuable work.\\nTo any one engaged in teaching cultivation\\nof the voice, or making singing a study, it\\nwill prove an efficient assistant. Loontis\\nMusical jfournal\\nThis remarkable book is of special\\ninterest to teachers and scholars of vocal\\nmusic. It is, however, of value to that\\nmuch larger number of persons who love\\nmusic for its own sake. Here, almost for\\nthe first time in English, and certainly for\\nthe first lime in an American book, we\\nhave a satisfactory explanation of the phy-\\nsiology and aesthetics of the art divine.\\nPhilada. North A merican.\\nAbraham Page, Esq.\\nAbraham Page, Esq. i2mo.\\nIt is really refreshing, in these days of\\nsensational stuff, to fall upon a book like\\nIhis, written with the easy, well-bred air\\nLife and Opinions of\\nTinted paper. Fine cloth, ^l 50.\\nof a gentleman, and the grace and culture\\nof a scholar. Baltimore Leader.\\nWhat I Know about Ben Eccles. A Novel. By\\nAbraham Page, author of The Life and Opinions of /brahain\\nPage, Esq. i2mo. Cloth, $1.50.\\nQuite a pathetic story, which, without\\nIbeinji at ail of the kind denominated sen-\\nsational, will enchain the attention to th\u00c2\u00bb\\nvery close. Pittsburg Ev. JourTtal.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT 5r\u00c2\u00bb CO.\\nAdvice to a Wife on the Alanage^nent of her own\\nHealth, and on the Treatment of some of the Complaints incidental\\nto Pregnancy, Labor and Suckling with an Introductory Chapter\\nespecially addressed to a Young Wife. By Pye Henry Chavasse,\\nM.D. Eighth edition, revised. i6mo. Neatly bound in cloth. $1.50.\\nFrom this advice any woman may\\ngatlier some precious ideas as to the care\\nof her health. The manual is very popu-\\nlar in England, v^ here it has passed through\\neight rapid editions, and we know of no\\nsimilar work where an equal amount of\\ndoctor s lore is given in the style of plain\\nmodern conversation. Philada. Even.\\nBuUeti?i.\\nPossesses undoubted value for those\\nto whom it is addressed. Chicago Jour-\\nnal.\\nand has undergone a careful revision by\\nSir Charles Locock, the first physician-\\naccoucheur to Queen Victoria. N.Y.\\nEven. Post.\\nAdvice to a Mother on the Management of her\\nChildren, and on the Treatment on the moment of some of theii\\nmore pressing Illnesses and Accidents. By Pye Henry Chavasse,\\nM.D. Ninth edition, revised. i6mo. Neatly bound in cloth. $1.50.\\nFor such, and for those who want to\\nrear children judiciously, but need proper\\ncounsel, the present volume is one of the\\nmost valuable treatises ever published.\\nThe new edition contains many new notes,\\nMaternal Management of Infancy. For the use\\nof Parents. By F. H. Getchell, M.D. i6mo. Cloth. 75 cents.\\nWe warmly recommend it for its good I This little work is deserving the care-\\nsense, clearness and brevitj The Phila. ful attention of all entrusted with the\\nPress. I management of infants. Flie Inquirer.\\nDictionary of Daily Wants, A Cyclofcedia em-\\nbracing nearly 1200 pages of Sound Information upon all matters\\nof Practical and Domestic Utility, containing 980 Engravings. One\\nhandsome i2mo vol. Half Roxburgh, $3.75.\\nchannels, into one arrangement and sys-\\ntem, by which they may be easily foun-\\nand applied.\\nThe sale of nearly 100,000 copies of this\\nwork affords the best evidence of its in-\\ntrinsic value.\\nThe Dictionary of Daily Wants may\\nbe said to have done for matters of Prac-\\ntical Utility in Domesiic Affairs what the\\ngreat naturalist Linnaeus did for the Sci-\\nence of Botany. It has brought thou-\\nsands of useful items, scattered in dis-\\norder through an unlimited number of\\nDictionary of Useful Knowledge. A Book of\\nReference upon History,- Geography, Science, Statistics, etc., with\\n570 Engravings. A Companion Work to the Dictionary of Daily\\nWants. Two handsome i2mo vols., containing over 1500 pages.\\nHalf Roxburgh, $5.\\nDictionary of Medical and Surgical Knowledge^\\nand Complete Practical Guide in Health and Diseases, for Families.\\nW^ith 140 Engravings. One handsome i2mo vol. of 755 pages.\\nHalf Roxburgh, $2.50.\\nThe Editor of this volume has brought I professional study, t6 the task of prepar-\\n\u00c2\u00bbhe experience of more than thirty years mg this work.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f active practice, and o\\\\ x forty years of I", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B, LIPPINCOTT CO.\\nA LIBRARY 4N ITSELF.\\nCHAMBERS S ENCYCLOPEDIA.\\nA. Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People. Illustrated with\\nNumerous Wood Engravings. Complete in Ten Volumes Royal\\nOctavo. Price per Volume, Cloth, ^4.50 Sheep, $5 Half Turkey,\\n$5.50. Accompanied by an Atlas of Forty Maps. Price, Cloth,\\n^5 Sheep, $5.50 Half Turkey, $6.\\nThe Publishers have the pleasure of announcing that they have issued\\nthe concluding PART OF CHAMBERS S ENCYCLOPEDIA, and\\nthat the work is now complete in\\nTEN ROYAL OCTAVO VOLUMES, of over 800 pages each, il-\\nlustrated with about 4000 engravings, and accompanied by\\nAN ATLAS OF FORTY MAPS the whole, it is believed, form-\\ning the most complete work of reference extant.\\nThe design of this work, as explained in the Notice prefixed to the\\nfirst volume, is that of a Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for thi\\nPeople not a mere collection of elaborate treatises in alphabetica!\\norder, but a work to be readily consulted as a Dictionary on every sub-\\nject on which people generally require some distinct information. Com-\\nmenced in 1859, the work was brought to a close in 1868, and the\\nEditors confidently point to the Ten volumes of which it is composed\\nas forming the most Comprehensive as it certainly is the Cheapest En-\\ncyclopcedia ever issued in the English language.\\nTO TEACHERS, who are frequently called upon to give succinct\\nexplanations of topics in the various branches of education, often\\nbeyond the mere outline of information contained in the text-books, no\\nother work will be found so useful while the conciseness of the several\\narticles has made it practicable to bring the whole work within the\\ncompass of a few volumes, and to afford it at a small cost compared to\\nothers of its class.\\nFOR THE GENERAL READER. Upon its literary merits,\\nsays Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie, its completeness and accuracy,\\nand the extent and variety of its information, there can be only one\\nopinion. The work is worthy of the high aim and established reputa-\\ntion of its projectors. Art and science, theology and jurisprudence,\\nnatural history and metaphysics, topography and geography, medicine\\nand antiquities, biography and belles-lettres, are all discussed here, not\\nin long treatises, but to an extent sufficient to give requisite information\\nat a glance, as it were. Sometimes, when the subject justifies it, more\\nminute details are given. Its fullness upon American subjects\\nought to recommend it especially in this country, and its low price\\nmakes it one of the cheapest and most accessible works ever published.\\nCopies of the work will be sent to any address in the United States, free of charge\\non receipt of the price by the Publishers. Liberal Terms to Ao-ents.", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "PUBLICATIONS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT 6- CO.\\nLIPPINCOTT S PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY\\nBIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY\\nContaining Memoirs of the Eminent persons of all Ages and Countries\\nand Accounts of the Various Subjects of the Norse, Hindoo and\\nClassic Mythologies, with the Pronunciation of their Names in\\nthe different Languages in which they occur. By J. Thomas,\\nA. M., M. D. Imperial 8vo. Published in Parts of 64 pages.\\nPrice 50 cents per Part. In two handsome vols. Per vol., extra\\ncloth, $11. Sheep, $12. Half Turkey, $13.50.\\nThis invaluable work embraces the following peculiar features to an\\neminent degree\\nI. GREAT COMPLETENESS AND CONCISENESS IN THE BIOGRAPHICAL\\nSKETCHES.\\nII. SUCCINCT BUT COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNTS OF ALL THE MORE INTEREST-\\nING SUBJECTS OF MYTHOLOGY.\\nin. A LOGICAL SYSTEM OF ORTHOGRAPHY.\\nIV. THE ACCURATE PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES.\\nV. FULL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES.\\nI have tafeen the trouble to look out a\\nlarge number of names, such as seemed\\nto me good tests of the compass, suf-\\nficency and accura-:y of the biographical\\nnotices. The resv.lt has been in a high\\ndegree satisfactory. So far as I have ex-\\namined nobody was omitted that deserved\\na place, and the just proportions were\\nmaintained between the various claim-\\nants to their page, or paragraph, or line.\\nThe star of the first magnitude was not\\nshorn of its radiance, and the scarcely visi-\\nble spark was allowed its little glimmer.\\nFrom Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes.\\nIt is a work which I shall be glad to\\npossess, both on account of the fullness\\nof its matter, and because the pronuncia-\\ntion of the names is given. I have had\\noccasion, from the other works of Dr.\\nThomas, to be convinced of his great ex-\\nactness in that respect. The work will be\\na valuable addition to the books of refer-\\nence in our lanf,uage. From William\\nCuLLEN Bryant.\\nSpecial Circulars, containing a full description of the work, with\\nspecimen p.iges, will be sent, post-paid, on application.\\nSubscriptions received by the Publishers, and the Parts forwarded to\\nsubscribers by mail, post-paid, as issued, on receipt of the price {50\\ncents) for each part.\\nAgents wanted in all parts of the United States on liberal terms.\\nAddress the Publishers.\\nI can speak in high terms of the tho-\\nroughness and accuracy with which the\\nwork has been prepared. It is a store-\\nhouse of valuable and trustworthy infor-\\nmation. The pronunciation of the names,\\nwhich is systematically given, will add\\nmuch to the usefulness of the work.\\nFrom Prof. James Hadley, Yale Col-\\nlege.\\nI think that the work wlien completed\\nwill supply a real want. I was especially\\npleased with the sensible and learned\\npreface of the editor, and am persuaded\\nthat he has chosen the true system of\\northography. From what I know of Dr.\\nThomas, I feel sure that he will give us a\\nbook that may be depended on for com-\\nprehensiveness and accuracy, the two\\ngreat desid^randa in such an undertak-\\ning. r^w Prof. Jas. Russell Low-\\nell.\\nIt is the most valuable work of the\\nkind in English that I have seen. -pyovi\\nGen. R. E. Lee, Washitigton College.\\ncec-1", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3580", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "historyofflorida00fair_0368.jp2"}}