{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4833", "width": "3421", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "A\\n17 O s o", "height": "4504", "width": "2852", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4552", "width": "2780", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4504", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "HISTORIGflL SKETCHES\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094OF\\nolonial Klorida.\\n-BY-\\nRICHARD L. CAMPBELL.\\n33 3\u00c3\u00a9 3 X\\nCleveland, Ohio:\\nTHE WILLIAMS PUBLISHING CO.\\n1892.", "height": "4544", "width": "2732", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in year 1892\\nby Richard L. Campbell, in the office of the Librariai\\nof Congress, at Washington.", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nTh\u00c3\u00a8 inducement to write this book was to\\nsupply, in a slight measure, the want of any\\npartkrular history of British rule in West\\nFlorida. With that inducement, however, the\\neffort would not have been made but for the\\nsources of original information existing in the\\nArchives of the Dominion of Canada, as well as\\nothers, pointed out to me by Dr. William\\nKingsford of Ottawa, author of the 1 History\\nof Canada to ^rhom I take this occasion of\\nmaking my acknowledgments.\\nAn account of British rule necessitated one of\\njpanish colonial annals,both beforeandafterk.\\nIf any apology be necessary for the space\\ndevoted to the Creeks, it will be found in the\\noonsiderations that for twenty years the body", "height": "4480", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4 PREFACE.\\nof the nation was within the limits of British\\nWest Florida; that their relations with the\\nBritish, formed during that period, influenced\\ntheir conduct towards the United States tmti!\\nafter the War of 1812 and above all, that the\\nlife of Alexander McGillivray forms a part of\\nthe history of West Florida, both under British\\nand Spanish rule.\\nThe prominence given to Pensacola is due to\\nits having been the capital of both British and\\nSpanish West Florida, and therefore the centre\\nof provincial influenee.", "height": "4504", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGE.\\nChapter I....... 9\\nThe Discovery of Pensacola Bay by the Panfilo de Narvaez.\\nThe Visits of Maldonado, Captain of the Fleet of Her-\\nnando de Soto.\\nChapter II 19\\nThe Settlemetit of Don Tristram de Luna at Santa Maria\\nHis Explorations Abandonment of the Settlement\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe First Pensacola.\\nChapter III.. 31\\nDon Andr\u00c3\u00a9s de Pes Santa Maria de Galva Don Andr\u00c3\u00a9s\\nd Arriola The Resuscitation of Pensacola lts Conse-\\nquences.\\nChapter IV... 36\\nIberville s Expedition Settlement at Biloxi and Mobile\\nAmicable Relations of the French and Spanish Colonies\\nfrom 1700-1719.\\nChapter V 41\\nWar Declared by France against Spain Bienville Surprises\\nMetamoras Metamoras Surprises Chateauqn\u00c3\u00a9\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bien-\\nville Attacks and Captures Pensacoia San Carlos and\\nPensacola Destro3 r ed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Magazine Spared.\\nChapter VI 51\\nSketch of Island Town lts Destruction The Third Pensa-\\ncola The Cession of Florida by Spain to Great Britain\\nAppearance of Town in 1763 Captain Wills Report\\n-Catholic Church.", "height": "4556", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6\\nCONTENTS.\\nChapter VII 59\\nBritish West Florida\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pensacola the Capital\u00e2\u0080\u0094Government\\nEstablished\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Johnstone first Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 British Settlers\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094First Survey of the Town\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Star Fort\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Public Buildings\\nResignation of johnstone\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Successor, Monteforte\\nBrown.\\nChapter VIII 71\\nGeneral Bouquet General Haldimand.\\nChapter IX 78\\nGovernor Elliott\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Social and Military Life in Pensacola\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Women Fiddles George Street King s\\nWharf on November 14, 1768.\\nChapter X 87\\nGovernor Peter Chester\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ft. George of the British and St.\\nMichael of the Spanish Council Chamber Tartar\\nPoint\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Red Cliff.\\nChapter XI 93\\nRepresentative Government.\\nChapter XII 97\\nGrowth of Pensacola Panton, Leslie Co. A King anel\\nthe Beaver Governor Chester s Palace and Chariot\\nThe White House of the British and Casa Blanca of the\\nSpanish General Gage Commerce Earthquake.\\nChapter XIII 111\\nMilitary Condition of West Florida in 1778 General John\\nCampbell The Waldecks Spain at War with Britain\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBute, Baton Rouge and Fort Charlotte Capitulate to\\nGalvez FrenchTown Faminein Fort Georgre Galvez s\\nExpedition Against Pensacola Solana s Fleet Enters\\nthe Harbor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spaniards Effect a Landing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spanish En-\\ntrenchment Surprised\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Fall of Charleston Cele-\\nbrated in Fort George.", "height": "4560", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\n7\\nChapter XIV.. 131\\nFort San Bernardo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Siege of Fort George Explosion of\\nMagazine The Capitulation The March Through the\\nBreach British Troops Sail from Pensacola to Brook-\\niyn.\\nChapter XV 142\\nPolitical Aspect of the Capitulation Treaty of Versailles\\nEnglish Exodus Widow of the White House,\\nChapter XVI 150\\nB\u00c3\u00b6undary Lines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 William Panton and Spain Indian Trade\\nIndian Ponies and Traders Business of Panton,\\nLeslie Co.\\nChapter XVII ......158\\nLineage of Alexander McGillivray His Education Made\\nGrand Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Connection with Milfort His Rela-\\ntions with William Panton His Administration of\\nCreek Affairs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appointed C oionel by the British\\nTreaty with Spain\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -Comtnissioned Colonel by the\\nSpanish Invited to New York by Washington Treaty\\nCommissioned a Brigadier-General by the United\\nStates\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Sister, Sophia Durant His Trials His-\\nDeath at Pensacola.\\nChapter XVIII.... 200\\nGovernor Folch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barrancas Changes in the Plan of the\\nTown Ship Pensacola Disputed Boundaries Square\\nFerdinand VII. English Names of Streets Changed for\\nSpa nish Names Palafox Saragossa Reding Baylen.\\nRomana Alcaniz Tarragona.\\nChapter XIX... 217\\nFolch Leaves West Florida His Successors\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War of 1812\\nTecumseh s Visit to the Seminoles and Creeks Conse-\\nquences Fort Mims\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Percy and NichohV Expedition.", "height": "4504", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 CONTENTS.\\nChapter XX 227\\nAttack on Fort Boyer by Percy and Nicholls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jackson s\\nMarch on Pensacola in 1814 The Town Captured\\nPcrcy and Nicholls Driven Out Consequences of the\\nWar to the Creeks Don Manuel Gonzalez.\\nChapter XXI 243\\nSeminole War, 1818\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jackson Invades East Florida\u00e2\u0080\u0094 De-\\nfeats the Seminoles Captures St. Marks Arbuthnot\\nand Ambrister Prophet Francis His Daughter.\\nChapter XXII 252\\nJackson s Invasion of West Florida in 1818\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Masot s Pro-\\ntest Capture of Pensacola Capitulation of SanCarlos\\nProvisional Government Established by Jackson\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPensacola Restored to Spain\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Callava\\nTreatyof Cession Congressional Criticism of Jackson s\\nConduct.\\nChapter XXIII 267\\nTreaty Ratified Jackson Appointed Pro visional Governor\\nGoes to Pensacola Mrs. Jackson in Pensacola Change\\nof Flags Callava Imprisoned Territorial Government\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Governor Duval\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Legislature Meets at Pensa-\\ncola.\\nI", "height": "4468", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "ERRATA.\\nPage 10. Sixteenth for Eighteenth.\\n61. Distant for District.\\n113. Journal for Journey.\\n117. 1779 for 1789.\\n225. Barrataria for Banataria.\\nM 276. Domingo for Doningo,\\n233. During for Doing.", "height": "4596", "width": "2792", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4504", "width": "2900", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nThe Discovery of Pensacola Bay by Panfilo de Narvaez\\nThe Visits of Maldonado, Captain of the Fleet of\\nHernando de Soto.\\nOn one of the early days of October, 1528,\\nthere could have been seeti, coasting westward\\nalong and afterwards landing on the south\\nshore of Santa Rosa Island, five small, rudely-\\nconstructed vessels, having forsails a grotesque\\npatchwork of masculine under and over-wear.\\nThat fleet was the fruit of the first effort at\\nnaval construction within the present limits of\\nthe United States. It was built of yellow pine\\nand caulked with palmetto fibre and pitch*\\nHorses tails and manes furnished the cordage,\\nas did their hides its water vessels. lts freight-\\nage consisted of two hundred and forty human\\nbodies, wasted and worn by fatigue and ex-\\nposure, and as many hearts heavy and racked\\nwith disappointment. It was commanded by His\\n9", "height": "4588", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nExcellency Panfilo de Narvaez, Captain-general\\nand Adelantado of Florida, a tall, big-limbed,\\nred-haired, one-eyed man, with a voice deep\\nand sonorous as though it camefromacavern.\\nThese were the first white men to make foot-\\nprints on the shores of Pensacola Bay and to\\nlook out upon its waters. Althoughthey landed\\non the Island, there is no evidence that their\\nvessels entered the harbor.\\nNarvaez, an Hidalgo, born at Valladolid about\\n1480, was a man capable of conceiving and\\nundertaking great enterprises, but too rash and\\nill-starred for their successful execution,possess-\\ning the ambition and avarice which impelled the\\nSpanish adventurers to the shores of the Gulf\\nof Mexico during the eighteenth century, with\\nwhom Indian life was but a trifling sacrifice for\\na pearl or an ounce of gold.\\nFive years before his Florida expedition he\\nhad been appointed, with a large naval and\\nland force under his command, by Velasquez,\\ngovernor of Cuba, to supersede Cortez, the\\nconqueror of Mexico, and to send him in chains\\nto Havana, to answer charges of insubordina-\\ntion to the authority of Velasquez. But Cortez", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n11\\nwas not the man to be thus superseded. Never\\ndid his genius for great enterprises make a more\\nstriking display than by the measures he adopted\\nand executed in this emergency. By them he\\nconverted that threatening expedition into one\\nof succor for himself, embracing every supply,\\nsoldiers included, he required to complete his\\nconqtiests. Of this great achievement the de-\\nfeat of the incompetent Narvaez was only an\\nincident.\\nNo labored comparison of conqueror and\\nvanquished could present a more striking con-\\ntrast between them than that suggested by\\ntheirfirst interview. Esteem it, said Narvaez,\\ngreat good forttme that yau have taken me\\ncaptive. \u00c3\u00aft is the least of the things I have\\ndone in Mexico/ replied Cortez, a sarcasm\\naimed at the incapacity of Narvaez, apart from\\nthe gains of the victor.\\nThe fruits of the expedition to Narvaez were\\nthe loss of his left eye, shackles, imprisonment,\\nbanishment, and the humiliation of kneeling to\\nhis conqueror and attempting to kiss his hand.\\nTo the Aztec the result was the introduction of\\na scourge that no surrender could placate, no", "height": "4600", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsubinission, however absolute and abject, could\\nstay, and, therefore, more pitiless than the\\nsword of Cortez the small-pox.\\nAfter leaving Mexico, Narvaez appeared before\\nthe Emperor Charles V., to accuse Cortez of\\ntreason, and to petition for a redress of his own\\nwrongs, btit the dazzling success of Cortez, to\\nsay nothing of his large remittances to the\\nroyal treasury, wasaneffectual answer to every\\ncharge. The emperor, however, healed the\\nwounded pride, and silenced the complaints of\\nthe prosecutor by a commission with the afore-\\nmentioned sonorous titles to organize an expe-\\ndition for a new conquest, by which he might\\ncompensate himself for the loss of the treasures\\nand empire of Monteznma, which he had so\\ndisastrously failed to snatch from the iron\\ngrasp of Cortez.\\nThe preparations to execute this commission\\nhaving been made by providing a fleet, a land\\nforce, consisting of men-at-arms and cavalry,\\nas well as the necessary supplies, Narvaez, in\\nApril, 1528, sailed for the Florida coast, and\\nlanded at or near Tampa bay.\\nHaving resolved on a west war d movement,", "height": "4564", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "COIvONIAL FLORIDA.\\n13\\nhe ordered his fleet to sail along the coast,\\nwhilst he, by rather a circuit ons march, would\\nad vance in the same direction. This parting\\nwas at once final and fatal. He again reached\\nthe Gulf, somewhere in the neighborbood of St.\\nMarks, with his command woefully wasted and\\ndiminished by toil, battle and disease; and, as\\ncan well be imagined, with his dreams of avariee\\nand dominion rudely dispelled.\\nNo tidings of the fleet from which he had so\\nlucklessly parted being obtainable, despair im-\\nprovised that fleet with motley sails which we\\nhave seen mooring off the island of Santa Rosa\\nin the early days of October, its destinatio n\\nbeing Mexico a destination, however, which\\nwas but another delusion that the winds and\\nthe waves were to dispel.\\nNarvaez found a grave in the maw of the sea,\\nas did most of the remnant of his followers.\\nFamine swept off others, leaving only four to\\nreach Mexico after a land journey requiring\\nyears, marked by perils and sufferings incident\\nto such a journey throughavast forest bounded\\nonly by the sea, intersected by great rivers, in-\\nhabited by savages, and infested by wild beasts.", "height": "4600", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nOne of the survivors was Cabega de Vaca, the\\ntreasurer and historian of the expedition.\\nTwelveyearselapsed aft er Narvaez discovered\\nPensacola Bay before the shadow of the white\\nman s sail again feil upon its waters. In\\nJanuary, 1540, Capitano Maldonado, who was\\nthe commander of the fleet which brought\\nFernando de Soto to the Florida coast, entered\\nthe harbor, gave it a carefal examination, and\\nbestowed upon it the name of Puertad Anchusi,\\na name probably suggested by Ochus,* which it\\nbore at the time of his visit. In entering Ochus\\nhe ended a voyage westward, made in search of\\na good harbor, under the orders of Soto, who\\nwas at that time somewhere on the Forida\\ncoast to the westward of Apalachee.\\nHaving returned to Soto, Maldonado made\\nso favorable a report\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the first official report-\\nof the advantages of Puerta d Anchusi that\\nSoto determined to make it his base of supply.\\nHe accordirigly ordered Maldonado to proceed\\nto Havana, and after having procured the\\nSo the name is given by historians but,to be consistent\\nwith the termination of other Indian namesin West Florida,\\nit should be written Ochee or Ochusee.", "height": "4556", "width": "2900", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA. 15\\nrequired succors to sall to Puerta cT Anchusi,\\nwhere he intended to go himself, and there to\\nawait Maldonado s return before he ventured\\ninto the interior; a prudent resolve, suggested\\npossibly by the sight of the bones of Narvaez s\\nhorses, which had been slain to furnish cordage\\nand water-vessels for his fleet.\\nBut the resolve was as brief as it was wise. A\\nfew days after Maldonado s departure a eap-\\ntured Indian so beguiled Soto with tales of gold\\nto be found far to the northeast of Apalachee,\\nwhere he then was, that banishing all thoughts\\nof Puerta d Anchusi from his mind, he began\\nthat circuitious march which carried hitn into\\nSouth Carolina, northern Georgia,and Alabama,\\nwhere he wandered in search of treasure until\\ndisappointment, wasted forces, and needed sup-\\nplies again turned his march southward, and his\\nthoughts to his rendezvous with Maldonado.\\nThat rendezvous was to be in October, 1540.\\nFaithful to instructions, Maldonado was at\\nPuerta d Anchusi at the appointed time with a\\nfleet bearing all the required supplies. But Soto\\ndid not keep the tryst. He was then at Mau-\\nvilla, or Maubila, supposed to be Choctaw", "height": "4600", "width": "2836", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nBluff, on the Alabama river, absorbed by diffi-\\nculties and engaged in conflicts such as he had\\nnever before encountered. Through Indians\\nthey had communicated, and intense was the\\nsatisfaction of Soto and his command at the\\nprospect of a reli\u00c3\u00abf of their wants, repose frotn\\ntheir toils, and tidings of their friends and loved\\nones.\\nSoto, however, still ambitious of emulating\\nthe achievements of Cortez and Pizzaro, looked\\nupon Puerta d Anchusi as only a base of sup-\\nply and refuge for temporary repose, from\\nwhich again to set out in search of his goal.\\nBut very different were the views of his follow-\\ners. By eaves-dropping on a dark night behind\\ntheir tents he learned that to them Puerta d\\nAnchusi v as not to be a haven of temporary\\nrest only, but the first stage of their journey\\nhomeward, where Soto and his fortunes were\\nto be abandoned.\\nThis information again banished Puerta d\\nAnchusi from his thoughts under the prompt-\\nings of pride, which impelled him toprefer death\\nin the wilderness to the mockery and humilia-\\ntion of failure. He at once resolved to march", "height": "4504", "width": "2912", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n17\\ndeeper into the heart of the continent, and, un-\\nconsciously, nearer to the mightyriver in whose\\ncold bosom he was to find a grave.\\nAs in idea we go into the camp at Mauvilla,\\non the morning when the word of command\\nwasgiven fora west ward march, we see depicted\\non the war-worn visages of that iron band\\nnaught but gloom and disappointment, as, con-\\nstrained by the stern will of one man, they\\nobediently fall into ranks without a murmur,\\nmuch less a sign of re volt.\\nAgain, if in fancy we stand on the deck of\\nMaldonado s ship at Puerta d Anchusi, we\\nmay realize the keen watchfulness and the deep\\nanxiety with which day after day and night\\nafter night he scans the shore and hills beyond\\nto catch a glint of spear or shield, or strains his\\near to hear a bugle note announcing the\\napproach of his brothers-in-arms. And only\\nafter long, weary months was the vigil ended,\\nas he weighed anchor and sailed out of the\\nharbor to go to other points on the Gulf\\nshore where happily he might yet meet and\\nsuccor his commander.\\nTo this task did he devote himself for three", "height": "4600", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nyears, scouring the Gulf coast from Florida to\\nVera Cruz, until the curtain of the drama was\\nlifted for him, to find that seventeen months\\npreviously his long-sought chief had been lying\\nin the depths of the Mississippi, and that a\\nwretched remnant only of that proud host,\\nwhich he had last seen in glittering armor on\\nthe coast of Florida, had reached Mexico after\\nundergoing indescribable p\u00c3\u00a8rils and privations.", "height": "4468", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n19\\nCHAPTER II.\\nThe Settlement of Don Tristram de Luna at Santa Maria\\nHis Explorations Abandonment of the Settlement\\nThe First Pensacola.\\nNearly twenty years passed away after\\nMaldonado s visit to Ochus before Europeans\\nagain looked upon its shores,\\nIn 1556, the viceroy of Mexico, and the bishop\\nof Cuba united in a memorial to the Emperor\\nCharles V. representing Florida as an inviting\\nfield for conquest and religious work. Imperial\\nsanction having been secured, an expedi-\\ntion was organized under the command of\\nDon Tristram de Luna to effect thetripleobjects\\nof bringing gold into the emperor s treasury,\\nextending his dominions, and enlarging the\\nbounds of the spiritual kirigdom by winning\\nsouls to the church. For the first two enter-\\nprises one thousand five hundred soldiers were\\nprovided, and for the last a host of ecclesiastics,", "height": "4576", "width": "2880", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OE\\nfriars, and other spiritual teachers. Puerta cl\\nAnchusi was selected as the place of theprojected\\nsettlement, the base from which the cross and\\nthe sword were to advance to their respective\\nconquests.\\nAccordingly, on the fourteenth dayof August,\\n1559, de Luna s fleet cast anchor within the\\nharbor, which he named Santa Maria; thesame\\nyear in which the monarch who authorized the\\nexpedition died, the month, and nearly the day\\non which he, a living man, was engaged in the\\nparadoxical farce of participating in his own\\nfuneral ceremonies in the monastery of Yust\u00c3\u00a9.\\nThe population of two thousand souls, which\\nthe fleet brought, with the required supplies of\\nevery kind, having been landed, the work of\\nsettlement began. Of the place where the settle-\\nment was made there exists no historie informa-\\ntion, and we are left to the inference that the\\nlocal advantages which afterwards induced d\\nArriola to select what is now called Barrancas\\nas the site of his town, governed the selection of\\nde Luna s, unlesstraditionenables us to identify\\nthe spot, as a future page will endeavor to do.\\nThe destruction of the fleet by a hurricane", "height": "4504", "width": "2972", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "COLONIAlv FLORIDA.\\n21\\nwithin a week after its arrival threw a shadow\\nover the infant settlement, aggra vating the\\nnatnral discontent incident to all colonizations,\\nresulting from the contrast between the stern\\nrealities of experience and of expectations col-\\nored by the imagination of the colonist.\\nAgainst that discontent, ever on the increase,\\nde Ltma manfully and successfully struggled un-\\ntil 1562 and thus it was, that for two years\\nand more there existed a town of about two\\nthousand inhabitants on the shores of Pensa-\\ncola Bay, which antedated by four years St.\\nAugustine, the oldest town of the United States.\\nDon Tristram de Luna sent expeditions into\\nthe interior, and finally led one in person. In\\nthese journeys the priest and the friar joined, and\\ndaily in a tabernacle of tree boughs the holy\\noffices of the Catholic faith were performed, the\\nmorning chant and the evening hymn breaking\\nthe silence and awakening the echoes of the\\nprime val forest.\\nWhere they actually went, and how far north,\\nit is impossible to say, owing to our inability\\nto identify the sites of villages, rivers, and other\\nland marks mentioned in the narratives of their", "height": "4596", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\njourneys. The presumption is strong, however,\\nthat they took, and followed northward the\\nIndiati trail, on the ridge beginning at Pensa-\\ncola Bay, forming the water shed between the\\nPerdido and Escambia rivers, and beyond their\\nheadwaters uniting with the elevated country\\nwhich throws ofif its springs and creeks east-\\nward to the Chattahoochee and westward to\\nthe Alabama and Tallapoosa rivers. It contin-\\nued northerly to the Tennessee river a lateral\\ntrail diverging to where the city of Montgom-\\nery now stands, and thence to the site of We-\\ntumpka; and still another leading to what is\\nnow Grey s Ferry on the Tallapoosa.\\nThat trail, according to tradition, was the\\none by which the Indians, from the earliest\\ntimes, passed between the Coosa country and\\nthe sea, the one followed in later times by the\\nIndian traders on their pack-ponies, and the\\nline of march of General Jackson in his invasion\\nofFlorida in 1814.\\nThat it was regarded and used as their guid-\\ning thread by de Luna s expeditions in pene-\\ntrating the unknown country north of Santa\\nMaria they sought to explore, is evidenced by", "height": "4504", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n23\\ntwo facts. They came to a large river wnich,\\ninstead of crossing, they followed its course,\\nundoubtedly by the ridge, and, therefore, not\\nfar from the trail. They also came to or\\ncrossed the line of de Soto s march, which he\\nhad made ten years previously, as folio wing the\\ntrail they would be compelled to do and found\\namongst the Indians a vivid recollection of the\\ndestruction and rapine of their people by white\\nmen, which they assigned as the cause of the\\nthen sparsity of population, and the abandon-\\nment of clearings formerly under cultivation.\\nSo impressed was de Luna with the fertility\\nand other attractive features of the beautiful\\nregion of Central Alabama, which he explored,\\nthat he determined to plant a colony there.\\nBut in that design he was eventually thwarted\\nby the discontent and insubordination of his fol-\\nlowers, the most of whom, from the first, seem\\nto have had no other object in view than to\\nbreak up the settlement, and to terminate their\\ninsupportable exile by returning to Mexico.\\nThere were amongst those composing the\\nexpedition two elements which proved fatal to\\nits success. The gold-greedy soon found that", "height": "4584", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nthe pine barrens of Florida, and the fertile val-\\nleys of Alabama were not the eldorado of which\\nthey had dreamed. To the friar, the spiritual\\noutlook was not more promising, the Indians\\nhe encountered being more ready to scalp their\\nwould-be spiritual guide than to open their ears\\nto his teachings.\\nOstensibly, to procure supplies for the colony,\\ntwo friars sailed for Havana and thence to\\nVera Cruz, to make known its necessities to the\\nYiceroy of Mexico, and solicit the required suc-\\ncor. But, as soon as they could reach his ear\\nthey endeavored to persuade him of the futility\\nof the expedition, and the unpromising charac-\\nter of the country as a field for colonization.\\nAt first, his heart being ih the enterprise, he\\nwas loathe to listen to reports so inconsistent\\nwith the glowing accounts which had prompted\\nthe expedition and enlisted his zealous support\\nbut, at last, an impression was made upon him,\\nand an inquiry resolved upon.\\nBut the viceroyal investigation was fore-\\nstalled by the visit to Santa Maria of Don\\nAngel de Villafana, whom the Viceroy of Cuba\\nhad appointed governor of that, at that time", "height": "4428", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n25\\nundefined region called Florida, who permitted\\nthe dissatisfied colonists to embark in Iris\\nvessels, and abandon the, to them, hateful coun-\\ntry in which they had passed two miserable\\nyears.\\nDon Tristram de Luna, with a few followers\\nonly, remained, with the fixed resolution to\\nmaintain the settlement, provided he could\\nsecure the approbation and assistance of the\\nViceroy. But an application for that purpose,\\naccompanied by representations of the inviting\\ncharacter of the interior for settlement, was\\nmet by a prompt recall of de Luna and an order\\nfor the abandonment of the enterprise.\\nDon Tristram, against whom history makes\\nno accusations of cruelty or bloodshed during\\nhis expeditions into the interior, or his stay at\\nSanta Maria, and who, animated by the spirit\\nof legitimate colonization, sought only to found\\na new settlement, invites respect, if not admira-\\ntion, as a character distinct and apart from the\\ngold-seeking cut-throat adventurers that Spain\\nsent in shoals to the Gulf shores during the six-\\nteenth century. Sympathy with him in his\\ntrials and regret at his failure, induce the reflec-", "height": "4576", "width": "2780", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntion that, perhaps, had he been burdened with\\nfewer gold-seekers and only one-twentieth of the\\necclesiastics who encumbered and leavened the\\ncolony with discontent, his settlement might\\nhave proved permanent.\\nThe local results of de Luna s expedition were\\nfixing, for a time, the name of Santa Maria\\nupon the Bay, and permanently stamping upon\\nits shores the name Pensacola; and here narra-\\ntion must be suspended to determine the origin\\nof the latter.\\nRoberts says, the name was that of an In-\\ndian tribe inhabiting round the bay but which\\nwas destroyed. Mr. Fairbanks tells us it was\\na name derived from the locality having been,\\nformerly, that of the town of a tribe of Indians\\ncalled Pencacolas, which had been entirely\\nexterminated in conflicls with neighboring\\ntribes/\\nThe first objection to this assigned origin of\\nthe name is, that it is evidently not Indian, such\\nnames in West Florida invariably terminating\\nwith a doubl\u00c3\u00a9 e, as for examples, Apalachee,\\nChoctawhatchee, Uchee, Ochusee, Escambee,\\nOchesee, Chattahoochee. The cola added to", "height": "4504", "width": "3036", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n27\\nApalachee, and ia substituted in Escambia\\nfor ee, indicate the difference between the ter-\\nminations of Indian and Spanish names.\\nAgain, amongst savages, we should expect to\\nfind in the name of a place an indication of a\\nnatural object, the name being expressive of the\\nobject, and hence as lasting. But, that the\\naccident of an encampment of savages upon a\\nlocality should stamp that locality with their\\ntribal name, as a designation that should sur-\\nvive not only the encampment, but the very\\nexistence of the tribe, is incredible. An extinct\\ntribe would in a generation or two cease to\\nhave a place in the traditions of surviving\\ntribes, because their extinction would be only\\nan ordinary event amongst American savages.\\nThe termination being Spanish, and no nat-\\nural object existing suggestive of the name, we\\nnaturally turn our search to a vocabulary of\\nSpanish names, historical and geographical.\\nPerched upon a rock springing 240 feet high\\nfrom the Mediterranean shore of Spain, con-\\nnected with the mainland by a narrow strip of\\nsand, is the fortified little seaport of Peniscola.\\nSubstitute a for i, transpose s and we", "height": "4504", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhave the name for the original of which weseek.\\nThe seaports of Spain furnished the great body\\nofSpanish adventurers to America in the six-\\nteenth and seventeenth centuries; and what\\nmore likely than that some native of the little\\ntown crowning with its vine-clad cottages the\\nhuge rock that looks out upon the midland\\nocean, should have sought to honor his home\\nby fixing its name upon a spot in the new\\nworld\\nWhen and by whom the name was affixed to\\nour shores is an interesting inquiry. Neither\\nRoberts, nor Fairbanks, nor any other author-\\nity, informs us. It comes into history with the\\nadvent of d Arriola, whose settlement will be\\nthe subject of a future page.\\nThree hypotheses furnish as many answers\\nto the question: it was original with Arriola\\nto the extent at least of a new application of a\\nSpanish name; or he found the place already\\nnamed in some chart or document now lost to\\nus; or already fixed by an Indian tradition,\\naccording to Roberts and Fairbanks.\\nThe first hypothesis requires no comment.\\nThe second rests upon the existence of a fact of", "height": "4488", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n29\\nwhichwe can procure no evidence. The third is\\na tradition founded upon, or involving, a Span-\\nish name.\\nVery extraordinary events or striking objects\\nonly are the subjects of thetraditions of savage\\ntribes; and what event can be imagined more\\nextraordinary and impressive to the savage\\nmind than to be brought suddenly in contact,\\nfor the first time, with the white man under all\\nthe circumstances and conditions of de Luna s\\nsettlement It was one not likely to pass out\\nof tradition in the lapse of one hundred and\\nthirty-three years, for two long lives only\\nw^ould be required for its transmission. The\\nsettlers would be, in Indian terminology a tribe\\ntheir departure would be an extinction; and\\nvanity would at last attribute its ending to the\\nprowess of the Red man.\\nA name that identifies a locality and forms a\\nfeature of a purely Indian tradition, having no\\nreference to or connection whatever with the\\nwhite man, must be an Indian name, Here,\\nhowever, the name under discussion is a Span-\\nish and not an Indian name. The conclusion\\nis, therefore, irresistible, that as the name is", "height": "4568", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nSpanish the tradition relates to Spaniards,\\nand that the former is a Spanish designation of\\nthe locality of the people to whom it relates.\\nThe settlement of de Lunawas the only Span-\\nish settlement with which the Indians could\\nhave come in contact before Arriola s. That\\nsettlement, therefore, must be the subject of the\\nIndian tradition, and the Spanish name Pensa-\\ncola must have been its name.", "height": "4412", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nDon Andr\u00c3\u00a9s de Pes Santa Maria de Gal va\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Don Andr\u00c3\u00a9s d\\nArriola The Resuscitation of Pensaeola\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lts Conse-\\nquences.\\nIn 1693, Don Andr\u00c3\u00a9s de Pes entered the Bay,\\nbut how long he remained, or why he came,\\nwhether for examination of its advantages, from\\ncuriosity, or necessity, to disturb its solitude\\nand oblivion of one hundred and thirty-three\\nyears, history does not say But as a memorial\\nof his visit, he supplemented the name de Luna\\nhad given it with de Galva, in honor of the\\nViceroy of Mexico; and thus, it comes into\\ncolonial history with the long title of Santa\\nMaria de Galva.\\nIn 1696, three years after de Pes visit, Don\\nAndr\u00c3\u00a9s d Arriola, with three hundred soldiers\\nand settlers, took formal possession of the\\nharbor and the surrounding country, which, to\\nmake effectual and permanent, he built a", "height": "4504", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsquare fort with bastions at what is now\\ncalled Barrancas, which he named San Carlos.\\nAs the beginning, or rather reconstruction of a\\ntown named Pensacola, he erected some houses\\nadjacent to the fort. And there, too, was built\\na church, historically the first ever erected on\\nthe shores of Pensacola Bay, but presumptively\\nthe second; for it is hardly credible that the\\nlarge settlement of de Luna, embracing so many\\necclesiastics, should have failed to observe the\\nuniversal custom of the Spaniards to build a\\nchurch wherever they planted a colony. Irre-\\nsistible, therefore, is the inference that the first\\nnotes of a church-bell heard within the limits of\\nthe United States were those which rolled over\\nthe waters of Pensacola Bay and the white\\nhills of Santa Rosa from 1559 to 1562.\\nHaving demonstrated that the settlement of\\nde Luna was the original Pensacola, that of\\nArriola was apparently the second, though\\nactually but a resuscitation of the colony of\\n1559 for the name, the people, though not the\\nsame generation, and the place being one, mere\\nlapse of time should notbepermitted to destroy", "height": "4476", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "COIvONIAL FLORIDA,\\n33\\nthe unity which may be so justly attributed to\\nthe two settlements.\\nThe inhabitants of the town having been\\nlargely recruited by malefactors banished from\\nMexico, must be notched low in the scale of\\nmor als. But, perhaps, in some instances at\\nleast, actions were then adjudged crimes de-\\nserving banishment which might be deemed\\nvirtues in a moreeulightenedage, and under free\\ninstitutions for under the despotic colonial\\ngovernments of Spanish America in that age to\\ncriticize the vices, or censure the lawless edicts\\nof a satrap, was a heinous ofifence, for which\\ntransportation was but a mild punishment.\\nOriginally, Spai\u00c3\u00bc s dominion was asserted\\nover the entire circle of the shores of the Gulf of\\nMexico, as well as over all the islands which\\nthey girdled. But upon the voyage of La Salie\\nfrom the upper waters of the Mississippi to the\\nsea, France asserted a claim, under the name of\\nLouisiana, to the entire valley of the river from\\nits spring-heads to the Gulf, making to the ex-\\ntent of the southern limit of her claim, from\\neast to west, a huge gap in Spain s North\\nAmerican empire.", "height": "4504", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nBut where were the eastern boundary of\\nLouisiana, and the western limit of Florida to\\nbe fixed? Had the French expedition under\\nIberville reached Florida before Arriola s, Pen-\\nsacola would have been included in Louisiana,\\nand afterwards in the State of Alabama. But\\nArriola s settlement was first, in point of time;\\nand it is to him must be attributed the estab-\\nlishment of the Perdido as the boundary line\\nbetween the French and Spanish colonies, and\\nthe consequent exclusion of Pensacola from the\\nlimits of the great State of Alabama, her politi-\\ncal influence, her fost\u00c3\u00a9ring care, and, compara-\\ntively, from the vitalizing influence of her vast\\nmineral and agricultural resources.\\nThe interest of history consists not in the\\nmere knowledge or contemplation of events as\\nisolated facts, but in studying their inter-\\nrelations, and following their threads of con-\\nnection through all the meshes of cause and\\neffect. It is, therefore, an interesting reflection\\nthat the settlement of Arriola may not have\\nbeen the absolute, though it was the apparent,\\ncause of the consequences above pointed out.\\nBehind it, in the shadow of a century and a", "height": "4484", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n35\\nthird, may perchance be discerned the ultimate\\nand final cause of those consequences in the\\nsettlement of de Lima. He planted the first\\ncolony, and because he so did, Arriola settled\\nhis on that spot upon which the lost chart and\\ntradition probably coincided in fixing the Pen-\\nsacola of 1559.\\nHow illustrative of the truth that as one\\nhuman life can have bnt one beginning, so it is\\nwith that aggregate of human lives which we\\ncall a people. In the almighty hands of\\neternal God, a people s history is interrupted\\nand recommenced never.\\nThe last sentence of Guizot s History of France.", "height": "4504", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nIberville s Expedition Settlement at Biloxi and Mobile\\nAmicable Relations of the French and Spanish Colonies\\nfrotn 1700-1719.\\nThe French expedition referred to in the\\nprevious chapter, the delay of which was so\\nfateful to the growth and commercial future of\\nPensacola, appeared off the mouth of the har-\\nbor in January, 1699. But, observing the\\nSpanish flag flying from the mast-head of two\\nwar vessels lying in the Bay and from the flag-\\nstaff of Fort San Carlos, they did not enter the\\nharbor, but cast anchor off the Island of Santa\\nRosa. Thence an application was made to the\\nSpanish go vernor for permission to enter, which\\nwas promptly refused.\\nAfter that curt refusal of the Spaniards, the\\nfleet, consisting of three vessels under the\\ncommand of Lemoine d Iberville, accom-\\npanied by his brothers, Bienvielle and Sauville,", "height": "4460", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n37\\nwhich was taking out a colony with the neces-\\nsary supplies to settle southern Louisiana,\\nsailed westward and took formal possession of\\nthe country west of the Perdido river.\\nIberville s first settlement was made at Biloxi\\non the twenty-seventh of February, 1699, but\\nit was afterwards abandoned, in 1702, and re-\\nmoved to Mobile.\\nTo the accession of Philip V., a Bourbon\\nprince,tothe Spanish crown, whilst Louis XIV.\\nreigned in France, must be attributed the\\nstrangely peaceful settlement of the Perdido as\\nthe boundary line between Louisiana and\\nFlorida. For the politic, if not natural, harmony\\nexisting between two kings belonging to the\\nsame royal family, a grandfather and a grand-\\nson, both the objects of jealousy and suspicion\\nto the other nations of Europe, necessarily in-\\nspired a like feeling in their respective colonial\\nofficers. Hence it was that we find that the\\ninefifectual expedition of Governor Ravolli of\\nPensacola, in 1700, to expel the French from\\nShip Island, was the last instance of hostility\\nbetween the Louisiana French and the Florida\\nSpaniards for a period of nineteen years.", "height": "4564", "width": "2708", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 KISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nIndeed, so intimate were the relations between\\nthe two colonies, that Iberville, coming from\\nFrance, in 1702, with two war ships taking\\nsuccor to the French colonists, terminated their\\nvoyage at Pensacola, and thence sent the sup-\\nplies to Mobile in small vessels. Again, in\\n1703, he began a voyage to France by sailing\\nfrom Pensacola.\\nThe War of the Spanish Succession, in which\\nEngland was the antagonist of Spain and\\nFrance, tightened the bonds of amity between\\nthe colonies of the latter. In 1702, in antici-\\npation of an English expedition against Pensa-\\ncola, Governor Martino readily procured from\\nBienville a needed snpply of arms and ammuni-\\ntion. On the other hand, in 1704, Governor\\nMartino promptly furnished food from his\\nstores at Pensacola to the famine-threatened\\ncolonists at Mobile; that kind office being a\\njust requital of a like humanity which had\\nbeen exercised by Bienville, in 1702, towards\\nthe starving garrison of San Carlos.\\nIn 1706-7, eighteen Englishmen from Caro-\\nlina, heading a large body of Indians, made\\ninroadsuponthe Spanish settlements in Florida,", "height": "4492", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "COLONIAIv FLORIDA.\\n39\\nand, strange as it may seem, extended their\\noperations avS far westward as Pensacola. In\\nthe latter year, Bienville was applied to by the\\nSpanish go vernor to aid him in defending Pensa-\\ncola from an impending attack by the English-\\nmen and their Indian allies. Prompt and bold\\nin action, Bienville at once advanced from\\nMobile with onehundredand twenty Canadians\\nto assist the Spaniards. But no conflict oc-\\ncurred, for after a few days of hostile demon-\\nstrations the enemy abandoned their enterprise,\\nowing to the want of necessary supplies.\\nIn other ways, too, the good feeling and inti-\\nmate relations of the two colonies were mani-\\nfested. We learn, from a letter of the mean,\\njealous, and growling Governor Condillac of\\nLouisiana to Count Pontchartrain, that, in\\n1713, there existed a trade between Pensacola\\nand Mobile, in which the former was supplied\\nby the latter with lumber, poultry and vegeta-\\nbles a petty traffic, but not too small to excite\\nthe jealousy of the old grumbler.\\nSuch were the friendly relations existing\\nbetween the Florida Spaniards and the Louisi-\\nana French up to 1719, being the year after", "height": "4564", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nBienville had founded the city of New Orleans\\nrelations which must be borne inmind toenable\\nus to form an enlightened judgment upon the\\nactions of the men engaged in the bloody\\ndrama which was ushered in by the nineteen\\nyears of kind offices and good fellowship which\\nhave been mentioned.\\nLemoine d Iberville, a Canadian, esteemed the most\\nskillful officer of the French navy brilliantly distinguished\\non many occasions, was selected to command the expedition\\nto southern Louisiana, designed to perfect by colonization\\nthe claim France founded upon the voyage of La Salie. He\\nand his brothers, Bienville, the founder of New Orleans,\\nSauville, Sevigny and Chateaugn\u00c3\u00a9 presented a group of\\nmen seldom accorded to one family.\\nDuring a visit to Havana, d Iberville died on the ninth\\nof July, 1706, leaving to his brothers the task of perfecting\\nthe great enterprise to which the last seven years of his own\\nlife had been devoted.", "height": "4420", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n41\\nCHAPTER V.\\nWar Declared by France against Spain Bienville Surprises\\nMetamoras Metamoras Surprises Chateaugn\u00c3\u00a9 Bien-\\nville Attacks and Captures Pensacola San Carlos and\\nPensacola Destroyed Magazine Spared.\\nOn the thirteenth of April, 1719, two French\\nvessels brought to the French colony the intelli-\\ngence thatin the previous December, France had\\ndeclared war against Spain an event of which\\nDon Juan Pedro Metamoras, governor of\\nPensacola, who had just succeded DonGregorio\\nde Salinas, had no information.\\nBienville at once organized, with all possible\\nsecrecy, an expedition by land and water to\\ncapture Pensacola by surprise. The land force,\\nconsisting of four hundred Indians and a body\\nof Canadians, was collected at Mobile. The\\nnaval force, composed of three vessels, two of\\nthem, the Philippe and the Toulouse, carrying\\ntwenty-four guns each, under the command of\\nSevigny, had its rendezvous at Dauphin Island.", "height": "4504", "width": "2680", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nThe movement of Bienville, who marched\\nacross the country with his land force, and that\\nof the fleet were so well timed that on the\\nfottrteenth of May, at 5 o clock in the afternoon,\\nas the vessels presented their shotted broadsides\\nto San Carlos, Bienville, his Canadians, and\\nIndians, appeared on its land side. There was,\\nof course, nothing for Metamoras to do but to\\norder the chamade to be beaten and to settle\\nthe terms of capitulation. He surrendered the\\npost and all public property within his jurisdic-\\ntion. It was stipulated that he and his garrison\\nshould march out of the fort w T ith the honors of\\nwar, retaining a cannon and three charges of\\npowder, that they should be transported to\\nHavana in French vessels, that the town should\\nbe protectedfromviolence, and that the property\\nof the soldiers and that of the inhabitants\\nshould be respected.\\nThe victim of such a ruse, it was natural that\\nMetamoras should have directed his thoughts\\ntoretaliation; and it is probable that duringthe\\nvoyage to Havana he meditated for his captors\\na surprise as complete and prompt as that\\nwhich he had just suffered from them.", "height": "4480", "width": "2940", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n43\\nAfter the French vessels, the Toulouse and the\\nMareschal de Villars had reached Cuba and\\nlanded their prisoners, they were seized by order\\nof the governor of Havana, who had at once,\\nupon learning of the disaster at Pensacola,\\ndetermined upon its prompt reparation by a\\nrecapture. He accordingly prepared a fleet, con-\\nsisting of a Spanish war ship, nine brigantines\\nand the two French vessels. In this fleet\\nMetamoras and his lately captured troops,\\nbesides others, embarked for Pensacola.\\nOn the sixth of August, the Spanish fleet was\\noff the harbor. The two French vessels, flying\\nthe French flag, first entered as decoys, to\\nenable them to secure favorable positions for\\nattacking San Carlos in the event of a refusal\\nto surrender. Immediatelv after them came the\\nSpanish war vessel. The ruse for position suc-\\nceeded, but the demand to surrender was\\nperemptorily refused by Chateaugn\u00c3\u00a9, the com-\\nmander of the fort. To an almost harmiess\\ncannonade there succeeded an armistice, which\\nthe French sought to haveextended to four,but\\nwhich the Spaniards limited to two days.\\nAfter the expiration of the armistice, another", "height": "4504", "width": "2788", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nineffectual exchange of cannon shots was fol-\\nio wed by the surrender of the fort; the terms\\nbeing that the garrison of one hundred and\\nsixty men should march out with the honors of\\nwar and be sent to Havana as prisoners.\\nChateaugn\u00c3\u00a9 also was to be sent there and\\nthence to Spain to await exchange. They were\\naccordingly all taken to Havana. Chateaugn\u00c3\u00a9,\\nhowever, instead of being sent from there to\\nSpain, was imprisoned in Moro Castle, where\\nhe remained only a short time, in consequence\\nof the energetic preparations which his brother,\\nBienville, was then making for his deliverance.\\nMetamoras, once again in commandatPensa-\\ncola, fully realized that the stake for w r hich he\\nand Bienville had been playing was not to be\\nfinally won by such strategems, as each in turn\\nhad been the other s victim, and that the two\\nwhich had been achieved were but preludes to\\na trial by battle. Appreciating, too, the\\nbold, prompt and enterprising Bienville, he well\\ncalculated that his time for preparation would\\nbe short, and he accordingly improved it to the\\nbest of his abilities and resources.\\nHe erected a battery on Point Seguenza, the", "height": "4464", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL, FLORIDA. 45\\nwestern extremity of Santa Rosa Islana, which\\nhe named Principe d Asturias, to aid San\\nCarlos and the Spanish fleet in resisting an\\nattack by sea. To guard San Carlos from a\\nland attack, he built a stockade in its rear. To\\nman all his works he had a force of six hundred\\nmen.\\nThe Fort was captured by Metamoras early\\nin Attgust, and on the eighteenth of the follow-\\ning September Bienville was ready to settle by\\narms his right to retain it.\\nThe celerity of Bieneville s preparations was\\ndue, however, to the accidental arrival at\\nDauphin Island of a French fleet under Champ-\\nmeslin, who at once relieved him from the care\\nand preparation of the seaward operations\\nof his expedition.\\nThe naval force of the French consisted of six\\nvessels, under the command of Champmeslin,\\nthe Hercules of sixty-four guns, the Mars of sixty,\\nthe Triton of fifty, the Union of thirty-six, the\\nof thirty-six and the Philippe of twenty. The\\nland force, commanded by Bienville in person,\\nconsisted of two hundred and fifty troops lately\\narrived from France, besides a large number of", "height": "4504", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCanadian volunteers, which, when it reached\\nPerdido, was joined by five hundred Indians\\nunder Longueville.\\nWhilst Bienville was moving towards Pensa-\\ncola, Champmeslin, havingsailed frotn Dauphin\\nIsland, entered the harbor on the eighteenth of\\nSeptember with five of his vessels, and was\\nsoon engaged in a fierce conflict with Principe\\nd Asturias, the Spanish fleet, and San Carlos.\\nAt the time the five vessels went into action, it\\nwas supposed that the Hercules was following\\nthem, but her commander hesitated to cross the\\nbar, owing to her draught of twenty-one feet, a\\nhesitation which almost proved fatal to her\\nconsorts, for, relying upon the support of her\\nheavy batteries, they now found themselves\\nwithout it, whilst they were under the concen-\\ntrated fireof the Spanish fleet and thetwoforts.\\nIn that conjuncture,however, they were saved\\nby one of those inspirations which sometimes\\ncome to a man in the supr\u00c3\u00a8me hour of trial,\\nmaking him for the occasion the soul of a host.\\nA Canadian pilot, being inspired himself, in-\\nspired the commander of the Hercules with con-\\nfidence in his ability to take her over the bar", "height": "4480", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n47\\nand int o the action. With acheer from her crew\\nand all the canvas she could bear, the gallant\\nship sped under the guidance of the bold Canad-\\nian to the rescue of her consorts.\\nSpeedily her sixty-four guns turned the tide of\\nbattle. Whilst her heavy broadside of thirty-\\ntwo guns soon battered Principe d Asturias\\ninto silence, her consorts poured their fire into\\nthe Spanish fleet, which, now short of powder,\\nstruck its colors.\\nAfter a conflict of two hours, San Carlos was\\nthe only point of defense left to the Spaniards,\\nand that too, threatened by anewfoe. Bienville\\nwas in its rear ready for an assault, which he\\nsoon boldly made. He was, however, so much\\nimpeded by the stockade that he withdrew his\\nmenuntil he could be better prepared foranother\\nattack. In the assault, it is said, his Indian\\nallies emulated the French soldiersin daring and\\nin their efforts to tear away the impeding\\nstockade. But their war-whoop was more\\neffectual and decisive than their valor. Impress-\\ning the Spaniards, as it did, with visions of\\nblood-dripping scalps, it disposed them to\\nobviate by surrender the dire consequences of a", "height": "4572", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nsuccessful assault, for they feit that Bienville,\\nho wever so disposed, would be powerless to\\nstay the Indian s scalping knife when his blood\\nwas at battle heat. Accordingly, before the\\nassault was repeated, Metamoras signaled for\\na parley, which resulted not in a capitulation\\non terms which he asked for, but in a surrender\\nat discretion.\\nEven after the cooling process of the time re-\\nquired for the parley and arranging the sur-\\nrender, the Indians were so loath toforego their\\nscalping pastime, the precious boon of victory,\\nthat it was necessaryfor Bienville toredeem the\\nscalps of the Spaniards by bestowing one-half\\nof their effects upon his allies, and reserving the\\nother half only for his own soldiers.\\nWhen Don Alphonso, the commander of\\nthe Spanish fleet, surrendered his sword to\\nChampmeslin, the latter returned it with the\\ncomplimentary assurance that the Don was\\nworthy to wear it. But Bienville would not\\neven condescend to accept that of Metamoras,\\nbut directed him to deliver it to a by-standing\\nsoldier.\\nBut the real hero of this battle, like the real", "height": "4468", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n49\\nheroes of many other fields of glory, must be\\nunnamed, for though it is recorded that the\\npilot of the Hercules was rewarded with a\\npatent of nobility for his skill and daring, there\\nis no accessible record of his name.\\nHaving won a surrender at discretion, it was\\nBienville s pleasure to send Metamoras and a\\nsuffici\u00c3\u00abnt number of Spanish troops to Havana,\\nin a Spanish vessel, to be exchanged for the\\nFrenchmen who had been sent there in August;\\nand thus it was that he worked the deliverance\\nof his brother Chateaugn\u00c3\u00a9 from his imprison-\\nment in Mora Castle. The rest of the Spaniards\\nwere sent to France as prisoners of war.\\nIt was his will and pleasure likewise to burn\\nthe town of Pensacola, and to utterly destroy\\nSan Carlos by blowing it up with powder. The\\nonly structure left undestroyed was the maga-\\nzine which stood about half a mile from the\\nfort.\\nUpon the ruins of San Carlos there was fixed\\na tablet announcing: In the year 1718, on\\nthe eighteenth day of September, Monsieur Des-\\nnard de Champmeslin, Commander of His", "height": "4564", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nMost Christian Majesty, captured this place\\nand the Island of Santa Rosa by force of arms.\\nThus did the Pensacola of Arriola, after hav-\\ning been a shuttlecock in the cruel game of war\\ncaptured, recaptured and captured again\\nwithin four months perish utterly in the\\nthroes of a convulsion and the glare of a confla-\\ngration; a fate which may be traced to the\\nintrigues of Cardinal Alberoni, the ambitious\\nand crafty minister of Philip V., resulting in a\\nwar in which Spain, without an ally, was con-\\nfronted by the united arms of France, Great\\nBritain, Holland and Austria. I quickened a\\ncorpse was the vain boast by which he ex-\\npressed the change he had eflfected in Spanish\\npolicy, one of the many disastrous consequences\\nof which was the ending in fire and blood of a\\nlittle settlement on the far-off shores of the new\\nworld.", "height": "4436", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FJLORIDA.\\n51\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nSketch of Island Town\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lts Destruction\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Third Pen-\\nsacola The Cession of Florida by Spain -to Great Brit-\\nain\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appearance of Town in 1763\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Wills Re-\\nport Catholic Church.\\nOn February 17, 1720, five months after the\\ndestruction of Pensacola, a treaty of peace be-\\ntween France and Spain was signed. But it\\nwas not until early in January, 1723, that\\nBienville, under orders from the French govern-\\nment, formally restored Pensacola to the Span-\\niards, or rather its site and surroundings.\\nOf the first settlement of the Island town\\nthere exists no account, but it is probable it\\nbegan immediately after the destruction of the\\nPensacola of Arriola. lts origin may be ac-\\ncounted for by the natural precaution of Gover-\\nnor Metamoras upon his recapture ofth at place\\nand preparation for a struggle with the French,\\nto remove the non-combatants to a place of", "height": "4484", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsafety, or rather the safest in the vicinity, and\\nthere was none possessing such great ad-\\nvantages as Santa Rosa island. It was a\\nnarrow, uninhabited strip of land, separated\\nfrom the main land in its western portion by\\nthree miles of water, rendering a settlement\\nthere comparativelyfree from the danger of sur-\\nprise by the Indians. The deepest water for\\nlanding on the bay-side, and a supply of fresh\\nwater obtainable by digging wells, would\\nnaturally determine the location of the settle-\\nment; and these conditions were met by a\\nplace about two miles from the western point\\nof the island, not far from the present bay-\\nwharf of the life-saving station.\\nThe progress the settlement made in the cour se\\nof a quarter of a century is presented by the\\nannexed engraving, which is taken from a\\nsketch made in 1743. The artist, Don Serres,\\nwho was a resident during that year, came\\nthere in the service of the Havana Company in\\na schooner with a cargo for the town.\\nHe paid New Orleans a visit, and did some\\nprofitable trading there with six thousand\\ndollars which he had at his command. He also", "height": "4420", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4504", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4543", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4580", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4504", "width": "3020", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n53\\nsecured a quantity of pitch and turpentine for\\nhis Company, as well as two pine spars, each\\neighty-four feet long, which he sent to Havana\\nin the schooner. This was the beginning of the\\ntimber trade of Pensacola, its first known\\nbusiness transaction with New Orleans, and the\\nlast authenticated instance of one of its timber\\ndealers engaging in the elegant pastime of\\nsketching.\\nIn vain has information been sought of its\\nprogress during the period between the time\\nDon Serres made the sketch and 1754, which\\nembraced the last eleven years of its existence,\\nfor in that year it was destroyed, together with\\nmany of its people, by a terrific hurricane.\\nAnd thus it was that, as the Pensacola of\\nArriola perished in the conflict of human pas-\\nsions, its offspring was destroyed in a war of\\nthe elements.\\nThe survivors, removing to the north shore of\\nthe Bay, settled upon a crescent-shaped body of\\ndry land, about the eighth of a mile wide in its\\nwidest part, formed by the Bay and a titi\\nswamp, which, extending from the mouth of an\\nestuary on the west, curved landward to a", "height": "4504", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nmarshjust below the outlet of another on the\\neast. These estuaries, though seemingly the\\noutlets of two, were in fact those of one and\\nthe same stream flowing through the swamp,\\nand navigable bycanoes for some distance from\\nthe bay. The bay-shore also curved deeply, the\\nindentation being in fact the remnant of a cove,\\nwhich, as old maps show, extended to and be-\\nvond the northern edge of the swamp.\\nThat settlement was but a removal of Pensa-\\ncola to its present site, like that by which it\\nwas removed to the island. Each settlement,\\nin its order of time, like d Arriola s town, being\\na continuation of the Pensacola founded by de\\nLuna in 1559, four years before Menendez\\nfounded St. Augustine.\\nOf the history of the present Pensacola, be-\\nyond its bare existence, from 1754 to 1763, we\\nhave no information further than that its in-\\nsignificance shielded it from the trials and suffer-\\nings of the seven years war ended by the treaty\\nof Paris, February 10, 1763.\\nBy that treaty Florida became a British\\ncolony. On July 6 of that year Captain Wills,\\nin command of the third battery of Royal", "height": "4492", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n55\\nArtillery, then at Havana, forming a part of\\nthe British force which had captured the city\\nduring the late war, was ordered by General\\nKeppel to proceed with his command to Pensa-\\ncola for the purpose of taking possession of the\\nplace. Arriving thereon the seventh of August,\\nCaptain Wills having presented the order of the\\nking of Spain to the Spanish commander for the\\nsurrender of the post, it was promptly obeyed.\\nIt was the duty of Spain under the treaty to\\nremove her troops from Pensacola. Her sub-\\njects, however, were, under the Ninteenth article,\\nentitled to remain in the full enjoyment of their\\npersonal rights, religion and property but, re-\\nsolving to remove to Mexico, they applied to\\nthe Spanish governnient for transportation,\\nwhich was promptly promised. Accordingly,\\non September 2, transports for the removal of\\nthe garrison and people arrived and, on the\\nthird, the Spanish troops and the entire popu-\\nlation, to the last man, woman and child,\\nsailed for Vera Cruz, leaving Captain Wills and\\nhis command the only occupants of the town.\\nIt is to a report written by him a few days\\nafter the Spanish exodus that we owe all the", "height": "4564", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "56\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ninformation we possess of the character and\\nappearance of the town at that time.\\nIt consisted of 40 huts, thatched with\\npalmetto leaves, and barracks for a small\\ngarrison, the whole surrounded by a stockade\\nof pine posts.\\nThe report says: The country, from the\\ninsuperable laziness of the Spaniards, still re-\\nmains uncultivated. The woods are still near\\nthe village, and a few paltry gardens show the\\nonly improvements. Stock, they have none,\\nbeing entirely supplied by Mobile, which is\\npretty well cultivated and produces suffici\u00c3\u00abnt\\nfor export/\\nOf the Indians we are presented with the fol-\\nio wing glimpse: The Indians are numerous\\naround. We had within a few days a visit from\\nabout two hundred of five different nations. I\\nwas sorry not to have it in my power of making\\nthem any presents. I only supplied them with\\nsome rum, with which they seemed satisfied,\\nand went off assuring me of their peaceful in-\\ntentions and promising to come down soon\\nwith some of their principal chiefs.\\nThe church, which is so hallo wing a feature", "height": "4472", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n57\\nin the sketch of the Island Town, is suggestive\\nof the persevering devotion of the Catholic\\nFaith to the spiritual welfare of her children.\\nIn 1559, when de Luna raised his national flag\\nupon the shores of Santa Maria, his spiritual\\nmother raised her cross beside it. With that\\nsacred symbol she followed him in his explora-\\ntions through thelimitless wilderness, beginning\\nand ending each day with her holy rites. She\\nreturned with Arriola, and, as he built his fort,\\nher children under her pious promptings built\\nher church. As the drum beat the reveille to\\ncall the soldier to the activities of life, the notes\\nof her bell reminded him of her presence to\\nadmonish and console him. The engraving\\npresents the next effort of her zeal. Afterwards,\\nwhen the wing of the hurricane and the wild\\nfury of the waves had swept away her island\\nsanctuary, and left her children houseless on a\\ndesolate shore, she followed them to that\\nhamlet which has just been described, where,\\naround a rude altar, sheltered by the frail\\nthatch of the palmetto, they enjoyed her con-\\nsoling offices. When, in 1763, their national\\nflag feil from the staff and her people went into", "height": "4572", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "58\\nHISTORICAIv SKETCHES OF\\nvoluntary exile, her cross went with them as\\ntheir guide and solace. She returned with\\nGalvez, and never for a day since then has she\\nbeen without her altar and her priest on these\\nshores to perform her rit\u00c3\u00a9s for the living and the\\ndead. Por many years after the establishment\\nof American rule, that altar and that priest\\nwere the only means by which the Protestant\\nmother, more obedient to the Divine word than\\nsectarian prejudice, could obey the sacred\\nmandate: Suffer the little children to come\\nunto Me, and forbid them not.", "height": "4344", "width": "2956", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n59\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nJ\u00c3\u0096ritish West Florida\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pensacola the Capital\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Government\\nEstablished\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Johnstone first Governor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 British Settlers\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094First Survey of the Town\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Star Fort\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Public Build-\\nings Resignation of Johnstone His Successor, Mon-\\nteforte Brown.\\nThe little settlement, mentioned in the last\\nchapter, soon attained an importance in strik-\\ning contrast with its appearance and condition.\\nBy the treaty of Paris, France had ceded to\\nGreat Britain Canada, and that part of Louis-\\niana east of a line beginning at the source of\\nthe Mississippi river and running through its\\ncentre to the Iberville river, thence through the\\nmiddle of this river, lakes Maurepas and Pont-\\nchartrain, to the Gulf. That acquisition, with\\nFlorida, extended the British North American\\nempire from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic\\nSea, bringing alike the Seminoles and Esqui-\\nmaux under its dominion.\\nOn the seventh of October, 1763, by a royal", "height": "4504", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "60\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nproclamation the limits of the governments of\\nEastand West Floridawereestablished; thefor-\\nmer extending from the Apalachicola river east-\\nward; the latter embracing all the territory\\nlately acquired from France and Spain south of\\nthe parallel of 31\u00c2\u00b0 from the Mississippi to the\\nChattahoochee river andbyanother exercise of\\nroyal authority, in February, 1764, the north-\\nern boundary was pushed to 32\u00c2\u00b0, 28 This\\nline was also the southern boundary of the ter-\\nritory of I\u00c3\u00af\u00c3\u00afinois, and it brought Mobile and\\nNatchez wnthin the limits of West Florida.\\nOf that province, so extensive and so rich in\\nnatural resources, Pensacola became the estab-\\nlished capital a natural result of the high esti-\\nmate placed bytheBritish upon the advantages\\nof the harbor. WhenLord Bute s ministry was\\nassailed in the House of Commons for having\\nprocured Florida, by the surrender of Cuba,\\nwhich Great Britain had conquered in the w r ar\\nended by the treaty of Paris, the acquisition of\\nthe Bay of Pensacola figures as a prominent\\nfeature in the ministerial defense.\\nThe first step towards the establishment of\\ncivil government in West Florida was taken", "height": "4500", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n61\\nupon the arrival, in February, 1764, at Pensa-\\ncola, of Commodore George Johnstone of the\\nRoyal Navy, who came as the governor of the\\nprovince his first official act being a proclama-\\ntion announcing his presence, powers, jurisdic-\\ntion, as well as the laws which were to be\\nin force. There came with him the Twenty-first\\nBritish regiment as a garrison for the post, and\\nalso a number of civilians in search of fortune,\\nor new homes some as parasites, who arenever\\nabsent where public money is to be distributed,\\nand others attracted by the charms of the dis-\\ntrict, under the delusive misrepresentations of\\nwhich the immigrant is so often the victitn.\\nIn November, 1764, Governor Johnstone, un-\\nder instructions from the British government\\nwhich from the first seems to have taken a deep\\ninterest in the development of its late acquisi-\\ntions published a description of the province\\nfor the purpose of attracting settlers. By\\nefforts like this, a tide of immigration soon be-\\ngan to flow into West Florida, which, during\\nthe British dominion of nearly twenty years, it\\nis estimated, brought into it a population of\\n25,000. In this inflow were observable a large", "height": "4568", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "62\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nnumber of Africans, imported under official en-\\ncouragement, to clear the forests and till the\\nfields of the province; the British conscience\\nbeing, then, still enthralled by the greedy slave-\\ntraders of Bristol, Liverpool and London, was\\npatiently awaiting the advent of Clarkson and\\nWilberforce, to quicken it into resistance to the\\ncruel traffic.\\nIn the early days of Governor Johnstone s ad-\\nministration, Pensacola was surveyed and a\\nplan established. The main street was named\\nGeorge, for King George III., and the second\\nstreet eastward Charlotte, for Queen Charlotte.\\nThe area between those streets as far north as\\nwhat is now Intendencia street was not sur-\\nveyed into blocks and lots, but reserved as a\\npublic place or park. The lots south of Garden\\nstreet had an area of 80 feet front and 170 in\\ndepth. North of that s1?reet they were 192 feet\\nsquare, known as arpent or Garden lots, and\\nnumbered to correspond with those lying south\\nof Garden street, which were, strictly speaking,\\ntown lots. In order to furnish each family with\\na garden spot, each grantee of a town lot was\\nentitled, upon the condition of improvement, to", "height": "4344", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n63\\nreceive a conveyance of an arpent lot of the\\nsame number as Iris town lot.\\nThat plan, which was the work of Elias\\nDurnford, appointed, on the twenty-sixth of\\nJuly, 1764, civil engineer of the province, is still\\nthe plan of the old part of Pensacola, withsome\\nchanges in what was the English park, or\\npublic place and therefore the plan of the town\\nis, strictly speaking, of English origin.\\nThe park, however, though excluded from\\nprivate owmership, was not intended to be va-\\ncant, but on the contrary, was devoted to pub-\\nlic uses. In the centre of it was a star-shaped\\nstockade fort, designed as a place of refuge for\\nthe population in case of an Indian attack.\\nNear it were the officers quarters, barracks,\\nguard house, ordinance store-house and lab-\\noratory, two powder magazines, the King s\\nbake-house, cooperage shelter, and government\\nstore-house. This park was, therefore, in the\\nearlydays of Pensacola, the liveliest and busiest\\npart of the town.\\nThe star-shaped fort was, from 1764 until\\nafter 1772, the only fortification of the town,\\nas may be inferred from the official report of", "height": "4568", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "64\\nHISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nCaptain Thomas Sowers, engineer, on the fifth\\nof April of the latter year.\\nThe first street pushed through the crescent-\\nshaped swamp, was George street, involving\\nmuch labor in building a causeway and cover-\\ning it with earth. It extended to the elevation,\\nthen named GageHill, in honor of General Gage,\\nof Boston memory, and who, as the command-\\ner-in-chief of all the royal forces in the British\\nNorth American colonies, had much to do with\\nPensacola in its early days. Upon the highest\\npoint of this hill was established a lookout\\nfrom which the approaches of the town land-\\nward and seaward could be observed.\\nGovernor Johnstone, who was a commodore\\nin the royal navy, in the second year of his ad-\\nministration, found himself in j arring relations\\nwith the military, resulting from circumstances\\nwhich, at this distanceof time, seem to be trifles,\\nbut magnified, when they occurred, into im-\\nportance by that jealous sensitiveness which\\nappears to exist always between those two\\narms of the public service. Asmightbeexpected,\\nwhisperers, busybodies, and parasites, throng-\\ning the seat of patronage, ready to catch any", "height": "4436", "width": "2896", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n65\\nstray crumo of official favor, aggravated the\\nconflict, which at last became so bitter and\\nwidespread that we find itfiguring in the records\\nof the courts-martial of a major, a lieutenant,\\nand even an ensign. Naturally, too, thecolonists\\nat length became partisans of the official strife,\\ntherebycontributing tobring about a condition\\nof affairs rendering the governor s further con-\\ntintiance in office so uninviting to himself and\\nso unsatisfactory to the people that, in Decem-\\nber, 1766, he resigned.\\nAn incident which occurred shortly after his\\nappointment, manifests his impatience of criti-\\ncism a weakness which may have been the\\ncause of his troubles in Florida. He and Grant,\\ngovernor of East Florida, were appointed at\\nthe same time by the Buteadministration, when\\nScotch appointees to office were so ill-favored\\nby the English. The announcement were made\\nin the North Britoa with a sarcastic allusion to\\nthem as a brace of Scotchmen. At this John-\\nstone was so much incensed that he sent to the\\npublishers what was equivalent to a challenge.\\nMoreover, on meeting with a Mr. Brooks, who\\nwas connected with the North Briton, John-", "height": "4568", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "66\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nstone insisted on his stating whether he was the\\nauthor of the article. Brooks refusingto an-\\nswer, Johnstone drew his sword to use on him\\nwhen by-standers interfered. Brooks instituted\\nlegal proceedings under which the go vernor was\\nbound to keep the peace.\\nIn after years, Johnstone became a member of\\nParliament, and attracted much attention by\\ncasting, in the House of Commons, one of the\\nonly two negative votes on the Boston Harbor\\nBill, Edmund Burke casting the other. His\\ncourse on that memorable occasion secured him\\nsuch consideration with the Americans as to\\ninduce the British government to select him as\\none of the five commissioners who were sent to\\nAmerica in 1778, under Lord North s concilia-\\ntory bill, intended to concede to the coloniesall,\\nand even more, than they had demanded at the\\nbeginning of the controversy with the Mother\\ncountry. But the sequel of his mission proved\\nhis unfitness for the position. Besides ventur-\\ning to enter into correspondence with Robert\\nMorris and Francis Dana, he attempted, through\\na lady, to bribe General Joseph Reed of Pennsyl-\\nvania by an offer of \u00c2\u00a310,000 and the highest", "height": "4468", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n67\\noffice within the gift of the crown in America in\\nthe event his efforts at conciliation proving suc-\\ncessful. To that offer Reed made the memorable\\nreply u I am not worth purchasing, but such as\\nI am the King of Great Britain is not rich\\nenough to do it.\\nThe other commissioners, Mr. Eden, General\\nClinton, and Lord Carlisle, at least, disavowed\\nall knowledge or connection with Johnstone s\\ncourse. His conduct became the subject of reso-\\nlutions passed by Congress, in which it was de-\\nclared That it is incompatible with the honor\\nof Congress to hold any manner of intercourse\\nwith the said George Johnstone, especially to\\nnegotiate with him upon aflfairs in which the\\ncause of liberty is interested.\\nFrom that reflection he sought to vindicate\\nhimself by an ill-tempered address, which was\\nfollowed by his resignation from the commis-\\nsion.\\nThough a Scotchman, he seems in this afifair\\nto have acted with more of the impulse of a\\nFrenchman, like Genet, than with the cool delib-\\neration characteristic of his race. Thottgh he\\nhad been a commodore in the Britishnavy, after", "height": "4556", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "68\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhis appointment of governor of West Florida\\niris historical designation is Governor John-\\nstone.\\nBy virtue of his being lieutenant-governor,\\nMonteforte Brown became J ohnstone s succes-\\nsor.\\nThe troops stationed at Pensacola during\\nGovernor Johnstone s time were the Thirty-first\\nregiment of infantry and the second battalion of\\nRoyal Artillery, tinder General Taylor In 1765,\\nthese troops suffered from scurvy, as a remedy\\nfor which the governor undertook means to\\nprovide them withfresh meat, a provision which\\nit would seem a thoughtful and considerate\\nruler would have employed as a preventive, in-\\nstead of waiting until disease required it as a\\nremedy.\\nThe scourge, however, proved a blessing in\\nthe end, as our ills often do, by turning attention\\nto the necessity of securing regular supplies of\\nvegetable food, the acids of which science had\\ndetermined to be the preventive of scorbutic\\nafifections. This led to the clearing, draining\\nand cultivation of large bodies of the Titi\\nSwamp, a process which, once begun, was con-", "height": "4484", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "COLONIAjL florida.\\n69\\ntinued throughout the period of English rule,\\nuntil the town was surrounded by smiling\\ngardens, extending westward almost to Bayou\\nChico, of which this generation has evidence in\\nthe absence of forest from the district and its\\nmeadow-like appearance, as well as its intersec-\\ntions of choked tip ditches and drains.\\nIn October, 1766, there was an exhibition in\\nPensacola of the cruelty with which the British\\nsoldier was treated in the last century. For\\nabsence without leave, James Baker Mattross\\nof the Royal Artillery received 100 lashes under\\nsentence of a court-martial. Harsh as this sen-\\ntence may seem, it was mild and humane com-\\npared with what was inflicted in other instances\\nat other military posts. Soldiers of the Royal\\nAmerican regiment, stationed at Detroit, were\\npunished for rioting, as follows James Wilk-\\nins, Derby McCaffny, and Sargeant Deck 1000\\nlashes each, whilst fortunate Corporal Saums\\nescaped with only 500, but who, even in his\\nluck, was yet five times less lucky than the\\nroyal artilleryman at Pensacola. These terrible\\nCanadian Archives (Haldimand Collection), B. 22, p. 262.", "height": "4504", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ninflictions provoke inquiry as to the dermal tex-\\nture of the backs of the British soldiery of the\\neighteenth century.\\nWith the possibility of such suffering before\\nthem, we can appreciate the joy with which\\nRichard Harris of the Thirty-first regiment,\\ncharged with stealing chickens, and Lewis Crow\\non trial for selling liquor, who were tried by\\ncourt-martial at the same time as Mattross,\\nreceived their respective findings of not gtiilty.", "height": "4404", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n71\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nGeneral Bouquet General Haldimand.\\nEarly in 1765 General Henry Bouquet hav-\\ning been assigned to the command of the\\nsouthern military district of the colonies, of\\nwhich Pensacola was the headquarters, sailed\\nfrom Philadelphia in a small schooner for that\\nplace. He arrived there in the early spring,\\nand on the following September died.* Of the\\nday and cattse of his death nothing seems to be\\nknown. Of the fact that his grave was marked\\nby a monument, there is the most conclusive\\nproof.f\\nWhere is that monument That time and the\\nelements are responsible for its disappear-\\nance is improbable. That it is not even a\\n*Kingford s History of Canada, Vol. V., p. 110.\\nf A statement of the English grey bricks used in the\\nmonument exists in the Canadian archives at Ottawa,\\ndated February 1, 1770, Haldimand Papers, K. 15, p. 84.", "height": "4504", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "72\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsubject of tradition suggests the painful sus-\\npicion that it was willfully destroyed a sug-\\ngestion which explains the absence of allmemor-\\nials of the people who must have died in Pensa-\\ncola during the nearly twenty years of the British\\ndominion, and removesfromtheirgenerationthe\\nreproach of having had no respect for the mem-\\nory and ashes of their departed friends and\\ncomrades.\\nAn exodus of the English occurred in 1783, as\\na future page will show, like that of the Span-\\niards in 1763 already mentioned. The town\\nwas filled by a new and strange population,\\nwhose needs for building material were urgent,\\nand their r\u00c3\u00a9v\u00c3\u00a9rence for the dead too feeble, per-\\nhaps, to resist the temptation of supplying\\ntheir wants by plundering tombs deserted by\\ntheir natural guardians.\\nNature, too, conspired with man in the work\\nof desecration. The necropolis of the English\\nwas at the western extremity of the town, ex-\\ntending southward and embracing a slight\\nbluff on the Bay From 1860 to 1870 the water\\nabraded that place, washing out human bones,", "height": "4484", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n73\\nand thus compelled the earth to surrender its\\ndead to the sport of the waves.\\nGeneral Bouquet was born at Rolle, in the\\ncanton of Berne, Switzerland. That heattained\\nso high a rank is evidence of his merit. His\\nmasterly campaign, in 1763, against the Ohio\\nIndians, including the Delawares, theShawnees,\\nand Mingoes, as related by the classic pen of Dr.\\nKingsford, in his History of Canada,* is a most\\ninteresting and striking chapter of our colonial\\nannals. The result was the removal of a terri-\\nble scourge from the western borders of Penn-\\nsylvania and Virginia, and the restoration to\\nliberty and to friends of three hundred white\\nmen and women by a treaty, the terms of\\nwhich were left to the discretion of General\\nBouquet by General Gage. So highly appreci-\\nated were his skill and courage at the time that\\nboth colonies honored him with votes of thanks\\nfor his great services/ which were supple-\\nmented by a complimentary letter from the\\nking.\\nBut the royal letter and his promotion were\\n*Yolume V., pp. 93-113.", "height": "4504", "width": "2808", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "74\\nHISTORJCAL SKETCHES OF\\nonly Dead Sea apples Their result was a voy age\\nin a small vessel to the distant shores of the\\nGulf of Mexico, where he was to die in a few\\nmonths in a little garrison town with his\\nlaurels yet fresh on his brow, away from the\\nfriends and that admiring social circle he had\\nleft so recently at Philadelphia. Had he been\\nthe son, or cousin, whetherfirst, secondor third,\\nwould have mattered not, of a minister, he\\nwould have won a pension and obtained an\\nenviable appointment.\\nGeneral Bouquet was not onlya distinguished\\nsoldier, but he also left behind him another\\nclaim to distinction in the thirty volumes of\\nmanuscript in theBritish museum, known as the\\nBouquet Collection, which now calendared\\nis available to the historical student.\\nHis monument has perished; his bones, per-\\nhaps, have been the sport of the unpitying\\nwaves generations have unconsciously tram-\\npled on his dust; but, in the Pantheon of\\nhistory, his name and his fame are as fresh as\\nwhen on these shores he drew his last breath\\nand heaved his last sigh.", "height": "4436", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n75\\nA letter* from his confidential friend Ourry\\ninspires the suspicion that a romantic passion,\\nnourished by exile and inaction, contributed to\\nhis early death. He was devoted to a Miss\\nWilling of Philadelphia, and supposed to be her\\naffianced. A Mr. Francis, a wealthy Londoner,\\nwooed and won the lady whilst the soldier was\\nwinning laurels on the western frontier. But\\nfor vandal hands his tomb would be a shrine\\nwhere disappointed love could make its votive\\nofferings.\\nGeneral Frederick Haldimand was the suc-\\ncessor of General Bouquet in the command of\\nthe sonthern district. He, too, was a Swiss,\\nand a native of the Canton of Berne. He had\\n*J ai lu mon cher ami, et relu avec attention votre triste\\nlettre du premier, et suis sensiblement touch\u00c3\u00a9 de votre \u00c3\u00a9tat.\\nJe vois que votre esprit agit\u00c3\u00a9, comme la mer apres une rude\\nsecousse de tremblement de terre, n a pas encore repris son\\nassiette. Je n avois que trop bien pr\u00c3\u00a9vu 1 effet funeste;\\npl\u00c3\u00bct a Dieu que je 1 eusse aussi bien pu prevenir Je\\nsuis attendri du recit tonchant que vous me faites de votre\\nsituation douloureuse, et je vous conjure par ce que vous\\ntenez du plus cher et de plus sacr\u00c3\u00a9, de ne vous pas laisser\\naller a la merci d une passion qui vous mene, et qui vous\\nprivera bient\u00c3\u00b6t, si vous n y prenez garde, des moyens qui\\nvous restent encore pour la dompter (Kingsford Hist. of\\nCan., Vol. V., p. 110).", "height": "4568", "width": "2764", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "76\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nheld important commands in Canada before he\\ncame to Florida. In 1773 he was appointed\\ngovernor of New York. In the same year, dur-\\ning General Gage s absence in England, he was\\ncommander-in-chief of the colonies. He was,\\nfroml778to 1784, governor-general of Canada.\\nTo the qualities of a distinguished soldier, he\\nadded ability for civil affairs and thestatesman-\\nlike qualities which great crises sometimes re-\\nquire in a military commander, as appears from\\nLord Dartmouth s correspondence with him\\nduring Gage s absence.*\\nThere is an interesting coincidence in the lives\\nof Bouquet and Haldimand. Drawn to each\\nother, doubtless, by the tie of nativity and pro-\\nI trust the designs of those who have apparently from\\nself-interested motives endeavored to spread an alarm, and\\ncreate fresh disturbances in consequence of the importa-\\ntion of tea bj the East India company will prove abortive.\\nIn the present state of uncertainty with regard to\\nwhat may be the issue of this disagreeable business, I can-\\nnot say more to you; and, indeed, the sentiments you have\\nexpressed in your former dispatches in respect to the pro-\\npriety or impropriety of employing a military force in case\\nof civil commotion are so just, and your conduct in that\\ndelicate situation so temperate and prudent, as to render\\nany particular instructions from me on that head unneces-\\nsarv. Dartmouth to Haldimand\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Canadian Archives, Series\\nB., Vol. 35, p. 64.", "height": "4468", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n77\\nfession, similarity of disposition, interests and\\nfortunes, a life-Iong friendship was the natural\\nconsequence. They were associates in land\\ninvestments. Bouquet bequeathed his entire\\nestate to his native brother-in-arms, including\\nthe valuable collection before referred to. More\\nfortunate than the former, the latter lived to be\\nmade a Knight of the Bath, and to die in his\\nnative town of Y verdun.*\\n*Kingsford s Hist. of Can., Vol. 4, p. 318.", "height": "4484", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "78\\nHISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nGovernor Elliott\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Social and Military- Life in Pensacola\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wo men\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fiddles George Street King s\\nWharf on November 14, 1768.\\nThere exists evidence m the Canadian archives\\nthat, in July, 1767, Mr. Elliot was appointed\\nto succeed Governor Johnstone, but careful\\nsearch has failed to discover any official act\\nupon which to rest the conclusion that he ever\\ncame to the province.\\nIn a note dated eighteenth of October, 1768,\\nat Pensacola, General Haldimand tells Gov-\\nernor Brown that assistance will be given to\\nland Governor Elliot s baggage, and put the\\ngarden in order/ 1 in answer, evidently, to a re-\\nquest of Governor Brown, made in expectation\\nof the new governor s early arrival. But these\\npreparations were manifestly made in vain, for\\nin a letter written at Pensacola, in January,\\n1769, by the general to Mr. John Bradley of", "height": "4428", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n79\\nNew Orleans, he says I hope that these mat-\\nters will be settled on the arrival of Governor\\nElliot, daily expected. And numerous papers\\nin the Canadian archives, as well as documents\\nin the American state papers, show that from\\nthe eighteenth of December, 1766, tip to the ap-\\npointment of Governor Peter Chester, in 1772,\\nBrown was the acting governor of the province.\\nThe evidence is therefore conclusive that though\\nElliot was appointed, he either died or resigned\\nwithout ever having gone to the province.\\nThe coming of officers and others from the\\nmilitary posts of the province to headquarters,\\nas well as the frequent courts-martial held there,\\nespecially numerous and exciting in 1766-7,\\nenlivened military life at Pensacola.\\nOf the social life of the town during John-\\nstone s and Brown s administrations, we have\\nbut little information. If, however, the opinion\\nof an official high in rank is to be accepted as\\nevidence, gentlemen were not numerous up to\\n1767, as will be seen from an extract from a\\nletter of his to a friend A ship lately arrived\\nfrom London, has brought over the chief justice\\nand the attorney-general of the province, and", "height": "4504", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "80\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nother gentlemen, who are very much wanted.\\nBut who are and who are not gentlemen Let\\nthe moralist, the sectarian, partisan, votary of\\nsport or fashion, dude, friend, enemy, the preju-\\ndiced, the just, the harsh, and the charitable\\nsuccessively sit in judgment uponthesame man;\\nwhat a very chameleon in character will he not\\nappear, as he is reviewed by each of his judges?\\nOf this variety of judgments, an occurrence, at\\nPensacola during this period, is illustrative.\\nMajor Farmer of the Thirty-fourth regiment\\nof infantry, stationed at Fort Charlotte,* was\\nby the Johnstone party accused of embezzlement\\nand fraud. But a court-martial which sat at\\nPensacola honorably acquitted him, and upon a\\nreview of the record the finding of the court was\\napproved by the King.\\nAnother letter, in 1770, gives the following un-\\ninviting picture of the civil as well as the social\\ncondition of the place: Pensacola has been\\njustly famed for vexatious law-suits. It is con-\\ntrived, indeed, that if a poor man owes but five\\npounds, and has not got so much ready money,\\nFormerly Fort Cond\u00c3\u00a9 at Mobile.", "height": "4460", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n81\\nor if he disputes some dollars of imposition that\\nmay be in the account, or if he is guilty of shak-\\ning his fist at any rascal that has abused him,\\nhe is sure to be prosecuted, and the costs of\\nevery suit are abottt seven pounds sterling.\\nI have known this province for a little morethan\\nfour years, yet I could name to you a set of men\\nwho may brag of one governor resigned, one\\nhorse-whipped and one whom they led by the\\nnose and supported whileitsuited their purpose,\\nand then betrayed him. What the next turn of\\naffairs will be, God knows.\\nPerhaps, however, the writer owed a shop-\\nkeeper who sued him or he had been fined for\\noffering violence to some other importunate\\ncreditor and as to the costs of litigation, it is\\nlikely, that in this year of grace some luckless\\nlitigant, in the modern Pensacola, can be found\\nwho would heave a sympathetic sighonreading\\nthe complaint which comes to us from a suitor\\nin its early days.\\nBesides, the reference to the treatment received\\nby three go vernors, in a letter written in 1770,\\nis rather puzzling, for though three governors\\nhad been appointed for West Florida up to that", "height": "4568", "width": "2672", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "82\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntime, but two, Johnstone and Brown, adminis-\\ntered its government. Johnstone resigned and,\\ntherefore, Brown must have been the man, if\\nany, who was horsewhipped and led by the nose.\\nAs led by the nose/ however, is a metaphor,\\n^horsewhipped may, perhaps, be regarded as\\na figure of speech likew r ise.\\nStrange though it be, yet so it is, in the mass\\nof Pensacola correspondence, from 1763 to 1770,\\nwe find mention made of military officers of\\nevery grade, governors, secretaries, surveyors,\\njudges, male Indians, ships, boats, bricks, lum-\\nber, shingles, w r ine, swords, muskets, cheese,\\ncannon and fiddles, but of a woman or any of\\nher belongings, never, with only two exceptions.\\nOne comes to us like an attractive mirage on\\nthe far-ofif horizon of this Sahara of masculinity\\nand soulless things in the person of Mrs. Hugh\\nWallace of Philadelphia, a friend of General\\nHaldimand, in respect to whom, in a letter to\\nher husband, he says I beg my best respects\\nmay be acceptable to Mrs. Wallace. The other\\nis a nameless moral wreek, of whom the writer\\nof a letter exclaims I wish I could make the\\nmother of my children my wife! forcing upon", "height": "4484", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n83\\nthe imagination the shadow of a wronged wife,\\nwith one s heart touched by the probable sor-\\nrows of a blighted life.\\nBut, though excluded from men s letters, we\\ndo not need their correspondence to inform us\\nthat wives, mothers, sisters and nurses formed\\nno inconsiderable part of the population of Pen-\\nsacola in those early days, for we know it as\\ncertainly, fully, and confidently as we know\\nthe town must have been blessed with air, light,\\nfood, and all the other vivifying conditions of\\nhuman existence.\\nIt has been intimated that fiddles were the\\nsubject of correspondence, and thuswise. It\\nappears that Oeneral Haldimand was the owner\\nof two fiddles. Whether fiddling was one of his\\naccomplishments does not appear. But as own-\\nership of one fiddle ordinarily creates the pre-\\nsumption that the owner is a performer in some\\none of the three degrees of good, bad or indiffer-\\nent, the ownership of two would seem to be\\nconclusive of the fact.\\nHo wever that may be, it seems that Governor\\nThomas Penn of Pennsylvania had knowledge\\nof the instruments, and, presumably, knowing", "height": "4560", "width": "2748", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntheir merits, coveted them to such a degree that\\nthe general induced him to pay $360 for them.\\nAs the bargain was made by letter, after the\\ngeneral and the fiddles had been in Pensacola\\nfor several years, we may infer that their dulcet\\ntones must have made a deep and ineffaceable\\nimpression upon the governor, which no other\\nfiddles could remove. By a vessel sailing from\\nPensacola to Philadelphia, the general sent a\\nbox containing the two fiddles to Mr. Joseph\\nShipping of that place, agent of Governor Penn,\\nand also a letter to Httgh Ross, his own agent,\\nwhom he tells (evidently with the chuckle of a\\ntrader who has made a good bargain) of the\\n$360 he is to collect from Shipping, closing the\\nletter with the exclamation, I wishl had more\\nfiddles to selir\\nCorrespondence in 1767 shows courtesies ex-\\nchanged bet ween Pensacola and Philadelphia.\\nA Pensacolian sends a sea turtle, and the Phila-\\ndelphian returns a cheese.\\nThe town was accused of being hot and inhos-\\npitable. But the letter of complaint tells what\\na specific wine is for the prevention of all\\nclimatic diseases and the other ills of life. One", "height": "4432", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "COLONIA1, FLORIDA.\\n85\\ngentleman, to be sureof a supply of the panacea,\\norders a pipe of old Madeira.\\nOn November 14, 1768, we are walking down\\nthe east side of George street from the gardens\\nto the Bay. After passing two blocks we find\\nourselves on the Public Square and in front of a\\nlarge building. Going in and out of that build-\\ning are many people, the most of them soldiers\\nand Indians, and somewhere in or about it we\\nfind a Mr. Arthur Neil. Upon inquiry we are\\ninformed the building is the king s store-house,\\nand Mr. Neil its keeper. Leaving the store, a\\nshort walk brings us to the shore and after-\\nwards to the king s wharf, which we see covered\\nwith troops, some of them getting into boats,\\nwhilst others, already embarked, are going to\\na ship lying at anchor. That ship is the Pensa-\\ncola bound for Charleston, South Carolina.\\nThe troops are the Thirty-first regiment, lately\\nstationed at Mobile, whence they have just ar-\\nrived, after an overland march, for the purpose\\nof embarking in the Pensacola. Whether they\\nshall remain at Charleston in winter quarters\\nwill, according to a letter of General Haldi-", "height": "4504", "width": "2716", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "86\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nmand to Colonel Chisolm, depend upon the\\nconduct of the Bostonians.\\nCan. Archives, B. 14, pp. 31, 37, 41.", "height": "4380", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n87\\nCHAPTER X.\\nGovernor Peter Chester Fort George of the British and\\nSt. Michael of the Spanish\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tartar Point\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Red Cliff.\\nPeter Chester, having been commissioned\\ngovernor of West Florida in 1772, came to Pen-\\nsacola, the capital of the province, and entered\\nupon the administration of the office. He was\\nrecognized and deferred to by General Haldi-\\nmand as a man of capacity and experience, a\\nreputation which was not impaired by his nine\\nyears rule in Florida.\\nThe first days of his administration were\\nmarked by a determination to reform the public\\nservice, and to supersede the old star fort by\\nmore stable and effici\u00c3\u00abnt defenses for the town\\nand harbor, and the spirit which animated him\\nwas at once communicated to the military com-\\nmander of the province.\\nEarly in his administration, after much dis-\\ncussion by engineers of several plans for the de-", "height": "4504", "width": "2824", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "88\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nfense of the town, a fort was built, under orders\\nfrom General Gage, on Gage Hill, and named\\nFort George for his majesty George III.*\\nIn the centre of the fortress was the council\\nchamber of the province and the repository of\\nits archives, where the office duties of the gov-\\nernor and the military commander were per-\\nformed, where audience was given to Indian\\nchiefs and delegations, and where really centered\\nthe government of West Florida, according to\\nits English boundaries.\\nIn that chamber on one occasion could have\\nbeen seen a man in the prime of life, partly in\\nIndian dress, in earnest conversation with Gov-\\nernor Chester and William Panton, the million-\\naire and merchant prince of the Floridas. By\\nthe evident admixtureof white and Indian blood\\nin his veins, his skin had lost several shades of\\nthe hue, his hair the peculiar stiffness, and his\\ncheek bones somewhat of the prominence of\\nthose of his aboriginal ancestry. He was tall\\nand slender his ey es, black and piercing, beamed\\n*Mr. Fairbanks, in his History of Florida, calls the fort\\nSt. Michael but that was, in fact, a name bestowed upon\\nit after 1783, when Florida became a Spanish colony.", "height": "4436", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n89\\nwith the light that belongs to those of the cul-\\ntureel the Indians said his high forehead was\\narched like a horse-shoe the fingers which hold\\nthe pen with which he is writing, during a pause\\nin the conversation, are long and slender; he\\nspeaks and then reads what he has written all\\nis in the purest English, to which he is capable\\nof giving point by an apt classical quotation.\\nOn a future occasion he will enter that chamber\\nwith the commission of a British colonel. A\\nfew years later he will hold a like commission\\nfrom the King of Spain. A few years later still\\nwill find him a brigadier-general of the United\\nStates. That man is Alexander McGillivray, of\\nwhom much is to be written.\\nIn that chamber three men were once seated\\nat a table, attended by two secretaries busily\\nwriting, one in English, the other in Spanish.\\nOne of the three is Governor Chester, another is\\nGeneral John Campbell, a distinguished English\\nofficer whom fortune has just deserted. The\\nthird, a young-looking Spaniard, too young for\\nhis insignia of a Spanish general, is Don Ber-\\nnardo de Gal vez,the governor and military com-\\nmander of Louisiana. Those three men are", "height": "4500", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nclosing a drama and writing the last paragraph\\nof a chapter of history. The two papers the\\nsecretaries are writing, when signed, will sepa-\\nrate, one going to London, the other to Madrid,\\nto meet again at Yersailles. At Versailles they\\nwill be copied substantially into the duplicates\\nof the treaty of 1783 bet ween Spain and Great\\nBritain, and constitute its V Article.\\nA pigeon-hole on the side of t h at ch amber once\\ncontained an order fromLordDartmottth,dated\\nJanuary, 1774, to the commander-in-chief of\\nWest Florida, to forward a regiment from Pen-\\nsacola to revolutionary Boston to quell the tea-\\nriots. This book is debtor to many documents\\nwhich once rested in other pigeon-holes of the\\nchamber.\\nFort George was a quadrangle with bastions\\nat each corner. There were within the fort a\\npowder magazine and barracks for the garrison,\\nbesides the chamber above mentioned. The\\nwoods north of it, for an eighth of a mile, and\\nwithin a curve bending around it to the bay,\\nwere felled,in order to giveplay toits guns land-\\nward, whilst they could bear.upon an enemy in\\nthe bay by firing over the town. By a system", "height": "4356", "width": "2956", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\nof signals, intercommunication was keptup with\\nTartar Point and thence with Red Cliff.\\nTartar Point, now the site of the Navy Yard,\\nwhere a battery and barracks were erected by\\nthe British, is the only existing name in this\\npart of West Florida which carries one s\\nthoughts back to the days of British rule. The\\nname of the point under the second Spanish\\ndominion, which lasted about forty years, was\\nPunta de la Asta Bandera\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Point of the Flag-\\nstaff. It seems strange that an English name\\nwhich had been superseded for that period by a\\nSpanish designation, should after that lapse of\\ntime be restored.\\nThe locality of Red Cliff was for a time a puz-\\nzle. Such a name for a locality at once induced\\na search for a suggestive aspect. No red bluff,\\nhowever, not too far eastward to serve as the\\nsite of a work for the defense of the town or\\nharbor, could be found, and yet, no bluff west-\\nward of the former could beobserved to suit the\\ndesignation. But at length, a letter in the\\nCanadian archives fixed Barrancas as the local-\\nity by stating that there was at about the dis-\\ntance of a half to a quarter of a mile from Red", "height": "4504", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCliff a powder magazine, built by the Spaniards,\\ncapable of holding 500 barrels of powder, which\\nwas then being used as the powder depot of the\\nprovince, evidently the relic of old San Carlos,\\ndestroyed by the French in 1719, and stood on\\nthe site of the present Fort Redoubt.\\nThe defenses of Red Cliflf consisted of tw.o bat-\\nteries, one on the top and theother at the foot\\nof the hill. Therewere quarters for the officers\\nand barracks for the soldiers in one building, so\\nconstructed as to be proof against musket balls\\nand available as an ample defense against an\\nIndian attack.*\\nCanadian Archives\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rept. of T. Sowers, Capt. Engineers\\nSeries B., Vol. XVII., page 302.", "height": "4392", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n93\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nRepresentatiYe Government.\\nWhen the governments of West and East\\nFlorida were established, as before related, their\\ngovernors were, severally, vested with authority,\\ntheir councils consenting and the condition of\\nthe provinces being favorable, to call for the\\nelection of general assemblies by the people.\\nIn 1773, Governor Chesterconcltided that the\\ntime had arrived when it would be expedi\u00c3\u00abnt for\\nhim to exercise this power. He, accordingly,\\nissued writs authorizing an election, fixing the\\ntime it was to be held, the voting precincts, the\\nqualifications of voters, and the number and\\nqualifications of assemblymen to be chosen, as\\nwell as the day of the sitting of the general\\nassembly at Pensacola.\\nBut the writs, unhappily, fixed the terms of\\nassemblymen at three years; a provision\\nwhich proved fatal, not only to this first at-", "height": "4492", "width": "2800", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "94\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntempt, but likewise to all future efforts to\\nestablish representative government in West\\nFlorida. The election was held throughout the\\nprovince, and the members of a full general\\nassembly elected. But whilst the people went\\nto the polls with alacrity, and hailed with\\npleasure the advent of popular government,\\nthey were opposed to the long tenure fixed by\\nGovernor Chester; and so determined was that\\nopposition that theyresolved that itshould not\\nreceive the implied sanction of their votes.\\nThey accordingly cast ballots which declared\\nthat they were subject to thecondition that the\\nrepresentative should hold for one year only.\\nTo that condition the governor refused to con-\\nsent. The people, on the other hand, were\\nequally unyielding in their opposition. Efforts\\nwere made, but in vain, to induce a concession\\nby one side or the other consequently, during\\nthe following years of English dominion, as be-\\nfore, the province knew r no other civil govern-\\nment than that of the governor and his council.\\nIt is difficult to understand the motives which\\nprompted the people to so stubborn an opposi-\\ntion. The tenure of three years might, indeed,", "height": "4452", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n95\\nseem long to voters who had probably lived in\\ncolonies, where it was a thirdortwo-thirds less.\\nBut still, if there was any value to a people in\\nrepresentative government, surely an assembly\\nholding for three years was better than none\\nespecially as it would have so concentrated the\\ninfiuence and power of the community as to en-\\nable it at some auspicious conjuncture to re-\\nmove the one popular objection to the system.\\nOn the other hand, we can better appreciate\\nthe conduct of Governor Chester. An English-\\nman with the Tory conservatism of that day,\\nhe would, naturally, fear the effect of short\\nterms and frequent elections, aside fromeconom-\\nical considerations. All the northern colonies\\nwere in a state of ferment bordering on revolu-\\ntion, and that consideration, doubtless, intensi-\\nfied his opposition to anything that savored of\\nopposition to the wishes of the king or his\\nrepresentatives. Indeed, from his stand-point,\\nto yield to the popular wishes in array against\\nhis own will and judgment, was to leaven the\\nprovince with a pestilent political heresy which\\nwas seeking to substitute the power of the\\npeople for the authority of the crown.", "height": "4504", "width": "2800", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nGovernor Chester seems to have possessed\\nsuperior talents for government, the best\\nevidence of which is found in the prosperity of\\nthe colony during his administration, the\\nharmony that existed between him and the\\nmilitary, and the high respect and deference he\\nreceived from General Haldimand.\\nSuch a man, conscious of his rectitude and\\ngood intentions towards the province, evinced\\nby his readiness to afford it the privilege of\\nrepresentative government, somewhat at the\\nexpense of his own authority, would naturally\\nfeel that the condition attached to the ballots,\\nand adhered to withmuchinsistance, manifested\\nsuch a want of confidence in him as to justify\\nhis distrust of the people.\\nBut what Governor Chesters zealous en-\\ndeavors could not accomplish in West Florida,\\nthereluctantefforts of Go vernor Tonyn achieved\\nin the eastern province. In 1780, the latter,\\nagainst his own wishes, and solely at the sug-\\ngestion of others, called for the election of a\\ngeneral assembly The call having been promptly\\nobeyed, the first popular representative body in\\nFlorida met at St. Augustine in January, 1781.*\\n^Fairbank s Florida, p. 232.", "height": "4428", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n97\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nGrowth ofPensacola Panton, Leslie Co.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A King and\\nthe Beaver\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Chester s Palace and Chariot\\nThe White House of the British, and Casa Blanca of\\nthe Spanish General Gage Commerce\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Earthquake.\\nThere is evidence of great improvement in\\nthe town within a few years from Governor\\nChester s advent; a progress which was acceler-\\nated as the revolution in the Northern Colonies\\nadvanced. That great movement, ever widen-\\ning its area, extended at last from the Gulf\\nto Canada, leaving no repose or peace for those\\nwho, living within it, were resolute to remain\\nloyal to their king.\\nSome entered the royal military service; mul-\\ntitudes left America, and others, to nurse their\\nloyalty in quietude, removed to Florida.\\nThough most of that emigration went to East\\nFlorida, yet West Florida, and especially Pen-\\nsacola, received a large share. St. Augustine,", "height": "4452", "width": "2756", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "98\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhowev\u00c3\u00a8r, was the tory paradise of the revolu-\\ntionary era. She can, without question, supple-\\nment the glory of her antiquity with the boast\\nof haring once seen her streets lighted up by the\\nblazing effigies of John Adams and John\\nHancock.*\\nThe most important commercial acquisition\\nof Pensacola bv that torv immigration was\\nWilliam Panton, the senior of the firm of Pan-\\nton, Leslie Co., a Scotch house of great\\nwealth and extensive commercial relations.\\nThey had an establishment in London, with\\nbranches in the West India Islands. During the\\nEnglish dominion in Florida they established\\nthemselves in St. Augustine; later, during Gov-\\nernor Chester s administration, at Pensacola,\\nand afterwards, at Mobile. Other merchants\\nalso came to Pensacola about the same time,\\nattracted principally by the heavy disburse-\\nments of the government. But these expendi-\\ntures were not the attraction to theScotchmen.\\nTheir object was to grasp the Indian trade of\\nWest Florida. A building which they erected\\n*Fairbank s History of Florida, p. 223.", "height": "4452", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n99\\nwith a wharf in front of it is still standing, orat\\nleast, its solid brick walls are now those of the\\nhospital of Dr. James Herron, whose dwelling\\nhouse stands on the site of the Council Chamber\\nof Fort George.\\nIn that building was carried on a business\\nwhich grew steadily from year to year during\\nthe British dominion, and afterwards attained\\ngreat magnitude under Spanish rule, as we shall\\nhave occasion to notice in a future page. In\\nbuilding up that business, Panton had a most\\nable and influential coadjutor in General Alex-\\nander McGillivray, whom we lately saw in the\\nCouncil Chamber of Fort George. Through\\nhim their business comprehended not only West\\nFlorida, but extended to and even beyond the\\nTennessee river. In perfect security, their long\\nlines of pack horses went to and fro in that\\ngreat stretch of country, carrying all the sup-\\nplies the Indians needed, and bringing back\\nskins, peltry, bees-wax, honey, dried venison,\\nand whatever else their savage customers\\nwould provide for barter. Furs were a large\\nitem of that traffic, for the beaver in those days", "height": "4556", "width": "2756", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nabounded throughout West Florida, and was\\nfound even in the vicinity of Pensacola.\\nOne of their ponds, still existing on Carpen-\\nter s Creek, four miles from the town, is sugges-\\ntive of an instructive comparison between the\\nfruits of the life-work of its humble construc-\\ntors, and those of the twenty years rule, of a\\nmighty monarch. Of the British dominion of\\nhis Majestj 7 George III, in this part of Florida,\\nthe millions of treasure expended, andthethous-\\nands of lives sacrificed to establish and main-\\ntain it, there exists no memorial, or result,\\nexcept a fast disappearing bank of sand on the\\nsite of Fort George. From that barren outcome\\nof such a vast expenditure of human life ana\\nmoney we turn with a blush for the vanity and\\nfolly of man, to contemplate that little pool\\nfringed with fairy candles,* where the water\\nlilies bloom, and the trout and perch flash in the\\nsunlight, as the memento of a perished race,\\nA name which the children of the neighborhood have\\nbestowed on the bloom of a water plant, suggested by its\\nwax like stem and its yellow point, and here mentioned to\\nsuggest to our people that it is time we should have popu-\\nlar designations for*others of our beautiful wild flowers.", "height": "4452", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n101\\nwhose humble labors have furnished pastime\\nand food to successive generations of anglers*\\nAn unsuccessful effort has been made to\\nobtain reliable information as to the number\\nand description of the housesPensacolacontain-\\ned in its most thriving days during Governor\\nChester s administration. But the only account\\nwe have, is that of William Bertram, who\\nthough reputed an eminent botanist is\\nhardly reliable, for he describes Governor Ches-\\nter s residence as a stone palace, with a cupo-\\nla built by the Spaniards; and yet, accord-\\ningto the description of the town in Captain\\nWilFs report, at the close of Spanish rule,\\nit consisted of forty huts and barracks, sur-\\nrounded by a stockade; M and he witnessed at\\nthat time, the exodus of the entire Spanish pop-\\nulation. Besides, persons whose memories\\nwent back within thirty years of Go vernor\\nChester s alleged palatial residence, neither saw,\\nnor even heard, of the ruins of such a structure.\\nUpon the same authority rests the statement,\\nthat the Governor had a farm to which he took\\n*Fairbanks Florida, p. 219.", "height": "4504", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nmorning rides in his chariot. But a travel-\\ner whose fancy was equal to the transforma-\\ntion of a hut into a palace, may have trans-\\nformed his excellency s modest equipage into a\\nmore courtly vehicle.\\nIt is probable,however,that although Governor\\nChester was not the occupant of a stone palace\\nwith a cupola, he lived in a sightly and comfort-\\nable dweiling built of brick or wood, or perhaps\\nof both. One such dwelling of his time, that of\\nWilliam Panton, was familiar, forty years ago\\nto the elders of this generation. It stood near\\nthe business house of Panton, Leslie Co.\\nTaking its style and solidity as a guide, there\\nexisted several houses in the town within the\\nlast half century that could be identified as\\nbelonging to Governor Chester s day.\\nOne of them was the sc\u00c3\u00a8ne of a tragedy; a\\nhusband cutting a wife s throat fatally,hisown\\nmore cautiously, or perhaps her cervical verti-\\nbrae had taken off the edge of the razor, for he\\nsurvived. Thereafter, none would inhabit it,\\nand consequently it rapidly went to ruin. It\\n*Pickett, Vol. II. p. 25.", "height": "4468", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "COLONIAIv FLORIDA,\\n103\\nstood on the north side of Government street, a\\nblock and a half from Palafox. A jury acquit-\\nted him. Why? No one could conjecture,\\nunless because she was his wife, and therefore\\nhis chattel, like the cow or sheep of a butcher.\\nIn Go vernor Chester s time there existed a large\\ndoubl\u00c3\u00a9 story suburban residence, which was a\\ndistinguished feature in the landscape looking\\nsouthwesterly from Fort George, or from any\\npart of the Bay. It stood on the bluff between\\nthe now Perdido R. R. and Bayou Chico.\\nPainted white, it became the white house of\\nthe English, and Casa Blanca of the Spanish\\ndominion.\\nIt was the home of a family of wealth and\\nsocial standing, composed of three husband,\\nwife, and daughter, the latter a child. Gardens\\nbelonging to it covered much of the area ofthat\\nmeadow-like district already mentioned. That\\nhome was to be the sc\u00c3\u00a8ne of a drama in three\\nacts the death of a child, the death of a hus-\\nband, and a struggle of strong, martyrlike\\nwomanhood in the toils of temptation, tried\\nto the 1 o west depth of her being, but coming\\nforth triumphant.", "height": "4504", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nIn examining the calendar of the Haldimand\\ncollection by Mr. Douglas Brymner, Archivest\\nof the Dominion of Canada, we are impressed\\nwith the great and varied responsibility, labor,\\nand care, attending the office of commander in\\nchief of the American colonies, especially after\\nGreat Britain s, Canada. Florida, and Louisiana\\nacquisitions. His administration involved not\\nmerely general superintendence of the military\\ndepartment,butlikewise embraced the minutest\\ndetails requiring expenditures of public money.\\nWe accordingly find General Gage, during Gov-\\nernor Chester s administration, dictating letters\\nin respect to carpenter s wages* in Pensacola.\\nAgain we find him busy over a controversy\\nwhich had sprung up there in respect to the\\nemployment of a Frenchman, Pierre Rochon, f\\nto do carpenter s work, and furnish shingles, to\\nthe exclusion of Englishmen. Upon economical\\nofrounds his excellencv decided in favor of\\nRochon. Pierre was evidently an active and\\nenterprising man. Before he came to Pensacola\\nCanadian Archives B. Vol. 15, p. 267.\\nf ld. 15 p. 195.", "height": "4432", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n105\\nto secure for himself all the public carpentering\\nand shingle business there, he had enjoyed the\\nlike monopoly at Mobile.\\nAgain we find the General engaged with a\\nsmall matter atRedCliff.* Lieutenant Cambell,\\nof the engineer department, had furnished some\\ncarpenters who were employed there with\\ncandles and firewood, doubtless because they\\ncould not otherwise be procured by the men.\\nThatact ofkindnessbroughtthebenevolent lieu-\\ntenant the folio wing scorching reproof I am\\nsorry to acquaint you that his excellency General\\nGage, is greatly displeased at your giving of the\\ncarpenters candles and firewood; and he desires\\nto know by what authority you assumed to\\ngive those allowances, or by what order they\\nwere given For his excellency declares, that a\\nshilling shall not be paid on that account.\\nNew York, 16 Feb. 1773. S. Sowers, Captain\\nof Engineers.\\nEven the quality of bricks used on the public\\nworks at Pensacola was a matter of interest to\\nthe commander in chief. In 1771, a brick man-\\n*Id. 17 p. 267.", "height": "4484", "width": "2780", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORICA^ SKETCHES OF\\nufactured by the British, and one by the Span-\\niards, nearly a century before, as General Haldi-\\nmand says, were sent to headquarters at New\\nYork, for the judgment of his excellency as to\\ntheir comparative merits.\\nThese letters impress us the more with the cares\\nof General Gage, when we reflect they were\\nwritten at the time of the troublesome tea busi-\\nness at rebellious Boston; and when theflowing\\ntide of the revolution, as may be discerned from\\nalmost every page of the calendar, was daily\\nrising, and threatening to sweep away the sup-\\nports of British authority in the colonies.\\nIn a former page mention is made of a Phila-\\ndelphia lady whose name occurs in the Pensacola\\ncorrespondence of an earlier day. It is but fair,\\ntherefore, that we should not leave unnoticed\\na New York lady who is mentioned in letters of\\nGovernor Chester s time the more so, because\\nshe seems to have been one of those thrifty\\nhouse wives, who do not entirely depend upon\\nthe tin can, and green glass jar of the shop to\\nsupply their families with preserved fruits and\\nvegetables; besides, there can be brought in\\nwith her extracts from letters, exemplary of the", "height": "4400", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n107\\ncourtly style, with which in Governor Chester s\\nday, a gentleman returned, and a lady received\\nhis thanks for a small courtesy.\\nGeneral Haldimand, at Penascloa, writes\\nCaptain S. Sowers, the husband of the lady,\\nwho is in New York\\nI most respectfully ask Mrs. Sowers, to per-\\nmit me, through you, to tender to her my most\\ngrateful thanks for the three jars of pickels.\\nThe Captain replies: Mrs. Sowers, with\\npleasure, accepts your thanks for the pickels,\\nand when ye season comes for curing of them,\\nshe will send you another collection which she\\nhopes will be accept able.\\nIn this stirring, short-hand, type-writing age,\\nthe form of a like exchange of courtesies would\\nprobably be Pickels received. Thanks.\\nThough there was no lack of lawyers and\\ndoctors, who it is said, lived in fine style, there\\nwas a sad want of clergymen orpreachersinthe\\nprovince. There was but one of whom we have\\nany account tip to 1779, and he was stationed\\nat Mobile. Stuernagel, the Waldeck Field\\n*Canadian Archives B. Vol. 15 p. 161.", "height": "4504", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "108 KISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nPreacher, on kis arrival in Pensacola, in that\\nyear, christened a boy whose parents had been\\nwaiting eight years to make him the subject of\\nthe holy office. He also baptized men who had\\nbeen watching from their boyhood for an\\nopportunity to make their baptismal vows.\\nNor can there be found a reference to church or\\nchapel during the English dominion.*\\nThe most prosperous and promisingdays Pen-\\nsacola ever saw, except those since the close of\\nthe civil war, were from 1772 to 1781. As the\\nAmerican revolution advanced, additions were\\nmade to the numbers, intelligence and wealth\\nof its population, owing to causes already men-\\ntioned. It was the capital of a province rich in\\nits forests, its agricultural and other resources,\\nlts Bay was prized as the peerless harbor of the\\nGulf, which it was proposed by the British gov-\\nernment to make a great naval station, a\\nbeginning in that direction having been made\\nby select ing a site for anavy yard adjoining the\\ntown to the westward. Its commerce was\\ndaily on the increase; not only in consequence\\nVon Elking Vol. 11 p. 139.", "height": "4452", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n109\\nof the extension of Panton, Leslie Co. s trade\\nwith the Indians, but other enterprising mer-\\nchants who had been added to the population,\\nwere engaged in an export trade, comprising\\npine timber and lumber, cedar, salt beef, raw\\nhides, cattle, tallow, pitch, bear s oil, staves,\\nshingles, honey, beeswax, salt fish, myrtlewax*\\ndeer skins, dried venison, furs and peltry. This\\ntrade, and the \u00c2\u00a3200,000 annually extended by\\nthe British government, as well as the disburse-\\nments of the shipping, constituted the sources\\nof the prosperity of the town.\\nThis period, besides being a season of growth\\nand prosperity to Pensacola, as well as the rest\\nof the Province, was one of repose, undisturbed\\nby the march of armies, battles, and the other\\ncruel shocks of war that afflicted the northern\\ncolonies. But it was not to remain to the end\\na quiet spectator of the drama enacting on the\\ncontinent. It, too, had an appointment with\\nfate. Though not even a faint flash of the\\nnorthern storm was seen on its horizon, yet\\nThis is the product of the wild myrtle, obtained by putting\\nthe seed into hot water, when the wax liquifies and floats\\non the surface.", "height": "4504", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nthere had been one for long brooding for it in\\nthe southwest.\\nThe earthquake, too, that visited it on the\\nnight of February 6, 1780,* was but a presage\\nof that which on May 8, 1781, was to shake it to\\nits center; and prove the signal of an exodus of\\nthe English almost as complete as was that -of\\nthe Spanish population in 1763.\\n*0n the sixth of Febuary 1780, at night, a fearful storm\\narose with repeated thunder and lightning. An earth-\\nquake was accompanied by such a violent shock, that in\\nthe barracks the regimentals and the arm racks feil from\\nthe walls in a great many places, and everything was\\nmoved in the rooms. The doors were sprung, chimneys\\nwere thrown together, and from the fires burning on the\\nhearths, a conflagration threatened to burst forth.\\nNeighboring houses clashed together, and those buried in\\nthe ruins cried for help. The sea foamed and raged the\\nthunder continually rolled. It was a terrible night. Only\\ntowards one o clock, the raging elements in some measure\\nagain became subdued. Wonderful to relate, no human\\nlife was lost. Von Elking, Vol. 11, p. 144.", "height": "4420", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FBORIDA.\\n111\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nMilitary Condition of West Florida in 1778\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General John\\nCampbell The Waldecks Spain at War with Britain\\nBute, Baton Rouge and Fort Charlotte Capitulate to\\nGalvez French Town Fainine in Fort George Gal-\\nvez s Expedition against Pensacola Solana s Fleet\\nEnters the Harbor Spaniards Effect a Landing Span-\\nish Entrenchment Surprised\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Fall of Charleston\\nCelebrated in Fort George.\\nThe military condition of West Florida was\\nchanged as the revolutionary war progressed.\\nThere w-ere no longer seen two or more regi-\\nments at Pensacola, one or two at Mobile, and\\none at Fort Bute, Baton Rouge, and Panmure.\\nThe call for troops for service in the northern\\ncolonies had, by the latter part of 1778, reduced\\nthe entire efifective force of the province to five\\nhundred men.\\nThat such a reduction was thought prudent,\\nwas due to the peaceful relations of the Span-\\niards and the British, as well as those of the\\nlatter with the Creek and Choctaw Indians, at-", "height": "4504", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a04\\n112 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntributable to the influence of McGillivray, now\\na colonel in the British service.\\nIn the latter part of 1778, however, the\\nBritish government becoming suspicious of\\nSpain, and anticipating her alliance with\\nFrance, ordered General Clinton to reinforce\\nWest Florida. Accordingly, General John\\nCampbell, a distinguished officer, was sent to\\nPensacola, with a force of 1,200 men, composed\\nof a regiment of Waldecks, and parts of two\\nregiments of Provincials from Maryland and\\nPennsylvania. They did not arriv\u00c3\u00a9, however,\\nuntil the twenty-ninth ofjanuary, 1779.*\\n*It is to the presence of these Waldecks at the siege and\\ncapture of Pensacola, that we are indebted for the only de-\\ntailed account we possess of those events. The Waldeck\\nregiment was one of the many mercenar} bodies of German\\ntroops which Great Britain hired to conquer her revolted\\ncolonies. On the return of the commands to Germany,\\nafter the close of the war, each commander was required to\\nmake to his government a detailed report of its experiences.\\nIn 1863, Max Yon Elking published, at Hanover, two vol-\\numes containing the substance of those reports, entitled\\nDie deutchen H\u00c3\u00bclfstruppen im Nordamerikanischen\\nBefrenings Kriege, 1776 bis 1783.\\nThe German Troops in the North American War of Inde-\\npendence, 1776 to 1783.\\nThose of the Waldecks extended from the day the regi-\\nment was completed at Corbach, where it was reviewed by\\nthe widowed Pnncess of Waldeck, and her court ladies,\\n1", "height": "4480", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FJuORIDA.\\n113\\nEarly in 1789, General Campbell sent two\\ncompanies of Waldecks to reinforce Fort Bute,\\nwhich brought its garrison tip to about 500\\nmenunder the command of Lt. Colonel Dickson.\\nAt length Spain threw off the mask, and\\nadopted a course which justified the stispicions\\nof the British Court as to her inimical inten-\\ntions. On June 16, the Spanish minister, the\\nMarquis d Almodovar, ha ving delivered to\\nLord Weymouth a paper equivalent to a dec-\\nlaration of war, immediately departed from\\nLondon without taking leave. Spain thereupon\\nbecame an ally of France, but not of the United\\nStates. Nevertheless, under the influence of the\\nCourt of Yersailles, Don Bernardo de Galvez,\\non May 9, 1776, up to the return of its small remnant\\nin 1783. The princess entertained them, and furnished\\nthem besides 100 guelden for a jollification doubtless out\\nof the hire she received for the hapless creatures. The re\\nmark of a courtier, that he would see all those who came\\nback riding in carriages, indicates the delusive hopes with\\nwhich it was sought to inspire them. Nevertheless, it was\\nthought prudent by the Princess, that the departing mer-\\ncenaries should, to prevent desertion, be guarded during\\ntheir jonrney to the Weser, where they were to embark, by\\nthe Green Regiment of Sharpshooters. The regiment con-\\nsisted of 640 men, under the command of Colonel Von\\nHanuxleden. Stuernagel was the Field Preacher, or chap-\\nlain, to whose journey Von Elking makes many references.", "height": "4504", "width": "2844", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "114 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nthe Governor of Louisiana, on June 19,\\npublished, at New Orleans, the proclamation\\nof the Spanish King, acknowledging the\\nindependence of the United States. The dates\\nof these transactions furnish conclusive evi-\\ndence of a pre-arrangement, designed to\\nenable the Spaniards to assail the British\\nposts in West Florida before they could be\\nsuccored by the home government.\\nIn pursuance of that policy, Galvez at once\\nbegan his preparations for ofifensive operations\\nagainst Forts Bute, Baton Rouge and Pan-\\nmure, in the order in which they are mention-\\ned. The great distance of Pensacola from them,\\nas well as the want of facilities of communica-\\ntion, assured him that with an adequate force\\nat his command, General Campbeirs first inti-\\nmation of his operations would be the news of\\ntheir capture.\\nIn August, with a force of 2,000 men, Galvez\\nbegan his advance on Fort Bute. As soon as\\nDickson w r as informed of his movement, he re-\\nsolvedto concentrate his forces at Baton Rouge,\\nleaving at the former post a few men to\\nman the guns, and to make such a show of", "height": "4484", "width": "3048", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n115\\nresistance as would give him time to perfect the\\ndefenses of the latter.\\nOn August 30, Galvez appeared before Bute.\\nAfter a contest of some hours, its handful of de-\\nfenders arrested his movements by the time con-\\nsumed in an honorable capitulation. Bute hav-\\ning been secured, Galvez pushed on to Baton\\nRouge. In his first attack, he was repulsed\\nwith the heavy loss of 400 men killed and\\nwounded, which was within 100 of Dickson s\\nentire force. In the next attack which was\\nmade on the following day, the Spanish loss\\nwas 150. Although the loss on his side was in\\nboth attacks only 50 men, Dickson realizing\\nthat he was cut ofif from all succor, and that he\\nmust either surrender, or see hiscommandgrad-\\nually waste away und\u00c3\u00a9r the repeated attacks\\nof an overwhelming enemy, capitulated upon\\nthe most honorable terms. The command was\\npledged not to fight against Spain for eighteen\\nmonths unless sooner exchanged. With loaded\\nguns and flags flying the garrison was to march\\nto the beat of the drum 500 paces from the fort\\nand there stack arms. The officers were to re-\\ntain their swords and every one his private", "height": "4504", "width": "2844", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nproperty. AU were to be cared for and trans-\\nported to a British harbor by the Spaniards.*\\nFort Panmure, from which the garrison had\\nbeen withdrawn for the defense of Baton Rouge,\\nwas included in the surrender.\\nIt was not until the twentieth ofOctoberthat\\na courier brought to Pensacolaintelligenceofthe\\nfall of the Mississippi Posts, although Baton\\nRouge had surrendered during the first days of\\nSeptember. When it was received it was not\\ncredited, but regarded as a false report coming\\nfrom the Spaniards to entice the British com-\\nmander from Pensacola in order that it might\\nbe captured in his absence. Even the report of\\na second courier coming, on the twenty-third,\\nfailed at first to work conviction; but at last\\nall doubt was dispelled, and every eflbrt directed\\nto putting Pensacola in a defensive condition.\\nWhy Galvez did not follow up his success at\\nBaton Rouge by an immediate advance on\\nMobile, it is difficult to conceive, except upon\\nthe presumption of his ignorance of the weak-\\nness of the military forces there, and at Pensa-\\ncola.\\n*Von Elking, Vol. 11, p. 1-42.", "height": "4504", "width": "2976", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n117\\nIn December, 1779, Clinton s expedition\\nagainst Charleston sailed from New York; its\\ndestination veiled in such secrecy, that even\\nGeneral Washington, as well as the rest of the\\nworld outside of the British lines, was\\nin the dark respecting it. Miralles, the Spanish\\nagent, feared it was intended to reco ver the con-\\nquests of Galvez in West Florida, and signified\\nso much in a letter to General Washington. By\\nthe time the letter was received, however, the\\nGeneral had become convinced that the Caro-\\nlinas were the objects, and in reply so tells the\\nSpanish agent.\\nIt was during the interval of Galvez sinaction\\nbetween the capttire of Baton Rouge, and his\\nattack on Mobile, that Chevalier de la Luzerne\\nhad a conference with General Washington, on\\nthefifteenth of September, 1789, at West Point,\\nwith the view of bringing about such concert of\\nmovement in the American forces in the Caro-\\nlinas and Georgia, and the Spanish forces in\\nFlorida, as would be a check on the British in\\ntheir movements against either. But with\\nSparks, Vol. 6, p. 542.", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nevery disposition for such co-operation, the lat-\\nter being without authority to that end, went\\nno further than to show his sympathy with\\nthe Spaniards, and his readiness to afford ad-\\nvice andinformation, which he afterwards man-\\nifested in the letter toMiralles abovementioned.\\nIn that letter, referring to the capture of Fort\\nBute and Baton Rouge, he says I am happy\\nof the opportunity of congratulating youonthe\\nimportant success of His Majesty s arms. Itis\\nhardly probable, however, that General Wash-\\nington w r ould have been so ready to congratu-\\nlate Miralles on those successes, had he known\\nthat in consequence of Galvez s bad faith, their\\nresult would be to increase the ranks of the foe\\nhe was fighting.\\nIn the beginning of March, 1780, Galvez\\nagain began military operations, by advancing\\nagainst Fort Charlotte. On the twelfth, after\\nhis demand for a surrender had been refused by\\nCaptain Durnford, the British commander, the\\nfort w r as assailed by six batteries.\\nBy the fourteenth, after a conflict of ten days,\\na practicable breach having been made, Durn-\\nford capitulated upon the same terms which", "height": "4504", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n119\\nDickson had exacted at Baton Rouge. Hunger\\nhad conspired with arms to make capitulation\\na necessity. For several days before that event\\nthe garrison had been comparatively without\\nfood. When the gallant Durnford marched out\\nof the breach at the head of a handful ofhunger-\\nsmitten men, Galvez is said to have manifested\\ndeep mortification at having granted such\\nfavorable terms to so feeble a foe. An effort\\nwas made by General Campbell to relieve Fort\\nCharlotte, but it feil just as succor was at hand.\\nThe delay in rendering it was occasioned by\\nrain storms, which, having flooded the country,\\ngreatly impeded the movements of the reliev-\\ning force.\\nThe gallant defense of Fort Charlotte by Durn-\\nford seems to have lead Galvez to reflections\\nwhich ended in the conclusion that he was not,\\nthen, strong enough to attack Pensacola. He,\\nVon Elking, Vol. 11, pp. 144-5. It proved a horrible\\nmarch. It almost continually rained. The men were forc-\\ned to wade up to their ankles through the soft ground, or\\nthrough mud. It was only possible to cross the greatly\\nswollen streams by means of the trtmks of the trees. The\\nmen could only pass singly on them, and the one who miss-\\ned his footing, and stept into the water below was irretriev-\\nably lost.", "height": "4504", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\naccordingly, made no further movement, until\\nhe had procured from Havana a supply of\\nheavy artillery, and a large additional force.\\nThat it was a part of his plan to advance\\nupon Pensacola immediately after the capture\\nof Mobile, is evidenced by the Spanish Admiral\\nSolana s fleet appearing, and anchoring off the\\nharbor, on March 27, ho vering about as if in\\nexpectation of a signal from the land until the\\nthirtieth, and then sailing away The appearance\\nofa scouting party of Spaniards about the same\\ntime, on the east side of the Perdido, likewise\\npointed to such a design.\\nBe that as it may, Galvez made no further\\nmovement in West Florida until February, 1781,\\ntheeventfulyear of the great American rally the\\nyear that witnessed Morgan s brilliant victory,\\non the seventeenth of January at the Cowpens;\\nand Green s masterly strategy, culminating on\\nthe fifteenth of March at Guildford Court\\nHouse in an apparent defeat, but in sequence, a\\nvictory, for it sent Cornwallis to Yorktown for\\ncapture on the nineteenth of October.\\nAs we contemplate that year, big with the\\nfate of empire on this continent, the imagina-", "height": "4492", "width": "3028", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA. 121\\ntion is captivated by the spectacle of a line of\\nbattle extendmg from the northern limits of\\nMaine to uhe mouth of the Mississippi the in-\\ntense points of action being Cowpens, Guildford\\nCourt Hous\u00c3\u00a8, Pensacola and Yorktown.\\nThat no reinforcement was sent to General\\nCampbell, although the fall of Fort Charlotte\\nwas a warning that Galvez s next effort would\\nb e against Pensacola, manifests the strain\\nwhich Britain s contest with her colonies and\\nFrance had brought upon both her naval and\\nmilitary resources. When, therefore, in Febru-\\nary, 1781, Galvez was aboutto advance against\\nthe place with a large fleet and an army of 15,-\\n000 men, according to the lowest estimate, the\\nBritish force numbered about 1,000* regular\\ntroops, besides some provincials.\\nThe British looked for some aid from the\\nCreek, Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. It\\nwas a body of the latter which drove the Span-\\nish scouts across the Perdido shortly after the\\ncapture of Mobile.\\nThe three tribes were loyal to their white\\n*Von Elking, Vol. II., p. 152.", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nallies, even when the latter were no longer able\\nto furnish them with their customary supplies.\\nThe Spaniards, on the other hand, with every-\\nthing to offer them, utterly failed to shake their\\nBritish loyalty. As illustrative of their devo-\\ntion, it is related when the Waldecks landed at\\nPensacola, the Indians, inferring from their\\nstrange language that they were enemies, in~\\nclined to attack them. They had the prudence,\\nhowever, to call upon Governor Chester for an\\nexplanation. After he had satisfactorily an-\\nswered the question whether the men of\\nstrange speech were the friends or foes of their\\nGreat White Brother on the other side of the\\nbig water, they manifested great joy and hon-\\nored the strangers w r ith a salute from their\\nrifles.\\nWhen, however, the advance on Pensacola by\\nthe Spaniards was abandoned in the spring of\\n1780, and thence up to the folio wing December\\nGeneral Campbell found his savage allies rather\\nan encumbrance than a benefit. That time was\\ndevoted to strengthening Fort George and the\\ndefenses of the harbor, a labor in w r hich no\\nreward could induce them to assist. The excit-", "height": "4460", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA,\\n123\\ning occupation of taking Spanish scalps, for\\nwhich \u00c2\u00a33* were paid, ho wever, was one in which\\nthey could render a barbarous service to the\\nBritish.\\nThe Indians were under the command of a\\nMarylander, formerly an ensign in the British\\narmy, who, whilst stationed at Pensacola, had\\nbeen cashiered for tnisconduct. He afterwards\\nwent to the Creek Nation, where he married the\\ndaughter of a chief. Thoughvainly styling him-\\nself General William Augustus Bowles, he was\\ncontent to accept restoration to his rank of\\nensign as a reward for the service, which, at the\\nhead of his band of Creeks, Choctaws and\\nChickasaws, he was expected to render to the\\nBritish during Galvez s operations in West\\nFlorida.\\nIn the latter months of 1780, Pensacola and\\nthe garrison of Fort George were on the point\\nof starvation. All the resources of the British\\ngovernment seem to have been required for the\\ngreat struggle of 1781 on the Atlantic coast,\\nand Galvez s conquesthad cutoff thecustomary\\nVon Elking, Vol. II., p. 140.", "height": "4504", "width": "2896", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "124 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nsupplies from the rich country lying between\\nMobile Bay and the Mississippi.\\nField-preacher Stuernagel says in his journal:\\nThis morning we drank water and ate a piece\\nof bread with it. At mid-day we had just noth-\\ning to drink but water. Our evening meal con-\\nsists of a pipe of tobacco and a glass of water.\\nA ham was sold for se ven dollars. A pound of\\ntobacco cost four dollars. A pound of coffee\\none dollar. The men have long been without\\nrum. From hard service, and such want, dis-\\neases were more and more engendered.\\nBut that state of want was suddenlychanged\\nto superabundance. A British cruiser captured\\nin the gulf a number of merchant vessels loaded\\nwith supplies, embracing rum, meal, coffee,\\nsugar and other welcome provisions, and an-\\nother exclusively with powder.f Not long\\nafterwards a more brilliant, although not as\\nuseful, a prize was captured. It contained\\n$20,000incoin, a large collectionof silver-plate,\\nfine wines, all sorts of utensils for the kitchen\\nand things of the same kind, being General\\nVon Elking, Vol. II., p. 146.\\nt ld. 147.", "height": "4464", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n125\\nGalvez s outfit and requirements for his in-\\ntended campaign of 1781.* Fortune thus\\nfeasted and gilded the victim for the coming\\nsacrifice.\\nHaving perfected the defenses of Fort George,\\nGeneral Campbell turned his attention to Red\\nCliff, in which, on November 19, he placed a\\nsmall garrison of 50 Waldecks, under the com-\\nmand of Major Pentzel, at the same time pro-\\nviding it with some heavy artillery, which could\\nbe spared from Fort George.\\nApparently, tired of waiting for Galvez s at-\\ntack, or presuming from his delay in making a\\nmovement thathe had abandoned the intention\\nof attacking Pensacola, General Campbell sent\\nan expedition against a Spanish post, on or\\nnear the Mississippi, called French Town by\\nthe British. The force consisted of 100 in-\\nfantry of the Sixtieth regiment, and 60 Wal-\\ndeckers, besides 300 Indians, commanded by\\nColonel Hanxleden, the senior oflicer of the\\nWaldecks, and next in command to General\\nCampbell. It was an unfortunate enterprise,\\nYon Elking, Vol. II., p. 149.", "height": "4504", "width": "2880", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nresulting in the death of the gallant Hanxleden,\\nas well as other veteran officers and soldiers\\nwho were soon to be greatly needed at Pensa-\\ncola. In the retreat, the body of their brave\\ncommander was borne byhis men from the field\\nof battle to a large oak in its vicinity under the\\nshade of which it was buried. Gratefully did\\nthe Waldecks, on their return to Germany, re-\\nmember and record the chivalric conduct of\\nthe gallant Spaniards who honored fallen\\ngallantry by enclosing the grave with a rail-\\ning. On Januar} r 9 the remnant of the expe-\\ndition reached Fort George.\\nOn the ninth of March General Campbeirs\\nimpatient waiting for Galvez w r as brought to\\na close. On that day a preconcerted signal of\\nseven guns from the w r ar-ship Mentor told the\\nBritish that the Spaniards were at last ap-\\nproaching for the final struggle for mastery in\\nWest Florida.f By 9 o clock of the next morn-\\ning, thirty-eight Spanish ships, under Admiral\\nSolana, w T ere lying off the harbor, or landing\\ntroops and artillery. During thenight a British\\nYon Elking, Vol. II., p. 148.\\nfVtra Elking, Vol. II., p. 148.", "height": "4460", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n127\\nvessel glided out of the harbor with- dispatches\\nto the commandant of Jamaica, pleading for\\nreinforcements, which however were not to be\\nhad, for the movements of de Grasse on the\\nAtlantic coast required all the attention of the\\nBritish navy, whilst Cornwallis and Clinton\\nhad drawn, or were drawing, there every avail-\\nable man to meet the great American rally.\\nOn March 11, the Spaniards opened fire upon\\nthe Mentor, then lying in the harbor, from a\\nbattery on Santa Rosa island. She replied to\\nthe attack until she had received 28 shots from\\ntwenty-four pound guns, when she retired near-\\nerthetown.\\nAfter this affair there were no further move-\\nments by the Spaniards until the eighteenth,\\nwhen a brig and two galleons, taking advan-\\ntage of a very favorable wind, sailed past the\\nbatteries defending the mouth of the harbor,\\nwithout receiving any perceptibleinjury. Think-\\ning they might sail up to the town, and find\\ncover from some structures on the beach, Gen-\\neral Campbell caused them to be burned down.\\nOn the nineteenth, the entire Spanish fleet,\\nexcepting a few vessels, sailed past the batter-", "height": "4504", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nies, though subjected to a heavy fire from Red\\nCliff, which lasted for two hours.\\nGalvez, even after he found himself in posses-\\nsion of the harbor with afleet of 38 vessels, and\\na large land force, consisting not only of troops\\nbrought directly from Havana, but those also\\nwith which he had captured the posts west of\\nthe Perdido, sent to Havana for reinforcements\\nand remained inactive until they reached him\\non April 16. The reinforcement consisted of\\neighteen more ships, and an additional land\\nforce, with heavy siege artillery.\\nWhilst awaiting thataddition tohisstrength,\\na landing was attempted. The attempt was re-\\nsisted by a body of Indians and a part of the\\ngarrison of Fort George with two field pieces\\nof artillery. The Spaniards, taken by surprise,\\nwere driven to their boats. In the attackmany\\nwere killed, and in the confusionof re-embarking\\nothers were drowned. On April 22, ho wever,\\na second and successful attempt to land was\\nmade by the invaders, followed by the estab-\\nlishment of camps where batteries were to be\\nerected.\\nOne of the camps, nearer the Fort and the town", "height": "4504", "width": "2984", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n120\\nthan the others, by its temerity invited rebuke.\\nAccordingly, a surprise for it, to be executed on\\nthe twenty-third, was prepared,but defeatedby\\na fanatic. On the night of the twenty-second,\\na Waldeck private reported to his captain, that\\na Waldeck corporal was missing, undercircum-\\nstances which implied desertion; that the de-\\nserter was a Catholic, the only one in the regi-\\nment, the rest being Protestant and that it had\\nbeen suspected by his comrades that his fanat-\\nicism would lead him, on the first opportunity,\\nto desert to his co-religionists. That the sus-\\npicion was well founded was manifested by the\\nmovements of the enemy the next morning.\\nThe enterprise, ho wever, though arrested, was\\nnot abandoned. The British commander, shre wd-\\nly calculating on the improbability in the ene-\\nmy^ conception, that a surprise defeated on the\\ntwenty-third would beattempted onthe twenty\\nfifth, actually executed the mo vement on the lat-\\nterday. The ttackingforce,composed of apart\\nof the garrison, and a body of Indians, wascom-\\nmanded by thegeneralin person. TheSpaniards\\nwere driven from their entrenchments with\\nconsiderable loss, and their works hastily de-", "height": "4564", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nstroyed. This proved, however, the last ag-\\ngressive act of the British. By the twenty-\\nseventh of April, batteries mounted with heavy\\nsiege artillery completely invested Fort George.\\nOn the twenty-fourth, the day before the at-\\ntack on the Spaniards, General Campbell learned\\nfor the first time, that Charleston had been cap-\\ntured by General Clinton on theeleventh of May,\\n1780. We are not informed of the channel through\\nwhich the information came to him but as it\\ncould not have comeby sea,it must have reached\\nhim through the Indians, whoobtained it, pro-\\nably, from traders of the Atlantic coast. His\\nignorance for nearly a year of so important an\\nevent impresses us with his isolation, and the\\ncourage with which he bore it. The event was\\nduly celebrated in Fort George by an illumina-\\ntion and a discharge of rockets.", "height": "4460", "width": "2984", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n131\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nFort San Bernardo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Siege of Fort George\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Explosion of\\nMagazine The Capitulation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The March Through the\\nBreach\u00e2\u0080\u0094 British Troops Sail from Pensacola to Brook-\\nlyn.\\nThe Spanish operations against Fort George\\nwere conducted with extreme caution. What,\\nin the beginning, was one of a circle of intrench-\\nments, developed into a fort as extensive and\\nstrong as the former, Like Fort George, it was\\nbuilt of earth and timber. lts position was\\nabout one-third of a mile to the northward\\nof the latter. During its construction it was\\nhidden from observation by a dense pine forest\\nand undergrowth, which, after its completion,\\nwere cleared to give play to its guns. It was\\nnamed San Bernardo, for the patron saint of\\nthe Spanish commander.\\nThe magnitude of San Bernardo indicated\\nthat it must have been constructed for exigen-\\ncies besides that of assailing the British works.", "height": "4504", "width": "2840", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nGalvez probably feared an attack in Iris rear\\nfrom the Indians coming to the reli\u00c3\u00abf of their\\nallies, or that he might have to encounter a\\nrelieving expedition coming by sea. In either\\nevent his fortress would be a place of security\\nfor his supplies and a rallying point in case of\\ndisaster.\\nThe siege was a struggle between two forts,\\nwith the advantage to one of them in being\\nsupported by intrenchments which with itself\\nformed a circle around its antagonist. The\\nlatter began the contest.\\nAmong the works constructed by the British\\nto strengthen their position, was a redoubt,\\nnamed Waldeck. On April 27, a Spanish in-\\ntrenchment was seen to be in the course of con-\\nstruction opposite to Waldeck, under cover of\\nthe woods. Against that intrenchment the be-\\nsieged directed a heavy fire, but with little effect,\\nas the work w r as nearly completed when discov-\\nered. This attack upon the besiegers was the\\nsignal for all their batteries to open fire upon\\nFort George and its defenses.\\nThe firing was incessant on both sides until\\nMay 1, when that of the British was almost", "height": "4468", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n133\\nentirely suspended, for the purpose of enabling\\nthe garrison tomake some indispensable repairs\\non their works. On the second, however, the\\nBritish guns were again in full play.\\nBut the demand for repairs was so continu-\\nous and urgent as to impose a heavy tax upon\\nthe limited numbers of the besieged. Short re-\\nliefs from duty became a stern necessity, and\\nwant of rest, as well as overexertion, so im-\\npaired their strength that men were seen fall-\\ning prostrate beside their guns from fatigue\\nand exhaustion.\\nGalvez s failure to storm the British works,\\nduring the silenee of their guns on May 1,\\nseemed to indicate his determination to reduce\\nthe contest to the question, how long the am-\\nmunition of the besieged would last and their\\nartillery remain serviceable He may, however,\\nhave regarded the suspension of the British\\nfiring as a strategem to invite an assault.\\nThere was a vital spot in the defenses for\\nwhich the Spanish shot and shell had been\\nvainly seeking the powder magazine. But as\\nthe gunners were without requisite information\\nto enable them to procure its range, it was but", "height": "4560", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\na wild chance that a shell would strike it. That\\nits position was not drawn from the Waldeck\\ncorporal, is an impeachment of the military\\nsagacity of the Spanish officers, and an act of\\ngross negligence which would have prolonged\\nthe siege indefinitely, but for an imprudence of\\nthe British commander eqtially as gross.\\nA provincial colonel for infamous conduct of\\nwhat character we are uninformed was drum-\\nmed out of the Fort, instead of being, as\\nprudence required, carefully kept within it dur-\\ning the siege. The man, as should have been\\nexpected, went to the Spaniards and informed\\nthem of the condition of the garrison and de-\\nfenses, and especially of the angle in which the\\nmagazine was situated. That disclosure sealed\\nthe fate of Fort George. Thenceforward, that\\nangle became the mark of every Spanish shot\\nand shell. For three days and nights did those\\nsearching missiles beat upon it, until at last on\\nthe morning of May 8, there occurred an ex-\\nplosion that shook Gage Hill to its deep foun-\\ndations as though once again in the throes of\\nan earthquake.\\nA yawning breach was made in the Fort.", "height": "4468", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n135\\nFifty men were killed outright and as many\\nmore wounded fatally and otherwise.\\nAt that thunder-like signal 15,000 men are\\nmarshalled for the assatilt. Btit there is no\\npanic in Fort George. Calmly the British com-\\nmander orders every gun to be charged, and\\nmany to be moved so as to sweep the breach.\\nThat work done, he hoists a white flag and\\nsends an officer tinder another to the Spanish\\ngen er al with a communication, which doubtless\\nhad been prepared in anticipation of the conjunc-\\nture in which he at last found himself. It was\\nan offer to capitulate upon the folio wingterms:\\nThe troops to march out at the breach with\\nflying colors and drums beating, each man with\\nsix cartridges in his cartridge box at the dis-\\ntance of 500 paces the arms were to be stacked;\\nthe officers to retain their swords; all the\\ntroops to be shipped as soon as possible, at the\\ncost of the Spaniards to a British port, to be\\ndesignated by the British commander, under\\nparole not to serve against Spain or her allies,\\nuntil an equal number of the same rank of\\nSpaniards, or the troops of her allies, were ex-\\nchanged by Great Britain and the best care to", "height": "4504", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORICAL, SKETCHES OF\\nbe taken of the sick and wpunded remaining\\nbehind, who were to be forwarded as soon as\\nthey recovered.\\nKnowing that those were the terms which\\nthe gallant Dickson and Durnford had demand-\\ned and obtained at Baton Rouge and Mobile,\\nthe spirit in which General Campbell dictated\\nthe terms of the capitulation can be readily im-\\nagined. To submit to less than had been con-\\nceded to his inferior officers would be dishonor.\\nGalvez answered, that the terms proposed\\ncould not be conceded without modification.\\nGeneral Campbell replied that no modification\\nwas permissible adding, that in case they were\\nnot conceded he would hold the Fort to the\\nlast man. That bold reply was followed by\\nthe consent of Galvez to the capitulation pro-\\nposed by the British commander.\\nIt would be a gratefultask to record human-\\nity or chivalry as the motive for the concession;\\nand it would be the duty of history to assign it,\\nin the absence of facts, inconsistent with such a\\nconclusion. But the victor, by his own confes-\\nsion, has precluded such a presumption. In a\\n*Sparks, Vol. 8, p. 175.", "height": "4404", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n137\\nletter of General Washirigton s to Don Francis-\\nco Rendon, agent of the Spanish government in\\nthe United States, written at Headquarters\\nbefore Yorktown, twelfth of October, 1781,\\noccurs the folio wing: I am obliged by the\\nextract of General Galvez s letter to Count de\\nGrasse, explaining at large the necessity he was\\nunder of granting the terms of capitulation to\\nthe garrison at Pensacola, which the command-\\nant required. I have no doubt, from General\\nGalvez s well known attachment to the cause\\nof America, that he would have refused the arti-\\ncles, which have been deemed exceptionable,\\nhad there not been very powerful reasons to\\ninduce his acceptance of them.\\nWhat, it may be asked, were those very\\npowerful reasons? He had an army at his\\ncommand only one thousand less in number\\nthan General Washington had before York-\\ntown, when he wrote the letter to Rendon; he\\nhad ample supplies of every description he was\\nbacked by a powerful fleet; he had selected\\nfor his expedition a time when de Grasset\\nmovements on the Atlantic coast required\\nthe presence, in that quarter, of the whole", "height": "4484", "width": "2880", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nBritish naval force on this side of the\\nAtlantic; and hence, we can find no necessity\\nhe was under of granting terms, which Gen-\\neral Campbell required, 91 unless we find it in\\nhis want of faith in his ability by force of arms,\\nto compel the British commander to modify his\\nrequirements.\\nIn order to fully appreciate the transaction,\\nit should be borne in mind that there was an\\nunderstanding bet ween Galvez and the French\\ncommanders in America, that he should not\\ngrant to British troops that might fall into his\\npower during his operations in West Florida,\\nsuch terms as would enable them to become a\\npart of the armies operating against the United\\nStates.\\nThis understanding Galvez violated at Baton\\nRouge and Mobile, and again for the third\\ntime, in conceding the terms demanded by Gen-\\neral Campbell; for the articles bound the gar-\\nrison not to serve against Spain and her allies\\nonly, and the United States was not her ally,\\nbut only a sympathizer.\\nTo say that the powerful reasons, to quote\\nfrom General Washington, were not in Fort", "height": "4472", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n139\\nGeorge, would be to accuse Galvez of bad faith\\nto his French ally, and untruth, as to the exist-\\nence of any necessity for his concession to the\\nBritish.\\nSuch being the conclusions that impartial his-\\ntory must draw, impressive was the spectacle\\npresented, on the ninth of May, 1781, upon\\nthat hill now crowned by the monument to the\\nConfederate dead. In a circle around Fort\\nGeorge the Spanish army stands in array. The\\nroll of a drum breaks the stillness, followed bv\\nthe sound of mustering in the Fort. Again as\\nit beats to the fife s stirring military air, the\\nBritish commander, in the dress of a major-gen-\\neral, sword in hand, emerges from the breach,\\nfollowed by his less than eight hundred heroes.\\nProudly does the gallant band step the five hun-\\ndred paces then successively come the orders to\\nhalt, fall into line, and stack arms.\\nThe sc\u00c3\u00a8ne would have thrilled the heart of\\nevery soldier whose memory is consecrated by\\nthe shaft that springs from that historie hill,\\nthen the centre of a landscape, whence, north-\\nward, the eye could rest on a limitless expanse\\nof verdure eastward and westward upon the", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nfar-sweeping curves of the shore; southward\\nupon the glorious mirror of the Bay, with the\\nhills of Santa Rosa rising out of the blue waters\\nlike snow-clad peaks above the azure of a dis-\\ntant horizon, and far bevond them upon the\\ntremulous sky-line of the heaving gulf.\\nThe formal signing of the articles of capitula-\\ntion in the Council Chamber of Fort George,\\nwhich occurred on the ninth of May, immediate-\\nly before the British marched out, was antici-\\npated in a former page.\\nOn June the fourth the British tr oops sailed for\\nHavana, where they arrived on the fourteenth\\nof the same month and thence the same vessels\\ntransported them .to Brooklyn. A further ad-\\ndition was made to the strength of the British,\\nby the garrisons of Baton Rouge and Fort\\nCharlotte, which after many obstacles, and\\nseveral voyages from point to point, finally\\nreached Brooklyn about the time the Pensacola\\ntroops arrived there. And thus, in consequence\\nof Galvez s breach of faith, a force of 1,200 vet-\\nerans, with their gallant officers, was added to\\nthe British army.\\nIt was doubtless this accession of British", "height": "4428", "width": "3020", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n141\\nstrength, at New York, in that rallying year,\\nwhen each side required every available man,\\nthat caused de Grasse to complain to the Span-\\nish government of the capitulation at Pensa-\\ncola, and called forth the apology of Galvez\\nreferred to by General Washington in his letter\\nto Rendon.", "height": "4448", "width": "2888", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORICA!, SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nPolitical Aspect of the Capitulation Treaty of Versailles\\nEnglish Exodus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Widow of the White House.\\nThe terms of the surrender of Fort George, as\\nstated in the previous chapter, present the\\nstrictly military side of the capitulation. But\\nthere was also a political aspect to the formal\\narticles, signed on the ninth of May, by General\\nCampbell, Governor Chester, and General Gal-\\nvez. West Florida was surrendered to Spain,\\nand it was stipulated, that the British inhabi-\\ntants, or those who may have been subjects of\\nthe King of Great Britain in said countries,\\nmay retire in full security, and may sell their\\nestates, and remove their effects as well as their\\npersons the time limited for their emigration\\nbeing fixed at the space of eighteen months.\\nIt was that political feature of the capitula-\\ntion w^hich made Governor Chester s signature\\nnecessary, and to that it related exclusively.", "height": "4332", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n143\\nThatof General Campbell referred to the strictly\\nmilitary stipulations only. In the former we\\nmay find one of General Galvez s inducements\\nto submit to the British general s require-\\nments.\\nThe object of the Spanish government in di-\\nrecting the invasion of West Floridawas toper-\\nmanently regain the territory which Spain had\\nsurrendered to Great Britain in 1763 and in\\naddition, to obtain that part of Louisiana on\\nthe Gulf of Mexico which the latterhad acquired\\nfrom France. Consequently, the large expedition\\nso long in preparing against Pensacola, and so\\ndisproportionate to the mere capture of the\\nplace, was intended for colonization, as well as\\nconquest. Such being the policy of his govern-\\nment, Galvez necessarily subordinated all other\\nconsiderations to its achie vement Accordingly,\\nhis overwhelming numbers designed to over-\\nawe opposition his ponderous siege artillery\\nintended to batter Fort George into ruins with-\\nout danger to the to wn avoidance of all move-\\nments by his fleet against it as well as all injury\\nto it by his artillery dttring the siege and, lastly,\\nthe article above quoted pointed to the coloni-", "height": "4504", "width": "2880", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nzation of a Spanish population, for the accommo-\\ndation of which the English homes were Jto be\\nvacated, and their inmates forced into exile. If\\nthat object could be obtained by the capitula-\\ntion, there was nothing withinthe lines of Span-\\nish policy to be gained by taking Fort George\\nby storm, at the fearful sacrifice of human life\\nwhich it would have cost. The Prench might,\\nindeed, complain that the agreement with them\\nrespecting British troops in Florida was vio-\\nlated by conceding the terms demanded by\\nGeneral Campbell; but diplomacy, thescience of\\nexcuses and pretexts, would beequal to the task\\nof satisfying them. As to the Americans, it was of\\nlittle consequence to Spain that General Clinton s\\nforces would be strengthened by the reinforce-\\nment of the Florida troops, albeit at a con-\\njuncture when every available man was required\\nto sustain Britain s tottering North American\\nempire. For though Spain became an ally of\\nFrance in order to place herself in a position to\\nclaim a fragment of that empire when it feil, yet\\nher purpose was to attain that end with the\\nleast possible inconvenience or sacrifice to her-\\nself.", "height": "4476", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL, FLORIDA.\\n145\\nThat General Washington was satisfied with\\nthe apology of Galvez made through de Grasse\\nmay well be doubted. His dignity, however,\\nforbade complaint. Besides,thepromise violated\\nwas made to the Prench; if they were satisfied,\\nrespect for them imposedsilenceupontheAmeri-\\ncans. But there is in the paragraph of the letter\\nto Rendon, before quoted, a vein of irony, the\\nsting of which, coming from such a man, Galvez\\nmust have keenly feit.\\nAs already intimated, the above quoted pro-\\nvision of the capitulation became substantially\\nthe Fifth Article of the treaty between Great\\nBritain and Spain, signedon the twenty-eighth\\nof January, 1783, at Versailles.*\\nThe condition in which that treaty placed the\\nFlorida-English was peculiar. Spain was not\\nopposed to foreigners living in hercolonies, pro-\\nvided they were Catholics and it was well un-\\nderstood, that any English who were, or should\\nbecome, such would be at liberty to remain in\\nFlorida in the full enjoyment of their liberty\\nand property.f\\n*White s Recopilacion, Vol. II., p.298.\\nfWhite s Recopilacion, Vol. II., p. 301.", "height": "4504", "width": "2864", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nHistory does not afford a more striking con-\\ntrast between the conduct of two nations under\\nsimilar circumstances, to the honor of one, and\\nthe reproach of the other, than that between\\nSpain and Great Britain, as they are presented\\nby the treaties of Paris and Yersailles. In the\\nformer, Spanish subjects were secured in their\\npersons, religion, liberty and property. In the\\nlatter, Great Britain virtually stipulated forthe\\nbanishment ofhers, and theconfiscation of their\\nestates. The privilege of selling their property\\nwithin eighteen months was buta mockery for\\npurchasers were notonly few, but well aware,\\nlikewise, that a trifling consideration would in\\nthe end be preferable to a total sacrifice.\\nThe British government professed to compen-\\nsate the victims of her policy but her justice\\n.was confined to those whose claims upon it\\nwere the slightest; to the absentees owning\\nlarge tracts of land which had been granted by\\nthe crown, and who did not see fit to go to the\\npro vinces to attempt to effect sales. *But no\\nindemnity was provided for those who had\\n*Id. p. 300.", "height": "4432", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n147\\nmade tbeir homes in the provinces, under\\nthe gilded representations and invitingpromises\\nof their go vernors in the name of His Protestant\\nMajesty, George III., Defender of the Faith,\\nThe conduct of Spain in this matter is hardly\\ncensurable, when it is remembered that it oc-\\ncurredin anageofreligiousintolerance. Shewas\\na Catholic power and wanted no Protestant\\nsubjects. Her own had left Florida in 1763, as\\nsoon as the Spanish flag was lowered. In the\\narticles of capitulation and the treaty of 1783\\nshe had enforced her traditional policy. And\\nto her credit, be it said, that she did notenforce\\nbanishment and confiscation after eighteen\\nmonths had expired under the former; and when\\nthat period had elapsed under the latter, she\\ngranted an extension of four months. Great\\nBritain, on the other hand, inyieldingtoSpain s\\ndemands was false to her faith, false to her tra\\nditions, and false to that boasted principle of\\nher constitution that her aegis covers every\\nEnglishman, in every land.\\nEighteen months is but a fleeting span to a\\npeople, when it is but a respite from confisca-\\ntion and exile, avoidable only by apostasy.", "height": "4504", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nOf the heartaches of the exodus of the Florida-\\nEnglish we have an illustration in the widow\\nof the White House. She had lived out the\\neighteen months under the capitulation, and\\nthe like period under the treaty, when the ex-\\ntension came to her like a respite to the con-\\ndemned.\\nThose four months embraced the days and\\nnights of her struggle in thetoils of temptation,\\nforeshadowed in a previouspage. Can she leave\\nthat home, consecrated by thegraves of herhus-\\nband and her child that home where every ob-\\nject, tree, vine, shrub, sea, sky, and the very\\nwild violets at her feet, broughtup hallo wed as-\\nsociations and sacred memories which made them\\nall parts of her very being No The surrender\\nwould beat the cost of as many bleeding heart\\nstrings. There is, however, an escape in apos-\\ntasy. She has but to signify her wish to re-\\nnounce her faith; that faith, however, with which\\nshe had consoled a dyinghusband, and in which\\nshe had buried a darling child. Home triumphs.\\nThe go vernor is notified.\\nTime wanes to the day of sacrifice. The bell\\ntolls the sacrificial hour. The priest stands at", "height": "4504", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n149\\nthe altar ready for the offering. But the vic-\\ntim fails the tryst. Faith triumphs. The bonds\\nof temptation are snapped. Turning her back\\nupon home, she goes forth an exile; crowned,\\nwe may well believe, with the promiseto allthe\\ntrue of every creed who leave lands and\\nhouses for His name s sake, to swell the\\nmighty host of woman martyrs time s woeful\\nharvest of blighted lives and broken hearts;\\nvictimsof man s ambitions, his wars, his poli-\\ncies, and his laws.", "height": "4444", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "150\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nBoundary Lines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -William Panton and Spain Indian Trade\\nIndian Ponies and Traders Business of Panton,\\nLeslie Co.\\nThe treaty of Versailles re-adjusted the brok-\\nen circle of Spain s empire on the shores of the\\nGulf of Mexico, by restoring to it the segment\\ntaken from it by d Iberville ssettlement, as well\\nas that cut from it by the Treaty of Paris in\\n1763.\\nBut British West Florida was not in its en-\\ntirety acquired by Spain. By the Treaty of Paris\\nof the third day of September, 1783, acknowl-\\nedging the independence of the United States,\\nthe 31\u00c2\u00b0 parallel of north latitude was made the\\nsouthern limit of the latter from the Mississippi\\nriverto the Appalachicola. Thencethe boundary\\nline was that river up to the Flint, thence in a\\nstraight line to thehead waters of the St. Mary s\\nand down that river to the Atlantic ocean. The", "height": "4452", "width": "2976", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n151\\nTreaty of Yersailles, on the other hand, made\\nthat line the northern boundary of theterritory\\nceded to Spain. Those treaties therefore cut off\\na huge slice from British West Florida.\\nBut, even within that narrow strip of terri-\\ntory, Pensacola lost its primacy for in the es-\\ntablishment of the Spanish colonial governments\\nwithin it, the Perdido was made the western\\nlimit of West Florida. Pensacola was, there-\\nfore, by that arrangement placed geographic-\\nally in reference to boundary lines as it stands\\nto-day; the result, as beforeshown, of d Arriola\\nhaving made his settlement three years before\\nthe advent of d Iberville to the gulf coast.\\nThose territorial changes dealt a withering\\nblow to Pensacola. Instead of being the capital\\nof a province, bounded by the Mississippi and\\nthe Chattahoochee, and a line from one to the\\nother some miles north of Montgomery, it be-\\ncame but the chief town of a narrow strip of\\nwilderness between the Perdido and the Appa-\\nlachicola rivers. Lately regarded andfostered as\\nthe future commercial base on the gulf of Brit-\\nain s North American empire, it now became a\\ngarrison town, valued by Spain as only an out-", "height": "4504", "width": "2808", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "152\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\npost to guard against encroachments by other\\npowers on the shores of a sea over which she\\nsought supremacy.\\nLeft to Spanish influences exclusively, it must\\nhave rapidly dwindled to the condition, com-\\nmercially at least, in which Captain Wills found\\nit in 1763. But from that fate it was saved\\nby two men who have already been introduced\\nto the reader.\\nThe narrow religiousprejudicesof the Spanish\\ncourt demanded the banishment of all Protes-\\ntant Britishunder the Fifth Articleof theTreaty\\nof Yersailles and they were rigidly obeyed by\\ncolonial officials with one exception. They kne w\\nthat to banish William Panton was to insure\\nfor the town the fate above indicated, and they\\nwere equally aware that his presence would be\\nmore effective in the preservation of the peace of\\nthe pro vinces than a large military force, owing\\nto his influence over AlexanderMcGillivray, and\\nof the latter s over the powerful Creek Indians.\\nIndeed, it is unquestionable, that without those\\ninfluences, the Spanish government could not\\nhave been mamtained in West Florida. But it\\nwould have been idle to hope that a man who", "height": "4440", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n153\\nhad been loyal to an earthly monarch, under\\npain of confiscation and banishment, would in-\\ncur the guilt of apostasy from a faith that was\\nto him, at least, the symbol of allegiance to the\\nKingofKings. Accordingly, the religious test\\nwas waived as tohim, andforit was substituted\\nan oath of allegiance to the Spanish King, whilst\\nhisresidence andinfluence weresecured bymeans\\nthe most inviting to his interest and flattering\\nto his pride.\\nA treaty was entered into with him, as a\\nquasi-sovereign, securing his firm in all its pos-\\nsessions and rights, and bestowing upon its\\nhouses at Pensacola, Mobile and Appalachee a\\nmonopoly of the Indian trade. For these con-\\ncessions the firm became the financial agent of\\nthe government at those points, and bound to\\nwiel d its influence in promoting peaceand good\\nwill between the Spaniards and the Indians.\\nThe stipulations on both sides were faithfully\\nfulfilled. At one time Spain was indebted tothe\\nfirm in the sum of $200,000 for advances, and\\nthe debt was aft er war ds faithfully discharged.\\nIn humiliating contrast with the honor and\\nfidelity which marked the dealings of the Scotch-", "height": "4504", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nmen and Spaniards with each other, is the fol-\\nlowing advice of an American agent, James Sea-\\ngraves, *to his government. I think if the\\nSpanish court were pushed in the business they\\nwill readily sacrifice Panton Co., especially\\nas they owe the concern $200,000 for Indian\\nsupplies.\\nThis advice was given at a time when com-\\nplications had arisen between the Spanish gov-\\nernment of Florida and the United States, gro w-\\ning out of the energetic struggle of the Atlantic\\nIndian traders to divert the Creek trade from\\nPensacola to Charleston and Savannah. The\\nstep suggested was, in effect, to transfer a com-\\nmercial contest from the Indian wilds to Mad-\\nrid, where an American minister was expected\\nto perform the degrading task of attempting to\\ninduce the Spanish court to commit a fraud\\nupon agents who had served it so long and\\nfaithfully, as well as to violate all its other\\nobligations to them.\\nPanton, Leslie Co. were engaged in that\\ntrade at Charleston and Savannah long before\\n*American State Papers, Vol. III. p. 311.", "height": "4448", "width": "2984", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "COLONLAX FLORIDA.\\n155\\nthe American revolution a trade which, even\\nthen, extended through the Coosa country in\\nthe heart oftheCreeknation. With a full knowl-\\nedge of it, in all its details, they established\\nthemselves at Pensacola with a view of draw-\\ning a part of it there. This was the beginning\\nof the commercial struggle which is continued\\nto this day, betweenthe gulf and Atlantic ports\\nfor the trade of Central Alabama. It began\\nwith the Indianponies asa meansof transporta-\\ntion it is carried on now by the steam horse\\nand a future generation may see it continued by\\nelectricity.\\nThe pony used by the trader was a strong,\\nhardy little creature, which with ease carried\\none hundred and eighty pounds and travel-\\ned twenty-five miles a day. The rich and abun-\\ndant pasturage in those times enabled him to\\nsupply himself with suffici\u00c3\u00abnt food at noon and\\nat night to meet his requirements. There was\\noften oddity in his load. It might be a minia-\\nture chickenhouse, or two kegs of taffi, hung to\\nhis sides, with a pack of merchandise on his\\nback; or two pendant firkins of honey-comb,", "height": "4504", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nwith a pile of hides, skins, or beeswax towering\\nbet ween.\\nOne driver for ten animals was the usual pro-\\nportion of man and beast. Thecompanies were\\ngeneralij from fiveto ten, making a long line of\\nmarch, following the main and lateral trails\\nmentioned in a previous chapter. But as all\\nthe Indian settlements were visited, their move-\\nments could not always be on the ridge. Some-\\ntimes creeks and rivers had to be crossed. On\\nsuch occasions, when the stream was not ford-\\nable with safety to the packs, they were ferried\\nover on rafts composed of logs or masses of\\nmatted cane, guided where the current was\\nstrong by a grapevine rope stretched across the\\nstream.\\nRegarded by their savagecustomers asfriends,\\nwho came periodically to administer to their\\nwants, and gratify their taste for taffi, the\\ntr aders made their journeys in perfect security.\\nLike their class every where, they were joyous\\nmen, full of fun and jokes, news and gossip, to\\nwhich full play was given, under the spur of a\\ncup of taffi, when caravans met.\\nBeside the trade thus carried on,there was one", "height": "4484", "width": "3048", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n157\\nequally as great, if not greater, carried onby the\\nIndians themselves, without the intervention of\\nthe tr aders. The business required Panton,\\nLeslie Co. to keep up a stock of $50,000 at\\nleast, and a large corps of clerks to wait on\\ntheir savage customers.\\nOther business sprung up and brought popu-\\nlation. Sawmills wereerected, brickyards opened\\nand a tanyard established, which added leather\\nto the exports of the town.\\nSuch were the fruits of William Panton spres-\\nence in the province. Idle, however, would have\\nbeen his labor, his wealth and talents, though\\nbacked by the Spanish Government, but for the\\nco-operation of McGillivray. Had the great\\nChief pointed his long, slender finger to Savan-\\nnah and Charleston as the sources of supply for\\nhis people, the commercial life of Pensacola\\nwould have withered and perished like a tree\\ngirdled by the woodman s axe.", "height": "4476", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nLineage of Alexander McGillivray His Education Made\\nGrand Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Connection with Milfort His Rela-\\ntions with William Panton His Administration of\\nCreek Affairs Appointed C oionel by the British\\nTreaty with Spain Commissioned Colonel by the\\nSpanish Invited to New York by Washington Treaty\\nCommissioned a Brigadier-General by the United\\nStates\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Sister, Sophia Dnrant His Trials His\\nDeath at Pensacola.\\nThe people who have been called Creeks in\\nprevious^ pages, received that name after their\\nsettlement in Alabama and Georgia a name, it\\nis said, they derived from the number and\\nbeauty of the streams or creeks of the country\\nthey inhabited. Before that they were known\\nas Muscogees according to English, and Otho-\\nmis or Otomies, according to Castilian orthog-\\nraphy.\\nTheir original seat was in northern Mexico.\\nThey were a warlike and independent tribe,\\nwhich, though lacking the comparative civiliza-", "height": "4452", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA. 159\\ntion of the Aztecs and the Tlascalans, had yet\\nreceived some rays of its light. They had been\\nconfederates of the latter in their conflicts for\\nexistence with the former. They had afterwards\\naided in the defence of Tlascala against Cortez.\\nSurviving warriors, however, carried back to\\ntheir people such accounts of that field of\\nslaughter, and the prowess of the foe, who seem-\\ned to be armed with supernatural weapons,\\nthat the tribe becarae panic-st rieken, and in a\\nctfuncil, resolved upon a flight beyond the reach\\nof the invincible invader. The determination\\nwas promptly put into execution.\\nThe entire tribe, bearing off itsmovableeffects,\\ntook its line of march in an easterly course.\\nAfter a journey which consumed many months,\\nthey found thetnselves on the head waters of\\nRed river. Reaching that river, and following\\nit, they at length found a suitable place for a\\nsettlement, where they feit they were sufficient-\\nlyremote from the terrible foe who had inspired\\ntheir flight. There they accordingly establish-\\ned themselves, and remained for several years.\\nAbandoning that settlement, they proceeded\\nnorthward to the Missouri, thence to the Mis-", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "160 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsissipi, and from there moved to the Ohio. That\\nprogress, however, was not by a continuous\\nmarch, but by periodic advances, interrupted\\nby settlements more or less long, and marked\\nby conflicts with other tribes, in which, accord-\\ning to their traditions, they were always victo-\\nrious.\\nThey must have been living on the banks of\\nthe Ohio, when Soto made his devastating march\\nthrough the Creek country which was after-\\nwards to be their home. There they must have\\nbeen likewise, when de Luna made his explora-\\ntions, and noted the sparseness of population,\\nand abandoned fields as before narrated or,\\nperhaps, they were then making one of their in-\\ntermittent advances southward, which were to\\nbring them eventually to the Coosa, Tallapoosa,\\nand Chattahoochee.\\nLike other Mexican tribes, the Muscogees\\nwere divided into septs or fratries, the most\\nnotable of them being those of the Ho-tal-gee,\\nor the Wind, the Tiger, the Bear, and the Eagle.\\nIn the first, however, resided the primacy, or\\nhegemony of the tribe.\\nThe traditions of their Mexican origin and em-", "height": "4476", "width": "3104", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n161\\nigration, collected by Le Clerc Milfort underthe\\nmost favorable conditions, as will be seen here-\\nafter, are fortified by their form of government,\\nwith its dual executive for civil and military\\naffairs their glimmer of civilization, as well as\\ntheir federative tendency,\\nSoon after their settlement in the Creek\\ncountry, they are found absorbing other tribes;\\nnot by enslavement or incorporation, but as\\nconfederates. They had their national councils,\\ncomposed of the principal chiefs of the confeder-\\nacy, and suitable buildings at fixed places for\\ntheir accommodation. The head of the confeder-\\nacy for civil affairs was the Grand Chief, as the\\nTustenuggee, or Great Warrior, was for war.\\nThey also had Town Governments, the Chief of\\neach being the Micco, an elective officer, and not\\na King, as often misrepresented. Each town\\nhad its council house, in which local affairs were\\nadministered.\\nThe Grand Chief of the Muscogees held the\\nposition, and exercised the functions which\\nrecent criticism has assigned to Montezuma, as\\nthe head of the Aztec confederacy, to whom the\\nSpaniards erroneously gave thetitle, and attrib-", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nuted the powers of an emperor, in accordance\\nwith their own habits of thought, as the sub-\\njects of an emperor.\\nThe Indian trade that existed between the\\nCreeks and the Atlantic coast, which has\\nalready been mentioned, was an inviting field\\nto cupidity and enterprise, and manv were the\\nyoung adventurers from the old world who en-\\ngaged in it soon after their landing at Charles-\\nton or Savannah. Some of them, too, fasci-\\nnated by the wild life of the forest, made them-\\nselves homes in the Creek nation, and found\\nwives amongst the Creek maidens, w^hoin form,\\nfeature and habits, were superior to those of\\nother tribes.\\nAmongst those adventurous spirits was\\nLachlan McGillivray, a youth of good Scotch\\nfamily, of Dumglass, Scotland. A few years\\nfound him a successful trader. On one of his\\nvisits to the Hickory Ground, a prominent\\nCreek town on the Coosa, situated near the\\npresent site of Wetumpka, Alabama, he became\\nacquainted with Sehoy Marchand, a young\\nwoman w r hose mother was afullblood of the Ho-\\ntal-gee, or Wind family, and whose father was a", "height": "4500", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n163\\nFrench captain who had been murdered by mu-\\ntineers at Fort Toulouse, a few miles from Hick-\\nory Ground. That meeting resulted in marriage.\\nShortly afterward, McGillivray made a home,\\nand established a trading house, not far from\\nwhere he had first met his Indian wife.\\nOf that marriage, Alexander McGillivray was\\nthe first born, Sophia the next, and Jenette the\\nthird.\\nThe father became exceedingly prosperous,\\npartly in consequence of his alliance with the\\nchief family of the Creeks, and in a few years\\nfound himself the owner of two plantations on\\nthe Savannah river. His trading journeys,\\nhowever, still had their attractions for him.\\nWhen Alexander was fourteen years old he in-\\nduced his wife to let the boy go with him to\\nCharleston, and remain there to be educated.\\nAfter having been instructed sufficiently for the\\npurpose, he was placed in a counting-house\\nbut having acquired a taste for learning, that\\noccupation became intolerable to him. His\\nfather, accordingly, determined to yield to the\\nbent of the boy s mind, and found him a highly\\neducated teacher in a clergyman of Charleston.", "height": "4504", "width": "2832", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nWith that assistance, and sedulous application,\\nhe became a *Greek and Latin scholar, and\\nbesides, made rapid and extensive progress in\\nother departments of knowledge. He appears\\nto have been a student up to the age of thirty,\\nwhich he reached about the year 1776. In that\\nyear he left Charleston, an educated man, to\\nreturn to his people, whom he, a little semi-sav-\\nage of fourteen, had left sixteen years before.\\nThe impelling motive to that movement prob-\\nably was, that being like his father, a loyalist^\\nresidence in a rebel colony was no longer agree-\\nable. Possibly, however, he had purposely\\ndeferred his return to the Indian nation until\\nhe had arrived at such an age as would justify\\nhim in looking to the position of Grand Chief.\\nBut, be that as it may, the time for his return\\nwas judiciously chosen, and consistently with\\nthat sagacity which characterized his whole life,\\nof acting opport unely in all exigencies.\\nThe white settlers of Georgia were beginning to\\npress through what the Creeks claimed as their\\nfrontier; and to that pressure was added the\\nhostility engendered by the revolution, no w in its\\nsecond year, against any semblance of favor to", "height": "4504", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n165\\nthe enemies of the patriotic eau se. The West\\nFlorida-English and their government were on\\nthe most friendly terms with the Creeks and\\nthat in itself was suffici\u00c3\u00abnt to beget hostility to\\nthe latter on the part of the Whigs of Georgia\\nand the Carolinas. This was a new and com-\\nplex condition of things to the Creeks, present-\\ning questions for solution with which their\\ngreat council feit its inability to deal. To\\nwhom could they look for guidance? They\\nknew no disinterested advice could come from\\nthe government at Pensacola, and it would be\\nfolly to seek counsel from the Georgians, who\\nregarded them as enemies because they desired\\nto be neutrals, living in peace between hostile\\ncommunities, engaged in a conflict in which the\\nIndian could feel no interest.\\nIt was just at this juncture that Alexander\\nMcGillivray found himself amongst his people.\\nLong and impatiently had they awaited the\\nadvent of the representative of the Ho-tal-gee,\\nthe grand chieftan, who for so many years had\\nbeen studying that wisdom of the white man,\\nwhich made him the Indian s superior; that\\nwisdom which now acquired by him, was to be", "height": "4504", "width": "2824", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nexercised for the salvationof his people. Great,\\ntherefore, was the satisfaction produced by the\\nadvent of such a disinterested counselor and\\nguide.\\nHe is hardly well within the nation before a\\ngrand council is called at Coweta, on the Chat-\\ntahoochee, over which he was to preside, and\\nformally assume the hegemony of the Ho-tal-\\ngee.\\nTo a thoughtful mind there is a pathos in\\nthis sc\u00c3\u00a8ne which appeals to every generous\\nnature It comes like the despairing appeal of\\ninfancy to manhood for help It is the ignor-\\nance of the savage stretching out its supplicat-\\ning hands to the white man s wisdom as his\\nonly refuge.\\nOne of the most striking powers which Mc-\\nGillivray possessed, was his ability to win and\\nretain the childlike confidence of his people, and\\nthereby exercise boundless control over them.\\nHe was not a soldier, or a man of blood, in any\\nsense of the term. He was essen tially a states-\\nman and a diplomat. The conquests of peace\\nonly had any fascination for him. His ambition\\nwas to save and civilize his people. That such", "height": "4500", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA,\\n167\\na man should bend to his will in the paths of\\npeace a numerous population of warlike sav-\\nages, to whom the war-whoop was music, and\\nscalping the most inviting pastime, is a domi-\\nnation over brute instincts of which history\\ncontains very few examples.\\nA remarkable instance of that influence occur-\\nred shortly after the council at Coweta. He\\nthere made the acquaintance of LeClercMilfort,\\nmentioned in a previous page an adventurous\\nFrenchman, highly educated, and possessing\\nmilitary qualities of no ordinary kind, as well\\nas bodily strength and endurance equal to any\\nexertion. Their mental culture was a mutual\\nattraction.\\nMilfort went with him from Coweta to Hick-\\nory Ground, the home of McGillivray s child-\\nhood, where his mother and his sisters Sophia\\nand Jenette were living. He at once entered\\ninto Creek life, and united his fortunes with\\nMcGillivray s. The bright eyes of Jenette\\nwere not long in winning Milfort s heart, nor\\nwas there much delay in his winning hers. They\\nwere married. By the marriage he acquired\\ngreat consideration amongst the Creeks.", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nAs previously remarked, McGillivray was not\\na soldier himself but as a wise ruler, he feit the\\nnecessity of having an able commander in war,\\nwhen the exigency for it arose. Moreover, his\\npolicy as a civilized ruler, was to have w^ar con-\\nducted by a civilized leader, who might by his\\nexample and influence, control the brutal\\ninstincts of his savage forces. Milfort was the\\nman for the place. An obstacle to his appoint-\\nment, seemingly insuperable, however, existed.\\nThe office of Tustenuggee was an honor to\\nwhich the Indian braves looked as the highest\\nattainable and presumptively, they would re-\\nfuse their consent that this coveted prize should\\nbeconferred upon a stranger. But, that stranger\\nhadmarried a Ho-tal-gee, and it was the wish of\\nthe Grand Chief that he should receive it. It\\nwas, accordingly, conferred upon Milfort with\\nthe sanction of the tribe.\\nMcGillivray soon attracted the attention of the\\nBritish government atPensacola, aswellasthat\\nof the British officers in Georgia, with whom he\\ncarried on an extensive correspondence. They\\nat once saw that it would be impossible for\\nhim to keep the Cr\u00c3\u00a9eks in a state of neutrality,", "height": "4492", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n169\\nfounded, as it must be, upon good feeling for\\neach of two bitter foes, marked by such strict\\nimpartiality of conduct as to avoid any ground\\nof exception by either belligerent McGillivray s\\njudgment soon led him to the same conclusion;\\na conclusion which imposed upon him the ne-\\ncessity of choosing one of the belligerents for the\\nally of his people. He, accordingly, decided in\\nfavor of a British alliance, for which the reasons\\nwere too obvious for hesitation.\\nThe Americans could reach his people upon\\none frontier only, and even then their attention\\nwould be distracted by their contest with the\\nBritish. The British, on the other hand, could\\nwithout danger of interference, assail the Creeks\\nfrom Pensacola and in case they crushed, the\\nGeorgians would be at liberty to attack them\\nfrom the east. But, although he sided with the\\nBritish, it was with the secret resolution that\\nthe alliance should be maintained at the least\\npossible sacrifice to his people. His policy was,\\nnot to permit their spirit to be broken, or their\\nnumbers diminished, by entering with their full\\nstrength into a conflict with which they had\\nno concern. Nor would he permit them to", "height": "4504", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ninflict such extensive injuries upon Georgia as\\nwould be a barrier to future reconciliation.\\nIn order to spur the Creeks to great efforts\\nagainst the Americans, Tait, a British colonel,\\nwas stationed on the Coosa and at the same\\ntime McGillivray received from the British gov-\\nernment the commission and pay of colonel in\\nits service. But both expedients proved in-\\neffectual to materially change the policy the lat-\\nter had adopted. Raids, it is true, were made\\nupon the Georgians, necessarily attended by\\nsome blood-shed and rapine, but they were lim-\\nited in number, character, and consequence, by\\nthe mental reservation with which McGillivray\\nhad entered into the British alliance. Withthat\\nlimited exertion, however, the British were fain\\nto be content, as it was better for them than\\nstrict neutrality, and still more so than thehos-\\ntility of such a powerful tribe directed against\\nthemselves.\\nMilfort was the commander intrusted with\\nthe expeditions against the Georgia settlements;\\nand, doubtless, being fully aware of the con-\\nservative policy of the Grand Chief, he made\\nevery effort to observe it. A Frenchman, of his", "height": "4484", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n171\\nability, was the very man to make such a show\\nof warfare as would itnpose on the British, and\\nat the same time to render it so barren in\\nresults as to make but a transient impression\\nupon those against whom it was directed.\\nThat a man should have been selected so emi-\\nnently qualified to execute such a singular task,\\naffords the highest evidence of the capacity of\\nthe mind that made the selection. Such ability,\\nis, indeed, after all, the surest test of the capac-\\nity of a ruler.\\nThough a band of the Creeks, as already men-\\ntioned, assisted the British at the time of Gal-\\nvez s operations against Pensacola, it is re-\\nmarkable, that neither McGillivray, who was a\\ncolonel in the British army, nor Milfort, the\\nGreat War Chief, seem to have taken any part\\nin the contest. Such a force as could have been\\nraised by the Creeks and their confederate\\ntribes, could have rendered great service to the\\nBritish in resisting, if not, indeed, in defeating\\nGalvez s invasion. But an explanation is\\nreadily found in the Grand Chief s policy of\\npreventing his people from taking any large\\npart in the quarrels and conflicts of the whites.", "height": "4504", "width": "2880", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nBesides, he was doubtless impressed with the\\nsmallness of the British force in West-Florida,\\ncompared with the host the Spaniards had at\\ntheir command; justifying the conclusion, that\\nas the latter had been able to conquer the coun-\\ntry west, they would prove equal to the con-\\nquest of that east of the Perdido. He, therefore,\\nwisely refrained from such an interference as\\nwould array the Spaniards against his people,\\nafter they had expelled the British from the\\ncountry. If the British proved victorious, the\\nassistance rendered by the Creeks, aided by the\\nChoctaws and Chickasaws, couid be urged as\\nthe fulfillment of the obligations of an ally.\\nOn the other hand, if the Spaniards were suc-\\ncessful, it was an easy matter to disavow the\\naction of an adventurer like Bowles, at the head\\nof a handful of Creeks and other Indians, as\\none in which the tribe had no concern an expla-\\nnation the more acceptable, as the conqueror\\nwould naturally seek to cultivate the like\\nfriendly relations with the Indians which the\\nconquered had enjoyed.\\nSoon after McGillivray became Grand Chief\\nof his tribe, he met William Panton at Pensa-", "height": "4460", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA. 173\\ncola. Panton was deeply impressed with his\\nability. It is probable, too, that he was ac-\\nqtiainted with the elder McGillivray, and sym-\\npathized with him as a fellow victim, who, like\\nhimself, had suffered banishment and confisca-\\ntion, for no other crime than loyalty to their\\nKing. That sympathy with the parent natur-\\nally inspired good will toward the son. But,\\naside from such a sentimental consideration,\\neach soon discovering the great advantage he\\ncould be to the other, it was not long before\\nthey were united by the more practical bonds\\nof mutual interests. McGillivray likewise saw\\ngreat advantages to his people in dealing exclu-\\nsively with a house of such great wealth and\\ninfluence as that of Panton, Leslie Co. whilst\\nPanton was as quick to see, that by the man-\\nagement of the Grand Chief the firm could secure\\na monopoly of the entire Indian trade. It was\\nimmediately after this understanding between\\nthem was reached, that they had that meeting\\nwith Governor Chester in the Council Chamber\\nof Fort George, of which a glimpse was had in\\na previous page.\\nThe war in Georgia and South Carolina had", "height": "4504", "width": "2872", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ncut off the Creek trade with the Atlantic coast\\nand consequently, McGillivray had no dif\u00c3\u00aficulty\\nin directing the whole of it to Pensacola. But\\nafter peace was established, the Atlantic traders\\nwere again ready, with their pack ponies, to\\ntake the trails that led to western Georgia\\nand eastern Alabama. Panton at once saw\\nthat the monopoly of his house was in danger\\nand that to avert it, he must bring about an\\nunderstanding between the Spanish govern-\\nment, himself, and McGillivray, like that which\\nhe had previously effected with the British. He,\\naccordingly, entered into the treaty with the\\nSpaniards, of which mention was made in the\\nprevious chapter. To be eflFective, however, he\\nknew that treaty must be supplemented by\\nanother between the Indians and the Spaniards.\\nIn playing his cards, Panton was looking\\nsolely to the advantage of his house. But it\\nwas far otherwise with McGillivray. If he in-\\nduced his people to make such a treaty, it was\\nbecause he s w clearly it was to their advan-\\ntage. He rejoiced, too, to find that he w^as\\nabout to reap the fruit of that policy by which\\nhe had brought them through the period of the", "height": "4440", "width": "3028", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n175\\nRevolutionary War, stronger, and more numer-\\nous than they ever were before a condition\\nwhich excited the fears of the Spaniards, and\\ndisposed them to seek the alliance of such a\\npowerful tribe by liberal concessions. Accord-\\ningly, a treaty bet ween the Creeks and the Sem-\\ninoles represented by McGillivray, and Spain\\nby Governor Miro of New Orleans, assisted by\\nO Niell, Governor of West-Florida, and Don\\nMartin Navarro, Intendent General ofPlorida,\\nwas entered into on the first of June, 1784, at\\nPensacola. The relations created by that\\ntreaty between the Indians and Spaniards were\\nclose and intimate, and seem to have been\\nobserved substantially, although not always\\nin form, up to the last day of Spanish rule in\\nFlorida.\\nlts conclusion was followed by McGillivray\\nobtaininga commission with the pay of Colonel\\nin the Spanish army.\\nBy that treaty he feit, as he had reason to\\nfeel, that he had secured for his tribe an alliance\\nwith a strong European power, one that had\\nAmerican State Papers, Vol. 10, pp. 223-227.", "height": "4428", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\njust expelled the British from the Floridas;\\nand, that thus fortified, he was in a condition\\nto meet the Americans on the eastern frontier\\nin a manner that would prevent their threaten-\\ned encroachment upon the rights of his people;\\nnot by war, however, in which the Creeks were\\nto engage with the United States, for such a\\ncourse, his judgment told him, would end in\\ntheir destruction. His treaty with the Span-\\niards was but a card which he proposed to use,\\nto give his nation the imposing aspect of one to\\nbe courted rather than despised. To render its\\nattitude still more imposing, he announced his\\ndetermination to prevent any further encroach-\\nments by the whites upon the Indian territory\\nin Georgia.\\nThese cards won the game, according to the\\ncalculations of the sagacious brain which con-\\nceived it. The United States met the threaten-\\ning aspect of afifairs in Georgia, by appointing\\ncommissioners in 1785, to treat with the\\nIndians. One of them, Andrew Pickens, ad-\\ndressed a letter to McGillivray, expressing the\\nwish of the government amicably to adjust\\nmatters on an equitable footing. This was", "height": "4492", "width": "3056", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n177\\nthe point for the attainment of which the treaty\\nwith the Spaniards, and the threats of hostility\\nagainst the Georgians had been made. For it\\nwas the strength of the Creeks, whieh his poli-\\ncy had so successfully fostered in the midst of\\nwar, backed by the Spanish alliance, that in-\\nduced the United States, exhausted by the Rev-\\nolutionary struggle, to resort to peaceable means\\nto avoid a conflict with such a powerful tribe.\\nThe reply of McGillivray so clearly illustrates\\nhis profound policy, which previous pages have\\nendeavored to unfold as the moving spring of\\nall his actions as Grand Chief, that it must be\\ngiven in extenso, especially as any attempt to\\npresent it by extracts would prove amutilation\\nin which its force would be impaired, if not\\ndestroyed.\\nLittle Tallasee, 5th Sept., 1785.\\nSir: I am favored with your letter by Brandon, who,\\nafter detaining it near a month, sent it by an Indian, a few\\ndays ago. He, perhaps, had some reasons for keeping him-\\nself from this region.\\nThe notification you have sent us is agreeable to our\\nwishes, as the meeting is intended for the desirable purpose\\nof adjusting and settling matters, on an eqnitable footing,\\nbetween the United States and the Indian nations. At the", "height": "4504", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsame time, I cannot avoid ex pressing my surprise that a\\nmeasure of this nature should have been so long delayed,\\non your part. When we found that the American Independ-\\nence was confirmed by the peace, we expected that the new\\ngovernment would soon have taken some steps to makeup\\nthe differences that subsisted between them and the Indians\\nduring the war; to have taken them undertheir protection,\\nand confirmed to them their hunting-grounds. Suchacourse\\nwould have reconciled the minds of the Indians and secured\\nthe States their friendship, as they considered your people\\ntheir natural allies. The Georgians, whose particular in-\\nterest it was to conciliate the friendship of this nation, have\\nacted, in all respects, to the contrary. I am sorry to\\nobserve that violence and prejudice have taken the place of\\ngood policy and reason, in all their proceedings with us.\\nThey attempted to avail themselves of our supposed dis-\\ntressed situation. Their talks to us breathe nothing but\\nvengeance, and, being entirely possessed with the idea, that\\nwe were wholly at their nierc\\\\ they never once reflected\\nthat colonies of a powerful monarch were nearly surround-\\ning us, to whom, in an extremity, we might apply for\\nsuccor and protection, and who, to answer some ends of\\ntheir policy, might grant it to us. However, we yet deferred\\nany such procceding, still expecting that we could bring\\nthem to a true sense of their interest but still finding no\\nalteration in their conduct towards us, we sought the pro-\\ntection of Spain, and treaties of friendship and alliance\\nwere mutually entered into\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they guaranteeing our hunt-\\ning-grounds and territory, and granting us a free trade in\\nthe ports of the Floridas.\\nHow the boundary and limits between the Spaniards and", "height": "4560", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n179\\nthe States will be determined a little time will show, as I\\nbelieve that matter is now on foot. However, we know\\nour limits, and the extent of our hunting-grounds. As a\\nfree nation, we have applied, as we had the right to do, for\\nprotection, and obtained it. We shall pay no attention to\\nany limits that may prejudice our claims, that were drawn\\nby an American and confirmed by a British negotiator.\\nYet, notwithstanding we have been obliged to adopt these\\nmeasures for our preservation, and from real necessity, we\\nsincerely wish to have it in our power to be on the same\\nfooting with the States as before the late unhappy war, to\\neffect which is entirely in your power. We want nothing\\nfrom you but justice. We want our hunting-grounds pre-\\nserved from encroachments. They have been ours from the\\nbeginning of time, and I trust that, with the assistance of\\nour friends, we shall be able to maintainthemagainst every\\nattempt that may be made to take them from us.\\nFinding our representations to the State of Georgia of no\\neffect, in restraining their encroachments, we thought it\\nproper to call a meeting of the nation, on the subject. We\\nthen came to the resolution to send our parties to remove\\nthe Georgians and their effects from the lands in question,\\nin the most peaceful manner possible.\\nAgreeably to your requisition, and to convince you of my\\nsincere desire to restore a good understanding between us,\\nI have taken the necessary steps to prevent any future pre-\\ndatory excursions of my people against any of your settle-\\nments. I could wish the people of Cumberland showed an\\nequal good disposition to do what is right. They were\\ncertainly the first aggressors, since the peace, and acknowl-", "height": "4504", "width": "2872", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "180\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nedged it in a written certificate, left at the Indian camp\\nthey had plundered.\\nI have only to add, that we shall meet the commissioners\\nof Congress whenever we shall receive notice.inexpectation\\nthat every matter of difference will be settled, with that\\nliberality and justice worthy the men who have so gloriously\\nasserted the cause of liberty and independence, and that we\\nshall, in future, consider them as brethren, and defenders of\\nthe land\\nI am, with much respect, sir,\\nYour obedient servant,\\nAlexander McGillivray.\\nHon. Andrew Pickens.\\nHow politic and graceful the allusion to\\nAmerican independence Could the alliance with\\nSpain have been touched more artfully How\\nfirm is the insistance of the rights of his peoplel\\nHow striking is the regulation of the force ex-\\nerted in the removal of trespassers from the\\nIndian domain! How worthy of the spring\\ndays of republican America is the closing para-\\ngraph\\nThe reader must be induced to read another\\nletter, not merely as illustrative of the style\\nand springs of action of the Grand Chief, but\\nIndian Affairs, Vol. I., pp. 17-18.", "height": "4504", "width": "3028", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n181\\nas a narrative of events bearing upon his life,\\nwhich no pen can so well narrate as his own.\\nIt is in reply to a letter of James White, super-\\nintendent of the Creek Indians.\\nLittle Tallasee, 8th April, 1787.\\nSir: It is with real satisfaction, that I learn of your\\nbeing appointed by Congress, for the laudable purpose of\\ninquiring into and settling the differences that, at present\u00c2\u00bb\\nsubsist between our nation and the Georgians. It may be\\nnecessary for you to know the cause of these differences,\\nand our discontents, which, perhaps, have never come to\\nthe knowledge of the honorable body that sent you to our\\ncountry.\\nThere are Chiefs of two towns in this nation, who, during\\nthe late war, were friendly to the State of Georgia, and had\\ngone, at different times, among those people, and once, after\\nthe general peace, to Augusta. They there demanded of\\nthem a grant of lands, belonging to and enjoyed as hunt-\\ning-grounds by the Indians of this nation, in common, on\\nthe east of the Oconee river. The Chiefs rejected the de-\\nmand, on the plea, that these lands were the hunting-\\ngrounds of the nation, and could not be granted by two\\nindividuals but, after a few days, a promise was extorted\\nfrom them, that, on their return to our country, they\\nwould use their influence to get a grant confirmed. Upon\\ntheir return, a general convention was held at Tookabatcha,\\nwhen these two Chiefs were severely censured, and the", "height": "4504", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "182 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nChiefs of ninety-eight towns agreed upon a talk, to be sent\\nto Savannah, disapproving, in the strongest manner, of the\\ndemand made upon their nation, and denying the right of\\nany two of their country to make cession of land, which\\ncould only be valid by the unanimous voice of the whole,\\nas joint propriet ors in common. Yet these two Chiefs, re-\\ngardless of the voice of the nation, continued to go to\\nAugusta, and other places within the State. They re-\\nceived presents and made promises but our customs did\\nnot permit us to punish them for the crime. We warned the\\nGeorgians of the dangerous consequences that would\\ncertainly attend the settling of the lands in question. Our\\njust remons trances were treated with contempt, and these\\nlands were soon filled with settlers. The nation, justly\\nalarmed at the encroachments, resolved to use force to\\nmaintain their rights, yet, being averse to the shedding of\\nthe blood of a people whom we would rather consider as\\nfriends, we made another effort to awaken in them a sense\\nof justice and equity. But we found, from experience, that\\nentreaty could not prevail, and parties of warriors were\\nsent, to drive off the intruders, but were instructed to shed\\nblood, only, where self-preservation made it necessary.\\nThis was in May, 1786. In October following we were\\ninvited by commissioners, of the State of Georgia, to meet\\nthem in conference, at the Oconee, professing a sincere desire\\nfor an amicable adjustment of our disputes, and pledging\\ntheir sacred honors for the safety and good treatment of all\\nthose who should attend and meet them. It not being\\nconvenient for many of us to go to the proposed conference,\\na few, from motives of curiosity, attended. They were sur-\\nprised to find an armed body of men, prepared for and pro-", "height": "4504", "width": "3048", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "COLONXAL FLORIDA.\\n183\\nfessing hostile intentions. Apprehensions for personal\\nsafetv induced those Chiefs to subscribe to every demand\\nthat was asked by the army and its commissioners. Lands\\nwere again demanded, and the lives of some of our Chiefs\\nwere required, as well as those of some innocent traders, as\\na sacrifice to appease their anger. Assassins have been\\nemployed to effect some part of their atrocious purpose. If\\nI fall by the hand of such, I shall fall the victim of the\\nnoblest of causes, that of maintaining the just rights of\\nmy country. I aspire to the honest ambition of meriting\\nthe appellation of the preserver of my country, equally\\nwith the Chiefs among you, whom, from acting on such\\nprinciples, you have exalted to the highest pitch of glory.\\nAnd if, after every peaceable mode of obtaining redress of\\ngrie vances proved fruitless, a recourse to arms to obtain it\\nbe a mark of the savage, and not of the soldier, what\\nsavages must the Americans be, and how much undeserved\\napplause has your Cincinnatus, your Fabius, obtained. If\\na war name had been necessary to distinguish that Chief,\\nin such a case, the Man-Killer, the Great Destroyer, would\\nhave been the proper appellation.\\nI had appointed the Cussetas, for all the Chiefs of the Lower\\nCreeks to meet in convention. I shall be down in a few\\ndays, when, from your timely arrival, you will meet the\\nChiefs, and learn their sentiments, and I sincerely hope that\\nthe propositions which you shall offer us will be such as we\\ncan safely accede to. The talks of the former commissioners,\\nat Galphinton, were much approved of, and your coming\\nfrom the White Town (seat of Congress) has raised great\\nexpectations, that you will remove the principal and almost\\nonly cause of our dispute, that is, by securing to us our", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "184 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OE\\nhunting-grounds and possessions, free from all encroach-\\nments. When we meet, we shall talk these matters over.\\nMeantime, I remain,\\nWith regard, your obedient servant,\\nAlexander McGillivray.*\\nHon. James White,\\nThe foregoing letter illustrates the troubles\\nthe Georgiatis were giving the Creeks,\\nand the call they made upon McGillivray s\\nabilities and influence over his people, in order\\nto avoid a state of war. Noresult was reached\\nby the Cussetas talk. Matters remained in the\\nsame unsatisfactorycondition after as before it,\\nand so continued until after General Washington\\nbecame President of the United States in 1789.\\nHe appointed a new set of commissioners to\\neffect a settlement, but these, like the others,\\nfailed to reach a favorable result. On the other\\nhand, their reports were so alarming that he at\\nfirst regarded war as the only remedy for the\\ntroubles existing between the Georgians and\\nthe Creeks. But, wisely concluding that the\\ncountry was not then able to bear the burden\\nof such a costly corrective, he determined to\\nIndian Affairs, Vol. L, pp. 18-23.", "height": "4492", "width": "3020", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n185\\nmake another effort at conciliation. In this\\nframe of mind the happy thought occurred to\\nhim, that a personal interview between him\\nand McGillivray might be attended by results\\nwhich commissioners had failed to reach.\\nActing upon it, he sent an agent to the Creek\\nnation, in the person of Colonel Marius Willet,\\nto induce McGillivray to visit New York. The\\nmission was successful. McGillivray in June,\\n1790, at the head of thirty of the principal\\nchiefs of the confederacy, set out on their long\\njourney mounted on.horses.\\nA stage of the journey brought them to Guild-\\nford Court House, where they were honored by\\na large assembly of the neighborhood. Sudden-\\nlythe throng around the Great Chief opens to a\\nwoman, who rushes up to him, her face bathed\\nin tears, and then, with blessings upon him,\\nexpresses her gratitude for a good deed done by\\nhim years before, of which she and her children\\nwere the beneficiaries. In an Indian raid her\\nhusband had been killed, and she and her chil-\\ndren carried into captivity. Her benefactor\\nhearing of their melancholy fate redeemed them,\\nand gave them a home in his own house, until", "height": "4500", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nan opportunity was afforded of sending them\\nto their friends. He was received with dis-\\ntinguished consideration at Richmond and\\nFredericksburg. Philadelphia honored him\\nand his company with a three days entertain-\\nment. Colonel Willet, who accompanied them,\\ntells us that upon their landing in New York,\\nthe Tammany Society, in full regalia, received\\nthem, attended them to Congress Hall, and\\nthence to the residence of General Washington.\\nAnd then and there, were brought face to face,\\nthe most remarkable white man, and the\\nmost remarkable red man the western hemis-\\nphere had then produced.\\nWhilst the chiefs of the tw\u00c3\u00b6 confederacies are\\nsettling their relations, an interesting event\\ncalls our thoughts from New York to Alabama.\\nThe impressive influence of the Great Chiefs\\npresence was no sooner withdrawn, than a\\nlarge number of the restless Creeks conceived\\nthepurpose of destroying the white settlements\\non the Tensas, which had been increasing rap-\\nidly under his protection. The plan, and the\\ntime for its execution were at last fixed. But,", "height": "4492", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n187\\nforttinately, they were revealed to Mrs. Sophia\\nDurant, the sister of McGillivray.\\nShe possessed remarkable command of the\\nMuscogee language, coupled with the gift of\\noratory. She often addressed councils at the\\ninstance of her brother, who, owing to his long\\nabsence from his people in his youth, as well as\\nthe study of other tongues, had lost the full\\ncommand of his own.\\nAt the time she was informed of the bloody\\nscheme, she was at her farm on Little river.\\nAlthough far under the shadow of maternity\\nshe determines, at every risk to herself, by\\nprompt action, to save an unsuspecting popula-\\ntion from the terrible fate hanging over them.\\nShe orders two horses to be saddled on the\\ninstant. She mounts one and her trusty negress\\nthe other. More than twice two score human\\nlives depend upon her reaching Hickory Grotmd\\nin time, and that required a ride of sixty miles.\\nNight and day those two women ride on that\\nerrand of mercy. The only pause was when an\\nopportunity offered to summon a chief to the\\nHickory Ground Council House. The notice\\nflies from chief to chief, that the sister of the", "height": "4488", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORICAIv SKETCHES OF\\nGrand Chief has called a council, to -teil them,\\ndoubtless, what he had said to her on talking\\npaper. From all quarters, prompted by in-\\nterest and curiosity,thereis a rush for the Hick-\\nory Ground. By that device, worthy the gen-\\nius of her brother, the council is promptly\\nassembled. She addresses them with a tone of\\nmingled authority and persuasion. She tells\\nthem of the scheme that had been disclosed to\\nher; upbraids them for ingratitude to her\\nbrother, then with the Great White Chief,\\nwho might exact from him and his thirty com-\\npanionsthe lives of the murdered whites warns\\nthem, too, of the vengeance which he would be\\ncompelled, with the assistance of the whites, to\\nvisit upon the murderers; adding all those\\nappeals which in such an exigency would come\\nswelling up from the heart of a noble woman.\\nFrom all sides of the assembly come pledges\\nthat the ringleaders shall be seized, and the en-\\nterprise crushed; and promptly and efficiently\\nit w r as done. History, story and art have\\ncommemorated the saving of a single life by\\nPocahontas; but how insignificant was that\\nact compared with the one just described The", "height": "4480", "width": "3048", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n189\\naction is further glorified by the fact, that\\nwithin two weeks after the noble woman had\\nsaved so many human beings, she added an-\\nother life to the long roll of the living.*\\nA treaty was speedily negotiated between\\nthe Creeks and the United States, by which the\\nOconee lands referred to in the foregoing letter\\nwere ceded for an annual payment of fifteen\\nhundred dollars, and a distribution of merchan-\\ndise. Questions of boundary were settled the\\nIndian territory was guaranteed against farth-\\ner encroachment a permanent peace was pro-\\nvided for; the Creeks and Seminoles placed\\nthemselves under the jurisdiction of the United\\nStates, and renounced their rights to make\\ntreaties with any other nation. All the Indian\\nChiefs besides McGillivray participated in the\\nnegotiation and execution of the treaty.\\nBut besides that open one, there was a secret\\ntreaty to which the Grand Chief and the United\\nStates only, were parties. Itcontained a stipu-\\nlation, that after two years the Indian trade\\nshould be turned to points in the United States.\\n*Pickett s History of Alabama, Vol. II. p. 127.", "height": "4500", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "190 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nIt provided for annual stipends to be paid to\\ndesignated chiefs. McGillivray himself was ap-\\npointed Indian agent of the United States, with\\nthe rank of a Brigadier-General, and the yearly\\npay of twelve hundred dollars.*\\nThese treaties were the grounds of severe\\ncriticism upon McGillivray. By the open treaty,\\nit was said, he made a surrender of the Oconee\\ncountry for an inadequate consideration. But\\nthe obvious answer to that objection was, that\\nhe had exhausted every expedi\u00c3\u00abnt that his clear\\nand fertile mind could command, to stay the\\nencroachments of the Georgians without a war,\\nan alternative which would have eventually\\nended in crushing his people. Besides, the\\nplighted faith of the United States, that no\\nfarther encroachments should be made upon\\nthem, was to them a consideration far exceed-\\ning every other for history had not then declar-\\ned, as it has since, how frail a barrier against\\nencroachments upon Indian territory is the\\nplighted faith of the nation.\\nWhatever personal advantages he derived\\n*2 Pickett s History of Alabama, Vol. II. pp. 110-11.", "height": "4504", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n191\\nfrom the secret treaty, whether pecuniary or in\\ndignity, inured to the benefit of his people. To\\nhonor him was to give consideration to them\\nand they regarded the tributes which his abili-\\nties drew from the British, the Spaniards, and\\nthe Americans, as so many ofiferings made to\\nthe power of the nation. That each of those\\ntributaries complained that he was not their\\ndupe, is alike a proof of his ability, and his\\nfidelity to his people.\\nFor a short time after the New York Treaty\\nhe seemed to be losing the confidence of his\\npeople, through the machinations of the self-\\nstyled General Bowles, who, it will be remem-\\nbered, assisted with a body of Choctaws,\\nChickasaws and Creeks, in the defense of Pensa-\\ncola against Galvez. He was a bold, unprinci-\\npled mischief-maker, who would stop at noth-\\ning that could be turned to his own advantage\\none of those characters who breed suspicion and\\ncreate confusion for their own profit and consid-\\neration. To sap the confidence of the Creeks\\nin their Grand Chief, was to bring about an un-\\nsettled condition of things in which he would\\nfind himself in his element; and for that pur-", "height": "4500", "width": "2808", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "192 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\npose he availed himself of the New YorkTreaty.\\nIt would have been an easy matter for McGilli-\\nvray to have him driven out of the nation, or\\nby the judgment of a council to have taken his\\nlife but neither of these courses suiting his pol-\\nicy, he resolved upon one more subtle and yet\\nas effectual. He visited New Orleans, where it\\nwas conjectured he held a consultation with\\nGovernor Carondolet, on the subject of ridding\\nthe nation of the mischief-maker. Shortly after-\\nwards, Bowles was seized by the Spaniards and\\nsent to Spain. Of the end of his exile we are\\ninformed by a letter of General Washington s\\ndated at Mount Yernon, fifth of August, 1793.*\\nOn my way to this place I saw Captain Bar-\\nney at Baltimore, who had just arrived from\\nHavana. He says, the day before he left that\\nplace, advice had been received, and generally\\nbelieved, that Bowles, who was sent to Spain,\\nhad been hanged. Thus ended a chequered\\nlife, full of adventures, strange phases, and bad\\ndeeds, which it would be interesting to follow\\nwere this the proper place.\\nThe same letter speaks of the death of our friend\\nMcGillivray, Sparks, Vol. 10, p, 335.", "height": "4452", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\nThe New York Treaty was an object of sus-\\npicion both to Panton and the Spaniards,\\nalthough they knew nothing of its secret feature\\nbut theynaturally inferred that some othercon-\\nsiderations, besides those made public, must\\nhave induced the United States to honor Mc-\\nGillivray with the commission and pay of\\nBrigadier-General.\\nThe suspicion,however, resulted profitably to\\nMcGillivray. Before he went to New York he\\ncomplained to Panton of the parsimonious con-\\nduct of the Spanish government to him, from\\nwhom it expected, and obtained, so much care\\nand labor. Believing this supposed shght on\\ntheir part was the cause of the favor he mani-\\nfested for the Americans, that government at\\nonce took steps to remove it. He was appoint-\\ned the Spanish Superintendent-General of the\\nCreek nation, with a salary of two thousand\\ndollars, to which fifteen hundred more were\\nshortly afterwards added.\\nSoon after McGillivray received that appoint-\\nment, the Spanish government sent to the Hick-\\nory Ground, as its resident agent, Captain Pedro\\nOlivier, accompanied by an interpreter. This", "height": "4452", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nman soon became engaged in intrigues to pre-\\nvent the running of the boundary lines provid-\\ned for by the New York Treaty and in this\\nmatter he was assistedby William Panton, who\\nvisited the Creek nation for that purpose.\\nThis state of things naturally excited the sus-\\npicion of the United States, that McGillivray\\nwas co-operating with Panton and Olivier.\\nOf any active co-operation by him, however,\\nthere is no evidence, as there is none of his\\nactive opposition to their machinations. He\\nwas too sagacious a man, and had the good\\nof his people too much at heart to engage\\nin the latter. The boundary line fixed by the\\ntreaty, had from the first, been exceedingly ob-\\njectionable to the Creeks, so much so, that even\\nthe influence of their Grand Chief had failed to\\nreconcile them to it. Indeed, he himself feared\\nthat such a reconciliation was bevond his abili-\\nty. In self-vindication, in the midst of Olivier s\\nintrigues, he writes to General Knox, Secretary\\nof War: You recollect, sir, that I had great\\nobjection to making the south fork of the\\nOconee the limit; and when you insisted so\\nmuch, I candidly told you that it might be", "height": "4484", "width": "2972", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n195\\nmade an article, but I would not pledge myself\\nto get it confirmed. It was against the run-\\nning of that boundary line, that the intrigues\\nof Olivier and Panton were ostensibly directed\\nbut their real object was to keep the Creeksin a\\nferment in order to exclude their trade from the\\nAtlantic cities, and confine it to Pensacola; the\\nquestion of boundary being seized upon as a\\nmeansof accomplishing that end. McGillivray s\\nposition was one of great delicacy and responsi-\\nbility. For him to resist by active opposition\\nthose who opposedthe running of the boundary\\nline, was not only to do something he had\\nnever undertaken to do, but to take a stand\\nthat might divide his people into two hostile\\ncamps, the most calamitous condition that\\ncould befall them.\\nIn the midst of these trials, death came to his\\nreli\u00c3\u00abf on the seventeenth of February, 1793, at\\nPensacola, whilst on a visit to William Panton.\\nHe was buried with masonic honors, and, it is\\nsaid, in Panton s garden. Unfortunately the\\nidentity of the spot has defied diligent investiga-\\ntion, and generations have unconsciously dese-\\ncrated his dust, as theyhave that ofanotherdis-", "height": "4484", "width": "2836", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntinguished man already mentioned But the sus-\\npicion arises that to a different cause must be\\nattribttted the oblivion that has befallen the\\nlast resting place of the Great Chief, from that\\nwhich has been assigned in the case of General\\nBouquet s. Had Panton erected a respectable\\nbrick monument even, over the remains of one\\nfor whom he professed so much friendship, and\\nwho had done so much to increase his fortune,\\nreverently protecting it up to the time he left\\nFlorida, this generation might be able to direct\\nthe footsteps of the stranger to the tomb of the\\nmost remarkable man to whom Alabama ever\\ngave birth, and the most extraordinary man\\nto whom Florida has furnished a grave.\\nHe has been accused of deceit and duplicity in\\nhis dealings with the British, the Spaniards and\\nAmericans. But truth and candor, if not exot-\\nics, are not virile growths in the domain of\\nstate craft, while necessity is the ever ready plea\\non which adepts in the art, or their apologists,\\nrest their vindication. When, therefore, the\\nGreat Indian stands condemned at the Bar of\\nEternal Truth, well may other statesmen and", "height": "4484", "width": "2976", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n197\\ndiplomatists whose achievements history de-\\nHghts to record, shrink from the Judgment Seat.\\nThe Grand Chief watched without interference\\nthe struggle of the Spanish and British for su-\\npremacy in West-Florida, because the true\\ninterests of his people pointed to neutrality.\\nCavour, the ablest and purest statesman of\\nrecent times, from a like patriotic motive stood\\nready, in case of failure, to disavow the inva-\\nsion of Naples by Garibaldi, which he had,\\nnevertheless, secretly promoted. If the New\\nYork treaty was a gross violation of the Pensa-\\ncola treaty of 1784, Washington and his cabi-\\nnet invited, and encouraged, whatever of bad\\nfaith there was in the transaction.\\nThe defense of such characters must rest at\\nlast upon the final judgment oftheir ownnation\\nupon their life work. So judged, McGillivray\\nis entitled to no low place on the roll of patri-\\notic statesmen.\\nFor seventeen years, dating from the Creek\\ntroubles in 1776, up to his death, he had been\\nthe guide and shield of his people. For them\\nthose were years of comparative peace, growth,\\nand preparation for the white man s civiliza-", "height": "4504", "width": "2836", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntion, by the example afforded in Iris own person\\nof its benefits and attractions. With war rag-\\ning around them, under his guidance, they\\nreached a condition which caused him to be\\nhonored, and their alliance sought by two mon-\\narchs and a Great Republic. He moved\\namongstthem enjoying the r\u00c3\u00a9v\u00c3\u00a9rence and honor\\nof a patriarchal sheik. Intrigue and detraction\\nbrought him under a transientcloud. Butwhen\\nthey learned his life was closed in death, their\\nhearts were smitten as those of a family when\\nit loses its head. There went up from the\\nCreek land an universal wail and again, like a\\nsinister prophecy of evil, there came over it the\\nshadow it was under before the council of\\nCoweta.\\nBitter, too, to his people, was the thought,\\nthat he slept in the sandsof the Seminoles,\\nand not on the banks of the beautiful Coosa,\\nwhich he loved so well; where he was born,\\nwhere he had presided over councils, and made\\npaper talk for their good, and where his hos-\\npitality was ever ready, alike for the distin-\\nguished stranger and the humble wayfarer.\\nThe fate of Milfort may interest the reader. After", "height": "4480", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n199\\nthe death of McGillivray he returned to France, where\\nin 1802 he publisbed the Memoire De Mon Sejour Dans\\nLa Nation Cr\u00c3\u00abck, to which we \u00c3\u00b6we the preser vatton of\\nthe traditions of that people. But sad to relate, forgetting\\nhis Indian wife, he married a French woman. He was\\nmade General of Brigade by the Emperor Napoleon. He\\ndied in 1814. His French wife was burned to death at\\nan advanced age at Rheims.", "height": "4404", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nGovernor Folch Barrancas Changes in the Plan of the\\nTown Ship Pensacola Disputed Boundaries Square\\nFerdinand VIL English Names of Streets Changed for\\nSpa nish Names Palafox Saragossa Reding Baylen\\nRomana Alcaniz Tarragona\\nGalvez remained but a short time in Pensa-\\ncola after the stirrender of the British. Ontheir\\ndeparture, he returned to New Orleans, the cap-\\nital of his province of Louisiana.\\nIn May, 1781, Don Arturo O Niell was ap-\\npointed Governor of Spanish West-Florida, and\\ncontinued to hold the office until 1792. His\\nsuccessor was Enrique White, who was suc-\\nceeded by Francisco de Paula Gelabert, whose\\nad interim tenure expired in 1796, by the ap-\\npointment of Vicente Folch y. Juan.\\nThe events of any interest which occurred\\n/before that year, have been already mentioned\\n:in previous chapters. Folch signalized the early\\npart of his administration by causing a town", "height": "4484", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n201\\nto be laid out, bet ween a quarter and half a\\nmile from San Carlos, that fort having been\\nreconstructed between 1781 and 1796.* This\\ntown was officially known as San Carlos de\\nBarrancas, that being the original application\\nto the locality of the Spanish word barranca,\\nsignifying broken, in the sense in which the\\nterm is applied to a landscape.\\nFolch s purpose in laying out the town was,\\nto substitute it for Pensacola, as the chief town\\nand capital of the province. Of the real motives\\nwhich prompted the design no information can\\nbe obtained. His scheme was defeated, how-\\never, by his inability to procure for it the royal\\napproval the probable result of an appeal to\\nthe King by the inhabitants of Pensacola.\\nHe afterwards attempted an important\\nchange in the English plan, by laying off into\\nblocks and lots, so much of the park, or public\\nplace as is now embraced in the area between\\nIntendencia and Government streets. He also\\nsold many of the lots, which the purchaserspro-\\nceeded to improve. But, when Intendant Mor-\\nAmerican State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. IV., p. 136.", "height": "4504", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nales visited the town in 1806, he utterly disap-\\nproved of Folch s proceedings, and refused to\\nconfirm the titles of the vendees. Morales sut\\nsequent conduct in the matter, however, shows\\nthat in refusing his confirmation he was in-\\nfluenced more by inimical feeling against the\\ngo vernor, than any just sense of public duty,\\nfor he himself afterwards granted the lots. This\\nwas the beginning of the mutilation of thegreat\\npublic place according to the English plan a\\nmutilation which was continued from time to\\ntime, until there was nothing left but the two\\nsmall plats of ground known as Seville Square,\\nand that of Ferdinand VII.\\nHis administration in one of its earlier years\\nwas marked by one event for which his genera-\\ntion isentitledtocredit. A ship of 800 tons was\\nbuilt at Caranaro, as the cove in which the\\nMarine Railway is now situated was then\\nknow r n. Her name was Pensacola, and during\\nthe decade from 1870, she was still in existence,\\nmaking voyages to and from Spanish ports.\\nThis was the first, and thus far, the last private\\nenterprise of the kind by Pensacolians.\\nIn 1804, the firm of William Panton Co.,", "height": "4468", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n203\\nwas dissolved by the death of William Panton,\\nwho had been, as we have seen, so prominent a\\nfigure in the history of Pensacola, both under\\nthe British and Spanish rule. The business of\\nthe firm was thenceforward carried on under\\nthe style of John Forbes Co.\\nIn October, 1800, Bonaparte compelled Spain\\nby the treaty of San Ildefonso to cede Louisiana\\nto France and France, in 1803, sold and ceded\\nit to the United States. The United States,\\nfrom the time of the purchase, elaimed that it\\nextended eastward to the Perdido, which was\\nthe eastern boundary of Louisiana in the days\\nof d Arriolaand Iberville, and so remained until\\nthe cession, in 1763, to Great Britain of Florida\\nby Spain, and of that portion of Louisiana\\nsouth of the 31 parallel of N. latitude, east of\\nthe Mississippi, by France. The British, after\\nthat cession, in creating the province of West-\\nFlorida, extended it from the Chattahoochee to\\nthe Mississippi. Spain, on the other hand, after\\nthe treaty of Versailles, restricted West-Florida\\nto the Perdido, she being at that time theowner\\nof the whole of Louisiana. When, therefore, she\\nceded Louisiana to France, it was, as elaimed", "height": "4500", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nby the United States, Louisiana beginning west-\\nward of the Perdido; for by contracting the\\nWest-Florida of the British, she, to that extent,\\nextended Louisiana to its original limit, and\\nleft Pensacola within the boundary line tacitly\\nestablished by the expeditions of Arriola and\\nIberville. Spain did not, however, consent to\\nthat construction. She claimed that British\\nWest-Florida was not embraced in Louisiana\\nand the question was not finally settled until\\n1819, when Florida was ceded to the United\\nStates. It was, from 1803, up to that cession,\\na cause of ill feeling and secret hostility on the\\npart of Spanish officials at Pensacola, towards\\nthe American settlers in the disputed district.\\nFolch s official term extended to 1809, and\\nin the number of sovereign masters to whom\\nhe was subject during one year of his adminis-\\ntration,his official life was remarkable. He was\\ncommissionedby Charles IV., who abdicated the\\nthrone of Spain in March, 1808. Upon his ab-\\ndication, his eldest son, the Prince of Asturias,\\nwas proclaimed King, under the title of Ferdi-\\nnand VII. On May 10, Bonaparte, having in-\\nsidiously enticed Ferdinand to Bayonne, com-", "height": "4480", "width": "2976", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n205\\npelled him, by threats against his life, to resign\\nhis crown. On June sixth, of the same year,\\nJoseph Bonaparte was proclaimed King of\\nSpain, by no other real authority than the will\\nof his imperial brother.\\nNever did any event arouse the patriotic\\nresentment of a people, as Spain s was\\naroused, by the ignominy of witnessing her law-\\nful King deposed, to enable an adventurer to\\nassume his crown. The French Emperor march-\\ned army after army into the country, to estab-\\nlish the new dynasty by overawing the people\\ninto submission. But army corps led by mar-\\nshals, whosenames had theretofore been the syn-\\nonyms of victory, only intensified the spirit of\\nresistance. As one man, from the shore of the\\nMediterranean to the Bay of Biscay, thepopula-\\ntion flew to arms. Mountain and plain, hill\\nand valley, rang with their battle cry as they\\nhastened to their cities, towns, and villages, to\\nbe organized into military commands. The\\npatriotic passion that fired every heart in the\\nKingdom, was shared by Spaniards in every\\nquarter of the globe. Of the sympathy of Pensa-\\ncola with the great patriotic movement in the", "height": "4504", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nmother country, there exists memorials m the\\nnames of some of its streets, and its chief public\\nsquare.\\nIt was in the fervor of that sympathy that the\\nsquare received the name of the exiled monarch\\na token of loyalty, of which, however, he\\nproved himself unworthy by his conduct after\\nhis restoration to the throne. Never had a\\nmonarch a better opportunity of making his\\nreign happy and illustrious, and never did one\\nunder such conditions make it a source of\\ngreater shame to himself, and misery to his\\npeople. He was not by nature a cruel, or a bad\\nman; but he was neither firm nor truthful;\\ntwo weaknesses in a ruler which may prove as\\nfruitful a source of political crimes as a natural\\ninclination to evil actions. In his first procla-\\nmation after re-ascending the throne, amid the\\nenthusiastic joy of his people, he said, Idetest,\\nI abhor despotism yet he, after wards, lent\\nhimself to schemes which deprived Spain of\\nconstitutional government, restored the inqui-\\nsition, and led to proscriptions involving the\\nlives of some of the patriots who had contrib-\\nuted so largely to the restoration of his crown.", "height": "4504", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n207\\nIhe cruel and despotic policy of his advisers, at\\nlength, drove the liberal party into a wide-\\nspread revolt, which would have resulted in his\\npermanent dethronement, but for the interven-\\ntion of the Prench, who, in 1823, enabled him\\nby their arms to keep on his head the crown\\nthey had snatched from it in 1808.\\nBut, if in the chief square of the town there\\nbe a reminder of a perfidious monarch, there\\nare in some of its streets memorials of Spanish\\nglory.\\nThe English names of those streets were\\nchanged to the names thev bear, at the time\\nwhen the events with which the latter are\\nassociated occurred, and were designed to be\\ncommemorative monuments of the glory shed\\nupon old Spain by the illustrious deeds of her\\nsons. Upon their being monumental, must rest\\nthe apology for a slight retracing of their\\nlegends, which would otherwise be out of place\\nin this book.\\nPalafox and Saragossa, or Zaragoza, are the\\nfirst to arrest attention, as they are likewise\\nsuggestive one of the other.\\nJos\u00c3\u00a9 de Palafox y Melzi, whose ancestral seat", "height": "4492", "width": "2800", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nwas near the city of Zaragoza, was in 1808, a\\nyoung officer of the King s guards. He accom-\\npanied Ferdinand on his visit to Bayonne,\\nwhich ended in the King s abdication. It was\\nby him the captive King sent the instructions\\nto the Junta which w^as to exercise the sover-\\neignty of the Spanish people during the exile of\\ntheir monarch. Having performed that duty,\\nPalafox went to Zaragoza, to join in the\\nuprising of Aragon, of which it was the capital.\\nDespite his lack of years and experience, his\\ncommanding presence led the Aragonese, full of\\npatriotic ardor and warlike impulse, to choose\\nhim as their leader, and proclaim him Captain\\nGeneral of Aragon. In a short time he found\\nhimself at the head of ten thousand infantry,\\ntwo hundred horse, and eight piecesof artillery.\\nZaragoza, situated on the right bank of the\\nEbro, was, in 1808, a city of fifty thousand\\ninhabitants. It stood in the midst of an allu-\\nvial plain, rich in its olive trees, its vineyards,\\nand agricultural products. Its fortifications\\nconsisted of a brick wall not above ten feet\\nhigh and three in thickness, pierced for guns,\\nbut few were in the embrasures. At intervals,", "height": "4504", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n209\\nhowever, there were convents, castles, and\\nother solid stone structures. The universal\\nuprising of the Aragonese, and theproximity of\\nthe city to the French frontiers, sttggested it as\\none of the most important pointsfor the French\\nto occupy, in the execution of their designs to\\nsubjugate Spain. It was, accordingly, one of\\nthe first places against which a military force\\nwas sent.\\nIn June 1808, Napoleon ordered Lefebvre to\\nad vance against it from the Pyrenian frontier.\\nHis advance was interrupted by three battles,\\nin which the raw and undisciplined Aragonese\\npeasants did not hesitate to attack the French\\ncolumn, but were in each instance driven back.\\nLefebvre at last presented himself before\\nZaragoza, with a demand for its submission.\\nTo that demand Palafox made the memorable\\nreply, War to the knife; a reply that fore-\\nshadowed the terrific struggle by which those\\nold brick walls were to be won by the enemy.\\nIn every attack the French made upon the gates\\nand walls, between the twelfth of June and\\nAugust fifteenth, they were repulsed with\\nfearful loss. Lefebvre, discouraged by his", "height": "4504", "width": "2808", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "210\\nHISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nsuccessive failures to carry the place by storm,\\ndrew oflfhis army to await the arrival of heavy\\nartillery, to enable him to undertake a regular\\nsiege.\\nThe second attempt on Zaragoza began in\\nDecember, 1808. In the interval bet ween this\\nand the first attack the defences had been\\ngreatlystrengthened, andalargesupply of arms\\nprocured. As the French columns advanced\\ntowards the city there was presented a specta-\\ncle not often witnessed by one doomed to a\\nsiege. The entire population, men, womenand\\nchildren, were engaged in the workof preparing\\nfor resistance. None left the walls, but on the\\ncontrary the peasantry of the surrounding\\ncountry rushed within them to share in the\\nperilous defence. By the time the French took\\ntheir position around the city, it had within\\nit fifty thousand defenders, the most of them\\nundisciplined and uninured to arms, vet animat-\\ned with the spirit of their leader s reply to\\nLefebvre s demand of surrender.\\nThe French force consisted of two army corps\\nof fifty thousand men, commanded by Marshals\\nMoncey and Montier, with all the necessary", "height": "4488", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "COLONIAX FLORIDA.\\n211\\nartillery and appliances for a siege. For fifty\\ndays after the French artillery began to play\\nupon the city the conflict between the besieged\\nand the besiegers was incessant. In that time,\\nthirty-three thousand cannon shot, and sixteen\\nthousand bombs had been hurled against the\\nplace. When a breach was made in the wall,\\nimmediately and under the terrific fire of the\\nenemy it was closed up with sand bags. If at\\nany point an entry was made within them by\\nthe besiegers, the stone houses became citadels\\nfor the besieged. If the defenders were driven\\nfrom a room, a stand was made in the next one.\\nWomen and children shared in the labors and\\nthe perils of the fight. As a gunner feil at the\\nfeet of his wife, stricken down bya cannon shot,\\nshe promptly took his place at the gun.\\nNapoleon, dissatisfied with the slow progress\\nmade by Moncey and Montier towards a\\nredtiction of the place, sent Junot to take the\\ncommand. Becoming dissatisfied with him, he\\nsent Lannes to bring the operations to a close.\\nPestilence, too, came to his aid as well as addi-\\ntional forces sent by the Emperor At last Pala-\\nfox was confined to his bed with the prevailing", "height": "4484", "width": "2808", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nepidemie. The Frenchsoldiers were at the same\\ntime depressed by the fierce and uninterrupted\\nconflict. Scarce a fourth of the town is won,\\nsaid one of them, and we are already exhaust-\\ned. We shall all perish amongst these ruins,\\nwhich will become our own tombs, before we\\ncan force the last of these fanatics from the last\\nof their dens. With the assailants thus de-\\npressed, and the besieged deprived of the pres-\\nence and encouragement of their leader, besides\\nthe havoc of pestilence, a favorable capitulation\\nwas accepted by Marshal Lannes. The regular\\ntroops marched out of the walls with the\\nhonors of war, and were sent as prisoners into\\nFrance, each soldier retaining his knapsack, the\\nofficers their horses and side arms. The peas-\\nants were dismissed, and private property was\\nrespected. Fifty thousand human beings per-\\nished during the siege, all, except six thousand,\\nfrom pestilence. Palafox remained a prisoner\\nin France until 1814, when he returned to\\nSpain. He was afterwards created Duke of\\nZaragoza, and died in 1847.\\nOf this siege a British historian has said:\\nModern Europe has not such a memorable", "height": "4500", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n213\\nsiege to recount and to the end of the world,\\neven after Spain and France have sunk before\\nthe waves of time, and all the glories of modern\\nEurope have passed away, it will stand forth\\nin undecaying lustre; a monument of heroic\\ndevotion, which will thrill the hearts of the\\nbrave and generous throughout every succeed-\\ning age.\\nBaylen, a parallel street with Palafox, next\\ninvites notice. Baylen is a small town at the\\nfoot of the Si\u00c3\u00abrra Morena, on the road leading\\nfrom Cadiz to Cordova and Seville. There, on\\nJuly nineteenth, 1808, the French General\\nDupont, after his recent plunder of Cordova,\\nwith excesses more in keeping with the days of\\nAlaric, than the nineteenth century, was, with\\n20,000 men, and all their plunder, compelled to\\nsurrender, after a series of battles to a Spanish\\narmy, largely made up of irregular Spanish\\ntroops.\\nTo Reding, a Swiss in the service of Spain,\\nwas due the glory of the event, which excited\\nprofound attention throughout Europe, and\\nAllison s Modern Europe, Vol. III., p. 301.", "height": "4484", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nmade a deep and sinister impression on the\\nFrench.\\nOf the catastrophe Napoleon, who was at\\nBordeaux when he heard of it, said That an\\narmy should be beaten, is nothing; it is the\\ndail} r fate of war and is easily repaired; but\\nthat an army should submit to a dishonorable\\ncapitulation is a stain upon the glory of our\\narms which can never be effaced. Wounds in-\\nflicted on honor are incurable. The mor al effect\\nof this catastrophe will be terrible. Baylen\\nwas doubtless the first link in the chain of\\nevents which drew from him the reflection in\\nwhich he indulged at St. Helena It was that\\nunhappy war in Spain which ruined me.\\nRomana street bears the name of the most\\nillustrious General Spain produced during her\\ngreat Peninsula war the Marquis de Romana.\\nHe was one of those great and generouscharac-\\nters who are too great and generous to be\\nmoved by selfishness or envy, and was in con-\\nsequence the bond of union between the English\\nand Spanish armies. He was marching to the\\nreli\u00c3\u00abf of Badajoz, when he was seized with heart\\ndisease at Cartaxo, where he died suddenlyjan-", "height": "4476", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL, FLORIDA.\\n215\\nuary 22, 1811. It is enough for Iris fame for\\nhim to have been the subject of the folio wing\\ndispatch by the Duke of Wellington In the\\nMarquis de Romana, the Spanish army has lost\\nits brightest ornament, his country its most\\nupright patriot, and the world the most stren-\\nuous and zealous defender in the cause in which\\nwe are engaged and I shall always acknowl-\\nedge with gratitude the assistance which I\\nreceived from him, as well by his operation, as\\nby his counsel, since he has been joined with the\\narmy.\\nAlcaniz is a reminder of another field of\\nSpanish glory. It is the name of a town in Ar-\\nagon, on the rightbank of the Guadalupe, sixty\\nmiles south-east of Zaragoza. It was, on May\\ntwenty-third, 1809, the sc\u00c3\u00a8ne of the defeat of a\\nFrench army under Suchet by the Spanish forces\\nunder General Blake.\\nTarragona street commemorates one of those\\nsieges like that of Saragossa, which signalize\\nthe Spanish race above all others, for the tenac-\\nity and devotion with which in all ages it has\\ndefended its homes. The city of that name,\\nsituated on the Mediterranean shore of Spain,", "height": "4504", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nwas besieged by Suchet, and defended by Gen-\\neral Cortinas, from May 4, to June 29,\\n1811. The defense was conducted with\\nthe same fierce obstinacy and courage which\\nmarked that of Saragossa, and with even\\ngreater mortality, if allowance is made for the\\nravages of pestilence in the latter. But there\\nwas a vast difference in the finality of the two\\nsieges. Tarragona was taken by assault; and\\nnever did American savages exercise more\\ndemon-like fury upon unresisting and powerless\\nhumanity than the French troops visited upon\\nthe Tarragonese. Above six thousand human\\nbeings comprising all ages, and both sexes,\\nwere massacred whilst appealing for mercy.\\nThe blood of the Spaniards inundated the\\nstreets and the houses. Armed and unarmed,\\nmen and women, gray hairs and infant inno-\\ncence, attractive youth and wrinkled age, were\\nalike butchered by the infuriated troops.\\nAllison s History of Modern Europe, Vol. III., p. 422.", "height": "4468", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n217\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nFolch Leaves West Florida His Successors War of 1812\\nTecumseh s Yisit to the Seminoles and Creeks\\nConsequences\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fort Mims\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Percy and Nicholls Expe-\\ndition.\\nIn October, 1809, Folch left Pensacola to fill\\nthe appointment of Governor of the country\\nwest of the Perdido, the capital of which was\\nMobile. The uneventful period, for Pensacola\\nat least, between that year and 1813, was\\nmarked only by the incoming and outgoing of\\ngovernors. Folch s successor was his son-in-\\nlaw, Don Francisco Maximiliano de Saint\\nMaxent, under an ad interim appointment. In\\nJuly 1812, he was succeeded by Mauricio\\nZuniga, who in May, 1813, gave place to Mateo\\nGurzalez Maurique, whose administration\\ncovered the period of the war between the\\nUnited States and Great Britain, which was\\ndeclared by the former, on June 18, 1812.", "height": "4484", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "218 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nThat Pensacola should have been involved in\\nthat struggle would seem to be out of the\\nnatural order of events, when it is remembered\\nthat Spain and the United States wereatpeace.\\nBut, as before intimated, there existed a covert\\nhostility on the part of the Spanish officials at\\nPensacola against the Americans, growing out\\nof the dispute as to the limits of West Florida\\nand now intensified by the capture of Mobile\\non April 13, 1813, by an expedition from New\\nOrleans, under the command of General Wilkin-\\nson. Spain herself was too much absorbed by\\nher struggle for existence to take any active\\ninterest in a question of boundary in the new\\nworld. But the British, who were her allies in\\nher war with the French, availed themselves of\\nthat official hostility to induce the Spaniards at\\nPensacola to permit them to make that place a\\nbase from which the Indians could be furnished\\nwith supplies to wage war on the United\\nStates.\\nAfter the capture of Detroit, in August, 1812,\\nthe British formed the scheme of combining the\\nIndians on the western frontier of the United\\nStates in a line of warfare extending from the", "height": "4464", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n219\\nLakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Astheir chief em-\\nissary to accomplish that end, they employed\\nTecumseh, the great Shawnee Chief, who in the\\nfall of that year made his appearance amongst\\nthe Seminoles and Creeks. He at once began\\nthe work of exciting their hostility against the\\nAmericans, by every argument, art, and device\\nwhich his own sa vage shrewdness could sug-\\ngest, or the deliberate calculations of his British\\nallies prompt. He addressed the Creek assem-\\nblies with the burning words of an impassioned\\noratory to which his stately form and command-\\ning presence gave additional force. He upbraided\\ntheir disposition to adopt the speech, the dress,\\nand habits of the white man, instead of cleav-\\ning to those of their forefathers. He persuaded\\nthem that it was degrading to an Indian war-\\nrior to follow the plow, or to rely upon cattle\\nand the fruits of the field for sustenance that it\\nwas decreed by the Great Spirit that the coun-\\ntry should go back to the forest, and that the\\nIndian should depend upon the chase for his\\nfood, as his forefathers had done. An invidious\\ncontrast was drawn between the disinterested\\nfriendship of the British, who had no occasion", "height": "4504", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nor use for their lands, and the cupidity of the\\nAmericans who were annuallj restricting their\\nhunting grounds by their ever extending settle-\\nments. Superstition, and necrotnancy, too, were\\nsuccessfully employed to enforce his teachings.\\nSome of the wavering, like Francis, afterwards\\nknown as the prophet, were induced to submit\\nto days of seclusion and fasting, in houses from\\nwhich the light was excluded, until darkness,\\nspells, and incantations, acting upon bodies\\nenfeebled by hunger, inspired faith in the mis-\\nsion of the great Shawnee. A cornet, which ap-\\npeared in the last days of September of that\\nyear, was pointed to as a sign placed in the\\nheavens by the Great Spirit, as a presage of\\nwrath and destruction to the white man, and a\\npromise of redemption to the Indian.\\nHe had the temerity, even, to foretell a great\\nnatural phenomenon of which he was to be the\\nproximate canse, as an evidence his mission\\nwas inspired. When I reach Detroit I shall\\nstamp my foot, and the earth will tremble and\\nrock. And strange to relate, at about the\\nlapse of time the journey would consume, an\\nearthquake was feit throughout the Creek", "height": "4468", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "COLOXIAL FLORIDA.\\n221\\ncountry, when from all sides came the cry of\\nthe awe-stricken Indians Tecumseh has reach-\\ned Detroit and stamped his foot.\\nHis mission divided the Creeks into two par-\\nties, of which by far the most numerous and\\nwarlike, was that which yielded to his seduc-\\ntions. To each of his converts he gave a red\\nstick as an emblem of war, and hence thehostile\\nCreeks became known as Eed Sticks.\\nHe had hardly returned to Detroit, when\\nthere came to Pensacola British agents, bring-\\ning with them military supplies for distribution\\namongst the Red Sticks, to whose bloody in-\\nstincts was applied the stimulus of a bounty\\nof five dollars for every American scalp.\\nThat Pensacola should be the Creek base of\\nsupply, was in accordance with the plan of\\nwarfare designed by the British at Detroit, and\\na fulfillment of Tecumseh s promised assistance\\nto their savage allies. After the arrival there of\\nthe British agents and their stores, the Red\\nSticks lost no time in procuring from them the\\nneeded supplies for the war to which they had\\n*Pickett s Historv of Alabama, Vol. \u00c3\u008fL, p. 246.", "height": "4492", "width": "2832", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\npledged themselves. From all parts of the\\nCreek country the hostiles were seen hurrying\\nto Pensacola, and returning with arms and am-\\nmunition, without hindrance from the Spanish\\nofficials.\\nThe first startling result of the alliance\\nbetween the British and Indians, was the mas-\\nsacre of Fort Mims, which occurred in August,\\n1813, an event that sent a thrill of horror\\nthrough every American heart.\\nThe fort was situated on Lake Tensas, a mile;\\neast of the Alabama river. It consisted of a\\nstockade enclosing about an acre, with a block-\\nhouse in one of its angles. In the center of it\\nstood the residence of Samuel Mims, for whom\\nit was named. It had been hastily constructed,\\nas a refuge for the people of the neighborhood,\\nin anticipation of an extended war, rendered\\nimminent by encounters that had taken place\\nbetween small parties of Indians and whites.\\nIn July, there entered the stockade five hundred\\nand fifty-three souls, composed of soldiers, other\\nmen, women and children. Owing to the ill\\nchosen site, situated as it was in a hammock,\\nand the negligence of those in command, the", "height": "4460", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n223\\nplace was surprised at midday on August 30,\\nby one thousand Creek Indians under William\\nWeatherford and Francis, who rushed in at\\nthe open gate, which had been heedlessly left un-\\nclosed. But few of those in the Fort escaped.\\nAll the dead were scalped, except those who\\nwere saved from that outrage, by undergoing\\nthe process of cremation in the buildings in\\nwhich they had taken refuge, and which were\\nfired by the enemy to overcome their defenders.\\nTheir bloody work finished, the Indians rested\\nand feasted, at the sc\u00c3\u00a8ne of the massacre, smok-\\ning their pipes, and trimming and drying the\\nscalps they had taken. Afterwards, these hor-\\nrid trophies of victory, strung on sticks, were\\ntaken to the British agents at Pensacola, who\\npaid for them the promised bounty.\\nIt is due to William Weatherford, who was a\\nson of a half-sister of Alexander McGillivray,\\nthat, it should be mentioned, at the peril of\\nhis own life, he interfered to save the women\\nand children. Failing in his merciful efforts, he\\nrefused to witness their massacre, and left the\\nbloody sc\u00c3\u00a8ne.\\nNot content with making Pensacola a base", "height": "4500", "width": "2808", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "224 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nfor inciting the Indians to hostitilies against\\nthe United States, in 1814, there came into the\\nharbor a British fleet, with a body of marines,\\nthe former tmder the command of Captain\\nWilliam Henry Percy, and the later tmder that\\nof Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Nicholls, for the\\npurpose of taking possession of its fortifications.\\nThis the imbecile Maurique permitted them to\\ndo. Fort George, which had been named St.\\nMichael by the Spaniards, resumed its English\\nname, and received a British garrison, whilst\\nthe flag of St. George once again floated from\\nits ramparts. Fort San Carlos and thebattery\\non Santa Rosa Island were also turned over to\\nthe British. And at the same time, the\\nGovernor s house was made the headquarters\\nof Percy and Nicholls.\\nThe fleet consisted of two ships, each of\\ntwenty-four guns, and two brigs, each of\\neighteen guns, with three tenders. The marines\\nnumbered two to three hundred men.\\nNicholls at once began to increasehis force by\\nenlisting Indians, whom he supplied with\\nBritish uniforms, and drilled in the streets of\\nPensacola.", "height": "4464", "width": "2908", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n225\\nThus reads his order of the day, twenty-sixth\\nof August 1814. The noble Spanish nation\\nhas grieved to see her territories insulted,\\nhaving been robbed and despoiled of a portion\\nof them while she was overwhelmed with\\ndistress, and held down by the chains which a\\ntyrant had imposed onhergloriouslystruggling\\nforthe greatest of all blessings (true liberty).\\nThe treacherous Americans, whocallthemselves\\nfree, have attacked her like assassins while she\\nwas fallen. But the day of retribution is fast\\napproaching. As to the Indians, you are\\nto exhibit to them the most exact discipline,\\nbeing patterns to these children of nature. You\\nwill teach and instruct them, in doing which\\nyou will manifest the utmost patience, and you\\nwill correct them when they deserve it.\\nPercy in a communication to Lafitte, the\\ncommander of the Banatariapirates, says As\\nFrance and England are now friends, I call on\\nyou with your brave followers to enter intothe\\nservice of Great Britain, in which youshall have\\nthe rank of Captain. 1\\nNicholls likewise issued a proclamation to the\\npeople of Louisiana and Kentucky, inviting", "height": "4504", "width": "2840", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nthem to join the British. To the latter he\\naddressed himself specially as folio ws Inhabi-\\ntants of Kentucky, you have too long borne\\nwith grievous impositions. The wholebrunt of\\nthe war has fallen on your brave sons. Be\\nimposed upon nomore. Either range yourselves\\nunder the Standard of your forefathers, or\\nobserve a strict neutrality.\\nAnd as an additional stimulus to the activity\\nand zeal of the Indians, the bounty on American\\nscalps was raised from five to ten dollars, f\\n*Niles Weekly Register, Vol. VII., pp. 134-135.\\nf Pickett s History of Alabama, Vol. II., p. 357.", "height": "4448", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n227\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nAttack on Fort Boyer by Percy and Nicholls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jackson s\\nMarch on Pensacola in 1814 The Town Captured\\nPercy and Nicholls Driven Out Consequences of the\\nWar to the Creeks Don Manuel Gonzalez.\\nThe first aggressive operation of Percy and\\nNicholls against the Americans after they had\\nestablished themselves at Pensacola was an\\nattack on Fort Boyer on Mobile Point, pre-\\nparatorytoanadvance on Mobile. But General\\nJackson s great victory of the Horse Shoe over\\nthe Creeks on the twenty-seventh of March\\nhad effectually crushed them, and the treaty\\nwith them which folio wed enabled him to direct\\nhis attention exclusively to the movements of\\nthe British at Pensacola.\\nHis first step was to put Fort Boyer in con-\\ndition to resist an attack, by repairing it,\\nmounting additional guns and placinganample\\ngarrison in it. This preparation had hardly\\nbeen accomplished, when, early in September,", "height": "4504", "width": "2836", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\n1814, the British commanders made a com-\\nbined attack upon it by land and water. The\\nformer was repulsed, and the latter resulted in\\nthe destruction of the Her mes, Per cy s flag ship,\\nand the drawing off of the other vessels in a\\ncrippled condition. After the inglorious ex-\\npedition, the British fleet and land forces\\nretired to Pensacola\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a result hardly in keep-\\ning with the vaunts of Percy and Nicholls\\nin their several proclamations issued in August.\\nPensacola having lost all claim to neutrality r\\nas w T ell by being under the British flag, as by\\nbecoming a refuge for the hostile Indians who\\ndeclined to bring themselves within the terms\\nof the treaty which General Jackson had made\\nwith the Creeks after the victory at the Horse\\nShoe, he resolved to advance upon it. He had\\npreviously written Maurique a letter reminding\\nhim of the peaceful relations bet ween Spain and\\nthe United States, expostulating with him upon\\nhis permitting the British to make Pensacola\\nthe base of their operations, and allowing it to\\nbe an asylum for the hostile Creeks, naming\\ntwo of them especially, McQueen and Francis,\\nwhose strange adventures will be mentioned in", "height": "4492", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n229\\na future page. To this mild expostulation the\\ngovernor made an ambiguous and insulting\\nreply, ending with the threat that Jackson\\nshould hear from him shortly. The corre-\\nspondence occurred just before the Percy and\\nNicholls attack on Fort Boyer, and doubtless\\nit was their bombastic prediction of success\\nwhich prompted old Maurique to send Jackson\\nso defiant reply.\\nGeneral Jackson, however, did not wait\\nlonger than the last days of October, 1814, for\\nthe execution of the Spanish governor s threat.\\nHaving collected his forces at Fort Mont-\\ngomery, on the twenty-seventh he took up his\\nline of march for Pensacola, the Indian trail re-\\nferred to in an early chapter being its guiding\\nthread. The troops consisted of the Third,\\nThirty- nineth and Forty fourth infantry\\nCoffee s brigade, a company of Mississippi\\ndragoons and part of a West Tennessee regi-\\nment, numbering three thousand effective men,\\nbesides a band of friendly Choctaws.\\nHe reached the vicinity of the town on the\\nNiks Weekiy Register, Vol. VII., p. 11.", "height": "4500", "width": "2732", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORICAI. SKETCHES OF\\nevening of the sixth of November. He first ap-\\npeared on its western side, and there, having\\nhalted, he says, in the dispatch containing an\\naccount of the expedition, On my approach I\\nsent Major Pierre with a flag to communicate\\nthe object of my visit. Heapproached the Fort\\nSt. George with his flag displayed, and was\\nfired on by the cannon from the fort. Im-\\nmediately afterwards, with the adjutant and a\\nsmall party, he himself made a reconnoissance.\\nHe found the fort manned by Spanish as well as\\nEnglish troops. He likewise observed that\\nthere were in the harbor seven English war\\nvessels, which it was necessary for him to con-\\nsider in his futtire movements. His plans were\\nat once formed. A force under Captain Denkins,\\nwith several pieces of artillery, occupied the site\\nof Fort St. Barnardo, which was once again to\\nbe pitted against its old antagonist, Fort\\nGeorge. f Inferring that the enemy would ex-\\npeet his attack from the west, General Jackson,\\non the night of the sixth, caused the main body\\nof his army to make a circuit ons march, so that\\nNiles Weekly Register, Vol. VIL, p. 281.\\nt Niles Weekly Register, Vol. VIL, p. 281.", "height": "4480", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n231\\nthe morning would find it on the eastern ex-\\ntremity of the town.* This movement shielded\\nhim from the guns of St. George or St. Michael,\\nwhilst by entering the town at the eastern end\\nof Government street he would, in a measure,\\nbe protected from the guns of the English ves-\\nsels. But he encountered a battery of two guns\\nas he entered the street, which fired upon the\\ncentre column with ball and grape, whilst there\\nopened upon the troops a shower of musketry\\nfrom houses, fences and gardens.f The battery\\nwas soon silenced, however, by a storming\\nparty led by Captain Laval, who lost a leg at\\nthe last fire of the guns. All the Spanish forces\\nat the battery fled as LavaPs command rushed\\nupon it except a gallant Spanish officer, who,\\nrefusing to fly, was taken prisoner. But tra-\\ndition says, instead of laurels, he won from his\\nown people the imputation of fooi for his\\nrashness a rashness, however, which, had it\\nbeen crowned with success, would probably\\nhave secured him the praise of a hero.\\nNiles Weekly Register, Vol. VIL, p. 281.\\nf Niles Weekly Register, Vol. VII., p. 281.", "height": "4484", "width": "2748", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nWhen the cotnmand had well advanced into\\nthe town it was met by the go vernor in person,\\nwith a white flag, and an offer of surrender at\\ndiscretion. The offer was accepted, but solely\\nfor the purpose of enabling General Jackson to\\naccomplish the declared object of the expedition\\nwhich was not conquest\u00e2\u0080\u0094 but to expel the\\nBritish, whose presence was due to the im-\\nbecility of Maurique, as w r ell as the small\\nSpanish force at his command, consisting, as it\\ndid, of two or three companies of the regiment\\nof Tarragona. In order to attain that object,\\npossession of Forts Barrancas and St. Michael\\nby the Americans was indispensable, and, to\\nthe extent of his ability, the governor made the\\nsurrender. But when Captain Denkins and his\\ncommand were about to proceed to take pos-\\nsession of St. Michael, Captain Soto, the\\nSpanish officer in command, refused to obey the\\ngovernor s instructions to make the surrender.\\nPreparations that were immediately made to\\ntake it by storm, however, induced Soto to re-\\nconsider his refusal and to admit the American\\ncommand. The demand was made at sixo clock\\non the evening of the seventh, and the surrender", "height": "4476", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n233\\noccurred at midnight. The purpose of Soto s\\ndelay cannot be divined, for Nicholls having on\\nthe night of the sixth withdrawn his men to\\nthe shipping, there remained in the fort but a\\nsmall band of Spaniards.\\nAs General Jackson withdrew his forces from\\nthe town, which he did on the evening of the\\nsame day of its capture, they were fired upon\\nby the British vessels, but without inflicting\\nany injury.\\nWhilst, on the morning of the eighth, a\\ndetachment was preparing to march on Bar-\\nrancas, with the purpose of cutting off the\\nretreat of the British fleet, there was heard a\\ngreat explosion, which it was at onceconcluded\\nwas occasioned by the blowing up of San Car-\\nlos. General Jackson nevertheless sent the\\ndetachment there to verify the fact. On its\\nreturn in the night it reported the fort blown\\nup, everything combustible burned, andcannon\\nspiked by the British, who had taken to their\\nships, and sailed out of the harbor.\\nThe only casualties which occurred doing these\\noperations on the part of the Americans were\\nseven killed and eleven wounded, including", "height": "4504", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCaptain Laval; and on the part of the Span-\\niards four killed and six wounded.\\nCaptain William Laval was a South Carolin-\\nian, the son of a French officer of the Legion of\\nLauzun, belonging to the French forces in the\\nRevolutionary war. In 1808 he received the\\ncommission of ensign in the American army. In\\n1812, he became a first lieutenant. The break-\\ning out of the Creek war found him a captain.\\nHe was with the third regiment, to which his\\ncompany belonged, at thebattle of Holy Ground.\\nFor the service of charging the Spanish battery\\nat Pensacola he was specially selected by\\nGeneral Jackson. The loss of his leg prevented\\nhis sharing with his regiment in the glorious\\nvictory of New Orleans, and ended his military\\ncareer as w r ell. His aptitude for civil as well as\\nmilitary life was manifested by his filling the\\noffices of Secretary of State, Comptroller Gen-\\neral, and Treasurer of South Carolina, as well as\\nAssistant Treasurer of the United States under\\nPolk s administration.\\nThat the presence of the British wasenforced,\\nand by no means agreeable to the Spaniards,\\nwas promptly manifested by the good feeling", "height": "4492", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n235\\nexhibited by the latter towards the Americans,\\nas soon as Percy and Nicholls had taken their\\ndeparture. The inhabitants were much im-\\npressed by the kind and generous conduct of\\nGeneral Jackson; who seems fully, to have\\nappreciated the peculiar position in which the\\ntown was placed, by the pretentious audacity\\nof Percy and Nicholls, the feebleness of its\\ngarrison, and above all the imbecility of Mau-\\nrique. In the dispatch before referred to he says:\\nThe good order and conduct of my troops,\\nwhilst in Pensacola, have convinced the Span-\\niards of our friendship and our prowess and\\nhave drawn from the citizens an expression,\\nthat The Choctaws are more civilized thanthe\\nBritish. In letters written from Pensacola to\\nHavana, in relation to the capture of the place,\\nthe comparison is thus expressed: the Ameri-\\ncan Choctaws were more civilized than the\\nreligious EngKsh. These letters teem withthe\\npraises of the considerate conduct of General\\nJackson and his army.\\nWhen the first account of the invasion\\nreached Havana, American vessels were seized\\nas a retaliatory measure; but when all the", "height": "4504", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nparticulars of the expedition were learned they\\nwere promptly released.\\nHaving blown up St. Michael, General\\nJackson left Pensacola, on November 9, to go\\nto the defence of New Orleans, which from all\\nindications was threatened with an attack by\\nthe British. There he arrived with his army,\\non December 2, to begin those preparations\\nwhich were to end on January 8, in the grand\\nand glorious land victory of the War of 1812.\\nWhen Percy and Nicholls left Pensacola, they\\ntook with them, not only their Indian allies,\\nbut also about one hundred negro slaves be-\\nlonging to the inhabitants of the town. Sailing\\nto Appalachicola, they there landed the Indians\\nand negroes. Still bent on instigating a savage\\nwarfare against the American settlements, a\\nfort under their directions w r as built on the Ap-\\npalachicola river, which they supplied with gtms\\nand ammunition. It was designedto serve as a\\nrefuge for fugitive slaves, and a resort for hos-\\ntile Indians, as well as a salient point from\\nw T hich to carry on an exterminating warfare\\nagainst the white settlements in southern Geor-\\neia and Alabama.", "height": "4468", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n237\\nSuch were the inglorious results of the Percy-\\nNicholls expedition to Florida, beginning, as we\\nhave seen, with stilted proclamations to the\\npeople of Louisiana and Kentucky, coupled\\nwith an invitation to a nest of pirates to\\nbecome their allies; and ending with the rob-\\nbing and destruction of the property of a com-\\nmunity to which they had come under the guise\\nof friendship, and as its shield from wrongs\\nwhich existed in their own imaginations only.\\nAside from the barbarity which marked the\\nwarfare instigated by Britain against the\\nAmericans in Florida and Alabama during the\\nyears 1812-1814, history has cause to lament\\nits fatal consequences to the people who were\\nthe cruel instruments by which it was waged.\\nAt the time of Tecumseh s mission to the\\nCreeks, about twenty years had elapsed since\\nthe death of their Great Chief, McGillivray. In\\nthat interval, under the impulse of his teachings\\nand example, continued and increased by the\\nfostering care of the United States, they had\\nmade considerable advance in civilization.\\nLarge numbers of them had learned to rely\\nmore upon tillage and their herds for a livelihood,", "height": "4460", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORICAL SKETCHES FO\\nthan on the chase. It was no uncommon thing\\nto see in the nation, well-built houses standing\\nin the midst of considerable farms. They owned\\nslaves and large herds of cattle. The hum of\\nthe spinning wheel, and the noise of the shuttle,\\nmoved by the deft hands of Indian matrons,\\nwere common sounds throughout the Creek\\ncountry; whilst an Indian maiden with her\\nmilk pail, or at her churn, was no unusualsight.\\nThe schools established amongst them were\\ngradually shedding upon them the light and\\nmellowing influence of knowledge.\\nThe large infusion of white blood into the\\ntribe, owing to the attractions of the Creek\\nwomen, which have already been noticed, like-\\nwise, added the hope of a civilization resting\\nupon the strongest instincts of human nature.\\nOf the possibility of this civilizing and ennob-\\nling influence, gradually permeating and elevat-\\ningthe Creeks as a people, w T e have the evidence\\nin some of their descendants, who at this day,\\nare amongst the most respectable citizens in\\nseveral communities in Alabama and Florida.\\n*Niles Weekh Register, Vol. 6, p. 370.", "height": "4484", "width": "2936", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n239\\nSuch was the state of the Creek nation, when\\nthe British at Detroit sent Tecumseh, like\\nanother Prince of Evil, into that fair garden of\\na nascent civilization, to convert its peaceful\\nsc\u00c3\u00a8nes into fields of slaughter, with all the woes\\nthat follow in the footsteps of war.\\nThe first fruit of that cruel scheme, as we\\nhave seen, was the tragedy of Fort Mims.\\nThen followed in rapid succession the avenging\\nbattles of Tallasehatchee, Talladega, Auttose,\\nand Holy Ground. To those succeeded the last\\ngreat heroic struggle at the Horse Shoe, in\\nwhich, of one thousand Red Sticks engaged,\\ntwo hundred only survived. Afterwards came\\nthesurrender of Weatherford with that speech\\n*Weatherford having boldly ridden up to General Jack-\\nson s tent, was met by the threatening question: How\\ndare you, sir, ride up to my tent after having murdered the\\nwomen and children at Fort Miins? Weatherford replied:\\nu General Jackson, I am not afraid of you. I fear no man,\\nfor I am a Creek warrior. I have not hing to request in\\nbehalf of myself you can kill me if you wish. I come to beg\\nyou to send for the women and children of the war party\\nwho are now starving in the woods. Their fields and cribs\\nhave been destroyed by your people, who have driven them\\nto the woods without one ear of corn. I hope you will send", "height": "4504", "width": "2760", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nwhich comes to us as the dirge-like epilogue of\\nthe woeful drama; and a memorial of that pro-\\nphetic shadow which feil on his people when\\nthey learned their Grand Chief was lying in the\\nsands of the Seminoles.\\nThe Spaniards criticised General Jackson s\\nFlorida campaign, because he did not, instead\\nof advanciog on Pensacola, proceed at once\\nto Barrancas,to capture San Carlos, and there-\\nby prevent the escape of the British vessels.\\nBut the answer to the criticism is, that he was\\nnot aware, perhaps, of all the conditions known\\nto the Spaniards, which in their judgment,\\nwouldhave facilitated a surprise, orcontributed\\nto a successful assault. Besides, such a move-\\nment would have been inconsistent with the\\npurpose of his invasion, w r hich was to procure\\nthe exclusion of the British from Florida, by the\\nout parties to safely bring them here in order that they\\nmay be fed. I exerted myself in vain to prevent the massa-\\nere of the women and children at Fort Mims. I am no w done\\nfighting. The Red Sticks are nearly all killed. If I could\\nfight you any longer I would most heartily do so. Send\\nfor the women and children they never did you any harm.\\nBut kill me if the white people want it done. Pickett s\\nHistory of Alabama, Vol. II., p. 349.", "height": "4484", "width": "2908", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n241\\naction of the Spaniards themselves; a consider-\\nation which was due to the amicable relations\\nexisting bet ween Spain and the United States.\\nEntertaining these views, General Jackson did\\nnot deern it proper to seize the Spanish forts in\\nthe first instance without communicating with\\nthe Governor. This he attempted to do, and it\\nwas only after the outrage of firing on his flag,\\nhe resolved, without further parley or remon-\\nstrance, by his own arms to drive out the\\nBritish.\\nThat, however, he had considered a move-\\nment on Barrancas, before or at the time of his\\nadvance on Pensacola, is evidenced by an inter-\\nview which he had with Don Manuel Gon-\\nzalez, w4io wasan officer in the Spanish commis-\\nsary department, and who had a cattle ranch\\nat a place then known as Vacaria Baja, now as\\nOakfield, one mile from the trail the American\\narmy was following. Don Manuel, with his\\nfamily, was at the ranch, when the General rode\\nup to the house, and accosted him. There was\\nwith the Don at the time, his son, Celestino,\\nthen a young man. Through an interpreter,\\nthe General made known, that the purpose of", "height": "4504", "width": "2716", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhis visit was to require the Don, or his son, to\\nguide the army to Barrancas. The Don boldly\\nrefusing, the General became insistent, to the\\ndegree of threatening the use of force to secure\\ncompliance. Roused by the threat, with a mien\\nas dauntless asjackson s, Don Manuel replied\\nGeneral, my life and my property are in your\\npower you can take both but my honor is in\\nmy own keeping. As to my son, I would rather\\nplunge a sword into his bosom than see him a\\ntraitor to his king. The General replied by\\nextending his hand with the exclamation, I\\nhonor a brave man, and thenceforth became\\nhis friend.", "height": "4460", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n243\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nSeminole War, 1818\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jackson Invades East Florida\\nDefeats the Seminoles Captures St. Marks Arbuthnot\\nand Ambrister Prophet Francis His Daughter.\\nAt the close of the war between the United\\nStates and Great Britain, the British troops\\nwere withdrawn from the fort onthe Appalach-\\nicola river built under the auspices of Nicholls\\nand Percy.\\nThe Seminoles were, as their name signifies,\\noutlaws and runaways from the Creek confed-\\neracy, or their descendants. Henceitwas, that\\nthose of the Red Sticks who refused to submit\\nto the terms of the treaty between the United\\nStates and the Creeks, either fled to the British\\nat Pensacola, or to the Seminole nation. Itwas\\nin a district inhabited by Seminoles, that the\\nfort built by Nicholls on the Appalachicolariver\\nwas situated. The spirit and objects which\\nprompted its construction continued to animate\\nits motley garrison long after Nicholls depar-", "height": "4500", "width": "2740", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "244\\nHISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nture. At length it proved such an interruption\\nto navigation, besides being an asylum for\\nrunaway negroes, as to bring against it, in\\n1816, an expedition by land and water under\\nColonel Duncan L. Clinch. A shot from a gun-\\nl)oat exploded the magazines anddestroyed the\\nlarger part of the garrison. The destruction of\\nthis nest of rapine, however, did not for long\\ngive peace and security to the district.\\nInthefall of 1817, a feelingof tmrest andsuspi-\\ncion mutually seized tipon the white settlers and\\nIndians, induced by causes for which both were\\nresponsible. Thefirst act of war, however, was\\nthecapture on November 21 of Fowlton, aSemi-\\nnolevillage abovethe Georgia line,by an Ameri-\\ncan force, tmder Colonel Twiggs. This proved the\\nsignal for Indian massacres, the most shocking\\nof which was that of Lieutenant Scott and his\\nkommand. Whilst going up the Appalachicola\\nriver in a barge they were attacked from a\\ndense swamp on the bank. There were in the\\nl)arge forty men besides Scott, seven soldiers\\nwives, and five children. All were killed except\\none woman spared by the Indians, and four\\nmen who swam to the opposite bank.", "height": "4504", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "COLrONIAL FLORIDA.\\n245\\nIn March 1818, General Jackson was ordered\\nto the seat of war. He invaded East Florida,\\nand in a campaign of six weeks crushed the\\nIndians. In one of their towns, were found\\nthree hundred scalps of men, women and\\nchildren, fifty still fresh hanging from a red war\\npole. He also captured the Spanish Post of\\nSaint Marks.\\nFor the last act, investigation can find no\\nadequate reason. It was not, however, an\\nirremediable wrong, for restitution furnished\\na remedy. Two irreparable wrongs, however,\\nmarked that short campaign.\\nAlexander Arbuthnot, being found at St.\\nMarks, was brought before a court-martial.\\nHe was a man of seventy years of age, aScotch-\\nman, an Indian trader, and a friend of the\\nIndians, but a counsellor of peace bet ween them\\nand the whites a man of education, who used\\nhis pen to represent Indian wrongs to both\\nSpanish and American officials; and who, when\\nJackson was about to invade their country,\\nadvised the Seminoles to fly and not to fight.\\nOn his trial, the plainest rules of evidence were\\ndisregarded, and without proof he was found", "height": "4504", "width": "2732", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "246\\nHISTORICA!, SKETCHES OF\\nguilty of the charges of inciting the Creeks to\\nwar on the United States and, likewise, of\\nu aiding and abetting the enemy, andsupplying\\nthem with the means of war. Under that\\nbaseless judgment the old man was hanged\\nhis waving white locks protesting his inno-\\ncence.\\nRobert C. Ambrister, who had formerly be-\\nlonged to Nicholls command, being found in\\nthe Indian nation, was also seized and tried by\\nacourt-martial. He confessedthat he hadcoun-\\nselled and aided the Indians. The court at first\\nsentenced him to be shot, but before closing the\\ntrial, tipon a reconsideration it set aside that\\njudgment, and substituted for death the\\npunishment of fifty stripes, and confinement\\nwith a ball and chain at hard labor for\\ntwelvemonths. Nevertheless, General Jackson\\ndisregarding the last, executed the first judg-\\nment. f\\nJackson having early in May closed his\\ncampaign against the East Florida Seminoles,\\nand obtained evidence satisfactory to himself,\\n*Niles Weekly Register, Vol. 15, pp. 270\u00e2\u0080\u0094282.\\nfNiles Weekly Register, Vol. 15, p. 281.", "height": "4492", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n247\\nthat the Spanish officials at Pensacola were in\\nsympathy with them, resolved to march upon\\nthat town, and repeat the lesson which he had\\ntaught it in 1814. Before following him in\\nthat expedition, however, mention will bemade\\nof the adventures, fate and daughter of Francis,\\nthe Indian prophet, who left Pensacola, it will\\nbe remembered, with Nicholls on the approach\\nof the Americans in 1814.\\nFrancis had been one of Tecumseh s most\\nnotable and zealous disciples, as well as one of\\nthe most sedulous in making Red Stick converts.\\nA leader in the massacre of Fort Mims, he had\\nrevelled in deeds of blood in that human\\nslaughter pen. When Nicholls left Florida with\\nhis troops, Francis accompanied him, and\\nfinally made his way to London. There in a\\ngorgeous dress he was presented to the Prince\\nRegent, who in recognition of his military serv-\\nices to the crown, bestowed upon him a gilded\\ntomahawk, with a dazzling belt, a gold snufif-\\nbox, and a commission of brigadier-general in\\nthe British service. Well would it have been\\nfor the prophet had he remained inalandwhere\\nhis deeds were so highly appreciated. But the", "height": "4500", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ninstinct of the savage brought him back to\\nFlorida, where he was captured by the decoy of\\nan American vessel lying in the St. Marks river,\\nflying a British flag. He went ofif to her in a\\ncanoe, to meet allies, but found enemies, who\\nseized and delivered him to Jackson. He was\\nsummarily hanged, with his brigadier s commis-\\nsion on his person.\\nIt is a pleasing change to turn from deeds of\\nblood to instances of humanity, especially when\\nthey come to us in the form of attractiveyouth.\\nA young Georgian, named Duncan McRim-\\nmon, captured by the Indians whilst he was\\nfishing, was doomed to death. The stake was\\nfixed, the victim bound, the faggots and torch\\nwere ready, when a deliverer came in the person\\nof Milly or Malee, a girl of sixteen years, the\\ndaughter of Francis. Her intercessions induced\\nher father to spare McRimmon and send him to\\nSt. Marks to insure his safety. Not thinking\\nhimself secure there, McRimmon went aboard\\nthe decoy vessel, and by a singular fatality was\\nthere when Francis also came.\\nMalee, bewitching in face, slender and grace-\\nful in form, a Red Stick in blood and courage, an", "height": "4444", "width": "2896", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n249\\nexpert with the rifle, a fearless rider who\\nrequired no other help than one of her small\\nhands to mount, was the ideal of an Indian\\nhero\u00c3\u00afne. She was likewise sprightly in mind,\\nand spoke English and Spanish as well as\\nIndian.\\nAn adventure will illustrate her heroic nature.\\nAfter her father s capture, but in ignorance of\\nit, she and several attendants barely escaped\\nthe snare into which he had fallen. As they ap-\\nproached the decoy, however, something occur-\\nring to excite suspicion, their canoe was turned\\nfor the land. To arrest it, a blank shot was\\nfiredby the vessel. Thatbeingunheeded, a charge\\nof grape shot was sent after the fugitives. The\\nmissiles feil around them, but the canoe neither\\npausing nor changing its course, was paddled\\nthe faster for the shore. Aboat was sent inpur-\\nsuit, but the chase was too late. As the heroine\\nleaped from the canoe to the beach, she snatch-\\ned a rifle from an attendant and fired at the\\npursuers. The ball having grazed several of\\nthem, and struck the rudder-post, put an end to\\nthe chase.\\nAfter the close of the war, McRimmon sought", "height": "4504", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nMalee in marriage. His suit, after repeated re-\\nfusals, was crowned with success. A marriage,\\nand a happy plantation home on the Suwanee,\\nwere the fruits of her humanity, and his per-\\nsistent wooing. After eighteen years of mar-\\nried life, Malee found herself a widow with eight\\nchildren.\\nAmong the Red Sticks, who after the disas-\\ntrous battle of the Horse Shoe fled to the Semi-\\nnole nation, were a Creek mother and her\\norphan boy, whose age might be twelve. The\\n3 oung Red Stick was destined in after years to\\nfill the continent with his name. Osceola was\\nold enough at the time of Tecumseh s mission,\\nand the stirring events in w T hich it resulted, to\\nreceive from them a deep and lasting impres-\\nsion. To those impressions, doubtless, and the\\nblood he derived from one of those Spartanwar-\\nriors, w^hose heroism excited the admiration of\\ntheir conquerors, was due his primacy in the\\n*So impressed was General Jackson s chivalric nature\\nwith the lion-like courage of the Red Sticks at the battle of\\nthe Horse Shoe, that he made an earnest, but ineffectual\\neffbrt to end the conflict, and therebv save a remnant of\\nthat band of heroes.", "height": "4496", "width": "2912", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA. 251\\nSeminole war for an alien he was without the\\ninfluence of a sept to achieve it. In the career\\nof the Seminole chief may be discerned the far-\\nreaching influence of the Great Shawnee, and\\nthe abiding force of youthful impressions.", "height": "4476", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nJackson s Invasion of West Florida in 1818\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Masot s Pro-\\ntest Capture of Pensacola Capitulation of San\\nCarlos Provisional Government Established by Jack-\\nson\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pensacola Restored to Spain Governor Callava\\nTreaty of Cession Congressional Criticism of Jack-\\nson s Conduct.\\nHitherto Jackson s operations had beencon-\\nfined to the province of East Florida. On the\\ntenth of May, 1818, he began his invasion of\\nWest Florida by crossing the Appalachicola\\nriver at the Indian village of Ochesee. Thence\\nhe folio wed a trail which led him over the\\nnatural bridge of the Chipola river a bridge\\nwhich it would be difficult for the wayfarer to\\nobserve, as it is formed by the stream quietly\\nsinking into a lime-stone cavern, through which\\nit again emerges within adistanceof half amile.\\nWithin a few^ hundred yards of the trail, and\\nnear the north side of the bridge, there is a cave\\none-fourth of a mile in length, with many", "height": "4452", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n253\\nlateral grottoes, its roof pendant with glittering\\nstalactites and itsfloor covered with lime-stones\\nmoulded in varied and eccentric forms. Panic-\\nstricken by Jackson scampaign inEast Florida,\\nthe Indians on the west of the Appalachicola\\nriver, when he began his westward march,\\nmade this cave a place of refuge, and were there\\nquietlyconcealed when his troops unconsciously\\nmarched over their subterranean retreat.\\nThe army marched in two divisions. The one\\ncommanded by Jackson in person followed the\\nbridge trail, the other moved by a trail which\\nled to the river, northward of the place where\\nit made its cavernous descent. The water\\nbeing high, the construction of a bridge or rafts\\nbecame necessary to enable the wagons and\\nartillery to cross. Whilst the northern division\\nwas thus obstructed, General Jackson, unim-\\npeded in his march, reached the appointed place\\nof junction. Here hewaited, in hourly expecta-\\ntion of the appearance of the other column,\\nuntil worked up to a frenzy of impatience which\\nwas changed to indignation when, after the junc-\\ntion, the interposition of a river contradicted,\\nas he supposed, by his own immediate experi-", "height": "4504", "width": "2792", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "254 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nence was assigned as the cause of the delay*\\nAt length, ho wever, theguides, by disclosing the\\nexistence of the bridge, solved the riddle and re-\\nstored the general to good humor.\\nHis march westward, and south of the north-\\nern boundary of the province of West Florida,\\nbrought him to the Escambia river, which,\\nhaving crossed, he reached the road that he\\nhad opened over the old trail in 1814, when he\\nmarched to Pensacola on a similar mission to\\nthat in which he was now engaged.\\nDon Jos\u00c3\u00a9 Masot, who was governor of West\\nFlorida, having received intelligence of Jackson s\\nwestward march and his designs on Pensacola,\\nsent him a written protest against his invasion,\\nas an offence against the Spanish king, ex-\\nhorting and requiring him to retire from the\\nProvince/ threatening if he did not, touse force\\nfor his expulsion. This protest was delivered\\nby a Spanish officer, on May 23, after Jackson\\nhad crossed the Escambia river and was within\\na few hours march of Pensacola. Notwith-\\nstanding Masot s threat, instead of advancing\\nto meet the invader, he hastily retired with\\nmost of his troops to Fort San Carlos, leaving", "height": "4476", "width": "3028", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n255\\na few only at Pensacola, under the command of\\nLieutenant-colonel Don Lui Piemas, for the pur-\\npose of making a show of resistance.\\nMasot s protest, instead of retarding, seems\\nto have accelerated Jackson s advance. In the\\nafternoon of the same day on which it was re-\\nceived, the American army was in possession of\\nFort St. Michael and encamped around it.\\nThence, immediately upon its occupation, Jack-\\nson sent Masot a dispatch in reply to his pro-\\ntest, in which he demanded an immediate\\nsurrender of Pensacola and Barrancas. In his\\nanswer, on May 24, to that demand, Masot,\\nas to Pensacola, referred Jackson to Don Lui\\nPiemas; as to San Carlos he replied: This\\nfortress I am resolved to defend to the last ex-\\ntremity. I shall repel force by force, and he\\nwho resists aggression can never be considered\\nan aggressor. God preserve your excellency\\nmany years. Upon the receipt of this com-\\nmunication, Jackson, by arrangement with\\nColonel Piemas, took possession of Pensacola.\\nOn the twenty-fifth, Jackson replied to\\nMasot s dispatch of the twenty-fourth, in which\\nhe tells him he is aware of the Spanish force,", "height": "4504", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nand hints at the folly of resistance to an over-\\nwhelming enemy. In conclusion he says: I\\napplaud your feelings as a soldier in wishing to\\ndefend your post, but when resistance is ineffec-\\ntual and the opposing force overwhelming, the\\nsacrifice of a few brave men is an act of wanton-\\nness, for which the commanding officer is ac-\\ncountable to his God/\\nIn the evening of the day on which Jackson s\\ncommunication was written, and within a few\\nhours after it was received by Masot, Fort\\nSan Carloswas invested by the American army.\\nOn the night of the twenty-fifth, batteries were\\nestablished in favorable positions within three\\nhundred and eighty-five yards of the fort,\\nthough the work was interrupted by the Span-\\nish guns. Before the American batteries replied,\\nJackson, in his anxiety to spare the efifusion of\\nblood, sent Masot, under a flagof truce, another\\ndemand to surrender, accompanied by a rep-\\nresentation of the futility, if not the folly, of\\nfurther resistance. The refusal of the demand\\nwas followed by the batteries and the fort\\nopening upon each other. The firing continued\\nuntil evening, when a flag from the fort invited", "height": "4488", "width": "3028", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n257\\na parley, which resulted in a truce until the fol-\\nlowing day, the twenty-seventh, when, at eight\\no clock in the morning, articles of capitulation\\nwere signed. Such was Masot s defense to the\\nlast extremity, and such the fruit of Jackson s\\nexpostulation with his fiery but feeble antag-\\nonist.\\nThe military features of the capitulation were\\nthat the Spanish surrender should be made\\nwith the honors of war, drums beating, and\\nflags flying, during the march from the gate\\nof the fort to the foot of the glacis, where\\nthe arms were to be stacked; the garrison\\nto be transported to Havana and their rights\\nof property, to the last article, strictly\\nrespected.\\nBut, as in the case of General CampbelPs and\\nGovernor Chester s surrender, in 1781, to Gal-\\nvez, there was a political aspect to the capitu-\\nlation of Masot.\\nIn Jackson s despatch to Calhoun, Secretary\\nof war, he says of the capitulation: The\\narticles, with but one condition, amount to a\\ncomplete cession to the United States, of that\\nportion of the Floridas hitherto under the gov-", "height": "4500", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORICAIv SKETCHES OF\\nernment of Don Jos\u00c3\u00a9 Masot. The condition\\nalluded to was, that the province should be\\nleid by the United States until Spain could fur-\\nnish a suffici\u00c3\u00abnt military force to execute the\\nobligations of existing treaties.\\nHaving accepted the cession of West-Florida\\nto the United States, Jackson further assumed\\nthe authority of constituting a provisional\\ngovernment for the conquered province. He\\nappointed one of his officers, Colonel King, civil\\nand military go vernor he extended the revenue\\nlaws of the United States over the country ap-\\npointed another of his officers, Captain Gads-\\nden, collector of the port of Pensacola, with\\nauthority to enforce those laws declared what\\ncivil laws should be enforced, and provided for\\nthe preservation of the archives, as well as for\\nthe care and protection of what had been the\\n-property of the Spanish crown, but now, in the\\ncGeneral s conception, become the property of\\n.the United States.\\nShortly after these occurrences, General Jack-\\nson, with his constitution sorely tried by the\\nfatigue and privations of the campaign, left\\nPensacola for his home in Tennessee, to find", "height": "4504", "width": "3084", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n259\\nquietude and repose, made sweet by public ap-\\nplause on the one side, and interrupted by bitter\\ncensure and criticism on the other.\\nThe views with which Jackson began the\\nSeminole campaign in March, and those which\\nhe entertained at its close in May, by the capit-\\nulation of Masot, present a strange and strik-\\ning contrast. He invaded East-Florida to\\ncrush the Seminoles, as he had crushed the\\nCreeks of Alabama. This he accomplished by\\ninvading the territory of a power at peace with\\nthe United States. As an imperious necessity,\\nthe invasion was justified by his government.\\nDuring his operations, however, he acquired in-\\nformation from which he concluded that there\\nexisted a sympathy between the Spanish\\nofficials at Pensacola and the Indians. Osten-\\nsibly, to correct that abuse he marched to Pen-\\nsacola, where he ended his campaign by procur-\\ning the cession of the province of West-Florida,\\nfollowed by the establishment of an American\\ngovernment, without the authority of the\\nUnited States.\\nThe United States, without formally disavow-\\ning Jackson s conduct, signified its readiness to", "height": "4556", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nrestore Pensacola and St. Marks whenever a\\nSpanish force presented itself to receive the sur-\\nrender. In September, 1819, such a force ap-\\npearing at Pensacola, the town and Barrancas\\nwere immediately evacuated by the American\\ntroops. And thus ended the government estab-\\nHshed by Jackson, after it had existed fourteen\\nmonths, during which it was administered\\nto the satisfaction of the inhabitants of the\\nProvince.\\nWith the troops there came as governor Don\\nJos\u00c3\u00a9 Maria Callava, knight of the military order\\nofHermenegildo,who, in 1811, had won the cross\\nof distinction for gallant conduct in the battle\\nof Almonacid, one of the many fiercely fought\\nbattles of the Peninsula war.\\nThe advent of the Spaniards seemed to be in-\\nconsistent with the fact that, on the twenty-\\nsecond of the previous February, a treaty had\\nbeen entered into between Secretary Adams and\\nDon Louis de Onis, the Spanish minister for the\\ncession of the Floridas. But it was subject to\\nthe ratification of both governments, and,\\nthough ratified by the United States, it had not\\nbeen acted upon by Spain. At first the re-occu-", "height": "4504", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n261\\npation might have been considered a matter of\\nform,in which a sensiti ve government consulted\\nits dignity by placing itself in a condition to\\nmake a voluntary surrender of territory for a\\nconsideration,insteadof appearing tosubmit to\\na conquest. But, as time rolled on without a\\nratification of the treaty by Spain, the re-occu-\\npation of Pensacola seemed to point to her\\ndetermination to permanently retain the\\nFloridas.\\nIt was believed, at the time the treaty was\\nnegotiated, that Jackson s bold actionhad done\\nmore to bring it about than Mr. Adams diplo-\\nmatic skill, a belief for which there was an\\napparent foundation in the delay of Spain to\\nratify it after the pressure of his conquest was\\nremoved.\\nNo instance in the life of that great man more\\nstrikingly illustrates than these transactions\\nthe beneficent working of that imperious will,\\nto which he made everything bend that stood\\nin the way to the attainment of what he con-\\nceived a patriotic end.\\nThe necessity for the campaign of 1814, as\\nwell as that which he had just closed, convinced", "height": "4504", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "262 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhim that Florida, as a Spanish colony, would\\nbe a constant menace to the peace and security\\nof the border settlements of Alabama and\\nGeorgia, not so much from the hostility of the\\nSpanish as their inability to control the restless\\nand war-like Seminoles. He saw, too, the\\nnecessity of making Spain sensible of her obli-\\ngation to exercise the necessary restraint upon\\nher savage subjects, and at the same time to\\nmake her fully realize the large and onerous\\nmilitary establishment it would be necessary to\\nmaintain in Florida to accomplish that object.\\nThe articles of capitulation brought the United\\nStates and Spain face to face upon thisquestion.\\nIt impressed upon the former the imperative\\nnecessity of securing a permanent cession, and\\nit compelled the latter to count the cost in-\\nvolved in fulfilling the condition by which only\\nthe provisional cession could be nullified.\\nA study of thecorrespondence between Masot\\nandjackson, whilst the latter was still east of\\nthe Appalachicola river, creates the impression\\nthat the reason assigned by Jackson for his ex-\\npedition to Pensacola was but a pretext, and\\nthat the real motive was made manifest by the", "height": "4504", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n263\\narticles of capitulation a provisional cession,,\\nas the first step to a permanent cession. He\\nwas unsustained by his government openly, at\\nleast, he was censured by a congressional com-\\nmittee and denounced by the press, but he soon\\nfound his vindication in public opinion, en-\\nlightened by subsequent events.\\nMasot, the other chief actor in these transac-\\ntions, had been appointed governor of West\\nFlorida in November, 1816, and, as we have\\nseen, his official term ended with the capitula-\\ntion of the twenty-seventh of May, 1818.\\nShortly afterwards heleft Pensacolafor Havana\\nin the cartel Peggy, one of the vessels provided\\nby Jackson to carry the Spanish governor to\\nthe latter place. The Peggy was overhauled by\\nan armed vessel under the 4 Independent Flag,\\nas the ensign of Spain s revolted South Ameri-\\ncan colonies was called. No lives were taken,\\nnor was the Peggy made a prize, for she was an\\nAmerican, but the Spaniards were robbed.\\nMasot had with him eight thousand dollars in\\ncoin, which he had concealed. A slight suspen-\\nsion by the neck, ho wever, as a hint of a higher\\nand more fatal one, wrung from him thehiding-", "height": "4504", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nplace of iris treasure, which he lost, but saved\\nhis life.* The Peggy was overhauled by the\\nIndependent Flag, during a voyage to\\nHavana from Campeachy, whither she had\\ntaken refuge from what was supposed to be a\\npiratical vessel.\\nDuring Masot s administration there occurred\\na transaction which occupied a place in the in-\\nvestigations of the special committee of the\\nsenate of the United States, appointed, in 1818,\\nto inquire into and report upon the occurrences\\nof the Seminole war of that year, prominent\\namongst them the capture of St. Marks and\\nPensacola. The committee condemned all Jack-\\nson s proceedings and seem to have even\\nharbored the suspicion that a land speculation\\nprompted him to exact a cession of the latter\\nplace. The circumstances which induced the\\nsuspicion are detailed in an affidavit of General\\nJohn B. Eaton, afterwards secretary of war\\nunder Jackson and governor of Florida, which\\nappears amongst the documents accompanying\\nthe report of the committee. f\\nNiles Weekly Register, Vol. XV., p. 261.\\nf Niles Weekly Register, Vol. XV., p. 88.", "height": "4504", "width": "3044", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n265\\nIt seems that, in 1817, Eaton and James\\nJackson of Nashville nowise rela.ted to General\\nJackson foreseeing that Florida was to be ac-\\nquired by the United States, resolved to make a\\npurchase of lots in Pensacola and lands in its\\nvicinity. To them were afterwards added six\\nassociates, John McCrae, James Jackson, Jr.,\\nJohn C. McElmore, John Jackson, Thomas\\nChildress and John Donelson, who was anephew\\nof Mrs. Jackson. Donelson and a Mr. Gordon\\nwere appointed to proceed to Pensacola to\\nmake the purchases. As a measure of security\\nto Donelson and Gordon, Eaton applied to\\nGeneral Jackson and obtained for them a letter\\nof introduction to Masot. Provided with this\\nletter, which facilitated their operations, Donel-\\nson and Gordon went to Pensacola and fulfilled\\ntheir mission by buying a large number of un-\\nimproved town lots, sixty acres of land adjoin-\\n\u00c3\u00afng the town and a tract on the bay two or\\n\u00c2\u00b1hree miles to the westward.\\nEaton says General Jackson had no interest\\nin the speculation,norwas he consulted respect-\\ning it, his only connection with it being the\\nletter to Masot. As there is no allusion to the", "height": "4504", "width": "2800", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "266 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ntransaction in the report of the committee, they\\nmust have concluded that the suspicion which\\nprompted the search for evidence respecting it\\nwas unfounded. Such at least must be the just\\nconclusion from the silence in respect to the\\nmatter observed by a document so full of\\npointed condemnation of Jackson s acts, of the\\nmanner in which his army was raised and the\\nofficers commissioned by himself, the executions\\nof Arbuthnot and Ambrister, the capture of St.\\nMarks and Pensacola, the establishment of a\\nprovisional government, the extension of the\\nrevenue laws of the United States over the\\nconquered province, and the appointmentsfor it\\nof a governor and a collector of the customs.", "height": "4504", "width": "3124", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLOEIDA.\\n267\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nTreaty Ratified\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jackson Appointed Provisional Governor\\nGoes to Pensacola Mrs. Jackson in Pensacola\\nChange of Flags Callavalmprisoned Territorial Gov-\\nernment Governor Duval First Legislature Meets at\\nPensacola.\\nAi/though the United States was unremit-\\nting in its efforts to induce Spain to ratify the\\ntreaty of cession, her ratification was post-\\nponedfrom time to time tmder various pretexts.\\nProminent English journals having declared,\\nthat if Florida was ceded to the United\\nStates, Great Britian, in order to maintain her\\ninfluence in the Gulf of Mexico, should insist\\nupon a surrender to her of the Island of Cuba,\\npublic opinion in the United States settled\\ndown to the conclusion that the delay of the\\nratification was due to British intrigue. But,\\nthat this opinion was ill founded, is evident\\nfrom President Monroe s message oftheseventh\\nof December, 1819, in which he says In the", "height": "4504", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ncourse which the Spanish government has on\\nthis occasion thought proper to pursue, it is\\nsatisfactory to know that they have not been\\ncountenanced by any European power. On the\\ncontrary the opinion and wishes of both France\\nand Great Britain have not been withheld\\neither from the United States or Spain, and\\nhave been unequivocal in favor of ratification.\\nThe procrastination of Spain was the occa-\\nsion of intense public feeling in the United\\nStates; which at length formally manifested\\nitself on March 8, 1820, in a resolution reported\\nby the committee of Foreign Relations of the\\nHouse of Representatives, to authorize th\u00c3\u00a8 Pres-\\nident to take possession of West Florida.\\nPatience, however, prevaikfd, and on February\\n19, 1821, the ratification took place.\\nGeneral Jackson was shortly afterwards ap-\\npointed Provisional Governor of Florida, and\\ninstructed to proceed to Pensacola with a\\nsmall military force, to recei ve from the Spanish\\nauthorities a formal surrender of West Florida.\\nOn April 18, he left the Hernu ^e, with Mrs.\\nJackson and his adopt^ l son, Andrew Jackson", "height": "4504", "width": "3100", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n269\\nDonelson, to enter upon the long, tedious jour-\\nney to Pensacola, via New Orleans.\\nA stage of the journey in Southern Alabama,\\nbroughthimto a military post, in the neighbor-\\nhood of which, William Weatherford, the Creek\\nhero, resided. At the suggestion of General\\nJackson, Colonel Brooke, the commandant of\\nthe Post, and his host, invited Weatherford to\\ndine with his conqueror. The invitation was\\naccepted. When the Great Chief appeared,\\nJackson cordially met him, and taking him by\\nthe hand, presented him to Mrs. Jackson as\\nthe bravest man in his tribe.\\nComing into Florida early in July, on reach-\\ning what was then known as the Fifteen Mile\\nHouse, now as Gonzalia, where Mr. Manuel\\nGonzalez then had his cattle ranch, the General\\nspent several days with him. Whilst there,\\nhearing of the approach of his troops, accom-\\npanied by Mr. Gonzalez, he went up the road\\nto meet them. Coming to a creek, they saw\\nthe wagons of several up-country traders stuck\\nin the mud, which the latter, for lack of suffi-\\nci\u00c3\u00abnt force, were making ineffectual attempts\\nto move. On the other side of the branch were", "height": "4504", "width": "2816", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORICAE SKETCHES OF\\nseveral men lying on the ground, and horses\\ngrazing near them. Accosting the men who\\nweretugging at the wheels of a wagon, Jackson\\nsaid, Why don t you get those men across the\\nbranch to help you Oh they say they are\\nGeneral Jackson s staff. Well, said he, I\\nam General Jackson himself, and by the eternal,\\nI will help you! And with those words, dis-\\nmounting from his horse, and throwing offhis\\ncoat, he lustily put his shoulder to the wheel.\\nUpon the arrival of the troops at the Fifteen\\nMile House, heaidquarters were established, and\\nremained there until all the arrangements wer\u00c3\u00a8\\nmade for a formal change of government.\\nMrs. Jackson, however, took up her residence\\nat Pensacola two or three weeks before July 17,\\nwhen the change of flags was to take place.\\nDuring the Sundays which preceded the change,\\nMrs. Jackson, who was an eminently pious\\nwoman, cherishing great r\u00c3\u00a9v\u00c3\u00a9rence for the Sab-\\nbath, was greatly scandalized by the manner\\nin which it was dishonored. Shops did more\\nbusiness on that day than any other. It was a\\nday of public gambling, fiddling, dancing, and\\nboisterous conduct. When the last Sunday of", "height": "4504", "width": "3124", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n271\\nSpanish rule came, seemingly because the last,\\nthe fiddling, dancing, noise and confusion, ex-\\nceeded that of any preceding one. Unable to\\nrestrain her pious indignation, Mrs. Jackson\\nvented it in a protest against the Sabattic Sat-\\nurnalia, made through Major Staunton, withthe\\nemphatic announcement that the next Sunday\\nshould be differently spent.\\nIn anticipation of the change of government,\\nthere was a large influx of people from the\\nStates, induced by the great expectations enter-\\ntained of the future of Pensacola; a future in\\nwhich it was confidently predicted, it was to be\\nthe rival of New Orleans. Many persons also\\ncame expecting official appointments from the\\nnew Governor, but who, greatly to his chagrin,\\nas welearnfrom Mrs. Jackson s letters, were dis-\\nappointed, in consequence of the President him-\\nself making the appointments.\\nAt length the sun arose upon the day when\\nits beams were for the last time to bathe in\\nlight the ancient banner of Castile and Aragon,\\nas the emblem of the sovereignty of these\\nshores. In the early morning appeared in the\\nPublic Square the Spanish Governor s guards,", "height": "4564", "width": "2760", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "272 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhandsomely dressed and equipped, consisting\\nof a full company of dismounted dragoons of\\nthe regiment of Tarragona. After a parade,\\nthey feil into line south of the flag staff, extend-\\ning frotn east to west in front of the Govern-\\nment House, which stood on the north-east cor-\\nner of Jefferson and Sargossa streets. At eight\\no clock there marched down Palafox street a\\nbattalion of the Fourth Infantry, and a com-\\npany of the Fourth United States Artillery,\\ncoming fromtheir camp at Galvez Springs, which\\nfiling into the Square, formed a line oppositethe\\nSpanish guards, and north of the flag staff-\\nPrecisely at ten o clock, General Jackson and\\nhis staff, entering the Square, passed amid\\nsalutes from the Spanish and American troops,\\nbetween their lines to the Government House,\\nwhere Governor Callava awaited him for the\\npurpose of executing the documentary formali-\\nties of the cession. As the first sign that this\\nact was performed, the Spanish sergeant guard\\nat the gate was relieved by an American sen-\\ntinel. General Jackson and Governor Callava\\nthen left the house, and passed between the\\ndoubl\u00c3\u00a9 line of troops. As they reached the flag", "height": "4268", "width": "3124", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n273\\nstaff the Spanish flag came down, and the stars\\nand stripes went up, saluted by the Fourth Artil-\\nlery and the sloop-of-war Hornet, whilst her\\nband, assisting at the ceremony, played the\\nStar Spangled Banner.\\nAt Barrancas the ceremony was slightly\\ndifferent. The flags of both nations appeared\\nat the same time at half-mast. In that posi-\\ntion they were saluted by the Spaniards. As\\nthe flags were separated, one ascending and the\\nother descending, both were honored with a\\nsalute by the Americans.\\nThe day was naturally one of rejoicing to the\\nAmerieans, but as naturally one of sadness\\nand in some instances of heart aches to the\\nSpanish population. The advantages of being\\nunder the United States government were too\\ngreat not to be appreciated by owners of real\\nestate and business men generally. But there\\nwas a senti mental side to the change. Some of\\nthe Spanish garrison hadmarried in Pensacola,\\nand with others the inhabitants had formed\\nsocial ties, induced by a common language,\\nhabits and tastes. To them it can well be im-\\nagined that the change of flags was but the", "height": "4592", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "274 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\npresage of bitter separations. In 1763 all\\nthe Spanish left the country, and in a common\\nexile mutual consolation was found; but, in\\n1821, the sorrow was that a part went and a\\npart remained to mingle with a strange people.\\nMrs. Jackson, in a letter, thus expresses the\\nemotions of the occasion: Oh! how they\\nburst into tears to see the last ray of hope de-\\npart from their devoted city and country de-\\nlivering up the keys of the archives the vessels\\nlying in the harbor in full view to waft them to\\ntheir distant port. How did the city sit\\nsolitary and mourn. Never did my heart feel\\nmore for a people. Being present, I e\u00c3\u00afitered\\nimmediately into their feelings.\\nThe Sunday following the change was, ac-\\ncording to Mrs. Jackson s prediction, one of\\nquietude and freedom from the license of\\niprevious ones, which had so shocked her\\nrreligious sensibilities. She thus expresses the\\nchange: Yesterday I had the happiness of\\nwitnessing the truth of what I had said. Great\\norder was observed, the doors kept shut, the\\ngambling houses demolished, fiddling and danc-\\ning not heard any more on the Lord s day,", "height": "4448", "width": "3124", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n275\\ncursing not to be haard. For the change the\\nlovers of Sunday quietude were doubtless\\nindebted to Mrs. Jackson, for her prediction is\\nnot to be taken as that of a prophetess who\\nmerely foresees and foretells, but that of a\\nwoman with a will of her own, and conscious\\nof her ability to direct the stern governor in\\nthe exercise of his authority, at least otitside of\\npolitics.\\nThe next morning after the change of flags,\\nthe Spanish officers and garrison sailed for\\nHavana in the transports Anne Maria and\\nTom Shields, under convoy of the United States\\nsloop-of-war Hornet.\\nGovernor Callava and stafif, however, re-\\nmained in Pensacola, where his handsome\\nperson, polished manners, soldierly bearing and\\nhigh character madehim a general favorite with\\nthe American officers and their families, who\\nextended to him every social courtesy. General\\nand Mrs. Jackson, however, were distant and\\nreserved in their bearing towards him,resulting\\nin some measure from a prejudice against Span-\\nish officials induced by the general s experience\\nwith Maurique and Masot. Perhaps, too,there", "height": "4584", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nmingled with that prejudice a slight feeling of\\njealousy of Callava s social success, a weakness\\nfrom which strong characters, under the insinu-\\nation of others, are not exempt.\\nThere soon occurred, however, a painful inter-\\nruption of the gallant Spaniard s social enjoy-\\nment so graceful an attendant of the change\\nof government by an occurrence which must\\nbe regarded asalasting reproach toitsauthors.\\nThe treaty required the Spanish government\\nto surrender all documents relating to private\\nrights in the archives of the province. This\\nduty had been performed by Callava, who had\\ncaused a separation to be made between the\\ndocuments falling within the definition of the\\ntreaty and others which did not, and had de-\\nlivered theformer to AlcaldeH. M. Brackenridge,\\nan appointee of the American gove rnor. The\\nlatter papers, packed in boxes for transporta-\\ntion to Havana, were placed in the custody of\\nDoningo Sousa, one of Callava s subordinates.\\nIn the separation of the papers, one relating to\\nthe estate of Nicholas Maria Vidal, involving a\\ntrifling sum, was by accident placed with the", "height": "4504", "width": "3148", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA\\n277\\ndocuments in one of the boxes in Sousa s pos-\\nsession.\\nA woman claiming to be an heir of Yidal com-\\nplained to Brackenridge that the paper had not\\nbeen delivered to him and was about to be\\nremoved to Havana by Sousa. Brackenridge,\\ninstead of politely calling Callava s attention\\nto the woman s complaint and asking for a sur-\\nrender of the document, at once made a pre-\\nemptory demand for it upon Sousa. Sousa\\nproperly declined compliance, alleging his want\\nof authority to do so without instructions\\nfrom Callava, and at the same time, to relieve\\nhimself from responsibility in the matter, sent\\nthe boxes to Callava s house. Brackenridge at\\nonce reported the matter to Jackson, who\\nordered Sousa to beimprisoned, and at the same\\ntime Callava to be arrested and brought before\\nhim immediately, although it was night and\\nCallava was at the time at adinner party at Col-\\nonel Brooke s. When the knightly Castilian was\\nbrought before Jackson, he naturally proposed\\nto enter a protest against such astonishing\\nproceedings. This Jackson would not permit,\\nbut insisted that Callava should atonceanswer", "height": "4580", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "278 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\ninterrogatories to be propounded to him. Cal-\\nlava s persistent attempts to protest were as\\npersistently interrupted by Jackson, tintil at\\nlast the latter, in a rage of passion, ordered him\\nto be imprisoned, an order which was promptly\\nexectited by commiting him to the calaboose,\\nwhere Sousa had preceded him. This outrage\\ncommitted, Alcalde Brackenridge, as if deter-\\nmined toleaveno bounds of decency unviolated,\\nhad the boxes at Callava s house opened that\\nnight and took from one of them the worthless\\npaper worthless at least to theclaimant that\\nhad occasioned the trouble.\\nFor this disgraceful transaction Brackenridge\\nis primarily responsible. He was an intelligent\\nlawyer, afterwards a judge, and later a member\\nof Congress from Pennsylvania and therefore,\\npresumably acquainted with the decencies, to\\nsay nothing of the amenities of official inter-\\ncourse. He was likewise well acquainted with\\nJackson s prejudices and irascible temper, as\\nwell as what a fire-brand-to his nature were the\\nwrongs, whether real or simulated, ofa woman.\\nIn the light of these considerations, Bracken-\\nridge must stand condemned, as either a wilful", "height": "4504", "width": "3160", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n279\\nmischief-maker, or a wily sycophant, playing\\nfrom selfish motives, upon the weaknesses of a\\ngreat man.\\nBut neither Jackson s greatness, nor his being\\nthe dupe of Brackenridge, can remove from him\\nthe reproach of havitig in this transaction vio-\\nlated official courtesy, the chivalrotts con-\\nsideration due by one distinguished soldier to\\nanother, as well as the laws of international\\ncomity and hospitality.\\nA writ of Habeas Corpus was issued by Hon.\\nElijias Fromentin, U. S. Judge for West Florida,\\nto bring before him Callava and Sousa, on the\\nnight they were committed. Obedience to the\\nwrit was refused by the guard, who sent it to\\ntheGovernor. Thereupon, His Excellency issued\\na notice to the Judge to appear before him, to\\nshow cause why he has attempted to interfere\\nwith my authority as Governor of the Floridas,\\nexercising the powers of the Captain-General\\nand Intendant of the Island of Cuba. The\\nJudge prudently delayed his appearance until\\nthe next day, in order to allow the Governor\\ntime to cool but in the meantime remained in\\nmomentary expectation of a guard to take", "height": "4592", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "280 HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF\\nhim to jail. The affair, however, ended in a\\nstormy interview, in which to the Governor s\\nquestion, whether the Judge would dare to\\nissue a writ to be served on the Captain-Gen-\\neral, the latter replied, No, but if the case\\nshould require it, I would issue one to be served\\non the President of the United States.\\nAfter the troublesome paper was procured by\\nBrackenridge, an order was made for the release\\nof Callava. A few days after his release he left\\nPensacola for Washington to make his com-\\nplaints to the United States government.\\nSome of the Spanish officers whom he had left\\nin Pensacola, published after his departure, a\\npaper expressing their sense of the outrage to\\nwhich he had been subjected. Thisbeingregard-\\ned by Jackson as an attempt to disturb the\\nharmony, peace and good order of the existing\\ngovernment of the Floridas, the protesting\\nSpaniards were by proclamation ordered to\\nleave the country by the third of October, allow-\\ning them four days for preparation, on pain of\\nbeing dealt with according to law, forcontempt\\nand disobedience of this, my proclamation.\\nA tragedy occurred during Jackson s rule,", "height": "4504", "width": "3192", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n281\\nwhich illustrates his lack of tenderness of\\nhuman life. With full knowledge of the affair,\\nlie permitted a duel to be fought in a public\\nplace by two young officers, Huil and Randall.\\nWhen he was informed that the former had\\nfallen, shot through the heart, pistol in hand,\\nwith the trigger at half-cock, he angrily ex-\\nclaimed: Damn the pistol; by G d, to think\\nthat a brave man should risk his life on a hair-\\ntrigger\\nJackson s bearing generally, and especially\\nhis summary dealings with Callava and Sousa,\\nhad inspired the population with great fear of\\nhis despotic temper. Of that feeling there oc-\\ncurred a ludicrous illustration. An alarm of\\nfire brought a crowd to the Public Square,\\nwhich was near the fire. General Jackson also\\nhurried to the sc\u00c3\u00a8ne. To stir the lookers-on to\\nexertion, he made a yelling appeal. The crowd\\nnot understanding English, and thinking it\\nhad heard a notice to disperse, took to its heels,\\nand left the General the sole occupant of the\\nSquare,\\nMrs. Jackson was a domestic woman, and\\nbetter satisfied to have her husband at home,", "height": "4592", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "282 HISTORICA!, SKETCHES OF\\nthan to see him in exalted stations requiring*\\nhis absence froin the Hermitage. Whilst in\\nPensacola, she pined for that dear spot and it\\nis, evidently, with joy, that she announced in a\\nletter to a friend, that the General calls his\\ncoming to Florida, a wild goose chase, and\\nthat he proposed an early return. In October\\nthey returned to Tennessee.\\nThat a man of his estate and political pros-\\npects, should have accepted, to fill for a few\\nmonths, the office of Governor of a wilderness,\\nwith a salary of $5,000, admits of only one ex-\\nplanation. His recent campaign had been so\\nseverely condemned, that he regarded the ten-\\nder of the appointment by Mr. Monroe, as hav-\\ning the semblance, at least, of a national apol-\\nogy for the injustice which he had suffered, and\\naccordingly he accepted it in the spirit in which\\nit was tendered. In a word, he filled the office r\\nbecause filling it would be a vindication of his\\nconduct in the campaign of 1818.\\nOn the third of March, 1822, congress\\nestablished a territorial government for both\\nthe Floridas as one territory. The first gov-\\nernor under the territorial organization was", "height": "4284", "width": "3068", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\n283\\nW. P. Duval of Kentucky, who had represented\\na district of that state in congress, and who\\nwas the original of Washington Irving s Ralph\\nRingwood. He resided, temporarily, in Pensa-\\ncola, where the legislative council of thirteen,\\nappointed bythe President, held its first session.\\nIt had hardly begun its work, however, when\\nthe yellow fever breaking out compelled an ad-\\njournment to the Fifteen-mile house, before\\nmentioned, where the Florida statutes of 1822\\nwere enacted. One of them illustrates the vice\\nor virtue there may be in a name. The title of\\nAn Act for the Benefit of Insolvent Debtors,\\nwas mispritited in the laws of the session so as\\nto read: An Act for the Reli\u00c3\u00abf of Insolent\\nDebtors. The error destroyed its utility, and\\nno man, it is said, as long as it remained on the\\nstatute book, ever invoked the reli\u00c3\u00abf of its pro-\\nvisions.\\nThe limit assigned to these historical sketches\\nhas now been reached. The space that inter-\\nvenes between the visit of the luckless Navaez\\nto Pensacola bay and the establishment of the\\nterritorial government of Florida embraces a\\nperiod of nearly three hundred years. The", "height": "4572", "width": "2956", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "284 SKETCHES OF COLONIAL FLORIDA.\\nchanges and shifting sc\u00c3\u00a8nes which, during that\\nperiod,marked the history of the settlements on\\nits shores, stand in contrast with the persistency\\nof the arbitrary boundary line of the Perdido,\\nestablished by themutual consent of theSpanish\\nand French in the early years of the eighteenth\\ncentury. Disturbed by the English dominion\\nfor twenty years, it was restored by the Span-\\nish, and finally confirmed in 1822 by the act of\\ncongress establishing a territorial government\\nfor the Floridas.\\nIn 1820 the constitutional convention af\\nAlabama, in anticipation of the ratification of\\nthe Spanish treaty, memorialized congress to\\nembrace West Florida within the boundaries of\\nthat state. The memorial enforced themeasure\\nwith all those obvious arguments which come\\nto the mind when it turns to the subject. But\\nthey were silenced, as if by the imperious decree\\nof fate that the Perdido boundary should be,\\nand forever remain, a monument of d Arriola s\\ndiligence in reaching the Gulf coast three years\\nbefore d Iberville.", "height": "4504", "width": "3176", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4568", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "4\\nV", "height": "4560", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4576", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4678", "width": "3299", "jp2-path": "historicalsketch00camp_0_0300.jp2"}}