{"1": {"fulltext": "iill\\ni PR:", "height": "2922", "width": "2064", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook^\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT", "height": "3172", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3172", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "THE HISTORY\\nSaint Augustine, Florida\\nAN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF THE EARLY SPANISH\\nAND FRENCH ATTEMPTS AT EXPLORATION\\nAND SETTLEMENT IN THE TERRI-\\nTORY OF FLORIDA\\nTOGETHER WITH\\nSKETCHES OF EVENTS AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST CONNECTED WITH THE\\nOLDEST TOWN IN THE UNITED STATES\\nTO WHICH IS ADDED\\nA SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE CLIMATE AND\\nADVANTAGES OF SAINT AUGUSTINE\\nAS A HEALTH RESORT\\nBY\\nWILLIAM W. DEWHURST\\nj:^\\nNEW YORK\\nG. P. PUTNAM S SONS\\n182 Fifth Avenue\\n188 I", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Copyright\\niSSi\\nBy WILLIAM W. DEWHURST", "height": "3172", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThis brief outline of the history of one of the most interesting\\nportions of our country, together with the sketches of the cele-\\nbrated characters and memorable events which have rendered the\\ntown of St. Augustine famous throughout the world, is offered to\\nthe public in the hope and expectation that the information here-\\nin contained may supply the desire, felt by an ever-increasing\\nnumber of its citizens and visitors, to be better informed as to the\\nearly history of a place so justly celebrated.\\nThe desire of the author has been to condense and render ac-\\ncessible to the general reader the very interesting but elaborate\\naccounts of the early writers concerning some of the more nota-\\nbl*^ events connected with the early settlement and defense of\\nSt. Augustine.\\nCopious quotations have been borrowed, and the quaint lan-\\nguage of the early historians has been retained as peculiarly ap-\\npropriate to the subject and locality described.\\nThe traditions and chronicles in possession of the descendants\\nof the early settlers have been sought with a desire to preserve\\nthese fragments of history before it shall be too late. Already those\\nconversant with the events of the early years of the century have\\npassed from the stage of life.\\niii", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "iv PREFACE.\\nThe reader who desires to become better informed as to the\\nevents noticed in this volume should consult the narrative of De\\nSoto, by a Knight of Elvas, the works of Cabefa de Vaca, Garci-\\nlasa de la Vega, Laudonnere, Bartram, Romans, Vignoles, Roberts,\\nDe Brahm, Stork, Forbes, Darby, Williams, and Fairbanks, to all\\nof whom the author is under obligation.\\nSt. Augustine, Florida, November, 1880.\\ny", "height": "3172", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER I. PAGE\\nIntroductory i\\nCHAPTER II.\\nThe Discovery of Florida 3\\nCHAPTER HI.\\nExpeditions of Muruelo, Cordova, Alminos, Ay lion, and Narvaez 7\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nHernando De Soto. An Account of his March through Florida 18\\nCHAPTER V.\\nHuguenot Settlement under Ribault 26\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nSecond Huguenot Settlement under Laudonnere 29\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Unfortunate Expedition under Ribault. Founding of St. Augus-\\ntine by Menendez, 1565. Attack upon the French Settlement on\\nthe St. Johns River 37\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nShipwreck of Ribault s Fleet. Massacre by Menendez 46\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nExpedition and Retaliation of De Gourges 57\\nCHAPTER X.\\nReturn of Menendez. Attempt to Christianize the Indians. Attack\\nupon St. Augustine by Sir Francis Drake. Murder of the Friars. 66\\nV", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Vi CONTENTS,\\nCHAPTER XL page\\nPlunder of the Town by Captain Davis. Removal of the Yemassee\\nIndians. Construction of the Fort. Building of the First Sea-\\nwall. Attacks of Governor Moore and Colonel Palmer 79\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nOglethorpe s Attack. Bombardment of the Fort and Town, Capture\\nof the Highlanders at Fort Mosa. Old Fort at Matanzas. Mon-\\nteano s Invasion of Georgia 89\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nThe Town when delivered to the English. Fort San Juan De Pinos.\\nSt. Augustine as described by the English Writers in 1765 to 1775. 100\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nThe Settlement of New Smyrna by the Ancestors of a Majority of the\\nPresent Population of St. Augustine. The Hardships endured by\\nthese Minorcan and Greek Colonists. Their Removal to St. Au-\\ngustine under the Protection of the English Governor 113\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nAdministration of Lieut. -Governor Moultrie. Demand of the People for\\nthe Rights of Englishmen. Governor Tonyn burning the Effigies\\nof Adams and Hancock. Colonial Insurgents confined in the\\nFort. Assembling of the First Legislature.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Commerce of St. Au-\\ngustine under the English. Recession of the Province to Spain. 122\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nReturn of the Spaniards. Completion of the Cathedral. The Oldest\\nChurch Bell in America. The Governor s Desire to People the\\nProvince with Irish Catholics. Some Official Orders exhibiting\\nthe Customs of the Spaniards. Unjustifiable Interference of the\\nUnited States, during the Patriot War. Florida an Unprofit-\\nable Possession. Erection of the Monument to the Spanish Consti-\\ntution 129\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nFlorida Ceded to the United States.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Attempt of the Spanish Governor\\nto carry away the Records. Description of St. Augustine when\\nTransferred. Population in 1830. Town during the Indian\\nWar. Osceola and Coa-cou-che, A True Account of the Dungeon", "height": "3172", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS, Vii\\nPAGE\\nin the Old Fort, and the Iron Cages. The Indians brought to St.\\nAugustine in 1875 143\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nSt. Augustine as it used to be. Customs. The Oldest Structure in the\\nUnited States. Present Population. Objects of Interest. Build-\\nings Ancient and Modern. St. Augustine during the Rebellion.\\nClimate. Advantages as a Health Resort 161", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3172", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nINTRODUCTORY.\\nA UNIVERSAL desire exists to learn the origin and history of our\\nancestors. Even before the art of writing was perfected, bards\\nperpetuated the traditions of the early races of men by recitations\\nof mingled facts and fables at the periodical assemblies. These\\nperipatetics were ever welcomed and supported by the people, and\\ndoubtless preserved many of the facts of history.\\nUnfortunately, among the Spanish knights, who at various\\ntimes essayed the conquest of Florida, few were found to desert\\nthe shrine of Mars for that of Clio. While there are several val-\\nuable accounts of the Spanish occupation, the scope of the histories\\nis narrow and unreliable on many most interesting subjects, and\\non others of no importance they are often most diffuse. Owing to\\nthe vicissitudes of the occupation of St. Augustine, there are few\\ntraditions. It is possible that the Spanish antiquarian may at\\nsome future day develop a rich mine of history in searching the\\nancient archives of that nation and of the Catholic Church. Val-\\nuable acquisitions have been made in this field of literature by\\nthe labors of the learned and genial Buckingham Smith, a resi-\\ndent of St Augustine.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nTwo impulses prompted the early Spanish explorers in Florida.\\nThe first was a hope of finding gold, as it had been found in Mex-\\nico and South America. A second and probably more ostensi-\\nble motive, was the desire and hope of extending the Catholic\\nfaith among the inhabitants of the New World.\\nThe result of all their hardships and labors has proved so bar-\\nren that even in our day it is impossible to contemplate the\\nslaughters and disappointments of the brave men who invaded\\nand who defended these ancient homes, without a pang of regret.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "[1492-1498-]\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHE DISCOVERY OF FLORIDA.\\nThe honor of having discovered Florida has been assigned by\\ndifferent writers to Columbus, Cabot, and De Leon.\\nIn 1492, Columbus terminated his venturesome voyage across\\nthe Atlantic by landing at the island of St. Salvador, so called\\nby the great Genoese explorer in remembrance of his salvation.\\nIt is said that from this island his people, on his return from\\nEurope, ventured with him to the shores of Florida, being im-\\npressed, as were the Aborigines, with a belief that the continent\\npossessed waters calculated to invigorate and perpetuate youth\\nand vitality.\\nThe date 1497 is assigned as the year in which Amerigo Ves-\\npucci discovered the western continent. Vespucci was encouraged\\nby Emanuel, King of Portugal, and, though probably lacking\\nthe inspiring genius and sublime courage of Columbus, through\\nthe accident of fortune he has perpetuated his name in the desig-\\nnation of half a hemisphere. Doubtless, Vespucci was the first to\\nreach the mainland of the western continent, as Columbus did\\nnot touch the mainland until his third voyage in 1498, when he\\nlanded at the mouth of the Orinoco in South America. So\\nentirely unsuspicious was the world at this time of a second con-\\ntinent, that the transcendent genius of Columbus never suspected\\nthe magnitude of his discovery, and he died in the belief that he\\nhad landed on the eastern shore of Asia.\\n3", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "4 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE, [1498-15 12\\nThe next to essay a voyage to the New World was also a native\\nof Southern Europe. John Cabot, the son of Giovanni Gabota,\\na native of Venice, who had settled in Bristol, was commissioned\\nby Henry the Seventh of England to sail on a voyage of discovery\\nand conquest. Though the inception and authority for the\\nexpedition antedated the sailing of Columbus by a year, Cabot\\ndid not leave England until May, 1498. His landing on Amer-\\nica was at or near the river St. Lawrence, from whence he\\nsailed southward along the coast, landing only for observation,\\nand making no attempt to form a settlement. It is doubtful if\\nCabot ever sailed as far south as Florida, though it is claimed\\nthat to him belongs the honor of its discovery.\\nFourteen years afterward, the first landing was made on the\\nsandy shores of Florida, and possession claimed in the name of\\nthe King of Spain.\\nThe mystic fountain of youth, first pictured in the days of\\nmythology, whose waters would stay the devastating march of\\ntime, endow perpetual youth, even restore vigor to the decrepitude\\nof age, was said to exist in the New World.\\nThis fable, with which the European had become familiar from\\nan Egyptian or Hellenic source, found confirmation in the tradi-\\ntions of the Indians of the Caribbean Islands. To the mind of the\\nSpanish knight, eager to continue his youthful prowess and\\nthe enjoyment of the adjuncts of power and authority already\\nachieved, the belief, thus strengthened by concurrence of a tradi-\\ntion in the New World, seemed an authentic reality, and the suf-\\nficient foundation for great labor and sacrifice.\\nIn this materialistic age we may laugh at the credulousness of\\nthe Spanish chevalier, whose faith in the story of an Indian girl\\nled him to expend his wealth and sacrifice his life in such a", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "I5I2] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 5\\nchimerical search yet the history of our own day will recount\\nequal faith and as fruitless ventures.\\nJuan Ponce de Leon seems to have been a person of influence\\nin Spain, possessed of a unique character, a chivalrous nature,\\nand a comprehensive and trained mind. Born in an age when\\npersonal valor and knightly habits were the surest paths to dis-\\ntinction and authority, his career seems to have been that of an\\nadventurer. When past the meridian of life, he landed in the\\nBahamas seeking for the spring of youth. In vain was his search,\\nbut his hopes and his ardor were undaunted. Upon the main-\\nland the wished-for waters flowed as a river, on whose banks lived\\nthe rejuvenated races in serene idleness and untold luxuriance.\\nLeaving the Bahamas he steered northwest for the coast. While\\nsome accounts make his first landing at a spot north of St. Au-\\ngustine, it is more probable that his course was to the west of the\\nBahama Islands, and that he first disembarked at or near the\\nsouthernmost part of Florida, at a place called Punta Tanchi,\\nnow Cape Sable.\\nIt was on March 27ih, 1512, Palm Sunday (Pasqua Florida),\\nand from this accidental date of discovery did the country receive\\nits name, and not from its abundance of flowers. While the Latin\\nadjective floridus signifies full of flowers, soldiers of fortune\\nlike De Leon did not make a practice of using the Latin tongue\\nexcept in their litany. After erecting a cross, celebrating a solemn\\nmass, and proclaiming the sovereignty of the Spanish crown, De\\nLeon coasted along the Florida shore into the Gulf of INIexico,\\nmaking various attempts to penetrate the interior of the country.\\nIn this he was unable to succeed, owing to the swampy nature of\\nthe land, and its barrenness of food products. After the loss of\\nmany of his men, the rest, greatly suffering for food, re-embarked.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "6 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1512-1516\\nAccording to some historians De Leon returned to Spain, and de-\\nmanded to be made governor of the new dominions while others\\ndeclare that he withdrew only to the islands, from whence he sent\\na description of the newly-discovered province, and begged a grant\\nof the same. His request was acceded to by the Spanish crown\\non condition that he should colonize the country.\\nAccordingly, in 15 16 he returned with two vessels^ but his oc-\\ncupancy being disputed by the Indians, De Leon was mortally\\nwounded in the first encounter. His followers, being dispirited\\nby the loss of their leader in a strange and uninviting land, re-\\nturned on board their vessels and sailed for Cuba. Here a mon-\\nument was erected to the memory of Juan Ponce de Leon, on\\nwhich is inscribed the following eloquent and deserved epitaph\\nMole sub hac, fortis requiescunt, ossa Leonis qui vicit factis\\nnomina magna suis.\\nThough De Leon died in disappointment, never having tasted\\nthe fabled waters of which he came in search, his name will ever\\nbe associated with the country he christened, and many a wasted\\nconsumptive who has regained a lost vigor and health under the\\nassuasive influences of Florida s climate will give a kindly thought\\nof remembrance and regret as he recalls him who first visited\\nFlorida, a seeker after healing waters.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "[I5I7.]\\nCHAPTER III.\\nEXPEDITIONS OF MURUELO, CORDOVA, ALMINOS, AYLLON, AND NARVAEZ.\\nIn the next twenty years there were many captains who under-\\ntook voyages for the exploration and subjugation of Florida.\\nIt must be remembered that at this time, and until the begin-\\nning of the eighteenth century, the grand divisions of North\\nAmerica were known only as Florida and Canada.\\nDiego Muruelo, a Spanish adventurer, by profession a pilot, is\\nsaid to have sailed from Cub|, and returning with gold and pre-\\ncious stones obtained from the Florida Indians* spread glowing\\nreports of the country. These reports may have influenced\\nthe home government, as about this time a Dominican, Ber-\\nnardo de Mesa, was chosen Bishop of Cuba including P lor-\\nida.\\nFernandez de Cordova landed on the coast, but was driven off\\nby the Indians, and returned to Cuba, where he died of his\\nwounds. The famous Bernal Diaz was a member of this expe-\\ndition.\\nOne De Alminos, a member of Cordova s party, made such a\\nfavorable report of the country and the advantages to be derived\\nfrom a possession of the same that he induced Francisco de Geray,\\nthe governor of Jamaica, to furnish him with three vessels, with\\nwhich he returned to the coast but was unsuccessful in his\\nattempts to make any acquisition of wealth or power in Florida,\\n7", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "8 HISTORY OF ST, AUGUSTINE, [1517-1520\\nthough slight progress was made in the survey of its coast. De\\nGeray, however, trusting in the reports given him, applied to the\\nhome government to be made Adelantado of Florida, though his\\nrequest is said to have been denied.\\nLucas Vasquez de Ayllon, an auditor of St. Domingo, a rich\\nand learned man, formed a company with six other inhabitants\\nof the island of Hispaniola, for the purpose of securing Indians\\nto work as slaves in the mines of Mexico.\\nIn the humane laws decreed by the Spanish crown against the\\nenslaving of its Indian subjects, an exception had been made\\nagainst the Caribs, or Cannibals these Indians being considered\\nespecially barbarous and deserving of castigation,\\nDe Ayllon falsely declaring that the inhabitants of the main-\\nland were Caribs, set sail in 1520 with two vessels, and directed\\nhis course to the east coast of Florida. He landed in the prov-\\nince of Chicora m South Carolina, where the Indians were ruled\\nby a chief named Datha who was a giant. His gigantic stature\\nhad been attained by a process of stretching which elongated the\\nbones while a child. This practice was applied only to those of\\nroyal race.\\nThe simple Floridians at first fled from the vessels and their\\npale-faced occupants. The Spaniards, however, by kind treat-\\nment succeeded in assuring the Indians, and, finally, induced\\nthe cacique and a hundred and thirty attendants on board the\\nships. These were at once secured, and the ships set sail for His-\\npaniola. It is also said that, as a parting salute, De Ayllon fired\\nthe cannon of the ships into the crowd assembled on the shores\\nbut this inhuman act is not authenticated, and the treachery of\\nwhich he certainly was guilty is sufficiently execrable to account\\nfor that remorse which he is said to have suffered afterward. One", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "1520-1521] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. g\\nvessel was lost on the voyage, and the cargo of the other was sold\\nupon their arrival at St. Domingo. The North American In-\\ndians, however, have never submitted like the African to the ser-\\nvile yoke. The Christianizing and civilizing blessings of slavery\\nhave never been appreciated by these Indians. This body of\\nNorth American captives, the first which history mentions, set an\\nexample which has been followed by their unfortunate descend-\\nants. No promises nor hopes could influence these to forget\\ntheir heritage of freedom. Refusing all sustenance, borne down\\nby sorrow and home-sickness, to a man they chose death rather\\nthan slavery.\\nCharles the Fifth had been so affected by the eloquent and ear-\\nnest appeals of that humane and nobly pious Bishop of Chiapa,\\nBartholomi de las Casas, that he issued decrees visiting his anger\\nand the severest penalties upon the Spanish governors who, by\\ntheir barbarous tyranny, had made the Indians of the New World\\nto detest Christianity, and tremble at the very name of Christian.\\nThough these ordinances appear often to have been disregarded,\\nVasquez s perfidious treatment of the natives seems to have been\\ndisapproved at Court for when he applied to the Spanish Crown\\nfor the governorship of the province, his request was granted on\\ncondition that he should not enslave the Indians.\\nTempted by the profit of his first venture, he disregarded this\\nprovision of his grant, and returned to secure a second cargo.\\nThe Indians were equal to the occasion, and met the whites with\\ntheir own methods. Having decoyed the Spaniards away from\\nthe shore, the Indians fell upon them and killed two hundred.\\nThe Spaniards after this attack put to sea, and soon after encoun-\\ntering a severe storm were shipwrecked, and are all reported to\\nhave perished except Vasquez himself, who was picked up and", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "lO HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1521-1528\\nsaved, only to pass the remainder of his life in misery and remorse.\\nHis unhappiness may have had for its cause his disgrace and the\\ndispleasure of the king, which he is said to have incurred.\\nAnother account says he was among the killed.\\nDespising the ignorant and untrained races of Indians and\\noverweeningly confident in the mighty influence of the name of\\nhis king and the power of the Spanish arms, Pamphilo de Nar-\\nvaez, having obtained from Charles the Fifth a grant of all the\\nlands from Cape Florida to the River of Palms in Mexico, deter-\\nmined to extend the Spanish rule and the Catholic faith. Nar-\\nvaez was also actuated by a desire to retrieve his own disgrace.\\nHaving been sent to Mexico by Valasquez^ the Governor of Cuba, to\\nsupersede Cortez, the latter had by a sudden attack seized Narvaez\\nand assumed the command of his forces, who were doubtless only\\ntoo willing to serve under so gallant and successful a commander.\\nReturning to Spain, Narvaez was unable to obtain redress for\\nthe injuries sustained at the hands of Cortez, but was placated by\\nthe Commission of Adelantado of Florida.\\nOn the 1 2th day of April, 1538, he sailed from St. Jago de\\nCuba, with four hundred men and forty horses. Landing near\\nwhat is now Charlotte Harbor, he took formal possession of the\\ncountry in the .name of the King of Spain.\\nThe houses of the Indians, already evacuated, were in sight of\\nthe bay. Proceeding inland, he came upon a town located on\\nanother and larger bay (Tampa Bay), where the Indians offered\\nhim corn.\\nHere was promulgated a manifesto prepared by Narvaez, in the\\nSpanish language, abounding in arrogant assumption of power\\nand superiority, intended to awe the Indians, and secure at once\\ntheir allegiance and homage.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 1\\nThis curious document is still extant among the Archives of\\nthe Seville Chamber of Commerce. The proclamation throws\\nsuch a light upon the estimate which the Spaniards had of the\\nrights and condition of the Indians, of their own authority, its\\nsource, and the purposes for which it was to be exercised, that a\\nconsiderable extract is quoted.\\nA summons to be made to the inhabitants of the countries\\nwhich extend between the River of Palms and Cape Florida\\nIn the name of his Catholic and Imperial Majesty, ever au-\\ngust King, and Emperor of all the Romans in the name of\\nDona Juana, his mother King of Spain Defender of the\\nChurch, always victorious, and always invincible, the conqueror\\nof barbarous nations I, Pamphilo de Narvaez, their servant, and\\nAmbassador and Captain, cause to be known to you in the best\\nmanner I am able. How God created the world and charged St.\\nPeter to be sovereign of all men in whatever country they might\\nbe born, God gave him the whole world for his inheritance. One\\nof his successors made a gift of all these lands to the Imperial\\nSovereigns, the King and Queen of Spain, so that the Indians\\nare their subjects. After claiming their allegiance he closes with\\nthe following invitation to embrace the Catholic faith, which is\\nmore after the pagan than Christian order\\nYou will not be compelled to accept Christianity, but when\\nyou shall be well informed of the truth you will be made Chris-\\ntians. If you refuse, and delay agreeing to what I have proposed\\nto you, I testify to you that, with God s assistance, I will march\\nagainst you, arms in hand. I will make war upon you from all\\nsides, and by every possible means. I will subject you to the\\nyoke and obedience of the Church and His Majesty. I will ob-\\ntain possession of your wives and children I will reduce you to", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nslavery. I notify you that neither His Majesty, nor myself, nor\\nthe gentlemen who accompany me will be the cause of this, but\\nyourselves only. That the Indians gave little heed to the claims\\nand threats of this haughty knight is evident from the sad result\\nof his expedition. While resting at the village about Tampa,\\nNarvaez was shown some wooden burial cases, containing the\\nremains of chiefs, and ornamented with deerskins elaborately\\npainted and adorned with sprigs of gold. Learning that the\\ngold came from farther north, at a place called Appalache, Nar-\\nvaez immediately ordered his men to march thither. With more\\njudgment or prophetic wisdom his treasurer, Cabe9a de Vaca, en-\\ndeavored in vain to dissuade him. Having distributed a small\\nquantity of biscuit and pork as rations, he set out on the ist of\\nMay with three hundred men and forty horses. They marched\\nthrough a desolate country, crossing one large river and meeting\\nonly one settlement of Indians until the 17th of June, when they\\nfell in with a settlement, where they were well received and sup-\\nplied with corn and venison. The Spaniards learning that this\\ntribe were enemies of the Appalacheans, exchanged presents and\\nobtained guides to direct them to the Appalachean town. This\\nthey reached on the 25th, after a fatiguing march through swamps\\nand marshes, and at once attacked the inhabitants without\\nwarning, and put them all to the sword.\\nThe town consisted of comfortable houses well stocked with\\ncorn, skins, and garments made from bark cloth. Not finding\\nthe wealth he had expected, and being subject to the repeated at-\\ntacks of the Indians, Narvaez, after a month s rest at Appalache,\\ndivided his command into three companies, and ordered them to\\nscour the country.\\nThese companies returning, after an unsuccessful search for", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 3\\ngold or food, the Spaniards continued their march toward the\\nnorth and west, carrying with them in chains the Indian chief\\ncaptured at Appalache. This plan of securing the chief of an\\nIndian nation or tribe, and forcing him to march with the troops\\nas a guide and hostage, seems to have been adopted by each of\\nthe Spanish commanders, and always with disastrous results.\\nThe sight of an Indian chief in chains aroused a feeling of out-\\nraged friendship wherever they passed, and gave a premonition of\\nthe servile fate that would be assigned to their race whenever the\\nSpaniards obtained the dominion. This captive urged on the In-\\ndians to harass and persistently follow up the marching army,\\ninfluencing even tribes that were inimical to himself.\\nThe march of Narvaez through the western part of Florida con-\\ntinued until fall, with an unvarying succession of attacks and\\nskirmishes at every halt, and often pitched battles at the towns\\nthat lay in his path. Little progress was made on their journey,\\nowing to the uncertainty of their course, the unproductive and\\ndifficult nature of the country traversed, and the unremitting at-\\ntacks and obstacles opposed by the wily Indians, who were ever\\non the watch to pick off man or beast, and prevent the collection\\nof supplies.\\nDisheartened at the continued losses sustained by his army,\\nand despairing of ever reaching by land the Spanish settlements\\nin Mexico, Narvaez, having reached the banks of a large river,\\ndetermined to follow it to its mouth, and take to the sea.\\nSlowly they moved down the river, and arrived at its mouth in\\na sadly distressed condition. Despair lent them an energy that\\nwas fanned to a burning zeal by the hopes of being able to reach\\ntheir friends and salvation on the shores of the same waters before\\ntheir view. A smith in their party declared that he could build a", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nforge, and with bellows made of hides, and the charcoal they\\ncould supply abundantly, he forged from their swords and accou-\\ntrements bolts and nails for building boats.\\nDiligently they worked, incited by the memory of all their hard-\\nships and perils, and the joyous hope of safe delivery. Such was\\ntheir energy and determination, that in six weeks they constructed\\nfrom the material at hand, five large boats capable of holding fifty\\nmen each. For cordage they twisted ropes from the manes and\\ntails of their horses, together with the fiber of plants their sails\\nwere made from their clothing, and from the hides of their horses\\nthey made sacks to hold water.\\nWith these frail and clumsily constructed crafts, open boats\\nloaded almost to the water s edge, and without a navigator in the\\nparty, or provisions for a single week did this little army of des-\\nperate men set out on the open sea. Narvaez commanded one\\nboat. The others were under the command of his captains, one\\nof whom, Cabe9a de Vaca, has preserved to us the account of this\\nfatal expedition.\\nDe Vaca gives a long and minute account of their voyage, and\\nthe hardships and misfortunes they underwent until they were all\\nshipwrecked, and out of the two hundred and forty who started on\\nthe return only fifteen were alive. Narvaez himself was blown off\\nfrom the shore while almost alone in his boat and never again\\nheard of. Only these four are known certainly to have been\\nsaved, Cabe9a de Vaca, the treasurer of the expedition. Cap-\\ntain Alonzo Castillo, Captain Andreas Orantes, and a negro or\\nTurk, named Estcvanico.\\nThese managed to preserve their lives, and attain an influence\\namong the Indians bj pretending to a knowledge of physic, and\\na supernatural origin. Their method of practice was unique,", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 5\\nand as universal in its application to every form of disease as that\\nof the celebrated Dr. Sangrado. It consisted in marking the\\npatient with the sign of the cross, repeating over him a paternos-\\nter or Ave Maria, and then calling upon him to assure his\\ncomrades that he was entirely healed. The fee for this skillful\\ntreatment was the customary reward among the Indians for the\\nservices of the Medicine Man, the transfer of all the worldly pos-\\nsessions of the patient to the physician in exchange for restored\\nhealth. The Indians thus despoiled by Cabefa de Vaca and his\\ncompanions begged them not to be distressed about it, assuring\\nthem that they held the loss of their goods as naught in compari-\\nson with the pleasure of having beheld the children of the sun,\\nwho had the power to heal the sick and take away life. They\\ndeclared they should hide nothing from them, because everything\\nwas known to these divinilies. So great was the terror which\\ntheir presence inspired, that for the first few days upon their arri-\\nval in any new place, the inhabitants never stood before them\\nwithout trembling, and did not dare to speak nor lift up their\\neyes. De Vaca says We kept up much state and gravity with\\nthem, and in order to maintain this we spoke but seldom to\\nthem. The negro who was with us talked often to them, in-\\nformed himself of the roads we wished to take, of the villages\\nwe should come upon, and of other things which we desired to\\nknow. Although we knew six languages we could not in all\\nparts make use of them, as we found more than a thousand dif-\\nferent languages. If we had had an interpreter so that we could\\nhave made ourselves perfectly understood we should have left\\nthem all Christians.\\nNaufragios de Alvar Nunez Cabe9a de Vaca, cap. 31. Barcia, Ilistoria-\\ndorts, torn. ii.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "l6 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThus did Cabeya de Vaca and his companions for nearly six\\nyears pursue their journey among the Indians. During all this\\nlong period they never once abandoned their hope and design of\\nreaching Mexico. Finally after many other strange adventures\\nDe Vaca arrived at the Spanish settlements in Mexico, and was\\nreceived by his countrymen with the greatest consideration and\\nrejoicing.\\nHaving been sent over to Spain, he presented to the crown a\\nnarrative of the unfortunate expedition of Narvaez, representing\\nthat the country contained great wealth that he alone was able to\\nsecure, and begging that he be made the governor. In this he\\nwas disappointed, however, but was placated by the government\\nof La Plata, in South America. The narrative of De Vaca has\\nbeen received by historians and antiquarians as in the main vera-\\ncious, though describing some wonderful customs and people. It\\nis the earliest account of Florida which we possess, having been\\npublished in 1555, and is of inestimable value.\\nAmong the sailors in the ill-starred expedition of Narvaez was\\none Juan Ortiz, who has attained a celebrity on account of his\\nconnection with the later expedition of De Soto. Ortiz was among\\nthose who returned to Cuba at the beginning of the expedition.\\nIt is said that the wife of Narvaez, by a great reward, induced him\\nto accept the command of a small vessel which she fitted out to\\ngo in search of her husband. Ortiz, having returned to the shores\\nof Florida, was decoyed by the Indians to put himself in their\\npower, and was then seized and brought before the chief named\\nHiriga, or Hirrihigua, who, feeling inflamed at the treatment he\\nhad received at the hands of Narvaez, ordered the captive to be\\nstretched out on a pile and burned to death. Then history relates\\nan episode similar to that of Captain John Smith and Pocahon-", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 7\\ntas, only more romantic. In this case not only did the beautiful\\nIndian maiden supplicate an angry father, and clothe the quality\\nof mercy in such attractive garb as to melt the flinty heart of a\\nstern old savage but, having procured the release of Ortiz from his\\nimminent peril, she, with her equally noble and heroic affianced\\nhusband, sacrificed their love on the altar of humanity. Ortiz\\nhaving been set to watch a burying-ground, allowed a wolf to\\ndrag off the body of a lately -buried chief, and though he pursued\\nand killed the wolf, he was again sentenced to death to appease\\nthe outraged spirit. In despair of saving a life that was so justly\\nforfeited, the daughter of the chief sent Ortiz to her lover, a\\nneighboring chief named Macaco, who protected him for a period\\nof twelve years until the arrival of De Soto. He thus incurred the\\nenmity of Hiriga, who refused to consent to the alliance with his\\ndaughter unless the white man was sacrificed to placate the wrath\\nof the spirit he had failed to protect. Unfortunately history has\\nfailed to preserve the name of this remarkable girl, and still more\\nunfortunate is it that there is no reason to believe that after the\\narrival of De Soto, any return was made the chiefs daughter,\\nwhich would show an appreciation by the white men of conduct\\nso worthy of the highest encomiums and reward.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nHERNANDO DE SOTO. AN ACCOUNT OF HIS MARCH THROUGH\\nFLORIDA.\\nMisled by the fabulous stories told of the wealth of Florida,\\nand by the still more deceptive innuendoes in the account of De\\nVaca, and having before their eyes continually the immense treas-\\nures actually secured in Peru and Mexico, the Spaniards were sat-\\nisfied that it only needed a force sufficiently large and ably com-\\nmanded to secure to the conquerors even greater treasures in\\ntheir northern possessions. They were, moreover, convinced that\\nthe Indian tribes would not defend, with such persistent valor and\\ngreat sacrifices, a worthless country, when the incalculable wealth\\nof the Aztec had been so feebly defended.\\nAt this favorable moment there appeared at court a man who\\nwas acknowledged to be eminently qualified to inspire confidence\\nin any undertaking he might enter upon. No knight stood\\nhigher in the esteem of his sovereign, or enjoyed greater popu-\\nlarity with the cavaliers than Hernando de Soto. Born of a good\\nfamily in the northern part of Spain, he had early entered the ser-\\nvice of D Avilas, the governor of the West Indies, by whom he\\nwas put in command of a detachment sent to Peru to reinforce\\nPizarro.\\nHere he exhibited remarkable courage and capacities, and soon\\ni8", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "1528] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. I9\\nrose to be second in command. Having gained a valuable expe-\\nrience and a splendid reputation in the conquest of Peru, he was\\ninduced by Pizarro to seek his pleasure or glory in another field,\\nlest his own achievements should be rivaled by those of his lieu-\\ntenant. A million and a half of dollars was the sum which he\\nreceived on relinquishing the field. This, in those days, princely\\nfortune was but, a small portion of the exorbitant ransom paid by\\nthe captured Inca.\\nReturning to Spain, his wealth and achievements seem to have\\nexcited genuine admiration rather than envy, and he at once be-\\ncame the favorite of the court. His martial spirit craved adven-\\ntures, and could not remain content with the dullness of court life.\\nHe therefore petitioned the king to be allowed to fit out an expe-\\ndition to occupy and settle the Spanish northern possessions.\\nThe country at that time designated as Florida extended from\\nthe Chesapeake Bay to Mexico, and, as was thought, embraced\\nthe richest portion of the world, full of all things good.\\nDe Soto s request having been granted, he was at once com-\\nmissioned Adelantado and Marquis of Florida. A fleet of seven\\nships and three cutters was at once purchased, and armed and\\nequipped for the expedition, and, as it was De Soto s intention to\\ncolonize the country, much attention was given to providing a\\nsupply of such seeds and animals as were desirable to introduce.\\nIt is possible that some of the seeds scattered by the followers of\\nDe Soto may to-day be reproducing themselves in Florida. The\\norigin of the wild horses of America has also been assigned to the\\nSpanish introduction at this time. So great was the desire to ac-\\ncompany De Soto, and so certain seemed the rich recompense of\\nwealth and honor to be achieved under such a leader, that the\\ncomplement of a thousand chosen men was recruited with ease.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nOf this number more than three hundred were gentlemen of\\nrank, knights and hidalgoes of the best blood of Spain, who lav-\\nished their means in the purchase of arms and equipments, think-\\ning that with these they would procure wealth in plenty. With\\nthis brilliant corps were twelve priests, to minister to the spiritual\\nwelfare of the Spaniards, or Indians, or both.\\nLeaving Spain in the spring, the fleet proceeded as far as Cuba,\\nwhere it was delayed a while in completing the arrangements.\\nHere De Soto married the lady Isabella, a sister of the famous\\nBovadilla. The enjoyment of the society of his new wife, how-\\never, could not detain him from the pursuit of honor. In May,\\n^539 he left Cuba and landed in Florida on Whitsunday, in the\\nsame month. The bay in which they landed, now called Tampa\\nBay, was named by them Espiritu Santo, in honor of the dav\\non which they arrived. A detailed account of the march of De\\nSoto would be too long to introduce in a work like this. There\\nwere two reports published in the sixteenth century, both of which\\nhave been translated into English. While of great value and in-\\nterest, they both contain much that is fabulous and exaggerated.\\nSoon a.f ter beginning the march northward, the advance guard of\\nthe Spaniards fell in with a body of Indians, who advanced appa-\\nrently to oppose them. The Spanish captain, thinking it was an\\nassault, ordered a charge, when, greatly to their surprise, they\\nheard the Spanish tongue in a supplication not to kill one of their\\nown countrymen. The speaker proved to be the captive Ortiz,\\nbefore mentioned. Having acquired a knowledge of the Indian\\nlanguage he was a great acquisition to the command, though un-\\nable, from his restricted confinement, to give a satisfactory reply\\nto the first question asked him by his countrymen, Where was\\nthere any gold to be found By the advice of Ortiz, or from", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 21\\nmotives of policy, De Soto pursued a pacific policy at first, and\\nmet with fi-iendly treatment and generous supplies of provisions at\\nthe various Indian towns. The Indians, at that time, seemed to\\nhave paid considerable attention to agriculture, and to have lived\\nin towns that were rudely fortified, and built with very consider-\\nable dwelling houses and barns. Some of the houses of the\\nchiefs are described as more than a hundred feet long, containing\\nmany rooms, and set upon artificial mounds. They were built of\\npalings, sometimes plastered with clay, and covered with thatch.\\nAt nearly every town the Spaniards found provisions stored, con-\\nsisting of walnuts, dried grapes, beans, millet, and corn, besides\\ngrowing vegetables, among which are mentioned beets. Some of\\nthe towns must have been very large, as many as six thousand in-\\nhabitants dwelling in and around several mentioned. At one\\ntown called Mabila, the baggage and valuables of the Spaniards\\nwere carried within the palisades by the Indians forced to trans-\\nport them. There an attack was made upon the town, and\\ntwenty-five hundred of the savages were slain. The chief and a\\ncompany of natives to transport the baggage were seized at every\\ntown, unless packmen were offered voluntarily. After marching\\na short distance away from their homes, the women were allowed\\ntheir freedom, but the men were led by a chain attached to a\\nSpanish soldier. Arriving at a town, these bondsmen were re-\\nleased, and new captives taken, to be in turn exchanged further\\non.\\nIn this manner did De Soto march through what is now Florida,\\nthence north-easterly through Georgia into South Carolina, thence\\nback to the vicinity of Pensacola.\\nWhile in South Carolina De Soto fell in with an intelligent\\nrace of Indians, whose sovereign was a woman. Here he secured", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\na large store of pearls, nearly three hundred pounds, some of\\nwhich were said to be worth their weight in gold. These, how-\\never, were all lost, together with the other valuables and the bag-\\ngage, in the burning of the town Mabila.\\nW. Gilmore Simms, the novelist, has seized upon the fables\\nconnected with this Indian queen, in his romance of Andres\\nVasconselos.\\nTrusting to the disingenuous tales of the Indians, and ever led\\non by his overweening faith in the existence of vast stores of gold,\\nDe Soto had marched on and ever further on until, consuming a\\nyear s time, he had made a complete circuit of the country, and\\nfound himself empty-handed within six days march of Pensacola,\\nthen called Ochuse. Here he*had ordered his lieutenant, Mal-\\ndonado, to await his arrival with the ships he had sent back to\\nCuba for a supply of provisions and mining tools.\\nDe Soto at this time exhibited that masterly force of character\\nwhich had secured his former success and his great influence.\\nUnwilling to endure the disgrace that would attach to an un-\\nsuccessful issue of the expedition, a disaster which, with the\\nunfortunate results of former expeditions, he feared would pre-\\nclude any future attempts to settle the Spanish domains in\\nFlorida, he resolved to conceal from his followers their location\\nand the nearness of the fleet, lest, being disheartened by their\\nwant of success and worse than uncertain prospect of the future,\\nthey would refuse to continue on, and taking possession of the\\nships, set sail for the West Indies. He therefore forbade Ortiz\\nto mention to the troops the arrival of ]\\\\Ialdonado, which had\\nbeen learned from the Indians. Recruiting his men and horses\\nby a short rest, he marched on again into the unknown wilder-\\nness, and turned his back forever upon home, friends, and all", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 23\\nthat makes life worth living. Still searching for gold he marched\\nfrom region to region, ever meeting and overcoming difficulties\\nand opposition, and yet unsuccessful. He proceeded as high as\\nthe Cumberland River, then turned west, crossed the Mississippi,\\nand reached the Red River. In that region the Spaniards wintered,\\nand in the spring De Soto retraced his steps to the Mississippi,\\nhaving determined to reach the mouth of that river, from whence\\nhe could send to Mexico and Cuba for further supplies. The\\ndisappointment and mortification which his gallant nature had so\\nlong opposed was eating like a cancer into his heart, and unsus-\\ntained by a hope, which in other circumstances would have\\nthrown off disease, his body at last gave way to fatigue and\\nmalaria, and he began to sink under a wasting fever. Deep\\ndespondency settled down upon him as he thought of home, his\\nyoung wife, and all the comforts and prospects he had put so\\nfar from his reach. Calling his followers about him, he thanked\\nthem for their courage and devotion, and besought them to\\naccept of his appointment of a successor to lead them after his\\ndeath, which he assured them was near at hand. His followers\\ntried to afford him the regulation comfort at such times, depict-\\ning this life as so full of misery that he was most happy who was\\nsoonest relieved of its burden. They finally received from him\\nthe appointment of Louis Moscoza as their captain.\\nShortly after, on the 21st day of May, 1542, died that chivalrous\\nknight, Don Hernando de Soto, Governor of Cuba, and Adelan-\\ntado of Florida, far from his native land, in the wilderness on the\\nbanks of that great Father of Waters, whose vast and turbid flow\\never recalls his great name and deeds, and whose discovery has\\nproved his most enduring remembrance.\\nDesirous of impressing the Indians with the supernatural", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\norigin of De Soto, his followers declared that his father, the Sun\\nGod, had taken him to himself, and lest their deception should\\nbe manifested by the sight of his dead body, the corpse of their\\nillustrious and beloved leader was placed in a canoe, and in the\\ndarkness of the night consigned to the waters of the mighty\\nriver.\\nImmediately after the death of De Soto, the Spaniards began\\nto build boats and collect provisions in preparation for their long\\nvoyage. They continued thus employed until the annual floods\\nhad subsided, when they descended to the gulf. Though con-\\ntinuously receiving attacks from the Indians, they at last reached\\nthe Spanish settlement of Panuco, in Mexico. Here they were\\nreceived with joy, and every kindness proffered them. Three\\nhundred and eleven men kneeled before the altar in thanksgiving\\nto God for their safe deliverance from those distresses and perils\\nwhich had swept away more than two-thirds of the gallant army\\nthat four years before had landed in Florida, an army that had\\noverrun a country containing thousands of brave inhabitants,\\nsubsisted for more than three years on the country through which\\nit passed, ever maintained the unity of its command and devo-\\ntion to its valorous leader while he lived, and executed his wishes\\nafter his death.\\nIn 1559 the Spaniards made another attempt to explore Flor-\\nida. ]\\\\Iendoza, the governor of Mexico, under advices from\\nSpain, ordered the equipment of a larger and more complete ex-\\npedition than ever had landed in Florida.\\nFifteen hundred soldiers and many of the religious orders set\\nsail from Vera Cruz in the spring of 1559, under the command\\nof a soldier of some reputation, Don Tristan de Luna. Landing\\nnear Pensacoia, the Spaniards underwent an experience similar to", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n25\\nthat encountered by their countrymen in the previous expeditions,\\nand after being distressed by hunger, weakened by losses, and\\ndivided by mutiny, finally returned without having accomplished\\nmore than to view the desolation wrought by De Soto and Nar-\\nvaez in the country through which they had passed.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nHUGUENOT SETTLEMENT UNDER RIBAULT.\\nThe Spaniards having thus far been unsuccessful in making a\\nsettlement upon the shores of Florida, the country was left open\\nto any nation which should enter upon and colonize the territory.\\nThe Admiial Gaspard de Coligni, then at the head of the Protest-\\nant party in France, perceived with the sagacity of a statesman,\\nthe advantage of a colony in America composed of French Prot-\\nestants. While increasing the dominion of France, and thus\\ngaining its promoters honor and patronage, it would afford a\\nrefuge, in case the result of the bitter contest with the Guises\\nshould prove disastrous to the Protestant party,\\nCharles the Ninth, then monarch of France, approved of the ad-\\nmiral s purpose, and furnished him with two ships. These were\\nreadily m .nned with zealous Huguenots, under the command of\\nJean Ribault, who sailed on the i8th of February, 1562, intend-\\ning to enter the river San tee. Arriving on the coast in about the\\nlatitude of St. Augustine, they proceeded north, and entered a\\nlarge river on the first of May, which they called the river of May.\\nHere Ribault erected a stone monument on which was engraved\\nthe arms of France.\\nContinuing their exploration of the coast, they sailed north\\nabout ninety leagues, until they finally disembarked near Port\\nRoyal, South Carolina, where they concluded to plant the colony.\\n26", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 2/\\nThe site selected for their new city was a favorable one, being in\\na fertile and pleasant country, abounding in mulberry and per-\\nsimmon trees, and inhabited by a race of hospitable Indians, who\\nsupplied them with food for the merest trifles. Though the\\nprime object of the expedition had been to establish a colony in\\nAmerica, when the moment arrived to decide who should remain\\nin the new settlement so far from home, and who return in the\\nships to France, it seems that it was necessary to appeal to the\\nhonor and the patriotism of the company to secure volunteers to\\nretain possession of the territory which they had christened New\\nFrance. Twenty-six of Ribault s followers, however, agreed to re-\\nmain, under the command of Albert, one of his lieutenants.\\nA field, sixteen rods long and thirteen wide, was stockaded,\\nand within this they built a fort, which they named in honor of\\ntheir sovereign, Fort Charles. We shall see that this honor paid\\nto their king was reciprocated on the part of that vacillating mon-\\narch by a total neglect of the rights and interests of his loyal\\nsubjects.\\nLeaving provisions and ammunition for the little colony, Ri-\\nbault sailed away in the middle of July, trusting to soon return\\nwith a large company, who should be the pioneers of a great\\nbranch of the French nation on this continent. Having arrived\\nin France, he found the government so divided by^ civil discord\\nand confusion that he was unable to secure any attention for the\\nsettlement of New France.\\nMeanwhile Captain Albert visited the Indian chiefs in the vicin-\\nity, cultivating their friendships, and exchanging simple presents\\nfor their gifts of pearls and some silver ore, which the Indians re-\\nported as having been dug from the ground on certain high hills\\nby a tribe who lived ten days journey to the west.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThe colonists seem to have expected to live on the provisions\\nleft within the fort until the return of the fleet from France.\\nWhen the weeks passed by and their supplies began to be ex-\\nhausted, with no sign of relief from France, the colonists began\\nto be disobedient, quarrelsome, and unmanageable. In the com-\\npany was one Laclerc, a licentious demagogue. This Laclerc,\\nbeing opposed by Albert in his attempt to reduce certain of the\\nIndians to slavery, raised a mutiny, in which the captain lost his\\nlife. After the death of Albert, the Indians refused to supply the\\ncolony with provisions, and their situation became so serious\\nthat they resolved to desert the country, and if possible return to\\nFrance. Choosing one of their number as captain, they set to\\nwork to build a small ship and collect a store of provisions.\\nHaving succeeded in constructing a small vessel, calked with\\nmoss and rigged with cordage made from fibrous plants, they set\\nthe sails made from their garments, and embarked to cross the\\nwide ocean in a craft that had neither the capacity nor equipment\\nfor a coasting voyage. Soon after putting to sea they became be-\\ncalmed, and continued so for twenty days, by which time they had\\nbeen reduced to a starving condition.\\nSo great was their necessity that they were about to cast lots for\\na victim, whose flesh should support life in the rest, when Laclerc\\nthe mutineer, off ered himself as the victim. So desperate was\\ntheir strait that his ofl er was accepted and his flesh distributed\\namong the company. Life being sustained, they were soon after\\nrelieved from the repetition of such a shocking tragedy, being\\npicked up by a passing vessel and taken to England. Having\\nbeen brought before Queen Elizabeth, they gave such an account\\nof Florida as to excite in her a great interest in the country.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nSECOND HUGUENOT SETTLEMENT UNDER LAUD0Nn1:RE.\\nCoLiGNi and the Protestants had not forgotten the forsaken\\ncolony, nor relinquished their intention of providing a refuge in\\nAmerica.\\nAfter two years Coligni succeeded in obtaining authority to\\nsend three ships to the succor of the colony in Florida. A\\ncompany equal to the capacity of the ships quickly volunteered\\nfor the enterprise, of whom a large number belonged to families\\nof good blood.\\nHaving been well equipped with arms, provisions, tools, and\\nseeds for agriculture, the fleet sailed under the command of Cap-\\ntain Rene Laudonnere, who had accompanied Ribault on the\\nformer expedition.\\nIt is greatly to be regretted that the astute Coligni had not\\nassumed in person the command of this expedition intended to\\nestablish in America a New France, forty-three years before the\\nfirst settlement of the English at Jamestown, and sixty-six years\\nbefore the Puritans on the Mayflower landed at Plymouth. His\\ncounsels would doubtless have preserved the weak colony who\\nwere so cruelly exterminated, and he himself would have escaped\\nhis untimely end. Coligni was one of the first victims of the\\nhorrid massacre of Paris on the eve of St. Bartholomew s Day, in\\n29", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n1572, being assassinated by one of the servants of the Duke of\\nGuise.\\nLaudonnere came upon the coast at St. Augustine, but, stop-\\nping only for a reconnoisance, he sailed to the site of the former\\ncolony and Fort Charles, with the hope of relieving his country-\\nmen. Finding the fort deserted, and learning of the time that\\nhad elapsed since the departure of the colony, he determined to\\nreturn to the river ]\\\\Iay (now the St, Johns), and found his\\nsettlement on its banks, where, as he says, the means of sub-\\nsistence seemed to abound, and the signs of gold and silver\\nobserved on the former voyage had been very encouraging.\\nThese signs must have been the possession by the Indians of\\nsome pieces of quartz, which seems to have been very general,\\nand to have led the French like the Spaniards from tribe to tribe\\nlike a very ignis-fatuus.\\nLaudonnere s account of his landing at the harbor of St.\\nAugustine is extremely interesting, and by his description the\\nlocation is readily recognized. He says: We arrived on\\nThursday, the 2 2d of June (1564), about three o clock in the\\nafternoon, and landed at a little river which is thirty degrees dis-\\ntant from the equator. After we had struck sail and cast anchor\\nathwart the river, F determined to go on shore to discover the\\nsame. Therefore, being accompanied by Mons. de Ottigni, with\\nMons. d .\\\\rlac, mine Ensign, and a certain number of gentlemen\\nand soldiers, I embarked myself about three or four o clock in\\nthe evening, and being arrived at the mouth of the river, I\\ncaused the channel to be sounded, which was found to be very\\nshallow, although that further within the same the water was\\nthere found reasonably deep, which separateth itself into two\\ngreat arms, whereof one runneth toward the south, and the other", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 3 1\\ntoward the north. Having thus searched the river, I went on\\nland to speak with the Indians, which waited for us upon the\\nshore, which at our coming on land came before us crying with\\na loud voice in their Indian language Antipola Bonassou,\\nwhich is as much as to say, brother, friend, or some such like\\nthing. After they had made much of us, they showed us their\\nparacoussy, that is to say, their king or governor, to whom I\\npresented certain toys wherewith he was well pleased and for\\nmine own part I praised God continually for the great love I\\nfound in these savages, which were sorry for nothing but that the\\nnight approached and made us retire into our ships. Howbeit\\nbefore my departure I named the river the River of Dolphins,\\nbecause at mine arrival I saw there a great number of dolphins\\nwhich were playing at the mouth thereof The dolphins or\\nporpoises still continue to play in the river and harbor at St.\\nAugustine, especially during the summer season. Throughout\\nthe greater part of the year rare sport could be obtained by good\\nshots who had the skill to lodge a rifle ball in the head of the\\nporpoise as he rises to blow.\\nThe Indian town located on the present site of St. Augus-\\ntine was Seloy, and the same name seems to have been given to\\nboth of the rivers which unite to form the harbor. From the\\nnarration it would seem probable that the point where Laudqn-\\nnere landed was upon Anastatia Island, the Indians having come\\nover from the mainland on seeing the French ships -in the offing.\\nLaudonnere having left Fort Charles, entered the river May,\\nand selecting a favorable site, about six leagues distant from the\\nmouth, built a small settlement, which he fortified with palisades\\nHakluyt s translation. French s Historical Collections, p. 223.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "^2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nand an embankment of earth in the shape of a triangle, and\\nnamed it Carolus, still doing honor to the king who so little\\ndeserved esteem. With a religious fervor characteristic of the\\nage, and probably heightened by their isolation, and proximity\\nto the v\u00c2\u00a3tst ocean which they had just passed in safety, and sol-\\nemnly impressed by their surroundings on a vast and unexplored\\ncontin-ent, the little band of strangers assembled and dedicated\\ntheir work and themselves to the glory of God and the advance-\\nment of his holy faith.\\nThe site of the Huguenot settlement is now known as St.\\nJohn s Bluff, the first point of high land on the south after enter-\\ning the St. Johns River from the ocean. It is a sightly hill,\\nprobably formed by sand dunes at an early period when the shore\\nwas far to the west of its present coast line. The bluff rises some\\nforty feet above the river, and is covered with a thick growth of\\noaks and other hard woods. At the foot of the hill on the east\\nlay the broad marshes stretching for four or five miles toward the\\nsea, and reaching to the narrow ridge of sands and woods adjoin-\\ning the beach. The channel of the river here approaches the\\nsouthern bank, and the strong current sweeping in against the\\nmobile sands at each tide has greatly abraded the hill until prob-\\nably the site of Laudonnere s fort has become the channel of the\\nriver. The site has been fortified several times since. During\\nthe rebellion a considerable earthwork was erected there by Flor-\\nida troops, but the encroachments of the river have already\\nswept away the site.\\nLaudonnere had found the Indians very friendly, and this\\npeaceable disposition was by him assiduously cultivated. Trink-\\nets and small presents were exchanged for the provisions which\\nthey liberally provided, and on several occasions the French lent", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 33\\ntheir aid in making war on the enemies of the friendly tribes\\nabout them.\\nThe chief or cacique of the tribe which inhabited the country\\nbetween the mouih of the St. Johns River and St. Augustine\\nwas named Satourioua, or Satouriva, and in his intercourse with\\nthe French and Spanish he exhibited a remarkable sagacity and\\nfidelity, as well as a dignity unlooked for in a savage,\\nLaudonnere describes his first meeting with this chief in these\\nwords We found the Paracoussy Satourioua under an arbor,\\naccompanied by fourscore Indians at the least, and appareled at\\nthat time after the Indian fashion, to wit with a great hart s skin,\\ndressed like chamois and painted with devices of strange and\\ndivers colors, but of so lively a portraiture and representing an-\\ntiquity with rules so justly compassed that there is no painter so\\nexquisite that could fmd fault therewith. The natural disposition\\nof this strange people is so perfect and so well guided that with-\\nout any aid and favor of arts they are able by the help of nature\\nonly, to content the eye of artisans yet even of those which by\\ntheir industry are able to aspire unto things most absolute.\\nThe paracoussy now brought us to his father s lodging, one\\nof the oldest men that lived upon the earth. Our men regarding\\nhis age began to make much of him, using this speech. Ami\\nami that is to say friend, whereat the old sire showed himself\\nvery glad. Afterwards they questioned with him concerning the\\ncourse of his age whereunto he made answer showing that he\\nwas the first living original from whence five generations were de-\\nscended. M. de Ottigni having seen so strange a thing turned to\\nthe man praying him to vouchsafe to answer him to that which he\\ndemanded touching his age. Then the old man called a com-\\npany of Indians, and striking twice upon his thigh, and laying", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nhis hand upon two of them, he showed him by signs that these\\ntwo were his sons again, smiting upon their thighs, he showed\\nhim others not so old who were the children of the first two\\nwhich he continued in the same manner until the fifth generation.\\nBut this old man had his father alive, more old than himself, and\\nthis man, which seemed to be rather a dead carcass than a live\\nbody, for his sinews, his veins, his arteries, his bones and other\\nparts appeared so clearly that a man might easily tell them and\\ndiscern them one from another, and both of them did wear their\\nhair very long, and as white as possible, yet it was told us that\\nthey might yet live thirty or forty years more by the course of na-\\nture, although the younger of them both was not less than two\\nhundred and fifty years old.\\nLaudonnere employed the Indians to assist him in finding gold,\\nand sent various boat expeditions to the head-waters of the St.\\nJohns River. It is reported, though unlikely, that one of his\\nofficers penetrated the interior as far as the Mississippi.\\nSome of his men appear to have been dissatisfied with the\\nposition assumed by their leader. They accused him of setting\\nup a regal state, and also of having obtained a knowledge of the\\nlocation of gold which he concealed from the rest of the company.\\nThrough the influence of these disaffected ones a conspiracy was\\norganized to depose Laudonnere. He got rid of several of the\\ndisafi^ected ones, however, by sending them back to France in a\\nvessel which was returned for supplies at this period. Subse-\\nquently the discontent increased, and Laudonnere was confined\\nfor fifteen days upon one of the vessels in the river, while the mu-\\ntineers set about equipping two small vessels which he had built\\nLaudonn^re s Narrative, translated by Hakluyt.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n35\\nfor exploration. After rifling the fort of such suppUes as they\\nneeded, they set sail in these two ships on a piratical expedition.\\nOne of these vessels, having been separated by a gale from its con-\\nsort, captured a Spanish ship, and after various adventures was\\nfinally captured and the crew destroyed. The other, after having\\nexhausted its supplies, returned to the colony, and four of the\\nleaders were tried and shot for mutiny.\\nHearing that there were white captives among the Indians who\\nresided further south, Laudonnere sent word that he would pay\\na considerable ransom for their delivery. Soon after there ap-\\npeared two Spaniards who had been wrecked fifteen years before.\\nThey had adopted the costume of the natives long hair, et pre-\\nkria nihil. They reported that there had also been saved several\\nwomen who had married and consented to live among the In-\\ndians.\\nThe vessel sent to France for supplies not having returned, the\\ngarrison were threatened with an exhaustion of their stores.\\nDuring all this time the French seem to have made no effort to\\ncultivate the ground, expecting either that they would be supplied\\nfrom home or that the Indians would furnish all that was required\\nfor subsistence. Their store of presents having become exhausted,\\nhowever, the Indians became very niggardly and exacting, and\\nfinally declared that they were unable to supply any sort of pro-\\nvisions. At this Laudonnere seized a chief of one of the tribes\\ninhabiting the territory to the south, and demanded of the In-\\ndians a large amount of provisions as a ransom. This he did\\nnot succeed in securing, and only engendered in the Indians an\\nunfriendly spirit, which prompted them later to give to Menendez\\ninformation of the location and condition of the French forces.\\nHe finally obtained supplies from some of the tribes to the north,", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "^5 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\namong which was one inhabiting the sea islands, whose ruler was\\na beautiful queen. Finding themselves in danger of starvation,\\nthe French set about constructing a vessel to return home. They\\nwere diligently pushing on the work of construction when there\\nappeared off the coast an English fleet under the command of\\nSir John Hawkins, who put into May River for water. Laudon-\\nnere entertained the English with the best he had, even killing\\nsheep and poultry that he had been saving to stock the country.\\nThis hospitality was reciprocated by Sir John, who, seeing their\\ndesperate condition, offered to transport the whole company to\\nFrance. Though he pledged his word to land them on the\\nshores of France before touching England, Laudonnere refused\\nhis offer, fearing, as he said, least he should attempt somewhat\\nin Florida in the name of his mistress.\\nSir John Hawkins, however, with a generous humanity, con-\\nsented to sell to the French one of his vessels, and suffered them\\nto assess its value. With the vessel the English admiral delivered\\nto them a thousand rounds of ammunition, twenty barrels of flour,\\nfive barrels of beans, a hogshead of salt, with wax for candles,\\nand, as he saw the Frenchmen were barefooted, fifty pairs of\\nshoes. Having delivered these things to the French, Sir John\\nsailed away bearing with him the blessings of these forsaken\\nFrenchmen. Alas their enjoyment of the fruits of the English-\\nman s humanity was destined to be short-lived.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE UNFORTUNATE EXPEDITION UNDER RIBAULT. FOUNDING OF\\nST. AUGUSTINE BY MENENDEZ, 1 565. ATTACK UPON THE\\nFRENCH SETTLEMENT ON THE ST. JOHNS RIVER.\\nThe Huguenots in France had not forgotten their friends in\\nFlorida, though the dissensions at home had turned their at-\\ntention away from all but the plottings and schemings about\\nthem. Desiring to succor and strengthen the colony, Coligni\\nhad secured a fleet of seven vessels, four being of considerable\\nsize. These he placed in command of Captain Ribault, who had\\ntaken out the first expedition. Ribault quicldy recruited a com-\\npany of six hundred and fifty persons, among whom were said to\\nbe many representatives of good fiimilies, about five hundred\\nbeing soldiers.\\nThe fleet sailed from Dieppe in May, 1565, and after a long\\nbut uneventful voyage reached Florida in safety.\\nBy some means information had been sent to the Spanish\\nCourt that an expedition was fitting out for the succor of the\\nHuguenot colony in Florida. It has been said that this knowl-\\nedge emanated from those about the French sovereign, though it\\nis by no means necessary that it must have come from such a\\nsource. The enemies of the Protestants were numerous and\\nbitter all over France, and the recruiting and equipment of the\\nexpedition could have been no secret.\\nS7", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "og HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nPhilip 11. determined not to allow any encroachment on the\\nterritory, which he claimed by the right of his subjects former\\nexpeditions of discovery and by gift from the Holy See. Not only\\nwas he unwilling to see Florida occupied by foreigners, but of all\\npersons none were more objectionable than Protestants, upon\\nwhom he looked as upon those without the pale of Christianity,\\nwho only lived as enemies of God, to disseminate a wicked creed,\\nand war upon His holy faith. The very instrument for the exe-\\ncution of the plans of this bigoted monarch seems to have been\\nat hand. Don Pedro Menendez de Avilla, had acquired wealth\\nand distinction as a naval officer. This knight was now desirous\\nof the honor of driving the French from Florida. Menendez was\\nof aristocratic birth, a man of great firmness of will and tenacity\\nof purpose a brave commander, with a superior sagacity and\\nknowledge of human nature, and withal a most zealous and de-\\nvoted Catholic. The name of Menendez has been held up to the\\nworld as the symbol of all that is malignant, heartless, and cruel.\\nIf we are to judge of men s actions in the past by the motives that\\nprompted them, as we are asked and expected to do in all things\\nwhich happen in our own day, then by such a test the actions of\\nMenendez must be less harshly considered. That he believed the\\nrooting out of the Protestant colonization and their faith from the\\nshores of the New World was God s work, there can be no doubt.\\nHis devotion to the propagation of the Catholic religion in Flor-\\nida, and the sacrifices which he made to extend and continue the\\nteachings of that faith, prove beyond a doubt his sincerity and fer-\\nvent zeal. His conciliatory measures toward the savages so en-\\ntirely within his power, and his efforts to instruct the tribes all\\nover Florida, which met with such marked success, will go far to\\nprove that his nature was not wantonly cruel. The purpose of", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n39\\nhis expedition, the object for which he had enlisted nearly three\\nthousand persons, transporting them into an unknown continent,\\nand, as is said, investing of his own means nearly five million dol-\\nlars, was to prevent the propagation of heretical doctrines on the\\nshores of the New World. As Menendez expressed it, it was\\nto prevent the Lutherans from establishing their abominable\\nand unreasonable sect among the Indians. It should also be\\nremembered that an edict of Ribault s had been published when\\nhe undertook his expedition, that no Catholic at the peril of his\\nlife should go in his fleet, nor any Catholic books be taken/\\nBesides it is not improbable that the French prisoners, who were\\nnearly all put to death by Menendez, were destroyed in the belief\\nthat by this course alone could his own position in his isolated\\nlocation be made safe.\\nThe little band with Laudonnere were waiting for fair winds to\\nsail away from Florida in the ship they had purchased of the\\nEnglish when the fleet under Ribault arrived off the mouth of the\\nriver May, on the 29th of August, 1565. Four of the seven\\nvessels were too large to enter the river, but the other three were\\nbrought up to the settlement, and at once began to land the sup-\\nplies. Ribault now assumed the command, and all thought of\\ndeparture was dismissed. This course was most acceptable to\\nLaudonnere, who had only consented to abandon the plan of col-\\nonization from the force of his straitened circumstances and the\\ndemands of his company. He had declared that it made his heart\\ngrieve to leave a place so pleasant that those who are melan-\\ncholic would be forced to change their humor, and to possess\\nwhich they had given up home, and friends, and fortune, and\\nundergone perils of land and water.\\nWhile the fleet of Ribault was making its long voyage across", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nthe Atlantic, Menendez was pushing forward his equipment of a\\nfleet to follow and expel the French from Florida. If he succeed-\\ned he was to have the title of marquis, a large tract of land, and\\nthe freedom of all the ports of New Spain. A salary of ten thou-\\nsand dollars and the title of Adelantado was conferred upon him\\nat the outset. He secured a fleet of thirty-four vessels, which he\\nfully equipped, providing the means from his private fortune. But\\none vessel, with two hundred and fifty soldiers and their equip-\\nment, was provided by the crown. Learning the object of the expe-\\ndition, volunteers flocked to his standard until he soon had a force\\nof nearly three thousand men, including a party of twenty-six\\nmonks and priests. Impatient of delay Menendez put to sea\\non the ist of July, with his flag-ship the El Pelayo and about\\ntwo-thirds of his fleet, ordering the remainder to rendezvous at\\nPorto Rico as soon as their equipment was completed. Scarcely\\nhad the fleet of Menendez left the port of Cadiz before a severe\\nstorm was encountered that separated the vessels, and sank and\\ndisabled so many that on his arrival at Porto Rico, on the 9th of\\nAugust, he found but six ships under his command. The cour-\\nage of their leader was undaunted, though a general despair per-\\nvaded the fleet. In the destruction wrought by the mighty\\nelements he pictured the hand of God, and revived the spirits of\\nhis followers by the assurance that the Almighty had reduced\\ntheir numbers that His own arm might achieve the victory, and\\nHis glory be exalted. Learning that a Spanish vessel bearing\\nletters to himself had been intercepted by the French fleet, he de-\\ntermined to sail for Florida at once, without waiting for the re-\\nmainder of the fleet. On the 28th of August, the day set in the\\ncalendar of the Romish Church to the honor of St. Augustine,\\nthe fleet came in sight of the Florida coast, probably near Cape", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 4 1\\nCanaveral. Here they learned the location of the French colony,\\nand sailing northward, on the 4th of September cahie in sight of\\nthe four French ships, which lay off the mouth of the riv^i^May\\n(St. Johns). During the night a council was held on board the\\nvessel of the Spanish admiral, in which the majority of the cap-\\ntains urged a delay until the remainder of the fleet could arrive\\nfrom Spain. Menendez courageously refused to listen to such a\\nplan, and gave orders for an attack at daybreak. The French-\\nmen, however, displayed more of discretion than boldness, and\\nupon the approach of the Spanish fleet, put out to sea. Accord-\\ning to Laudonnere s account, the Spaniards seeing that they\\ncould not reach them by reason that the French ships were better\\nof sail than theirs, and also because they would not leave the\\ncoast, turned back and went on shore in the river Seloy, which we\\ncall the river of Dolphins, eight or ten leagues from where we\\nwere. Our ships returned and reported that they had seen three\\nSpanish ships enter the river of Dolphins, and the other three re-\\nmained in the road further, that they had put their soldiers,\\ntheir victuals, and munitions on land. And we under-\\nstood by King Emola, one of our neighbors, which arrived upon\\nthe handling of these matters, that the Spaniards in great numbers\\nwere gone on shore, which had taken possession of the houses of\\nSeloy, in the most part whereof they had placed their negroes,\\nwhich they had brought to labor, and also lodged themselves and\\nhad cast divers trenches about them.\\nThe Spanish priest Mendoza gives the following account of the\\nfoundation of St. Augustine: On Saturday, the 8th day of Sep-\\ntember, the day of the Nativity of our Lady, the general disem-\\nLaudonnere s Narrative, French s Historical Collections, p. 332.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "A 2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nbarked with numerous banners displayed, trumpets and other\\nmart-al music resounding, and amid salvos of artillery. Carrying\\na cross I proceeded at the head, chanting the hymn Te Deum\\nLaudamus. The general marched straight up to the cross, to-\\ngether with all those who accompanied him and kneeling they\\nall kissed the cross. A great number of Indians looked upon\\nthese ceremonies, and imitated w^hatever they saw done. There-\\nupon the general took possession of ihe country in the name of\\nhis Majesty. All the officers then took an oath of allegiance to\\nhim as their general, and as Adelantado of the whole country.\\nNear the site of the Indian village of Seloy was thus laid the\\nfoundation of the first town built by the Caucasian in America.\\nAt this time and place was also introduced that curse and blight\\nupon the fairest portion of our country, African slavery, whose\\ntrain of evils has not been confined to the Southern negroes, but\\nhas extended to the white race, and throughout the length and\\nbreadth of our common country.\\nEspecially to Florida has this iniquitous system been the cause\\nof unnumbered woes. For an account of the misfortunes which\\nslavery wrought upon this State prior to the rebellion of 1 86 1, the\\nreader has only to consult Gidding s Exiles of Florida. It is\\ncertain that African slavery was at this time introduced into North\\nAmerica, though several writers have evinced a desire to overlook\\nthis important fact of history. The evidence, however, is too\\nplain for denial, the original agreement with Philip the Second\\nhaving granted to INIencndez the right to take with him five hun-\\ndred negro slaves. Whether or not he took this number is not\\nmaterial.\\nIn commemoration of the day on which he arrived off the coast,\\nMenendez gave to the new town the name of St. Augustine,", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE 43\\nwhich it has continued to bear for more than three hundred years.\\nThe precise spot where the Spaniards landed is uncertain, though\\nit is not unlikely that it was near the ground on which the Fran-\\nciscans erected their house, now the United States barrack.\\nWhile Menendez was making haste to fortify his position at\\nSt. Augustine, Ribault was preparing to descend the coast, and\\nby a sudden attack capture the Spanish fleet and cut off the set-\\ntlement. This plan was ineffectually opposed by Laudonnere.\\nHis opposition to the plan of action adopted may have been the\\ncause of his failure to accompany the expedition. Removing the\\nartillery and garrison to his fleet, and leaving in the fort the non-\\ncombatants, including women, children, and invalids, to the num-\\nber of two hundred and forty under the command of Laudonnere,\\nRibault set sail to attack the Spaniards on the loth of September.\\nThey bore rapidly down until in sight of the Spanish vessels\\nanchored off the bar of St. Augustine. Before the enemy were\\nreached, and the fleet collected for action, Ribault found himself\\nin the midst of one of those gales which occur with suddenness\\nand violence on the coast of Florida at different periods of every\\nfall. The tempest rendered his ships unmanageable, and finally\\nwrecked them all at different points on the coast south of Matan-\\nzas Inlet.\\nMenendez had watched the French ships as they approached\\nSt. AugUitine. Observing the severity of the storm he was sat-\\nisfied that the fleet could not beat back in its teeth should they\\nescape shipwreck, and therefore their return was impossible for\\nseveral days after the storm should cease. Determined to seize\\nthe favorable opporiunity to attack the fort on the St. Johns, he\\ngathered a picked force, and with eight days provisions began a\\nmarch across the country under the guidance of two Indians who", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nwere unfriendly to the French. The march proved difficult on\\naccount of the pouring rains and their ignorance of the country.\\nThe swamps and baygalls, many of them waist-deep with water,\\nproved so embarrassing that it took three days of laborious march-\\ning amidst great discomforts to cover the distance of fifty miles\\nbetween the two posts. Immediately on the departure of the\\nships, Laudonnere had set to work with the force at his command\\nto repair the breeches in the fort. These had been made when\\nthey expected to return to France. He also began to so disci-\\npline his men as to be a guard to the post. For several days the\\nregular watches were kept up by the captains who had been\\nappointed, but as the gale continued they began to feel confident\\nthat no attack would be made while the weather was so inclement,\\nand therefore ceased to be vigilant. On the night of September\\n19th the gale had been very severe, and at daybreak, finding the\\ncaptain of the watch was in his quarters, the sentinels went under\\nshelter. At this very moment the soldiers under Menendez were\\nin sight, kneeling in prayer. From prayers they rushed to the\\nattack gaining entrance into the fort without much opposition,\\nthey began an indiscriminate slaughter. Laudonnere with twenty\\nmen sprang from the walls and escaped into the woods, from\\nwhence he made his way across the marshes to a small vessel in\\nthe river, which had been left in charge of Captain Jaques Ribault,\\na son of the admiral. From thence they proceeded directly to\\nFrance without making an efi ort to find their companions of\\nRibault s fleet or to learn their fate.\\nAn order from Menendez to spare the women, children, and\\ncripples, put a stop to the massacre, though it is said, to escape\\ndeath they were forced to submit to slavery. The French\\naccount says that all the men who escaped instant death were", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n45\\nhung to the limbs of neighboring trees. This may be exaggerated,\\nbut it is certain that the Spaniards suspended the bodies of some\\nof the Frenchmen, and set up this inscription, No por Fran-\\nceses, sino por Luteranos (we do not do this as unto Frenchmen,\\nbut as unto Lutherans). Menendez found in the fort six trunks\\nfilled with books well bound and gilt, from which they did not\\nsay mass, but preached their Lutheran doctrines every evening\\nall of which books he directed to be burned.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nSHIPWRECK OF RIBAULt s FLEET. MASSACRE BY MENENDEZ.\\nFearing lest Ribault should have escaped destruction in the\\nstorm, and returning, should make an attack during his absence,\\nMenendez hurried back to St. Augustine. He took with him\\nonly fifty men, the rest being left under the command of his son-\\nin-law, De Valdez, who was ordered to build a church on the\\nsite selected by Menendez, and marked by the erection of crosses.\\nAfter the completion of the church, De Valdez was to use every\\neffort to strengthen the captured fort.\\nArriving at St. Augustine, Menendez was hailed as conqueror,\\nand having been escorted into the place by the priests and people\\nwho had been left behind, a solemn mass was repeated, and a\\nTe Deum chanted to celebrate the victory.\\nSeveral of Ribault s vessels were wrecked between Mosquito\\nand Matanzas inlets. Strange as it may appear, in the destruction\\nof the whole fleet but one life was lost from drowning. It now\\noften happens on the sandy portion of the Florida coast, that ves-\\nsels will be driven high upon the beach by the force of the swell,\\nand there left by the receding tide in a sound condition.\\nAbout two hundred men had collected on the southern bar-\\nrier at Matanzas Inlet, while a larger party with Ribault were\\ngathered on the same barrier, further to the south. The Indians\\nsoon after reported to Menendez a large body of men at an inlet\\n46", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE, 47\\nfour leagues south which they were unable to cross. He there-\\nfore marched with a body of forty men for the inlet, and arrived at\\nMatanzas the same evening. His course was probably down the\\nbeach on Anastatia Island, as the account speaks of his ordering\\nthe boats to keep abreast of him on the march.\\nHaving come to the mouth of the inlet one of the Frenchmen\\nswam across, and reported that the party there assembled be-\\nlonged to one of the vessels of Ribault s fleet. Menendez re-\\nturned the man in a boat, and offered a pledge of safety to the\\nFrench captain and four or five of his lieutenants who might\\nchoose to cross over and hold an interview. Upon this pledge\\nthe captain crossed over in the boat with four of his companions.\\nThese begged of Menendez that he would provide them with\\nboats that they might cross that inlet and the one at St. Augus-\\ntine, and return to their fort, twenty leagues to the north. Upon\\nthis Menendez informed ihem of the capture of the fort and the\\ndestruction ot the garrison. The captain thereupon besought\\nthat they be furnished with a vessel to return to France, observing\\nthat the French and Spanish kings were loving brothers and the two\\nnations at peace. Menendez, in reply, asked if they were Catho-\\nlics to which it was answered that they were of the New Relig-\\nion. Then Menendez answered that if they had been Catholics\\nhe would feel that he was serving his king in doing them kind-\\nness, but Protestants he considered as enemies against which he\\nshould wage war unceasingly, both against them, and against all\\nthat should come into the territory of which he was adelantado,\\nhaving come to these shores in the service of his king, to plant\\nthe Holy Faith, in order that the savages might be brought to a\\nknowledge of the Holy Catholic religion.\\nUpon hearing this, the captain and his men desired to return", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE,\\nand report the same to their companions, and were accordingly\\nsent back in the boat. Soon after observing signals or signs from\\nthe opposite shore, the boat was sent over to know what was\\ntheir pleasure.\\nThe French then endeavored to make some terms for a surren-\\nder, with the privilege of ransom. There being many members\\nof noble and wealthy families among them, as much as fifty thou-\\nsand ducats was offered for a pledge of safety. Menendez would\\nmake no pledge, simply sending word that if they desired they\\ncould surrender their arms and yield themselves to his mercy, in\\norder that he might do unto them what should be dictated to\\nhim by the grace of God. The French seem to have had an in-\\nstinctive feeling that it would fare hard with them should they\\nyield ihemselves to the Spaniards yet they were so wholly demor-\\nalized and disheartened by the misfortune that had befallen them,\\nthat after much delay and parley they finally sent word to Menen-\\ndez that they were willing to yield themselves to be dealt with as\\nhe willed. The French were therefore transported across the\\nsound in parties of ten at a time. As each boat-load was landed,\\nIMenendez directed that the prisoners be led behind the scrub,\\nand their hands pinioned behind their backs. This course he\\ndeclared to them to be necessary, as he had but a small number\\nof men in his command, and if left free it would be an easy mat-\\nter for the French to turn upon him and revenge themselves for\\nthe destruction of their fort and Laudonnere s command. In this\\nmanner was secured the whole body of the French who had col-\\nlected on the southern shore of Matanzas Inlet, to the number of\\ntwo hundred and eight men. Of this number eight in response\\nto an inquiry declared themselves to be Catholics, and were sent\\nto St. Augustine in the boat. The remainder were ordered to", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF Sr. AUGUSTINE. ^g\\nmarch with the Spanish soldiers on their path back to the settle-\\nment. Menendez had sent on in advance an officer and a file of\\nsoldiers with orders to wait at a designated spot on the road, and\\nas the parties of Frenchmen came up, to take them aside into the\\nwoods and put them to death. In this manner the whole party\\nwere killed, and their bodies left on the sands to feed the buzzards.\\nMenendez had hardly returned to St. Augustine before he\\nlearned that there was a larger body of Frenchmen assembled at\\nthe spot where he had found the first party, who were construct-\\ning a raft on which to cross the inlet. Hurrying back with his\\ntroops he sent across a boat with a message to the commander,\\nwhom he rightly conjectured was Ribault himself, that he had de-\\nstroyed the fort on the St. Johns, and a body of those who were\\nshipwrecked, and promising him a safe conduct if he wished to\\ncross over and satisfy himself as to the truth of this report. Ri-\\nbault availed himself of this offer, and was shown the dead bodies\\nof his men who had been so cruelly murdered. He was allowed\\nto converse with one of the prisoners who had been brought in\\nthe company of the Spaniards. This man was one of the eight\\nwho were Catholics and were spared from the former company.\\nRibault endeavored to negotiate for the ransom of himself and\\nhis men, offering double the sum before named by the French\\ncaptain, but Menendez refused to listen to any terms except an\\nunconditional surrender. After ineffectually offering a ransom of\\n200,000 ducats, the French admiral returned to his party, and\\ninformed them of the demands of the Spaniard. In spite of the\\nterrible fate of their comrades, which should have served as a\\nwarning of what awaited themselves, one hundred and fifty of the\\ncompany, including Ribault, decided to surrender to the Spanish\\ncaptain.\\n3", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "CQ HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThese were transported to the island and disposed of in the\\nsame manner as the former body of prisoners, saving only a few\\nmusicians, and four soldiers who claimed to be Catholics in all,\\nsixteen persons. Two hundred of the French refused to trust\\nthemselves to the Spaniards, preferring the chances of preserving\\ntheir lives on the inhospitable beach until they could find a way\\nto escape to a more friendly country. These retreated back to\\ntheir wrecked ships, and began to construct a fort and a small\\nvessel to return to France, or at least to leave the fatal shores of\\nFlorida.\\nMenendez soon after determined to break up their camp, fear-\\ning the presence of so large a body of his enemies in his midst.\\nHaving fitted out a fleet of three vessels to co-operate by water,\\nMenendez marched his soldiers a journey of eight days from St.\\nAugustine. Here he found the fugitives encamped and prepared\\nto resist an attack. Without delay, the Spaniards were led to bat-\\ntle. The French, being poorly equipperl, fought at a disadvan-\\ntage, and were soon forced to retire beyond the reach of the can-\\nnon of the fleet. Having captured the fortification, Menendez\\nsent word to the French that if they would surrender he would\\nspare their lives. A portion of the French refused to trust the\\npledge of the Spanish captain, and withdrew to the woods. These\\nwere never heard of more. The remainder came to the Spanish\\ncamp and surrendered.\\nAfter destroying the fort and setting fire to the wrecked vessels\\nand the ship the French had begun to build, the Spaniards sailed\\nback to St. Augustine, bringing with them one hundred and fifty\\nof the Frenchmen. To this remnant of the proud army of Ri-\\nbault the pledges given by Menendez were faithfully kept.\\nIt is diflicult to believe that the unfortunate condition of these", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 5 1\\nshipwrecked Frenchmen, far from their kindred or race, thrown\\ndestitute upon desolate shores, and begging so earnestly for Hfe,\\ndid not move the heart of Menendez to feelings of pity. Doubt-\\nless a regard for his own safety united with a furious fanaticism to\\neffectually seal up the springs of charity in his breast.\\nThe earlier experiences of Menendez in his wars against the\\nProtestants of the Netherlands, had been in a fallow field for the\\ncultivation of humanity. In those struggles Pope Pius V. is said\\nto have commanded Count Santafiore to take no Huguenot\\nprisoners, but instantly to kill every one who should fall into his\\nhands.\\nLet us hope that the sands of Florida will never again be red-\\ndened by blood spilled by the hand of the bigot or partisan.\\nThe results achieved by Menendez occasioned great rejoicing at\\nthe court of Spain. Letters of gratitude and commendation were\\nsent to him by Philip IL and the Pontiff Pius V. The pope s\\nletter is an able and dispassionate epistle. After lauding the vir-\\ntues of Menendez, he declares to him that the key-note to his in-\\nspiration and the motive of his labors, should be to preveni the\\nIndian idolaters from being scandalized by the vices and bad\\nhabits of the Europeans.\\nAs the exaggerated reports of the cruelties practiced by Menen-\\ndez spread through Europe, an intense and bitter feeling was ex-\\ncited. Indignation pervaded the breasts of the French nation at\\nthe destruction of their fellow-countrymen, although the king,\\nCharles IX., failed, in fact even refused, to take nodce of the\\nslaughter of his faithful subjects. A petition from nine hundred\\nCatena, Vita de Pio V., p. 85, He complained of die count for not\\nhaving obeyed his command to slay instantly whatever heretic fell into his\\nhands.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "C2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nwidows and orphans of those who had sailed on the fatal expe-\\ndition with Ribault, was unheeded by this sovereign. That the\\nfate of the Huguenots was merited as the common enemies of\\nSpain, France, and the Catholic religion, was the openly avowed\\nsentiment of this unnatural and unpatriotic king.\\nFeeling the insecurity of his position, from which there was no\\nplace of retreat in case of a successful attack from a foreign foe or\\nthe neighboring Indians, Menendez applied himself, with the ut-\\nmost diligence, to strengthening the defense of his new town. At\\nthe same time he instituted such measures as should insure a per-\\nmanent settlement, and the establishment of civil rights and privi-\\nleges.\\nI have stated that the place wnere Menendez landed was prob-\\nably near the present United States barracks. While I have been\\nunable to discover any authentic records bearing upon this point,\\nthe weight of Spanish testimony confirms the belief that the\\nSpaniards first landed near the point stated. On the other hand,\\nRomans, in his history of Florida, published in 1775, says:\\nAfter leaving St. Sebastian River, going south, we next meet\\nthe mouth of St. Nicholas Creek, on the point to the north of\\nwhich the first town was built by the Spaniards, but they soon re-\\nmoved it, for convenience sake, to its present site.\\nThis St. Nicholas is now called Moultrie Creek, in honor of\\na lieutenant-governor of the province during the British occu-\\npancy, who built at its mouth an elegant country residence, which\\nhe called Bella Vista. It is situated six miles south of St.\\nAugustine, and empties into the IMatanzas River. Besides the\\nexplicit testimony of Romans, there is a certain amount of nega-\\ntive testimony to discredit the statement that an Indian town was\\nlocated on the present site of St. Augustine.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n53\\nFirst, the location at the mouth of Moultrie Creek would have\\nbeen a more desirable location for an Indian town than the site\\nof St. Augustine, because the land at St. Augustine was low\\nground (by some writers said to have been a marsh, though\\nothers say it was an oak hummock). It must have been subject\\nto overflow at the periods of very high tides, and always exposed to\\nthe force of gales. There is also good reason to believe that there\\nwas water or low ground between the southern end of the town\\nand the fort, and, moreover, there are no signs of Indian occupa-\\ntion within the city proper. There are many traces of an Indian\\nsettlement to the north of the city, on the lands of Mr. Williams\\nand in that vicinity, and all accounts agree that there was an In-\\ndian town there in the early Spanish times. There are acres of\\nMr. Williams s land that are so thickly strewn with oyster shells as\\nto render its cultivation difficult.\\nHowever the facts may be as to the location of the first landing\\nof Menendez and the attendant ceremonies, it is certain that, soon\\nafter, the foundations of the town were laid on its present site,\\nand the town, with its fortifications, regularly laid out. The city\\nwas originally planned to be three squares one way by four the\\nother. At this time a stockade or fortification was built upon or\\nnear the site of the present fort. At about the same period a\\nparish church and hall of justice were erected, and civil officers\\nappointed.\\nDuring the winter succeeding the settlement of the Spaniards\\nat St. Augustine, there was a great scarcity of provisions in the\\ncolony, so that the settlers were forced to forage upon the neigh-\\nboring Indians, and to depend upon such supplies of fish and\\ngame as they might secure. The danger which attended any\\nexpeditions for hunting rendered this but a meager source of", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "t^ HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nsupply. Satouriva, the chief of the Indians, who inhabited the\\nterritory to the north, between St. Augustine and the St.\\nJohns River, had been a friend of Laudonnere, and from the\\ntime of the destruction of the French he continued unceasingly\\nto wage war on the Spaniards. His method of warfare ex-\\nhibited the same bravery and cunning that has since become\\ncharacteristic of the Indians, never being found when looked\\nfor ever present when unexpected. By the constant harass-\\ning attacks, encouraged by this chief, the Spaniards lost many\\nvaluable lives, among them Juan Menendez, nephew of the gov-\\nernor.\\nTo obtain supplies to relieve the distress of his colony, Menen-\\ndez undertook a voyage to Cuba. The governor of the island\\nwas through jealousy unwilling to render him any assistance, and\\nhe would have fared badly had he not found there four of his\\nvessels, which had been left in Spain with orders to follow him,\\nbut, meeting with many delays, had but lately arrived in Cuba.\\nWith these vessels he returned to his colony, only to find that\\nduring his absence a portion of the troops had mutinied. The\\nmutineers had imprisoned the master of the camp, who had been\\nleft in command, seized upon what provisions were remaining,\\nand taking possession of a small vessel arriving with stores, had\\nset sail for Cuba.\\nMenendez with consummate tact succeeded in rousing the flag-\\nging interest of his colony in the extension of the true religion,\\nand managed by his courage and presence to remove the causes\\nof dissension. Desiring to be rid of a portion of his colony who\\nhad proved querulous, lazy, and inimical to his interest, he sent\\na body of them, numbering one hundred, back to Cuba in one of\\nthe vessels going for supplies. The return of this vessel was", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "Hf STORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n55\\nanxiously looked for, as the colony had again begun to suffer\\nfrom a scarcity of provisions and from sickness. Without wait-\\ning for affairs to become desperate, Menendez sailed for Cuba to\\nobtain the needed supplies. Upon his arrival he found the\\ngovernor of Mexico there, but so disparaging had been the\\nreports of those who had deserted his standard, that he was ad-\\nvised to give up his unprofitable enterprise, and the succor he re-\\nquested was refused. His courage but rose as his circumstances\\nbecame more adverse, and, determined not to relinquish his un-\\ndertaking nor return empty-handed to his famishing colony, he\\npawned his jewels and the badge of his order for a sum of five\\nhundred ducats, with which he purchased the necessary pro-\\nvisions, and hastened back to Florida. Upon his return he was\\nrejoiced to find that the distress of his colony had already been\\nrelieved. Admiral Juan de Avila had arrived from Spain with\\nfifteen vessels and a thousand men, a large quantity of supplies,\\nand what was most gratifying to Menendez, a letter of commenda-\\ntion from his sovereign.\\nAvailing himself of the force now at his command, Menendez\\nset out on an expedition to establish forts and missionary sta-\\ntions at different points along the coast, as had been his intention\\nsince his first landing in Florida. Several of these posts were at\\nthis time established by him in the territory then embraced in\\nFlorida, the most northerly station being on the Chesapeake Bay,\\nwhich was the northern boundary of the possessions claimed by\\nSpain. Priests or friars were left at each of these stations to in-\\nstruct the Indians. While estab ishing these missionary posts for\\nintroducing Christianity among the Indians, Menendez became\\nconvinced that if the establishments were to be maintained, and\\nthe most important work of teaching the natives continued, he", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "^5 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nmust have larger means and greater forces at his command.\\nHoping to obtain this aid from his sovereign, he set out for Spain\\nin the spring of 1567. Upon his arrival he was welcomed by\\nthe king with many flattering attentions and assurances of aid in\\nthe furtherance of his plans for propagating the Catholic faith.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nEXPEDITION AND RETALIATION OF DE GOURGES.\\nWhile Menendez was occupied in Spain in forwarding the in-\\nterests of his colony, in France plans were being formed and a\\nsecret enterprise undertaken for an attack on the Spanish posts in\\nFlorida.\\nMost inflammatory and exaggerated accounts of the massacre\\nat Fort Carolin had been published throughout France.\\nOne account says of the Spaniards that, after taking the fort,\\nand finding no more men, they assailed the poor women, and\\nafter having by force and violence abused the greater part, they de-\\nstroyed them, and cut the throats of the little children indiscrimi-\\nnately, they took as many of them alive as they could,\\nand having kept them for three days without giving them any-\\nthing to eat, and having made them undergo all the tortures and\\nall the mockings that could be devised, they hung them up to\\nsome trees that were near the fort. They even flayed the king s\\nlieutenant and sent his skin to the King of Spain, and having\\ntorn out his eyes, blackened with their blows, they fastened them\\non the points of their daggers, and tried who could throw ihem\\nthe greatest distance.\\nThe French king had i*msed to listen to the appeals of the\\nrelatives and friends of the Huguenots who had been exterminated\\nHakluyt s translation.\\n3* 57", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nin Florida but, distressed by the destruction of their countrymen\\nand the harrowing accounts of the massacre, many of the nation\\nhad long felt it a mortification that an outrage so gross should\\nhave received neither redress nor rebuke.\\nAmong those whose jealous regard for the national honor was\\ntouched by the conduct of the French king, and in whose breast\\nburned fiercely the fires of revenge, was the Chevalier Dominique\\nde Gourges. Appearing as he does in history as the avenger of\\nthe sad destruction of his countrymen, in an expedition under-\\ntaken without solicitation, at his own expense, and at the risk of\\nforfeiting his life by the command of his king, even if he should\\nbe successful, it is but natural that his character should have been\\nextolled and his virtues exalted by all writers who have admired\\nhis chivalrous courage.\\nDe Gourges was born of noble parentage, at Mount Marsan\\nin Guienne, and was said to have been a Catholic, though this is\\ndenied by the Spanish his orians. His life had been spent in\\narms in the service of his king in Scotland, Piedmont, and Italy.\\nHis career was that of an adventurer, ever ready to risk life to ac-\\nquire honor and reputation, and having little desire to amass\\nriches. While serving in Italy against the Spaniards, he was\\ntaken prisoner and consigned to labor as a galley slave. This\\nignominious treatment of a soldier of his birth and rank left in\\nhis mind an unappeasable hatred of the Spaniards. His period\\nof servitude was cut short by the capture of the Spanish galley\\nupon wj;iich he served by Turkish pirates, from whom in turn he\\nwas liberated by Romeguas, the French commander at IMalta.\\nHis experience during his imprisonment and escape seems to\\nhave opened his eyes to the opportunities for plunder upon the\\nseas. Soon after his release he entered upon a marauding expe-", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "1567] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 5q\\ndition to the South Seas, in which he secured considerable\\nplunder. He had but recently returned home, and retired to en-\\njoy in quiet the property acquired in his ventures, when the news\\nof the destruction of Ribault s colony reached France. Eager to\\nretaliate by a severe punishment this outrage upon his country-\\nmen, De Gourges sold his property, and with the sum realized\\nand what he could borrow on the credit of an alleged commer-\\ncial venture, purchased and equipped a fleet of three small ves-\\nsels, one of which was nothing more than a launch.\\nDeeming it impolitic to make known the object of his voyage,-\\nhe obtained a license to trade and procure slaves on the coast of\\nAfrica. He enlisted for a cruise of twelve months a force of one\\nhundred and eighty picked men, many of whom were gentlemen\\nadventurers. He had been careful to secure one at least of the\\nmen who had escaped with Laudonnere from Fort Carolin.\\nM. de Montluc, the king s lieutenant in Guienne, a friend of\\nDe Gourges, rendered him valuable assistance in securing his\\nequipment. On the 2d of August, 1567, he left Bordeaux, but\\nwas delayed by a storm eight days at the mouth of the river\\nGaronne. Afterward, having put to sea he was driven by stress\\nof weather far out of his course, and encountered so severe a gale\\nas to nearly wreck the fleet on Cape Finisterre.\\nOne vessel, in which was his lieutenant, was blown so far out\\nof its course that for fifteen days it was supposed to be lost,\\nwhich caused him all the trouble in the world, as his people\\nearnestly besought him to return. The missing vessel, however,\\nmet him off the coast of Africa. Land was then kept in sight\\nuntil they reached Cape Verde thence taking the direct route\\nto the Indies, he sailed before the wind upon the high seas, and\\nhaving crossed over, the first land which he made was the island", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "5o HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nof Dominica. From thence proceeding he stopped in the\\nisland of St. Domingo to weather a gale, and at the island of\\nCuba for water, which he had to take by force, for he says: The\\nSpaniards are enraged as soon as they see a Frenchman in the\\nIndies. For although a hundred Spains could not furnish men\\nenough to hold the hundredth part of a land so vast and capa-\\ncious, nevertheless it is the mind of the Spaniards that this New\\nWorld was never created except for them, and that it belongs to\\nno man living to step on it, or breathe in it save to themselves\\nalone.\\nDe Gourges had not revealed the real object of the expedition\\nuntil, after leaving the island of Cuba, he assembled all his men,\\nand declared to them his purpose of going to Florida to avenge\\non the Spaniards the injury which had been done to the king\\nand to all France. He set before them the treachery and cruelty\\nof those who had massacred Frenchmen, and the shame that it\\nwas to have left so long unpunished an action so wicked and so\\nhumiliating, and the honor and satisfaction that would redound\\nto them in removing from the escutcheon of France this foul\\nblot. The spirit of the address was suited to the French temper,\\nand they professed themselves ready to fight for the honor of\\nFrance wherever the captain should lead. Proceeding on the\\nvoyage the fleet passed the bar of the St. Johns River in sight\\nof the forts which Menendez had constructed at the mouth of the\\nriver. The Spaniards, mistaking them for their own vessels, nred\\ntwo guns as a salute, which was returned by the French, desiring\\nto continue the deception. The fleet sailed north and entered\\nthe St. Mary s River, where they found a large body of Indians\\nprepared to dispute any attempt to land. Seeing this, De Gour-\\nges made friendly demonstrations, and sent out the man who had", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 6 1\\nbeen with Laudonnere. The Indians readily recognized the\\nFrenchman, and were delighted to find that the strangers were of\\nthat nation, and enemies of the Spaniards. The chief proved to\\nbe Satouriva, the firm friend to Laudonnere. After learning the\\npurpose of the expedition, Satouriva promised to join the com-\\nmand at the end of three days with his whole force of warriors,\\ndeclaring himself eager to revenge the many injuries he had him-\\nself received as well as the wrongs inflicted on the French.\\nAmong Satouriva s tribe was a white child, a refugee from\\nLaudonnere s colony, who had escaped at the massacre at Fort\\nCarolin, and been protected and reared as a son by the old\\nchief, though the Spaniards had made strenuous efforts to secure\\npossession of him or compass his death. This child, named\\nPeter de Bre, whom Satouriva had so faithfully defended, he\\nnow brought to the French ships together with his warriors as he\\nhad agreed. Being joined by the Indians, De Gourges set out\\nacross the country under the guidance of the chief, Helecopile,\\nto attack the two forts at the mouth of the river. The In-\\ndians had promised to bring the command to the fort on the\\nnorth side of the river by daybreak, but, owing to the difficulty in\\nfollowing the intricate paths and fording deep creeks, they were\\nnine hours marching four leagues, and the sun was rising as they\\nreached the vicinity of the Spanish fort. This fort was built on\\nBatton Island, near what is now Pilot-town. The other fort was\\nnearly opposite, in the vicinity of the present village of Mayport.\\nBoth were armed with the cannon taken from the French at the\\ncapture of Fort Carolin.\\nThe Spaniards, not fearing a land attack upon the fort on Bat-\\nton Island, had neglected to clear away the woods in the vicinity,\\nso that the French were concealed until they were close upon the", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nfort. As they rushed from their cover the Spanish sentinel fired\\ntwice, when he was pierced by the pike of Olotoraca, an Indian\\nchief, nephew of Satouriva. The Spanish garrison were at break-\\nfast, and before they could be summoned the fort was filled with\\nthe French and Indians. So complete was the surprise that there\\nwas but little resistance. As many as possible were taken alive\\nby command of Captain Gourges, in order to do to them as they\\nhad done to the French.\\nAs soon as the Spaniards whose lives were spared in the attack\\ncould be secured, De Gourges embarked as large a portion of\\nhis soldiers as the boats at his disposal would carry, and hurried\\nto cross the river and attack the fort at Mayport. The Indians,\\nnow wild with excitement, threw themselves into the water and\\nkept alongside of the boats, swimming with their bows and arrows\\nheld above their heads. The Spaniards in the fort had by this\\ntime begun to realize the situation, and directed the fire of their\\nguns upon the boats and Indians. Their excitement and alarm\\nwere so great that they did not perceive a difference between the\\nFrench and Indians, and seeing so great a multitude approach-\\ning, they broke in terror and fled from the fort before the French\\nreached its walls. The garrison of the two forts was near a hun-\\ndred and forty men, all but fifteen of whom were either killed in\\nthe attacks or slain by the Indians as they attempted to reach the\\nmainland.\\nThe capture of these two forts occurred on the eve of the first\\nSunday after Easter, 1568. Crossing to the fort first taken, De\\nGourges rested on Sunday and Monday. Scaling ladders and\\nother preparations for an attack on the main fort were in the\\nmeantime being prepared. While here, a Spanish spy disguised\\nas an Indian was recognized by Olotoraca, and brought to De", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 63\\nGourges. From him it was learned that the French force was\\nestimated at quite two thousand men, and that the garrison of\\nFort Matteo (formerly Fort Carolin) was two hundred and sixty\\nmen.\\nHearing this report, De Gourges was more anxious than ever\\nto make an immediate attack. He directed the Indians to ad-\\nvance, some on each side of the river, and to take up a position\\nin the vicinity of the fort. Early on the morning of the next\\nday he moved his forces up the river, and, as he says, gained\\na mountain covered with forests, at the foot of which was built\\nthe fort. He had not intended to attack the fort until the day\\nafter his arrival, but, while posting his men and the Indian forces,\\nit happened that the Spaniards made a sally with sixty arque-\\nbusiers to reconnoiter his forces.\\nThis body he succeeded in cutting off from the fort and totally\\ndestroying. Seeing the fate of so large a portion of their garri-\\nson, the remainder of the Spaniards left the fort in the hopes\\nthat they might make their way to St. Augustine. Entering\\nthe woods they were everywhere met by the Indians. None\\nescaped, and but few were taken alive. Entering the fort, the\\nFrench found a number of fine cannon beside a great quantity of\\narms, such as arquebuses, corslets, shields and pikes.\\nThe Frenchmen were now upon the scene of the massacre of\\ntheir countrymen, and the taunting irony of the tablet erected by\\nMenendez was before their eyes. The spirii of vengeance was\\naroused. Ordering all the Spaniards who had been taken alive\\nto be led to the place where they had hung the Frenchmen, De\\nGourges rebuked them in scathing terms. He declared they\\nThe arquebuse was a rude musket exploded with a slow match.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ncould never undergo the punishment which they deserved, but it\\nwas necessary to make an example of them that others might\\nlearn to keep the peace which they had so wickedly violated.\\nThis said, they were tied up to the same trees where they had\\nhung the Frenchmen, and in the place of the inscription which\\nPeter Menendez had put over them containing these words in the\\nSpanish language I do this not as to Frenchmen, but as to\\nLutherans Captain Gourges caused to be graven on a pine\\ntablet with a hot iron I do this not as to Spaniards or mari-\\nners, but as to traitors, robbers, and murderers.\\nOne of the Spaniards is said to have confessed that he had hung\\nup five Frenchmen with his own hand, and acknowledged that\\nGod had brought him to the punishment he deserved. The next\\nday while frying fish an Indian set fire to a train of powder laid by\\nthe Spaniards which had not been discovered, and the whole in-\\nterior of the fort was thereby destroyed. Being aware that his\\nforces were too weak to hold the country, and having accom-\\nplished all that he had crossed the ocean to perform, De Gourges\\ncompleted the destruction of the forts, and, bidding adieu to the\\nIndians, sailed away for France. The fleet arrived at La Rochelle\\non the 6th of June, after a voyage of thirty-four days. The loss\\nof life in the enterprise had been but a few gentlemen of good\\nbirth, a few soldiers in the attacks, and eight men on the patache\\nor launch, which was lost at sea. Being received with all honor,\\ncourtesy, and kind treatment, by the citizens of La Rochelle,\\nwhere he remained a few days, De Gourges then sailed for Bor-\\ndeaux. The Spaniards being advised of his arrival and what he\\nhad done in Florida, sent a large ship and eighteen launches to\\nsurprise and capture him. This formidable fleet arrived in the\\nroadstead of La Rochelle the very day of his departure.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n65\\nThe head of De Gourges was demanded and a price set upon\\nit by the King of Spain, but, though his acts were repudiated by\\nthe French king, he was protected and concealed by Marigny,\\nPresident of the Council, and by the Receiver of Vacquieulx, until,\\nafter a time, he was the recipient of marked honors at the French\\ncourt and died in 1582, to the great grief of such as knew him.\\nThat De Gourges deserves censure, cannot be denied but\\nthere will always exist an admiration for his courage and intrepid\\nvalor, with a sympathy for the bitter provocation under which he\\nacted, both personal and national a sympathy not shared with\\nMenendez, who visited his wrath upon the religious opinions of\\nmen, while De Gourges was the unauthorized avenger of un-\\ndoubted crime and inhumanity. Both acted in violation of the\\npure spirit of that Christianity which they alike professed to revere\\nunder the same form.\\nFairbanks History of St. i\\\\.ugustine, p. 107.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nRETURN OF MENENDEZ. ATTEMPT TO CHRISTIANIZE THE INDIANS.\\nATTACK UPON ST. AUGUSTINE BY SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. MURDER\\nOF THE FRIARS.\\nWhile these events were transpiring Menendez had completed\\nhis equipment, and sailed with a fresh supply of men and means\\nfor his colonies in Florida. His first information of the disaster\\nwhich had overtaken his posts on the St. Johns was received after\\nhe arrived at St. Augustine. So humiliating a disaster as the\\ncapture of three of his forts well fortified and garrisoned with four\\nhundred trained men, was the occasion of no little mortification\\nand vexation to this gallant knight, especially since the victors\\nwere the avengers of the former colonists, and the forces that ac-\\ncomplished the afi air were so greatly outnumbered by his soldiers,\\nwho were also well defended by strong forts. To add to the dis-\\ncouragement the condition of the colony at St. Augustine was\\nfound to be most distressing. The garrison was nearly naked,\\nthe colonists half starved, and the attacks of the Indians growing\\nmore frequent and reckless as the weakness and despondency of\\nthe Spaniards became more apparent. The intrepid and indom-\\nitable spirit of IMcnendez did not bend under these obstacles and\\nreverses which would have crushed a nature of ordinary mold.\\nHis extraordinary and comprehensive genius opened away, in the\\nmidst of almost superhuman difficulties, for the maintenance of\\n66", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n67\\nhis colony and the extension of the Ca holic faith, the objects\\nto which his life was now devoted. Perceiving the insecurity of\\nthe garrisons at a distance from each other and the principal post,\\nhe wisely concluded to preserve his forces entire at St. Augustine,\\nand thus maintain the colony and a base of operations. The\\nspread of the Catholic faith he determined to secure by inducing\\nthe different tribes of Indians to receive and support one or more\\nmissionaries or teachers. At the earnest solicitation of Menendez\\nlarge numbers of priests, friars, and brothers of the various re-\\nligious orders of the Catholic Church had been sent to Florida by\\nthe King of Spain. Mission-houses were built all over the coun-\\ntry from the Florida capes on the south to the Chesapeake on the\\nnorth and the Mississippi on the west, to which these teachers,\\nbeing mostly Franciscans, were sent. By the mildness of their\\nmanners, the promises of future joys and rewards which their\\nteachings declared, and the interest excited by the introduction\\nof the arts of civilized life, they gained a powerful ascendency\\nover the native tribes, that promised at one period the conversion\\nof the whole North American Indian race to the religion and\\ncustoms of their Christian teachers. This would have been an\\nachievement that would have amply compensated for all the ef-\\nforts, treasure, and lives expended by the Europeans in the con-\\nquest of the New World. In fact it would have been a wonder-\\nful revolution that might well have been considered a miraculous\\ndispensation of Providence.\\nIt is due to the grandly comprehensive conception of Menendez\\nthat there was initiated this plan of mission stations through the\\nFloridas, which so nearly accomplished this happy result. That\\nthe ultimate success of the efforts to Christianize the Indians was\\nnot attained was probib y owing to the political changes that oc-", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE,\\ncur\\nred in Europe in the eighteenth century. In both France and\\nSpain the Jesuits fell into disgrace, and the most rigorous meas-\\nures of suppression and banishment were adopted against them.\\nThe Jesuit missions in Florida shared the fate of their order in the\\nOld World, and thus was the encouraging prospect of Christianiz-\\ning the Indians swept away forever.\\nUnder Menendez and his immediate successors whom he\\nnamed and who followed his counsels were founded those mission-\\nary establishments, whose ruins have been at a late period a sub-\\nject of curious investigation throughout Middle Florida. Romans\\nHistory of Florida, New York, 1775) states that in his time\\nthere was an old bell of one of these mission houses lying in the\\nfields near Alachua. Hon. Wilkinson Call, United States Senator\\nfrom Florida, who is somewhat of an antiquarian, has informed\\nthe writer that near his birthplace in Leon County are to be\\nfound the ruins of another of these Spanish missions. The early\\ninhabitants of the region being filled with superstition and a be-\\nlief that the ruins were the remains of an establishment of the\\nbuccaneers, threw the bell into a neighboring pond, from which\\nit has been rescued within a late period.\\nMenendez, finding that the interests of the colony were neg-\\nlected at the Spanish Court, and that the maintenance of the\\ncolony was daily impoverishing himself, resolved to return perma-\\nnently to Spain, where he hoped that his influence would be\\nable to accomplish more benefit to the undertaking in Florida\\nthan could be expected to accrue from his presence in the terri-\\ntory. Leaving the province under the command of his nephew,\\nDon Pedro Menendez, he sailed for Spain in 1572. Upon his\\narrival all the honors of the court were lavished upon him, and\\nhis counsels were eagerly sought in the various affairs of state.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "1578] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 69\\nHe was not destined to enjoy his honbrs long, nor to reap new\\nlaurels in the European wars of the Spanish crown. In the\\nmidst of his glory his career was suddenly ended by his death\\nfrom a fever, in 1574. His rank and memory are perpetuated in\\nthe Church of St. Nicholas, at Aviles, by a monument, on which\\nis inscribed the following epitaph\\nHere lies buried the illustrious Captain Pedro Menendez de\\nAviles, a native of this City, Adelantado of the Province of Flor-\\nida, Knight Commander of Santa Cruz, of the Order of Santiago,\\nand Captain General of the Oceanic Seas, and of the Armada\\nwhich his Royal Highness collected at Santander in the year\\n1574, where he died on the 17th of September, of that year, in\\nthe fifty-fifth year of his age.\\nFollowing out the instructions of Menendez, De las Alas, now\\ngovernor of Florida, assembled a council from the different mis-\\nsions in the province (or the purpose of considering methods\\nof extending the Catholic faith. In pursuance of the advice of\\nthis council embassies were sent to all the tribes of Indians for\\nseveral hundred miles around St. Augustine.\\nSpanish garrisons and many Spanish monks to teach the In-\\ndians had already been received into the towns east of the Ap-\\npalachicola River. In 1583 the Chickasaws, Tocoposcas, Apa-\\ncas, Tamaicas, Apiscas and Alabamas, received the mission-\\naries. At this period the Catholic faith was recognized as far\\nwest as ihe Mississippi, and as far north as the mountains of\\nGeorgia.\\nThe Franciscans and Dominicans had been the first to repre-\\nsent the monks in the New World. Afterward came the Fath-\\ners of Mercy, the Augustines, and the Jesuits.\\nAlthough Florida was included in the diocese of the Bishop", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "jQ HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1585\\nof Cuba, it was decided to establish a convent of the Order of\\nSt. Francis at St. Augustine. I find the name originally given\\nthis convent was the Conception of Our Lady, though it is\\ngenerally referred to as St. Helena.\\nThis name St. Helena was applied to all the establishments\\nthroughout the province, of which the great Franciscan house\\nat St. Augustine was to be the center.\\nSailing in September, 1585, there arrived soon after in the West\\nIndies a fleet of twenty-six vessels which had been fitted out by pri-\\nvate persons in England to cruise against the Spanish commerce,\\nand placed under the command of Sir Francis Drake, with the\\nvice-admirals Frobisher and Knolles. After sacking St. Jago,\\nraising a contribution of twenty-five thousand ducats on St.\\nDomingo, and doing great injury to the Spanish shipping in the\\nCaribbean Seas, they steered for Florida on their homeward voy-\\nage. Passing up the coast when abreast Anastatia Island, on\\nthe 8th of jMay, 1586, they sighted a tower or look-out sta-\\ntion on the shore. Satisfied that it was some Spanish station\\nthe admiral ordered the boats manned and landed a body\\nof troops on the island. Advancing toward the look-out, they\\nperceived across the bay a fort, and further up a town built of\\nwood.\\nIn defiance of King Philip s order prohibiting foreigners, on\\npain of death, from setting foot in the province of Florida, the\\nadmiral sent General Carlisle, of the land forces, with a small\\nbody of soldiers to enter the town.\\nThe sentinel on the island had probably retreated to the fort,\\nas the Spaniards, without parley, opened fire upon the English\\nboat as soon as it came within range of their guns. Perceiving\\nthat the Spaniards intended to oppose his landing, and having too", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 7 1\\nsmall a force to make an attack upon the fort, General Carlisle\\nwithdrew to the vessels which were anchored oif the bar. That\\nevening a small boat was observed approaching the fleet from\\nacross the bay. As the boat cajne near, the music of a fife was\\nheard, and the breeze bore to the ears of the English the familiar\\nnotes of the Prince of Orange s march. The fifer proved to be a\\nFrench musician who had been captured, probably with Ribault s\\nmen, and who had taken advantage of the panic which the pres-\\nence of the English fleet was then causing, to make his escape.\\nHe reported that the fort had been abandoned, and ofl ered to\\nconduct the English to the town. In the morning Sir\\nFrancis crossed the bay, and finding the fort deserted, as\\nthe Frenchman had reported, he took possession of the same and\\nhoisted the English flag. The fort at that time was called San\\nJuan de Pinos, and was but a rude structure built of logs and\\nearth, and without a ditch. The palisades were built of cabbage\\npalmettoes driven in the ground. The platforms were constructed\\nby laying the bodies of pine trees horizontally on each other, and\\nfilling an intervening space with earth well rammed. Upon these\\nplatforms were mounted fourteen brass cannon, of what caliber is\\nnot mentioned.\\nThe garrison numbered one hundred and fifty soldiers. Their\\nretreat had been so precipitous that they neglected to remove\\nthe paymaster s funds, and a chest containing ten thousand\\ndollars in silver fell into the hands of the English. It is to\\nbe hoped that this unsoldierly conduct met with exemplary\\ncorrection at the hands of the corregidors, after the British sailed\\naway.\\nWhether the massive, iron-bound mahogany chest still (1858)\\npreserved in the old fort is the same which fell into the hands of", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "^2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nDrake, is a question for antiquarians to decide its ancient ap-\\npearance might well justify the supposition.\\nThe next day the English marched toward the town but it is\\nsaid that they were unable to proceed by land, owing to heavy\\nrains having lately fallen, and therefore returned to the fort and\\nembarked in boats. Proceeding up the sound, as the boats ap-\\nproached the town, the Spaniards made a show of resistance but,\\non the first discharge from the British marines, they fled into the\\ncountr}-, leaving the town at the mercy of the invader. After pil-\\nlaging the town and destroying the gardens, Sir Francis Drake\\nmade no further delay, but continued on his voyage to England.\\nThe Spanish account says he burned the town in revenge for the\\nkilling of his sergeant-major. The place and this attack were\\nconsidered of so much importance, that after the arrival of Sir\\nFrancis in England, an engraving of Drake s descent upon St.\\nAugustine was made, which represents an octagonal fort be-\\ntween two streams at the distance of half a mile, another stream;\\nbeyond that the town with a look-out and two religious houses,\\none of which is a church and the other probably the house of the\\nFranciscans, who had shortly before established a house of their\\norder there. The town contains three squares lengthwise and\\nfour in width, with gardens on the west side.\\nSome doubt has been thrown on the actual site of the first\\nsettlement by this account but I think it probably stood consid-\\nerably to the south of the present public square, between ihe bar-\\nFairbanks History of St. Augustine, p. 112. This chest has since been\\nbroken into fragments and sold to visitors as souvenirs of the old Spanish\\noccupation. After the last chips had been disposed of, any old pieces of\\nmahogany were substituted, until the memory of the chest had faded away,\\nand the trade in mahogany splinters became unremunerative.", "height": "3239", "width": "2043", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nn\\nracks and the powder-house. Perhaps Maria Sanchez (Santa\\nMaria) Creek may have then communicated with the bay near its\\npresent head, in wet weather and at high tides isolating the fort\\nfrom the town. The present north ditch may have been the bed\\nof a tide creek, and thus would correspond to the appearance\\npresented by the sketch. It is well known that the north end of\\nthe city has been built at a much later period than the southern,\\nand that the now vacant space below the barracks was once occu-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pied with buildings. Buildings and fields are shown on Anastatia\\nIsland, opposite the town. The relative position of the town, with\\nreference to the entrance of the harbor, is correctly shown on the\\nplan, and there seems no sufficient ground to doubt the identity\\nof the present town with the ancient locality.\\nI have thought that the first town may have been built on the\\nmore western of the two peninsulas lying between Santa Maria\\nCreek and St. Sebastian River. This would correspond with the\\nplan published by Drake, and if we assume that the town, being\\nbuilt of wood, was entirely destroyed by Drake, and afterward re-\\nbuilt on its present site, the statement of Romans finds confirma-\\ntion, that the first site, having been found ineligible, the location\\nwas changed to its present situation. At the time of Drake s in-\\nvasion the town was said to be rapidly growing, and to have con-\\ntained a church, a hall for the judges of Residencia, and other\\npublic buildings.\\nThe Spanish governor (Don Pedro Menendez, a nephew of\\nthe founder) set himself diligently to work to rebuild the\\ntown. In the prosecution of this work, a considerable pecu-\\nniary assistance was received from Spain and Cuba, and it is\\nFairbanks, pp. 113, 114.", "height": "3328", "width": "2038", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nprobable that the first stone buildings were erected about this\\nperiod.\\nMuch attention was at this time devoted to the temporal and\\nspiritual welfare of the Indians. Father Rogel, who had come to\\nFlorida with the Adelantado Pedro Menendez, had learned the\\nIndian language, and at least one of the Indians had been taken\\nto Spain, and instructed in the Spanish language and the tenets of\\nthe Church. The Indians were considered desirable neighbors,\\nand were encouraged to dwell near the castle, and even within the\\ncity. On a map drawn as early as 1638 the spot now occupied\\nby the old Catholic cemetery near the head of Tolomato Street is\\nmarked Hermitage of our Lady of Guadalupe, with the terri-\\ntory occupied by the Indians of the town Tolomato. Large\\nnumbers of Franciscan missionaries continued to arrive at St.\\nAugustine, and adventurous monks, who had pined in their con-\\nvents in ihe Old World for more work to do, found room for their\\nenergies in Florida, as the adventurous soldiers had done before\\nthem.\\nEarly in the seventeenth century one of these Franciscans\\nwrote a book called La Doctrina Cristiana in the Yemassee\\ndialect. This volume, which is said to have been the first book\\nwritten in the language of any of the North American Indians, has\\nreceived an extended notice at the hands of Buckingham Smith,\\nEsq. The labors of the missionaries were not without difficulties\\nand discouragements, nor free from dangers. Toward the close\\nof the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century\\nthere were several of the worthy fathers who sacrificed their lives\\nin noble eff orts to instruct the Indians.\\nPadre Martinez, accompanied by two other learned and pious\\npriests, arrived off the coast in a small vessel from Spain. Father", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 75\\nMartinez, being blov/n ashore while reconnoitering the coast in\\na small boat, was murdered by the Indians of Fort George Island.\\nHis companions taking alarm at the fate of their brother returned\\nat once to Cuba.\\nIn 1598 a most cruel and unprovoked assault was made by\\nthe Indians upon two pious fathers within sight of the castle at\\nSt. Augustine. Besides the Indian village near the gates there\\nwas anqther Indian town about a quarter of a mile north of the\\ncastle, situated on the creek called Cano de la Leche. The Span-\\niards called the place Nombre de Dios, and until after the English\\npossession of Florida (1763-1784) there stood a stone chapel on\\nthe spot called Nostra Senora de la Leche. This chapel was\\nused by the English as a hospital, and fell into disuse and neglect\\nafter the Indian tribes ceased to reside peacefully in the vicinity\\nof the town. As it was neither safe nor convenient for the in-\\nhabitants of the city to worship there, the vestments which had\\nbeen given to the chapel by the King of Spain were removed.\\nThe crucifix taken from it is yet preserved in the cathedral\\nat St. Augustine. The ground on which this chapel stood is\\nstill owned by the Catholic Church, and a new chapel was built\\nin 1874 by Bishop Verot on the ruins of the old church but the\\nsevere gale of 1878 unroofed this, and at present only two of the\\ncoquina walls are standing. The location is immediately ad-\\njoining on the east the grounds of General Dent s cottage and\\nyoung orange grove on the right, as you go out of the city gates\\nby the shell road. The name of the Indian village here located\\nwas called Topiqui.\\nFather Pedro de Corpa had established a chapel and mission\\nat Tolomato, and Father Bias Rodriguez another at Topiqui.\\nAmong the pupils at Tolomato was the son of the chief of", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "76\\nHISTORY OF ST, AUGUSTINE.\\nGuale, a province embraced by what is now called Amelia\\nIsland. This young chief was too full of animal spirits and the\\nwild Indian nature to readily adopt habits required by the Fran-\\nciscans. Having repeatedly offended against the proprieties of\\nthe mission, Father Corpa was compelled to publicly censure his\\nconduct; The high spirit of the young chief rebelled at this\\nreproof, and ho- at once withdrew from the mission. The good\\npriest anticipated no evil and sought no protection. Not so\\nthe young chief. His heart was full of bitterness. Gathering\\na band of warriors from his own nation, he returned to St.\\nAugustine determined on revenge. Approaching Tolomato in\\nthe dusk of evening, he burst into the chapel, and murdered\\nFather Corpa at the altar. The Indians then cut off the worthy\\nfather s head and set it upon a pole, while his body was cast into\\nthe woods and never found. The young chief urged that an end\\nshould be made of all the missionaries in the province, saying\\nthat the friars had heaped upon the Indians injuries, and robbed\\nthem of their liberty and customs, while promising them all man-\\nner of good things, of which none were as yet received and thus\\nthey were compelled to labor and be deprived of all the pleasures\\nwhich their ancestors enjoyed, in the hopes of receiving heaven.\\nThe Indians of Tolomato were grieved at the death of their\\nteacher, and urged the young chief to fly from the punishment\\nwhich the Spanish governor would surely inflict. He replied\\nthat the Spaniards desired to make them all slaves, and that the\\npenalty for the death of one priest was as severe as for the de-\\nstruction of the whole body. Thus urged, they followed their\\nleader to the village of Topiqui, where they seized Father Ro-\\ndriguez, and informing him of the death of Father Corpa,\\ndeclared that the same fate awaited him. In vain did the pious", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. yy\\nfriar reason, in vain did he supplicate them not to commit so\\nfoolish a sin. The arguments and tears of the priest were of no\\navail. Finding the Indians determined to take his life, he begged\\nthe privilege of saying a last mass. The permission was given,\\nand there for the last time the worthy father put on his robes,\\nwhich might well be termed his robes of sacrifice. The wild\\nand savage crowd, thirsting for his blood, reclined upon the\\nfloor, and looked on in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion\\nof the rites. The priest alone, standing before the altar, pro-\\nceeded with this most sad and solemn mass, then cast his eyes to\\nheaven and knelt in private supplication, where the next moment\\nhe fell under the blows of his cruel foes, bespattering the altar at\\nwhich he ministered with his own life s blood. His crushed\\nremains were thrown into the fields, that they might serve for the\\nfowls of the air or the beasts of the forests but not one would\\napproach them except a dog, which, rushing forward to lay hold\\nupon the body, fell dead upon the spot, says the ancient chron-\\nicle and an old Christian Indian, recognizing it, gave it sepul-\\nture in the forest.\\nOther missions also were destroyed by this mad band of sav-\\nages, but the zeal of the Franciscans was unabated, and they con-\\ntinued for several years to make many converts among the Indians.\\nIn 1611 the prelate St. Francisco Marroz, custodio from the\\nconvent of St. Francisco of the Havanna, together with the St.\\nHelena/ Fr. Miguel de Annon, and Fr, Pedro de Chocas, fell\\nmartyrs by the hands of the Indians, who are said to have pillaged\\nthe town after having driven the inhabitants to seek protection\\nunder the guns of the fort or stockade.\\nFairbanks, p. 119.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "^8 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThe now-apparent danger of a total destruction of the settle-\\nment by the Indians, who had begun to learn their own strength\\nand the weakness of the Spaniards, opened the eyes of the\\ngovernor to the necessity of more effective defense of the town.\\nThe plan of defense, embracing the castle and lines of stockades\\nat both ends of the town with stone bastions, was initiated in the\\nearly part of the seventeenth century, though not completed for\\nmany years.\\nIn 1640 many Apalachian Indians were brought to St. Au-\\ngustine, and compelled to labor on the fort and at other works of\\ndefense. These Indians were nominally hostages for the allegi-\\nance of a very numerous tribe who lived in Middle Florida, and\\nhad made numerous ravages on the Spanish missions between\\n1635 and 1638. Finding peaceful measures of no avail, the Span-\\niards marched against them, and, after several victories, brought\\naway a large number of captives. These were kept steadily\\nat work until 1702, when they were released through the efforts\\nof the Franciscan friars. This remission, however, was granted\\nby the Spanish crown only during the peaceful conduct of their\\ntribe, and until their services should again be required. It does\\nnot appear that the Apalachians ever again labored on the fort.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "[1655-1737.]\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nPLUNDER OF THE TOWN BY CAPTAIN DAVIS. REMOVAL OF THE YEMAS-\\nSEE INDIANS. CONSTRUCTION OF THE FORT. BUILDING OF THE\\nFIRST SEA-WALL. ATTACKS OF GOVERNOR MOORE AND COLONEL\\nPALMER.\\nThe town of St, Augustine had continued to grow, and\\nninety years after its foundation was said to contain three hun-\\ndred householders. This statement may be correct, as the town\\nwas afterward partly burned (1702), though Romans, more than\\na hundred years later, says there were not three hundred houses\\nin his time.\\nThe parish church at this period (1655) was said to have been\\nbuilt of wood, as the bishop of the diocese (Cuba and Florida)\\nwas unable to provide a better structure, his income being less\\nthan five hundred dollars per annum. In 1771 De Brahm says\\nthe churches were all built of stone. The city was allowed\\nduring the latter part of the seventeenth century a vicar, a paro-\\nchial curate, and a superior sacristan, and a chaplain was attached\\nto the fort. The convent of St. Francis was in a prosperous con-\\ndition, having under its charge fifty brethren, greatly respected\\nand very zealous for the conversion of the Indians.\\nIn 1665 Captain Davis, an English buccaneer, sailed from the\\nWest Indies along the Florida coast for the purpose of intercept-\\ning the Spanis-h treasure fleet returning from Mexico. While\\nwaiting their coming he plundered St. Augustine as a diversion,\\nno opposition being made by the inhabitants, who retired into the\\n79", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "8o HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nfort to assist the garrison of two hundred men in defending this\\nstructure. The castle was at that time an octagon flanked by two\\nround towers.\\nIn J 584 Captains Barlow and Armada, by the authority of Sir\\nWalter Raleigh, had taken possession of the rivers and lands of\\nthe northern coast of Florida (South Carolina). As late as 1663\\nEngland claimed Florida as a part of the Carolinas, and in the\\nright acquired by Henry VII. from its discovery by Cabot. In\\n1670 an English colony was established near Beaufort, South\\nCarolina. The Spaniards resented this encroachment upon their\\nterritory, and in 1675 projected an attack upon the South Caro-\\nlina colony, which was unsuccessful. These attacks and counter-\\nattacks between the Spanish and English continued until the\\nSpanish evacuation in 1763.\\nIn 1680 Don Juan Marquezde Cabrera, having been appointed\\ngovernor, entered vigorously upon the work of strengthening the\\ndefenses of the town and extending the work of the missions.\\nSoon after entering upon his duties the governor became\\nannoyed at the hostile conduct, either real or fancied, of Chief\\nNichosatly of the Yemassees. This tribe of Indians was very\\npowerful, and possessed many flourishing towns in Florida, lying\\nadjacent to the English settlements on the north.\\nCabrera accused him of rendering aid to the British settlers,\\ncontrary to his duties as a subject of the King of Spain.\\nNichosatly denied having assisted the English, and professed\\nloyalty to the Spaniards and the Catholic religion.\\nCabrera was unwilling to trust his assurances, and condemned\\nhim to be publicly executed as a traitor. This conduct was as\\nextraordinary as was that of the Indian for it is siid that he ex-\\nhibited a remarkable Christian temper, forgiving his enemies, and", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 8 1\\nexhorting his friends not to avenge his death. This advice was\\nnot followed, unfortunately for the Spanish interests. The Eng-\\nlish used this injury to excite the Yemassees to a fierce war, and\\nthe Spaniards were soon driven from all their settlements north of\\nthe St. Johns River. Cabrera was soon after recalled in disgrace\\nby the King of Spain, but the evil he had done was irreparable,\\nand from this time the Spanish influence among the Indians be-\\ngan to decline.\\nGovernor Cabrera had accumulated a large quantity of mate-\\nrial, consisting of stone, oyster-shell lime, cement, timber, and\\niron for the prosecution of the work on the fort. His successors\\ncontinued to collect supplies as fast as their means would allow.\\nFrom 1693 to 1701 the governor, Laureano de Torrez-y-Ayala,\\nkept constantly in operation two lime-kilns. He also had thirty\\nstone-cutters employed in getting out the stone from the quarries\\non Anastatia Island, and eight yokes of oxen hauling the co-\\nquina to the landing on Quarry Creek.\\nIn 1687 Don Juan de Aila volunteered to go to Spain and pro-\\ncure for the colony the assistance of men and supplies, of which\\nit stood in great need. This he did, providing his own vessel,\\nand, as a reward for his efforts, the Spanish crown granted him a\\npermit to import merchandise free of duty, and also to carry with\\nhim twelve negro slaves. By a mischance, he was only able to\\ncarry one negro there, with the troops and other cargo, and was\\nreceived in the city with universal joy. This was the first occa-\\nsion of the reception of African slaves.\\nFairbanks, p. 128. This statement is evidently in error, as I have\\nshown from Laudonnere s account that Menendez brought negro slaves\\nmoreover, the residents of the asylum of all slaves escaping from the British\\ncolonies, and those captured by the Indians under a standing reward, would\\nhardly rejoice over the arrival of one negro.\\n4*", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1690\\nThe Count de Galvez, Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico includ-\\ning Florida) seems to have felt great interest in the Spanish\\nsettlement of St. Augustine. Upon his recommendation the\\ncouncil of the Indies appropriated in 1691 ten thousand dollars\\nfor building a sea-wall from the castle to the city, and two years\\nafter a further sum of six thousand dollars for building a look-\\nout.\\nThe work upon the sea-wall had already been begun by the\\ngovernor, Don Diego de Quiroga-y-Lozada, with what means the\\nlocal authorities and citizens could supply.\\nIn 1690, finding the sea was making great encroachments, and\\nthreatened to undermine the houses, having washed with great\\nforce and effect upon the light sands of the water-front, and even\\nup to the very dwellings, the governor called a meeting of the\\nchief citizens of the town to. take the subject under consideration.\\nIt was decided by the chief men that, in order to prevent the total\\nloss of the great sums that had already been invested in the fort\\nand other defenses of the town, and to protect the place from\\ngradual destruction, and being unfitted for habitation, it was neces-\\nsary to build a wall from the glacis of the fort to the public square\\non the north of the city, which should be a defense against the\\nforce of the sea. Two thous:\\\\nd dollars were contributed, of which\\nthe soldiers are said to have donated seventeen hundred, although\\ntheir wages were six years in arrears.\\nThe wall, which was begun at this time, was a slight structure,\\nand extended only to the present basin in front of the plaza. To\\none who has seen the water, in severe north-easters, dashing over\\nthe present sea-wall, it seems strange that the Spaniards had not\\nbuilt a more extensive and efficacious protection against the sea\\nfor their metropolitan town in North America. One of the old", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "1702] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 83\\ncitizens informs me that the tide rose so high during a severe\\nstorm in the fall of 18 11, that boats passed freely over the streets,\\nand the inhabitants were all obliged to withdraw from the lower\\nstory of the houses.\\nIn 1693, Governor Don Laureano de Torrez received another\\nthousand dollars contributed out of their wages by the soldiers,\\nand also further assistance from the home government, with which\\nhe continued the building of the sea-wall, and the work on the\\nfort. It is probably about this time that the Mexican convicts\\nwere employed in the construction of the castle. At one time\\nthere was said to have been one hundred and forty of these con-\\nvicts in service at St. Augustine.\\nFor several years the Spaniards had greatly harassed the English\\nsettlers in the Carolinas, having made incursions in 1675,\\nagain in 1681, and, as a fixed policy, incited the Indians to make\\ninroads to ravage the unprotected settlements, and carry off\\nplunder, especially negroes. Many demands were made on the\\nSpanish authorities for the negroes thus carried away, and also\\nthose who escaped but the Spaniards invariably refused to sur-\\nrender the slaves, alleging that the King of Spain felt it his duty\\nto keep the negroes under the influence of the Catholic religion.\\nIn 1702 Governor Moore of South Carolina determined to re-\\ntaliate upon the Spaniards for their conduct toward the English,\\nby the capture of the town of St. Augustine. He induced the\\nlegislature to vote him aid to the extent of two thousand pounds\\nsterling, and to authorize the enlistment of six hundred volun-\\nteers, and an equal number of Creek and Yemassee Indians. Im-\\npressing a number of merchant ships into service as transports,\\nthe troops were taken to Port Royal as a rendezvous, wiiere Gov-\\nernor Moore joined them in September of the same year. Colo-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "84\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nnel Daniel, who is described as the life of the expedition, was made\\nsecond in command, and ordered to proceed through the inland\\npassages of the St. Johns River, and thence to attack St. Augus-\\ntine by land, while the governor should enter the harbor and at-\\ntack the city from his ships. The Spaniards, having notice of the\\nadvance, retired into the castle with their valuables, and a store of\\nprovisions to maintain them for four months. Colonel Daniel\\narrived behind the town before Governor Moore s fleet came to\\nthe harbor, and meeting with no resistance, entered at once and\\nsecured a considerable plunder which the inhabitants had been\\nunable to remove. The next day Governor Moore arrived and en-\\ntered upon a regular siege, so that the Spaniards were obliged to\\nlie quietly within the walls of the castle. Moore, finding that his\\ncannon were too liarht to effect a breach in the walls of the fort\\nsent a vessel to Jamaica for guns of a larger caliber. This vessel\\nnot returning, he sent Colonel Daniel in a second on the same\\nerrand. While his lieutenant was thus absent there appeared in\\nsight two Spanish vessels, one of twenty-two and the other of\\nsixteen guns. At sight of these Moore was stricken with such a\\npanic that he abandoned his ships and fled across the country to\\nCharleston. He is said, however, to have first burned the town (in\\npart only, it is most likely), and to have previously sent to Jamaica\\nthe church plate and other costly church ornaments and utensils.\\nThis is quite likely, as the English troops occupied the parish\\nchurch immediately on their entrance into the town.\\nColonel Daniel secured the munitions for which he was sent,\\nand promptly returned to St. Augustine, rejoicing in the thought\\nthat the place was now in their power. Entering the harbor he\\nfirst learned of Moore s retreat upon being chased by the Span-\\nish ships, from which he narrowly escaped.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "1 706-1 7 1 7] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 85\\nThis expedition cost the English colony six thousand pounds,\\nfor which they received only disgrace, having accomplished noth-\\ning but the imprisonment of the Spaniards for a period of three\\nmonths. At the termination of the siege, the inhabitants at\\nonce applied themselves to repairing and rebuilding their houses,\\nand the governor, Don Joseph de Zufiiga, received liberal aid\\nfrom Spain in rebuilding and strengt^hening the town.\\nIn 1706 the French and Spaniards under Mons. La Febour\\nentered the harbor of St. Augustine on their way to attack\\nCharleston. Taking a part of the garrison of the fort they pro-\\nceeded on their voyage, but were obliged to retreat without ac-\\ncomplishing anything.\\nIn 1 71 7 the Spanish governor, Don Juan de Ayola y Esco-\\nbar, procured a general combination of the Yemassee, Creek,\\nApalache, Congaree, Catauba, and Cherokee Indians, against the\\nEnglish settlements in Carolina.\\nA year after Don Antonio de Benavuedi y Malina, having\\nbeen appointed governor, put a stop to the Indian hostilities\\nagainst the English.\\nHe seems to have entertained a very unfavorable opinion of\\nthe Indians, which he exhibited in an unreasonable decree\\nagainst the Yemassees, exiling this tribe to a distance six leagues\\nsouth of St. Augustine. The Yemassees remonstrated with the\\nnew governor against this order stating to him that although\\nat one time they had joined the English, after the execution of\\ntheir Chief Nichosatly, yet they had since repented of that fault,\\nand fought against them in behalf of the Spaniards that it\\nwould be a grievous act to drive them from their fields of corn,\\nand their houses, while the English were their enemies that\\nthey revered the Catholic king and the holy Church, and desired", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1725\\nto have its rites administered to them, and wished to live in\\npeace.\\nThe governor was obdurate, and ordered Captain Ortagas to\\nexecute his order with the troops. Thus this powerful nation,\\nabandoning their fields almost ripe for harvest, and many cattle\\nand hogs, were compelled to make new homes in the wilderness.\\nIt is said that many women, children, and infirm persons were\\nleft on Amelia Island that the English killed four hundred\\nwhen they found that the Indians were abandoning the coun-\\ntry and that of the three thousand who had resided between St.\\nAugustine and the St. Mary s River, at the end of a year from\\ntheir removal, not one-third had survived the vengeance of their\\nenemies and hunger and disease. The removal of this tribe of\\nIndians was impolitic on the part of the Spaniards, as the Eng-\\nlish soon after took possession of their lands, which lay between\\nthe English and Spanish settlements.\\nIn 1725 the disputes between the English and Spaniards cul-\\nminated in hostilities. The Spaniards charged the English with\\nintruding on their lands, and the English retorted that the Span-\\niards had enticed away their negroes and incited the Indians\\nagainst their settlements. The Spanish governor recalled the\\nYemassees, and having armed and equipped a body of warriors\\nunder their chief Mocano, sent them into Georgia, where they\\ncommitted a general massacre.\\nColonel Palmer of that colony raised a body of three hundred\\nNy militia, and entered Florida, burning and destroying every Span-\\nish and Indian settlement to the very gates of St. Augustine.\\nThe Spanish inhabitants of the country and town fled into the\\nfort for safety but, with execrable meanness, excluded the poor\\nIndians, who were nearly all killed or made prisoners. The", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "1737] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 8/\\nSpaniards saved only what could be protected by the guns of\\nthe fort, which was then quite a formidable work.\\nThe chapel of Nostra Senora de la Leche, the location of which\\nhas been described, was plundered by some of the soldiers. .They\\nstripped it of the gold and silver vessels, and taking the infant\\nimage from the arms of the figure of the Virgin Mary, brought\\nit to Colonel Palmer, who was encamped two miles north of the\\ncity gates. This piece of sacrilege, however, was displeasing to\\nthe commander, who told the soldiers that the Spaniards would\\none day be revenged upon them. Having accomplished all he\\ncould hope from his small force, Colonel Palmer retired with a\\ngreat booty of cattle and other plunder.\\nIn 1737 Governor Don Manuel de Monteano, soon after tak-\\ning command of the province, made the following report to the\\nGovernor-general of Cuba: The fort of this place is its only\\ndefense it has no casemates for the shelter of the men, nor the\\nnecessary elevation of the counter-scarp, nor covert ways, nor\\nravelins to the curtains, nor other exterior works, that could give\\ntime for a long defense but it is thus naked outside, as it is\\nwithout soul within, for there are no cannon that could be fired\\ntwenty-four hours. The representations of the governor received\\nprompt attention at the Spanish Court, where it had now become\\nrecognized that the Spanish possessions in America were endan-\\ngered, and unless St. Augustine was maintained, they would be\\nirrecoverably lost.\\nLarge appropriations of money were sent, and a garrison of\\nseven hundred regular troops, and a number of new cannon\\nassigned to the castle. With the means thus provided, the\\ngovernor applied himself with great energy and skill in putting\\nthe fort in an excellent state of defense. The superintendence", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nof the work was assigned to Don Antonio de Arredondo, an offi-\\ncer who ranked well among engineers. Bomb-proofs were con-\\nstructed, a covered way made, the ramparts heightened and case-\\nmated, and redoubts extended across either end of the town, in\\nwhich there were ten salient angles.\\nRomans states that two of these salient angles or bastions, built\\nof stone, stood in the southern line of redoubts, but were broken\\ndown by the English, and the material used for the foundation\\nof the new barracks. From the statements of old residents, I am\\nsatisfied that one or more stood near the present saw-mills, and\\ncommanded the approach by the old road across the marshes of\\nthe St. Sebastian.\\nIt is probable that the credit is due Don Arredondo for the\\nsymmetry and beauty of outline in the general design of the\\nfort, and also for the perfection of the lines, curves, and angles in\\nthe masonry. The noble conception and perfection of detail\\nthroughout the work demonstrates the engineer to have been a\\nman of excellent abilities, and proficient in the higher mathemat-\\nics, one of the sublimest realms of human thought.\\nSome of the curves in the masonry within the casemates are\\nbeautiful pieces of design. The compound circular and elliptic\\narch, or three-centered circular arch, which supports the incline\\nleading from the terre-plein to the court, is said to have presented\\na problem too difficult for the United States engineer in charge of\\nthe repairs after the change of flags. It will be seen that the\\nnorth side of the arch having fallen has been patched with a rec-\\ntilinear wall, and the symmetry of the elegant lines destroyed.\\nSee Souvenir Album of St. Augustine for a view of the old light-\\nhouse, which exhibits a salient angle protecting the gate of the inclosing\\nwall.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nOglethorpe s attack. bombardment of the fort and town.\\nCAPTURE of the HIGHLANDERS AT FORT MOSA. OLD FORT AT\\nMATANZAS. MONTEANO S INVASION OF GEORGIA.\\nIn 1740 Governor Oglethorpe of Georgia, being encouraged\\nby King George II., determined to capture St. Augustine, and\\nthus drive the Spaniards from Florida. At his request the Caro-\\nlina colonies sent him a body of four hundred troops under Col-\\nonel Vanderdussen. He also equipped a body of Creek Indians,\\nand in May had rendezvoused at the mouth of the St. Johns\\nRiver a force of two thousand men. With a portion of this force\\nhe attacked a small fort called Diego, situated on what is now\\nknown as Diego Plains (called by the inhabitants Dago), twenty-\\nfive miles north of St. Augustine, then the estate of Don Diego\\nde Spinosa. The remains of this fort and several cannon were to\\nbe seen until a late date.\\nHaving taken the fort after a slight resistance, he left the same\\nin charge of Lieutenant Dunbar, and returned to the St. Johns\\nRiver to await the arrival of more troops, and to allow Commo-\\ndore Price, R. N., to blockade the harbor of St. Augustine with\\nhis fleet, consisting of four vessels of twenty guns each.\\nFrom the prisoners captured at Diego it was learned that the\\nSpaniards had lately received a reinforcement of six half galleys,\\narmed with several long brass nine-pounders, and two sloops\\n89", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "^O HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nloaded with provisions, besides which all the cattle in the neigh-\\nborhood had been driven into town. The prisoners, iie says,\\nagree that thereare fifty pieces of cannon in the castle, several\\nof which are of brass, from twelve to forty-eight pounds. It has\\nfour bastions. The walls are of stone and casemated. The in-\\nternal square is sixty yards. The ditch is forty feet wide and\\ntwelve feet deep, six of which are sometimes filled with water.\\nThe counter-scarp is faced with stone. They have lately made a\\ncovered way by embanking four thousand posts. The town is\\nfortified with an intrenchment, salient angles, and redoubts, which\\ninclose about half a mile in length and a quarter of a mile in\\nwidth. The inhabitants and garrison, men, women, and children\\namount to above two thousand live hundred. For the garrison\\nthe king pays eight companies, sent from Spain two years since,\\nfifty-three men each three companies of foot and one of artillery\\nof the old garrison, and one troop of horse, one hundred each.\\nThis estimate would make the garrison about nine hundred\\nand twenty-four men, which was probably within the whole num-\\nber of fighting men, as another account says there were in the\\ntown at the time, the seven hundred regulars assigned from Spain\\ntwo companies of horse, and four companies of negroes, besides\\nIndians. These negroes were probably free men, as it is else-\\nwhere stated that they had their own officers, and though armed,\\nby the governor, provided themselves.\\nOglethorpe having been joined by more troops marched across\\nthe country, ordering the forces at Diego to advance as far as Fort\\nStosa, two miles north of St. Augustine, while he made an at-\\ntack on the fort at Picolata. This fort was called St. Francis de\\nPoppa, and commanded the approaches from West Florida and\\nMexico, and the ferry across the St. Johns Riyer. Its remains", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. gi\\nexisted until a short time since, and even yet the ditch can be\\ntraced upon the grounds of Mr. Michael Usina. If the testimony\\nof the old residents can be relied upon, Forbes and Vignoles in\\ntheir histories have fallen into error as to the location of this old\\nSpanish fortification, describing it as on the west side of the river,\\nwhile the old citizens call the fort at Picolata Fort Poppa.\\nForbes says Picolata s ancient fort was built by the Spaniards\\nwith square towers thirty feet high and a deep ditch about it,\\nwhich is now partly filled up. The stone was brought from Anas-\\ntatia Island. On the opposite side is Fort Poppa, with shallow\\nintrenchments twenty yards square and as many from the river.\\nA small distance back is another turret of the same size, and\\nsome groves of orange trees and oaks.\\nVignoles description (1823) is as follows Of the old block-\\nhouse of Picolata nothing remains except two of the shattered\\nwalls, through which loop-holes and meutrferes are pierced. It\\nstands on a low bluff, and is half concealed by the luxuriant\\nbranches of surrounding trees. It reminds the visitor who views it\\nfrom the river of the deserted castellated residence of some ancient\\nfeudal lord. Opposite is Fort Poppa, of which scarce a vestige re-\\nmains.\\nWilliam Bartram, in his Travels through Florida, pub-\\nlished in Philadelphia, 1791, gives an interesting description of this\\nfort which I will also quote, as I find all knowledge of these old\\nrelics is fast being effaced from memory and accessible records.\\nDescribing his sail up the St. Johns River, he says At noon I\\ncame abreast of Fort Picolata, where, being desirous of gainings\\nyet further intelligence [about it], I landed, but to my disappoint-\\nment found the fort dismantled. This fortress is very ancient and\\nwas built by the Spaniards. It is a square tower, thirty feet high,", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "Q2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\npierced with loop-holes and surrounded with a deep ditch. The\\nupper story is open on each side, with battlements supporting a\\ncupola or roof. These battlements were formerly mounted with\\neight four-pounders, two on each side.\\nThe work was constructed with hewn stone, cemented with\\nlime. The stone was cut out of the quarries on St. Anastatia\\nIsland, opposite St. Augustine. Williams calls the fort on the\\nwest side of the river Fort San Fernando.\\nOglethorpe captured the Fort at Picolata without difficulty,\\nand after considerable delay advanced his whole force upon St. Au-\\ngustine. The fleet, which had by this time arrived, was moored\\nacross the harbor, and one vessel stationed off the mouth of Ma-\\ntanzas River, to prevent the arrival of supplies from that quarter.\\nA company of eighty Scotch settlers from Georgia, all dressed\\nin Highland costume, together with forty Indians, were stationed\\nat Fort Mosa, under Colonel Palmer, with orders to avoid a bat-\\ntle, but to be vigilant in scouring the country, to intercept all\\nsupplies, and to encamp every night at a different place. Colonel\\nVanderdussen, who had marched from the St. Johns River by the\\nbeach, was ordered to build a battery at Point Quartell (north\\nbeach), while Oglethorpe, with a regiment of Georgians and the\\nmain body of the Indians, landed on Anastatia Island, and began\\nthe construction of a battery at the north end of the main island.\\nAware that his force was too small to carry an assault on the\\ncastle, to which the inhabitants and forces had all retired, Ogle-\\nthorpe determined to reduce the fort by bombardment, while he\\ncut off all supplies by a blockade. The site of the first battery\\nconstructed on the island has long since become the channel of\\nthe river. The high ridge to the west of the lighthouse, on which\\nMr. Aspinwall has lately built a small building, probably extended", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST, AUGUSTINE.\\n93\\nat least half a mile north of the present shore line. It was on\\nthis ridge that Oglethorpe built his first battery, and having\\nmounted in it several eighteen-pound cannon, he sent a message\\nto the Spanish governor summoning him to surrender.\\nThe governor, Don Manuel de Monteano, a very brave and\\nefficient officer, replied that he would be pleased to shake hands\\nwith General Oglethorpe in the fort. The general, being indig-\\nnant at such a reply, opened fire upon the place, which was kept\\nup with spirit, and many shells were thrown into the town, caus-\\ning the citizens to seek shelter within the walls of the castle. The\\nSpaniards replied with the cannon in the fort, and also diverted\\nthe attention of the British with the maneuvers of the six galleys\\nwith their batteries of nine-pounders. Captain Warren, a brave\\nofficer from the fleet, offered to lead an attack on these galleys in\\nthe night but it was decided that the plan was too dangerous, as\\nthe galleys lay at night under the guns of the fort, where the water\\nwas too shoal to bring up any large vessels to cover the attacking\\nparty. Finding the distance too great for his fire to injure the\\nfort, Oglethorpe began the construction of a second battery on the\\nmarsh of the island, nearer the town. This battery was called\\nBattery Poza, and mounted four eighteen-pound cannon. The\\nremains of this battery are still to be seen. It is located on an\\nisland in the marsh, and reached from the bay by ascending a\\nsmall creek, navigable for boats at half tide. Oglethorpe is said\\nto have buried an eighteen-pound cannon in this battery when\\nthe siege was raised, which may yet be beneath the sand of the re-\\ndoubts.\\nWhile engaged in the construction of Battery Poza, the fire of\\nthe British was somewhat relaxed. Observing this, Governor\\nMonteano sent out a detachment of three hundred men and a", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nparty of Yemassee Indians, to attack Colonel Palmer at Fort\\nMosa. It is said the sally was made on the night of the king s\\nbirthday, and that the British were found drinking and carousing.\\nThe former statement is incorrect, though the latter may be true.\\nColonel Palmer was a brave and able officer, but he seems to have\\nhad Scotch obstinacy, united with undisciplined men, to render\\nhis authority nugatory.\\nThe camp was surprised and the Highlanders quickly over-\\ncome after Colonel Palmer was slain and the soldiers who were\\nvigilant had been killed or made their escape. There was a tra-\\ndition that Colonel Palmer was killed by Wakona, the Yemassee\\nchief, on the spot where the soldiers had brought him the infant\\nimage fifteen years before.\\nThis loss was a severe blow to the expedition, not so much\\nfrom the loss of the men, but its effect was to depress the spirits\\nof the command and to greatly discourage the Indians, who soon\\nafter found an excuse to withdraw. A Cherokee having killed a\\nSpaniard, cut off his head and brought it to Oglethorpe, who\\nspurned the Indian and called him a barbarous dog. This rebuff\\nwas made a pretext by the Indians for their desertion, and, with-\\nout making known their intentions, soon after they were gone.\\nMeantime the bombardment continued but it was found that,\\neven from the nearest battery, the shot produced little effect upon\\nthe walls of the castle. The siege, which was commenced on the\\n13th of June, had now continued into July, with only disastrous\\nresults. The soldiers began to wilt under the extreme heat, and\\ncomplain of the annoyance of the sandflies and mosquitoes. To\\nadd to the difficulty sickness appeared, and the men, never under\\nvery good control, began to desert in squads, and return across\\nthe country to their homes. The commodore, ffiiding his pro-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 95\\nvisions becoming short, and fearing the autumn gales, was unwill-\\ning to remain longer on the station. The ship at Matanzas had\\nalready withdrawn. The inlet being unguarded, the Spaniards\\nsoon succeeded in bringing in a large supply of provisions, of\\nwhich they now stood in great need. Learning that the Spaniards\\nhad received succor, the troops lost all hope, and the siege was\\nsoon after raised.\\nIt would seem, from the accounts of this blockade and the fact\\nthat supplies were brought in at Matanzas Inlet, that the old fort\\nat Matanzas was not then standing. If this is the case, it must\\nhave been constructed immediately after Oglethorpe s departure,\\nas the Spaniards had had a garrison in it before the English occu-\\npation, as will be seen from the following extract from Romans\\nTwenty miles south [of St. Augustine] is the look-out or fort\\nof Matanca, on a marshy island commanding the entrance of Ma-\\ntanca, which lays opposite to it. This fort is to be seen at a dis-\\ntance of about five leagues. It is of very litUe strength, nor need\\nit be otherwise, as there is scarce eight feet of water on this bar at\\nthe best of times. The Spaniards kept a lieutenant in command\\nhere the English a sergeant. Between two or ^iree miles from\\nthis inlet or bar is another of still less note, called El Penon.\\nMatanca Bar is known from the sea by the fort, which shows\\nwhite in a clear day, when the inlet bears west, three leagues off.\\nI have been unable to find out at what date this fort was con-\\nstructed. The natural features have greatly changed since the\\ntime of Romans even. The island has been very much washed\\naway by the current, and will soon cease to exist at all. The bar,\\nwhich must have been nearly opposite the island, has gradually\\nworked south until now it is nearly half a mile below the fort, and\\na high sand ridge, a part of Anastatia Island, is between the fort", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "g5 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nand the ocean, so that, instead of being visible three leagues at\\nsea, the fort, probably, would not be seen from the ocean at all.*\\nSoundings on Matanzas Bar are now given as one fathom. Fort\\nMosa, where Colonel Palmer was killed, was built by the negro\\nrefugees from the British colonies, and was often called the Negro\\nFort. It was a square earthwork with four bastions, containing a\\nwell and a house with a look-out, and surrounded with a ditch.\\nThe walls of a stone house are still standing near the location of\\nthis fort, at a place called by the town s people Moses, north\\nof Mr. Hildreth s grounds.\\nOglethorpe was greatly blamed at the time for his failure to take\\nSt. Augustine, but it is evident that the town was well protected.\\nThe north side of the peninsula, on which the town is built,\\nwas defended by the fort, about which, for a space of fifteen hun-\\ndred yards, a clear space was maintained by the Spanish governors,\\nand also by the ditch and redoubt with salient angles running\\nfrom the fort to the St. Sebastian River upon the east side of\\nthe town the galleys and the guns of the fort could prevent a land-\\ning, as the water upon the bar was too shoal to admit the passage\\nof the English ships upon the south was a line of redoubts\\nagain with cannon, and a water front for the approach of the gal-\\nleys, while upon the west was the long stretch of boggy marshes\\nextending for a quarter of a mile to the St. Sebastian River.\\nNo place could be better situated for defense. Had the blockade\\nbeen efficient and long-continued the town must have surren-\\ndered as there w^as a large population to feed besides the garrison,\\nand the very advantages of the place for defense rendered it diffi-\\ncult to bring in supplies.\\nFor an excellent view of this old fort, see Souvenir Album of Views\\nin St. Augustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "1472 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 97\\nGovernor Monteano was constantly sending messages to Cuba,\\nby the way of West Florida and the Keys, for succor of provisions,\\nand was said to have received supplies from a vessel which arrived\\nat Mosquito Inlet, while the harbor of Matanzas was yet block-\\naded.\\nThe siege was abandoned on the loth of July. During the\\nbombardment one hundred and fifty-three shells fell in the town,\\nbut occasioned no loss of life, and did very little damage. That\\nthe fire from the batteries was very ineffectual is evident from an\\ninspection of the shot-hcles in the walls of the old fort made by\\nthe guns of Oglethorpe s batteries which are still visible. I have\\ncounted eight indentations on the eastern face of the main fort,\\nand two on the south-east bastion. Their penetration was barely\\nsufficient to bury the solid shot, while the shell do not appear to\\nhave done any injury, thus exhibiting an ineff ectiveness of the ar-\\ntillery which seems remarkable, as there were said to have been\\nthirty mortars large and small, and ten eighteen-pound cannon in\\nthe different batteries erected by Oglethorpe, of which the farthest\\nwas not more than three-quarters of a mile distant.\\nThis attack of Oglethorpe seems to have demonstrated to the\\nSpanish crown the likelihood of an English occupation of their\\npossessions in Florida. The following year large reinforcements\\nwere sent to Governor Monteano, with instructions to improve the\\ndefenses of the town in every possible way.\\nFinding the British colonists did not renew their attack on the\\ntown as he had anticipated, Monteano advised an invasion of\\nGeorgia and South Carolina. Accordingly an army of two thou-\\nsand men was raised in Cuba, which, being dispatched to St. Au-\\ngustine, was placed under the command of Governor Monteano.\\nTo this force the governor added one thousand men from the gar-\\n5", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "p8 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1743\\nrison of the town, including a regiment of negroes, whose officers\\nare said to have dressed, ranked, and associated with the Spanish\\nofficers without reserve.*\\nWith this force Monteano entered upon the invasion of Georgia\\nbut, being opposed by Oglethorpe with great energy and skill, was\\nentirely unsuccessful, and the expedition retired to St. Augustine.\\nFrom thence the forces returned to Cuba, where the governor\\nwas imprisoned and tried for misconduct, though acquitted of the\\ncharges.\\nIn the next year Oglethorpe endeavored to retaliate upon the\\nSpaniards, and get possession of St. Augustine by a sudden at-\\ntack which should take the town by surprise. He is said to have\\napproached with such celerity and secresy that he arrived within\\nsight of the town without exciting an alarm. Here he captured\\na small body of troops acting as a guard to the king s workmen.\\nThis capture defeated the success of his surprise, for, the absence\\nof the guard being noticed, a body of horsemen were sent out to\\nlearn the cause of their detention, and the forces of Oglethorpe were\\ndiscovered in time to close the city gates and prepare the garrison.\\nOglethorpe was unwilling to risk an assault on the town, and re-\\ntired into Georgia, after spending two months in attempting to\\nprovoke the Spaniards to a fight without the walls of the town.\\nDuring this time his troops completely devastated the surround-\\ning country.\\nUp to about this period there had existed an Indian village\\nnear the site of Fort Mosa (or Moosa) called Macarizi. It was\\nprobably located on a creek now called Baya s Creek, about\\ntwo miles north of the city, though the Franciscan Father Ayeta,\\nWilliams Florida, p. 185.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "1 748-1763] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. qq\\nin his La Verdad Defendida, p. 215, says that Macarizi and\\nNombre de Dios (Topiqui) were the same.\\nSoon after Oglethorpe retired Governor Monteano furnished\\narms and ammunition to one Pedro Christano, a Spanish Indian\\nchief among the Yemassees, and incited incursions against the\\nBritish colonists in Georgia. These were continued under the\\nencouragement of the Spaniards until the settlements south of\\nSt. Simonds Island were entirely broken up. These hostilities,\\nwhich had continued since 1725, were mutually suspended under\\nthe treaty which was concluded between England and Spain in\\n1748, but marauding expeditions were again entered upon in\\n1755. The Spanish ambassador at London, having obtained from\\nthe court of St. James an order commanding the English settlers\\nto retire from the territory of Florida, the new governor, Don\\nAlonzo Fernandez de Herreda, sent a company of dragoons to\\nhasten the obedience of the English colonists. Upon a sum-\\nmons the English agreed to retire, but they never did so, and\\nthe next year, 1763, the provinces of the Floridas were ceded to\\nGreat Britain in exchange for Havana and the western portion of\\nCuba, which had been captured from the Spanish. This treaty\\nwas concluded on the 3d of November, 1762, and ratified Feb-\\nruary loth, 1763.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nTHE TOWN WHEN DELIVERED TO THE ENGLISH. FORT SAN JUAN DE\\nPINOS. ST. AUGUSTINE AS DESCRIBED BY THE ENGLISH WRITERS\\n1765 TO 1775.\\nBefore the cession of the province, the fort had been com-\\npleted, and presented, at the time it was delivered to the English,\\nvery much the same appearance as now. Many of the casemates\\nhad platforms about seven feet from the floor for sleeping apart-\\nments. The moat was about four feet deeper than at present,\\nand the water battery was built in such a manner that the guns\\nwere mounted upon it instead of behind it, as at present. The\\nhigh banks of sand on the north, west, and south sides of the fort\\nhave been placed there in recent times as a protection from the\\nshot of modern guns, which would soon make a breach through\\nalmost any thickness of coquina wall. The fortress occupies\\nabout four acres of ground, and mounts one hundred guns, re-\\nquiring a garrison of a thousand soldiers, though a much larger\\nnumber have, on several occasions, been its garrison. Its site\\nwas well chosen for the protection of the town in the days when it\\nwas built, as its guns command the whole harbor and inlet from\\nthe sea, as also the whole peninsula to the south, upon which the\\ntown is built, the land approach from the north, and the marshes\\nwest of the town. Various dates have been assigned as the period\\nat which the work on this fort was commenced, but of this date\\nthere is no record in this country, if there is in Spain. At the\\n100", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. lOi\\ntime of Drake s attack, 1586, there was an octagonal fort on\\nor about the site of the present structure, which was built of\\nlogs and earth. In 1638, or thereabouts, the Apalachians were\\nset to work on the fortifications of the town, and, as Menendez\\nhad applied himself to strengthening the defenses of the town\\nafter the attack of De Gourges, 1567, it is probable that this fort\\nhad been commenced before the beginning of the seventeenth\\ncentury. That the Spaniards had then begun to use coquina as a\\nbuilding stone is to be inferred from a statement of Romans,\\nthat, in his time, one of the old houses of the town bore the date\\n1 57 1. The name of the wooden fort was San Juan de Pinos, and\\nthe present fort bore the name St. John for many years. It is\\nsupposed that the old wooden structure stood near the north-west\\nbastion, which was probably called St. John, while the south-east\\nwas named for St. Peter, the south-west was called St. Augustine,\\nand the north-east St. Paul.\\nIt is uncertain when the name St. Mark s was first applied to\\nthe castle, though probably during the English occupation, 1663-\\n1684. The fort, doubtless, acquired the name from that applied\\nto the present north river, which was called by the Spaniards St.\\nMark s River, at the mouth of which the fort is located. It is\\nprobably the oldest fortification now standing in the United\\nStates, and certainly the oldest which is yet in a good state of pre-\\nservation. From the date at which the Apalachians began work,\\nuntil the year in which the fortification was declared finished and\\nthe commemorative tablet erected, the period during which it was\\nbeing built is one hundred and eighteen years. It has now been\\na century and a quarter since this magnificent old structure, rep-\\nresenting the grandest military architecture of the middle ages,\\nwas completed, and two centuries and a half since its inception.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nWhat a strange and eventful history is connected with its stone\\nwalls, its deep ditch, its frowning battlements, its dismal dungeon,\\nand damp casemates, in the midst of which, on the north side, is\\nits chapel with raised altar, built into the masonry, and holy water\\nniches in the walls of the casemates.\\nThose who have read this history thus far will have noted the\\nlaying of its foundations by the hands of those zealous and\\nbigoted Catholics who had exterminated a settlement of the sub-\\njects of a friendly nation, lest they should spread among the bar-\\nbarous Indians heretical doctrines the accretion of its rising\\nwalls under the hands of the unfortunate Indians, who had been\\nloath to accept the Christian teachers and doctrine that had been\\nforced upon them by these expungers of heresy, until, with the\\naid of convicts and king s workmen, the work was completed, to\\nstand the defense of the Spanish possessions in Florida, the pro-\\ntection of fugitive slaves, depredating Indians, Spanish pensioners\\nand adventurers, and the prison of many wretched Indians and\\nwhites who had fallen under the displeasure of a Spanish auto-\\ncrat. For almost two hundred years the Spanish ensign had been\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uninterruptedly displayed from the site of this fort, when, by the\\ntreaty of 1762, it was yielded to the British, and the cross of St.\\nGeorge displayed from its battlements.\\nThe year after his arrival in Florida, Governor Hereda sculp-\\ntured, in alto-relievo, the Spanish coat of arms over the entrance\\nof the fort. The tablet upon which the design is impressed is\\nmade of cement, and let into the walls of the fort. The inscrip-\\ntion on the tablet beneath the coat of arms is as follows\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SEN^ DON FERNAN-\\nDO SEXTO Y SIENDO GOVR Y CAP^^ DE ES^ C^ SA^", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. IO3\\nAUGN DE LA FLORIDA Y SUS PROV^ EL MARISCAL\\nDE CAMPO DN ALONZO FERNDO HERADA ASI CON-\\nCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN OD 1756 DRI^ENDO\\nLAS OBRAS EL CAP. INGN^o DN PEDRO DE BROZAS\\nY GAR AY.\\nTranslation\\nDon Ferdinand the VI, being King of Spain, and the Field\\nMarshal Don Alonzo Fernando Hereda being Governor and Captain\\nGeneral of this place, St. Augustine of Florida, and its province, this\\nFort was finished in the year 1756. The ivorks were directed by the\\nCaptain Engineer, Don Pedro de Brazas Y Garay.\\nAn alto-relievo coat of arms, upon a cement tablet, was also\\nplaced upon the lunette, but vandal relic hunters have disfigured\\nthis tablet most aggravatingly. In the top of this tablet there\\nis an oval-shaped hollow, which looks as if it might have been\\nworn by the handle of a spear, or small staff of a standard.\\nIt is possible that the sentry has stood upon this wall, resting his\\nlance on the top of this tablet for years, until this hollow has been\\nworn ihree inches or more in depth, and so perfectly smooth as\\nto have a polish over the surface of the depression.\\nEvery part of this old work should be protected and preserved\\nby the United States, whose property it is. With proper care,\\nand moderate repairs from time to time, this old structure will\\nyet remain for ages a grand old relic of medieval architecture,\\nand a monument of the first settlement of this country by our\\nFor an excellent view of the tablet over the entrance to the fort, on\\nwhich is sculptured the Spanish coat of arms and the above inscription, see\\nSouvenir Album of Views in St. Aufiustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nEuropean ancestors. The sum of thirty millions of dollars is said\\nto have been expended by the Spaniards in the construction of\\nthis fortification a sum so vast that, when the amount was read to\\nKing Ferdinand VL, he is reported to have turned to his secretary,\\nand exclaimed, What Is the fort built of solid dollars\\nOf its legends connected with the dark chambers and prison\\nvaults, the chains, the instruments of torture, the skeletons walled\\nin, its closed and hidden recesses, of Coacouchee s escape, and\\nmany another tale, there is much to say; but it is better said\\nwithin the grim walls, where the eye and the imagination can go\\ntogether in weaving a web of mystery and awe over its sad associ-\\nations, to the music of the grating bolt, the echoing tread, and\\nthe clanking chain.\\nI have heard from native residents that tales of skeletons, etc.\\nwere never heard until after the late war which assertion the\\nabove quotation from Fairbanks History, published in 1858, will\\ndisprove, f\\nThe appearance and condition of the town at the time of the\\nEnglish possession has been described by several writers, whose\\nquaintness of style adds to the inherent interest of the subject.\\nThe English surveyor-general, De Brahm, describes the place\\nas follows\\nAt the time the Spaniards left the town, all the gardens were\\nwell stocked with fruit trees, viz. figs, guavas, plantain, pome-\\ngranates, lemons, limes, citrons, shadock, bergamot, China and\\nSeville oranges, the latter full of fruit throughout the whole win-\\nter season. The town is three quarters of a mile in length, but\\nFairbanks History and Antiquities, p. 157,\\nFor several views of the old fort, see Souver]ir Album of Views in St.\\nAugustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 105\\nnot a quarter wide had four churches ornamentally built with\\nstone in the Spanish taste, of which one within and one without\\nthe town exist. One is pulled down that is the German church,\\nbut the steeple is preserved as an ornament to the town and the\\nother, viz., the convent-church and convent in town, is taken in\\nthe body of the barracks. All the houses are built of masonry\\ntheir entrances are shaded by piazzas, supported by Tuscan pil-\\nlars or pilasters against the south sun. The houses have to the\\neast windows projecting sixteen or eighteen inches into the street,\\nvery wide and proportionally high. On the west side, their win-\\ndows are commonly very small, and no opening of any kind on\\nthe north, on which side they have double walls six or eight feet\\nasunder, forming a kind of gallery which answers for cellars and\\npantries. Before most of the entrances were arbors of vines, pro-\\nducing plenty and very good grapes. No house has any chimney\\nor fireplace the Spaniards made use of stone urns, filled them\\nwith coals left in their kitchens in the afternoon, and set them at\\nsunset in their bedrooms to defend themselves against those win-\\nter seasons which required such care. The governor s residence\\nhas on both sides piazzas, viz., a double one on the south, and a\\nsingle one to the north also a Belvidere and a grand portico\\ndecorated with Doric pillars and entablatures. On the north end\\nof the town is a casemated fort, with four bastions, a ravelin,\\ncounterscarp, and a glacis built with quarried shell-stones, and\\nconstructed according to the rudiments of Marechal de Vauban.\\nThis fort commands the road of the bay, the town, its environs,\\nand both Tolomato Stream and Matanzas Creek. The soil in\\nthe gardens and environs of the town is chiefly sandy and marshy.\\nThe Spaniards seem to have had a notion of manuring their land\\nwith shells one foot deep;", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "IC6 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE,\\nIn 1770, according to De Brahm, the inhabitants of St. Augus-\\ntine and vicinity numbered 288 householders exclusive of wo-\\nmen and children, of whom 3 1 were storekeepers and traders\\n3 haberdashers, 15 innkeepers, 45 artificers and mechanics, no\\nplanters, 4 hunters, 6 cow-keepers, 1 1 overseers, 1 2 draftsmen in\\nthe employ of the government, besides mathematicians 58 had\\nleft the province, and 28 had died, of whom 4 were killed acting\\nas constables, and two hanged for piracy.*\\nAnother account says that at the time of the evacuation by the\\nSpaniards, the town contained a garrison of 2,500 men, and a\\npopulation of 3,200, who were of all colors, whites, negroes,\\nmulattoes, Indians, etc. This estimate probably included the\\nsurrounding country as well as the town, as Romans a few years\\nlater made the number residing within the city much smaller.\\nHe says The town has, by all writers, till Dr. Stork s time, been\\nsaid to lay at the foot of a hill so far from the truth is this, that\\nit is almost surrounded by water, and the remains of the line\\ndrawn from the harbor to St. Sebastian Creek, a fourth of a mile\\nnorth of the fort, in which line stands a fortified gate called the\\nBarrier Gate, i.s the only rising ground near it this line had a\\nditch, and its fortification was pretty regular about a mile and\\na half beyond this are the remains of another fortified line, which\\nhad a kind of look-out or advanced guard of stoccadoes at its\\nwestern extremity on St. Sebastian Creek, and Fort Mossa at its\\neastern end besides these the town has been fortified with a\\nHistory of the Three Provinces, by Wm. Gerard de Brahm, His Majesty s\\nSurvr. Gen. for the Southern District of North America, from 1751 to 1771.\\nA manuscript work purchased in London, in 1848, for Harvard College\\nlibrary, for ;^I2 los. The portion relating to Florida comprises 173 pages\\nwith 14 maps.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST, AUGUSTINE.\\n107\\nslight but regular line of circumvallation and a ditch. The town\\nis half a mile in length, and its southern line had two bastions of\\nstone, one of which (if not both) are broken down, and the ma-\\nterials used for the building of the foundation of the barracks\\nthe ditch and parapet are planted with a species of agave, which\\nby its points is well fitted to keep out cattle.* Dr. Stork has\\nraised this into a fortification against the savages, and magnified\\nit into a chevaux de frize. The town is very ill built, the\\nstreets being all, except one, crooked and narrow. The date on\\none of the houses I remember to be 1571 these are of stone,\\nmostly flat-roofed, heavy, and look badly. Till the arrival of\\nthe English, neither glass windows nor chimneys were known\\nhere, the lower windows had all a projecting frame of wooden\\nrails before them. The governor s house is a heavy, unsightly\\npile, but well contrived for the climate at its north-west side\\nit has a kind of tower this serves for a look-out. There were\\nthree suburbs in the time of the Spaniards, but all destroyed\\nbefore my acquaintance with the place, except the church of the\\nIndian town to the north, now converted into an hospital. Dr.\\nStork says the steeple of this church is of good workmanship,\\nthough built by the Indians, neither of which assertions is true.\\nThe steeple of the German chapel to the west of the town likewise\\nremains.f\\nThe parish church in the town is a wretched building, and\\nnow almost a heap of ruins the parade before the governor s\\nSpanish bayonet (Yucca Gloriosa). It bears a pyramid of white flowers,\\nand, as also the prickly pear, by its appearance suggests the rural scenery of\\nthe tropics.\\nf I have been unable to find any record of the time or manner in which\\nany German colony settled in St. Augustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "I08 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nhouse is nearly in the middle of the town, and has a very fine\\neffect there are two rows of orange trees planted by order of\\nGovernor Grant, which make a fine walk on each side of it the\\nsandy streets are hardened by lime and oyster shells. Dr. Stork\\nsays there were nine hundred houses at the time of the Spanish\\nevacuation, and 3,200 inhabitants. In my time there were not\\nthree hundred houses, and at most a thousand inhabitants these,\\na few excepted, I found to be a kind of outcast and scum of the\\nearth to keep them such their ill form of government does not a\\nlittle contribute. A letter dated May 27th, 1774, says this town\\nis now truly become a heap of ruins a fit receptacle for the\\nwretches of inhabitants.\\nThis sweeping condemnation of the whole population of the\\ntown would seem to be exceedingly unjust and unbecoming a\\nhistorian.\\nMajor Ogilvie of the British army received the town from the\\nSpaniards, and immediately entered upon an administration of\\nthe affairs of the province which was most unreasonable and im-\\npolitic. Major Ogilvie, in taking possession of the eastern\\nprovince, by his impolitic behavior caused all the Spaniards to\\nremove to Havana, which was a deadly wound to the province,\\nnever to be cured again.\\nSo oppressive was the course of this commander, that it was\\nsaid that not more than five of the Spanish inhabitants consented\\nto remain in the province, and only by the efforts of the officer in\\ncommand were the Spaniards prevented from destroying every\\nhouse and building in the town. The governor did destroy his\\ngarden, which had been stocked with rare ornamental plants,\\ntrees, and flowers.\\nRomans s History of Florida, New York, 1775.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n109\\nBy the articles of peace the King of Great Britain guaranteed\\nthe liberty of the Catholic religion/ but the prejudices of the\\nSpaniards were deeply rooted, and the transfer of the territory was\\ndistasteful beyond measure. Governor James Grant was sent out\\nfrom England to take charge of the province, and immediately,\\nupon relieving Major Ogilvie, issued a proclamation dated Octo-\\nber 7th, 1763, intended to conciliate and retain those Spaniards\\nwho had not withdrawn, and recall those who had, as well as to\\nencourage persons in England to remove to Florida.\\nGovernor Grant had been high in command at the capture of\\nHavana. His administration of a country hitherto the seat of\\nwar between the aborigines, the original settlers, and their British\\nneighbors, was not without many difficulties but his management\\nof affairs was generally very satisfactory, and showed much policy\\nand executive ability. It was said of him that, hearing of any\\ncoolness between those about him, they were brought together at\\nhis table (always well provided) and reconciled before they were\\nallowed to leave it. His conduct was not exempt from un-\\nfriendly criticism, however, and it was charged that he would not\\nallow the transfer of Spanish landed interest to be good, although\\nmentioned in the treaty that he reigned supreme without con-\\ntrol, even in peace, notwithstanding the frequent murmurs of the\\npeople and the presentments of the grand juries, occasioned by\\nhis not calling an assembly, which they thought was a duty in-\\ncumbent upon him. There was also a complaint of the contin-\\ngent money, of five thousand pounds per annum for seven years,\\nnot being so very visibly expended on highways, bridges, fer-\\nries, and such other necessary things as the people would have\\nwished.\\nRomans s History of Florida.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "no HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThe Spaniards attempted to illegally transfer, and, in fact, did\\nsell the whole of their property in St. Augustine to a few British\\nsubjects for a nominal sum. It was probably this class of con-\\nveyances that Governor Grant refused to recognize. The com-\\nplaint as to the building of roads, etc., must have been without\\nfoundation, as under Governor Grant were constructed all those\\npublic roads, since known as the King s Roads, running from\\nNew Smyrna to St. Augustine, and thence to Jacksonville and\\nthe St. Mary s River. These roads were all turnpiked upon the\\nline of surveyed routes, and are to-day the best roads in the\\nState.\\nUnder Governor Grant the British built at St. Augustine very\\nextensive barracks, which were soon afterward burned. Romans\\nthus criticises the policy of the governor in expending so large\\nsums on military works The bar of this harbor is a perpetual\\nobstruction to St. Augustine becoming a place of any great trade,\\nand alone is security enough against enemies so that I see but\\nlittle occasion for so much fortification as the Spaniards had here,\\nespecially as a little look-out called Mossa, at a small distance\\nnorth of the town, proved sufficient to repel General Oglethorpe\\nwith the most formidable armament ever intended against St. Au-\\ngustine. However, there was much more propriety in the Span-\\niards having a fort in the modern taste of military architecture of\\na regular quadrilateral form, with four bastions, a wide ditch, a\\ncovered way, a glacis, a ravelin to defend the gate, places of arms\\nand bomb-proofs, with a casemating all round, etc., etc., for a\\ndefense against savages than there was in raising such a stupen-\\ndous pile of buildings as the new barracks by the English, which\\nare large enough to contain five regiments, when it is a matter of\\ngrave doubt whether it will ever be a necessity to keep one whole", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. HI\\nregiment here. To mend this matter, the great barrack was built\\nwith materials brought to St. Augustine from New York, far infe-\\nrior in value to those found on the spot, yet the freight alone\\namounted to more than their value when landed, so that people\\ncan hardly help thinking that the contrivers of all this, having a\\nsum of money to throw away, found it necessary to fill some para-\\nsite s pockets. This fort and barrack, however, add not a little to\\nthe beauty of the prospect, as one approaches the town from the\\nwater.\\nWhen the old light-house was built I have been unable to dis-\\ncover. Under Governor Grant it was raised by a timber con-\\nstruction, and had a cannon planted on it, which was fired as\\nsoon as the fliag was hoisted to notify the inhabitants and pilots\\nthat a vessel was approaching. It had two flagstaffs, one to the\\nnorth and one to the south, on either of which the flag was\\nhoisted as the vessel was approaching from the north or south.\\nIt is possible that the old light-house was constructed in 1693,\\nwith the proceeds of the six thousand dollars appropriated by the\\nCouncil of the Indies, for building a tower as a look-out. The\\nSpaniards kept a detachment of troops stationed there, and the\\ntower and adjoining chapel were inclosed with a high and thick\\nstone wall, pierced with loop-holes, and having a salient angle to\\nprotect the gate. Romans describes it, in his time, as follows\\nAbout half a mile from the north end of the island [Anasta-\\ntia] is a heavy stone building serving for a look-out. A small\\ndetachment of troops is kept here, and by signals from hence the\\ninhabitants are given to understand what kind of, and how many\\nvessels are approaching the harbor, either from the north or from\\nthe south. In the year 1770, fifty feet of timber framework were\\nadded to its former height, as was likewise a mast or flagstaff", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nforty-seven feet long but this last, proving too weighty, endan\\ngered the building, and was soon taken down. This old\\nstructure was repaired and a house for the light-keeper built in\\n1823, by Elias Wallen, a contractor, who was also employed upon\\nthe repairs made to the old Governor s House.\\nThe coquina ledge upon which it was built has of late years\\nbeen rapidly washing away by the action of the tides, and dash-\\ning of the waves, which during the annual north-east storms are\\nsometimes of considerable force. A storm washed away the\\nfoundations of the tower, and it fell with a crash on Sunday, the\\n20th of June, 1880. Thus has gone forever one of St. Augustine s\\nmost interesting old landmarks, f\\nThe English built a bridge across the St. Sebastian River\\nupon the old road leading over the marshes, which approached the\\ntown near the saw-mills. From some defect in construction,\\nthis bridge did not remain long. They then established a ferry,\\nand appointed a ferry-keeper with a salary of fifty pounds sterling\\nper annum. The inhabitants paid nothing for crossing except\\nafter dark.\\nRomans s History of Florida.\\nf A very good view of this old structure is published in the Souvenir\\nAlbum of Views in St. Augustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nTHE SETTLEMENT OF NEW SMYRNA BY THE ANCESTORS OF A MAJOR-\\nITY OF THE PRESENT POPULATION OF ST. AUGUSTINE. THE\\nHARDSHIPS ENDURED BY THESE MINORCAN AND GREEK COLO-\\nNISTS. THEIR REMOVAL TO ST. AUGUSTINE UNDER THE PRO-\\nTECTION OF THE ENGLISH GOVERNOR.\\nThe proclamation of Governor Grant, and the accounts which\\nhad gone abroad of the advantages of the province, and the Hb-\\neral poHcy adopted by the British in the treatment of colonists,\\ninduced some wealthy planters from the Carolinas to remove to\\nFlorida, and several noblemen of England also solicited grants of\\nland in the province. Among the noblemen who secured grants\\nof land in Florida were Lords Hawke, Egmont, Grenville, and\\nHillsborough, Sir William Duncan, and Dennys Rolle, the father\\nof Lord Rolle. Sir William Duncan was a partner with Dr.\\nTurnbull in importing a large number of Europeans for the\\ncultivation of their lands south of St. Augustine, on the Halifax\\nRiver. The persons whom these two gentlemen then induced to\\ncome to Florida are the ancestors of a large majority of the resi-\\ndent population of St. Augustine at the present day. In the\\nearly accounts of the place I am satisfied that gross injustice was\\ndone to these people in a reckless condemnation of the whole\\ncommunity. I have myself heard their descendants unreasonably\\ncensured, and their characters severely criticised. These unfavor-\\nII.3", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "J 14 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nable opinions were doubtless generated by the unfortunate posi-\\ntion in which these immigrants found themselves. Friendless in\\na strange land, speaking a different language from the remainder\\nof the inhabitants, and of a different religious belief, it was but\\nnatural that they should mingle but little with the English resi-\\ndents, especially after they had experienced such unjust treat-\\nment at the hands of one of the most influential of the principal\\nmen of the colony. The reader will understand the position of\\nthese Minorcans and Greeks, and the feelings they must have\\nentertained toward the great men of the colony, after reading\\nRomans s account of the hardships they were forced to undergo,\\nand the difficulty they had in breaking their onerous contract.\\nRomans says The situation of the town, or settlement, made\\nby Dr. TurnbuU is called New Smyrna from the place of the\\ndoctor s lady s nativity. About fifteen hundred people, men, w^o-\\nmen, and children, were deluded away from their native country,\\nwhere they lived at home in the plentiful corn-fields and vine-\\nyards of Greece and Italy, to this place, where, instead of plenty,\\nthey found want in the last degree instead of promised fields, a\\ndreary wilderness instead of a grateful, fertile soil, a barren, arid\\nsand, and in addition to their misery were obliged to indent\\nthemselves, their wives and children for many years to a man who\\nhad the most sanguine expectations of transplanting bashawship\\nfrom the Levant. The better to effect his purpose, he granted\\nthem a pitiful portion of land for ten years upon the plan of the\\nfeudal system. This being improved, and just rendered fit for\\ncultivation, at the end of that term it again reverts to the original\\ngrantor, and the grantee may, if he chooses, begin a new state\\nof vassalage for ten years more. Many were denied even such\\ngrants as these, and were obliged to work at tasks in the field.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. II5\\nTheir provisions were, at the best of times, only a quart of maize\\nper day, and two ounces of pork per week. This might have\\nsufficed with the help of fish, which abounded in this lagoon\\nbut they were denied the liberty of fishing, and, lest they should\\nnot labor enough, inhuman taskmasters were set over them, and\\ninstead of allowing each family to do with their homely fare as\\nthey pleased, they were forced to join altogether in one mess, and\\nat the beat of a vile drum to come to one common copper, from\\nwhence their hominy was ladled out to them even this coarse\\nand scanty meal was, through careless management, rendered still\\nmore coarse, and, through the knavery of a providetor and the\\npilfering of a hungry cook, still more scanty. Masters of vessels\\nwere forewarned from giving any of them a piece of bread or\\nmeat. Imagine to yourself an African one of a class of men\\nwhose hearts are generally callous against the softer feelings\\nmelted with the wants of these wretches, giving them a piece of\\nven son, of which he caught what he pleased, and for this chari-\\ntable act disgraced, and, in course of time, used so severely that\\nthe unusual servitude soon released him to a happier state.\\nAgain, behold a man obliged to whip his own wife for pilfering\\nbread to relieve his helpless family then think of a time when\\nthe small allowance was reduced to half, and see some brave,\\ngenerous seamen charitably sharing their own allowance with\\nsome of these wretches, the merciful tars suffering abuse for\\ntheir generosity, and the miserable objects of their ill-timed pity\\nundergoing bodily punishment for satisfying the cravings of a\\nlong-disappointed appetite, and you may form some judgment of\\nthe manner in which New Smyrna was settled. Before I leave\\nthis subject I will relate the insurrection to which those unhappy\\npeople at New Smyrna were obliged to have recourse, and which", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "Il6 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nthe great ones styled rebellion. In the year 1769, at a time when\\nthe unparalleled severities of their taskmasters, particularly one\\nCutter (who had been made a justice of the peace, with no other\\nview than to enable him to execute his barbarities on a larger\\nextent and with greater appearance of authority) had drove these\\nwretches to despair, they resolved to escape to the Havannah.\\nTo execute this they broke into the provision stores and seized\\non some craft lying in the harbor, but were prevented from taking\\nothers by the care of the masters. Destitute of any man fit for\\nthe important post of leader, their proceedings were all confused,\\nand an Italian of very bad principles, but of so much note that\\nhe had formerly been admitted to the overseer s table, assumed a\\nkind of command they thought themselves secure where they\\nwere, and this occasioned a delay till a detachment of the Ninth\\nRegiment had time to arrive, to whom they submitted, except one\\nboatful, which escaped to the Florida Keys and were taken up by\\na Providence man. Many were the victims destined to punish-\\nment as I was one of the grand jury which sat fifteen days on\\nthis business, I had an opportunity of canvassing it well but the\\naccusations were of so small account that we found only five\\nbills one of these was against a man for maiming the above said\\nCutter, whom it seems they had pitched upon as the principal\\nobject of their resentment, and curtailed his ear and two of his fin-\\ngers another for shooting a cow, which, being a capital crime in\\nEngland, the law making it such was here extended to this prov-\\nince the others were against the leader and two more for the\\nburglary committed on the provision store. The distress of the\\nsufferers touched us so that we almost unanimously wished for\\nsome happy circumstances that might justify our rejecting all the\\nbills, except that against the chief who was a villain. One man", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "1776] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. ny\\nwas brought before us three or four times, and, at last, was joined\\nin one accusation with the person who maimed Cutter yet, no\\nevidence of weight appearing against him, I had an opportunity\\nto remark, by the appearance of some faces in court, that he had\\nbeen marked, and that the grand jury disappointed the expecta-\\ntions of more than one great man. Governor Grant pardoned\\nJ two, and a third was obHged to be the executioner of the remain-\\ning two. On this occasion I saw one of the most moving scenes\\nI ever experienced long and obstinate was the struggle of this\\nman s mind, who repeatedly called out that he chose to die\\nrather than be the executioner of his friends in distress this not\\na little perplexed Mr. Woolridge, the sheriff, till at length the en-\\ntreaties of the victims themselves put an end to the conflict in\\nhis breast, by encouraging him to act. Now we beheld a man\\nthus compelled to mount the ladder, take leave of his friends in\\nthe most moving manner, kissing them the moment before he\\ncommitted them to an ignominious death. Cutter some time\\nafter died a lingering death, having experienced besides his\\nwounds the terrors of a coward in power overtaken by ven-\\ngeance.\\nThe original agreement made with the immigrants before leav-\\ning the Mediterranean was much more favorable to them than\\nRomans describes it. At the end of three years each head of a\\nfamily was to have fifty acres of land and twenty-five for each\\nchild of his family. This contract was not adhered to on the\\npart of the proprietors, and it was not until, by the authority of\\nthe courts, they had secured their freedom from the exactions im-\\nposed upon them that any disposition was shown to deed them\\nlands in severalty. After the suppression of this attempt to es-\\n*Romans s History of Florida, N. Y., 1775.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "Il8 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ncape, these people continued to cultivate the lands as before, and\\nlarge crops of indigo were produced by their labor. Meantime\\nthe hardships and injustice practiced against them continued,\\nuntil, in 1776, nine years from their landing in Florida, their\\nnumber had been reduced by sickness, exposure, and cruel treat-\\nment from fourteen hundred to six hundred.\\nAt that time it happened that some gentlemen visiting New\\nSmyrna from St. Augustine were heard to remark that if these\\npeople knew their rights they never would submit to such treat-\\nment, and that the governor ought to protect them. This re-\\nmark was noted by an intelligent boy who told it to his mother,\\nupon whom it made such an impression that she could not\\ncease to think and plan how, in some way, their condition might\\nbe represented to the governor. Finally, she decided to call a\\ncouncil of the leading men among her people. They assembled\\nsoon after in the night, and devised a plan of reaching the gov-\\nernor. Three of the most resolute and competent of their num-\\nber were selected to make the attempt to reach St. Augustine and\\nlay before the governor a report of their condition. In order to\\naccount for their absence they asked to be given a long task, or\\nan extra amount of work to be done in a specified time, and if\\nthey should complete the work in advance, the intervening time\\nshould be their own to go down the coast and catch turtle. This\\nwas granted them as a special favor. Having finished their task by\\nthe assistance of their friends so as to have several days at their dis-\\nposal, the three brave men set out along the beach for St. Augus-\\ntine. The names of these men, most worthy of remembrance,\\nwere Pellicier, Llambias, and Genopley. Starting at night they\\nreached and swam Matanzas Inlet the next morning, and arrived\\nat St. Augustine by sundown of the same day. After inquiry they", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTIIVE, I ig\\ndecided to make a statement of their case to Mr. Young, the\\nattorney-general of the province. No better man could have been\\nselected to represent the cause of the oppressed. They made\\nknown to him their condition, the terms of their original con-\\ntract, and the manner in which they had been treated. Mr.\\nYoung promised to present their case to the governor, and as-\\nsured them if their statements could be proved, the governor\\nwould at once release them from the indentures by which Turn-\\nbull claimed to control them. He advised them to return to\\nSmyrna and bring to St. Augustine all who wished to leave New\\nSmyrna, and the service of Turnbull. Tiie envoys returned with\\nthe glad tidings that their chains were broken and that protection\\nawaited them. Turnbull was absent, but they feared the over-\\nseers, whose cruelty they dreaded. They met in secret and chose\\nfor their leader Mr. Pellicier, who was head carpenter. The\\nwomen and children with the old men were placed in the center,\\nand the stoutest men armed with wooden spears were placed in\\nfront and rear. In this order they set off, like the children of\\nIsrael, from a place that had proved an Egypt to them. So se-\\ncretly had they conducted the transaction, that they proceeded\\nsome miles before the overseer discovered that the place was de-\\nserted. He rode after the fugitives and overtook them before\\nthey reached St. Augustine, and used every exertion to persuade\\nthem to return, but in vain. On the third day they reached St.\\nAugustine, where provisions were served out to them by order\\nof the governor. Their case was tried before the judges, where\\nthey were honestly defended by their friend the attorney-general.\\nTurnbull could show no cause for detaining them, and their\\nfreedom was fully established. Lands were offered them at New\\nSmyrna, but they suspected some trick was on foot to get them", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "I20 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ninto Turnbull s hands, and besides they detested the place where\\nthey had suffered so much. Lands were therefore assigned them\\nin the north part of the city, where they have built houses and\\ncultivated their gardens to this day. Some by industry have ac-\\nquired large estates they at this time form a respectable part of\\nthe population of the city.\\nIt will be seen by the date of their removal to St. Augustine\\nthat the unfavorable comments of Romans and the Englishman\\nwhose letter he quotes upon the population of the town at the\\ncession to Great Britain, could not have referred to the immi-\\ngrants who came over under contract with Turnbull. It will also\\nbe seen that Williams speaks in very complimentary terms of\\nthese people and their descendants. I am pleased to quote from\\nan earlier account a very favorable, and, as I believe, a very just\\ntribute to the worth of these Minorcan and Greek settlers and\\ntheir children. Forbes, in his sketches, says They settled in\\nSt. Augustine, where their descendants form a numerous, indus-\\ntrious, and virtuous body of people, distinct alike from the indo-\\nlent character of the Spaniards and the rapacious habits of some\\nof the strangers who have visited the city since the exchange of\\nflags. In their duties as small farmers, hunters, fishermen, and\\nother laborious but useful occupations, they contribute more to\\nthe real stability of society than any other class of people gen-\\nerally temperate in their mod3 of life and strict in their moral\\nintegrity, they do not yield the palm to the denizens of the land\\nof steady habits. Crime is almost unknown among them speak-\\ning their native tongue, they move about distinguished by a\\nprimitive simplicity and purity as remarkable as their speech. f\\nWilliams Florida, page 190, a.d. 1837.\\nf Forbes Sketches, etc., N. Y., 1821.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 12 1\\nMany of the older citizens now living remember the palmetto\\nhouses which used to stand in the northern part of the town,\\nbuilt by the people who came up from Smyrna. By their fru-\\ngality and industry the descendants of those who settled at Smyrna\\nhave replaced these palmetto huts with comfortable cottages, and\\nmany among them have acquired considerable wealth, and taken\\nrank among the most respected and successful citizens of the\\ntown.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "[I77I.]\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nADMINISTRATION OF LIEUT. -GOVERNOR MOULTRIE. DEMAND OF THE\\nPEOPLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN. GOVERNOR TONYN\\nBURNING THE EFFIGIES OF ADAMS AND HANCOCK. COLONIAL\\nINSURGENTS CONFINED IN THE FORT. ASSEMBLING OF THE FIRST\\nLEGISLATURE. COMMERCE OF ST. AUGUSTINE UNDER THE ENG-\\nLISH. RECESSION OF THE PROVINCE TO SPAIN.\\nGovernor Grant s administration lasted until 1771, when he\\nreturned to England suffering in health. Upon his departure the\\nprovince was under the authority of Hon. John Moultrie, the\\nlieut. -governor, for a period of three years. The spirit of liberty,\\nwhich was making itself felt throughout the British provinces at\\nthe North at this time, was here in Florida exciting in the breasts\\nof those born under the British flag a determination to demand\\nthe rights granted by the Magna Charta. Urged by leading men\\nin the council, the grand jury made presentments setting forth\\nthe rights of the inhabitants of the province to a representative\\ngovernment. These presentments the lieut. -governor disregarded,\\nbut finally yielded so far as to consent to the formation of a legis-\\nlature which should be elected and meet every three years. The\\nfreeholders were inflexible in their determination to have annual\\nsessions of their representatives, and continued without represen-\\ntation rather than to yield. The chief justice, William Drayton,\\n122", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "1 7 74-1 7 76] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 23\\na gentleman of talents and great professional knowledge, being\\nunwilling to yield to the pretensions of the lieut -governor, was\\nsuspended from his office, and the Rev. John Forbes, an assistant\\njudge, was appointed to the vacancy by Lieut.-Governor Moultrie.\\nIt was charged against Mr. Forbes that his sympathies were with\\nthe Americans of the northern colonies. The confirmation of his\\nappointment was therefore rejected and a chief justice sent from\\nEngland.\\nIn March, 1774, a new governor arrived from England. This\\ngentleman was Colonel Patrick Tonyn, a protege of Lord March-\\nmont, and very zealous for the royal cause. He at once issued a\\nproclamation inviting the inhabitants of the provinces to the\\nNorth, w ho were attached to the crown, to remove with their\\nproperty to Florida. This invitation was accepted by a consider-\\nable number of royalists. In 1776 Governor Tonyn issued an-\\nother proclamation inviting the inhabitants of the towns on the\\nSt. Johns, and of the Musquitoes, to assemble and co-operate\\nwith the king s troops in resisting the perfidious insinuations\\nof the neighboring colonists, and to prevent any more men from\\njoining their traitorous neighbors. This was met by a coun-\\nter proclamation by President Batton Gwinnet, of Georgia, who\\nencouraged the belief that the God of armies had appeared so\\nremarkably in favor of liberty, that the period could not be far\\ndistant when the enemies of America would be clothed with ever-\\nlasting shame and dishonor. Governor Tonyn issued commis-\\nsions to privateers, and held a council of the Indians to secure\\ntheir alliance agains: the patriots of the neighboring colonies.\\nUpon the receipt of news of the Declaration of Independence\\nof the American colonies, the royalists showed their zeal for the\\nking by burning the effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "124\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\non the plaza, near where the constitutional monument now\\nstands. In 1775 some privateers from Carolina captured the brig\\nBetsy off the bar, and unloaded her in sight of the garrison,\\ngiving to the captain a bill signed Clement Lampriere, and\\ndrawn on Miles Brewton, at Charleston, for one thousand pounds\\nsterling. The cargo consisted of one hundred and eleven barrels\\nof powder sent from London, and the capture was a great morti-\\nfication to the new governor.\\nDuring the early years of the struggle between the American\\ncolonies and the mother country, St. Augustine was the British\\npoint of rendezvous and an asylum for the royalists. From\\nGeorgia and Carolina there were said to have been seven thou-\\nsand royalists and slaves who moved to Florida during these\\nyears. So hazardous to the colonial interests had the British\\npossession of St. Augustine become, that Governor Houston, of\\nGeorgia, urged upon General Howe to attack the place in the\\nspring of 1778. This expedition was never undertaken, though\\nColonel Fuser, of the Sixtieth Regiment, issued a proclamation\\non June 27th, 1778, commanding all those who had not en-\\ntered the militia to join him, as the rebels might be expected\\nevery instant.\\nThe inhabitants of the province, while willing to fight for the\\nking, still demanded the establishment of a representative gov-\\nernment. Governor Tonyn, in a letter to Lord George St. Ger-\\nman, Secretary of State, says I perceive the cry for a provin-\\ncial legislature to remedy local inconveniences is as loud as ever,\\nand suggestions are thrown out that, without it, people s property\\nis not secure, and that they must live in a country where they can\\nenjoy to their utmost extent the advantages of the British Con-\\nstitution and laws formed with their consent. But mention the", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n25\\nexpediency, propriety, reasonableness, justice, and gratitude of\\nimposing taxes for the expenses of the government, they are all\\nsilent, or so exceedingly poor as not to be able to pay the least\\nfarthing.\\nIn 1780 Governor Tonyn repaired both lines of defense about\\nthe town, strengthened the fortifications, and added several new\\nworks. The inhabitants complained bitterly that the burdens\\nof the public defense fell upon them, as their negroes were kept\\nfor several months employed upon the king s works. The gov-\\nernor seems to have considered that loyalty to the king v;as not to\\nbe expected from his new subjects in Florida, or at least was to\\nbe found only among Protestants. Writing of the militia, he\\nsays: There are several Minorcans, and I have my doubts as\\nto their loyalty, being of Spanish and French extraction, and\\nof the Roman Catholic religion.\\nAbout this time the British, having captured Charleston,\\nseized a number of the most influential men of South Carolina,\\nin violation of their parole, and sent them to St. Augustine, where\\nthey remained until exchanged in 1781. All of the number, ex-\\ncept General Gadsden, accepted a second parole, after arriving at\\nSt. Augustine. Gadsden, refusing to receive pledges at the hands\\nof those who had already broken them, was confined for nearly a\\nyear in the fort. These prisoners were often threatened with the\\nfate due to defeated rebels, and perhaps were taken to view the\\ngallows at the north-east corner of the court-yard in the fort, said\\nto have been erected by the British.*\\nThe pressure upon the governor, urging him to permit the\\nenjoyment of the rights of representation granted by the king s\\nSee Souvenir Album of Views in St. Augustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1783\\ncharter, had now become so forcible that, in 1781, a General\\nAssembly was called, consisting of an Upper and a Lower House.\\nThe former was probably composed of the crown officers, and the\\nlatter of those elected by the freeholders.\\nMarch 17th, 1781, the first Assembly met. Though Florida\\nhad been settled more than two hundred years, never before had\\nthe citizens been allowed to assemble and enact a law. The\\ngovernor, in his address upon the assembling of the two Houses,\\nwas inclined to be sarcastic. He announced that the king and\\nParliament, with astonishing and unprecedented condescen-\\nsion, relinquished their right of taxation, provided the Legisla-\\nture made due provision for defraying the expenses of the gov-\\nernment, and this when the whole sum raised by taxation did\\nnot amount to the salary of the king s treasurer. The principal\\nsource of revenue was said to be from licenses to sell liquors.\\nIn 1781 an event occurred most damaging to the material\\nadvancement of the province. This was an order from Sir Guy\\nCarleton, H. B. M., Commander-in-chief in America, to General\\nLeslie, in Carolina, to evacuate the province of East Florida with\\nall his troops and such loyalists as wished. The inhabitants at\\nonce sent the most urgent protests against this harsh and unrea-\\nsonable order, appealing to the governor and the king, by whom\\nit was soon after revoked.\\nIt was at the hands of an expedition fitted out at St. Augus-\\ntine that Great Britain obtained possession of the Bahama Isl-\\nands, which she still holds. In 1783, Colonel Devereux, with\\ntwo twelve-gun vessels, and a small force of men, made a sudden\\nattack and captured the town of Nassau, with the Spanish garri-\\nson and governor.\\nDuring the latter part of the British possession the exports", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n127\\nof rurrij sugar, molasses, indigo, and lumber had become con-\\nsiderable. As early as 1770 the records of the Custom-House\\nshowed the entry of fifty schooners and sloops from the northern\\nprovinces and the West Indies, beside several square-rigged ves-\\nsels from London and Liverpool. In 1771 the imports were 54\\npipes of Madeira wine, 170 puncheons of rum, 1,660 barrels of\\nflour, 1,000 barrels of beef and pork, 339 firkins of butter, and\\n11,000 pounds of loaf sugar. These cargoes were brought in\\ntwenty-nine vessels, of which five were from London. There\\nwere also imported about 1,000 negroes, of whom 119 were from\\nAfrica.\\nThe average annual expenses of East Florida, while under the\\nBritish flag, were /i 22, 660 sterling, without including the pay\\nof the army or navy. In 1778, a period of the greatest prosperity\\nreached under the British flag, the whole value of the exports\\nwas only ^^48,000 sterling, or a little more than one-third of the\\nexpenses of the province.\\nThrough the exertions of the Anglo-Saxon settlers, who had\\nbrought to the province their advanced ideas of government, agri-\\nculture, and commerce, Florida was just entering upon a career\\nof prosperity, when it was again ceded to Spain. These constant\\nchanges, necessitating the transfer of property to the subjects of\\nthe ruling sovereign, would, of themselves, have prevented any\\nconsiderable improvement in the material wealth of the province\\nbut the treaty between Great Britain and Spain so far neglected to\\nprovide for the interests of the British subjects who had settled in\\nFlorida, that the only stipulation relating to them was one allow-\\ning them the privilege of removing within eighteen months from\\nthe time of the ratification. Whatever real property was not sold\\nto Spanish subjects, at the end of this period, was to become the", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nproperty of the Spanish Crown. Under the British there had\\nsettled in the town of St. Augustine a large number of half-pa}^\\nofficers of the British Government, who, with others possessing\\ncertain incomes, had greatly improved the place. It is said that\\nthose conversant with the place in 1784, spoke highly of the\\nbeauty of the gardens, the neatness of the houses, and the air\\nof cheerfulness and comfort that seemed during the preceding\\nperiod to have been thrown over the town. Florida was literally\\ndeserted by its British subjects upon the change of flags. Vig-\\nnoles says Perhaps no such other general emigration of the\\ninhabitants of a country, amicably transferred to another gov-\\nernment, ever occurred. Among the British subjects, who re-\\nmained and transferred their allegiance to Spain, were several\\nfamilies whose descendants are still living in Florida.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nRETURN OF THE SPANIARDS. COMPLETION OF THE CATHEDRAL.\\nTHE OLDEST CHURCH BELL IN AMERICA. THE GOVERNOR S\\nDESIRE TO PEOPLE THE PROVINCE WITH IRISH CATHOLICS.\\nSOME OFFICIAL ORDERS EXHIBITING THE CUSTOMS OF THE\\nSPANIARDS. UNJUSTIFIABLE INTERFERENCE OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES, DURING THE PATRIOT WAR. FLORIDA AN UNPROF-\\nITABLE POSSESSION. ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT TO THE\\nSPANISH CONSTITUTION.\\nIn June, 1784, Governor Zespedes took possession of St.\\nAugustine, in the name of his most Catholic Majesty. The\\nBritish Government had provided a fleet of transports to convey\\nits subjects, and from the St. Johns River and the St. Mary s\\nthey sailed for the American colonies and the British dominions.\\nWith the Spanish flag returned to St. Augustine the numerous\\ncompany of salaried oflicials and crown-pensioners holding sine-\\ncure oflices, and contributing nothing to the improvement of\\nthe place, and nothing to its existence but their presence. This\\nlarge portion of the inhabitants, dependent upon the crown, did\\nnot always receive punctual payment of their salaries but, with\\ntheir daily allowance of rations in kind, they were enabled to\\nexist. They generally occupied the houses belonging to the\\ncrown, which were numerous, and the rent required was but\\n6* 129", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "j^O HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1790\\nnominal. In 1764, a large number of lots in the town had been\\nsold in confidence to Jesse Fish, a British subject, to prevent their\\nbeing forfeited to the crown at the expiration of the period allowed\\nby the treaty between Great Britain and Spain for the disposal of\\nprivate property. This sale was not recognized as valid by the\\nSpanish authorities upon their return, and one hundred and\\neighty-five lots were thus forfeited to the King of Spain. These\\nlots were soon after sold at auction, on terms very favorable to\\nthe purchasers.\\nUpon the return of the Spaniards they at once devoted their\\nenergies to completing their house of worship. At the change\\nof flags (1763) the walls of the present cathedral had been\\nerected, and, to prevent the property from becoming forfeited to\\nthe British Government, the lot and unfinished structure were\\ndeeded to Jesse Fish for one hundred dollars. The deed was a\\ntrust deed, and, upon the return of the Spaniards, the property\\nwas reconveyed by Mr. Fish to the Rev. Thomas Hassett, Vicar-\\nGeneral of Florida. The old parish church, which stood on the lot\\nnow belonging to the Episcopal parish, and west of their church\\nedifice, had during the English possession been used as a court-\\nhouse. This old church was called Our Lady of the Angels,\\nand was built of stone, being probably the second church erected\\nin the town by the Spaniards. The Spanish governor, immedi-\\nately on taking possession, had fitted up this old church for\\nworship, for which the second story was assigned, while on the\\nfirst floor were rooms used for a guard, a temporary jail, and for\\nstoring provisions, all of which uses would seem more appropri-\\nate to the castle. Where the first wooden church stood I have\\nbeen unable to learn, though there is some rather obscure evi-\\ndence that it was near the present residence of Mr. Howard, on", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n13\\nSt. George Street. How long the walls of the cathedral had been\\nstanding, before the change of flags, is unknown. In 1 703 the\\nking decreed an appropriation of $20,000 for the repair of the\\nchurches of St. Augustine injured by Colonel Daniel In 1720\\nthe crown sent $20,000 more, and in 1723 issued a decree to\\nprocure at once workmen and repair the convent, the church,\\nand the walls of the city. In 1790 the king decreed the applica-\\ntion of the rent from ten lots in Havana to finish the church.\\nThe inhabitants were urged to contribute in work or money and\\nit is said that they brought in poultry, which was very scarce,\\nand donated the proceeds of the sales of their chickens, which\\nthen sold at a dollar apiece. The two old churches Nostra\\nSenora de la Leche, and Our Lady of the Angels were torn\\ndown, and the materials sold for the benefit of the new church, as\\nwell as such ornaments as were salable. From these sources it\\nwas reported to the Bishop of Cuba that the following amounts\\nhad been obtained From the ornaments of the old churches,\\n$3,978 from donations offered by these wretched inhabitants,\\n$850; the value of the stone in the two old and dilapidated\\nchurches, $800 a total of $5,628. To this amount the govern-\\nment applied revenues which amounted to $11,000. It was not\\nlong after the means were secured before the edifice was com-\\npleted. It was blessed Dec. 8th, 1791. This new church, now\\ncalled the cathedral, was constructed under the supervision of\\nDon Mariana de la Roque, and presents a very pleasing architec-\\ntural aspect. The front wall is carried above the roof, making a\\nsection of a bell-shaped cone, in excellent proportion and graceful\\ncurvature. The front entrance is supported by a circular arch,\\nand upon each side stand two massive Doric columns supporting\\nthe entablature. The roof is supported by trusses, so that the", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "132\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nwhole auditorium is free from columns except two large stone\\npillars, which support the gallery immediately over the entrance,\\nand thus form the vestibule. From the center of the ceiling\\nhangs a unique chandelier, in which has been kept burning the\\nsacred flame almost without intermission for nearly a hundred\\nyears. Near the vestibule, upon the left as you enter the church,\\nis the sacred crucifix belonging to the early chapel of Nra. Sra. de\\nla Leche. It is said that another ornament of this early chapel, a\\nstatue representing the blessed Virgin watching from the church\\nover the camp of the new believers in her Son s divinity, is in\\nthe convent of St. Teresa, at Havana. A very interesting docu-\\nment is probably in the possession of the church in Cuba, which\\nis an inventory taken under a decree, issued Feb 6, 1764, by\\nMorel, Bishop of Santa Cruz, enumerating all the ornaments,\\naltars, effigies, bells, and jewels belonging to the churches and\\nreligious associations of St. Augustine. This inventory and much\\nof the property was taken to Cuba in a schooner called Our\\nLady of the Light. From this record it might be possible to\\nlearn something of the history of the bells in the belfry of the\\ncathedral. Of these there are four hanging in separate niches cut\\nin the wall of the elevated front, three in niches having their floors\\nupon the same plane, but the two outer ones are constructed of a\\nless height than the center niche in which hangs the largest bell\\nthe fourth is a small bell in a corresponding niche above the other\\nthree. I have always thought that one of these bells might have\\nbeen used in the English church, though there is no record of it.\\nThe bell in the westerly niche, though the best in appearance,\\nand having the brightest color, is probably the oldest bell upon\\nthis continent. The following inscription is cast upon its exte-\\nrior surface", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n133\\nt\\nSANCTE JOSEPH\\nORA PRO NOBIS\\nD 1682\\nThe other bells have inscriptions cast upon them, but no date.\\nThe small bell in the upper niche was placed there about fifty years\\nago, having been presented to the church by Don Geronimo Al-\\nverez, the same who was alcalde (mayor) when the monument was\\nbuilt. An interesting anecdote is told of this man, showing the\\npower he possessed in the town. It is said that, soon after the\\nchange of flags, a funeral procession approached the church fol-\\nlowed by pall-bearers decorated with a white sash, a custom then\\nfirst introduced, which is still retained. At the entrance to the\\nchurch they were met by this valiant but ignorant don, who\\nfiercely brandished a staff, and declared that not one of the impi-\\nous Freemasons should cross the threshold of the church except\\nover his dead body. Argument was unavailing, and the cere-\\nmony at the church was necessarily dispensed with on that occa-\\nsion, though the precaution was taken to inform the old gentle-\\nman, before the next funeral, that the sash was but a badge of\\nmourning, and not the trappings of the devil.\\nThe cathedral is one of the most ornamental and interesting\\nstructures in the town, and it is to be hoped that the revenues of", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1792-1795\\nthe church may be sufficient to keep it in perfect preservation.\\nAt present it needs repairs.\\nMay 15th, 1792, the large barracks built by the British were\\nburned. The lower story, only, was built of brick, the upper be-\\ning of wood, while the porches on all sides were supported by\\nstone pillars. After the destruction of these barracks, the Spanish\\ngovernor made use of the convent of The Conception of Our\\nLady, or St. Francis, as it was afterward called, for the accom-\\nmodation of his troops. It has ever since been used for military\\npurposes, though it still bears the canonized name Francis.\\nFinding that the Minorcans were unable to receive the full\\nbenefit from the teachings of the priests because of their inability\\nto understand the Spanish language, the Vicar-General asked-that\\nthere might be sent to St. Augustine a priest conversant with the\\nlanguage of this large proportion of his flock. In 1795, agree-\\nably to this request, Friar McAfry Catalan, an Irish priest speak-\\ning the Minorcan language, arrived in St. Augustine. The\\nSpanish governor, Don Juan Nepomuseno Quesada, made great\\nefforts to settle the province, and allowed many extraordinary\\nprivileges, such as were not enjoyed in any other part of the Span-\\nish dominions. In 1792 Florida was opened to general emigra-\\ntion without exception of country or creed. It was rapidly pro-\\ngressing to importance under this wise policy, when the Spanish\\nMinister, growing jealous of the republican spirit of the new\\ncolonists, closed the gates against American citizens about the\\nyear 1804. Quesada, however, endeavored to procure a large\\nIrish emigration, and wrote to Las Casas, Governor of Cuba, ask-\\nA fine view of the cathedral, showing the four bells in the tower, and the\\nornamental front, is given in the Souvenir Album of Views in St. Augustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n135\\ning that the government would aid those of Irish nationaUty and\\nCatholic faith to settle in the province. The governor replied\\nthat no settlers should be admitted to Florida unless they paid\\ntheir own transportation and maintained themselves. He in-\\nstructed Quesada to afford no other assistance than lands/\\nprotection, good treatment, and no molestation in matters of\\nreligion, although there shall be no other public worship but\\nCatholic. He also referred him to the Law of the Indies.\\nBy this law lands were granted to new settlers, making a dis-\\ntinction between gentlemen and peasants. A peasants portion\\nwas a town lot fifty by one hundred feet arable land, capable of\\nproducing one hundred fanegas (bushels) of wheat and ten of In-\\ndian corn, with as much land as two oxen can plow in a day for\\nthe raising of esculent roots also pasture-land for eight breeding\\nsows, twenty cows, five mares, one hundred sheep, and twenty\\ngoats.\\nA gentleman s portion was a lot in town one hundred by two\\nhundred feet, and, of all the remainder, five times a peasant s\\nportion. Many grants were made under this law by Governor\\nQuesada, and the patents issued by him are the foundation of\\nmany titles of lands in the vicinity of St. Augustine.\\nAt this time there were many customs, ordinances, and habits\\nof life existing in this old town of which no record or chronicle\\nnow remains. One most respectable gentleman of the place has\\nmentioned to the author that his mother was married to three\\ndifferent husbands in the space of two years. This would seem\\na very strange proceeding at the present day, but can be readily\\nunderstood when we learn that, a hundred years ago, the women\\nof this town were obliged to marry for protection. The following\\nare some of the orders issued September 2d, 1790, by the Span-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "136\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nish governor Order No. 1 2 prohibits all women under the age of\\nforty (whether widows or single) from living otherwise than under\\nthe immediate protection of their parents or relations. Order No.\\n23 forbidding masters or supercargoes of vessels from selling their\\ncargoes by wholesale without having first exposed the same for\\nsale at retail eight days previously to the public. Order No. 25\\nprohibiting persons from galloping horses through the streets,\\nand dogs from going at large except hounds and pointers. Order\\nNo. 27 prohibiting persons from walking the streets after nine\\no clock at night without a lantern with a light therein. Another\\norder prohibited the owners of billiard tables from admitting\\ntradesmen, laborers, domestics, and boys on working days.\\nThere were few events worth recording which happened under\\nthe Spanish rule after 1 800, or at least that are of interest to the\\ngeneral reader. Just after the recession the Indians attacked the\\nsettlements, and burned Bella Vista, the country seat of Governor\\nMoultrie, seven miles south of St. Augustine. These Indian con-\\ntests continued during the whole succeeding period up to the\\nchange of flags, and were then transferred to the Americans. The\\nIndians were in almost every instance incited by white men, or\\ngoaded to desperation by the deceptions of their white neighbors,\\nwho were ever attempting to either make slaves of the Indians or\\nprocure what negro slaves were owned by them. Just before the\\ncession of Florida to the United States, there were said to be\\nabout a thousand Indians in the vicinity of St. Augustine. These\\nobtained a living by hunting, raising herds of cattle, and crops of\\ncorn, and bringing wood into St. Augustine. This they were said\\nto carry in bundles on their backs. About this time they were\\nall nearly starved by the trickery of some unprincipled residents\\nof St. Augustine. At the period when the attention of themselves", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "i8ii] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 37\\nand their negro slaves was directed to the cultivation of their\\ncrops a few worthless wretches, for the purpose of alarming the\\nIndians, and inducing them to sell their slaves for almost nothing,\\nwent among the nation and spread the report that two thousand\\nmen under General Jackson were coming to expel them from their\\nlands and carry away their slaves and cattle. This form of impo-\\nsition had before proved successful, and did in this case. The\\nIndians upon this abandoned their lands and sold their slaves,\\nbut before the next season experienced great suffering from want,\\nwhile the unprincipled speculators having gratified their avarice\\nwere indifferent to the needs of the poor savages.\\nIn January, i8n, President Monroe appointed George Mat-\\nthews and John McKee commissioners, with power to occupy the\\nFloridas with force, should there be room to entertain a sus-\\npicion that a design existed in any other power to occupy the\\nprovinces. In pursuance of these instructions, which at this day\\nmust be considered simply extraordinary, one of the comraission-\\ners came to St. Augustine, and made a proposition to the Span-\\nish governor to surrender the province to the United States, which\\nwas of course refused. Thereupon it was given out that the\\nUnited States intended to occupy the province, and those whose\\ninterest would be served endeavored to bring such a result about\\nby every means in their power. This was the period of the em-\\nbargo in the United States. The port of Fernandina affording\\ndeep water, and a convenient point for shipping American pro-\\nductions, and being under the Spanish flag, became the resort\\nfor a large fleet of vessels. This was of course obnoxious to the\\nUnited States authorities, who offered every encouragement to a\\nlarge class of citizens who were anxious to escape from the Span-\\nish rule.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nIn March, 181 2, a large number of these individuals organized\\na provisional government, and soon after, with the help of Com-\\nmodore Campbell, United States Navy, obtained the capitulation\\nof the town and fort on Amelia Island. Still encouraged, and led\\nby citizens and officers of the United St^es, these men, styling\\nthemselves patriots, began a march toward St. Augustine, and\\ntaking possession of the old Fort Mosa, invested the place. From\\nthis place they were dislodged by a Spanish gun-boat, but they\\nstill hovered about the town and cut off all supplies. It is said\\nthat the courage and activity of a company of negroes commanded\\nby a free black, named Prince, alone saved the people of the\\ntown from starvation. At this period a barrel of corn sold for six-\\nteen dollars. At the same time the Indians were urged to attack\\nthe Americans and patriots, and for the space of a year there\\nwas a constant strife between these parties throughout Florida.\\nIn May, 18 13, President Monroe, seeing that he had gone too\\nfar in incroaching upon the territory of a friendly nation, with-\\ndrew the American troops from Florida. These incursions under\\nAmerican protection in East Florida, like General Jackson s un-\\nhesitating course in attacking the British on Spanish territory in\\nWest Florida, plainly showed the King of Spain how precarious\\nand unreliable was the tenure of his sovereignty. The Spanish\\nnation had held the territory of Florida for two hundred and fifty\\nyears, constantly yielding to the French and English portions\\nadjacent originally claimed by Spain. The great hopes of wealth\\nand a vast revenue from the province had never been realized\\nbut, on the contrary, vast outlays had constantly been required,\\nwhich were supplied by the more prosperous provinces and the\\nhome government. In 181 1, Governor Estrada writes to the Cap-\\ntain-General of Cuba, that the $140,013 and 4 reals allowed annu-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "I8i2] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 39\\nally for salaries was urgently needed also that there were no\\nfunds wherewith to pay the annual presents of the Indians, the\\npayments due invalids, Florida pensioners and settlers, who re-\\nceive a daily pension and charity, whose outcries are so continual\\nthat the most obdurate heart would melt at them with compas-\\nsion.\\nUnder these circumstances it was but natural that the King of\\nSpain should be willing to rid himself of this so very unprofitable\\nprovince. The United States, upon the other hand, were anxious\\nto obtain the possession of the peninsula to complete their coast\\nline.\\nIn 1 8 19 a treaty of amity was concluded between his Catholic\\nMajesty and the United States, whereby the two Floridas were\\nceded to the latter power as an indemnity for damages estimated\\nat five million dollars. This treaty was dated February 2 2d,\\n181 9, and ratified February 2 2d, 1821.\\nSeven years before the cession the Spanish Cortes had issued an\\norder to the authorities of all the Spanish colonies to erect in\\nsome public place of their principal town a monument as a\\nmemorial of the liberal constitution which had been granted to\\nSpain and her provinces. Accordingly, the City Council of St.\\nAugustine, probably with the crown s funds, erected upon the pub-\\nlic square a monument to commemorate a grant of the privilege\\nof representation, which the people of the province never even\\nasked for, much less enjoyed. At the east end of the public\\nsquare, or Plaza de la Constitucion, as it is now called, there\\nstood, in Spanish times, the government drug store, two private\\nhouses used as dwellings, a bar-room, and the town market.\\nAdjoining the market was a bell-tower, and the guard in front of\\nthe public jail, which stood where the St. Augustine Hotel now", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nis, used to strike the bell in the tower to mark the hours, which\\nwere counted with the old-fashioned sand-glass standing within\\nthe tower under the supervision of the guard. As these build-\\nings occupied about a fourth part of the present plaza, the monu-\\nment, though now situated toward the western side of the square,\\nthen stood in the center of the inclosure. Soon after its com-\\npletion, the Spanish government issued orders that all monu-\\nments erected to the constitution throughout its realms should be\\nrazed. The citizens of St. Augustine were much grieved to think\\nof losing their monument, which was considered a great orna-\\nment to the public park, and appealed to the governor and prin-\\ncipal men to allow the decree to be disregarded. It was finally\\ndecided to allow the monument to stand without the inscription.\\nThe citizens accordingly removed the marble tablets upon which\\nthe inscriptions had been engraved, and placed them in conceal-\\nment, where they remained until 1818, when they were restored\\nwithout opposition. This monument is the only one in exist-\\nence commemorative of the Spanish constitution of 181 2. It is\\ntwenty feet high, standing upon a foundation of granite with a\\nsquare pedestal, from which the shaft rises in a curve, and thence\\ntapers with rectilinear surfaces to its top, which is surmounted by\\na cannon-ball, it is constructed of coquina, and its surface is\\ncemented and kept whitewashed, except the ball upon the sum-\\nmit,- which is painted black. Don Geronimo Alvarez was al-\\ncalde at the time it was erected. Upon three of the four sides\\nthere is set in the masonry a small marble tablet bearing the\\ninscription, Plaza de la Constitucion. Upon the east side\\nis the large marble tablet upon which is engraved the follow-\\ning", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. I4I\\nPlaza de la\\nConstitiicion.\\nProviidga en esia Ciudad\\nde San Agustin de la Florida\\nOriental en 1 7 de Ociuhre de\\n1 8 1 2 siendo Gober?iador el\\nBrigadier Don Sebastian\\nKindaleni Cuba Here\\ndel order de Santiago.\\nPeira eterna mevioria\\nEl Ayuntamienio Consti-\\niucional Erigioeste Obelisco\\ndirigido por Don Fer-\\nnando de la Plaza^\\nArredondo el Joven\\nRegidor De canoy\\nDon Franciscor Robira\\nProcurador Sindico.\\nAno de 18 13\\nTranslation.\\nPlaza of the Constitution, promulgated in the city of St. Au-\\ngustine, East Florida, on the 17th day of October, the year\\n1 81 2. Being then Governor the Brigadier Don Sebastian Kin-\\ndalem, Knight of the order of San Diego.\\nFOR ETERNAL REMEMBRANCE,\\nthe Constitutional City Council erected this monument under the\\nsupervision of Don Fernando de la Maza Arredondo, the young\\nMaza, engraver s mistake.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nmunicipal officer, oldest member of the corporation, and Don\\nFranciscor Robira, Attorney and Recorder.\\nImmediately under the date there is cut in the marble tablet\\nthe Masonic emblem of the square and compass. The reader can\\nreadily believe that the City Council of St. Augustine in 1813\\nwere all too good Catholics to be responsible for this symbol of\\nMasonry. The history of that piece of vandalism is said to be as\\nfollows Soon after the close of the war of the Rebellion, the\\nyoung bloods amused themselves by endeavoring to create an\\nalarm in the mind of the United States commandant, and, by ex-\\necuting a series of cabalistic marks at different localities through-\\nout the town, to convey the impression that a secret society was\\nin existence, and about to do some act contrary to the peace and\\ndignity of the United States. Besides other marks and notices\\nposted upon private and public buildings about the town this\\nsquare and compass was one night cut upon the tablet of the\\nSpanish monument, where it will remain as long as the tablet\\nexists, an anomaly, without this explanation.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nFLORIDA CEDED TO THE UNITED STATES. ATTEMPT OF THE SPANISH\\nGOVERNOR TO CARRY AWAY THE RECORDS. DESCRIPTION OF ST.\\nAUGUSTINE WHEN TRANSFERRED. POPULATION IN 183O, TOWN\\nDURING THE INDIAN WAR. OSCEOLA AND COA-COU-CHE. A TRUE\\nACCOUNT OF THE DUNGEON IN THE OLD FORT, AND THE IRON\\nCAGES. THE INDIANS BROUGHT TO ST. AUGUSTINE IN I 875.\\nEast Florida was delivered by Governor Coppinger to Lieut.\\nRob. Butler, U. S. A., on the loth of July, 1821. It had been in-\\ntended to have the transfer take place on the anniversary of the\\ndeclaration of American Independence; but the Spaniards, feeling\\nno particular regard for the 4th of July, made no efforts to hasten\\nthe settlement of the prelimii:^ries, and were therefore unprepared\\nto turn over the province until the tenth of the month.\\nOn the 30th of March, 1822, Congress passed an act incorpo-\\nrating into a territory the two Floridas, and authorizing a legis-\\nlative council and a superior court, which were to meet alternately\\nat Pensacola and St. Augustine. William P. Duval was ap-\\npointed the first governor, to hold his office for three years. It is\\nan interesting fact that among those who were saved with Laudon-\\nnere at the massacre of the French Huguenots v/as one Francis\\nDuval of Rouen, son of him of the Iron Crown of Rouen.\\nGeneral Jackson had been compelled to imprison the Spanish\\ngovernor of West Florida for refusing to deliver certain papers\\nthat were considered indispensable. Fearing that the attempt\\n143", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nwould be made by the Governor of East Florida to carry away\\npapers which should be delivered with the territory, General\\nJackson sent Captain J. R. Hanham from Pensacola to demand\\nsuch papers and records as properly belonged to the Americans\\nafter the change of flags. Captain Hanham made the journey\\nacross the State a distance of 600 miles in seventeen days. He\\narrived none too soon, as the vessel was then in the harbor upon\\nwhich it was intended to send papers and archives sufficient to\\nfill eleven large boxes. After Governor Coppinger had refused\\nto deliver these, Captain Hanham forced a room in the govern-\\nment house and seized the boxes, which had already been packed\\nwith the papers ready for shipment. Other valuable papers were\\nshipped and lost on the passage to Havana, some say destroyed by\\npirates, others by the wreck of the vessel.\\nIn 1823 St. Augustine witnessed for the second time the as-\\nsembly of a legislative body, the second session of the territorial\\ncouncil being held that year in the government house. In the\\nsame year a treaty was concluded at Moultrie Creek, seven miles\\nsouth of the city, with the Indian tribes of Florida, in which they\\nagreed to surrender all their lands in the territory. It is needless\\nto say that this treaty was never executed.\\nForbes s Sketches, published the year of the cession, gives an\\ninteresting account of the condition of St. Augustine at the end\\nof the Spanish possession. It is related in these words: The\\ntown, built in Spanish manner, forms an oblong square, or paral-\\nlelogram the streets are regularly laid out, but the buildings have\\nnot been put up to conform strictly to that rule. The streets are\\ngenerally so narrow as to admit with difficulty carriages to pass\\neach other. To make up for this inconvenience they have a\\nterrace foundation, and, being shaded, renders the walking very", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n45\\nagreeable. The houses are built generally of a freestone peculiar\\nto the country, which, with the aid of an outer coat of plaster,\\nhas a handsome and durable effect. They are only two stories\\nhigh, thick walls with spacious entries, large doors, windows, and\\nbalconies, and a garden lot to each, more commonly stocked with\\norange and -fig trees, interspersed with grape-vines and flowers.\\nOn entering this old town from the sea, the grandeur of the\\nCastle of Fort St. Mark s presents itself, and imposes a degree of\\nrespect upon travelers upon seeing a fort forty feet high, in the\\nmodern taste of military architecture, commanding the entrance.\\nThe works are bronzed and squamated by age, but will, with\\nsome American ingenuity, be justly deemed one of the handsom-\\nest in the western hemisphere. It mounts sixty guns of twenty-\\nfour pounds, of which sixteen are bronze, and is calculated to\\ncontain one thousand men for action with which, and the cour-\\nage such a fort should inspire, it is capable of a noble defense,\\nhaving in old times resisted some formidable attacks. It is not\\nliable to be shattered by balls, nor does it expose its defenders to\\nthe fatal effects of storms [stormings]. From the castle, south-\\nward, are the remains of a stone wall trenching its glacis, built to\\nprevent the incroachment of the sea along this is a very pleasant\\nwalk as far as the market-place, which is opposite the old Govern-\\nment House in the center of the town, and separated from it by\\nan oblong square called the parade, on which there is a Roman\\nCatholic church of modern construction and quite ornamental.\\nIn front of this there formerly stood a handsome and spacious\\nedifice, built in modern style by Lieut. -Governor IMoultrie for\\na State-house, which was not completed. For want of an exte-\\nrior coat of plaster it has crumbled to pieces, leaving not a single\\nvestige of its former splendor.\\n7", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "146\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThe old Government House, now much decayed, is occupied\\nas a barrack for the Royal Artillery. It leaves the marks of a\\nheavy pile of buildings in the Spanish style, having balconies in\\nfront, galleries and areas on both sides, with several irregular ad-\\nditions well contrived for the climate. Among these was an out-\\nlook built by Governor Grant, on the v\\\\ estern summit of the\\nmain building, which commanded a full view of the sea-coast and\\nsurrounding country. The garden attached to the Government\\nHouse is surrounded by a stone wall it was formerly laid out\\nwith great taste, and stocked with most of the exotic and indige-\\nnous plants common to the tropics and the Middle States, such\\nas the pomegranate, plantain, pineapple, papau, olive, and sugar-\\ncane. The orange and lemon trees here grow to large size, and\\nproduce better fruit than they do in Spain and Portugal.\\nFrom the square environed by orange trees the streets extend\\nsouthwardly to some stone buildings, one of which was formerly\\na Franciscan convent, now converted into a jail, but under the\\nBritish was used as barracks. In addition they constructed the\\nvery large and handsome buildings, four stories high, of wood,\\nwith materials brought from New York and intended for Pensa-\\ncola, but detained by Governor Grant. These barracks at the\\nsouthern extremity of the peninsula in which the town is built\\nformed an elegant appendage to it, but were burned and now ex-\\nhibit only the stack of chimneys. In a course westward from these\\nvestiges of royalty are streets leading to a bridge formerly of wood\\nbut now of stone, crossing a small creek running parallel with\\nthe sea, on the east side, and St. Sebastian on the west. Over\\nthis are several valuable and highly improved orange groves and\\nseveral redoubts, forming the south and western lines of forti-\\nfication. Near the bridge, in the same street as the Govern-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. I47\\nment House, is the burying-ground of the Protestants, where\\nstood an Episcopal church with a handsome steeple, not a ves-\\ntige of which remains.\\nBefore the entrance of some of the houses built by the Span-\\niards rises a portico of stone arches, the roofs of which are com-\\nmonly flat. There are nearly one thousand houses of all descrip-\\ntions in the town, which is about three-quarters of a mile in\\nlength by one-quarter in breadth. As it is built upon a point of\\nland it is in some degree insulated by the conflux of Matanzas\\nRiver and St. Sebastian Creek, by which means the egress by\\nland must be by the northern gates, and by a bridge and cause-\\nway in a western direction. The whole forms a very picturesque\\npiece of scenery, being surrounded by orange groves and kitchen\\ngardens. Within the first line [of redoubts upon the north] was\\na small settlement of Germans, with a church of their own, on\\nSt. Mark s River within the same was an Indian town, with a\\nchurch also but it must be regretted that nothing of these re-\\nmains, as they serve if not as temples certainly as ornamental\\nrelics.\\nThe governor has given the land belonging to this township\\nas glebe land to the parish church, which will no doubt be con-\\nfirmed by the American Government in its liberal appropriations\\nfor religious purposes. The harbor of St. Augustine would be\\none of the best in the world were it not for the bar, which admits\\nvessels drawing not more than six feet with safety. It is sur-\\nrounded by breakers which are not as dangerous as they appear.\\nThere is a roadstead on the north side of the bar with good an-\\nchorage for vessels drawing too much water to enter the harbor.\\n[A part of Anastatia Island] is known as Fish s Island, and\\nfrom the hospitality of Mr. Jesse Fish, one of the oldest inhabi-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "148\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ntants of the province, is remarkable for the date and olive trees,\\nthe flavor of the oranges, an(^ the cultivation of his garden.\\nThe location of the Protestant cemetery as here described is\\nconfusing, being located near this bridge, in the same street as\\nthe Government House. Probably the text should read, in the\\nsame street as the Convent House, which would place the Episco-\\npal church and cemetery near the southern end of St. George Street.\\nAnother account, published about the same period as Forbes s,\\ngives the following picture of the town Somewhat more than\\nhalfway between the fort and the south end of the western penin-\\nsula a stone causeway and wooden bridge crosses Mari-Sanchez\\n(Santa Maria) Creek, and connects the two portions or precincts\\nof the town. It is to the north of this causeway that the principal\\npart of the buildings are placed, forming a parallelogram some-\\nwhat more than a quarter of a mile wide from east to west, and\\nthree-quarters in length from north to south. The neck of land\\n(on which the town is built) is divided into two peninsulas by\\nMari-Sanchez (Santa Maria) Creek, running parallel to the harbor,\\nbut heading in some low lands within the lines. It is on the\\neastern peninsula alone that the town is built, the western one\\nbeing occupied by kitchen gardens, corn fields, orange groves,\\nand pasture grounds. The houses on the side of the harbor are\\nchiefly of stone, having only one story above the ground floor\\nthese latter are invariably laid with a coat of tabia, a mixture of\\nsand and shells, and are scarcely ever used but as store rooms, the\\nfamilies living in the upper stories. f\\nForbes s Sketches, pp. 85 to Sg.\\nf From inquiry of the old inhabitants I do not find this statement con-\\nfirmed. Perhaps the richer class of people made no use of the ground floors,\\nbut the general custom was to use them as is still done.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE, i^g\\nThe dwellings on the back streets with few exceptions, par-\\nticularly in the north-west quarter, have but the ground floor, and\\nare generally built of wood, though stone ones are common, but\\nalmost all are laid with tabia flooring.\\nAt the census of 1830 St. Augustine and environs contained\\nfour thousand inhabitants, of whom eight hundred and forty-four\\nwere free blacks. The large number of free persons of color is\\naccounted for by the fact that St. Augustine under the Spanish\\nhad been an asylum for all the runaway slaves from the neigh-\\nboring colonies. They had been formed into a military company,\\nand after the patriot war of 1812 to 1816 lands had been\\ndonated to them for their semces. It was also said that those\\nborn in the province were registered from their birth, and a severe\\npenalty imposed upon any master of a vessel who should attempt\\nto carry any of them away.\\nIn 1822 an attempt was made to deprive the Roman Catholics\\nof the cathedral. A petition of the inhabitants was thereupon pre-\\nsented to Congress, and that body passed an act on February 8,\\n1827, granting and confirming to the Catholic society of St. Au-\\ngustine the building and grounds where they now worship.\\nIn 1 82 1 Rev. Andrew Fowler, a missionary from Charleston,\\nSouth Carolina, organized the present Episcopal parish. The\\ncorner-stone of the present church edifice was laid by the Rev.\\nEdward Phillips on the 23d of June, 1825, and the building was\\nconsecrated by Bishop Bowen of South Carolina in the year 1833.\\nThe church is a small and plain structure, but in very good taste,\\nand ornamented with a steeple. It is built of coquina, and from\\nits location fronting the plaza, is one of the most noticeable build-\\nings in the city.\\nVignole s History.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "I^o HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nThe Presbyterian church, though built later, 1830, has a less\\nmodern appearance. This church, which was fitted in quite the\\nold-fashioned style, with high-backed pews facing the entrance\\ndoors between which was the pulpit, underwent a remodeling of\\nthe interior in 1879.\\nBy act of Congress dated March 30, 1823, East and West Florida\\nwere united as one territory. Florida was admitted into the\\nUnion as a State, March 3d, 1845.\\nIn 1830 there was quite a spirit of speculation rife in the old\\ncity. A canal into the St. Johns River and another between the\\nHalifax and Matanzas rivers, also a railway to Picolata were pro-\\njected, and sanguine people fully expected to see these projects\\ncompleted immediately. To this day the railway alone has been\\ncompleted, and is barely able to pay a dividend to its stockhold-\\ners with a tariff of two dollars for a carriage of fifteen miles. All\\nthe other projects are still being talked of.\\nOne of the bubbles of the speculation of this period was a new\\nand large city to be built north of the fort. Peter Sken Smith, a\\ngentleman of some means, erected the frame of a large hotel on\\ngrounds outside of the city gate, and there were also built there\\nseveral houses and stores, a market, and a wharf. Judge Doug-\\nlass, the first judge of the territory, entered largely into the busi-\\nness of raising the silk-worm. He set out a large number of mul-\\nberry trees and built a large building on his plantation called\\nMacarasi, or more commonly Macariz, situated just beyond the\\nend of the shell road, which gave to the place the general appel-\\nlation of the Cocoonery. Judge Douglass has been ridiculed\\nfor yielding to the silk-growing fever, but the enterprise which\\nwas so disastrous to him and others will one day become a lucra-\\ntive business for manv in the mild climate of Florida.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "1833] HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 151\\nThe large and handsome residence on the lot adjoining the\\nEpiscopal church, now owned by L. H. Tyler, Esq., was built by\\nPeter Sken Smith, in 1833. The artisans and much of the mate-\\nrials were brought from the North, and the sum of forty thousand\\ndollars was said to have been invested on the house and furniture.\\nShortly after the house was for sale at less than two thousand dol-\\nlars.\\nThe plaza was inclosed about this time, and the cannon placed\\nat the corners. The old guns yet to be seen about the city were\\nused by several private citizens to ornament the corners of the\\nstreets upon which their lots fronted. In a cut published thirty\\nyears ago showing the plaza, etc., the date-palms in Mr. Tyler s\\nyard appear to reach to an altitude almost the same as at pres-\\nent, showing the extreme slowness of their upward growth.\\nSt. Augustine,, immediately after it came under the jurisdiction\\nof the United States, began to receive a most desirable addition\\nto its population in a class of Americans of culture and means,\\nwho had long desired to avail themselves of the benefits and de-\\nlights of its climate, but had hesitated about becoming citizens of\\nthe place under Spanish rule. I have heard old citizens say that\\nthere was no town of its size in the country where there were so\\nmany persons of refined tastes and independent means as in St.\\nAugustine at that time. The Indian war soon after brought to\\nSt. Augustine a large addition to its population. This consisted\\nmostly of the military, both regulars and militia, of Florida and\\nthe neighboring States, and the many officers, agents, and at-\\ntaches of the government. It was the government headquarters\\nand a depot of supplies, and for a season was full of bustle, ex-\\ncitement, and more activity than it has ever experienced since.\\nThe incidents of that war would be out of place in a history of", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "1^2 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nSt. Augustine. Two of the principal characters of that exciting\\ntime were, however, brought to St. Augustine, and, with about\\nthree hundred other Creeks and Seminoles, confined in Fort Mar-\\nion. Osceola, a young chief of the Mickasookie tribe, of great\\ndaring, considerable education, and great natural abilities, inher-\\nited with the Caucasian blood derived from his father, v/as for some\\ntime confined at St. Augustine, and afterwards removed to Fort\\nMoultrie, in Charleston Harbor, where his body is now buried.\\nThough captured through a base trick, Osceola had, through a\\nsullen sense of honor, refused to escape from Fort Marion with\\nWild Cat. It was said that he died of a broken heart when he\\nlearned the fate of his nation, and the intention of the govern-\\nment to remove the remnant of the Seminoles west of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nThe casemate in the south-west bastion of the fort has been\\nrendered famous by the escape of a body of Indians, including the\\nfamous Coa-cou-che. This Indian, also called Wild Cat, was the\\nyoungest son of Philip, a great chief among the Seminoles, He\\nwas a man of great courage, of an adventurous disposition, and\\nsavage nature, lacking the intellectual abilities of Osceola, but\\npossessing great influence among his nation. Like most of the\\nyoung chiefs, he was bitterly opposed to the execution of the\\ntreaty signed by the older chiefs, by which the Seminoles agreed\\nto remove west of the Mississippi. At an interview immediately\\nbefore the breaking out of hostilities. Colonel Harney observed to\\nhim that unless the Seminoles removed according to the treaty\\nthe whites would exterminate them. To this Coa-cou-che re-\\nplied, that Iste-chatte (the Indian) did not understand that\\nword. The Great Spirit he knew might exterminate them, but\\nthe pale-faces could not else, why had they not done it before", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 53\\nDuring the war this young chief was captured and placed under\\nguard in Fort Marion. It is reported that he was at first confined\\nin one of the close cells, and, in order to be removed to a case-\\nmate which had an embrasure through wdrich he had planned to\\nescape, he complained of the dampness of his cell and feigned\\nsickness. This, like many other incidents connected with his\\nescape, is probably fictitious. There were at the time a consid-\\nerable number of Indians confined in the fort, and unless they\\nshowed themselves querulous and dangerous, they were all al-\\nlowed the freedom of the court during the day, and confined at\\nnight in the several casemates. It is probable that Coa-cou-che\\nchose the casemate in the south-west bastion from which to make\\nhis escape, because of a platform which is in that casemate.\\nThis platform is raised some five feet from the floor, and built of\\nmasonry directly under the embrasure through which he escaped.\\nThis opening had been constructed high up in the outer wall of\\nthe casemate to admit light and air. It is thirteen feet above the\\nfloor, and eight feet above the platform, which had probably been\\nconstructed for the convenience and dignity of the judges, who\\ndoubtless used this casemate as a judgment room. The aper-\\nture is about two feet high by nine inches wide, and some eight-\\neen feet above the surface of the ground at the foot of the wall\\nwithin the moat. It is said that as he took his airing upon the\\nterre-plein the evening before his escape, Coa-cou-che lingered\\nlonger than usual, gazing far out into the west as the sun went\\ndown, probably thinking that ere another sunset he would be\\nbeyond the limit of his farthest vision, enjoying the freedom of\\nhis native forests. That night he squeezed his body, said to have\\nbeen attenuated by voluntary abstinence from food, through the\\nembrasure in the wall, and silently dropped into the moat at the", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE,\\nfoot of the bastion. The moat was dry, and the station of every\\nguard was well known to the Indian, so that escape was no lon-\\nger difficult. Coa-cou-che immediately joined his nation, but was\\nafterwards captured and sent west. He was recalled by General\\nWorth, and used to secure the submission of his tribe. General\\nWorth declared to him that if his people were not at Tampa on a\\ncertain day he would hang from the yard of the vessel on which he\\nhad returned, and was then confined. This message he was ordered\\nto send to his people by Indian runners furnished by the general.\\nHe was directed to deliver to the messengers twenty twigs, one\\nfor each day, and to make it known to his people that when the\\nlast twig in the hands of the messenger was broken, so would the\\ncords which bound his life to earth be snapped asunder unless\\nthey were all at the general s camp prepared to depart to the res-\\nervation provided for them at the west. The struggle in the mind\\nof Coa-cou-che was severe, but his love of life was strong. He\\nsent by the messenger his entreaties that his people should appear\\nat the time and place designated, and take up their abode in the\\nprairies of the west. Desiring to impress upon his people that\\nthis was the will of the Great Spirit, with consummate policy he\\ndirected the messenger to relate to them this, Coa-cou-che s\\ndream The day and manner of my death are given out so that\\nwhatever I may encounter, I fear nothing. The spirits of the\\nSeminoles protect me and the spirit of my twin-sister who died\\nmany years ago watches over me when I am laid in ihe earth I\\nshall go to live with her. She died suddenly. I was out hunt-\\ning, and when seated by my campfire alone I heard a strange\\nnoise a voice that told me to go to her. The camp was some dis-\\ntance off, but I took my wife and started. The night was dark and\\ngloomy the wolves howled about me. I went from hommock", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE,\\n155\\nto hommock, sounds came often to my ear. I thought she was\\nspeaking to me. At daylight I reached the camp, but she was\\ndead. I sat down alone under the long gray moss of the trees,\\nwhen I heard strange sounds again. I felt myself moving, and\\nM ent along into a new country where all was bright and beautiful.\\nI saw clear water ponds, rivers, and prairies upon which the sun\\nnever set. All was green the grass grew high, and the deer\\nstood in the midst looking at me. I then saw a small white cloud\\napproaching, and when just before me, out of it came my twin-\\nsister dressed in white, and covered with bright silver ornaments.\\nHer long black hair which I had often braided fell down upon\\nher back. She clasped me around the neck and said, Coa-cou-\\nche, Coa-cou-che. I shook with fear I knew her voice, but\\ncould not speak. With one hand she gave me a string of white\\nbeads in the other she held a cup sparkling with pure water\\nas I drank she sang the peace song of the Seminoles, and danced\\naround me. She had silver bells upon her feet which made a\\nloud sweet noise. Taking from her bosom something, she laid\\nit before me, when a bright blaze streamed above us. She took\\nme by the hand and said, All is peace. I wanted to ask for\\nothers, but she shook her head, stepped into the cloud, and was\\ngone. All was silent. I felt myself sinking until I reached the\\nearth when I met my brother, Chilka.\\nCoa-cou-che s appeal was successful. The messengers returned\\nwith the whole remnant of the tribe three days before the expira-\\ntion of the time. They all embarked and took up their resi-\\ndence on the prairies, where the sun never sets and the grass\\ngrows high. It was not a field in which Coa-cou-che could dis-\\nSprague s History of the Seminole War.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "iS6\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ntinguish himself, and from this time his name was never heard,\\nexcept in connection with his past exploits in Florida.\\nSoon after the United States took possession of St. Augustine,\\nthe government began to make extensive improvements in and\\nabout the town. The barracks were immediately pemodeled, and\\nbuilt as they are at present. The fort, which had become much\\ndilapidated, was repaired and fitted for a garrison. It was while\\nthis work was being prosecuted that the cell under the north-east\\nbastion was discovered, which has ever since been associated with\\nthe Huguenot massacre and the Spanish Inquisition, in annual\\neditions of guide-books and tourists letters. It is constantly\\ndesignated as the Dungeon, and, lest T should not be under-\\nstood in referring to it as a cell, I shall also call it a dungeon, in\\nexplaining how it was found and what it did not contain. For\\nsome reason unexplained by any record left by the Spaniards, the\\nterre-plein, near the north-east bastion, had been built upon large\\nwooden beams. At the time the Americans took possession\\nof the fort they found the last casemate, fronting on the court\\non the east side, filled with the coquina floor of the terre-plein,\\nwhich had fallen in, as the timbers supporting it had rotted.\\nNaturally, this half-filled casemate had become the place of de-\\nposit for all rubbish accumulated upon any part of the works.\\nIn the course of repairs the rubbish was cleared out of the\\ncasemate, and the entrance into the adjoining cell exposed. En-\\ntering this cell, and examining the masonry for anticipated repairs,\\nthe engineer in charge, said to be Lieutenant Tuttle, U. S. A.,\\ndiscovered a newness of appearance about a small portion of the\\nmasonry of the north wall. Under his instruction a mason cut\\nout this newer stone-work and found that the small arch, under\\nwhich those who now enter the dungeon crawl, had been", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n157\\nwalled up. Why the entrance had thus been filled with masonry\\nis unknown, but it is extremely unlikely that it was done to in-\\nsure the perpetual captivity and death of a human being. The\\nengineer and mason entered the cell, and made an examination\\nof the interior with the light of a candle. Near the entrance were\\nthe remains of a fire, the ashes and bits of pine wood burned\\noff toward the center of the pile in which they had been con-\\nsumed. Upon the side of the cell was a rusty staple, with about\\nthree links of chain attached thereto. Near the wall, on the west\\nside of the cell, were a few bones. Finding these very rotten,\\nand crumbling to pieces under his touch, the engineer spread his\\nhandkerchief upon the floor and brushed very gently the few\\nfragments of bone into it. These were shown the surgeon then\\nstationed at the post, who said they might be human bones, but\\nwere so badly crumbled and decayed he could not determine\\ndefinitely. Nothing else was found in the cell.* The iron cages,\\nwhich have been described as a part of the fixtures of this terrible\\ndungeon, and which it has been said contained human bones,\\nappear upon the united testimony of old inhabitants to have\\nbeen found outside of the city gates entirely empty. It is said\\nthat, in 1822, a Mr. Deever, a butcher, while digging post holes\\non the grounds opposite to those now owned by Mr. Kingsland,\\njust north of the city gates, came upon the cages and dug them up.\\nOne of them was made use of in his workshop by Mr. Bartolo\\nOliveros, a locksmith. The other one was allowed by Mr. Deever\\nto lie near the city gate until it was appropriated by some un-\\nknown party. The cages are described as having had much the\\n*The finding of any bones is denied by Major H. W. Benham, U. S. A.,\\non the authority of a Mr. Ridgely, Lieutenant Tattle s overseer. Major\\nBenham took charge of the work upon the fort in January, 1839.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "158\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nshape of a coffin and the tradition is, that a human being had\\nbeen placed in each, the soUd bands of iron riveted about his body,\\nand, after Hfe had been extinguished by the horrible torture of\\nstarvation, cages and corpses had been buried in the scrub\\nthen covering the ground north of the gate. Doubtless these\\ncages were used for the punishment of criminals condemned for\\nsome heinous crime but whether they were introduced by the\\nSpaniards or English is not known. An old gentleman, Mr.\\nChristobal Bravo, tells me his mother has related to him that\\nshe had seen, during the English possession, these cages, or simi-\\nlar ones, suspended at the gates of the city, with criminals in-\\ncarcerated therein. In the face of the facts it is feared that St.\\nAugustine must lose much of the romance and melancholy in-\\nterest excited by the stories of Spanish cruelty and torture. It is\\nvery probable that this inner cell at the fort was used as a place\\nof confinement for criminals, and it is possible that some may\\nhave died therein. In fact, it was so reported and generally be-\\nlieved at the time the poet Bryant visited St. Augustine in 1843.\\nFairbanks, on page 157 of his History and Antiquities of St.\\nAugustine, published in 1858, refers to the instruments of tor-\\nture and skeletons walled in the old fort.\\nThe account, as recited by the Old Sergeant, Mr. McGuire,\\nordnance-sergeant, U. S. A., gives the current legend connected\\nwith the dungeon. The sergeant alone can do justice to the nar-\\nrative, in presence of an appreciative audience clustered around\\nhis smoking torch under the vaulted arch of the grim, damp cell.\\nNo pen can transcribe the sergeant s Irish brogue, or his periods,\\nhis tones, and his inimitable expression of countenance, which\\nseems to evince a combination of honest doubt and wishful cre-\\ndence in the melancholy tale of Spanish barbarity, which has", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. I^q\\nproved so remunerative to himself, and so acceptable to the\\nnovelty hunting tourist. While the sergeant s lamp holds out\\nto burn, no visitor to St. Augustine should fail to hear his\\ntale, Just as it was told to me, as he is particular to ex-\\nplain.\\nIn the spring of 1875 a body of Comanche, Kiowa, and Chey-\\nenne chiefs were removed from the West by order of the govern-\\nment, and sent to St. Augustine. These Indians were, at first,\\nconfined within the old fort, under a guard furnished from the\\npost at St. Francis Barracks. They had been sent under the\\ncharge of Captain Pratt, of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry. The se-\\nlection of this officer was a most fortunate choice. Through his\\nindubitable faith in the possibility of developing the better nature\\nof the Indian, together with his unwearied perseverance under\\ndifficulties that none but a missionary among the depraved races\\nof men can realize, by his great tact and his patience he suc-\\nceeded in demonstrating that, by proper methods and eff orts, the\\nIndian problem is capable of a satisfactory solution. Under the\\nsystem adopted by Captain Pratt the guard was soon dispensed\\nwith, and the Indians treated very much as if they were a com-\\npany of enlisted soldiers. They walked the streets, attended\\nthe churches, and had their school, with no other restraint or\\nhindrance than is imposed upon soldiers. They soon acted as\\ntheir own guard day and night, assumed the dress of a soldier,\\nand many of the manners and habits of the white man. After\\nremaining at St. Augustine for about two years, a portion of the\\ncompany were sent to the Hampton, Va. school, and the re-\\nmainder were returned to their native tribes, where they must yet\\nexert a powerful influence for the advance of civilization.\\nIt is a remarkable coincidence that the first practical demon-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "l6o HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. [1835\\nstration of the ability of the government to elevate and civilize\\nthe Indian, and the first advance in a rational method of making\\ncitizens of the remnant of our aboriginal population, was inaug-\\nurated at St. Augustine. The evil in the nature of the Cau-\\ncasian who first landed in America, upon the shores of Florida,\\nhas proved a curse and a blight to the red man. The gratify-\\ning success that crowned the philanthropic policy inaugurated by\\nthe government among the representatives of the Indian race,\\nwhile prisoners at St. Augustine, will, it is to be hoped, be the\\nharbinger of the speedy civilization of the whole of the Indian\\nrace existing in America.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nST. AUGUSTINE AS IT USED TO BE. CUSTOMS. THE OLDEST STRUC-\\nTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. PRESENT POPULATION. OB-\\nJECTS OF INTEREST. BUILDINGS ANCIENT AND MODERN. ST.\\nAUGUSTINE DURING THE REBELLION. CLIMATE. ADVANTAGES\\nAS A HEALTH RESORT.\\nIn February, 1835, an unprecedented depression of tempera-\\nture destroyed the orange trees which embosomed the town and\\nrendered the place exceedingly attractive. The deep green foli-\\nage concealed the dingy and often unsightly buildings. The fra-\\ngrance of the blossoms in spring was almost overpowering, and\\nwas said to be perceptible far out to sea. The income of the\\npeople of the town derived from the sale of their oranges was not\\nfar from seventy-five thousand dollars annually, and the crop that\\nwas yearly sent from St. Augustine in sailing vessels exceeded\\nthree million oranges. One orange tree upon the plaza is re-\\nported to have borne twelve thousand oranges. In 1829, Mr.\\nA. Alverez picked from one tree in his garden six thousand five\\nhundred oranges, and it is recorded that an old citizen picked\\nfrom one tree eight thousand of the golden apples. The Minor-\\ncan population of St. Augustine had been accustomed to depend\\non the produce of their little groves of eight or ten trees, to pur-\\nchase their coff ee, sugar, and other necessaries from the stores\\nthey were left without resource. The wild groves suffered equally\\nwith those cultivated. The town of St. Augustine, that hereto-\\n161", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "1 62 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE,\\nfore appeared like a rustic village, its white houses peeping from\\nthe clustered boughs and golden fruit of their favorite tree, be-\\nneath whose shade the foreign invalid cooled his fevered limbs,\\nand imbibed health from the fragrant air, how is she fallen Dry,\\nunsightly poles, with ragged bark, stick up around her dwellings,\\nand where the mocking bird once delighted to build her nest,\\nand tune her lovely song, ovv ls now hoot at night, and sterile\\nwinds whistle through the leafless branches. Never was a place\\nmore desolate.\\nMany of the trees had attained a very large size and great age.\\nA large number sent out sprouts from the roots, and if undis-\\nturbed, many groves would have borne profitable crops in a few\\nyears. The scale insect, however, made its appearance in 1842\\nin countless multitudes, blighting the groves throughout Florida.\\nFor twenty years it was a constant struggle, on the part of the few\\nwho retained their faith in the success of orange culture, to rid\\ntheir groves of this destructive insect. Finally, nature provided in\\nsome way an exterminator of the insect, and from that time there\\nhas been no serious drawback to the culture of oranges in Flor-\\nida. Williams describes the inhabitants at this time as a\\ntemperate, quiet, and rather indolent people affectionate and\\nfriendly to each other, and kind to the few slaves they held.\\nThey mostly kept little stores, cultivated small groves or gardens,\\nand followed fishing and hunting. Posey balls, masquerades,\\nand sherivarees were their principal diversions.\\nThe posey dance of St. Augustine was introduced in the follow-\\ning manner: The females of a family, no matter what their\\nrank or station in life may be, erect in a room of their house a\\nWilliams s History, page 18.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n163\\nneat little altar, lit up with candles, and dressed with pots and\\nfestoons of flowers. This is understood by the gentlemen as a\\npolite invitation to call and admire the taste of the fair architects.\\nIt is continued for several successive evenings in the meantime\\nthe lady selects from her visitors some happy beau, whom she de-\\nlights to honor, and presents him with a bouquet of choice flow-\\ners. His gallantry is then put to the test should he choose to\\ndecline the profl ered honor, he has only to pay the expenses of\\nlighting up the altar. But if he accepts the full dignity off ered\\nhim, he is king of the ball, which shortly succeeds, and the posey\\nlass becomes queen, as a matter of course. The posey ball is a\\nmixed assembly. People of all ranks meet here on a level, yet\\nthey are conducted with the nicest decorum, and even with polite-\\nness and grace.\\nSherivarees are parties of idle people, who dress themselves in\\ngrotesque masquerade, whenever a widow or widower is married.\\nThey often parade about the streets and play bufl oon tricks for\\ntwo or three days haunting the residence of the new married\\npair, and disturbing the whole city with noise and riot.\\nThe carnival is a scene of masquerading, which was formerly\\ncelebrated by the Spanish and Minorcan populations with much\\ntaste and gayety but since the introduction of an American popu-\\nlation, it has during the whole winter season been prostituted to\\ncover drunken revels, and to pass the basest objects of society\\ninto the abodes of respectable people, to the great annoyance of\\nthe civil part of the community.\\nThese and other customs have long since ceased to exist, and\\nmany are already forgotten. One of these was shooting the\\nWilliams s History, pp. 115 et seq.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nJews, originally a religious ceremony, but afterwards a diversion.\\nFor many years it was the custom to hang effigies at the street\\ncorners and upon the plaza on the evening of Good Friday.\\nWhen the bells in the cathedral, which are never rung during\\nGood Friday, began on Saturday morning at ten o clock to ring\\nthe Hallelujah, crowds of men in the streets commenced to shoot\\nwith guns and pistols at the hanging effigies. This was contin-\\nued until some unerring marksman severed the cord about the\\nneck of the image, or perhaps it was riddled and shredded by the\\nfusilade.\\nThe Spanish veil was until a late period the only covering for\\nthe head worn by the ladies of the town. A lady now living has\\ndescribed the disapproval manifested at the appearance of the first\\nbonnet in church. Great indignation was expressed, and loud\\nprotests against the insult offered to the church and congre-\\ngation by this supposed exhibition of ill-breeding and irrever-\\nence.\\nIn the memory of those now living wheeled vehicles within\\nthe gates were first allowed. Before that time all moving of\\ngoods was done in packs. The narrow streets without sidewalks\\nevidently were not intended for the passage of carts and carriages.\\nSaddle-horses were common, but their path was the center of the\\nstreet, which was rendered hard and smooth with pounded co-\\nquina, and kept so neat that the ladies wore on their feet only\\nthe thinnest of slippers.\\nOne of the ancient customs brought from the island of Mi-\\nnorca is yet continued.\\nOn the night before Easter Sunday the young men go about\\nthe city in parties serenading. Approaching the dwelling of some\\none whom they wish to favor with their song, or from whom they", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ni6s\\nexpect the favors asked in their rhyme, they knock gently upon\\nthe window. If their visit is welcome they are answered by a\\nknock from within, and at once begin the following song said to\\nbe in the Mahonese dialect\\nUS GOIS.\\nDisciarem lu dol\\nCantarem aub alagria,\\nY n arem a da\\nLas pascuas a Maria.\\nO Maria\\n[Translation.]\\nTHE STANZAS.\\nLet us leave off mourning,\\nLet us sing with joy,\\nLet us go and give\\nOur sahitation to Mary.\\nO Mary\\nSan Gabriel\\nQui portaba la ambasciada\\nDes nostro rey del eel,\\nEstaran vos preiiada.\\nYa omitiada\\nTuao vais aqui serventa,\\nFia del Deo contenta,\\nPara fa lo que el vol.\\nDisciarem lu dol, etc.\\nSaint Gabriel\\nBrought the tidings\\nThat the King of Heaven\\nThou hadst conceived.\\nThou wert humble.\\nBehold, here is the handmaid,\\nDaughter of God, content\\nTo do what he will\\nChorus. Let us leave off\\nmourning:, etc.\\nY a milla nit\\nPariguero vos regina\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA un Deo infinit\\nDintra una establina.\\nY a milla dia,\\nQue los angels von cantant\\nPar y abondant,\\nDe la gloria de Deo sol.\\nDisciarem lu dol, etc.\\nAnd at midnight\\nShe gave birth to the child-\\nThe infinite God-\\nIn a stable.\\nAt mid-day.\\nThe angels go singing\\nPeace and abundance,\\nAnd glory to God alone.\\nChorus.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "i66\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nY a Libalem,\\nAlia la terra santa,\\nNus nat Jesus,\\nAub alagria tanta\\nInfant petit\\nQue tot lu mon salvaria.\\nY ningu y bastaria\\nNu mes un Deo sol.\\nDisciarem lu del, etc.\\nIn Bethlehem,\\nIn the Holy Land,\\nWas born the Saviour,\\nWith great joy\\nThe little child\\nWho all the world would save,\\nWhich no one could accomplish\\nBut God alone.\\nChorus.\\nCuant de Orion lus\\nTres reys la stralla veran,\\nDeo omnipotent\\nAdora lo vingaran.\\nUn present inferan\\nDe mil encens y or,\\nA lu benuit seno,\\nQue conesce cual se vol.\\nDisciarem lu dol, etc.\\nWhen in the East\\nThree kings the star did see,\\nGod omnipotent\\nTo adore they came.\\nA present they made him\\nOf myrrh and gold.\\nTo the blessed Saviour,\\nWho knows every one.\\nChorus.\\nTot fu gayant\\nPara cumple la prumas,\\nY lu Esperit sant\\nDe un angel fau gramas,\\nGran foe ences,\\nQue crama lu curagia.\\nDamos da lenguagia\\nPara fe lo que Deo vol.\\nDisciarem lu dol, etc.\\nAll burning with zeal\\nTo accomplish the promises,\\nThe Holy Spirit\\nFrom an angel was sent forth.\\nA great fire was kindled,\\nAnd courage inflamed him.\\nGod give us language\\nTo do thy will.\\nChorus.\\nCuant trespasa\\nDe quest mon nostra Sefiora,\\nAl eel s empugia.\\nSun fil la matescia ora,\\nO, Emperadora\\nWhen we have passed\\nFrom this world, our Lady,\\nTo heaven we are raised.\\nYour Son, at the same hour,\\nO Queen,", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n167\\nQue del eel san eligida,\\nLii rosa florida,\\nMe resplenden que un sol.\\nDisciaiem lu dol, etc.\\nY el teicer groin\\nQue Jesus resunta,\\nDeo y aboroma.\\nQue la moit triumfa.\\nDe alii se balla\\nPara perldra Lucife\\nAn tot a sen penda,\\nQue de nostro ser al sol.\\nDisciarem lu dol, etc.\\nWho art of Heaven the choicest\\nBlooming rose\\nMore brilliant than the sun.\\nChorus.\\nOn the third day\\nOur Jesus arose,\\nThe celestial God\\nOver death triumphant.\\nFrom hence he has gone\\nTo overcome Satan\\nThroughout the whole world.\\nOur protector and guide.\\nChorus.\\nAfter this hymn the following stanzas, soliciting the customary\\ngifts of cakes or eggs, are sung\\nLu cet gois vam cantant,\\nRegina celestial.\\nDamos pan y alagria\\nYabonas festas tingan\\nY vos da sus bonas festas,\\nDamos dines de sus nous,\\nSempre tarem lus neans Uestas\\nPara recibi un grapat de nes.\\nY, el giorn de pascua florida\\nAlagramos y, giuntament.\\nAs qui es mort par dar nos vida\\nY via glorosiamente,\\nA questa casa esla empedrada,\\nBien halla que la empedro.\\nSan amo de aquesta casa\\nBaldria duna un do,\\nThese seven stanzas sung,\\nCelestial queen\\nGive us peace and joy\\nMay you enjoy a good feast\\nWe wish a happy time.\\nGive us of your bounty.\\nWe always have our hands ready\\nThy bounty to receive.\\nLet us now the Easter feast\\nTogether enjoy.\\nHe died to save us\\nLet us be joyful.\\nThis house is walled round.\\nBlessed be he who walled it about.\\nThe owner of this house\\nOught to give us a token,", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "l58 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nFormagiada o empanada. Either a cake or a tart.\\nCucutta a flao, We like anything,\\nCual se val casa sue grada, So you say not no.\\nSol que no rue digas que no. -js-\\nThe shutters are then opened by the people within, and a sup-\\nply of cakes or other pastry is dropped into a bag carried by one\\nof the party, who acknowledge the gift in the following lines, and\\nthen depart\\nAquesta casa reta empedrada, This house is walled round,\\nEmpedrada de cuastro vens, Walled round on four sides.\\nSun amo de aquesta casa, The owner of this house\\nEs omo de compliment. Is a polite gentleman.\\nIf nothing is given, the last line reads thus\\nNo es homo de compliment. Is not a polite gentleman.*\\nThis song is repeated throughout the city until midnight. To\\nthe listener it has a peculiar fascination like some of the tunes\\nfrom popular operas, keeping one awake to listen to its strains,\\neven after many repetitions have rendered the singing monot-\\nonous.\\nThe walls of the United States barracks are probably the oldest\\nstructures in the place. An old house on Hospital Street, torn\\ndown in 187 1, when Mr. Pendleton built a very pretty cottage\\nupon the same ground, was said by old residents to have been\\nthe oldest house in the town. The former residence of the at-\\ntorney-general during the English possession stood just south of\\nthe Worth House on the corner of Bay and Green Streets. This\\nwas a very old structure, though built in too costly a manner to\\nhave been one of the earliest buildings, one of which in English", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 69\\ntimes still bore the date 15/1. The house was built by a Span-\\niard named Ysnada. Its beams were made of a wood brought\\nfrom Cuba, which resembled our royal palm in being susceptible\\nof taking a high polish. The staircases, wainscoting, and panels\\nwere of lignum -vitse. For many years the house stood in too\\ndilapidated a condition for occupancy. Finally the wood was\\ntorn out by curiosity hunters and dealers, and made into canes\\nand other mementoes of the oldest house in St. Augustine.\\nThe present sea-wall was built between 1835 and 1843, under\\nthe superintendence of Colonel Dancey, now living at his orange\\ngrove called Buena Vista, on the St. Johns River. He was then\\na captain in the U. S. Army. The wall is ten feet above low-\\nwater mark, seven feet thick at the base, and three feet wide on\\ntop, capped with granite, and extends along the whole front of\\nthe city, from the old fort on the north to the barracks on the\\nsouth, about three-quarters of a mile in length. Opposite the\\nplaza the wall forms a basin for small boats. Under Colonel\\nDancey the government spent three appropriations of fifty thou-\\nsand dollars each, having spent twenty thousand dollars previously\\nin preparation for the work. Captain Benham spent two appro-\\npriations of fifty thousand dollars each in covering the wall with\\ngranite slabs, as it was found that the coquina was rapidly wear-\\ning away under the tread of pedestrians using the wall as a prom-\\nenade. Much of the pleasure of this otherwise delightful prome-\\nnade is marred by the narrowness of the curbing, making the\\npassing difficult. This feature is said to be unobjectionable to\\nlovers, who are credited with the opinion that to see St. Augus-\\ntine aright it is necessary to promenade the sea-wall by moon-\\nlight, viewing the rippling waters of the bay, with the roar of the\\nsurf on the neighboring beach as an interlude to the sweeter", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1^70 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nmusic of their own voices. Colonel Dancey built the present\\ncauseway leading to the depot in 1837 at the expense of the\\nUnited States. His successor, Captain Benham, superintended\\nthe construction of the water battery at the fort, and other repairs\\nmade to the property of the United States within the city.\\nUnder the dominion of the United States, St. Augustine soon\\nbecame a health and pleasure resort. Without manufactures,\\nwith, as yet, no products of agriculture for export, its fine port is\\ndestitute of commerce, and its easy-going population have ever\\nsince depended upon the attractions offered by their city to inva-\\nlids and persons of fortune, for the means with which to procure\\nthe necessaries and luxuries which its inhabitants enjoy in a fair\\nmeasure. Strangers often wonder how the town is supported, but\\nupon investigation it is found that the frugality of the people is\\nremarkable. Their independence comes from what they save\\nrather than from what they ear.i. While there is little wealth\\namong its citizens, there is little actual want. The many girls\\nand young ladies always dress with neatness and taste, and many\\nearn the means to support themselves by braiding palmetto for\\nhats and baskets, making feather flowers, shell, and fish-scale\\nornaments, and bouquets of the native grasses. The town\\nhas long been noted for the number and health of its young\\nchildren.\\nIn 1834 the city contained 1,739 inhabitant^, ^f whom 498\\nwere males, 519 females, 151 free colored persons, and 571 slaves.\\nOf these, 10 were lawyers, 3 doctors, i printer, 7 dry-goods deal-\\ners, 6 keepers of boarding-houses, 1 3 grocers, i painter, 7 carpen-\\nters, 4 masons, 2 blacksmiths, i gunsmith, 2 shoemakers, i\\nbaker, 2 tailors, i tanner, and 5 cigar-makers. The present pop-\\nulation of the citv is, bv the census of 1880, about 3,300, of", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n171\\nwhich about the same number follow the above callings as in\\n1834, with the exception of lawyers and grocers, of whom there\\nare not more than half the former number. There is no bank in\\nthe city, its place being supplied by the money-order department\\nof the post-office. The colored population are much more intel-\\nligent, better educated, and generally superior to the individuals\\nof that unfortunate race found in other parts of the South. This\\nis partly owing to the large number of free negroes here before the\\nEmancipation, and also to the advantages they have derived from\\ncontact with the visitors and residents coming from all parts of\\nthe country. In 1843 P^^^ Bryant remarked the fact above\\nstated, saying, In the colored people whom I saw in the Cath-\\nolic church I remarked a more agreeable, open, and gentle phys-\\niognomy than I have been accustomed to see in that class.\\nMany of the most interesting old structures have, unfortunately,\\nbeen torn down. As these attractive old relics of antiquity are\\nswept away, some ignorant iconoclast bids the people rejoice\\nover a new city improvement, forgetting that there are\\nmany modern cities in America, and but one ancient city.\\nThe building now used as a post-office has, in this way, been re-\\nmodeled from a quaint and interesting old Spanish structure,\\nwith its court-yard and balconies, into a commonplace modern\\nstructure. Even the old coquina lunette standing in the same\\nyard on the corner of King and Tolomato Streets had to succumb\\nto personal interest and the demand for improvements, and\\nwas swept away, thus depriving the city of one of its most attract-\\nive mementoes.\\nThe fort, the Spanish monument, the cathedral, and the city\\nFairbanks s History, p. 197.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "1/2\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\ngates yet remain, preserved from the hands of vandals. The city\\nhas lately repaired the sentry-boxes, constructed in the pilasters\\nof the city gate, and doubtless from this time on there will be an\\neffort made to preserve all of the old relics yet remaining.\\nIn 1879 the Ladies Memorial Association obtained permission\\nof the city to remove to the plaza a monument that had been\\nerected on St. George Street to the memory of the soldiers of St.\\nAugustine and vicinity who died in the late war between the\\nStates. This monument now stands near the east end of the\\nplaza, and preserves the names of tlixDse whose memory it is\\nintended to perpetuate, engraved upon two marble slabs set into\\nthe masonry. Its inscriptions are as follows\\nOur dead.\\nErected by the Ladies Memorial Association of St. Augus-\\ntine, Fla., A.D. 1872.\\nIn Memoriam. Our loved ones who gave their lives in the\\nservice of the Confederate States.\\nIn the military cemetery near the barracks are three small\\npyramids built of masonry and whitewashed, marking the place\\nwhere are interred the remains of Major Dade and his one hun-\\ndred and seven comrades massacred by the Indians near the With-\\nlacoochee River, on the -28th of December, 1835. They were\\nburied on the battle-field by a detachment that was sent out for\\ntheir succor, but arrived too late. Upon the removal of their re-\\nmains to St. Augustine, these pyramids were erected, and also a\\nhandsome monument. The monument is of marble, a broken\\npillar or shaft upon a square pedestal, with inscriptions on the\\nfour faces.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 1 73\\nOn the first we read\\nThis monument, in token of respectful and affectionate re-\\nmembrance by their comrades of all grades, is committed to the\\ncare and preservation of the garrison of St. Augustine.\\nOn another the following\\nA mute record of all the officers who perished, and are here\\nand elsewhere deposited, as also a portion of the soldiers, has been\\nprepared and placed in the office of the adjutant of the post, where\\nit is hoped it will be carefully and perpetually preserved.\\nOn another\\nThe conflict in which so many perished in battle, and by\\ndisease, commenced 25th December, 1835, and terminated 14th\\nAugust, 1842/\\nOn the last\\nSacred to the memory of the officers and soldiers killed in\\nbattle and died in service during the Florida War.\\nNear this cemetery is the post hospital, a convenient and airy\\nbuilding. A large building on St. George Street, erected in 1874,\\nis occupied by the society of nuns called Sisters of St. Joseph.\\nMany of the female children of the city are taught by the sisters\\nin this building, and children from abroad are also received, and\\nlodge in the building. The nuns of St. Augustine have always\\nhad the reputation of making fine lace-work, and much of their\\nwork is purchased by visitors.\\nA large and comfortable building was erected a few years since\\nas a home for aged and infirm colored persons. It stands back\\nfrom King Street just west of Santa Maria Creek. Doctor Bron-\\nson and Mr. Buckingham Smith were chiefly instrumental in\\nerecting the building and furnishing the endowment, which is", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1^4 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nmanaged by a board of trustees. The general management of\\nthe Home and its inmates is given to a matron chosen by the\\nladies of the different church parishes, subject to the approval of\\nthe board of trustees.\\nThe wooden building upon a circular foundation of coquina\\nstanding in the bay north of the basin is the bath-house. In the\\nwinter it is kept heated, and warm salt-water baths are furnished\\nto visitors. During the summer it is liberally patronized for swim-\\nming baths by the citizens of the place and many summer visit-\\nors, who come from the interior of the State to spend the hot\\nmonths at the seaside. Probably a larger proportion of the\\nladies of St. Augustine know how to swim than of any other\\nplace in the country.\\nWithin the last few years there have been a number of hand-\\nsome houses built in the city by wealthy gentlemen who occupy\\nthem during the winter season. Mr. H. P. Kingsland of New\\nYork has a fine residence north of the gates upon the shell road.\\nThis is probably the most expensive of the houses built by non-\\nresidents, though the fine house built by the late Hy. Ball upon\\nhis estate on Tolomato Street is said to have cost a large sum of\\nmoney. The grounds and orange grove on this place were very\\nattractive during the life of Mr. Ball, and it is a place much fre-\\nquented by visitors.\\nMr. Geo. L. Lorillard has lately purchased the Stone man-\\nsion on St. George Street, and is ornamenting the grounds, and\\notherwise making the place more attractive.\\nMr. Tyler, Mr. Ammidown, Mr. Howard, Mr. Bronson, Mr.\\nAlexander, and Mr. Wilson each have fine residences on St.\\nGeorge Street south of the plaza. Mr. Edgar has a handsome\\ncoquina house on the bay, while the residence of ex-Senator Gil-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\n175\\nbert on the south, and the residence and orange grove of Dr.\\nAnderson on the north, are sure to attract the notice of the\\nstranger entering the city from the causeway. All of these resi-\\ndences have attractive grounds, ornamentally laid out, and artisti-\\ncally adorned, containing a great variety of most beautiful roses\\nand ornamental plants and flowers. The roses especially are con-\\ngenial to the soil and climate, and are in the early winter\\nmonths most attractive in their wealth of bloom. This shrub in\\nsome of its varieties, here attains the proportions of a tree. The\\nrose tree in the garden of Mr. Oliveros was fifteen feet high, ris-\\ning from a stock twenty-one inches in circumference, and its\\nbranches covered a space eighteen feet in diameter. The tree is\\ndead, but the stump is still to be seen.\\nThe shell road extends for about a mile north of the city, and\\nis much used during the winter season. Carriages, buggies, and\\nsaddle-horses for hire are usually standing at all hours in front of\\nthe hotels or near the plaza* and on fair days are well patronized.\\nMr. Williams and Mr. Hildreth, north of the city, have attractive\\nplaces which are much visited by tourists. When the tide is low\\nthere is a short but quite hard drive along the edge of the St. Se-\\nbastian River. There is an interesting drive to a suburb west of\\nthe city called Ravenswood, where is a spring called from the\\nfamous Ponce de Leon. A great natural curiosity is a large\\nspring in the ocean about three miles off the coast near Matanzas\\nInlet, eighteen miles south of St. Augustine. This spring has\\nbeen described in the publications of the U. S. Coast Survey.\\nThere is a comfortable hotel kept by Mr. Darius Allen at Matan-\\nzas, which is often filled with hunting and fishing parties. The\\nhouse stands on the narrow sand reef between the INtatanzas River\\nand the ocean.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "176\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nAt the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion the Union senti-\\nment, which existed among a considerable portion of the com-\\nmunity, was stifled by the taunts of cowardice and the popular\\nfrenzy for secession. A number of the inhabitants, being unable\\nto make their influence felt at the election of delegates, prepared\\nand had presented to the convention that passed the ordinance of\\nsecession a letter of protest against such a course. The only\\neffect of this letter was to place the signers in such a position that\\nthey were advised to volunteer at once to serve in the Confederate\\narmy.\\nIn March, 1862, the United States forces took possession of the\\ntown, which they held until the close of the war. The city was\\ntaken by a naval force under command of Lieut. S. F. Du Pont,\\nafterward Admiral Du Pont.\\nIn his report to the Secretary of the Navy, Flag-Officer Du Pont\\nspeaks of the occupation of the place in a tone exhibiting less of\\nexultation than sadness, that a place which had enjoyed so many\\nfavors at the hands of the government should have taken part in\\nan attempt at its overthrow.\\nIt is perhaps too soon after the close of the struggle to discuss\\nthe events of that period. As a matter of history, however, I give\\nthe report of Commander Rodgers, who received the surrender of\\nthe town. In transmitting the report, Flag-Officer Du Pont adds\\nThe American flag is flying once more over that old city, raised\\nby the hands of its own people.\\nThe following is Commander Rodgers s report\\nUnited States Flag-ship Wabash,\\nOff St. Augustine, Florida, March 12, 1862.\\nSir Having crossed the bar with some difficulty, in obedi-", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. lyy\\nence to your orders, I approached St. Augustine under a flag of\\ntruce, and as I drew near the city a white flag was hoisted upon\\none of the bastions of Fort Marion.\\nLanding at the wharf and inquiring for the chief authorities\\nI was soon joined by the mayor, and conducted to the City Hall,\\nwhere the municipal authorities were assembled.\\nI informed them that having come to restore the authority of\\nthe United States, you had deemed it more kind to send an un-\\narmed boat to inform the citizens of your determination than to\\noccupy the town at once by force of arms that you were desir-\\nous to calm any apprehension of harsh treatment that might exist\\nin their minds, and that you should carefully respect the persons\\nand property of all citizens who submitted to the authority of the\\nUnited States that you had a single purpose to restore the\\nstate of aflairs which existed before the Rebellion. I informed the\\nmunicipal authorities that so long as they respected the authority\\nof the government we serve, and acted in good faith, municipal\\naffairs would be left in their own hands, so far as might be con-\\nsistent with the exigencies of the times.\\nThe mayor and council then informed me that the place had\\nbeen evacuated the preceding night by two companies of Florida\\ntroops, and that they gladly received the assurance I gave them,\\nand placed the city in my hands. I recommended them to hoist\\nthe flag of the Union at once, and in prompt accordance with the\\nadvice, by order of the mayor the national ensign was displayed\\nfrom the flagstaff of the fort.\\nI called upon the clergymen of the city requesting them to\\nreassure the people, and to confide in our kind intentions toward\\nthem.\\nAbout fifteen hundred people remain in St. Augustine, about\\n8*", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "178\\nHISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\none-fifth of the inhabitants having fled. I believe that there are\\nmany citizens who are earnestly attached to the Union, a large\\nnumber who are silently opposed to it, and a still larger number\\nwho care very little about the matter.\\nI think that nearly all of the men acquiesce in the condition\\nof affairs we are now establishing.\\nThere is much violent and pestilent feeling among the\\nwomen. They seem to mistake treason for courage, and have a\\ntheatrical desire to figure as heroines. Their minds have doubt-\\nless been filled with the falsehoods so industriously circulated\\nin regard to the lust and hatred of our troops. On the night\\nbefore our arrival, a party of women assembled in front of the\\nbarracks and cut down the flag-staff, in order that it might\\nnot be used to support the old flag. The men seemed anxious\\nto conciliate in every way. There is a great scarcity of pro-\\nvisions in the place. There seems to be no money, except the\\nwretched paper currency of the Rebellion, and much poverty ex-\\nists. In the water-battery at the fort are three fine army thirty-two-\\npounders, of 7,000 pounds, and two eight-inch seacoast hov/itzers,\\nof 5,600 pounds, with shot and some powder. There are a num-\\nber of very old guns in the fort, useless and not mounted.\\nI have the honor to be very respectfully,\\nC. R. P. RODGERS, Commander.\\nFlag Officer, S. F. Du Pont,\\nCommanding S. Atlantic Blockading Station.\\nMr. Christobal Bravo, an old and much-respected citizen of\\nthe place, who is still alive, was the mayor who surrendered\\nthe town.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. ijg\\nImmediately after the close of the Rebellion, real estate in the\\ncity possessed very little value. Within a short time, however,\\nas a few wealthy men began to secure sites for winter residences,\\nthe prices suddenly leaped to the full value, and, in many cases,\\nfictitious values, which they have since maintained.\\nThe climate of St. Augustine is unsurpassed by that of any\\nlocation in the world. The mass of testimony to its healthfulness\\nand agreeableness is constantly accumulating, and dates from its\\nfirst settlement.\\nThe extreme old age attained by the aborigines in Florida has\\nbeen referred to in the extract from Laudonnere. Romans men-\\ntions a man, eighty-five years old, who had gone five miles on foot\\nto catch fish, while his mother was meantime busy preparing bread.\\nThe following quaint testimony is from Romans s History\\nBefore I quit this subject of the air, I cannot help taking\\nnotice of a remark, which I have read somewhere, made by Dr.\\nJames McKenzie, w^hich is, The soon molding of the bread,\\nmoistness of sponge, dissolution of loaf sugar, and rusting of\\nmetals, are marks of a bad air. Now every one of those marks\\nare more to be seen at St. Augustine than in any place I ever\\nwas at. And yet I do not think that on all the continent\\nthere is a more healthy spot. Burials have been less frequent\\nhere than anywhere else, where an equal number of inhabitants\\nare found and it was remarked, during my stay there, that, when\\na detachment of the royal regiment of artillery once arrived there\\nin a sickly state, none of the inhabitants caught the contagion,\\nand the troops themselves soon recruited. The Spanish inhab-\\nitants lived here to a great age, and certain it is, that the people\\nof the Havannah looked on it as their Montpellier, frequenting it\\nfor the sake of health.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "l3o HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nForbes remarks that the Ninth Regiment of British troops\\nnever lost a man by natural death during the eight months they\\nwere quartered in the town. The undeviating salubrity of St.\\nAugustine, under the British flag, was certainly augmented by\\nthe perfect cleanliness and neatness which was the characteristic\\nof the town during that epoch, and that it continued so while\\nthe buildings crumbled into ruins over the heads of the indo-\\nlent Spaniards, and the dirt and nuisance augmented in every lot\\nis an additional proof of the natural healthfulness of the place.\\nFrom October to June the weather is temperate, the thermom-\\neter having a mean of fifty-eight degrees in the winter, and sixty-\\neight degrees in the spring. During the winter months there are\\nfrequent cloudy days, and usually several cold storms in a season.\\nFrom twenty- five years observations Dr. Baldwin, of Jacksonville,\\nprepared a table showing the average of clear days in January to\\nbe 20y\\\\; February, 19-j-V; March, 20^-^; April, 25. For the\\nwhole year, 235 clear days.\\nThe climate of St. Augustine is sufficiently cold in winter to\\nbrace up the constitution, after being relaxed by summer heats.\\nOn the other hand, it is sufficiently warm to entice the invalid to\\nbe out of doors, and to present opportunities for open-air exer-\\ncises. The east winds that prevail are tempered by the proximity\\nof the Gulf Stream, a vast volume of warm water moving along\\nthe coast of Florida, whose effect is felt thousands of miles\\nfarther north in modifying the temperature of the British Isles.\\nThe peculiar location of St. Augustine, upon a narrow penin-\\nsula, provides a natural drainage that renders the place particu-\\nlarly desirable as a health resort. Through the winter rains are\\nForbes s Sketches.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE. l8l\\ninfrequent, that being the dry season in Florida whatever rain\\nfalls, however, is immediately absorbed by the sandy soil, and, in\\nmany parts of the city, the slope of the surface carries the rain-fall\\nimmediately into the tide-water environing the city, before it has\\ntime to be absorbed by the earth.\\nThe mean relative humidity for the five winter months of sev-\\neral localities, recommended as health resorts, is shown in a table\\ncompiled by C. J. Kenworthy, M.D., of Jacksonville, Fla., and\\npublished by him in his work on The Climatology of Florida.\\nI take the liberty of using his data. The humidity of St. Augus-\\ntine during the winter months is nearly the same as that of Jack-\\nsonville. At Mentone and Cannes the mean relative humidity\\nfor the five months, beginning in November, is. 72^ per cent.\\nBreckenridge, Minn 79to\\nBismark, Dak 76^^\\nNassau, N. P 73^\\nPunta Rassa, Fla. (on the Gulf coast) 72to\\nJacksonville, 68^^\\nThus it will be seen that, although we sometimes have fogs\\nand cloudy weather, the humidity of the atmosphere is less than\\nthat of several noted health resorts, some of which are at a con-\\nsiderable elevation. Finally, the medical attendance and sup-\\nply of nourishing and appetizing food available at St. Augustine\\nare all that could be desired. The hotels and boarding-houses are\\nexcellent; while the opportunities and inducements for open-air\\nrecreations and exercises are superior.\\nWith the close connections furnished by the lines of railway\\nlately completed to Jacksonville, that city will doubtless become\\nthe objective point of the Florida-bound tourist. At that place\\ntime-tables can be obtained of the river steamers and the railwav", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "1 32 HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE.\\nfrom Tocoi, on the St. Johns River, to St. Augustine and, by\\ncorrespondence, accommodations can be secured in advance, dur-\\ning the season, when the hotels and boarding-houses of St. Au-\\ngustine are likely to be crowded.\\nAll visitors to Florida, and especially those who come for\\nrecreation, should be sure to spend a portion of the season, at\\nleast, in St. Augustine.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE\\nSOUVENIR ALBUM\\nOF\\nVIEWS IN ST. AUGUSTINE\\nPREPARED BY THE CELEBRATED\\nLOUIS GLASER, OF LEIPSIC,\\nAnd Copyrighted.\\nTHIS CONVENIENT LITTLE ALBUM CONTAINS\\nVIEWS OF FOURTEEN OF THE MOST INTER-\\nESTING SCENES AND STRUCTURES\\nIN THE\\nANCIENT CITY;\\nEmbracing\\nTHE CITY GATES THE CATHEDRAL THE OLD FORT AND\\nWATER BATTERY, FROM THE BAY; THE FORT AND\\nTHE HARBOR, SHOWING THE LIGHT-HOUSE THE PLAZA\\nDE LA CONSTITUCION, SHOWING THE SPANISH MONU-\\nMENT THE NEW LIGHT-HOUSE ON ANASTATIA ISL-\\nAND; THE SPANISH COAT-OF-ARMS OVER THE EN-\\nTRANCE TO THE FORT; A VIEW UP ST. GEORGE\\nSTREET THE OLD FORT AT MATANZAS THE BAY,\\nLOOKING NORTH, SHOWING THE OLD FORT A BIRD S-\\nEYE VIEW OF THE CITY, LOOKING SOUTH, TAKEN\\nFROM THE LOOK-OUT TOWER ON THE OLD FORT THE\\nOLD SPANISH LIGHT-HOUSE W^HICH FELL IN 1880 THE\\nARCHES SUPPORTING THE BALCONY OF AN OLD SPAN-\\nISH RESIDENCE AND A DOUBLE-PAGE VIEW OF THE\\nCITY FROM THE BAY, SHOWING ONE MILE OF ITS\\nFRONTAGE.\\nA most acceptable present, and a memento of the\\noldest town in the United States.\\nSent, post-paid, on receipt of one dollar.\\nAddress,\\nW. W. DEWHURST,\\nSt. Augustine, Florida.", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "/5\\nf", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 541 485 4\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2mMmm", "height": "3323", "width": "2137", "jp2-path": "historyofsaintau00dewh_0214.jp2"}}