{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3475", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "o\\nv^*\\nu\\nA^\\nv- S\\n,s\\nvT\\n^t.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s?^,-.\\nV^^\\nV\\n.^^S^rC^\\n7/ _\\nx^ r..\\n^i^i^\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00c2\u00ab ^l o\u00e2\u0080\u009e ^i:^\\no\\n-a^\\nV .^s^ :\\\\^Sf V.\\nvO 0__ 5\\ntz.0^\\nv.\\n^V:ic\u00e2\u0082\u00ac^\\nV 1.\\n:s^\\nVA\\n.^^\\\\-J^.\\n\u00c2\u00bb0\\n;V", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "o\\n-7^^/,\\n^-^^4^%i\\niq.\\n.0\\n-P\\nbi\\nk:)ii4$:r i o\\no\\n.SvJ-\\n^%f.-\\nO\\n^^:^iC\\nAo^\\n-iq..\\no\\n.0\\n^^^^0-\\n/rr/T^-\\n4\\n,G\\nc\u00c2\u00b0^\\n-0^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2X V.\\nc\\nW\\no\\nc", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "OBSERVATIONS\\nUPON\\nX\\nBY\\nCHARLES VIGNOLES,\\nCIVIL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEER,\\nJ^EW-FOEK:\\nPUBLISHED BY E. BLISS E. WHITE, 138 BEOADWAY.\\n1823,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Southern District of JVerv-York, ss.\\nBE IT REMEMnEREI), that on the firstday of March, in the forty-seventh\\nyear of the InHependence of the United States of America, Chahlus VrouoLBs,\\nof the said District, hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof\\nhe claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit\\nObservations upon the Floridas. By Charles Vignoles, Civil and Topographical\\nEngineer.\\nIn conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, An act\\nfor the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books,\\nto the authors and projjrietors of sucli copies, during the times therein mentioned\\nand also to an act, entitled, An act supplementary to an act, entitled, an act for the\\nencouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the\\nauthors and proprietors of such copies, daring the time therein mentioned, and ex-\\ntending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical\\nand other prints.\\nJAMES DILL,\\nClerk of the Southern District of New-York,\\nG. L. Biroh, Printer, 99 P ulton-street, Brooklyn.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nIntroductory Observations, 7\\nHistorical Observations, 17\\nTopographical Observations, 35\\nObservations upon the Soil and its natural\\ngrowth, 86\\nObservations upon the appropriate articles\\nof culture, 95\\nObservations upon the temperature and climate, 109\\nObservations upon the Florida Keys and\\nWreckers, 117\\nObservations upon the Indians, 129\\nObservations upon the Land Titles, 138\\nAppendix, 155\\n\\\\t", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "OBSERVATIONS\\nUPON\\nTHE FLORID AS.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "JNTBODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.\\nThe newly acquired territory of Florida has ad*\\nvanced the soil of the Union to the very verge of the\\ntropics, and by placing the ports from the mouths of\\nthe Mississippi round to Amelia island, under the\\nAmerican flag, has hermetically closed all approaches\\nto our interior. The various political advantages\\narising from the cession have been often set forth, and\\nare too well appreciated to require enumeration in a\\npamphlet of topographical details. The country has\\nsingularities and advantages in various points of view,\\nwhich, at a remoter period, may be estimated with\\nimpartiality, and found to be of importance.\\nThe following observations upon the Floridas have\\nbeen collected, during a residence in the country in", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "3 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIOijrS.\\nwhich period several extensive journeys were made,\\nwith a view of obtaining materials for the construction\\nof a new map, and for the purpose now brought forward.\\nSome reports sent to the Indian department, at the\\nseat of government, copies of which appeared in one of\\nthe Boston papers, contain a few of the results of the\\nauthor s personal observations, and make the basis of\\nthese notes, though now modified, and in several parts\\nchanged, from the acquisition of better information.\\nThose who may peruse these pages must not expect\\nthe glowing narrative of an agreeable excursion,\\nthrough regions comparable to a paradise. The sub-\\nsequent relation has only truth to recommend it, and\\nfrom the very nature of the work, must appear dry and\\ntedious to all not immediately interested in the re-\\nsources of the territory. It will be observed that a\\nfuller account is given of the Atlantic border than of\\nthe Mexican shore its evident pre-importance, on\\nsome accounts, led naturally to the earliest examina-\\ntion, and the many excellencies it possesses encoura-\\nged investigation, which the nature of the coast, and\\nits nearer vicinity to recourses, rendered more practi-\\ncable added to which the author s domicile at St.\\nAugustine, and the total ignorance of a country so\\ncomparatively near the capital, induced him to ex-\\nplore and remark personally and in consequence it\\nmay be noted, that on the map almost the whole sea-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 9\\ncoast from St. Mary s river to cape Florida, is from\\nhis own actual survey; the names of places are set down\\nas best known to the very few residents in the vicini-\\nty, and the traveller or shipwrecked mariner may rely\\nupon the general accuracy of the detail. The fabu-\\nlous reports of the inland bays, lakes and waters,\\nwhich have heretofore existed, respecting the south-\\nern part of the Florida peninsula, will be readily ac-\\ncounted for, on a view of the map, and a glance at\\nthe description of what is there actually to be found.\\nIt is lamented that no account sufficiently satisfac-\\ntory could be procured upon West Florida the com-\\nplete separation of the two divisions of the territory\\nfrom all communication with each other, and the total\\nimpracticability of the author s extending his enquiries\\nto that portion of the country, have been the occasion\\nof this defect. Enough, however, is to be gleaned\\nfrom former accounts to infer, that the soil and climate\\nis not materially diflferent from the adjacent lands in\\nthe Mississippi and Alabama territories. The able\\neditor of the paper published at Pensacola, laments\\nhimself the dearth of topographical and statistical in-\\nformation, and has made his appeal to the few scat-\\ntered inhabitants to supply the defect; but it has\\nnot been ascertained whether if with any and what\\nsuccess, the appeal has been answered. Called by\\nhis professional duties, it was not in the author s pow-\\n2", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10 TNTRODUOTORY OBSERVATIONS.\\ner to make an actual inspection of all the points he\\nattempts to describe but he is under the conviction\\nthat his authorities are respectable, and he has not\\nrelied, except upon concurrent testimony, from more\\nthan one creditable source.\\nIn sketching the civilhistory of the province for the\\nfew years preceding the cession to the United States,\\nthe author is almost wholly indebted to the valua,\\nble manuscripts of George I. F.Clarke, Esq. surveyor\\ngeneral of East Florida, and lieutenant-governor\\nof the northern district of that province, while under\\nthe dominion of Spain. This gentleman, whose in-\\nformation on this and every other subject connected\\nwith the country, is very extensive, furnished with a\\npeculiar urbanity every assistance and likewise some\\nof the remarks on the Indians. The friendly assistance\\nand judicious hints afforded by N. A. Ware, Esq. one\\nof the commissioners of land claims, call for especial\\nacknowledgments indeed the present map and pam-\\nphlet were first put into a train of publication at his\\nsuggestion, and by his striking out the general ideas\\nupon it. In the observations on the keys and reefs\\nof the Florida point, the information of the resident\\npilots at the cape, have been chiefly rClied on, as\\nthey were corroborated by the accounts of several\\nmasters of vessels, particularly Captain Snyder of\\nNew-York, who have navigated among them, and do\\nnot differ from the directions of Romans, De Brahm", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS, 11\\nand their co-temporaries, who have been fully consult-\\ned and abstracted, as far as they were considered\\nuseful.\\nIt had always been a particular wish of the author\\nto have given a list of all the grants upon record, but\\nnot having been able to obtain permission to search\\nthe archives, after the departure to Pensacola of the\\nhonourable Edmund Law, who had previous to that\\nperiod the charge of them, he must confine himself to\\ngeneral accounts. He has located upon the map as\\nmany of the large grants as have come within his\\nknowledge, but as he has no official information on\\nthe subject of any of them, they must be understood\\nas having been laid down, solely with a view of grati-\\nfying the general existing desire of knowing, where\\nthe larger concessions lay, and their relative position\\nto each other.\\nIn constructing the map of Florida, the author has\\navailed himself of all the existing charts and maps,\\nboth domestic and foreign of ail nations, as well as of\\nvarious manuscript draughts. Among those consulted,\\nwere Romans chart of Florida, the British nautical\\nsurvey of West Florida, from the mouths of tlie Mis-\\nsissippi to the embouchure of the Suwanee, the roy-\\nal Spanish chart of the ij;ulf of iVlexico, from the ma-\\nrine depot at Madrid, and various other Spanish maps,\\nEllicott s map attached to his journal, while running", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.\\nthe Florida line, Gault s survey of the Florida keys,\\nand a variety of other charts of the coast. Amons\\nthe manuscripts made use of were Sketches of the ri-\\nver Saint John, partly from the author s own drawing,\\nand the rest furnished by Peter Mitchel, Esq. correct-\\ned by a sight of Capt. Le Conte s accurate survey of the\\nwhole of that interesting river from its mouth up to the\\nthe very head lake, and a very correct British manu-\\nscript chart of St. John s river, from the bar to the Cow-\\nford the author s own survey of the coast from St. Au-\\ngustine to cape Florida, extending to the heads of all\\nthe waters on the Atlantic border but his best assist-\\nance more particularly for the interior of West Florida,\\nwas from the manuscript map drawn by the late Jos.\\nPurcell, Esq. formerly of S. Carolina, which is now in\\nthe topographical bureau at Washington, to which, with\\na liberality and attention never to be forgotten, the au-\\nthor was allowed access for the purposes of his map;\\nthis document contained the results of all that was\\nknown to the British government up to the time of the\\nre-cession of the Floridas by Great Britain to Spain-\\nThe boundary line as lately run by Georgia, was fur-\\nnished me by the politeness of the Surveyor General\\nof that state Saint Mary s River, from the manuscript\\nsurvey of Zephaniah Kingsley, Esq. an enlightened\\nand valuable citizen of Florida; Nassau river and\\nDunn s lake, from surveys made under the direction", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 13\\nof Mr. Turnbull, a great proprietor in the Territory.\\nThe author s journeys in the interior, assisted by the\\nvaluable notes and information of Peter Mitchell, Esq.\\nenabled him to fill up the detail from the old path to\\nfort St. Marks, to the head waters of Tampa bay and\\nacross, along that parallel to the Atlantic. The re-\\nmainder is filled in by the information derived from\\nLewis, Hegan and Pent, respectable pilots at cape\\nFlorida, who mentioned the names of various persons,\\nstill living in the Bahamas, who had travelled there-\\nin, and by the unanimous testimony of everj^indian\\nand indian negro consulted on the subject. Mr. Lew-\\nis, his father and family, lived for many years on va-\\nrious parts of the western coast, from the mouth of the\\nSuwanee, down to Cape Romano, and he afforded me\\nmuch local information.\\nAfter all, 1 am aware the map is not perfect, but it\\nconcentrates all that is at present known of the terri-\\ntory and if, where information was wholly unattain-\\nable, no directions can be given to the traveller or\\nnew settler, yet he may be assured that where the\\ndetail is laid down, that it is accurate and will not\\nmislead him. Sensible of all possible respect for the\\nopinions of an enlightened public, the work is offered\\nto them, with all its imperfections on its head but\\nconscious that some account was desirable of Florida,\\nthe author has in the following pages, and upon the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.\\nmap, used his humble endeavors to collect facts and\\ndescribe realities. Should his attempt to afford a bet-\\nter knowledge of this new cfountry fail, he hopes the\\ncandor ot his judges will attribute it to any thing but\\nwant of exertions, and pardon a futile essay, which\\nwas at least founded on good intentions.\\nSince the manuscript of this work was completed,\\nthe accolints from East Florida, respecting the sugar\\ncane, have been uncommonly favorable: several\\nlarge estabhshments are about to be erected, and\\nconsiderable investments are making for the ex-\\npress purpose of raising the cane. It is a matter of\\ninfinite satisfaction, that the certainty of sugar beco-\\nming the staple of Florida is already established let\\nus hope that the success in this article, will induce\\nother not less certain sources of wealth to be explo-\\nred. The olive, the grape, the silk-worm, and many\\nmore which are detailed under their proper head,\\nare equally worthy the attention of the agriculturist.\\nOn the subject of the territorial government we\\nhave reason to believe, that by the exertions of the de-\\nlegate irom Florida, Joseph M. Hernandez, Esq. the\\neast and west divisions will be placed under separate\\nadministrations and a separate board of commission-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 15\\ners, appointed for each province by which means\\nall existing difficulties will be smoothed and the hold-\\ners of titles enabled without difficulty or expense to\\nestablish their claims, and settlers will pour in from all\\nparts of the union to enjoy the advantages so liberal-\\nly bestowed by nature upon Florida,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "The map of Florida which is published at the same\\ntime with this book, by the author, will for the accom-\\nmodation of the public, be sold, either bound up with\\nit, or separately in sheets, done up in cases or mount-\\ned and varnished, with roller, colored or uncolore{;\\nas required.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS.\\nFlorida was discovered in the year 1407, by Cabot but it does\\niiot appear that the country was either named or explored until\\nfifteen years afterwards, when Don Juan Ponce de Leon landed,\\nin April, 1512, and finding the earth covered with a luxuriant\\nvegetation, in Jlom-er, he styled the new region Florida, or Florida\\nBlanca. It was visited a few years afterwards by Narvaez, and\\nmany other adventurers and in 1638, Ferdinand de Soto, so cele-\\nbrated in antient books of travels, disembarked an army in Spirito\\nSanto Bay, and marched through the interior, fighting the Indians\\nand destroying his troops, without gaining a single point and after\\ntraversing round to the Missisippi, died at the end of three or four\\nyears, near the mouth of the Red river. His narrative throws but\\nlittle light on the real state of the country, and at present is looked\\nupon as a mere historical romance for though he doubtless actually\\npassed through the places he describes, yet with a view to palliate\\nhis lavish waste of life to the Spanish government, he has interwo-\\nven fabulous accounts of gold, pearls and treasures, which never\\nexisted. The first colony in Florida was planted in 1562, by\\nRibaultj a Frenchman, near the mouth of the river Saint John j\\n3", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nbut the unfortunate Protestants, who had fled from persecution in:\\nEurope, found the vindictive spirit of bigotry follow, and in 15G4,\\nMenendez exterminated them with a demoniac malignity, unequal-\\nled by the horrors of the fatal festival of Saint Bartholomew in their\\nown country. Dominique de Gorgues, in 1568, took ample re-\\nvenge, and hung the murderers on the same branches from which\\ndepended the bleached skeletons of his compatriots.\\nSaint Augustine appears to have been built about 1565, and is\\nundoubtedly the oldest town on the continent of North America,\\nexcept the Mexican settlements. At the time this town was eva-\\ncuated in J763, by the Spaniards, one at least of the original houses\\nremained, with the date of 1571 upon the front, and all were with-\\nout chimnies or glass windows. Sir Francis Drake, in 1586, pilla-\\nged the town; a ceremony repeated by the Indians in 1611 and\\nin 1665 Captain Davis, in the piratical spirit of the times, once\\nmore desolated the place, which, from these checks, and other\\ncauses, does not appear to have much advanced in size or popula-\\ntion. Governor Moore of South Carolina, made a fruitless attack\\nupon the fort at Saint Augustine in 1702 and in 1725, Colonel\\nPalmer of Georgia, was equally unsuccessful. General Ogelthorpe,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2with a large force from Savannah, was completely repulsed in 1740,\\nand retreated in disorder. At length the peace of 1763 gave the\\nFloridas to Great Britain, and- for the subsequent twenty years\\nSaint Augustine appears greatly, to have improved. The author\\nhas conversed with many persons who were there in June 1784,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0when it again reverted to Spain, and has heard them speak highly\\nof the beauty of the gardens, the neatness of the houses, and the\\nair of cheerfulness and comfort that seemed, during that preceding\\nperiod, to have been thrown over the town. Neglect antl conse-\\nquent decay, attended this interesting town during its occupancy by\\nthe Spaniards where time or equinoctial storms damaged any\\nbuildings, public or private, the hand of repair never came, and at", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. ][9\\nthe period of the cession, this onca elegant place appeared ruinous,\\ndirty, and unprepossessing.\\nPensacola appears to have been founded some time previous to\\n1G9G it was in that year taken from the French by Riola, and in\\niG99, Monsieur D lberville failed in his attempt to retake it. In\\n1719, it was three times taken and retaken, and at length retained\\nby France but in 1722 was restored to Spain. The prosperity of\\nPensacola and decay seems to have been somewhat similar to its sis-\\nter city. The history of Florida is not the subject of tins publication,\\nand the preceding paragraphs have merely been drawn out to re-\\nfresh the memory of the reader, who will find in various modern\\npublications more minute information but as some interest has\\nbeen excited to learn the real state of affairs as connected with East\\nFlorida, for a few years previous, and at the time of the cession, the\\nauthor is happy in being able to gratify the public wish. Sometime in\\nthe summer of IGl 1, general Mathews appears, in consequence of\\nan act of congress passed ia the preceding session, to have been au-\\nthorised by the executive to proceed to the frontiers of Georgia, to\\naccept possession of East Florida from the local authorities, or to\\ntake it against the attempt of a foreign power to occupy it, holding\\nit in either case subject to future and friendly negotiation. This\\nact appears to have been passed in consequence of the revolution\\nwhich had just broken out in the northern district of East Florida.\\nThis official appearance of American interference, alarmed the go-\\nvernment of St. Augustine, who ai)pear to have appealed to the Bri-\\ntish minister at Washington, who accordingly expostulated with Mr.\\nMonroe, then secretary of state. General Mathews appears in his\\nzeal to carry the orders of the executive into effect, to have exceed-\\ned his powers, indeed it has been confidently asserted that the in-\\nsurrection was fostered-by his appearance. His taking possession of\\nAmelia Island and other parts of East Florida, was officially blamed,\\nand his commission revoked in April, 1812, and the governor of", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 OBSERVATIONS UPOIV\\nGeorgia was commissioned in his place, in consequence, as the offi-\\ncial letter states, of general Mathews having employed the troops\\nof the United States, to dispossess the Spanish authorities by force\\nordering a restoration of Amelia Island and other parts to the Spa-\\nnish authorities ^^stipulating for the protection of such inhabitants\\nas had joined the Americans from the anger of the Spanish govern-\\nment. A later letter states, that if the troops are to be withdrawn\\nthat governor Mitchell is not to interfere, to compel the patriots to\\ndeliver the country to the Spanish authorities.\\nThe following letters will carry a true idea of the general history\\nof that part of the country.\\n[copy.]\\nSt. Augustine, 25th July, 1821.\\nCapt. John R. Bell, Commanding the province of East Florida.\\nSir,\\nThe following is intended to comply with your desire of infor-\\nmation on the northern division of this province and in order to\\nyour comprehending the true state of that section, and the charac-\\nter of its inhabitants, to whom, as the officer that presided over\\nthem for the last five years, I feel grateful for their confidence,\\ntheir devotion, and their support, permit me to recapitulate a part\\nof its history and first to premise that it is bounded on the\\nnorth by Camden county, Georgia, the southernmost part of the\\nAtlantic states the river St. Mary, the line of demarcation, and\\na very narrow one, has long been the jumping place of a large\\nportion of the bad characters who gradually sift through the whole\\nsouthwardly warm climates are congenial to bad habits. Second,\\nthat, unfortunately for Florida, the laws of both governments had the\\neffect of making each country the asylum of the bad men of the other\\nconsequently, Florida must have received, we will suppose, twenty\\nof those for one it returned to Georgia. This must be the result, on\\ntaking only a numerical view of the population of the two countries.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 21\\nAnd thirdly, that by the orders of the Spanish court, prohibiting\\ncitizens of the United States from being received as settlers in Flori-\\nda, the only part from whence it was ever to expect a population\\nsufficiently large to make it respectable, the good were prevented\\nfrom coming in, while the bad must come. The result of an obser-\\nvation, perhaps inadvertent, made in congress long since, Florida\\nmust ultimately be ours, if only from emigration, and loudly comment-\\ned on by the Spanish minister.\\nThe revolution, commenced in March, 1812, had spread general\\ndesolation and ruin over the whole province the dust of a siege\\nhad been thirteen months snuffed within the walls of St. Augustine.\\nOn the 6th May, 1813, the assailants were withdrawn, and the town\\nof Fernandina was restored to the Spanish authorities.\\nThe Spanish government had published a general pardon to its\\nsubjects, but, unfortunately, had limited it to three months, a time\\ntoo short for the ebullitions of individual feelings to subside. Many,\\nand those of the most energetic and influential character, would\\nnot trust themselves among the opposite party. The time expired,\\nand those were consequently left out. And in August, of the same\\nyear, hostilities re-commenced more sanguinary scenes ensued\\nand the insurgents aided by bands of idlers from Georgia, took and\\nkept possession of all the territory lying to the west and north of St.\\nJohn s river. Fernandina having become too weak for offence, and\\nSt. Augustine not being willing to let out all its troops, to hunt bush\\nfighters, the newly styled Republic of Florida, over which the in-\\nfluence of order had not been felt since March, 1812, and having\\nnow no compulsive inducement to union among its members, soon\\nfell into the most wretched state of anarchy and licentiousness even\\nthe honest were compelled to knavery m their own defence, and\\nthus continued until August, 1816 while the most rancorous feel-\\njngs were bandied between the Pat-Kiots of the main, and the\\ndamo d Spaniards of Amelia island.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 OBSERVATIOXS UPON\\nAt that period preparations were making on the Maine foradc\\nscent on Fernandina, then too weak to stand even on the defensive,\\nand no succors were to be expected from our friends, nor was there\\nany thing like good quarters to be looked for from our enemies.\\nGovernor Coppinger had lately received the command of the pro-\\nvince. I knew his energetic and benevolent character that his\\ndiscretionary powers were very great, but his want of means, deplo-\\nrable and I personally knew the people of the main, and had had\\nin other days, influence among them. I proposed a plan of recon\\nciliation and re-establishment of order. It was patronized by the\\ngovernor, and I received orders to proceed according to circum-\\nstances. Messrs. Zephaniah Kingsley and Henry Yonge went with\\nme up St. Mary s river to Mills ferry, and met about forty of them,\\nand after much debate an agreement for a general meeting at Wa-\\nterman s Bluff in three weeks, was concluded on.\\nThe day of meeting arrived, and none others but the gentlemen I\\nhave mentioned veould leave Fernandina. We knew that nothing\\nshort of an election of officers would subdue those people, even\\nshould they be willing to submit to order at all and that was a\\ncourse opposite to the principles of the Spanish government. How-\\never, extraordinary cases require extraordinary remedies and\\ncircumstances authorising a long stride, I provided several copies\\nof a set of laws adapted to their circumstances, blank commissions,\\ninstructions, Sec. A gathering of several hundred, besides a crowd\\nof spectators from Georgia, met us at the place appointed, a mere\\nmob without head or leader. I tendered them a distribution into\\nthree districts of all the territory lying between St. John s river and\\nSt. Mary s, with a magistrate s court and a company of militia in\\neach and those to be called Nassau, Upper and Lower St. Mary s\\n.in election of officers from the mass of the people of each, without\\nallowLrg the candidates to offer themselves that the officers to be\\nelected should be immediately commissioned to enter on the func-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDA S. 23\\ntions of their offices and that all the past should be buried in total\\noblivion. These were received by a general expression of satis-\\nfaction a table vras brought out on the green, and in a few hours\\na territory containing about one half of the population of East Flo-\\nrida was brought to order three oiagistrates and nine officers of\\ntnilitia elected, commissioned, instructed and provided with laws.\\nEvery demonstration of satisfaction ensued they took up th^ir offi-\\ncers on their shoulders, hailed by the shouts of hundreds. A plen-\\ntiful feast and many interesting scenes of friendship and mirth closed\\nthe important day.\\nHis excellency approved of the proceedings, and tendered me a\\nsuperintending jurisdiction on the whole, which I admitted, on 4)is\\nconsenting to strike out Amelia island that had a commandant who\\nhad a plenty of leisure to attend to the complaints of Fernandina,\\nand I have ever since allowed them the election of officers in filling\\nup vacancies.\\nSuch has been the confidence and resignation of those people, that\\nall complaints and appeals that should have gone before the supe-\\nrior courts at St. Augustine, have been referred to me for an opi-\\nnion, and those opinions have ever been voluntarily conclusive, to\\nany amount. And such their devotion to the government, that at the\\nshortest notice, any part or the whole force of the three districts\\nhave met me at the place appointed, mounted, armed and victualled,\\neach at his own expense.\\nThree facts speak volumes in favor of those inhabitants First,\\nthat in five years there has not been one appeal and but one com-\\nplaint to the superior authorities, in St. AuguStine, although the\\nhighroad to both has all the while been open. Second, that Geor-\\ngians prefer suing Floridians in that part of Florida to suing them\\nin Georgia. Third, that the credit of Floridians stands higher in\\nGeorgia than ever it did before, from whence they get all their sup-\\nplies. Such is the deplorable state of hum^n nature, that a rob-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nbery or a murder will occur in the best regulated societies witliiisf\\na fortification but I can venture to assert, that in no part of the\\ncivilized world do fewer irregularities occur among so many inha-\\nbitants, than in the northern division of this province.\\nI would caution, that when the people of Florida are spoken of\\nwith censure, some regard would be paid to the person speaking,\\nas to who he is, or from whence he gets his information to the pe-\\nriod to which reference is had, and the part of Florida alluded to.\\nI am aware that the time has been when these were censurable, for\\nthey were above four years in a state of anarchy the broadside of\\ntheir country open to the idle and vicious of Georgia and even af-\\nter they were called to order, in 1816, some time was required for\\npurification, by compelling many to decamp, and others to mend\\ntheir manners. And on the other side of St. John s river, under an-\\nother local jurisdiction, many who were hunted out from the north-\\nern division found toleration.\\nWe knew that a practice called Lynch s law had done more good\\nin Georgia in a few months, before Florida was found to be an asy-\\nlum for the vicious, than the civil authority could have done in as\\nmany years in that part of the country and we were aware that\\nsome such energetic measure was indispensible to accelerate our\\npurification. Fines, floggings and banishment, therefore, became\\nthe penalties for all wilful injury committed on the property of an-\\nother, not as a law of Spain, but as a special compact of the people.\\nA man who stole his neighbor s cow, was tried by a congress of from\\ntwenty to thirty persons of his district, summoned for the purpose,\\nand on being clearly convicted, he was sentenced to receive, tied to\\na pine tree, from ten to thirty-nine lasties and that was executed\\non the spot, by each giving him two lashes, to the amount of his sen-\\ntence and the second offence of the same class was punished by\\nflogging and banishment from those districts. A few such examples\\nfirmly managed, and executed under the rifles selected from a com-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 25\\npany, drawn up for the purpose, (and but few were required) did us\\nmore good than a board of lawyers, and a whole wheel-barrow\\nof law books could have done.\\nA mere remonstrance was sufficient to reduce to a small amounts\\non our side of St. Mary s river, the very grievous evil of parties of\\nFloridians and Georgians combined, going frequently to the indian\\ncountry of Florida to plunder cattle a lucrative practice that had\\nbeen going on for years, and was carried to such excess, that large\\ngangs of cattle could be purchased along that river, at the low price of\\nfrom two to three dollars per head. Efforts to suppress it altogether,\\nwe found to be in vain, .without a suitable coincidence on the Geor-\\ngia side and experience had shown that the civil authority was too\\nheavy booted to make much impression on those moggasin boys.\\nI then wrote to general Floyd, who commanded a part of the Geor-\\ngia militia, and his prompt and efficient aid soon enabled us to put u\\nfinishing stroke to a practice replete with the worst of evils.\\nWhen general M Gregorgot possession of Fernandina, he was in\\nthe belief that he had conquered Florida to the walls of St. Augus-\\ntine, and that there was nothing more to be done, as related to these\\npeople, but display his standard, fill up his ranks, and march to the\\npossession and under that impression he brought several sets of\\nofficers. But neither the offers, threats nor intrigues of himself and\\nhis successors, Irvin, Hubbard and Aury, and their many friends in\\nmany places, could bring one of them to his flag. Whereas, when\\na call was made for volunteers to commence in advance the expe-\\ndition formed in St. Augustine, for the re-capture of Amdiaisland,\\nevery man turned out, well equipped, not excepting the superannua-\\nted. We got possession of all Amelia island to the very town of Fer-\\nnandina, and kept it for several dnys awaiting the troops from St. Au-\\ngustine. During that time twenty-seven of these men sought for,\\ngave battle to, drove from the field, and pursued to within the range\\nof the guns of Fernandina, above one hundred of M Gregor s men.\\n4", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nwith the loss of seven killed and fourteen wounded, and without ha-\\nving lost one drop of blood on our side leaving us to bury their\\ndead. The reverses that afterwards attended that expedition were\\nwholly to be attributed to the conduct of the commanding officer\\nivho arrived from St. Augustine.\\nWhen the constitutional government was ordered in Florida, a few\\nmonths since, some small alteration were made in the laws of those\\ndistricts. They were but small, for the laws handed them in 181G\\nwere principally bottomed on the same constitutional government,\\nwhich had been in force in this province in 1813 and 14. But the\\nadministration of St. Augustine having been pleased to form the\\nwhole province, about fifty thousand square miles, into one parish,\\nmaking that city the centre, so far defalcated what those people\\nconceived their constitutional rights, that they petitioned govern-\\nment and not getting what they expected, they had in meditation\\nto send a representative to the captain-general of Cuba, and further\\nshould it be necessary, when the near approach of the surrender of\\nthe province to the United States levelled all dissentions.\\nThose three districts contain about one half of the population of\\nEast Florida, say about fifteen hundred souls, and embrace three\\nfourths of the agricultural interest of the whole province. They\\nare very thinly settled, and form one of the most inferior sections of\\nFlorida, as relates to good lands, and indeed many other natural\\nadvantages. The causes that have congregated so large a portion\\nof the industrious part of the population into one of the least delec-\\ntable sections, are these Its vicinity to Georgia, a populous coun-\\ntry, bordering on the river St. Mary, a near and ready market for\\ntheir produce and their supplies, and the facility of avoiding duties\\nof exports and imports the occupancy or neighborhood of Indians\\nin better sections the want of protections the want of a popula-\\ntion sufficient to protect itself and revolutionary broils with go-\\nvernment, forced upon us by foreigners in their over-strained assi", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 27\\niiuity for our welfare, gagging us with freedom, the most free, civili-\\nzed people perhaps in the world, and would fain lately have put\\nit down our throats with negroes bayonets. [Vide the Jenett, the\\nBfathews, and the McGregor invasions, in 1794, 1812, and 1817.]\\nEast Florida was literally evacuated by the British, when deliver-\\ned to the Spanish authorities in 1784. Perhaps no such other ge-\\nneral emigration of the inhabitants of a country, amicably transferred\\nto another government, ever occurred. Spain allowed it many ex-\\ntraordinary privileges, such as were not enjoyed by any othey part\\nof her dominions, and continued augmenting them ever since. In\\n1792, Florida was opened to a general emigration, without excep-\\ntion of country or creed and it was rapidly progressing to impor-\\ntance, when the report of the Spanish minister I have mentioned,\\nclosed the gates against American citizens, some time about 1804,\\nand virtually shut us in from the world as to a large population.\\nThe decline of this province must be dated from that period, ia\\nwhich a very large portion of the convulsions of Europe necessarily\\nfell to the share of Spain, from her contiguity to imperial France,\\nand which called her attentions and resources to objects of more\\nconsideration. But that decline was graduated by the nature of\\ntilings to a slow progression, and we had other fair prospects in our\\nfavour, notwithstanding the prohibition of a population from the Uni-\\nted States, when the troubles of 1812 spread, in one year, universal\\nruin. The war between the United States and Great Britain, and\\nthe visit of McGregor, following in close succession, almost every\\none, who had the means of migrating, abandoned a country so much\\nand so unmeritedly affected.\\nYour obedient servant,\\nGEO. I, F. CLARKE", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 OBSERVATIONS UPOX\\n[copy.]\\nCircular to the oncers and people of the northern division of East\\nFlorida.\\nSt. Mary s, Florida, 13th August, 1821.\\nJohn Low, Esq. Magistrate of the lower district of St. Mary^s.\\nDear Sir,\\nI take the earliest opportunity afforded me since my return from\\nSt. Augustine, to communicate the following\\nThe authorities of the United States having received possession\\nof this province, on the 10th of last month, my functions as super-\\nintending officer of the northern division of East Florida, and those of\\nsurveyor-general of the province, have ceased and my claims on\\nthe Spanish government do not permit my receiving, at present, of-\\nficial charges under the present government. I have not however\\ntaken my leave of you all, nor of my former residence a recipro-\\ncity of grateful feelings, happily experienced for the last five years,\\nforbid my doing so. I have therefore promised captain Bell, who\\nnow commands this province, who has your welfare warmly at heart,\\nand with whose amiable disposition you will be well pleased, that\\nray every aid and assistance, ex-officio, shall be cheerfully employ^\\ned for your good.\\nWhile in St. Augustine, I laid before captain Bell, a long and\\ncandid statement of these districts a character of these people that\\n1 trust will ensure them the consideration of their new government\\ncopies of which will be transmitted to the executive of the United\\nStates, to general Jackson, and remain in Florida as a record of their\\nmerit.\\nIt was to me a pleasing task a tribute due to their devotion to\\ntheir country, and to the confidence and support 1 have all along ex-\\nperienced from them. Where but in this division of Florida can it\\nbe said, that no part o{ half the population of a provmce have, in five\\nyears, made an appeal, or a complaint, to superior authority resi-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 29\\nding at hand, and the high road for both always open Where but\\nin the same division can it be said, that foreigners prefer suing the\\npeople of the country in their own courts, to suing them in theirs,\\nwhere they have them frequently in their power Where but in\\nthis meritorious division can it be said, that any part of, or the whole\\nphysical force of three districts, have never failed to meet, at the\\nearliest notice, and that cheerfully, to execute any orders given, ar-\\nmed, mounted and victualled, each at his own expense, and without\\npay?\\nAn active, brave, hardy, and hospitable pGople. A people, who\\nhaving been compromised and thrown into ^narchy and confusion, by\\nforeign bayonets, and rernained afterwards above four years in a\\nstate of licentiousness, all came into order in one day and which\\ngovernment they have steadily supported with their person and pro-\\nperty ever since, now five years A people, who not 9II the offers,\\nthreats, or intrigues of McGregor himself, nor those of his suc-\\ncessors, Irvin, Hubbard, and Aury, nor the craft and influence of\\nmany others at Fernandina and elsewhere, could bring over one of\\nthem from their fidelity to the Spanish governmept. A people,\\nseven and twenty of whom sought for, gave battle to, and drove from\\nthe field above one hundred of McGregor s men, in a body, com-\\nmanded by Irvin, in sight of their own quarters, without losing one\\ndrop of blood\\nThe representation I have handed in, as a record in their favour,\\nis too long for insertion here but a copy remains in my hands,\\nand I trust will be read with general satisfaction. All papers laying\\nin my possession, and appertaining to individuals of these districts,\\nwill be carefully distributed to their owners, as soon as leisure will\\npermit me to attend to them.\\nCaptain Bell has authorized, according to the proclamation of ge-\\nneral Jackson, a continuance of all your offices and former functions,\\nuntil laws are formed by higher authority for the government of the-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nOBSERVATIONS UPON\\nprovince. He recommends that the judiciary should be confined to\\nsuch cases and matters as do not admit of, or require appeals beyond\\nthe exclusive jurisdiction of these magistrate courts that all others\\nshould lay over until farther orders. And he s;iys, that all heinous\\ninvaders of the public peace will find safe keeping in the hands of\\nthe mihtary at Fernandina if sent there.\\nYours sincerely,\\n(Signed) GEORGE I. F. CLARKE.\\nThe proceedings of the United States in West Florida having\\nbeen conducted by general Jackson, and repeatedly laid before the\\npublic, do not need repetition here. It would be an invidious task\\nto detail the events that have occurred in East Florida since the ex-\\nchange of flags. The variety of perplexing circumstances, the con-\\nflexion of laws,and the embarrassments arising from the great distance\\nfrom the place whence orders emanated, which have successfully\\nbeen the fate of St. Augustine, will, by the wisdom of con-\\ngress, have entirely been removed, and forgotten before this book\\nissues from the press. The only circumstance of much interest\\narose from the circumstance of the secretary of the province having\\na day or two after the cession, found it necessary in the absolute want\\nof all law regulation, police, or magistracy, to exercise his au-\\nthority upon the occurrence of some peculiar circumstances, re-\\nspecting the carrying off of slaves, to confine for a very short ti me\\none of the citizens in the fort of Saint Augustine five months af-\\nterwards, upon a trial before the county court, damages were awar-\\nded ao-ainst captain Bell, when the inhabitants, by an unanimous re-\\nsolution made up the fine by subscription, and the following letters\\nwere written to and from that gentleman, which having never been\\nmade generally known; are now hid before the public.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 31\\n[translation.]\\nJohn R. Bell, Esg. Captain of the United States Artillery.\\nSt. Augustine, December 21, 1822.\\nSir,\\nWhen a people receives from its rulers the protection due to the\\npersons and property of the individuals who compose it, when such\\nrulers cause the laws to be observed, and when their actions are\\nguided by the general good, so that their fulfilment of their august\\ncharge, is consonant with the duties imposed on them by societ}\\nthey make themselves at the same time, worthy of the esteem and\\ngratitude of that community over whom they have presided.\\nThe Floridians call to mind with pleasure the short but satisfacto-\\nry period, when in you sir were united the civil and military com-\\nmand of this province, wherein we are aware you acted as far as\\nwas practicable for the public welfare, in the administration of jus-\\ntice and consequently it was not with an ear of indifference that\\nthe sentence given by the court of this county was heard, amercing\\nyou in the sum of three hun lred and seventeen dollars and four\\nreals, for a proceeding, in which your sense of equity could not al-\\nlow you to act otherwise than you did. It is not to be understood\\nhowever, that the award of the court is called arbitrary or unjust the\\npeople are too well aware of the respect due to all tribunals to at-\\ntempt to trench upon their prerogatives but they however know,\\nthat under the circumstances in which you gave the order, in conse-\\nquence of which this fine has been laid, such a measure was\\nnecessary for the tranquillity of this place. In a country recently\\ntaken possession of by another government different in its laws, lan-\\nguage and customs, wherein the new authorities have no definite\\nknowledge of its inhabitants, its necessities, in a word of any thing,\\nthere must naturally result in the changes from one administration to\\nthe other ^some defects, which are consequeaces of the confusion", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nreigning upon the establishment of a new system. What a vast field\\nwas there not opened for felons to commit in this state every species\\nof crime and who is there that doubts the propriety of rigorous\\nmeasures being adopted against them in the very outset?\\nUnder these views, the inhabitants and the proprietors of this city\\nhave been pleased to appoint us the subscribers to express to you\\ntheir sentiments and we therefore, have the satisfaction of being\\ntheir organs, for the purpose of offering the just tribute of gratitude\\nto merit and they beg that you sir, will condescend to allow, that\\nthe damages be paid by them, we being authorised to deliver th^\\namount immediately.\\nThis is a general wish of a people, who can duly appreciate men,\\nwho, like yourself, have gained the esteem of many adherents,\\namong whom are ranked,\\nSir,\\nYour most obedient and affectionate servants,\\n[Signed] GAB. G. PERPALL,\\nJOSEPH M. HERNANDEZ,\\nJOSIAH SMITH,\\nF. M. ARREDONDO,\\nBERNARDO SEGUI,\\nGUILLERMO TRAVERS.\\nSt. AcGUSTiNE, 22d December, 1821,\\n[-ANSWER.]\\nGentlemen,\\nI received your letter of this morning. The various emotions it\\nhas excited it is impossible for me to express. The language of\\nfeeling is brief; and I must reply to it with the bUmtness and since-\\nrity of my profession.\\nI was called upon to exercise the undefined and dangerous pow*", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 33\\nsrs entrusted to me by the governor of the Floridas. I would wil-\\nlingly have evaded this invidious trust, but I was commanded, and it\\nwas my duty to obey. I was not promised, have not expected, nor\\nhave I received any benefit for my services. I found myself called\\nupon to protect a virtuous and industrious people, from the rapacit}\\nand violence of adventurers from every part of the world who looked\\nfor redemption from punishment, from the absence, as they suppo-\\nsed, of all law and government. I was actuated by a sincere desire\\nof protecting the rights of the citizens of Florida, committed to my\\ncharge, without any regard to their being Spanish or American. I\\ndid not think it necessary to ascertain with legal precision, whether\\nmy powers were to be measured by the limits imposed by the old or\\nnew constitution of Spain. The good of all, the peace of the whole\\ncommunity were my only rule of conduct. I had no antipathies to\\nindulge in, no resentments to satisfy. I was a stranger to all. If I\\nhave erred, if the verdict of a jury of my countrymen should at\\nsome future period, be brought up in array against me when\\ncircumstances are forgotten, I will powerfully appeal for my acquittal\\nto your affectionate letter, and challenge the world to pronounce the\\nperson guilty of tyranny and oppression, who has received so unani-\\nmous a testimonial of approbation of his administration, from a peo-\\nple so feelingly alive to a sense of injustice, so warm hearted and so\\ngenerous. I cannot therefore decline your offer.\\nThe time is not far distant, when under the favoring influence of\\nthe American constitution, the virtues of the antient inhabitants and\\nproprietors of Florida will be duly appreciated, when they will have\\nto claim and will assert their right to the exercise of government,\\nand when the base individuals, who now endeavour to set one por\\ntion of the community in array against the other, will receive due\\nexecration.\\nBe pleased to present my affectionate regard to the gentlemen\\nwhose sentimeuts of approbation you have conveyed, and for yonr-\\n5", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDAS.\\nselves, receive the gratitude for the feeling language in which it ha?\\nbeen expressed.\\nI remain your affectionate servant.\\n[Signed] JNO. R. BELL.\\nTo Messrs. Perpall, Hernandez, Sjuith, Arredondo, Segui and\\nTravers.\\nOn the part of the inhabitants and proprietors of the cityj of St. Au-\\ngustine.\\nNow that Florida is about to be governed by the wholesome laws\\nof a republic, and that the shackles which have hitherto impeded\\nher improvement are taken off, we may rationally look forward to\\nread in the page of her future annals prosperity, happiness and in-\\ndependence. When the real superiority of our territory is duly\\nappreciated, it will be found pre-eminent in agricultural importance;\\nand when an extensive, industrious and respectable population send\\ntheir representatives to congress, Florida will be confessedly ac-\\nknowledged not wanting in intellectual endowments and the pre-\\nsent humble recorder of her resources looks forward to the time\\nwhen her future glory will be transmitted to after times^by the ele-\\ngant pens of native historians", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "35\\nTOPOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS,\\nThe river Saint Mary, which is part of the northern boundary of\\nFlorida,Wiis formerly supposed to have originated in the Oke-fin-o-cau\\nswamp but this appears to be an error, as there is a high pine\\nridge between the source of the stream and the swamp. This cir-\\ncumstance was communicated to the author several years since\\nby major-general Gaines, who had himself ascertained the fact.\\nThe upper branches of this river partake very much of the charac-\\nter of those of the Edisto and Combahee rivers, in South Carolina.\\nThere are a few saw mills erected there, and more probably might\\nbe built with advantage lower down the lands may be made capa-\\nble of the cultivation of rice. The bar of Saint Mary s river has\\nfrom 20 to 28 feet water. There are two entrances bold and safe\\nthe light-house is on the northern side of the entrance oh Cumberland\\nisland Amelia island at the mouth of St. Mary s river, is well set-\\ntled considerable quantities of fine live oak have been obtained from\\nthis island at various periods, but it is now almost gone, at least all\\nthe timber fit for large vessels of war. At the north end of Amelia\\nisland is the small town of Fernandina, which sprung up during the\\nembargo in 1808, and the subsequent war. At present it droops", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 OBSERVATION S UPON\\nbut the excellence of the anchorage opposite the place, v,ill doubt\\nless in due time make it more resorted to, and the town will again\\nflourish.\\nAn inland navigation exists through the narrows between Ame-\\nlia island and the main land. After passing the straits, Nassau\\nriver discharges itself between Amelia and Talbot islands. This\\nriver is supplied by many branches, and is navigable a considerable\\ndistance up the lands are rich, but subject to inundations. Rice\\nplantations may certainly be established here, and made profitable.\\nTalbot and Fort George islands are seperated from the main by na-\\nvigable creeks, and are fine cotton islands. These passed, the\\nmouth of the river St. John presents itself. Passing it by f\u00c2\u00abr the\\npresent, we may proceed up Pablo creek, immediately opposite the\\nmouth of the branch separating Fort George island from the main.\\nThe lands in the vicinity of Pablo are excellent, and in cultivation.\\nThe sugar has been successfully tried for two years back by Major\\nChairs. Pablo creek heads in Diego plains, as does also the North\\nriver, which leads down to the harbor of Saint Augustine. A short\\ncanal of a few miles in length would complete the inland navigation\\nfrom hence to Charleston. There is no iulei between the cnti ance\\nto Saint John s river, and Saint Augustine. The latter harbour is\\ngood, but only affording 12 or 13 feet water, is very detrimental to\\nits increase as a commercial town. Leaving a description of the\\ntown for another place, we shall at present follow the outline of the\\ncoast.\\nThe navigation from the harbour of St. Augustine to the bar of\\nWatanzas, along what is termed Matanzas river, though intricate, af-\\nfords water for such vessels as can pass the latter entrance. The\\nSt. Sebastian river, which forms the southern and western bounda-\\nries of the city, is of some width at its junction with Matanzas river\\nbut owes its size chiefly to the influence of tide water the head of\\nnavigation, including all the windings of the stream, is scarcely ten", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 37\\nmiles from its mouth, and merely serves to bring a little fire wood\\ninto the town It heads in two or three prongs, one of which, called\\nthe Red-house branch, is a narrow but deep and rapid creek, afford-\\ning scites for saw-mills, to be erected at some future time Moultrie\\ncreek has its mouth covered vvith several islands, and a long reef of\\noyster banks and mud flats extend for some distance, forming a se-\\nries of shoals, at which the tides from the respective inlets of St.\\nAugustine and Matanzas meet Moses s creek fall into the river a\\nfew miles north of the latter bar, joining it where the marsh on the\\nmain side is wide, and intersected by a labyrinth of small channels,\\nmostly dry at low water. Matanzas river in its whole extent is only\\nseparated from the Atlantic by Anastatia or Fish s island, which, at\\nthe southern extremity, is very narrow, being little more than a sand\\nbank upon a small island formed by the Matanzas entrance on the\\nsouth, and a creek navigable for boats on the north, and terminating\\nAnastatia island, stands the eld tower of Matanzas the marshes here\\nare wide, but the water course very narrow, particularly in pro-\\nceeding towards what was called the little bar the only access to\\nwhich, and to the creeks southwardly, is through an artificial vent\\nor canal, dug by the Spanish soldiers and Havana negroes by permis-\\nsion of the late government, a voluntary subscription having been\\nraised by three or four planters to pay them on the site of this\\nwas some short time back a natural creek, but a violent gale, com-\\npleting the gradual accumulation of sand at the mouth of the little\\nbar (barra chica), filled that entrance at last and stopped the passage\\nof the waters toward* the great Bar also although the canal aiTords\\na boat communication, yet it is insufficient to carry off the great body\\nof fresh water coming down from two large swamps, and the marsh-\\nes on each side are completely overflown at present, more particu-\\nlarly on account of the heavy rains during the preceding season\\nThe water in its efforts to escape has already traced a channel to-\\nwards the narrow sand bank which rises from the beach, and it is pro-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nbable that in a few years the Barra Cliica will be again opened near\\nthe outlet. The planters have also resolved to dig across the beach\\nand complete the opening of the inlet, the fresh waters having de-\\nstroyed their oyster banks and prevented the sea fish from com-\\ning up. Passing the narrows the course of the creek or channel\\nmeanders through the extensive marshes to the junction of Hernan-\\ndez s and Pellicer s creeks, about six or seven miles from the bar\\nof Matanzas and two miles less from the Barra Chica. The former\\nstream twelve miles further south heads in Graham s swamp the\\nlatter is navigable some miles beyond Pellicer s house to where the\\nKing s road formerly crossed it on a bridge, long since destroyed, and\\nheads far back in the pine lands in Sawmill swamp, three or four\\nmiles from Pellicer s point it receives a large addition from the drain\\nof Cawcaw swamp, wherein Moses s creek lately mentioned also\\ntakes its rise. The character of almost all the land between St.\\nAugustine and Pellicer s is indifferent narrow skirts of hammock\\nfringe the borders of the creeks, and every spot of good land is co-\\nvered by some title or other, many tracts having been successively\\nowned and abandoned by the unlucky and ignorant attempters at cul-\\ntivation. The plantations of Mr. Hernandez, Mr. Perpall, and\\nMr. Pellicer are good, and the marsh and savanna lands in their vi-\\ncinity when banked and drained would produce fine crops of sugar if\\ntheir vicinity to St. Augustine should tempt any one to undertake the\\ngreat labour. The grounds planted by Mr. Hernandez, are\\nthe northern point of a long narrow hammock called Graham s\\nswamp, extending as lar as the Tomoca ferry (about thirty miles\\nits average breadth is scarcely three fourths of a mile. Colonel Bu-\\nlow, a rich planter of South Carolina has made extensive purchases\\nupon this swamp, and is preparing with a large force to establish\\nconsiderable sugar plantations. On its east side scrub lands and\\nsaw palmettos extend to the Atlantic On its west immense\\ntracts of pine land spread to the river St. John parallel and", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE FLGRll)AS. 39\\nixt a short distance therefrom runs the main road southwardly\\nwhich is in general good, and has been lately cleared out and made\\npassable for a waggon, being one of the only three roads in the pro-\\nvince which affords practicable travelling for any mode of conveyance\\nbut horses Eight miles beyond Pellicer s creek is a considerable\\nrun of water, with the remains of a stupenduous mill-dam, construct-\\ned formerly by a Mr. Bernardino Sanchez approaching Tomoca\\none or two other creeks intervene, being the head waters of Smith s\\nand Ormond s jpreeks. All the good land with one or two excep-\\ntions has already been taken up. Upon Tomoca river was former-\\nly an old ferry and the road to the town of New Smyrna proceeded on:\\nit is now quite grown up. Haul-over creek and Tomoca river form\\nthe head of Halifax river or Mosquito north lagoon The junction\\nof the two latter forms an acute promotory called Mount Oswald\\nHaul-over creek proceeeds northerly, its western branch or Smith s\\ncreek heads in Graham s awamp, near which it receives Ormond s\\ncreek, and another tributary water the eastern branch skirts the\\nsea and near its head is scarce a furlong from it across which boats\\nare hauled by the fishermen this haul-over is only fifteen miles from\\nthe bar of Matanzas.\\nFrom Mount Oswald, Halifax river runs straight for upwards of\\nsixteen miles two points to the eastward of south its average\\nbreadth is about three quarters of a mile as far as Snake island and\\nOrange grove here a low marshy projection denominated the isl-\\nand encroaches from the main upon the uniformity of the river s\\nwidth reducing it to less than half a mile at this northern point of a\\nbay within which is a stone house, being the last permanent inhab-\\nited building on the coast between St. Augustine and cape Florida\\nit is occupied by a poor couple who seem to live in much poverty\\nMr. Anderson an enterprising planter from South Caroliaa has 40 or\\n50 hands employed in raising cotton at the Orange Grove plantation,\\nfour miles south of this are the Pelican islands, from whence the ri-\\nver loses its open character, and winds among an innumerable clus-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 OBSERVATIONS UPOX\\nter of mangrove islands down to the bar of Mosquito, hugijing the At-\\nlantic shore next the naain are a variety of intricate passages con-\\nnecting with each other and indenting the land three separate\\ncreeks penetrate the interior a little way, all being in some\\nmeasure connected with Spruce creek: some considerable quantity\\nof good land lies scattered about these waters, but too low for cul-\\ntivation without much labour. The whole of the land fit for\\nagriculture, from Tomoca to Sprute creek, has been grafted away\\nthe main body of it consists in a hammock which appears to be a\\ncontinuation of Graham s swamp, running parallel to Halifax river\\na mile or two back, and one or two eligible tracts on the river above\\nthe Pelican islands the narrow skirt of land between the river and\\nthe ocean is totally useless.\\nMosquito or New Smyrna entrance is narrow, but affords water\\nfor vessels drawing ten feet the anchorage is good inside and on\\nthe south shore a vessel may lay alongside and make fast to the man-\\ngroves within a mile of the bar. The scite of the abandoned town\\nof New Smyrna is five miles from the inlet, but presents no bluff or\\nelevation on the river, and is shut out from the sea breeze by the\\ncluster of mangrove islands in front. These islands are thickly\\nspread between the narrow beach and the main land over a space\\nfrom two to five miles in width one channel on the west keeps\\nnext the main the eastern one after a very crooked course conducts\\nto Turtle Mount or Mount Tucker, the summit of which is about 80\\nfeet above the level of Hillsborough river, as the channel is called.\\nIt is a vast collection of shells chiefly oysters which appear to be the\\nwork of Indians of other days. Three miles further south is a beau-\\ntiful body of hammock land called the Cigeras, which is perhaps un-\\nequalled by any in Florida there appears to be about one thousand\\nacres in a body. A few miles further south conduct to the entrance\\nof Mos quite south lagoon, where the western passage also enters.\\nThis piece of water appears to average eight or ten miles in width,.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 41\\nand nearly thirty in length with the exception of a few scattering\\ntnangrove islands on the Atlantic side it is quite open halfway down\\non the western side it is separated from Indian river by a narrow\\nisthmus which is only 1980 feet wide, called the Haulover, across\\nwhich canoes and boats are continually hauled. A canal could be\\nmade here at an expense not exceeding one thousand dollars, which\\nwould thereby complete a good inland navigation for upwards of\\ntwo hundred miles. Nearly all the good lands between this place\\nand Spruce creek northerly have bqen granted away, but the loca-\\ntion of them is not so certain from the nature of the ground the\\ntracts lie in two parallel lines the front on Hillsborough river and\\nMosquito Lagoon forming one range, and TurnbuH s back swamp\\nthe other this latter is situated back a few miles, extending from\\nSpruce creek and gradually shaping its course to the head of Indian\\nriver. The main stream of the last water has one of ils sources in\\nthis swamp the other one called the North-west branch comes\\nfrom the N. N. W. and has a large body of good land about it, upon\\nwhich claims by grants exist, but the location is very doubtful.\\nThere appears but little doubt that the head of this N. W. branch\\nof Indian river and the head lake of St. John s river, approach each\\nother very near heading in the same savanna or marsh there has\\nalways been a tradition of an existing communication betweenr\\nthese two, which an inspection of the map will explain. From the\\nunion of this branch with the main river along the western shore, as\\nf-ir down as eight miles below the Haulover the land is rich, but\\nencumbered with grants of some kind, many of which however there\\nis reason to believe are unlocated.\\nIndian river is a beautiful sheet of water at the Haulover, it is\\nthree or four miles wide, and so continues a long distance north-\\nward in a southern direction it expands on the eastern side, and a\\ncollection of mangrove islands skirt the shores as far as cape Cana-\\nveral. Fifteen miles from the Haulover i? the north end of Meritt ii", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nisland, which stands in the centre of the Lagoon parallel to the shores,\\nwith abroad stream each side. For more than forty miles it divides\\nthe river, which averages three miles in breadth. On the main or\\nwestern side is the proper channel the eastern branch is shallow\\nand its upper end spreads with flats and mangrove islands, confusing\\nthe navigator and impeding the passage of all but small canoes. The\\naverage extent across Meritt s island is two miles at least, which\\ngives upwards of 60,000 acres this is said to have been granted to\\nMr. Mcintosh of Georgia, and tiow belongs to Colonel Clinch of the\\nUnited States army. The quality of the land on the main is various\\nbut in general good and improving as progress is made towards the\\nsouth the shores beginning to present an elevated appearance\\nbluffs of shell rock rear themselves close on the river tlie flatness\\nvisible over all the preceding country begins to disappear the\\nfoundation is rock under vegetable mould upon the surface is\\nshell stone limestone and slate is found in detached spots, and all\\nthe geological signs indicate an approach to a higher and more\\nhealthy region. Indeed after arriving at Meritt s island, there can\\nbe but little doubt that the country is upon the river free from\\nthose causes which produce bilious and intermittent complaints.\\nThe grants here are less close to each other the principal one is\\nto a Mr. Delespine, which was regularly made previous to the pe-\\nriod stipulated in the treaty in return for supplies furnished the gar-\\nrison at various periods it has been regularly located and the\\nlines distinctly marked out by blazed trees. It is upon the back of\\nthis and the adjoining tracts that was discovered an immense savan-\\nna through which the waters supplying the source of the river St.\\nJohn apparently flow. At a perpendicular distance of something\\nless than three miles from the bank of Indian river, its eastern side\\nis struck, and it presents a breadth of at least twelve miles. From\\nthe top of the high pine trees on the margin, the course of waters\\nmay be traced apparently a few miles distant, nearest the west", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. j43\\nboundaries of the great prairie, beyond which the pine woods raise\\ntheir heads. On Indian river some of the best hammocks in the\\nFloridas are to be met with, healthy and elevated the occasioned\\nbreaks of pine bluffs are rather advantageous than otherwise as pre-\\nsenting better scites for settlements. During the last twenty miles\\nof the extent of Meritt s island, the west branch of Indian river is\\nnot more than from one and a half to two miles wide, being at the\\nnorthern end six or seven immediately opposite the south of the\\nisland which is a narrow point of rock and mangroves, is St. Anto-\\nnio river or Elbow creek a low rocky shore on each side orna-\\nmented with tufts of hammocks and a large entrance cove give it an\\nhandsome appearance but immediately behind the hammock and\\npine lands, the stream is only to be navigated back two or three\\nmiles when it heads in a swamp, beyond which is a savanna.\\nThe south entrance to the east channel of Indian river is scarce-\\nly 400 yards wide the banks a mile up however recede towards\\nthe beach, and it afterwards..becomes near three miles across, to\\nwithin ten miles of cape Canaveral, where it is buta trifling distance\\nover the beach to the sea. Somewhat beyond, a promontory divides the\\nwater into two prongs the westward continues on till the channel is\\nlost in the archipelago of mangrove keys at the north end of Me=\\nritt s island the other comes immediately behind the cape, between\\nwhich and the south side of the Mosquito lagoon is a large lake of\\nfresh water. The navigation on this east side of the island is ex-\\ntremely confused, and many shipwrecked persons attempting with\\ntheir crafts to find an inland passage have lost their course, and be-\\ning compelled to abandon their boats, have endeavored to trayel\\nalong the beach, upon which they have been known to expire in\\nthe agonies of thirst, while the pond just alluded to was near them,\\nand when a hole scratched on the sands but a few inches above the\\nreach of the waves would have produced them excellent fresh wa-\\nter which may be also thus procured along every part of the Flo-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nrida coast, both on the sea beach and the Lagoon banks but in ma-\\nny unfortunate cases it has been unknown.\\nTwo miles south of St. Antonio river is Crane creek, of which\\nnone of the persons who have previously navigated Indian river\\nwere aware its mouth is almost covered by a point of land, lap-\\nping over, leaving a small narrow entrance on the south, not twen-\\nty yards across. Crane creek for half a mile up is wide, but it is\\nsoon confined in a narrow run, through a strip of marsh bordered by\\npine lands and heading in a piece of swamp the sloping banks how-\\never in general are high, with fine tall pitch pine trees at large dis-\\ntances, the undergrowth grass with scattering shrubs, presenting in\\nsailing up a handsome appearance resembling a European park.\\nGame of all kinds is abundant, and as in all the other waters there\\nappears great plenty offish. This remark upon the pine lands here\\nis applicable to many spots.\\nTwo miles south St. Andre s river or Turkey creek empties into\\nthe lagoon its right bank is altagi^Uer pine on the left for a\\nvery short way some hammock scrub and spruce is to be found it\\nis but a small distance up that it separates into two springs, soon\\nterminating in little swamps, having passed through high pine land.\\nImmediately beyond the mouth of this creek are the Turkey\\nbluffs, of rich yellow sand and forty feet in height, extending a mile\\nin length this terminates the general low rocky shore which was\\npredominant from within about twenty miles of the Haulover a\\ntrifling distance further on the bluff is of shells with a scrub ham-\\nmock, the northern sand bluff being covered with pines, and having\\na luxuriant under brush of oak and hickory scrub. The Turkey\\nbluffs present one of the most healthy and beautiful spots to be met\\nwith on the eastern coast ofFlorida for houses they are supposed\\nto be the same as the hills marked in most of the charts, Las Tor-\\ntolas.^^ Pelican island is a small mangrove key eight miles south of\\nTurkey creek, nearest the west shore the beach from Meritt s", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 45\\nisland is bare of tall growth with only one tuft of tall pines, and\\none of cabbage trees, and no mangrove trees or bushes until thus\\nfar when they recommence. Five miles below is the mouth of St.\\nSebastian river, distant altogether eighteen miles from the south\\nend of Meritt s island, and distinguished by a high red sand bluff on\\nthe south point of entrance. This stream like the three preceding\\nones has pine lands alone on its banks, which are in general very\\nhigh bluffs of light colored sand. It comes from the S. S. E. in a\\nvery serpentine course, having its head among the flats, savannas\\nand ponds which lie parallel to the Indian river narrows, there ex-\\ntending southwardly.\\nThe whole western shore from some miles north of Elbow creek,\\npast St Sebastian river, and down to the vicinicy of the narrows which\\nare eleven miles beyond St. Sebastian, is in general pine land, but\\nelevated and healthy with the opposite beach free from mangrove\\nbushes, and therefore receiving the full action of the breeze from\\nthe sea, the shore of which is in general four miles distant, three of\\nwhich are occupied by the breadth of Indian river.\\nPassing the narrows which are three miles through, and something\\nmore than a quarter wide, the pine lands recede from the west front\\nof the Lagoon which is covered by fine marshes half a mile wide,\\nbeyond which is a low hammock of rich growth, and the character is\\nretained as far as opposite to the bar of the river, a distance of thir-\\nteen miles upon the beach side near the narrows are occasional\\npieces of good hammock, but the east bank of the river thence is\\nfringed with mangroves and a line of islands of the same to the out-\\nlet, which is approached through a narrow channel two miles through\\namong thick mangrove keys. The marshes are covered with the\\nplant called pursley, and contain almost a solid body of clay they\\nare several feet above the surface of the water. The whole of this\\npine extent may contain about eight thousand acres, being one of\\nthe largest bodies of good soil to be met with. Fine hammocks with", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nin general elevated scites, are found along from Indian river bar to\\nthe mouth of St. Lucie river but like all the others observed on or\\nnear the water courses of East Florida, their breadth seems limited\\nto half a mile. The bay is several miles wide in this extent, with\\noccasionally on the beach patches of good hammock land, among\\nsome of which are to be traced old fields and other indications of\\nformer settlements the Gap sixteen miles from the bar is remarka-\\nble, giving at sea the appearance of an inlet on the sea shore are\\nthe rocks of St. Lucie directly fronting the mouth of that river, indi-\\ncating its position, and chiefly to be noted from the adjoining strand\\nbeing called the money bank a vessel with dollars having been lost\\nhere, coin has occasionally been found on the beach,^ and the tradi-\\ntion has sent many to search this mine, which however like many\\nsimilar expeditions seems only to end in disappointment.\\nThe majestic appearance of St. Lucie river affords at first sight\\nthe greatest expectations disembogueing, bj a mouth nearly a mile\\nin width, its volume of waters into a wide and extensive bay, it gives\\nthe idea of its having traversed along region from the west, perhaps\\noriginating in the much talked of lake Mayaco, which like the foun-\\ntain of youth has never yet been found. The view of the first few\\nmiles of ascent is imposing on the north, a high rocky hiil binding\\nu rich vegetable soil, extending some distance back fVom the shore\\nand six or seven miles along it a fine hammock growth of heavy\\ntimber presenting a beautiful appearance on the opposite .tide the\\nbank is equally high, but covered with pine growth mixed with oak\\nand hickory scrub between them a river whose breadth admitting a\\nfree circulation of sea air, at once convinces the traveller that on such\\na place health must reside.\\nAt the forks ten miles from the mouth, the perspective is remarkably\\nstriking from the points of land three large sheets of water spread to-\\nwards different points, and though pine is the prevalent growth of the\\nviver banks, yet it is of a good quality and affords a variety of places", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 47\\nwhere fruit culture would succeed; a fact which may no doubt hereaf-\\nter populate this country with a race of industrious whites whom the\\nheaUhiness of the spot may allure hither. The south branch of St.\\nLucie extends only about four miles when it stops suddenly and a\\nnarrow creek covered with a green mantle of water plants alone re-\\nmains, heading in a small swamp the northern branch may continue\\nten or twelve miles in a N.W. direction, when it also suddenly, con-\\ntracts in a similar manner and heads in a swamp beyond which sa-\\nvannas and ponds run parallel to the sea shore towards the head of\\nSt. Sebastian river. The banks every where except the large ham-\\nmocks at the mouth are covered with pines two or three miles S.\\nW. of the forks is a body of hammock, and pine lands beyond that\\nagain to the borders of a flat savanna country.\\nProceeding to trace the inland navigation southwardly, some miles\\nbeyond St. Lucie river are found Jupiter narrows, connecting the\\nsound or bay of Indian river with that of Jupiter or Hobe they\\nare eight or ten miles in length, with several narrow channels\\nthrough a body of mangrove islands lying between the sea beach and\\nthe main land, on which latter are to be found small pieces of low\\nhammock well adapted for sugar.\\nThe western shore of Jupiter sound presents a series of ve-\\nry high sand hills with undulating tops covered with forests of low\\nspruce pines one swell of high ground rising above the rest is call-\\ned on marine charts the Bleach-yard, from the large spots of land un-\\ncovered by vegetation, presenting to the coasting mariner the ap-\\npearance of linen spread out on the hills upon the side next the beach;\\na beautiful piece of land reaches from the mouth of the narrows four\\nmiles, with a low rocky bluff generally on the river it may contain\\nabout 1000 acres of first rate hammock, a part of which v/as cultivated\\nmany years since by an old Spaniard named Padre Torre, and more re-\\ncently was planted by one Hutchinson, with cocoa nuts, limes, plan-\\ntains, bananas, oranges. .c, which are said by the pilots to be still in", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 OBSERVATION S UPON\\ngood bearing, though the place has been many years quite abandoned\\nand grown up in thick bush. From this hammock is four miles to Jupi-\\nter inlet which is now closed.\\nThree large rivers coming altogether through a pine country,\\ndischarge into Grenville sound immediately at the south end ot\\nJupiter bay, but the large body of water has too sluggish a current\\nto force open the inlet which is closed by the sand, though opened\\noccasionally by accidental circumstances. The three streams are\\ndistinguished as Grenville river on the north, Middle river, and Ju-\\npiter creek on the south the latter as well as Fresh-water creek\\nnear the bar, have some connexion with the fresh water lake\\nwhich approaches within four miles of Jupiter, by means of la-\\ngoons and marshes, through which a channel might easily be dug\\nthereby with another short cut on the south, makmg a complete\\nthough intricate communication practicable at least for boats, from\\ncape Florida and the keys to within forty miles of St. Augustme as\\nwill appear by the subsequent parts of this report, and a reference\\nto the map now publishing.\\nThis lake is thirty-tive or forty miles in length, with marshes at\\nits south end, which contain a body of such fine sugar land, that it will\\nnot be long ere it is brought into cultivation, and the canal that is\\nmade to drain it will finish the only remaining part of the inland navi-\\ngation, connecting the south end of fresh water lake with the north\\nend of Rio Seco which spot is indicated by an orange grove near\\nthe beach, to which from Jupiter inlet the present mode of access, is\\nby hauling the boat or canoe across at both places, the intiermediate\\ndistance of forty-five miles being run along the coast at sea.\\nThe Rio Seco winds in a very serpentine course through a body\\nof marsh at first, and latterly mangrove islands to its mouth, which\\nis closed at present like that of Jupiter the place where the outlet\\nwas is also called Boca Ratone and Dry inlet patches of hammock\\nare occasionally to be found on the main side, but the chief growth", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDA S. 49\\nis pine a mile or two west in the woods is the large lake which\\ngives rise to Jupiter creek.\\nBoca Ratone sound receives also from the south another creek,\\nheading in large niarsh flats, but with deep water the whole of\\nwhich together with that from the Rio Seco, unable to discharge\\nitself over the dry inlet, has forced itself by a natural canal through\\na neck of high land into the Middle river at the place where\\na stream called the Potomac runs into it the rush of the wa-\\nter through this narrow channel is very great, the current driving\\nwith a velocity capable of giving motion to the largest wheels,and upon\\nit several saw-mills might work with advantage, should the Florida\\npitch pine which is abundantly supplied by the adjacent woods, ever\\nbecome in sufficient demand as lumber. The Potomac river, as the\\nfew occasional visitors here have named it, is merely the head of\\nMiddle river, its course is through a pine country of good quality,\\nheading in swamps and savannas, and connected with the Great Glade\\nwhich will be described.\\nThe outlet of Middle river is now better known as Hillsborouo-h,\\nand a precisely similar communication exists from hence to New ri-\\nver, as the north route to Boca Ratone. New river and all the\\nbranches discharging through its bar originate in the Great Glade,\\nrunning through pine lands and heading in cypress swamps, which\\nhave previously been inundated from the Glade the inland com-\\nmunication from New river to cape Florida, is from the head of New\\nriver to the head of the Rio Ratones through the Glade. On the form-\\ner are some occasional spots of good land, with elevated pine lands\\nhealthy and of good quality. The Ratones discharge into the head\\nof the Bay of Key Biscayne, somewhat as delineated in the latest\\ncharts of the Florida coast, but no good land is to be found except\\nimmediately behind Cape Florida, where a small piece of hammock\\nexists on the high rocky front generally, as upon Key Biscayne Bank\\na little further south, strips of similar growth are occasionally to be\\n7", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nIbuncI, bnt beyond all are pine lands and mangroves, as far as tb^\\nvicinity of cape Sable, and even tbere but in very small quantities.\\nFrom cape Sable to cape Romano, the land is low with mangrove\\nbushes, closing the banks of small streams draining from the Great\\nGlade, with small pieces of hammock and long necks of pine land\\nintermixed. Forests of pine are known to extend on the coast froni\\ncape Romano to Charlotte harbour, intermixed with excellent pie-\\nces of hammock, but beyond that it is not pretended to make any\\nstatement in this report.\\nThe Glade, or as it is emphatically termed the Never Glade, appears\\nto occupy almost the whole interior from about the parallel of Jupi-\\nter inlet to cape Florida, thence round to cape Sable to which\\npoint it approaches very near, and northwardly as far as the Dela-\\nware river discharging into Charlotte bay its general appearance\\nis a flat sandy surface mixed in the large stones and rocks, with from\\nsix inches to two feet of water lying upon it, in which is a growth of\\nsaw, and other water grasses, so thick as to impede the passage of\\nboats where there is no current. Over this are a number of islands\\nand promontories, many of which are altogether of hammock growth,\\nwith mixtures of pine and cabbage tree land, each spot doubtless\\ncapable in some degree of cultivation but deteriorated by being pla-\\nced in a situation so difficult of access, and exhibiting so forbidding an\\naspect, that for the present the attempts to penetrate across have\\nbeen repelled, and the dissatisfied traveller has been sent back una-\\nble to complete the object of his mission, and confused in his effort to\\ntread the mazes of this labyrinth of morasses. Towards its northern\\nend however it contracts considerably, and then changes somewhat\\nof its character by assuming the appearance of an open cypress\\npond, which extends to the great swamp and savanna at the head of\\nthe river St. John and Ocklawaha, and here is a passage across for\\nit is a well ascertained fact, corroborated particularly in the author s\\nlast voyage undertaken on the Peninsula, that the crossing place of", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 51\\nike Indians is made In a direction west of Jupiter inlet, and in their\\ntravels from the nation, by crossing the Haflfiia or Manatee river,\\nand journeying in a S, E. course along the edge of the savanna\\nswamp or morass to the narrowest spot, the passage over which oc-\\ncupies three days continued travel in water.\\nThe determination of the circumstance of this immense body o*\\nlow land occupying the whole southern interior of East Florida, easi-\\nly affords an explanation of those delineations upon antient maps, re-\\npresenting it as cut up by rivers and lagoons, communicating with\\neach other and the sea and it is by no means improbable that the\\nknowledge of its existence, prevented the late government from com-\\nciencing settlements in a country of so little promise, for had the re-\\ngions boasted of as equal to Cuba existed here, there is enough of\\nspeculation in that island, to have improved the land of promise long\\nbefore this period.\\nOn looking back over the preceding pages the reader must be\\nstruck with the reflection, that the sources from whence the various\\nwater courses of the Eastern coast of Florida originate, are not the\\npure springs of a hilly region, but a sevies of connected reservoirs,\\nfrom whence exude in languid streams their vast collections of wa-\\nters, a circumstance which under the almost tropical sun of this\\ncountry might produce eternal diseases, had not the provident hand\\nof nature raised a border of high lands nearly all around upon the\\nsea coast of considerable breadth, and sent the never failing eastern\\nwind to drive back the miasmae to the interior this belt appears to\\naverage five or six miles across including varieties of soil and while\\nthe future settlers upon the east coast of Florida, may be assured of\\nno sickness assailing them from the marsh behind, they are protect-\\ned from the encroachments of, and inconveniences attendant on a\\ndirect exposure to the ocean, by a narrow strip of land intervening\\nbetween the sea and the long lagoons, that run in a parallel direction", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nto the coast, on its whole extent nearly, affording an inland navigation\\nalmost uninterrupted and which cannot but soon be fully perfected.\\nThe Florida reef and chain of keys commence at Key Biscayne or\\ncape Florida. They are sufficiently interesting to be made the\\nsubject of a separate section, and therefore we go at once to cape\\nSable, the southern promontory on the side of the gulf of Mexico.\\nThe advantages on this western side are not so equal, as in general\\nfrom cape Sable to punta Largo, the land is low and covered with man-\\ngroves north of the latter promontory the belt around the central\\nmarsli is wider, and a succession of high pine lands with rich ham-\\nmocks thickly intermixed, and a similar coast to that upon the Atlan-\\ntic, make the extent as far as Tampa bay on a level with it in most\\npoints.\\nImmediately off cape Sable within musket shot of the shore, is a\\nsafe anchorage at all times in nine feet water. At Cape Sable\\nor punta Tancha there are actually three capes, at the middle one\\nof which are fresh water wells these wells are distinguished by a\\ntuft of button trees or white mangroves, being the only trees on\\nthe point.\\nThe land at these capes and for some miles eastwardly is very\\ngood of a rich grey soil thickly mixed in with broken shells, pre-\\nsenting an even surface like a meadow, without a bush this was\\ncalled many years ago the Yamasee old field, but there appears\\nevery reason to suppose it a natural prairie. Behind this strip of\\nland which is but narrow, rise hammocks of the usual width,\\nand beyond a boundless savanna, the soil of which is richly alluvial\\nand perfectly dry for a great distance but mingling at length with\\nthe Ever Glades. Among the numerous tropical productions in the\\nhammocks are a few trees called Huava, of the palm family, from\\nthe leaves of which the fine straw Havana hats are made some\\nlive oaks and vines of an amazing size. If coffee can be produced", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 53\\nat all in Florida, this is the spot where it may be expecteil to suc-\\nceed.\\nCape Sable creek, immediately north of punta Tancha runs up in\\nabout an E. N. E. course through mangrove islands, marsh and\\nclusters of hammocks, among the growth of which are cedar and\\nsmall mahogany it spreads occasionally into lakes, and heads like\\nall the other streams in the Eternal Glades.\\nThe bight between cape Sable and punta Largo, or cape Romano,\\nis called the bay of Juan Ponce de Leon, the upper or northern\\npart being known as Chatham bay here the Delaware or Gallivan s\\nriver discharges itself over a bar of eight feet water. This is a beau-\\ntiful stream, and its high banks present most eligible scites for a town\\nthe lands on each side are represented as rich and luxuriant it\\nheads in lake Macaco, or at all events in large lagoons in the re-\\ncesses of the Ever Glade morass.\\nImmediately under cape Romano is anchorage for vessels of ten\\nfeet from the cape to bay Carlos the coast is low, with forests o\\npine coming almost down to the edge of the sea. The river Coo\\nlasahatchie is the only stream of importance between these places\\nCharlotte harbour has four inlets formed by a chain of islands\\nupon the bar of the largest entrance is sixteen feet water. The bay\\nwithin is spacious and sheltered it receives the waters of Charlotte\\nriver, a large and powerful stream with several large branches, and\\nheading in lake Macaco. Although this lake is laid down on the\\nmap, yet its existence does not appear to have been actually ascer-\\ntained by recent observations so many former accounts however\\nspeak of it, giving it a location, that it has not been thought proper\\nto omit it altogether, for there must be various collections of water\\nin the Ever Glades, which to the eye of a hasty traveller might well\\nappear as lakes and lagoons. Between Charlotte harbour and\\nTampa bay the land is double, that is, an inland navigation is afforded\\nbetween the ocean and the main land by a chain of islands this is", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nnot quite complete, but the coast partakes more of the characteF\\nof the Atlantic seaboard than it has hitherto done.\\nSpirito Santo or Tampa bay is a spacious harbour, admitting vessels\\nof twenty-four feet draught of water it penetrates the coast in\\nnearly an easterly direction, being some miles in width at its upper\\nend it divides the north-western is called Tampa bay proper, the\\nnorth-eastern takes the designation of Hillsborough bay. Tampa\\nbay proper is only a shallow lagoon which receives no tributary\\nwaters two or three rivers discharge into Hillsborough bay. The\\nvarious contradictory names given to them at different times, render\\nit difficult to determine what are their respective true appellations.\\nThe lands upon Spirito Santo bay are low, but immediately back to\\nthe north-east they rise into beautiful undulations to the east and\\nsouth-east. The plains of the Haffia are fertile, extensive and pleas-\\ning. There appears but little doubt that the savannas and low\\ngrounds at the head of this river extend to and connect with those,\\nwhence emanate the Ocklawaha and St. John s rivers, a circum\\nstance that will be more apparent when the interior of the country\\nis described.\\nFrom Tampa bay to the mouth of the Amisura river the coast is\\nlow, and the entrance to that stream is very shallow and extremely\\ndifficult to find it is much to be lamented that so fine a water\\nshould have so shallow an outlet it forks a few miles up, the N. E.\\nbranch heading up the near skirts of what is known as the Alachua\\ncountry the S. E. branches receive the waters from the large\\nbodies of hammock and other rich land, lying near the present Indian\\ntowns, meandering through a beautiful region. A very wide and\\nshallow bay extends from the mouth of the Amisura to that of the\\nSuwanee the coast is low and broken, and clusters of small keys\\nare spread along. Several minor streams fdl into the northern part\\nof this large indentation, which receives the particular denomina-\\ntion of Vacasassy bay, from an antient Indian village in that vicinity.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. DO\\nThe Suvvanee, formerly called the San Juan, and corrupted by the\\nIndian negroes to its present appellation, is a magnificent river\\nby the quantity of mud and sand from the fresh water brought\\ndown, a large bar has been formed at the mouth, and the land ap-\\npears like the Missisippi, by the alluvial depositions, to have en-\\ncroached upon the sea. A low coast covered with cabbage trees\\nintervenes to the entrance of the Chattahatchie or Saint Pedro river,\\nwhich comes from the northward, heading about the Georgia lines,\\nnear the place where antient Spanish settlements once existed.\\nSome miles further west the Ausilly, a handsome stream, falls into\\nthe bay of Appalachie its source is in the western parts of Georgia\\nheavy inundations in the rainy seasons cover the banks of these wa-\\nters for many miles, and render a circuitous route to fort St. Marks\\nabsolutely necessary.\\nThe estuary at the head of the Bay of Appalachie receives two\\nsmall rivers, at the junction of which is placed the small fortifica-\\ntion of St. Marks this post has never increased beyond a military\\nposition, to which the troops were generally confined a trading house\\nfor the Indians has generally been established here. St. Mark s ri-\\nver heads some few miles to the N. E. at the Mickasukee towns, and\\nthe Wackhulla or Tagabona at the Talahassie hammocks near the\\nscite of the old settlements of St. Louis. The Ocklockonne Bay re-\\nceives the waters of the river of that name and of several smaller\\nstreams and there is an inland navigation to New river which is\\ncontinued along St. George s sound to the mouth of the Appalachico-\\nla river, which is the true boundary of East and West Florida.\\nThe lower parts of the rivers are subject to very deep and an-\\nnualinundations, but the whole country from the Georgia line, many\\nmiles south from the bluff on the Appalachicola to the banks of the\\nSuvvanee is covered with fine rich hammocks, which have a great\\nreputation for fertility. It is upon all the ungranted lands between\\nthese two latter rivers, that a project has been made, and probably", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nwill be executed for the purpose of concentrating all the Indians of\\nboth Floridas.\\nSt. Joseph s bay and inlet is the first harbour in West Florida\\nafter doubling cape St. Bias it may be used as a shelter from hur-\\nricanesi or violent gales with much advantage for small vessels, as\\nmay also St. Andrew s bay, which is a deep estuary with several\\narms receiving the waters of Ekanfinna river.\\nSanta Rosa inlet, thirty miles further to the westward, conducts\\nto tlie bay of that name, which is of very great extent. The Choc-\\ntawhatchie river, and all its tributary streams discharge into the east-\\nern end of this bay and near the western end a number of small\\nboggy creeks drain the valiies of the adjacent pine lands.\\nAn inland navigation behind Santa Rosa Island conducts to the ce-\\nlebrated harbour of Pensacola, which spreading two large arms\\ndeep into the interior collects the Yellow water river, Middle ri-\\nver and its numerous branches the Escambia and its labyrinth of\\nadjacent waters, and several smaller and less important streams.\\nUpon a dry healthy point of land and fronting the ocean is built\\nthe town of Pensacola, which only wants the hand of protection ap-\\nplied, and the spirit of enterprise diffused over it to cause its in-\\ncrease and prosperity possessing a deep entrance and notwith-\\nstanding its recent severe affliction, having every assurance of health,\\nit might become the depot for all those productions which are now\\nplaced at Mobile a very small canal would unite the two bays,\\nand thus open the channel for the tide of commerce but th 3 can\\nonly be expected by the union of both towns under the same state\\ngovernment.\\nBefore proceeding to a description of the interior of the provinces,\\nthe author claims the privilege of introducing a few remarks on the\\npolitical connexion between East and West Florida, which have\\narisen from a review of the attendant circumstances, and as it con-\\ntains the concurrent opinions of many well wishers to both provin-\\nces, he offers it respectfully to the public.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 57\\nWest Florida has been gradually pared down to the present rem-\\nnant the large portions of country which have successively fallen\\nto the share of Louisiana, Missisippi and Alabama have left bnt a\\nnarrow strip of land between the Perdido and Appalachicola rivers\\nand deprived of its original ports of New-Orleans and Mobile, West\\nFlorida must, like Poland, be distributed among the adjoining states\\nit will disappear from the map of America, by the ultimate ann xa-\\ntion of Pensacola and the remaining portion of territory to Alabama,\\na step called for by reason and polity.\\nThat such a course must be highly desirable for East Florida,\\nwill be readily acknowledged on a consideration of the subject: and\\nit can easily be conceded, that it will not in an} wise interfere\\nwith the national question of the entrance of another state into the\\nUnion.\\nFrom their more geographical juxta-position, East and West Flo-\\nrida have been perhaps considered by those at a distance as integral-\\nly united that this is by no means the case is but too well known to\\ntheir inhabitants for sodissimilar are their opinions, that even in this\\nearly stage of their independent existence, dissensions and discor-\\ndance have sprung up, which a separate administration instead of\\nconciliating appears rather to have tended to foster, and the dispute\\nas to the seat of territorial government has already assumed a deci-\\nded shape.\\nThe eligible intended location of the Florida Indians between\\nthe Appalachicola and Suwanee rivers, will in addition to the present\\nobstructed communication, place an Indian country between East\\nand West Florida, and thvas consummate the separation, which will\\nthen only want the fiat of Congress to render politically permanent.\\nThe annexation of West Florida to Alabama will not add another\\nrepresentative in Congress to the latter commonwealth, nor will it\\nprevent Florida from assuming its place in the Federal Union in\\ndne timo, by abstracting so much population for it is towards East\\n8", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nFlorida alone that the great mass of emigration will roll the warm-\\ner latitudes ot the peninsula hold out anticipations of more lucrative\\nproductions than West Florida that country not extending heyond\\nthe parallel already tried by our citizens, cannot present attractions\\nsuperior to the region between lake Borgne and Mobile, where is\\nfound a soil at all events equal to any in West Florida.\\nWhy should the Federal Government be burtbened at present\\nwith a double set of officers Or why shuuld the members of the\\nterritorial legislature, be alternately condemned to emigrate as it\\nwere to each extreme of the country. At present while the popula-\\ntion of West Florida is but few, it can be but a matter of indifference\\nto any but the residents of Pensacola, whether they obey the laws\\nof Alabamnor Florida their rights are in either case equal and the\\nviews of those who look for the aggrandizement of Pensacola, by the\\ndisunion of the trade of the interior from the bay of Mobile to that\\nof the former place, can only be realized by an annexation to Ala-\\nbama. Pensacola can never be the seat of government and while\\nits citizens claim an imaginary honor, by seeking to keep it under its\\nantient rules, they prevent the very advantages they sigh for.\\nOn casting a view over the map of the United States, the most un-\\nreflecting observer must be struck with the mere geographical pro-\\npriety of the annexation a step that would relieve the general go-\\nvernment of a contribution, accelerate the organization of West Flo-\\nrida, diminish the coming taxes, and take a dead weight from off the\\nremaining part of the territory.\\nAs a matter of general interest to both provinces, it may be re-\\nmarked that under the present organization, the governor cannot give\\nhis attention to one section without detriment to the other, and where\\nthe laws of Congress require certain oaths and formalities to be made\\nbefore him by the territorial officers, months may elapse and the\\npublic interests suffer ere it can be done.\\nIn thus hastily marking a few of the principle reasons for the an-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 59\\ntiexation, the author deprecates the idea of being supposed to ad-\\nvocate the interests of East, at the expense of those of West Florida\\nhe is perfectl} convinced that it would be to their mutual advantage\\nin every respect, and appeals to their own good sense to confirm that\\nsuch is the case.\\nHaving in the preceding pages briefly sketched an outline of the\\ncoast, we may proceed to examine the interior by counties, into\\nwhich it has lately been divided by the legislative council of\\nFlorida.\\nEscambia County comprehends all tliat part of West Florida lying\\nbetween the Perdido and Appalachicola rivers, with Pensacola as the\\nseat of justice. In the immediate neighbourhood of this city the\\ncharacter of the land is dry and sandy, its scite having been chosen\\nfor health. The good lands on the Coenecuh and Escambia rivers\\ndo not begin until their forks at Miller s, the lower parts being sub-\\nject to be overflown the same holds good of the other waters dis-\\ncharging into the bay of Pensacola. Immense ridges of pine lands\\nfill up the space from the banks of the Yellow Water to the Choc-\\ntawhatchie, but on the head branches of both these rivers, near the\\nnorthern line of the province, good lands are to be found, which will\\ndoubtless repay the labour of the industrious planter.\\nThere are many Indian paths through this county, one particu-\\nlarly leading from near the mouths of the Choctawhatchie, all along\\nthe sea beach to the Signal tower at the entrance of Pensacola\\nharbour another traverses the pine ridges from the Coosada old\\ntown to the east point opposite the city of Pensacola another leads\\nfrom the same place, going round the heads of the branches of the\\nYellow-water, Middle and Coenecuh rivers. This latter river is\\nnavigable for small craft to the northward of the dividing line of the\\n31st degree of north latitude between Florida and Alabama, though\\nthe tide flows up but a few miles. The Choctawhatchie and its", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nprincipal tributary branches are likewise navigable as far up as tKe\\nCoosada old town nearly, and the produce will readily tind its way\\nto Pensacola, by way of Santa Rosa sound.\\nThe former harbour abounds with tine scale and shell fish, but a\\nvessel lying in its waters not coppered would be ruined in two\\nmonths by the ivorms craft obliged to remain there ought to be\\nhove down, cleaned and payed once in five or six weeks.\\nIt is more than probable that the northern parts of this and the\\nadjacent counties of Jackson and Duval, are subject in the autumn\\nto those bilious intermittent disorders known commonly at the south\\nas the country fevers. So entirely continental is their situation\\nthat it cannot be expected they are different but the deep indenta-\\ntion of the salt waters of I ensacola and Santa Rosa bays, with the\\nhigh sandy ridges in their vicinities, induce an expectation of health.\\nThe last summer has most unfortunately desolated the town of Pen-\\nsacola, but this is the first time such a calamity has been known\\nthere, and without attempting to enter into the doctrine of importa-\\ntion or local generation of yellow fever, we may naturally infer that\\nthe origin of that fatal disorder was in this instance far from being\\nlocal.\\nRespecting the culture most favourable for the soil of Escambia\\ncounty, the trials in the neighbourhood of Mobile will best decide\\nit is certainly a fact that there is a greater degree of cold in this\\npart of Florida than on the same parallel on the Atlantic coast,\\nthough not so much more as to prevent the cultivation of the sugar\\ncane on favourable spots but it appears undoubted that the varie-\\nties of the grape may be introduced, and by a judicious culture be\\nmade much more profitable than can be expected from cotton, whose\\ndaily declining price forcibly tells us that the growth is far beyond\\nthe demand, and no alteration is apparently to take place for some\\ntime. It cannot however be disguised that fertihty is by no means", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 61\\nthe general characteristic of Escambia county, although many spots\\nare to be found equal to the most favoured situations in the southern\\ncountries.\\nJackson County comprehends the remainder of West Florida, to\\n.which in order as it were to amalgamate the two provinces, a large\\nsection from East Florida has been annexed, extending as far as the\\nSuwanee.\\nThe characteristics of the seaboard of this county are similar io\\nthose of Escambia, as far at least as cape St. Bias the line of dis-\\ntinction between the upper and lower parts of the district thus far is\\ndistinctly traced by a chain of hilly lands of a romantic character.\\nOver the Ekantinna river is a natural bridge of rocks, a singularity\\n,which distinguishes several parts of Florida.\\nNorth of the Weemico and in the forks between the Chamiooly\\nand Appilachicola rivers, are extensive tracts of fertile land over\\nthe Chamiooly is another natural bridge, and a series of small Indian\\ntowns, one built on the right bank of the latter as far up almost as\\nthe Alabama line this region is extremely well watered, but from\\nits geographical position must be subject to the annual endemics of\\nthe adjacent territories.\\nThe Appalachicola river has near its mouth, many channels to\\ndischarge the vast volumes of water brought down upon these\\nislands rich crops of rice and sugar may doubtless be raised, as well\\nas upon the adjacent banks. The town of Colinton is laid off on\\nProspect bluff, where fort Gadsden, better known as the Negro fort\\nonce stood it was here that a large body of refugee slaves took a\\ndesperate stand, and were almost wholly annihilated by the blowing\\nup of their magazine when attacked by the troops of the United\\nStates. This town will probably become a commercial place,\\nthough the bar here having but twelve feet water, will prove as in\\nsome other parts of Florida, a serious drawback.\\nThe large region between the Appalachicola and St. Mark s rivers,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nbounded northwardly by the old Indian path from the Spanish bluffs\\nto that fort, is the purchase made by the house of Panton, Leslie\\nand Co. which is now known under the firm of John Forbes Co.\\nof Matanzas in the island of Cuba; it is commonly called Forbes s pur-\\nchase, having been bought by that house from the Indians under the\\nsanction of the Spanish government, for vast debts due by the va-\\nrious Indians at the respective trading houses of the firm in Florida,\\nof which they had an exclusive monopoly the northern parts of this\\npurchase are very fine lands, which character extends to the Geor-\\ngia boundar3\\\\ There are of course large tracts of pine, but these\\nare by no means of the worst quality. A variety of rich grounds\\nstretch in a N. E. direction from this tract to the Mikasukie towns,\\nand at the banks of the Ocklockonne commence that series, of old\\nsettlements, which extend along the main path to St. John s river.\\nThe traditions concerning these places are that they were peopled\\nby small colonies of Spaniards, but when, is lost in the lap e of ages\\nyet the numerous Spanish names which still exist, though corrupt-\\ned, seem to corroborate the assertion. The period of this coloniza-\\ntion must have been some time in the seventeenth century Romans\\nstates that there was in his time a church bell lying in the old fields\\nnear the Santafe, or as it is now called the Santaffy river.\\nTwo principal paths lead through Jackson county one running\\nparallel with the sea coast from the White Kings town on the Suwa-\\nnee to fort St. Marks, often impassable by inundations thence tra-\\nversing Forbes s purchase, crossing the Appalachicola at the Span-\\nish bluffs, and after traversing the Ekanfinna over the natural bridge,\\nproceeds to the head of Santa Rosa bay. The other road leaves the\\nSuawanee many miles higher up, and passing through Mikasukie and\\nby fort Scott on the frontiers of Georgia, crosses Chattahootchie and\\nFlint rivers above their junction. Here the road branches, one pass-\\ning the Chamiooly over a natural bridge, and joining the southern\\nroad near the head of St. Andrew s bay the other continues near-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 63\\nly parallel to the Alabama line to the Coosada old town. In commti-\\nnicating between Pensacolaand St. Augustine neither of these roads\\nare used, as the fords and ferries are scarcely ever practicable, and\\nthere are no accoaimodations, and scarcely inhabitants. The jour-\\nney is performed by a circuitous route through Georgia and Alaba-\\nma nor is this great inconvenience likely to be soon remedied, as\\nthe travelling will be long too limited to induce persons to establish\\nregular places of rest along so solitary a route and even should the\\nIndians not be concentrated here as has been proposed, several\\nyears must elapse before United States sales can be effected, and\\npopulation come in and except Forbes s purchase, it is believed\\nthat no concessions have been made in this section.\\nThe Suwanee river divides Jackson and Duval counties, and as\\nwell as some of its chief tributary waters take rise in Georgia. The\\nOuthlacuchy has long ramifications and comes from the N. W.\\nThe Alapapaha to which name the title Suwanee gives place above\\nits junction with the Little Suwanee, has two equal branches which\\ncome from the north, after watertug a large extent of land in Geor-\\ngia. The little Suwanee or little St. John s river heads in the cele-\\nbrated Oke-fin-o-cau swamp, and is almost the only drain that large\\ntract of low land has The recent surveys of the new counties of\\nGeorgia have demonstrated the size of the Oke-fin-o-cau to be very\\nmuch less than was originally supposed some of the earlier maps\\nhave represented it as occupying half the distance to the Flint and\\nChattahootchie rivers.\\nToo little is known of the general interior of Jackson county to\\ngive such minute topographical detail as is desirable, and unable to\\nspeak decidedly on many points, the author has judged it more advi-\\nsable to be silent, than to swell his pages with mere speculative ob-\\nservations on an unexplored territory.\\nDuval county lies north of a line, dravfn from the Cowford upon\\nSt. John s river to the moutU of Suwanee, and is naturally subdivi-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "04 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nded into two districts of different sizes which Brandy creek falling\\ninto the St. Mary s, seems to separate the western subdivision be-\\ntween the Georgia boundary and the head branches of the north\\narm of the Santafly river, are pine lands which are mostly low on\\nthe left bank of the Suwanee, and on New river, as well as the little\\nSt. John s, fertile lands are to be met with but the general appear,\\nance is unprepossessing, although in the centre a ridge of more ele-\\nvated country spreads along, dividing the waters that flow into the\\nopposite seas. But around the Santaffy and all its streams, an undu-\\nlating pleasing landscape and rich productive lands commence, giving\\nindications of a material change being about to be observed, and we\\nenter a region which will be more minutely described presently.\\nWe pause an instant here to mention the singular circumstances\\nof the Santaffy river, some considerable distance from itsjunction\\nwith the Suwanee, sinking into the earth and rising again at a distance\\nof three miles this space is called the Natural bridge, and here an\\nIndian path crosses it is stated that in times of high freshets, the\\nspace above the subterraneous channel is inundated, and that on those\\noccasions a parallel current runs over it Weechatomoka creek,\\na branch of the Santaffy. has a similar singularity, sinking precisely\\nin the same manner for half a mile. A few miles below the White\\nKings old town on the Suwanee, upon the left bank, is the spring\\nmentioned by the younger Bartram in his travels, wherein the mana-\\ntee or sea-cow is often seen and sometimes caught.\\nThe easterner maritime district of Duval county contains Nassau\\nriver and its numerous prongs, and little St. Mary s river the lands\\nupon all these waters are in general very fine and peculiarly well\\nadapted for the cultivation of sea-island cotton. A large body of\\npopulation are concentrated here, which was the northern district of\\nEast Florida alluded to in a former part of these observations.\\nDeep marshes fringe the lower part of St. Mary s and Nassau\\nrivers, and the connecting inland navigation. A large road, formerly", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 65\\nkept in excellent repair leads from the Cowford on St. John s river,\\nto Coleraine and camp Pinckney on the St. Mary s it is part of\\nwhat was once called the King s road, and is the only direct outlet\\nby land from St. Augustine. After passing the head svVamps of Nas-\\nsau river, a path leads down to Waterman s bluff, on Belle river,\\nnearly opposite the town of St. Mary s near Coleraine another path\\ndiverges southwardly leading to the Alachua country, and an old\\ntrail exists from the Cowford ferry, crossing the high hills that di-\\nvide the waters of Black creek from those of St. Mary s river, and\\nleading round the head branches of the Santaffy to Suwanee river.\\nIt is along the King s road that the mail should come to St. Augus-\\ntine Jefferson in Georgia being made the distributing post office,\\ninstead of St. Mary s whence at present it is sent by water as far as\\nPablo creek at the mouth of the St. John s river much time, dis-\\ntance and inconvenience would be saved by this arrangement, and\\na semi-weekly instead of a weekly post, be established to the capital\\nof East Florida.\\nProbably Duval county will receive the first impressions of an in-\\nflux of population, which must speedily be spread over the country\\nit presents many attractions, and its vicinity to Georgia may induce\\nthe inhabitants of that state, who are already very favorably impres-\\nsed with Florida, to make it their abode. Not many grants are in\\nthe western district, though probably the maritime portion is nearly\\nall covered with larger or smaller concessions.\\nSaint John s county includes the remainder of the peninsula of\\nEast Florida, south of the line drawn from the Cowford ferry, on St.\\nJohn s river, to the mouth of the Suwanee. It is from this division\\nof the new territory, that greater expectations are formed on account\\nof its extending into tropical regions in order to treat of it more sys-\\ntematically, it will be adviseable to distribute the country into cer-\\ntain subdivisions making all to the eastward of St. John s river the\\nsubject of one, and all to the westward of another the tvyenty-eighth\\n9", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\ndegree of latitude being the southern line of these two and again\\nbelow that parallel, considering the chain of low lands as a division\\nbetween the Atlantic and Mexican districts of the rest of Florida.\\nThe first of these subdivisions is the extent upon which almost all\\nthe previous elfortsof its European possessors were lavished, to bring\\nit forward in civilization and agricultural improvement within\\nthis narrow neck of land, with the exception of the maritime part of\\nDnval county, all the white population of East Florida has been\\nconcentrated, and in the Spanish regime absolutely confined, for\\nfew if any ventured to cross the river St. John above Black creek,\\ndeterred by the hostile attitude of the Indians.\\nThe general characteristic of this portion of Florida is flat, and\\nunprepossessing but there are upon ii many fertile tracts which\\nwill, when the hand of industry is judicially applied yield profitable\\nreturns. It is remarkable that this part of the new country, which\\nhad once made large advances in. the path of civilization, should have\\nso retrograted and have become in many parts as great a wilderness\\nas in its primitive state the withering influence of the old system\\nof Spanish government perhaps occasioned this, by hitherto casting\\nits blight around, and for forty years impeding the natural advantages\\nof the country from being improved, by those willing and capable of\\nthe task.\\nIn all the accounts which have appeared respecting the peninsula\\nof East Florida, it has been a customary and primary remark that\\nthe river St. John was the most prominent feature the observation\\nmust be reiterated that majestic flow of water occupying so remark-\\nable a place on the map, the appearance of the channel of its course\\nbeing so varied, and the magnificent growth of timber clothing its\\nbanks, gives it at once to the eye of a traveller the importance assign-\\ned to it by all writers. Hitherto its source has been considered as\\nundetermined but the late exploring and surveying expedition of\\ncaptain Le Conte of the United States Topographical Engineers has", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 67\\nset that question at rest indeed the elder Bartram fifty years\\nsince, pursued the same route and arrived at the identical head lake,\\nwhich terminated captain Le Conte s expedition.\\nTracing it back from its mouth, we find that lying in latitude 30\u00c2\u00b0\\n18 N. with twelve feet water on the bar at^rdinary tides the dis-\\ntance between the nearest points of land is about one mile the first\\nremarkable place after parsing the mouth of Pablo creek is Kingsley s\\nbluff, six or seven miles from the entrance on the right bank it is\\nabout twenty-five feet high, with a table land of some extent, pre-\\nsenting an eligible scite for a town, which it is the intention of the\\nproprietor to lay out. The ship-yard on the same blufl is well\\nadapted for the purposes which its name indicates.\\nThe Cowford or pass St. Nicholas, twenty eight miles from the\\nbar, is distinguished by its narrowness, being scarcely one thousand\\nyards across, contrasting with the other reaches of the stream which\\nare very wide. The high road laid out by the British and kept up\\nby them and still called the King s road, crosses here.\\nThe line of the river which thus far has been perpendicular to\\nthe trend of the sea coast, here suddenly forms a right angle beco-\\nming parallel thereto, and for the next thirty or forty miles dilates\\ninto succession of lakes or deep bays, never less than three and some-\\ntimes exceeding six miles in breadth. At one of the widest parts,\\na few miles above the Cowford, is the mouth of Black creek, naviga-\\nble fifteen miles for large vessels to the forks. A few miles above\\nthe mouth of Black creek stands the old block house of Picolati no-\\nthing remains of it except two of the shattered walls, through which\\nloop holes and meiUrieres are pierced it stands on a low bluff and\\nhalf concealed by the luxuriant branches of surrounding trees, it\\nreminds the visitor who views it from the river, of the desarlpci cas-\\ntellated residence of some anlient feudal lord. On the opposite\\nor west side of the St. John s was fort Poppa, of which scarce a ves-\\ntage remains.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nAt the old Bueiia Vista station the river begins to wind in reach-\\nes, its general direction being still parallel to the ocean. The Ala-\\nchua ferry is only one mile across. The stream after passing the\\nDevil s Elbow widens again, and receives by several mouths the wa-\\nters of Dunn s lake passing Buffalo bluff, a beautiful and fertile\\nspot, its character is slightly varied by a chain of swamp islands, of\\nwhich Bartram makes mention and accurately describes in the third\\nchapter of his travels At the mouth of the Ocklavvaha, the river ex-\\npands into a little lake and continues in that character to lake George\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2whose entrance is covered by Drayton s island. After crossing this\\nbeautiful piece of water, which is about eighteen miles in length and\\neight or nine in breadth, the St. John s may be rightly designated as\\na river.\\nThe western banks of lake George are almost wholly pine two\\nbeautiful streams called the Salt and Silver springs empty on this\\nside behind the pine ridges, extensive tracts of scrub land occupy\\nalmost the whole neck between lake George and the Ocklawaha\\nriver, extending southwardly in long prongs for many miles. The\\neastern banks have several orange groves, but the hammocks are\\nnot deep indeed the isthmus between lake George and Dunn s\\nlake is chiefly pine lands.\\nA bar at the south vard of lake George, prevents the passage of\\nvessels drawing more than live feet water, up the river a few miles\\nbeyond is the Volusia settlement, on the east side of the St. John s, a\\nflourishing and well settled plantation, where the sugar cane has this\\nlast year been raised with the most flattering prospects, having ri-\\npened nearly six feet by the middle of November. Hope kill esta-\\nWishment, a little higher up, is also a good tract of land, and settling\\nwith much enterprise.\\nSpring-garden branch comes through a tract of rich land, and aug-\\nments the volume of the St. John s, which here begins to wind and\\npursue a tortuous course, driving almost in a S. E. direction Alex-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE PLORIDAS. 69\\nander s creek comes in near a small lake, on the banks of which is\\nan old settlement called Beresford s cowpen beyond this the\\nstream grows narrow, and at length heads in a lake of about ten\\nmiles in perimeter, beyond which there is no visible progress. The\\nlatitude of this place is about 28\u00c2\u00b0 40 N. according to captain Le\\nConte s observations.\\nFrom Alexander s creek upwards the St. John s meanders through\\nextensive fresh marshes, dotted with islets of orange and live oak\\ngrowth. At the head lake the water is several feet deep, and flows\\nthrough the thick saw grass, flags and rushes, with some considera\\nble current and as far as the eye can reach the marsh or savanna\\nappears to be interminable its extent cannot be accurately defined,\\nbut from the circumstance of the impracticability of even Indians tra-\\nvelling in certain directions, it would appear that it has several\\nbranches, one of which undoubtedly connects with the head of the\\nN. W. branch of Indian river another continues parallel to the\\ncoast, and is the same which has been found only three miles back\\nfrom Indian river at the parallel of cape Canaveral a third prong\\njoins the marshes from whence the Ocklawaha river takes its rise,\\nwhile the main branch loses itself in the deep cypress swamps and\\nlagoons that extend to the Ever-Glade morass, an arm leading most\\nundoubtedly to the source of the Hafiia or Manatee river, which\\noriginates also in a similar marsh, and flows into Spirito Santo bay.\\nThe lands immediately on the borders of Dunn s lake are not of\\nthe first quality, but Haw creek and its numerous ramifications\\nwhich are the chief supply of the lake, come through extensive\\nsavannas, which promise to be future sugar fields, and appear ca-\\npable of being brought into cultivation when properly drained.\\nThe number of settlements that once adorned the banks of St.\\nJohn s river have disappeared, in consequence of the Indian wars\\nand other causes before alluded to and in sailing up that majestic", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nstream an air of stillness impresses the beholder with the idea that\\nhe is navigating the waters of an uninhabited and new country.\\nThe future prospects we may consider as more flattering for\\nin estimating the value of our new territory, we have accounted up-\\non what it will be when fully settled, rather than what it now is.\\nAbove lake George the lands though in general low, may be con-\\nsidered as capable of producing various lucrative articles, for the\\nrise of the river is not of that sudden or great nature as to inundate\\nand destroy and it may by trifling embankments be, easily alto-\\ngether prevented from flowing on the soil.\\nThe lands on the margin of St. John s river below lake George,\\nare hammock and swamp of all qualities, seldom more than half a\\nmile wide behind this all are pjne lands, both between the river\\nand the hammocks and swamps, that run parallel to and at a small\\ndistance from the Atlantic ocean. The Twelve-mile swamp, and a\\nfew veins of good land on the large tributary creeks on each side of\\nthe river are exceptions.\\nThe Diego plains, the hammocks and swamps of Pablo creek,\\nNorth river and Guana creek, are very good lands and convenient\\nlo market. To the southward of St. yVugustine, rich fertile ham-\\nmocks and swamps are found on the margin of Matanzas, Halifax,\\nMosquito, and Indian rivers or lagoons, and upon the creeks that\\nempty into them.\\nGreat quantities of live oak of the largest size were once to be\\nfound, but the timber fit for the first rate vessels of war is already\\nscarce, and so far back from navigable waters as to render its trans-\\npoffttion nearly impracticable. It is no longer to be found to any\\nconsiderable extent on the St. John s river or its tributary creeks.\\nSome small portions yet remain on the banks of the North river, and\\non Diego plains, but it is feared that until a canal is made that the\\nwood is scarcely accessible at the latter place. On Dunn s lake\\nthere is but very little the present supply is obtained only from the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDA S. 71\\nhammocks on Pablo creek and Halifax river. At the head of Indian\\nriver and its branches, there is some live oak timber, but it is too\\nremote. Cedar is very scarce and but little to be found, except\\nupon one or two creeks on the west side of St. John s river.\\nMuch false expectation has been raised respecting the quantity of\\nlive oak and cedar in Florida, and these observations are thrown\\nout, more with a view,of guarding the unexperienced from indulging\\nin this supposition, than pretending to state with precision the real\\nextent of resources in this respect.\\nThere are many roads or paths through this eastern subdivision\\nof St. John s county, but only two or three practicable for wheel\\ncarriages. The King s road from the Cowford to St. Augustine,\\nand thence southwardly to the Tomoca settlements at the head of\\nHalifax river, is now reopened by the exertions of the inhabitants\\nresiding in the neighbourhood and the road to the mouth of Pab lo\\ncreek is at present the mail route, and generally used by visitors to\\nSt. Augustine. A carriage road also leads from the town to a land-\\ning upon the Six- mile creek, whose mouth is at Picolati, and from\\nwhich landing a short canal might be made to the head of navigation\\non St. Sebastian s river, which flows into the harbour of St. Augus-\\ntine. Were this done, which is perfectly practicable, the waters\\nof the St. John s being thus connected with an established port,\\nmuch produce would be transported to St. Augustine, whose bar at\\nleast equals that of St. John s, and a dangerous boat navigation\\nthrough lake Valdez and the bay of Black creek, as well as the other\\nwide parts of the river, would be avoided.\\nRoads diverge from St. Augustine to various points of the St.\\nJohn s, particularly Kingsley s bluff, Julington creek, Picolati, Buena\\nVista old and new, RoUestown, Dunn s lake, Buffalo bluff, Volusia\\nSpring Garden and Beresford s and to the settlements at Matan-\\nzas, and on the creeks discharging there these however at present\\nare only bridle paths obscure trails lead from the Tomoca and", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nVolusia settlements over the head of the N. W. branch of Indiae\\nriver, and thence in a southwardly course parallel to that stream.\\nA road also goes along the sea beach from opposite to St. Augus-\\ntine to the mouth of St. John s.\\nThe Tvpelve-mile swamp near St. Augustine is equal to any body\\nof land in the southern states for fertility it appears to have been\\nfirst cultivated in 1770, but since the occupancy of Florida by the\\nSpaniards scarcely any agricultural operation there was attended to.\\nGraham s swamp, between Matanzas inlet and Tomoca, is also a rich\\nsoil, and the fresh marshes adjacent thereto are very eligible for\\nsugar, c. Colonel Bulovv of South Carolina and some other enter-\\nprising planters are forming settlements in and near this place,\\nwhich will doubtless give atone to the undertakings in the country.\\nThe chain of good lands extends parallel to Halifax river and Mo-\\nsquito south lagoon down to the head of Indian river. At Ross old\\nsettlement on Mosquito lagoon sugar was formerly raised in large\\nquantities as also at the town of New-Smyrna to which a body of\\nredemptioners from the islands of the Mediterranean were almost kid-\\nnapped and forced to labour until the impositions exercised upon\\nthem, compelled the unhappy bondsmen to rise on their oppressors,\\nand they settled in St. Augustine where their descendants form a\\nnumerous, industrious and virtuous body of people, distinct alike\\nfrom the indolent character of the Spaniard and the rapacious habits\\nof some of the strangers who have visited that city since the ex-\\nchange of flags. In their duties as small farmers, hunters, fisher-\\nmen, and other laborious but useful occupations, they contribute\\nmore to the real stability of society than any other class of people\\ngenerally temperate in their mode of life, and strict in their moral in-\\ntegrity, they do not yield the palm to the denizens of the land of\\nsteady habits crime is almost unknown among them speaking\\ntheir native tongue, they move about distinguished by a primitive\\nsimplicity and honesty, as remarkable as their speech.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 73\\n\u00c2\u00a9f RoUestown, once an equally important settlement, not a vestige\\nIS left except a few pits which once were the foundations of large\\nbuildings, and a long avenue yet distinctly to be traced through the\\nforests, the commencement of a grand highway to St. Augustine\\nthe object of the founder was singular, in one respect, which con-\\ntemplated the practicability of reforming the morals of a certain\\nclass of unhappy females, by transplanting them from the purlieus\\nof Drury-lane to the solitudes of Florida.\\nThe planters upon Tomoca river and its vicinity are almost whol-\\nly English settlers from the Bahamas, who quitting those sterile\\nrocks, came hither to avail themselves of a better soil all of them\\nhave prospered, and several have become very rich by raising sea-\\nisland cotton, which for some years previous to this period well re-\\npaid their labours.\\nAs the river St. John inclines considerably to the Atlantic shore,\\nthe country to the westward of it is much wider than the eastern\\nsubdivision which has been treated of, and is perhaps under all cir-\\ncumstances the most interesting part of Florida. The Ocklawaha\\nriver, which is the principal branch of the St. John s, the Amasura\\ndischarging into the Gulf of Mexico, most of the streams that empty\\ninto Spirito Santo bay, Black creek a large tributary of St. John s\\nriver, all water this district, as also the eastern branches of the\\nSanta fly.\\nThe dividing ridge oC the waters of the Atlantic ocean and the\\ngulf of Mexico, is very irregular in its elevation at some places it\\nscarcely rises into small undulations, in others it swells to considera-\\nble hills it may perhaps more correctly be designated as a plateau\\nof land one spur leading from the old Suwanee town, on the river\\nof that name, runs parallel to the coast close on the west of the great\\nAlachua savanna, where it meets another arm coming from the\\nnorth-cast, running between the sources of Santilasky and Tslachlio-\\nsaw creeks, and stretching towards the St. John s the^e united\\n10", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74. ODSEIIVATIONS UPON\\nproceed in a south-east course, and divide the Ocklawaha and Ami-\\nsura rivers, and expanding very considerably have a se;ies of In-\\ndian ^iUages planted on them, until as they approach the vast sa\\nvannas in the south they gradually sink down to their level branch-\\nes of this ridge lie on both sides of the Amisura river, and on the\\nnorth west of Spirito Santo bay. A very hilly region is also found\\non the neck which separates the St. John s from the Ocklawaha,\\nand bordering close on the latter river.\\nThe extent, from the waters of the Santaffy in the direction of the\\nridge, and extending on each side, including the Alachua territory,\\ndown to the head of Spirito Santo bay and on the forks of the Ami-\\nsura, and other rivers, is a beautiful undulating fertile country,\\ncontaining large bodies of hammock and oak and hickory land, with\\npine lands of a rich soil based on limestone over this portion of the\\ncountry as in many parts of West Florida nature has scattered a\\nnumber of wells, holes and ponds of ail sizes and various depths,\\nmany of them sullicient with the protecting shade of the surround-\\ning trees or bushes, to resist the exhausting evaporations produced\\nby the fervid glow of the summer sun becoming reservoirs of wa-\\nter, cool in the warmest day. Some of these have their banks of\\nsuch a slope as to allow cattle to descend to the water others are\\nof so perpendicular a descent as to require the use of a rope and\\nbucket, and all are distinguished by a tuft of hammock trees grow-\\ning around even the smallest, giving a pleasing variety to the mono-\\ntony of the pine woods.\\nHandsome streams of water are found in almost all the hammocks,\\nwhich on the plateau generally discharge into some pond or lake\\nmany of these rivulets afford for two thirds of the year sufficient\\nwater to drive mills.\\nBesides the smaller ponds, a larger kind are often met with, some\\nof which are even romantic in their appearance, particularly lake\\nWare, a beautiful sheet of water three miles wide and about five in", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 75\\nlength. In this lake is a beautiful island abounding with groves of\\nthe bitter-sweet or Seville orange this was the favourite retreat\\nof one of the antient chiefs of the aboriginal inhabitants. Lake\\nPithlachucco and Orange lake are in many parts deep most of\\nthese large waters are in tempestuous weather agitated like a sea.\\nThe ^reat savannas are also remarkable after periods of heavy\\nfalls of rain, they are inundated to the depth of several feet but\\nwhen the warm seasons have evaporated this deluge, they often be-\\ncome so entirely dry that the tire runs over them, and sweeps down\\nthe tall grass which has sprung up over them to a great height.\\nThe great Alachua savanna is the most considerable, being but\\nseldom entirely free from water. Many curious stories are circula-\\nted among the Indians respecting a whirlpool, where a subterraneous\\ndischarge of water is said to take place but the author has not been\\nable to ascertain the fict. A communication exists by a narrow\\ncypress swamp, from the Alachua savanna to the head of Orange\\nlake this latter terminates at its eastern extremity in a thick\\nswamp, through which its waters gradually oozing, form at length a\\ncreek, raj\u00c2\u00bbid and deep, but narrow and very circuitous, and abound-\\ning with logs and sand bars this watef course proceeding in a\\nnorth-east direction, joins the Ocklawaha river. Ockawilla and\\nChicuchaty savannas are very considerable, particularly tlie latter.\\nIn speaking of the hammocks it should be observed, t .iat they\\nin general surround the large lakes and savannas, though also\\nfound scattered over the whole face of the country like islets\\nwithin them however a pond or lake is generally found, and often\\ntheir size is regulated by the extent of this watery nucleus.\\nOn the exterior of the hammocks the black oak and hickory land is\\ndisposed and gradually spreads to the pine ridges, on which the hick-\\nory is often found. The pine lands however are not all of the same\\nelevated character many of them being flat and covered with gall\\nberry and buckle berry bushes and sometimes interspersed with", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\ncypress ponds and bay galls these however are always In the vicin-\\nity of the sources of the streams, and are but rarely found on the\\nplateau; but nevertheless like all the pine ranges, they afford excellent\\npasturage for cattle, and if sown with the artificial grasses would pro-\\ncure abundant crops.\\nIt may be here remarked of the pine lands in general of Florida,\\nthat they are fertile a character strictly applicable, although they\\nseem to the superficial view unfit for agriculture, particularly to the\\neye of a northern farmer who from early association of ideas, consid-\\ners pine lands and barrenness as terms synonymous. Luxuriant\\npasture ranges are found every where, and millions of horned cattle\\nmay be raised with no other trouble than herding and periodically\\nburning the grass, which quickly grows again, the tender shoots im-\\nparting by their succulency and fragrance, a flavour to the flesh not\\nalways found in the stall-fed beeves of a city. The chief sup-\\nport of the antient Indian population was derived from their countless\\nherds of cattle, which a succession of invasions from hostile tribes\\nand lawless borderers have now almost wholly exterminated.\\nThe Amanina river is a beautiful stream, and flows through a tract\\nequal to any in these parts and but for the impediment of the shal-\\nlows at its mouth, would afford a great outlet for produce as it is,\\nsmall craft will convey the exports to the great emporium of Spirito\\nSanto bay.\\nThe Ocklawaha river takes its rise in lake Eustis, which like the\\nhead lagoon of St. John s river, is formed by the accumulation of\\nvpaters from the great southern marshes. Its course is parallel to\\nthe St. John s, and it occasionally expands into lakes as flowing\\nIhrougl) the alluvial soil on its banks. As its course diverges to the\\neast to fall into the St. Johns, the vast volumes of water brought with\\nrapidity down its narrow channel overflow the low lands, and a la-\\nbyrinth of islands intervene, from where the Orange lake creek\\njoins it, to its junction with the principal stream some miles below", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 77\\nlake George. These islands are covered with a luxuriant growth\\nof tall swamp trees, but so entirely inundated as to make their re-\\ndemption for cultivation a Herculean task but which once ef-\\nfectually accomplished, would make them mines of wealth, unequal-\\nled perhaps by the best Missisippi sugar fields.\\nThe high lands between the St. John s and Ocklawaha rivers, south\\nof the path from the V-olunia to the Indian crossing places, are of the\\nsame character with those of the p/aieau on the western side of the lat-\\nter stream. North of the above path, large veins of scrubs extend to\\nlake George and chiefly fill up the neck. These scrubs and undu-\\nlating grounds, consist of a sand of a very small and ferruginous\\ngrain, producing an infinite variety of dwarf oaks and a number of\\nparasitical plants where the land swells to a considerable elevation,\\nthere is generally to be seen a growth of small spruce pines, most of\\nwhich however seem to die, after springing up to the height of\\ntwei;ityor thirty feet. The wythes and other creeping shrubs which\\ninterweave with the humble species of oaks, renders a passage very\\ndifficult, and the paths which are so directed as to cross the scrubs in\\nthe narrowest part, wind so to take advantage of the intervals be-\\ntween the patches of bushes. Water is very scarce here, and only\\nfound in a few sinks or ponds similar to those in the pine lands, but\\nwithout trees around them. Another kind of land, are the ridges of\\nwhite sand covered with the small black or post oak, commonly call-\\ned black jacks. These are sometimes so thick as to exclude the\\npines, and when this is the case there is scarcely any grass found on\\nthe sand hills.\\nOn the southwestern part of the Alachua territory, and extend-\\ning between the Amasura river and the Mexican gulf is a remarka-\\nble tract of country, which presents a curious appearance the\\nwhole of the pine lands, which are remarkably handsome from\\ntheir undulating surfaces, were burnt some thirty years since\\nustead of the clear open woods generally seen, masses of young", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\npine saplings are thickly spread over the rocky ground, which\\nis strewn with half burnt light wood logs, that have not been destroy-\\ned by the action of the air for so many years, wiiile numerous still\\nmore hardy pieces of timber remain erect though dead, firm as ada-\\nmant pillars. Here and there a solitary green pine remains that\\nescaped the ravage? of the original fire, which succeeded by almost\\nannual ones, have kept the woods in a state of continual undergrowth.\\nIt is supposed that a space of nearly three hundred square miles\\nhave been thus devastated, and nothing can be more desolate than\\nthe situation ofa traveller who bewildered in this labyrinth, roams\\nwithout end over mossy rocks and shaking morasses, impeded at\\nevery step by the black shapeless logs at every eminence he sees\\nthe same scene repeated, and no end appears to this very remarka-\\nble desert.\\nHere and in many other neighboring parts of the extensive\\nplateau, rocks are found upon the surface, of every size sometimes\\nloose, or disposed in curious ridges that to a fonciful imagination,\\nwive the idea of the irregular rootings of mammoth swine these\\nrocks and stones consist ofa sileceous nucleus, enveloped in success-\\nive lamina of different formations of lime-stone there are even occa-\\nsionally met with something resembling mill or burr-stones, well\\nadapted for sharpening tools and grinding corn. Clay too is found\\nhere and in thany other parts of these western pine lands. The\\ngeneral soil may be deiscribed as consisisting ofa light but rich loam}^\\nsand.\\nIt may be mentioned here, being omitted inadvertently in its\\nproper place, that a similar scene of devastation exists on the main\\npath from the old Suwanee to the Mikasukie towns, though produced\\nby a different cause. Many years since, a tornado passed over the\\nlands there and prostrated for leagues every tree so sudden and\\nso universal was the effect of the ruin, that immense numbers of the\\ndeer and other wild animals were crushed to death, besides herds", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 79\\nof cattle the Indians and Indian negroes state that the bones of\\nthe beasts thus suddenly destroyed are to be seen scattered in every\\ndirection, and it has been asserted, that it is only within latter years\\nthat the trees have rotted away sufficiently, to allow horses to travel\\nalong the paths which are thus incumbered.\\nIt is within the subdivision of St. John s county now under descrip-\\ntion, that a large number of the grants and patents issued since 1812\\nare ordered to be located the great Alachua grant to Arredondo\\nand Sons of the Havana, and several other extensive patents are\\nhere and apart of the purchase of Hackley under the Duke of Ala-\\ngon is included in this more particular notice of which and the\\nother, will be taken in another part of the work.\\nThe paths through this portion of Florida are numerous the\\nmain routes from the Suwanee meet in the centre of the Alachua at\\nthe town of Micanopy, on the northern bank of Taskavvilla lake\\nfrom hence which was the antient capital of the Indian nation, the\\ntracts diverge in all directions to Dlack creek, Picolali, Vibrilia\\nand Buffalo bluff on the central parts of St. John s river routes also\\ngo down to Tampa bay through the chain of Indian villages and set-\\ntlements, and to the lower crossing places over the Ocklawaha by\\nway of lake Ware, and hence a path leads to Volusia on the St.\\nJohn s above lake George. It is by this latter course that the mail is\\nsaid to have been ordered to travel from Pensacola but why it\\nshould be sent nearly one hundred miles from the straight direction it\\nis difhcult to determine after crossing the Suwanee river it ought to\\npass through Micanopy, and thence either to Vibrilia and new Buena\\nVista on the St. John s, where there is a good ferry established, and\\non to St. Augestine or from Micanopy to Picolati lower down the\\nriver. The former route would at present be better, as the stages\\nwould be more regularly divided though in either case, three days\\neasy journey, without travelling by night, would bring the mail from\\nthe Suwanee to St. Augustine.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nSeveral roads from the eastward and northward meet at Chicuchu\\nty. and thence go down to the falls on the Haffia, In the northern\\npart, paths proceed from Black creek, Picolati, and the Cowford, di-\\nrect to the upper part of the Suwanee.\\nIt is across this part of Florida that at some no distant time a com-\\nmunication will be established for travellers to New-Orleans. Steam\\nboats coming direct from the large northern cities, will enter the\\nSt. John s and proceed up to some eligible landing, and the passen-\\ngers taking stages to the banks of the Suwanee near its mouth, will\\nagain embark in these ambulating hotels, and proceed along the shores\\nof the Gulf of Mexico to New-Orleans by this route a voyage from\\nNew-York to the former city may be easily completed in ten days.\\nConnecting the waters of Black creek and Santafify rivers by a\\nnavigable canal of thirty or forty miles a route may be opened, that\\nwill afford many facilities for bringing the produce that comes down\\nto Appalachie bay, to the Atlantic markets, and of conveying the re-\\nturns independent of the fruits of the plantations for many miles\\naround the canal.\\nThe junction of the Ocklawaha and Amisura rivers would require\\na shorter cut, but from the high lands is impracticable in such a\\ncountry the former river however is navigable almost to its very\\nsource, and will serve as a channel of exportation of all the agricul-\\ntural productions that do not find their outlet by Spirit\u00c2\u00a9 Santo bay,\\nor the St. John s.\\nThis portion of Florida which the author has endeavoured to de-\\nlineate, contains nearly all the most valuable lands in the territory,\\nand may be accounted healthy in almost every spot the general\\nelevation of the land and the openness of the w oods, allows a free\\ncirculation of the air, set in motion by the winds from either side of\\nthe peninsula, and uncontaminated by the exhalations from intermin-\\nable swamps, and endless bodies of low land.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 81\\nWe now proceed to examine the remaining two subdivisions, into\\nwhich the county of St. John has been distributed in relation to our\\nsubject, being all the lands lying below the parallel of the twenty-\\neighth degree of latitude, considering as before mentioned, the chain\\nof low lands as a division between the Atlantic and Mexican districts,\\ncommencing near the head of St. John s river and terminating at the\\nmouth of Shark river or cape Sable creek.\\nThe western part of this descriptive subdivision is exclusively oc-\\ncupied by the remainder of the purchase of Hackley from the Duke\\nof Alagon alluded to a ew pages back included within these limits\\nare the three spacious and celebrated harbors of Tampa, Charlotte\\nand Chatham bays, besides a variety of rivers the mouths of which af-\\nford inlets for small coasting vessels. Tampa or more properly Spi-\\nrito Santo bay has been described in a former part of these topogra-\\nphical observations it may be remarked in addition here that there\\nare two other inlets besides the principle one, each affording from\\ntwelve to eighteen feet at low water. The coast generally between\\nSpirito Santo bay and Charlotte harbor is composed of flat islands in\\nfront of high forests of pine, behind which there is reason to believe\\nthe country is chequered with the small masses of hammock disposed\\nover an undulating region of fertile pine lands as are found upon the\\nplateau in the north and western parts of this country the authsr\\nhowever has not been able with all diligent research to find any ex-\\nisting record of a description of this tract and consequently no de-\\ntail is laid down of it, and but few watercourses appear on the map,\\nbut when minute information can be procured, it will undoubtedly be\\nfound well supplied in that respect. The banks of Asternal and\\nCharlotte rivers as well as those of the Coolasahfitchie and Delaware\\nare well wooded with excellent timber.\\nAll along this coast down to cape Romano or Punta Larga, the tide\\nebbs and flows only once in twenty four hours with a rise of but\\nthree feet this is increased or diminished according to the prera\\n11", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 OBSERVATIONS LPON\\nlence of the winds in the gulf of Mexico in dry seasons the tide ri-\\nses high in the fresh water rivers being perceptible at some distance\\nfrom the sea. In Chatham bay the tide ebbs and flows what is called\\ntide and half tide that is three hours flood and three hours ebb\\nthen nine hours flood and nine hours ebb the current of the tide is\\nvery rapid, and the rise is seven feet as far as the point of cape Ro-\\nmano, beyond which its influence is not felt.\\nFrom the head of Chatham bay to cape Sable creek, numbers of\\nsmall islands and keys line the coast and several small streams empty.\\nPavilion keys and Lostman s keys are the principal, and like the rest\\nas well as the generality of the land on the main, consist of drowned\\nmangrove swamps.\\nOn the margin of some of the small waters, are hills of a rich\\nsoil which rise among these dreary mangroves, and from the tra-\\nces of antient cultivation yet visible on many of them, were probably\\nthe last retreats of the Coloosa nation of Indians which has long been\\nextinct, having been gradually driven from the country by other\\ntribes. The pine lands behind these swamps are computed to be\\nat a distance of ten miles from the coast across the mangroves, and\\nbeyond the narrow ridge they occupy, comes the great Ever-glade\\nmorass.\\nScarcely any paths through this subdivision are known except the\\none leading from the falls of the Haflia or Manatee these falls are\\nmerely rapids over a bed of secondary limestone rocks, determining\\nthe head of navigation of that river. This path inclines in a south\\neast direction, and traverses the great chain of low lands and the prongs\\nof the glades at the narrow parts, known only to a few of the most\\nwandering of the Indians after many days travelling in water, du-\\nring which they carry witli them prepared provisions and stakes to\\nraise them above the level of the inundation while resting, they find\\ntheir way to the Atlantic coast somewhere about Jupiter inlet.\\nThe vast bodies of low lands that lie south of this trail and fill up", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 83\\nthe interior of the southern extremitj- of the Florida peninsula,appears\\nto have scattered over it many tracts of firm land in the form of\\nislands and promontories, and though at present a communication\\nacross appears impracticable, and the accounts from Indians, negroes\\nand refugee whites, place it in the worst possible point of view, yet it\\nis by no means improbable there is a passage from island to island, over\\nthe several branches of the morass which are not always of a breadth\\nto deter the attempt nay the author is more inclined to believe, that\\nfrom the general exaggeration human nature is prone to, it may be bet-\\nter than supposed, and that if the dis^couraging accounts do not deter\\na sectional survey, it is by no means problematical but the expense\\nwould be amply repaid by the discovery of many rich pieces of land\\nin detached spots how far admitting them to be found, settlers would\\nbe induced to purchase on supposed unhealthy situations need scarce-\\nly be discussed where the profits are proportionate every risk has\\nbeen and will continue to be hazarded, by the spirit of enterprise\\nwhich in this country is so predominant which leads the hunter to\\nseek his valuable skins in the frozen mountain of the north west, and\\nsends the agriculturist and merchant to the remotest and most unheal-\\nthy places.\\nThe Atlantic subdivision of the southern part of St. John s coun-\\nty has almost wholly been described while treating on the general\\noutline of the Florida coast, for nothing is known of the interior ex-\\ncept what has been stated in that place the rivers along the whole\\nlength from north to south, appearing to head in the Ever-glade mo-\\nrass or branches connected with it. Some difference exists between\\nSt. Lucie as it was found by the author, and the description given by\\nRomans, who states that he went up the N. W. branch that appearing\\nthe principal, for twenty-four miles reckoning direct distance that\\nthere the river became narrow and partly on account of the obstruc-\\ntion of the logs, partly on account of the rapidity of the stream, he\\nleft the vessel and going up by land found the river at last to run", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84 OBSERVATIONS UPOiV\\nthrough a vast plain, the bank of the stream being fringed with a few\\ntrees. When this account is compared with what was observed by the\\nwriter and stated in a former part of this work, he is tempted to con-\\nsider with Sir Walter Raleigh, that if the same place and circum-\\nstances is viewed by different persons under such contrary aspects,\\nthat he had better burn his book and avoid the risk of being consid-\\nered the narrator of untruths. That however there is some great\\nreservoir of water is certain, from the profusion of fresh water which\\nthe rirer St. Lucie pours down such is the immense quantity that\\nthe whole sound is often made fresh through its vast extent and deep\\nindentations.\\nThe rapid current of the gulf stream sweeping close along this part\\nof the Florida coast has the effect of closing the bars of the inlets,\\nparticularly Jupiter, through which so immense a volume of water\\nseeks to discharge itself, that nothing but the continued throwing up\\nof the loose sea shells prevents the streams from forcing it open\\nthey even sometimes prevail Jupiter inlet after a heavy freshet in\\nthe spring of 1769 was opened and so remained for three or four\\nyears. On Indian river inlet the freshets sometimes make ten feet\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2water and at other periods there are not three the general quanti-\\nty found is five feet. The bar of Rio Seco is similarly closed to Ju-\\npiter, and also a small inlet called Indian creek near cape Florida.\\nCayo Largo though ranked among the Florida keys is no more than\\na promontory from the main land about half distance between capes\\nFlorida and Sable, and connected by a very narrow isthmus the\\nwhole however is rather a cluster of mangroves than solid land, ex-\\ncept where the gulf washes up a sandy beach on the exterior.\\nSound point or Cayo Largo was formerly called cape Florida, but\\nthat name is now applied to the eastern part of key Biscayne.\\nThe topographical observations on the continental part of Florida,\\nas far as correct information has been procured, being thus conclu-\\nded we should proceed to the subject of the keys and banks, known", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDA S. 85\\nunder the designation of the general Florida reef, but as their capa-\\nbilities are confined to maritime concerns, and an interesting account\\nof the wrecking system and other similar points are closely interwo-\\nven with them, we shall defer entering on this branch of our subject\\nfor the present.\\nflt^ A-t^t^ /fe; /^^-itf t,-^e:: yu", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86\\nOBSERVATIONS ON THE SOIL AND ITS\\nNATURAL GROWTH.\\nThe general character of the Florida lands is light sands of dif-\\nferent granui liion-, and sandy loams based upon limestone or clay\\nat a variety of depth, are what chiefly are found and from this\\nlightness they are perhaps not capable of bearing a succession of\\nexhausting crops but nevertheless the land when thrown into\\nold fields soon renovates itself, from a fertilizing principle which per-\\nvades the air, and subsides to the earth this principle is undoubted-\\nly generated by tne saline particles, w hich are carfted fPbm each\\nsea pn 1-0 the lands. i\\nThe ditTerfnt qualities of land in the Floridas, may be divided de-\\ncidedly inft), and.kr? wn \u00c2\u00abuiadef.t he ton^js^g^pamei\\n^1 ^^Flab^ine lands\\n.Undn rating pine lands\\niiOw hammock\\nHigh hammock\\nOak and hickory lands\\nScrub lands\\nPine land savannas\\nHammock savannas\\nRiver swamps\\nCypress swamps\\nFresh marshes\\nSalt marshes", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDAS. 87\\nThe Jlat pine lands are of themselves of two kinds the one sort\\ncovered with a thick and luxuriant growth of berry bushes, dwarf\\nbays and laurels, with grass only in patches, and the pine trees\\nsparsely scattered over the ground the other kind has little or no\\nundergrowth: being thickly covered with savannas and cypress ponds\\nand galls, it is often overflown from them and on the least fall of rain\\nbecomes drowned the herbage however is generally plentiful. It is\\nwith these two sorts of low piny land, that a great portion of this\\nspace between the sea and St. John s river is covered, mixed in how-\\never often with the other descriptions of soil, but giving on the first\\nview an unfavorable idea to the new comer a great number of\\nbranches and runs of water take their rise among these low grounds\\nand wherever these low pine lands are found they may be consid-\\nered as the head of some river or creek.\\nThe elevated and undulating pine lands are healthy and beautiful\\nthe timber is taller, straighter and of a better quality than on the\\nlow grounds their appearance in the western part of the\\ncountry has been already described, and wherever they are met\\nwith partake more or less of that nature they abound with succu-\\nlent herbage the Saw palmetto bushes are very rarely found in these\\nhigh pine lands, they being confined to a middling description of\\nground not so low as to be liable to frequent inundations, nor\\nhigh enough to foster a different species of undergrowth.\\nThe loxv hanmincks are the richest kind of lands in Florida, and\\ncapable of producing for many successive years rich crops of\\nsugar, corn, hemp, or other equally exhausting productions they\\nare however clothed with so heavy a growth of timber and under-\\nwood, that the task of clearing them is appalling, and they require\\nditching and banking to guard them from extraordinary floods and\\nrains.\\nGraham^s sxvamp, between Matanzas and Tomoco, is chiefly lew\\nhammock. The upper parts of both sides of Indian river and", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nits north- tvest branch are of this quality of soil, as alsot he marging\\nof the river St. John from Volusia to Beresford s old cowpen, though\\nnarrow and perhaps somewhat too low. Many fine tracts of low\\nhammock are scattered over the western parts of the peninsula,\\nabout the heads of the Santaffy and other rivers, and on the banks\\nof Alligator creek and many of the smaller tributary streams also\\nin the upper part of the region between the Suwanee and Appala-\\nchicola rivers.\\nHere and elsewhere. West Florida proper is scarcely mentioned\\nfor confined between the Perdido and the Appalachicola rivers, it is\\nso comparatively small and but little known, that it has not been\\ntaken into consideration. It is true that to magnify its importance, a\\nmonstrous cantle has been carved out of East Florida but in the\\nsubsequent pages of this book, it should be understood that East\\nFlorida comprehends all to the f^ast of the Appalachicola river, in-\\ncluding in fact seven eighths of the whole territory.\\nThe growth of timber usual on these low hammocks is principally\\nthe cabbage tree, (of which it may be observed in passing, that none\\nare found west of the Ocklockonne river) ash, mulberry, dogwood,\\nSpanish oak, live oak, white oak, swamp hickory, sweet bay, sassa-\\nfras, cedar, magnolia, wild fig, wild orange, zantoxyhim or prickley\\nash, and a vast number of other kinds, with varieties of all in the\\nmore southern latitudes the torch tree is found, also the gum guia-\\ncum, mastic, wild tamarind, red stopper, pigeon plum, cocoa plum,\\nsea grape, tiswood, .c. c. A thick vegetable mould of from one\\nto two feet in depth, covers the surface of the ground in these low\\nhammocks, below which black coarse sand is found, gradually be-\\ncoming paler as the depth increases, until the clay or limestone is\\nstruck.\\nThe high hammocks are if possible more dense in their growth\\nthan the others, but the coat of vegetable matter is thin, and the\\nwhite sand Ues within a foot or eighteen inches of the surface", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 89\\nthey are said to be notwithstanding very productive for years, with-\\nout any mannre, which indeed is never thought of being applied.\\nIn addition to most of the trees found in the low hammocks, we\\nmeet laurel, led oak, chestnut oak, chinquopine, beech, persimmon,\\ncinnamon-laurel, bastard-ash, myrtle, locust, and a numerous list of\\nother trees great varieties of the cane and reed are in both des-\\ncriptions of hammocks countless parasitical plants interweave and\\nfold round the trees the wild vine shoots up to a most surprising\\nheight, and the stalk is commonl^,^f^und seven and eight inches in\\ndiameter.\\nThe oak and hickory lands produce almost exclusively those two\\nkinds of forest trees, with occasionally gigantic pines the under-\\nbrush is generally composed of sucker saplings of the oak and\\nhickory this description of land is generally disposed on the ex-\\nterior edges of the high hammocks, and separate them from the pine\\nlands. The black oak is the species most general here the soil a\\nrich deep yellow sandy loam.\\nThe scrub lands have been particularly described before in pao-e\\n68 they vary but very little in their general appearance wherever\\nfound, and are of too forbidding an aspect to lead the farmer to ex-\\npect from them any advantage, except perhaps that of raising ho -s,\\nfor which they are peculiarly well adapted, from the abundance of\\nacorns on the dwarf oaks, and a number of curious roots to the\\nsandy plants.\\nThe pine land savannas have a very black and rich appearance,\\nbut notwithstanding they contain only white sands, though the clay\\nbeneath is perhaps nearer the surface they are merely sinks or\\ndrains to the higher grounds, their low situation preventin the\\ngrowth of pines. Most of the roads in the vicinity of St. Augustine\\nare unfortunately obliged to traverse very extensive regions of this\\nsort, and consequently in wet seasons they ara scarcely passable,\\nand greatly disgust the transient visitor.\\n12", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nThe hammock savaimas have a more fertile soil fossil broken\\nshells, are embedded in the mould which is rich and black, and of\\nsome depth the clay is often within a foot of the surface of the\\nearth. The great Alachua savanna, the savannas on the borders of\\nHaw creek and its prongs, and the large savannas west of and paral-\\nlel to Indian river, are of this description deep ditching and high\\nbanking will be however requisite, to guard them from the inunda-\\ntions their low position naturally exposes them to. Pasturage of\\nthe most luxuriant kind is afforded by these savannas, which are\\nvaluable features in the territory.\\nThe word swamp is, in the signification now adopted, peculiar to\\nAmerica by it is understood a tract of land lying low, but with a\\nsound bottom, covered in rainy seasons and high waters with that\\nelement. Almost all forest trees, pines excepted, thrive best in\\nthe swamps, where the soil is rich, and when capable of being clear-\\ned and drained they are proper for the growth of rice, sugar, corn,\\nhemp, indigo, c. c.\\nThe river swamps are annually overflown, and require judicious\\nand indefatigable attention to their embankments when in a state of\\ncultivation. The growth common in these swamps are the swamp\\noak, willow oak, swamp maple, tupelo, elder, willow, swamp mag-\\nnolia, black birch, sumac, cypress, black and white poplar, Florida\\nholly, sycamore, hawthorn, .c. .c. Sometimes the land immedi-\\nately on the river banks is rather higher than the grounds a little\\nbehind, which are then called back swamps these are nearly con-\\nstantly full of water, and have chiefly tupelo growth, and no under-\\nwood.\\nCypress swamps are mostly near the heads of rivers, and in a con-\\ntinued state of inundation little or no underbrush, but only crowds\\nof the cypress shoots or knees, which point up like small pyramids.\\nIn the river St. John many of the swamps and islands are of this\\nkind, as also in the lower parts of the Ocklawaha they are like-\\nwise bordering on the great southern mora ses in every direction.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 91\\nWhile we are on the subject of wooded low lands it may be ob-\\nserved, that in the pine lands, the early courses of the creeks and\\nstreams are through two sorts of channels, hay galls and cypress galls.\\nThe bay galls are spongy, boggy, and treacherous to the foot, with\\na coat of matted vegetable fibres the loblolly bays spread their\\nroots, and the saw palmetto crawls on the ground, making them al-\\ntogether unpleasant and even dangerous to cross the water in\\nthese bay galls is strongly impregnated with pyroligneous acid. The\\ncypress galls have firm sandy bottoms, and are only troublesome\\nfrom the multitude of the sprouting knees. Clay is often found in\\nboth these kinds of galls, which are sometimes very narrow and\\nsometimes dilate into large morasses.\\nThe fresh water marshes are of two kinds, liard and soft the hard\\nmarsh is made up of a kind of marly clay whose soil has too much\\nsolidity for the water to disunite its particles and therefore, being\\nalso generally higher above the water, may be with little trouble\\nadapted to proper cultivation the soft jnarshes lie lower and are\\nmore subject to overflow and require in the embankments, earth\\nfrom the highland to make them substantial, and consequently are\\nmore expensive in their redemption but this once accomplished\\nthey are undoubtedly the most fruitful affording in the dry culture\\nmeans of raising sugar, hemp, corn, cotton and indigo.\\nThe salt marshes are likewise of two kinds, hard and soft, from\\nthe same causes that effect the fresh marsh the hard salt marshes\\nhowever are often altogether clay, and like those in Indian river are\\ncovered with purslain these when fully embanked and redeemed,\\nand freshened by the cultivation of cotton or hemp for a year or two,\\nwould undoubtedly become the finest sugar fields that hard kind of\\nsalt marsh upon which fresh water occasionally flows and known com-\\nmonly as rush land, is extremely eligible when properly prepared\\nfor agricultural purposes.\\nThe soft salt 7narshes are totally useless except as manure in the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 OBSERVATIONS UPOxV\\npart of the peniasiihi south of Musquito, the mangrove takes the\\nplace of the marsh grass and reeds, and by its interlacing roots give a\\ngreater consistence to the soil when the main stem of a mangrove\\nbush or tree gains a little height it sends down to the water a new\\nshoot or root, and each horizontal branch as it puts forth, does the\\nsame, by which the parent trunk is surrounded, like the East In-\\ndian Banyan tree these downward shoots as they approach tlie wa-\\nter branch into several points, which again subdivide almost ad ivUni-\\ntum, until the fimily of roots are twice as numerous as the upper\\nbranches, thickly set together, extending in all directions, and closely\\ninterwoven with the similar ramifications from the surrounding trees\\nor bushes, often causing the growing tip of the channel of a narrow\\ncreek, whose waters in times of freshets and floods ooze through\\ntheir roots as through a thousand miniature arches.\\nIt may be observed generally of the soil of Florida, that there are\\nfour strata the upper tract of vegetable mould or earth below sand\\nbeyond that marl or clay; and lowest of all indurations of shell and lime-\\nstone rocks. This arrangement is however by no means constant; there\\nare frequent bluffs on the St. John s, particularly at Volusia, which\\nare high and covered deep with a rich loamy black sand thickly\\noverspread and mingled with broken fossil, and periwinkle shells in\\nevery state of perfection, and below this is only sand other varie-\\nties from the general rule are continually found. However this\\nmay partially be, it seems certain, that the two harder substrata re-\\ntain the moisture from oozing through the sands, and thus become\\nanother cause of fertility.\\nIt has been a matter of some question whether the orange is an in-\\ndigene of Florida, but after a due consideration of the question it\\nwould appear it is not for although now found in almost every\\nswamp and hammock, yet it is only where the wandering Indians may\\nhave scattered the seeds in those places where they have not been\\nat all seasons of the year, though far soutli, the orange is seldom if", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 93\\never found where man has not penetrated with the fruit in his hand\\nit is unknown. The kind of orange most common in the Florida woods\\nis the sour and bitter-sweet of these latter some are almost as free\\nfrom acid as a China orange, and retain only enough of the aromatic\\nbitter, to make them in the taste of many superior to the sweet orange\\nitself. A most delicious wine is made in England of the Seville\\norange, which appears to be the same that is called the bitter-sweet\\nthe numerous groves of this fruit in Florida will one day when the\\nsugar is plentiful, induce the farmer to adopt orange wine as a\\npleasant, healthful and economical domestic beverage.\\nThe wild grapes of Florida when duly trained and cultivated, will\\nafford another simple fermented drink let us hope that the dreadful\\npractice of drinking ardent spirits may be checked in our new terri-\\ntory, and that the more sober juice of the grape and orange may su-\\npersede the use of those intoxicating draughts, which in many parts of\\nour union threaten almost to brutalize the human being and degrade\\nhim beyond redemption.\\nThe myrtle wax shrub is found in every part of the Floridas the\\nberries are gathered in a vessel and bruised and then boiled the\\nwax is skimmed off and when cold is of a dull green from this can-\\ndles are made it may however be bleached by various simple\\nchemical processes in many parts of Carolina and Georgia the\\nplanters use lights of this wax altogether.\\nThe gall nuts which in our druggist shops bear a high price, are\\ncommonly found on the dwarf oaks among the scrublands in every\\npart of the country.\\nHops are said by Romans to be indigenous in Florida, but the au-\\nthor did not meet with any. In Sweden formerly a strong cloth was\\nmade from the stalks of hops, which required however a much lon-\\nger time to be steeped in water than flax.\\nThe starry aniseed or somo, or skimmi of Japan and China has\\nbeen found indigenous in Florida and many other plants of that", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94 OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDAS).\\ncountry are also natives here whence we may infer that others,\\nproductive in commerce, may be profitably introduced.\\nAlmost all the natural vegetable productions of Florida may be\\nadvantageously turned to account by the industrious, and time will\\ndevelope the mode in which it is to be done at present we can\\nonly point out those more immediately prominent, and proceed to\\nanother division of our subject, having in this one merely aimed at\\ngiving a stranger a more distinct idea of the soil and growth of our\\nterritory and enabling him to judge for himself. Again however it\\nis deemed incumbent to warn those who are unacquainted with the\\nsubject, from condemning the vast tracts of pine lands in Florida to\\nneglect, for in the end they will be found to yield perhaps the most\\nsatisfactory returns it may be said do not visit Florida with high\\nraised expectations of fertility or you will be disappointed but it\\nmust be added, and on the contrary, do not suppose every pine\\ntract a barren, or that sterility is a consequent attendant on ou?\\nHght soils and sandy regions.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "95\\nOBSERVATIONS UPON THE SEVERAL APPRO-\\nPRIATE ARTICLES OF CULTURE.\\nThe great expectations which have been raised respecting Flori-\\nda, have included within their range a hope of introducing many if\\nnot all of the richest of the West India productions, particularly\\ncoflfee, and it even lead to the projected formation of a company in\\nPhiladelphia for that purpose, who fitted out an expedition in July\\n1821 to explore the country and select eligible spots for the future\\ncultivation of the coffee plant the results of this expedition have\\nnever been published, but reports of a nature most favorable to the\\nscheme were afloat twelve months since they have however gradu-\\nally died away, and if the project has not been abandoned, it waits\\nat least a more auspicious moment for completion, congress having\\nrefused to grant a peremptive right of purchase to a company, of\\nlands stated to be eligible for the purposes intended.\\nFrom the preceding pages the reader has not perhaps been im-\\npressed with such sanguine expectations respecting the coffee plant,\\nand the author without pretending to negative the assertion of the\\npracticability of raising this berry, does not think it can be recom", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nmended as a safe speculation, for reasons stated in other places.\\nSea Island cotton, Cuba tobacco, sugar and a numerous list of fruits,\\nmarketable both in a green and preserved stale, surely are produc-\\ntions in themselves sufficiently lucrative to draw the attention of the\\nplanter, and to these will he confined what follows on the suhjpct of\\ncultures appropriate to Florida.\\nRespecting cotton, it has been so profitable to every Florida plan-\\nter who has raised and prepared it for market, as done in the south-\\nern states, that it may only be slightly mentioned. The resident\\ngentlemen on Amelia, Talbot and fort George islands, at Pablo, at\\nMatanzas and at Tomoco have cultivated it for many years, and iheir\\nbrands have ever commanded the first prices in the markets of Sa-\\nvannah and Charleston, particularly those of our respected dele-\\ngate Joseph M. Hernandez, Esq. from his planlation Alala Compra\\nat MatanZcis of which, by the bye, it may be remarked, that the soil\\n(high hammock) is now as white and as sandy as the beach of the\\nAtlantic, and yet most luxuriant crops are annually produced. Here\\nand at other plantations exists a practice of cutting down the old\\ncotton stalks and suffering the shoots therefrom to spring up, which\\nyield with but little trouble a cotton no ways inferior to the first\\ncrop this is called ratoon cotton. Many of the fields at Tomoco\\nare equally white and equally fertile with those of Mala Compra,\\nand this singular appearance is found in very many other parts of\\nFlorida, where the original growth has been almost exclusively\\nlive oak.\\nRespecting sugar, the recent successful trials that have been made\\nupon it, have determined the curious fact that it will grow in almost\\nany of the soils of Florid i, south of the mouth of St. John s river\\nthe great length of summer, or period of absolute elevation of the\\nthermometer above the freezing point, allows the cane to ripen\\nmuch higher than in Louisiana it is perhaps the fact that the ex-\\nhausting vegetation of this article may not allow a profitable planting", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE FLORID AS.\\nof it upon the same lands more than two or three years in succes-\\nsion, yet as it may be raised on the pine lands, a change of fields is\\neasy, and attended with but little comparative trouble and by suffer-\\ning the lands to lie fcdlow, or by a judicious succession of crops, it\\nwill not require a very extensive tract to establish a sugar plantation.\\nPerhaps it may be thought that Florida presents but little to tempt\\nthe large sugar planter: granted, but it is undoubted that if the\\nculture of the cane should be adopted on a small scale, by the same\\nproportionate number of cultivators that are in the habit of raising\\ncotton in Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, their labour would be\\namply repaid, and a source of wealth be opened, particularly should\\nsome public spirited and enterprising individuals establish, on cen-\\ntral and eligible points sugar mills to receive the small crops, pre-\\ncisely on the same principle that cotton gins and rice mills exist in\\nthe southern states. This would augment the population and in-\\ncrease the resources of the country sooner, and better perhaps,\\nthan any other mode. A race of independent respectable farmers\\nwould create society and happiness among themselves, and prove\\nthe back-bone of the new territory.\\nThe fruit culture of every kind will in time become general, but\\nalthough highly eligible and certainly lucrative, it will require the\\nsuccess of a few capitalists to give the tone to the general opinion on\\nthis head. The necessity of waiting four or live years before re-\\nturns upon the principal can be made, will deter many from attend-\\ning to this important branch.\\nIt is upon the poorest spots of land, unfit for almost any thing\\nelse, that many of the numerous subsequent list of fruits may be\\nbrought into cultivation this mode is one that requires little hard\\nlabour and exjjosure to noontide suns it can and will be adopted\\nby a large number of the poorer class of persons, who now inhabit\\nthe middle country in Georgia and North and South Carolina these\\nindustrious people, who are obliged to toil incessantly to r^iise a\\n13", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nfew stalks of cotton, the produce of which barely supplies half their\\nwinter clothing, will find in the warmer latitudes of Florida a plea-\\nsant employment, that will more than triple their returns in their\\npresent state of living.\\nAnother concomitant advantage attendant on the raising and cul-\\ntivation of fruit will be the circumstance of being able to do it with-\\nout slaves. If this be properly fostered, we shall only find negroes\\nwanted by the planter of sugar, cotton and tobacco, while a genera-\\ntion of industrious whites will grow up whose simple manners and^\\nvirtuous habits will resemble the vine cutters and olive dressers of\\nFrance and Spain but free as the air, their unshackled independ-\\nence will render them doubly happier than those almost still feudal\\npeasants and as a body they will prevent the possibility of those\\ncommotions which have lately threatened more than one slavehold-\\ning state.\\nIt is a well known fact that in West Florida the French govern-\\nment ordered a suppression of the vineyards, lest their success might\\ninjure those in France and we learn that similar restrictions as to\\nthe olive, and perhaps the grape, were imposed by the Spaniards\\nover the Florida colonies. Although these decrees are antient, and\\nhave perhaps long become dead letters, yet they must have prevent-\\ned the spirit of enterprise, that in the first instance suggested such\\nestablishments, which once quenched, was not easily revived.\\nThe native grape of Florida is so very luxuriant, and circum\\nstances shewing the practicability of planting vineyards with suc-\\ncess, let us hope an effort may be made to introduce with judgment\\nsome of the most approved foreign grapes, which may be tried by\\ngraft, by sucker, or by seed.\\nThe Corinthian grape, (yitis apijrena) or the grocers currants of\\nthe stores, is an article of great consumption, and flourishing in\\n(he Levant, must infallibly succeed in Florida.\\nThe great demand for dried raisins, both in boxes and jars, can", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS.\\n99\\nsurely be supplied from our own territory. We will not in the first\\ninstance pretend to rival the wines of the Rhine, the Rhone, the\\nLoire or the Garonne to supersede the produce of Oporto, Xeres,\\nSicily or Madeira, but at least we can, after furnishing the deserts\\nfor the table of the opulent, provide a pleasant beverage for those\\nwho do not choose the products* of such expensive vintages, and who\\nwill not be dissatisfied to exchange French brandy, New-England\\nrum, or apple whiskey, for the less exciting but more palatable wines\\nof their own country North Carolina has proved that from their\\nnative grapes a delicious wine may be prepared, and can we doubt\\nour success in a still more genial climate\\nThe following list of productions capable of being raised in\\nFlorida, has been made out with some pains, and it is believed all\\nthese stated are profitable and practicable articles.\\nChina orange\\nMadarin orange\\nMaltese orange\\nSt. Michael orange\\nMyrtle orange\\nLemon\\nLime\\nCitron\\nShaddock\\nMango e\\nPawpaw\\nCocoa\\nDate\\nSweet almond\\nBitter almond\\nTamarind\\nPistaccio\\nAcagua\\nThe olive\\nThe Vine in ail its varieties\\nCorinthian grape, or\\nZante currants\\nPine apple\\nFig\\nPlantain\\nBanana\\nYam\\nBread fruit\\nArrow root\\nGall nuts\\nDolichos, or Soy bean\\nJalap\\nTrue rhubarb\\nGinger\\nGum gleni\\nGum guiacum", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100\\nOBSERVATIONS UP05\\nAloe\\nCinnamon\\nPimento\\nSago palm\\nRed pepper\\nSaponeka\\nJesuits bark\\nBenne oil\\nPalma christi oil\\nTea\\nSugar\\nCuba tobacco\\nRice\\nCotton\\nSilk\\nCork oak\\nChesnut tree\\nFustic\\nBraziletto\\nSassafras\\nBalsam tree\\nSenna\\nSarsaparilla\\nHemp\\nTurkey madder\\nTrue opium poppy\\nCamphire tree\\nBalm of Gilead tree\\nTumerick\\nFrankincense\\ndoves, Pepper\\nNutmegs\\nLeechee plant of China\\nLiquid amber\\nThese and a number of other articles particularly the gums, may\\nbe produced in most parts of the peninsula and upon looking over\\nthe list it cannot be denied that if but a little were introduced how\\nmuch should we gain and how advantageous would be our prospects.\\nHaving spoken already of the vine and cotton, let us in turn consider\\neach staple article of importance.\\nThe Cuba tobacco has already been raised in the neighborhood of\\nSt. Augustine from seeds supplied from the Havana the second\\nyear it however degenerates this appears no obstacle since the\\nseed can be procured with the greatest facility, it being very small\\nand light and in the lower latitudes the plant may be cultivated\\nwithout such frequent renewal. If we can produce in Florida by\\nthese means a tobacco equal to the best from Cuba, it will be a great\\ndesideratum. To perfect the fragrance of the leaf, the vanilla\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which is found indigenous all over the country lends its ready aid, and", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 101\\nshould segar smoking still contiaue in fashion, the Florida weed may\\nin time be thought equally good with the best Cabanas.\\nIt is to the olive that the patriot, the merchant and the agriculturist\\n%vill look for permanent and substantial advantages to result to Flori-\\nda the olive, favorite of Minerva, fertilized the plains of Attica, and\\nsaw young Freedom thrive beneath its shade from the earliest time to\\nthe present eventful era, the olive has brought plenty to the regions\\nwhere it was fostered, and when even liberty had passed away, re-\\nmained to support and comfort the unhappy enslaved beings, whose\\nancestors had planted it in happier times.\\nIt is not necessary here to describe the olive tree and its fruit, the\\nprocess by which the pulp yields its oil, or the mode of preserving\\nthe drupe the inquisitive reader is referred to Michaux s North\\nAmerican Sylva, where under the head Olive, he will find an elegant\\ndescription from the classical pen of Augustus Hillhouse, an enlight-\\nened citizen of the United States, whose residence in the country\\nof its cultivation and his literary researches, have enabled him to de-\\nscribe all its usefulness a few slight abstracts are made from his\\npamphlet, published in Paris, that are considered interesting.\\nThere are more than thirty varieties of the European olive tree,\\ndistinguished by their temperament as to soil and climate and the\\nqualities of the fruit Some of their varieties, like those of the vine,\\nowe their characteristic properties to the scene in which they are\\nreared Among the principal are.\\nThe weeping olive, endurant of cold rather than of drought its\\nbranches are pendent like those of the weeping willow its fruit\\nand oil are pure and good.\\nThe round olive is also hardy, requiring a moist good soil its oil\\nis of a superior quality.\\nThe small round olive requires dry and elevated grounds.\\nThe picholine olive yields the most celebrated pickled olives this\\nTariety is not delicate in the choice of soil and climate.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nThe olives should for Florida, be raised from the seed sown in the\\nspring in a year they will have attained to a height of two or three\\nfeet in the third spring with proper attention they will be four or\\nfive feet in height and half an inch in diameter, with a tap root of\\nthirty inches they should then be transplanted and placed three feet\\napart and at the end of five years may be permanently placed in the\\nolive grove, at a distance of about forty feet the young olives begin\\nto yield fruit the tenth year and are fully productive about the twen-\\nty or twenty-fifth. The olive arrived to an advanced age may be\\ntransplanted in the same manner as the young tree.\\nThis mode of raising the olive may be censured and rejected the\\nlength of time which must elapse before they begin to reward the\\nlabor of the planter seem to forbid the adoption, more particularly\\nby an American, who however he may persevere in an object once\\nundertaken, would probably droop, did he foresee that he must not\\nexpect to reap the fruit of his own labours an American particu-\\nlarly in a new country labors for himself and not for his son, whom\\nhe expects when arrived at maturity will equally labor this prin-\\nciple is to be lamented, and may prevent the planting of other fruits\\nas well as the olive but as respects the latter, could this objection\\nto obtaining plants from the seed be overcome, it is doubtless the\\nmost eligible practice, as the plants thus reared begin a new life,\\nthey are more vigorous, of longer duration, and better adapted to a\\nnew climate than offsets from an old tree they form also a perpen-\\ndicular root which penetrates deeply and secures them from the dan-\\nger of suffering by drought.\\nWith the nicest economy in the process the weight of the expres-\\nsed oil is equal to about one third of the ripe fruit the mean pro-\\nduce of a tree in Florida may be assumed at thirty pounds weight\\nof oil though in fruitful years in Italy three hundred weight have\\nbeen known to be obtained from a single tree.\\nThe constant breezes which traverse the Florida peninsula would", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDA S. 103\\nrefresh the languid oUve tree through the sultry summer, while ia\\nthese southern latitudes they would be secure in the winter. Let\\nus then hope that the olive may ere long be as much the emblem of\\nFlorida, as it has been of her mother country, from whose trammels\\nshe is at length freed.\\nWhile the olive trees are young and yet unbearing, the attention of\\nthe farmer will be directed to the Benne plant from which and from the\\npoppy a fine table oil is procured nearly equalling that from the olive;\\nit grows in almost any kind of soil the peculiar advantages of the\\nbenne and its history and productions, have been set forth at length\\nin the publications upon Florida, which are already before the com-\\nmunity and it is not necessary here to repeat them.\\nOranges, lemons and limes are already in full bearing in many pla-\\nces, and their extensive introduction will one day supersede any im-\\nports from abroad the plantain ;and banana will also in time prove\\nlucrative to those who raise them. Preserves from the citron, shad-\\ndock, mango, pawpaw, tamarind, c. may and ere long will be made\\nin Florida equal to the most delicate kinds from the Antilles. The\\npine apple and the bread fruit will in the lower latitudes form elegant\\narticles of culture, to be shipped to the northern cities, where they\\nare always in request.\\nThe fig is a native of the country, and the dried fruit is a profita-\\nble article of commerce.\\nThe spices, gums, dye woods, and medicinal articles, may form the\\nminor objects in the nursery, and fill up the time not employed in\\nattending to those things which are cultivated in larger quantities.\\nThe palma christi or castor oil is planted by many gentlemen in\\nGeorgia and South Carolina, who obtain from nine to twelve dollars\\nper dozen bottles for the expressed oil the luxuriance with\\nwhich this plant vegetates in Florida will cause it not to be neglected\\nit is an article of the materia medica, in much request, and perhap\\nbut too little planted.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 OBSERVATIONS l^PON\\nThe dolichos or soy bean is said to produce in China, four crops\\nannually from this kidney bean is prepared the soy or Indian cat-\\nsup. In the south of Spain and many parts of the Mediterranean\\nthis bean, or a variety of it, forms a large portion of the food of the\\nlower class of people it is there called caravances as an article of\\nsubsistence for negro slaves this is nutritious, and apparently raised\\nin the greatest abundance with facility.\\nRice of course can readily be grown in the usual low situations\\nbut it is probable that all the lands fit for this grain, will be found to\\nbe more profitably devoted to the sugar cane.\\nA most important branch has yet to be treated of the breeding\\nof the silk worm, which in this country is so easy it would afford\\nan employment to the children of the poor white settler who other-\\nwise might be idle, useless, and contractive of indolent and bad habits\\nby introducing into every family the fashion of attending to these val-\\nuable insects, as much as to the poultry yard, the quantity of raw silk\\nwould be great enough, to form in no long time one of the staple com-\\nmodities of Florida this combined with the fruit cultures would\\ncomplete the circle of small, quiet, domestic occupation, which is\\nso desirable to form in every family that comes to reside in the ter-\\nritory. A remark on the best mode of rearing the mulberry trees on\\nwhich the silk worms altogether subsist, may not be here improper-\\nly introdcced.\\nThe white mulberry is the best, and it should be sown by seed so\\nas to spring up in the form of wide hedges often feet in breadth, lea-\\nving a lane between each in this mode the leaves may very readi-\\nly be gathered by a pair of sheers, or even by hand if it is thought\\nproper to form the hedge of less width. The hand of taste will na-\\nturally place these hedges, so as to combine with the exterior fence\\nof the garden; and take away the monotony of the uniform wooden\\npalings, which usually enclose the flower plots or vegetable beds of\\nour southern plantation gardens. Respecting the treatment of the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 103\\nworms and the methods used to reel off the silk, any Encyclopedia\\nmil explain them.\\nHemp will flourish in this country how far the introduction of it\\nis eligible, is unknown, but it is thought that it might be profitable.\\nThere are a number of varieties of the palmetto, from whence the\\ninhabitants and even the Indians form ropes much of the small tack-\\nling of the fishing boats is made of this grass, which is rather the bet-\\nter for being kept wet, as it is apt to crack like rushes when dry\\nwe also find in the country that palmetto, from whence the rigging,\\ncordage and cables of most of the West India small craft are made.\\nThe cork oak (quercus suber) being of quick growth might advan-\\ntageously be planted, and would cause another foreign production to\\nbe dispensed with. The Spanish chesnut not only yields a harvest\\nof remarkable dry fruit, but by the elegance of its foliage and the\\ndepth of its shade would form a beautiful ornament to the grounds of\\na plantation.\\nIndian corn, buckwheat and guinea corn are among the most im-\\nportant bread stuffs, and constitute natural objects of cultivation the\\nlatter grain is preferred by the West India negroes to the Indian\\ncorn, and is thought to be even more nutritive it is also perhaps\\nbetter adapted to the warm soil of Florida, producing most abundant\\nl-eturns this as well as millet is peculiarly fit for fattening poultry.\\nThe sweet potatoe in its fine varieties need scarcely be mentioned,\\nthat and every esculent grows almost spontaneously and with a ra-\\npidity scarcely credible.\\nThe dog grass of South Carolina or annual meadow grass has been\\nrecommended as the best adapted to be sown in Florida, where t\\nsucceeds in the very meanest soil. The clover and other foreign\\ngrasses probably require favorable spots, though the author has seen\\noccasionally a few clover blades in the western pine lands, which in-\\ndicate at least that they would live in soil n9t the richest. The\\nscud or scots grass might also be tried.\\n14", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "]06 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nRye and orits succeed well and grow with great rapidity as food\\nfor working horses the latter is certainly preferable even to the soft\\ngold seed corn.\\nWe hare not yet made mention of the tea plant that the latitude\\nof Florida is sufficiently genial for its production there can be no\\ndoubt but whether the soil would answer, or if so whether it can\\nbe grown as cheap as the present importations from China, are ques-\\ntions that have not been considered. By obtaining the seeds in\\nCanton and sowing them in tubs, young sprouts may with care and\\nattention be safely brought over the experiment is certainly worth\\ntrying, although many mny sneer at the suggestion but this was also\\nthe case when cotton was first tried, and will always attend what\\nare considered innovations it is to be hoped that there are in the\\nunion, men of enterprise who will not be easily discouraged from es-\\nsaying the profit if successful would amply repay the trouble and\\ndisappointment would be small, and the expense not to be men-\\ntioned.\\nRemarks on the raising of stock do not come precisely under this\\nhead of the work, but as most other objects of the attention of the\\nagriculturist have been treated of we may include all points relative\\nto a nursery, farm or plantation.\\nCertainly one of the mosteligible employs in Florida will be that of\\nbreeding- large herds of cattle the rains and dews create a luxuriant\\nvegetation all the year, requiring only a regular and successive burn-\\ning of the grass, to allow the young shoots to sprout in other pla-\\nces mention has been made of the excellencies of the country for\\nthis object, and we can only repeat here the great advantages of this\\nplan. Already the hides and tallow from South America are scarce,\\nand it has been demonstrated by writers on political economy that\\nthe demand for leather in the world is greater than the annual sup-\\nply and expedients are of course made in the south the skin of the\\nalligator is formed into water proof covering for the feet, and for sad-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 107\\ndie seats, and experiments are making to find other siicccdaneums.\\nThe cattle require no winter fodder the few wild aninaals will\\nsoon be extirpated and a single herdsman n)ay attend to large\\ndroves.\\nSheep may also be bred in numerous flocks when the success\\nof our manufactories have driven foreign broadcloths and woollen\\nstuffs from the market, the demand for the fleeces will be great the\\nclimate of Florida will tend to improve the texture of the wool and\\nsupplies of a superior quality will be sent to the northern marts.\\nThe Angola goats may be brought into the country where they\\nwould find a temperature congenial to the one they inhabit, and the\\nmohair would add another article to the long list of Florida produc\\nlions.\\nThe critical reader must not imagine that the discussion, of what\\nare considered appropriate objects of agricultural attention, are\\nmerely Utopian the country is capable of producing all, if the en-\\nergies and skill of man are combined to attend to them and can we\\ndoubt it? Can we suppose that so many sources of wealth will re-\\nmain unvisited, unexplored and rejected Certainly we must answer.\\nNo. The adoption of all wilt not come at once each successful ex-\\nperiment will induce the trial of something new, until the resources\\nof the country are fully developed, th-^ territory thickly peopled and\\nthe tide of agricultnre and commerce at the full.\\nIt is doubtful whether a happier man will be found than a respecta-\\nble independent planter, who fixed in a salubrious spot in Florida,\\nfinds on his farm every luxury that is so dearly purchased by the cit-\\nizens of a crowded city his sugar, tea, fruit, preserves, animal and\\nvegetable food will be the produce ofhis own fields or firm j ard the\\nrivers supply the most delicious shell and scale fish the wild fowl\\nare excellent and numerous his vineyard, olive and orange grovr-s\\nwill offer their unstinted products his orchards and his garden supply\\nall to tempt and gratify the appetite except for a few article? ofwear=", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDAS.\\ning apparel, which if necessary could be supplied at home, he will\\nbe wholly independent oi the world, while he will send out his\\ncargoes of superfluous productions to supply the wants of his less\\nfortunate fellow-citizens in more northern climes. Such will be at a\\nfuture day the situation of the Florida planter who by a judicious ar-\\nrangement of his capital and industry, shall turn the silent forests in\u00c2\u00ab\\nto SffiiliDg fields and flourishing plantations?", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "109\\nOBSERVATIONS ON THE TEMPERATURE\\nAND CLIMATE.\\nThe climate of the whole of Florida during eight months of the\\nyear, from October to June, is delightful, and almost one continued\\nspring as the range of the thermometer in the hot months of sum-\\nmer is only from 84\u00c2\u00b0 to 88 of Fahrenheit, and constantly cooled\\nby the sea breeze, they are by no means so oppressive as in Caro-\\nlina or Georgia, and such intense sultry weather as marks the north-\\nern dog-days, is seldom if ever felt. On the Atlantic side the winds\\nfrom the south and south-west make a thick heavy atmosphere, and\\nimpeding the airs from the ocean, cause an oppression and heat that\\ncreate the only unpleasant sensations experienced during the Florida\\nsummer.\\nGenerally speaking the springs and summers are dry, and Ihe\\nautumns changeable the winters are mild and even serene snow\\nis scarcely seen at St. Augustine twice in a century, but the black\\nfrost is an occasional visitant though at the severest times the ice\\nhas never been formed thicker than the sixteenth part of an inch\\nite action has never extended eouth of cape Canaveral, and but very", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nrarely reaches Mosquito inlet. The nipping of the white frost oc-\\ncasionally is fell so far as the extreme capes of Florida, though not\\nan annual visitant. The duration of the frost or cold of any kind\\nnever lasts but a few hours, and seldom occurs more than once or\\ntwice in January, which is the severest month. The cold winds\\nare always from the north-west.\\nIn the peninsula of Florida rain is foretold one or two days be-\\nfore, either by an immoderate dew, or by the total absence of the\\ndews on a calm night the winds from the north-east are cool and\\nmoist, and cause the frequent showers by which the sand of this\\nclimate is endued with a prodigious vegetative power almost inva-\\nriably when the rain has ceased, the sky does not continue over-\\ncast, but the clouds pass away, the horizon clears up, the sun again\\nmakes his appearance, and the breeze which brought the shower\\nblows free and unsurcharged with moisture.\\nThe rains and dews, without being troublesome, create at most\\nseasons such a luxuriant vegetation, that the surface of the earth is\\nnever without good verdure. The long absence of the sun, the days\\nand nights being nearly equal, gives the ground time to cool and re-\\ncover from the daily evaporations.\\nAnother pleasant consequence of this, is the very delightful fresh-\\nness of the nights in the sultriest period of the year, by which the\\nbody is refreshed, the sleep sound, and the natural faculties restored\\nto vigour.\\nAs a precaution, a sheet of clean writing paper or a-silk handker-\\nchief placed in the hat keeps the head cool, when necessity requires\\nan exposure to the summer sun this is more needful, as light straw\\nhats are generally worn.\\nSaint Augustine has always been healthy until the summer of 1821,\\nwhen it was visited by the yellow fever which proved fatal to many\\nstrangers we shall endeavour presently to account for this pesti-\\nlence, and to show that its return is not to be dreaded, and that it", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. Ill\\nis not an attendant either on this town or upon any part of Florida.\\nNo opportunity of information has been afforded respecting a similar\\nscourge at Pensacola the last year, but that city having ever been\\nfree hitherto from such fatal fevers, similar causes to those in St.\\nAugustine may have operated there.\\nThat not only St. Augustine, but such parts of East Florida as\\nhave been occupied are healthy, is to be clearly inferred from the\\nfact of the ninth regiment of British infantry having been stationed\\nduring the revolutionary war in detachments at St. Augustine, Ma-\\ntanzas, Picolati, and St. Marks on Apalachie, and during a period of\\ntwenty months not losing a single man by natural death.\\nThat. the climate is good for patients of a consumptive habit is\\nnotorious, several persons during the last winter and spring from\\nCarolina and elsewhere having recovered their health and that the\\nair is not at any season hurtful, is equally known from the circum-\\nstance of the native and foreign ladies walking till late in the moon-\\nlight on summer and autumn evenings, with only tl e slight co-\\nverings on their heads of their lace veils or mantillas, and many\\neven without these. Medical men have stated that dampness or dis-\\ncolouring of plaister, soon moulding of bread, moistness of sponge,\\ndissolution of loaf sugar, and rusting of metals, are marks of bad air\\nnow all these are remarked in St. Augustine, and notwithstanding it\\nis very healthy this dampness is occasioned by the saline particles\\nwhich arising from the sea, by no means occasion sicknesss.\\nAnd for the salubrity of West Florida we have the authority of\\nRomans, who tells of an old man of eighty-three, who had very du-\\ntifully gone five miles on foot to catch fish for his mother^ who had\\ntaken a fancy to a dish of that food, and in the meantime was busied\\nat home in preparing a batch of bread.\\nThe fashion of sending invalids from the north, on an expensive\\njourney to the south of France and Italy, may perhaps be superseded,\\nif the physicians could be induced to recommend a winter at St.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 OBSERVATIOxVS UPON\\nAugustine to their patients, who would thus, instead of being te-\\nmoved, perhaps to die in a foreign climate, be near their friends\\nand within a few days sail of their homes admitting for one instant\\nthat the summer months are unhealthy, no one can doubt the salu-\\nbrity of the rest of the year. The geniality of the climate, the\\nbeauty of the orange groves, the vicinity of the ocean, and the quie-\\ntude of the place, would contribute greatly towards the restoration\\nof health to consumptive persons. Without entertaining any preju-\\ndice in favour of St. Augustine, the attention of the faculty is seri-\\nously entreated by the author to this subject, and to the propriety\\nof ordering their debilitated patients to try the salubrious air of\\nFlorida, which has in one remarkable instance restored along crip-\\npled gentleman of New-York to the use of his limbs, a fact well\\nknown to all his acquaintance, who came in ivonder to visit him\\non his return in full activity to New-York.\\nBut although the sea coast, and the elevated lands in the interior\\nare undoubtedly healthy, it is by no means certain that the banks of\\nthe large fresh water rivers are free from those miasms which\\ngenerate intermittent fevers, agues, and the disorder known at the\\nsouthward as country fever in the tall of the year, when that sea-\\nson is rainy, these complaints do occasionally appear, but they are\\nconfined to the immediate borders of the water courses, and do not\\nextend to the high lands in the vicinity. Upon the salt waters, such\\nas Matanzag, Halifax, and Indian rivers, no such disorders exist, and\\nhence the planters at Tomoco, Mosquito, c. are perfectly free\\nfrom sickness.\\nIn proceeding to give a probable account of the rise of the yellow\\nfever in St. Augustine, it must be prefaced by a sketch of tlie local\\nsituation of the town, in which brevity will be studied the writer\\nalso begs leave to request that his theory must not be too fiercely\\nassailed by gentlemen of the medical profession, who in the present\\nera of discussion on so mysterious a subject, may differ as widely", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 113\\nfrom the author as from each other the conclusions attempted to be\\ndrawn from facts, appear natural ones, and are submitted for con-\\nsideration in the study, not put forth as dogmas to the public.\\nThe town of St. Augustine is situated on a neck of land, formed\\nby the river Matanzas which is the harbour, on the east, and St.\\nSebastian s creek emptying thereinto, on the south and west on\\nthe north an entrenchment extends from the glacis of fort St. Mark,\\nwhich is at the north end of the town upon the harbour, to the\\nmarshes of St. Sebastian s creek. This neck of land is divided into\\ntwo peninsulas by a small stream called Mari-Sanchez creek, run-\\nning parallel to the harbour, but heading in some low lands withia\\nthe lines it is on the eastern peninsula alone that the town is built,\\nthe western one being occupied by kitchen gardens, corn-fields,\\norange groves, and pasture grounds.\\nSomewhat more than half way between the fort and the south\\nend of the western peninsula, a stone causeway and wooden bridge\\ncrosses Mari-Sanchez creek, and connects the two portions of the\\nprecincts of the town, and it is to the north of this causeway that\\nthe principal part of the buildings are placed, forming a parallelo-\\ngram somewhat more than a quarter of a mile wide from east to\\nwest, and three quarters in length from north to south.\\nThe houses on the side of the harbour are chiefly of stone, hav-\\ning only one story above the ground floor these latter are invaria-\\nbly laid with a coat of tabbia, a mixture of sand and shells well\\nknown in our southern states, and are scarcely ever used but as\\nstore rooms, the families livini: in the upper story.\\nThe dwellings with few exceptions, on the back streets, parti-\\ncularly in the north-west quarter, have but the ground floor and\\nare generally built of wood, though stone ones are common, butal\u00c2\u00ab\\nmost all are laid with a tabbia flooring.\\nThe undeviating salubrity of St. Augustine, while under the Bri-\\ntish flag, was certainly augmented by the perfect cleanliness and\\n15", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nneatness, which was the characteristic of the town during that\\nepoch and that it continued so, while the buildings crumbled into\\nruins over the heads of the indolent Spaniards, and the dirt and nui-\\nsance augmented in every lot, is an additional proof of the natural\\nhealthiness of the place.\\nSt. Augustine owed a large portion of its inhabitants to the many\\ndependants on the Spanish government who held numerous small\\nposts, the salaries of which were perhaps not punctually paid, but\\nthe daily allowance of rations in kind, enabled the holders to exist in\\ntheir various shattered habitations which they were unable to re-\\npair, and in many instances only half occupied and thus it was at\\nthe exchange of flags in July, 1821.\\nAt this period, and for some tiine before and after, these families\\ndependant on the government, and many others, emigrated to Cuba\\nand left their houses and lots uncleaned and shut up the breaks in\\nthe dwellings however, open to the heavy rains which fell at that\\nperiod, the waters of which of course stagnated where they fell.\\nThe casemates of the fort had also many of the rooms disused and\\nshut up, from a variety of causes, not the least of which were the\\nleaks in the tabbia pavement of the platform.\\nThe author lately heard it stated by a medical gentleman of high\\nattainments, and now one of the first characters in Congress, who\\nhad honoured him with his friendship and acquaintance that a ves-\\nsel whose hold was clean and empty, which should remain at anchor\\nin any southern port during the hot summer months, would have the\\ninfectious miasmae, which generates what is called yellow fever,\\ncollected in her hold, to which all going into it were exposed.\\nThus were endangered crowds of adventurers, mostly in a state of\\npoverty, who flocked to St. Augustine and were pent in numbers in\\nthe common boarding houses that were opened in many of the\\ntenements which had so long been closed.\\nThe fever broke out in the back streets in isolated houses, and", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDA S. 115\\neach case was independent of the other neither contagion nor in-\\nfection were in any one case perceptible the foul air that genera-\\nted disease was confined to each dwelling. Some of the most deci-\\nded cases arose, when late in October there was hired for the occu-\\nl)ation of the officers a house, that had been closed all the summer\\nit was in a close part of the town, but no sickness was near: three\\nor four of the officers fell almost immediate victims.\\nIt is true that many died from the effects \u00c2\u00a9f inordinate indulgen-\\ncies, great exposure to the hot sun and heavy rains, and a few cases\\ncould not be traced to satisfactory causes, but in general explana-\\ntions could be given. Three or four vessels also came from the\\nHavana laden with fruit, which performed little or no quarantine\\none had on her voyage lost the captnin and all the crew and one lay\\nclose along the wharf, aground at low water several cases were\\nclearly traceable to these vessels but each nucleus of infection\\ndoes not appear to have expanded, nor was there any actual infecteil\\ndistrict. The author and many of his friends were continually call-\\ned on to visit and even nurse the sick, without having any appre-\\nhension of incurring any danger.\\nThe humanity, the attention, and tlie friendly unremitted good\\noffices of the Spanish ladies, towards the sick strangers, will ever be\\nremembered with admiration by those who saw their efforts, and\\nwith gratitude by those who experienced them. It is in woman s\\nbosom that all the virtues take a deeper root, and flourish as in a\\nmore genial soil. The author has seen from these amiable females\\na tenderness bestowed on the dying man, that would not have been\\nexceeded by the patient s own family, and the pillow of disease has\\nbeen propped, and the bed of death smoothed by the most maternal\\nand sisterly cares.\\nFrom what has preceded it is inferred that with a proper venti-\\nlation and a due attention to cleanliness and sobriety, St. Augustine\\nwill never again be visited by so sweeping a pestilence, and we may", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 OBSERVATIONS UPON THK FLORIDAS.\\nargue in proof thereof its remarkable salubrity this past year, not a\\nsingle fatal case of fever having occurred in the space of the last\\nfourteen months.\\nThe very judicious arrangements which have been made lately,\\nby the municipality of St. Augustine, will soon reproduce that per-\\nfect neatness and propriety, which formerly distinguished this town\\nits reputation for health established, we may hope that it will be a\\nretreat in summer for the Carolinian and Georgian, and a shelter to\\nthe inhabitant of more northern states, from the rigor of their severe\\nTvinters.\\nA society will thus be gradually formed, that may tempt the invalid\\nto renew his visit annually, and induce many to join the colony which\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0will be planted ia the Montpelier of America.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "il\\nOBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDA KEYS\\nAND WRECKERS.\\nThe general Florida reef commences at cape Florida, on the\\neastern coast in about latitude 25\u00c2\u00b0 38 N. and trends about southwest\\nto bay Honda, twenty-five or thirty miles south ofcape Sable, whence\\nit sweeps nearly west until terminated by the Tortugas bank.\\nThe edge of soundings, which are chiefly one hundred fathoms,\\nare nearly parallel to the outer edge of the reef; within which, be-\\ntween the banks and the keys is a channel, where about fifteen feet\\nmay be carried all through the general rule for sailing within the\\nreef is, to have a careful man at the mast head to look out from\\nthe transparency of the blue water he will see all the heads and\\nshoals a good way off, in a clear day at least a mile, and thus making\\nthe eye the pilot, and keeping a middle channel, this dangerous navi-\\ngation is passed.\\nKey BiscAYNE has been styled and is now called Cape Florida,\\nthough there is not actually any decided headland, and hence the un-\\ncertainty of the latitude at the south end are wells the inlet at the\\nnorth end called Bear Cut, admits craft of six feet water into the bay", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nbehind where are the settlements and the channel at the soutii the\\nsame.\\nSoldier^s Key is six or seven miles to the southward/containing on-\\nly a few roods of land.\\nElliott s key next below, is eight miles in length and about half\\na mile wide there is a harbor here with eight feet water, and an\\ninlet over the reef of two fathoms nearly opposite there is also an\\nanchorage often feet under the lee of the island. Upon this key is\\na small quantity of land fit for vegetation and light productions.\\nSaunder^s Cut, is to the north ofEUioiCs key and the inlet known as\\nBlack CcEsar ^s creek is to the south, dividing it from Jenning s island\\na small spot, with two keys at its south end forming an inlet known\\nby the name oi Angel-Jish creek. Here commences the long irregu-\\nlar land called Key Largo, about the middle of which is the pro-\\nmontory o{ Sound point.\\nSound point, is the only spot that may be said to form a true pro-\\nmontory, from the Rocky springs a little south of Jupiter inlet. Thi^\\npoint has sometimes been named cape Florida, but the Spaniards hav-\\ning designated the southern end of key Biscayne by that name, their\\nappellation has prevailed. It is on Sound point, that is on the ex-\\ntensive reef before it, that almost every vessel that is cast away\\nmeets her fate. The north point of that reef [Carysfort) extends a?\\nfar as Angel-Jish creek and its south point which is dry, marks a deep\\nchannel to go in towards Key Tavernier. The people who watch the\\nmisfortunes of navigators, to make a benefit of them (the wreckers)\\nknow so well how much ships are exposed in approaching this reef,\\nthat they station themselves a little south of the point, from whence\\nthey can with certainty wait for the sight of any ship, that is so unfor-\\ntunate as to be driven ashore hence Key Tavernier has become for\\nthe last fifty years the general rendezvous of the little fleet of small\\n(jraft, which are annually fitted out for wrecking, of which more notice\\nwill be taken presently.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 119\\nCaj/o Largo, Long key or Sound point key. Is actually a peninsula.\\n!n 17G9 captain Bernard Romans with great labor, fatigue, inconven-\\nience from musquitos, and a total want of fresh water for four or five\\ndays, explored its inside waters. He was stimulated to this enter-\\nprise by the reports of the Providence and Spanish fishermen, who\\ntold him unanimously, that they had often tried to enter at Angel-fish\\ncreek and to come out at Boca Herrera, the creek oppposite to key\\nTavernier or the contrary way, but always in vain, nor did any of\\nthem know an instance of its having been done. Captain Romans\\nthen went in at Angel-fish creek, and after a great deal of time spent\\nin Sandwich gulf, no passage was found he afterwards entered into\\nGrant s lake, by drawing the boat over dry ground for above six times\\nher own length. Out of this lake he found his way, by a very nar-\\nrow passage at the south end but as no part of key Largo yields\\nany fresh water, and after he got into Grant s lake all the ground\\nround him being mangrove swamp, he was unable to find any two of\\nhis people were nearly exhausted by thirst, which it was impossible\\nto alleviate till he reached the watering place at Matacombe. This\\nis stated by way of caution if any stranger should get there for\\nthough he will find abundance of fresh water on every other part of\\nthe coast, he ought not to venture to be for any purpose, within this\\npeninsula oikey Largo, without a store of that invaluable necessary.\\nKey Largo formerly abounded with mastic, lignum vitae and maho-\\ngany, but the most valuable has been long cut down, and there is none\\nnow but very young timber. A portion of good rich land is on this\\nkey, among the principal growth of which is found the wild cinna-\\nmon, wild olive, Sic. in most places where capable of cultivation,\\nthe soil is a rich black mould of considerable depth the larger\\ngrowth heavy, but the under brush not so thick as usual in the ordi~\\nnary hammocks. Key Largo has no living animals on it except ra-\\ncoons and insects. The south end oikey Largo is determined by a\\nsmall creek scarce a rausquet shot wide, admitting only boats and", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\ncalled by the Spaniards Boca Herrera. The bay within abounds\\nwith fish, turtle, and lobsters.\\nKey Tavernier has little or no high ground, affording only sand\\ncrabs and some few doves and other birds. There is here a small\\nharbor within a reef where ihe wreckers usually lie. Nearly east\\nfrom this key lies the southern point oi Carysfort ree/ makinga wide\\nchannel called Pahnestm in and outlet this south point is dry, but in\\nthe channel is four and five fathoms, and ships in distress may find\\nshelter under the point.\\nFrom key Largo passing by BulVs island with a little key at its\\nsouth end, the navigator proceeds to Young Matacombe, which\\nis four miles long with a well of good fresh water at the east end\\nabreast of this key is a clump of sunken rocks called the Hen and\\nChickens.\\nNext to the south west is the island of Old Maticombe remarkable\\nfor being the most convenient and the best watering place on all this\\ncoast on its east end are fine wells in the solid rock, said to have\\nbeen cut by the Indians, but which appear to be natural chasms,\\nsimilar to those found on many parts of the peninsula of Florida\\nthey yield excellent water in abundance as do likewise some ponds\\nnear them. This island was one of the last habitations of the In-\\ndians of the Coloosa nation. There are some good rich lands upon it\\ncapable of cultivation. About a mile towards its north east end lies\\na small bushy gravelly key, on the extremity of a reef: it is called\\nMalanza, that is slaughter, from the catastrophe of a French crew,\\nsaid to have amounted to near three hundred men, who were unfor-\\ntunate enough to fall into the hands of the Coloosas, by whom they\\nwere to a man murdered on this spot. Matanza key is the leading\\nmark for finding the watering place on Matacombe, in the channel to\\nwhich is ten feet water.\\nEast from old Matacombe is the south point of Matanza reef and\\nSpencer in and outlet from which the Great rc^begins to be divided", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 121\\ninto smaller spots; the channel within them is likewise deeper and\\nwider, but there is less smooth water than from key Biscayne to key\\nTavernier.\\nKey Vivora is the next key, beyond which is Cayos Vacas or Cow\\nkeys, on the largest and westernmost of which is tolerable water\\nplenty of deer.\\nThe next islands are called Bay Honda keys, extending some\\nleagues westwardly. Beyond these is Newfound Harbor, due south\\nfrom which, and four miles off is key Looe, a little sandy bar or island\\nwhich takes its tiame from the British ship of war Looe having been\\nlost there. To the east of key Looe is Dartmouth iti and outlet,\\nthrough which all vessels generally pass that go from St. Augustine\\nto the Havana. A few miles further westward is the island called\\nby the Spaniards Cayo Huesso (fione key) and by the English key\\nWtsT since the cession of the Floridas to the United Slates it has\\nreceived the name of Thompson s island. It extends east and west\\nfor six or seven miles, having a shallow bank before it at the north-\\ncast end i a small anchorage ground called Spa7iish Harbor the\\nprincipal harbor or roadstead is at the west end but it is considered\\nunsafe in northern and western gales. There is about twenty-four\\nfeet v?ater, and the way in is to keep close on board the west side of\\nthe small key which lies some miles to the south-east of the west\\npoint of Thompson s island draw close enough alongside this key\\nto chuck a biscuit on shore then steer about N. W. by N. to the\\npoint of the island.\\nKey West is perhaps two miles acrpss in the very widest place\\nand is naturally divided into two parts differing materially from each\\nother the west end offers a considerable body of rich dark mould\\ninterspersed with loose limestones the timber growing on it is\\nneither high nor large, but the underbrush is very thick at this end i\\nfresh water is found in abundance and of good quality. The eastern\\nhalf has very little good soil upon it the salt ponds of which so much\\nin", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "J 22 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nhas been spoken, extend nearly all through it they are separated\\nfrom each other and from the inlets and bays formed by the sea, by\\nsolid rocks and loose stones almost destitute of vegetation. The wa-\\nter iu them, as they now are in a state of nature, is about two feet\\ndeep pretty uniformly, and extremely salt: the ponds are generally\\nallowed to be of the very best kind, and of an extent suflicient when\\nproperly attended, to supply the United States it is singular that\\nno other of the Florida keys contatn such natural ponds, though pos\\nsibly artificial ones might be constructed on them in favorable situa-\\ntions.\\nDeer are extremely abundant, as well as a variety of birds indeed\\nalmost all the adjacent keys are well supplied in this respect, if they\\nyield fresh water. The tide ebbs and flows here regularly six feet,\\nand the time of high water at the full and change is eight o clock.\\nThe Havana bears from hence S. 6 degrees, W. twenty-five leagues,\\nbut vessels steer higher up on account of the currents.\\nKey West was granted to Don Juan P. Salas, the private secretary\\nto governor Coppinger of East Florida, but it is at present claimed\\nby general John Geddes of Charleston, S. C. and by Mr. Symington^\\nboth of whom have establishments upon the island, and are both in\\npossession. The title of the former gentlemen has been pronounced by\\nthe attorney general of the United States as clear and indisputable\\nMr. Symington has also obtained some first rate legal opinions deci-\\ndedly in his favor.\\nAt key West terminates what was formerly called by the British\\nHawke channel, but which is now known as the passage through the\\nkeys from this passage there are several channels into the Gulf\\nof Mexico the first of these passages is to the west end of old Maia-\\ncombe island, but will admit no vessel of above six feet draught of\\nwater it is called Onslow passage, passing near Cayo Axi or Sandy\\nkey, off cape Sable the second passage is at the south west end of\\nVivora island with nine feet water: the third or Gordon s passage", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 123\\nhas eight and a half feet water the fourth has the name of North\\npassage it opens at the west end of the southernmost of the bay Hon-\\nda keys, and goes along the north east side of the largest of the Mar-\\ntyrs its depth of water is seven feet, but it is narrow and difficult.\\nNone of these passages are now much in use, except by the fisher-\\nmen and turtlers.\\nThe fifth passage called by the Spaniards Boca C/iJca, lies between\\nkey West and Mule keys: vessels from the southward in the stream\\nshould stand in through key West channel or in coming down through\\nthe keys after clearing the south point of kky West, steer in, keeping\\nclose on board the shore within thirty or forty yards, then laying\\nN. N. W, until all shoals are cleared the lowest soundings are four-\\nteen feet. To the westward of key West channel are two others,\\none between Mule key and Marquis bank, called Boca Grande the\\nother lies between that bank and the dry Tortugas shoals and is the\\nwesternmost and broadest of all.\\nThe Martyr keys lying back between bay Honda and key West\\nmay be divided into two classes the high, and the low or drowned\\nislands. The high islands are based upon grey, white or black hard\\nrocks the low or mangrove islands are founded on coral rocks, co-\\nvered with a rich but wet soil. The high islands are heaped in pla-\\nces with sand on which little or nothing grows in other parts they\\nhave a stratum of bluish marl, on which flourish in great abundance\\nand in a most agreeable temperature, a large variety of tropical trees,\\nshrubs and plants. None of the islands are inhabited. The quant-\\nity of fish, and loggerhead, hawsbill and green turtle found here is\\nalmost incredible, particularly about bay Honda among the long\\ncatalogue of fishes is a remarkable species of prawn which in a for-\\nmer page has been improperly noticed as a lobster it wants in fact\\nthe two claws it is found, sometimes weighing several pounds, in\\nthe holes of the coral rocks, beautifully spotted with red, yellow,,\\nblue, green, grey, and a little black, but all change into one red color", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "llil OBSERVATIOrvS UPOJf\\nin boiling the other fish are excellent in their kind, and may like\\nall other fish caught on the Florida shore, be eaten with safety, which\\nis not the case always in the Bahamas. From the promontory of\\nkey Largo the chain of the Florida keys on the south, and the coast\\nof the main down to cape Sable on the north, from what was forroer-\\ncalled /i/c/i mo\u00c2\u00abrf bay: this is very shallow and full of grass and\\nmud banks and a labyrinth of small keys intervene behind the\\nprincipal ones already described from the Martyr s \\\\okey Largo.\\nThe Marquis bank and keys and the Mule keys extend for a\\nlong distance westwardly from Thompson s island, having no reef in\\nfront. Hence to the duy Tortugas bank and keys is twelve leagues\\nterminating the general Florida reef.\\nIt has more than once been a matter of discussion respecting the\\nmost eligible places for naval and military stations on the keys from\\nall the information that has been collected, it would seem that key\\nWest or Thompson s island is the best as a naval depots but probably\\nvessels of small draught might advantageously be placed at old Mata-\\ncombe, or key Tavernier, as cruisers at Matacombe a military post\\nmight be established equally advantageously as at cape Florida or\\nkey West, and it would be mid-way between both an establishment for\\nthe purposes to be mentioned presently might also be made at Ma-\\ntacombe, which besides its central situation and fine water, has a pro-\\nportion of good land fit for agricultural or at least horticultural pur-\\nposes. It would scarcely be worth the expense or trouble to erect\\npermanent forts at any of these places, and a due consideration of the\\npurposes required to be effected by military and naval posts, will\\nquickly determine which of the three is the most eligible.\\nIn the event of a war, various stations for cruizers would be ap-\\npointed along the extensive general reef, where every vessel bound\\nnorthward might be watched the abundance of fish, turtle, and\\ngame in and among the keys would prove a constant source of re-\\nfreshment from hence also the pirates might be watched, when", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 125\\ndriven from their haunts and hiding places in the various obscure\\nhaunts around the island of Cuba and the Bahama banks.\\nThe wreckers have been more than once mentioned and a slight\\nnotice of these people may not be unacceptable. For many years\\nwrecking has beeen reduced to a perfect system, and upon the coast\\nof Florida has been engrossed by the inhabitants of the Bahama\\nislands, and principally by those of the island of New-Providence.\\nThe usual custom in fitting out these small craft on a wrecking and\\nturtling voyage (for they are generally combined) is upon shares the\\nmerchants of Nassau are chiefly the proprietors of the vessels, into\\nwhich a few barrels of pork and buscuit are put, the crews being\\nsupposed able to subsist themselves by fishing and hunting, and these\\ncrews are composed of the pilots and fishermen of the islands.\\nForty or fifty wreckers have often made their rendezvous at Key\\nTavernier, which has before been noted as a central position for\\ntheir purposes, and at these times one or two vessels have been se-\\nlected to fish for the others, in which case they always had a share\\nof any booty.\\nOn returning to Nassau, the government duties, admiralty fees,\\nthe tythe to the resident governor, and a variety of other colonial\\ncharges, took on an average thirty-five per cent., from the gross\\namount of the sales of the property brought in by the wreckers\\none moiety of the nett proceeds then fell to the owner and fitter out\\nof the craft the other half was divided among the captain and crew\\nin certain shares and portions of shares, as agreed upon previous to\\nthe commencement of the expedition.\\nIt has been estimated that the duties to the British government\\nalone produced an annual revenue of fifteen thousand pounds\\nsterling from this curious source besides keeping a numerous body\\nof hardy and enterprising subjects in employ, and repaying with\\ngreat profit the speculations of the merchants. It is also a notorious\\nfact that since the termination of the late war, the town of Nassan", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nhas been almost supported by the wreckers, who are so sensible of\\nthe advantages derived from their employment, that they have open-\\nly declared they will never leave the reef, until driven off by armed\\nforce, and seem to consider themselves possessed of a right in the\\nwrecking ground as their own individual property, independent of\\nany change of government.\\nThe great effect of gales of wind upon the Florida or gulf stream,\\nthe uncertainty of the line of the eddy, and the numerous baffling\\ncurrents continually drive the mariner upon the reefs the unex-\\nperienced navigator too is sometimes by light winds and unknown\\nsets of the gulf accidentally carried within side the reef, through\\nsome of the inlets, and when he has got out an anchor, he see s\\nthrough the clear water, that he is surrounded by rocks and shoals,\\nwhich are more appalling to the eye than dangerous in reality, often\\nlying in deep places. It is then that the wrecker makes his appear-\\nance, and the frightened master of a rich laden vessel, is compelled\\nto accede to the terms of the only pilots who can take him safely\\nout, for which in many instances two and three thousand dollars\\nhave been paid there is seldom any competition, for by a point of\\nhonour among them no wrecker interferes with the one who first\\nlinds the bewildered vessel.\\nThe variety of the modes of gain, and the different kinds of im-\\nposition, smuggling, S:c. would fill a volume but on the other hand\\nby trusting too much to the captain of the rescued vessel, it has\\nmore than once occurred that he has given bills of exchange which\\nhave never been paid, and made engagements and promises, which\\nunless fulfilled before the extrication of his vessel, have been bro-\\nken without a scruple when he found himself once more safe in the\\nopen sea.\\nInjustice to the wreckers among the Florida keys, it must be re-\\nmarked that much of the abuse which has been thrown upon them\\nrs very undeserved, and that where in one instance they are accused", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 127\\nof extortion, there are many more where they have been ill treat-\\ned for their services.\\nThe idle tales which have been told of their making false lights on\\nthe coast, all who have resided in those parts, assure to be un-\\ntruths. Those fires are occasioned by the hunters and Indians\\nwho burn the forests to clear them of underbrush, and to procure\\nfresh pasture for the deer. Lightning also often sets fire to trees,\\nand it is not very uncommon, in dry seasons, to see spontaneous\\nflames arise in marshy places. But after all, what business has a\\nmariner who knows there are no harbours or light-houses on this\\ncoast, to follow a light out of his course and would it not be ad-\\nviseable for all passing along this coast, upon seeing a light to the\\nwestward, to look out for breakers if he stands in for that quarter\\nWe understand that lately a considerable number of small craft,\\nhave been sent down from various Atlantic ports upon voyages ot\\nwrecking and turtling, but they should be protected in some mode\\nby the American government, and measures taken to prevent the\\ninterference of foreigners with their lawful pursuits.\\nAn establishment at Old Matacombe would be very convenient,\\nwhere some authorised persons could reside to regulate by rule and\\nlaw, to determine upon the rates of pilotage in extreme cases, and\\nprevent imposition on the one hand and the want of a sufficient re-\\nmuneration on the other. A revenue vessel of light draught of wa-\\nter would be a preventive to many disorders and keep off the\\nProvidence wreckers, who might shun an armed cutter when they\\nwould laugh at any regulations that were not supported by compe-\\ntent strength, and put into effect by force of arms.\\nSources of considerable profit in various respects are to be found\\nupon the Florida reef, and among the archipelago of keys the\\nquantity of wrecked property annually thrown here is very great,\\nand can only be fully known to those who have long been in the\\nhabit of wrecking the number of vessels fitted out from Nassau is", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128 OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDAS.\\nthe greatest proof. Turtle shell and drift logwood and mahogany\\nare no small branches of emolument the quantity of turtle taken\\nis vast a gentleman in Nassau has amassed a very large fortune\\nlately by purchasing all the turtle not wanted for the consumption\\nof the Bahamas, with which he makes very large quantities of\\nturtle soup: this after being boiled to a hard jelly is preserved\\nin cases perfectly air tight and sent to London, by which the soup\\nin that city can be afforded to be sold at nearly one half the former\\nprices. Would not a similar supply be acceptable to our northern\\ncities\\nNo attempt has been made by the author to introduce any sailing\\ndirections through this intricate navigation he refers the navigator\\nto the gulf pilot by captain Bernard Romans, De Brahm, k.c. from\\nwhich many of the preceding observations have been abstracted,\\nand which contain minute directions the eye is however chiefly\\nrecommended, the clearness of the water shewing all dangers.\\nIn closing the remarks upon the Florida keys, it is with satisAic-\\ntion we find that a minute exploration of them is about to take place\\nunder the orders of the general government, and we may shortly\\nexpect to find many facts brought to light and many errors correct-\\ned we may hope that the minuteness and accuracy of the new\\ncharts may enable the navigator to avoid many of the dangers, and\\nthat a familiarity with the passages, may teach him to pass this long\\ndreaded coast in comparative safety.\\nWhen a few years shall have induced a trade from the harbours\\non the western coast of the Florida peninsula, a knowledge of the\\npasses through the keys into the gulf of Mexico will be requisite for\\nthe shipmaster to shorten his voyage, and it is not impossible but an\\nintimate knowledge of the navigation may lead to the laying down of\\nsome rules for the hitherto dubious courses through the reef.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "121)\\nOBSERVATIONS UPON THE INDIANS\\nThe Indians were formerly very numerous in the Floridas, per-\\nIiaps as much so as in Mexico the histories of Ferdinand de Soto\\nand other early travellers assure us of this fact, and the vestiges\\nthat remain to the present day attest it. From various causes how-\\never, they have gradually, and vvithin the last forty years rapidly\\ndisappeared, particularly from East Florida and the numerous\\ntribes are reduced to some small bands and a few ruinous villages\\nof indolent dirty vagabonds, wholly unlike the bold character of\\nAmerican Indians.\\nThe Floridas having almost constantly belonged to Spain, their\\nmode of considering the rights of the Indians is perhaps the one to\\nbe referred to, when that question shall be agitated and this, be-\\ncause their relations with the aborigines of America have been very\\ndifferent to those of most other nations.\\nHaving obtained a grant from his holiness the pope, he who\\nkept the keys of heaven, to all those parts of the western hemis-\\nphere they should discover, they made a lodgment on a spot of a\\nprovince or kingdom, and having fortitied it, entered into treaties\\n17", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nof incorporation with the nearest tribes, and thus gradually advanc-\\ned to those more remote. Cortez varied in Mexico a part of this\\nmode of process, but not the principle be went straight to the\\ncapital, but after becoming firmly footed there, carried on the sys-\\ntem of incorporation.\\nThe pope made those grants in order to extend the Catholic re-\\nligion, founded no doubt on the credence of those days in his bound-\\nless powers, and on the immensity of good in the object and per-\\nhaps these were as good data ot primitive territorial rights, as those\\nof most other nations he gave what was not his, and others have\\ntaken what was not theirs.\\nHowever this incorporating system may have been abused in\\npractice, as very many of the intentions of all governments are,\\nwhen acted upon far from horne, it must be allowed that it intimate-\\nly combined benevolence in its leading principles that in practice,\\nit exhibited a perpetual reciprocity of interests, and that the depo-\\npulation of the aborigmes under this system, has been much less ra-\\npid than in other parts, even where the purchasing system has been\\npreferred. In New Spain but a small defalcation comparatively\\nexists of the Indians, and that may be traced to the amalgamation\\nwith the whites but where alas I are the tribes that once inhabited\\nthe territory between the Floridas and the St. Lawrence We re-\\nfer here only to the Spanish continental settlements, for on the\\nislands it would appear that extermination had been the order of the\\nday, and that the after plans of incorporation had grown out of the\\nhorrors of those.\\nPeople of all countries from a remarkable effect of habit, are\\nprone to suppose their method of managing, to be the best and only\\nmeans by which a desired end can be effected. This doubtless in-\\nduced the British government to discontinue the Spanish system of\\nincorporation, upon their obtaining possession of Florida at the\\npeace of 17G3 for soon after, treaties were held with the Indians.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 131\\nand a line of demarcation was established pointing out decidedly\\nthe lands of the white and red nations respectively according to\\nthe words of the treaty the British government retained the lands,\\nall round the sea shore back as far as the tide rises all the lands\\non the east side of the river St. John, from its source until it runs\\ninto the sea all the lands to the westward of the river St. John,\\nthat are situated between the sea and a line drawn from tlie place\\ntvhere the Ocklawaha creek falls into the said river, near Spald-\\ning s old upper trading house, to the forks of the Black creek at\\nColwill s plantation, and from thence to that part of the river St.\\nMary which is intersected by a continuation of the line to the en-\\ntrance of Turkey creek into the Alatamaha which place upon\\nthe river St. Mary is at or near Coleraine in Georgia.\\nThe existence of this line, which was actually marked through\\nthe woods, has been doubted, but the evidence of its having been\\nfixed remains in the records of East Florida the older Indians\\nhave a distinct idea of it, and the author has heard them allude to it,\\nand they are under the strong impression that it is by that line of\\ndemarcation their lands are now to be meted. This treaty was made\\nin 1769 by governor Tonjn.\\nIn 1784 we learn that the Spanish government of East and West\\nFlorida, met the Talahassy and Seminole Indians in a body, who held\\nthose districts with their celebrated warrior McGillivray at their\\nhead, and formed and executed a treaty of incorporation, (or rather\\nreformed and re-executed the treaty which the British occupancy\\nand treaty had rendered obsolete) which completely made the In-\\ndians of Spain coequal with the whites, and put the sovereignty into\\nthe hands of his catholic majesty. That treaty stipulates that the\\nsovereignt} rights and jurisdiction of his majesty, go alike through\\nall parts of these provinces. And this the United States virtually\\nacknowledged in treating with Spain, and Spain only, on the boun-\\ndary line between the Floridas and Georgia, and which line was", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 OBSERVATIONS UPOS\\nmoreover run under a military force, expressly to guartl against in-\\nterference on the part of the Indians. The same treaty says, that\\nshould the Indians be dispossessed of their lands (for they had a\\nric;ht to lands individually but none nationally) his majesty will re-\\nmunerate them in other parts of his territory. Each Indian had a\\nright to land, as well as and on the same footing with white, free\\nblack and coloured siilijer.ts, in any part of the province.\\nHowever this might have been understood by the Spanish gov-\\nernment, the Indians themselves have always entertained the idea\\nthat their boundaries remained as fixed by the British, and their op-\\nposition to, and tinal stoppage of the running of the Florida line, de-\\nmonstrates this, as well as their hostility to any whites who crossed\\nthe line. It is a matter of notoriety that no Spaniard, previous to\\nthe exchange of flags, dared to cross the river St. John above Buena\\nVista, and the Spanish governors in their talks from time to time,\\nseem to have tacitly consented to this assumption of the Indians.\\nThe history of a purchase made from the Indians, under per-\\nmission from and ratified by the Spanish government, proves on the\\nother hand that the Indians could not make sales without their sanc-\\ntion, and goes far towards the interence that it should rather be\\nconsidered as a grant from Spain.\\nThe house of Panton, Leslie Co. stands identified with the his-\\ntory of the Florida Indians. Spain having received back the Flori-\\ndas from Great Britain, neglected no step to assuage the regret of\\nthe red people, at parting with their friends the British, and to con-\\nciliate their good will. In the earliest meeting, the Indians request-\\ned to be supplied with English goods and by English merchants and\\nhaving been desired by the government, to point out the commercial\\nhouse most to their satisfaction, among the many with whom they\\nhad traded, they chose that of Panton, Leslie i^ Co. This advantage\\ngained and carefully improved by the principals of that house, men\\nof the first rate talents, information and address, it soon became the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 133\\nmonitor of the Indians, the guardian of the tranquillity of the pro-\\nvince, and a favorite vt^ith the court of Spain. They had several\\ntrading establishments in each province, and were allowed to import\\narticles of commerce ofevery description free of duties, when foreign\\ngoods were so strictly forbidden, that to be detected introducing a\\nsingle piece of linen, would have subjected by the laws of Spain, any\\nother persons, to the penalty of working in the mines for life. They\\nbecame the sole suppliers of all articles wanted by the government,\\ngarrisons, inhabitants and Indians of East and West Florida,\\nDuring this lucrative range of political and civil importance, the\\nfirm had credited generally and largely the Indians of both provinces,\\nat that time a numerous body for tribes, afterwards shut into Geor-\\ngia, then traded to their stores and preferring, as a matter of ac-\\ncommodation to all concerned to receive a body of land, as a general\\nextinction of those debts, rather than urge individual payments, they\\nobtained permission from the Spanish court to treat with the Indians\\non that head. A total extinction of debts so easily obtained, was of\\ncourse pleasing to the Indians, and not injurious to Spain, who held\\nlands only to give to those ia whose possession they might become\\nnationally beneficial a treaty was concluded between that house\\nand their debtors, and Spain ratified the treaty thereby virtually\\nceding to the house of Panton, Leslie Co. a territory of about\\ntwelve hundred thousand acres for the purposes of discharging the\\ndebts of her Indian subjects. These lands which descended to the\\nfirm of John Forbes Co. of Matanzas in the island of Cuba as the\\nsurviving partners of the house of Panton, Leslie U Co. are situa-\\nted between the Appalachie and Appalachicola rivers, and are gener-\\nally known as Forbes purchase.\\nSo much would not have been stated on this subject, did it not in-\\nvolve a curious and important question relative to Florida lands and\\ngrants if the line of demarcation laid down by the British, was con-\\nliisive against the Spanish government and recognised by them, all", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nthe grants made by the governors, within the Indian territory, and\\nthey constitute a large portion of the whole, may be considered as\\nab initio void, and the United States may be compelled to obtain the\\nIndian lands, within this line, by treaty and purchase and on the\\nother hand, should the principle of the Spanish sovereignty over the\\nwhole country be adopted, it will naturally follow that all the bona\\nfide grants made within the Indian territory are binding on the Uni-\\nted States, who are likewise bound to protect and provide other\\nlands for their Indian subjects, should those they occupy be wanted.\\nThe Indians of East Florida are supposed not to exceed one thou-\\nsand souls or upon the widest calculation fifteen hundred they\\nconsist generally of tribes of the Seminole nation, but there are among\\nthem many refugees from the Creeks, Choctvvas, Alabama?, and other\\nhostile tribes, the scattered renmants ot those who in 1818 broke up\\nthe Seminole settlements. The first disorganization of the Florida\\nIndians arose, upon the breaking up and retirement of the trading\\nhouses of Panton, Leslie Co. then came the irruption of the\\nGeorgia borderers in 1812, when the Alachua settlements were de-\\nstroyed, and their king and chief, Payne, received his death wound in\\nthe field his brother Boa7fg5 died soon after of a broken heart and\\nthe Indians remaining without a chief of talent or enterprise, order\\nwas lost among them their defeats in 1818 completely broke them\\nup, and they are now dispersed in small squads and single families all\\nover the country a few still inhabit the small villages between Ala-\\nchua and Tampa bay mingled with parties of their foes many have\\ncome to the waters on the eastern side of the peninsula and others\\nemaciated and naked supply wood to the city of St. Augustine, car-\\nried in bundles on their backs. Among the wanderers are a familj\\nof the Euchee nation. The whole of them will no doubt submit\\nto any system that will ameliorate their life which at present is very\\nwretched they are humbled to the dust. The author was last year\\na witness to the raost absolute state of starvation they were reduced", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 135\\nto, from the loss of their crops in 1821 at the period when the at-\\ntention of themselves and their negro slaves were directed to the\\ncultivation of their crops, a few worthless wretches from St. Augus-\\ntine, for the purpose of alarming the Indians, and inducing them to\\nsell their slaves for almost nothing, a practice of imposition that had\\noften before been practiced, went into the nation and spread reports\\nthat two thousand American troops under the command of General\\nJackson were coming down to expel them from their lands and carry\\nawaj their slaves and cattle. The Indians upon this abandoned their\\ncrops and sold many of their slaves, by which the avarice of the\\nspeculators was gratified. It has been reported that a similar expe-\\nriment was about to have been tried the last summer, but fortunately\\nit miscarried in its birth.\\nMany of the emigrant Creeks and others who had got down to\\nTampa bay, and its waters launched their canoes there, and tempted\\nby the smoothness of the summer ocean, ventured along the coast as\\nfar as cape Sable, when they became acquainted with the Bahama\\nwreckers, who employed them to hunt on the cape and adja-\\ncent keys, in return for bread stuffs and trifling presents the game\\nbeginning to grow scarce, the wreckers carried a few of them through\\nthe reef to the woods immediately west of cape Florida large bo-\\ndies soon followed and these refugees quickly spread along the east\\ncoast as far north as Jupiter inlet.\\nThe remnant of the black and colored people who had served with\\ncolonel Nichols during the late war, fugitive slaves from all the\\nsouthern section of the union, as well as from the Spanish planta-\\ntions in Florida and from St. Augustine followed upon the steps of\\nthe Indians, and formed considerable settlements on the waters of\\nTampa bay. When the Indians went in pursuit of these negroes,\\nsuch as escaped made their way down to cape Florida and the reef,\\nabout which they were collected within a year and a half past to up-\\nwards of three hundred vast numbers of them have been at differ-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nent times since carried off by the Bahama wreckers to Nassau, but\\nthe British authorities, having invariably refused to allow them to be\\nlanded, they have been smuggled into the remoter islands, and at this\\nperiod, large numbers have been found on St. Andrews and the Bi-\\nminis.\\nThe chiefs of the outcast Indians who had by means of the wreck-\\ners found a mode of communicating with the governor of Nassau,\\nonce or twice went over, but were coolly treated. On the last vi-\\nsit they were imprisoned for awhile, and then sent back without pre-\\nsents, and the shipmasters forbidden under heavy penalties to bring\\nthem over again. For several years past they have been very trou-\\nblesome on the coast, plundering the wrecks and destroying the game,\\nand at cape Florida have been made the instruments in the hands of\\none designing individual, of oppressing the very few settlers on that\\npoint. At the present time the greater portion of these Indians are\\nabout Charlotte harbour not more than fifty were on the east coast\\nlately, and were preparing to join their countrymen, on the conclu-\\nsion of the hunting season. No greater proof need be adduced of the\\nimpassable state of the country, than the fact of these Indians com-\\nmunicating with Charlotte harbour by coasting round the peninsula,\\ninstead of striking directly across, a course which they all unite in\\nstating they have attempted from both sides in vain, being always\\nstopped by the waters of the Never Glade.\\nWhatever steps the United States government may adopt respect-\\ning the Indians, they will doubtless be founded on principles of jus-\\ntice and humanity and their efforts will be directed to their im-\\nprovement and civilization. On this head the author must quote the\\nv/ords of George I. F. Clarke, Esq, of Florida, to whom he is chiefly\\nindebted for the materials of the preceding part of this article.\\nThe hand of aid and instructioft properly extended, will make\\nthe Indians serviceable they will learn to labor, and our good ex-\\nample will wear out their former propensities. I know that there", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 137\\nure some u ho will smile with contempt at the iJea of taming Indians\\nbut I trust that their number and influence are very small. Mow\\nlimited must be the conception, how illiberal the mind to the contra-\\nry how little or how partially must they have studied human\\nture Are we not all the children of habit, the mere reflectio; cf\\neducation and manners and why should tliese be incorrigible It is\\nevident, that the only difference in man, laying aside his color, is the\\ndifference of opinion and that difference of opinion arises from the\\ndifference of education. Let the sceptical in this part of the philo-\\nsophy of human nature turn his eyes to the city of Mexico, and see\\nthere the examples of talents natural and acquired, in the line arts\\nand belles lettres, manifest among Indians let him look into the Hava-\\nna and see the many finished workmen in the useful and elegant crafts,\\nto be found there among the Africans let him view man in all parts\\nof the world, where he has had opportunities for his improvement,\\n110 matter where born or by whom begot and then let him declare if\\nlie is not always the master-piece of Nature s works and the only\\nmaster ol arts. And after thus seeing what he has acquired, will the\\ncaviller attempt to say what bounds have been prescribed to his ac-\\nquirements by his country or his color\\n18", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138\\nOBSERVATIONS UPON THE LAND TITLES\\nThe liiadi which have been granted in both Floridas, under the\\nadministration of Great Britain and Spain, are not in their gross\\namount very considerable, with the exception of the few large con-\\ncessions. The questions that are likely to arise upon them, will not\\nprobably involve the point of validity except in certain cases, but\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2will turn on the location as much of the valuable ground is covered\\nby conflicting grants this will particularly be the case should the\\nold British concessions be admitted to proof, for the lands taken up\\nby them being in general of fine quality, were petitioned for by and\\nallotted to Spanish subjects, and many of the grants for services\\nare located upon these grounds.\\nWhen Great Britain withdrew from Florida, all her subjects who\\nleft the country were renumerated for their lands, excepting it is be-\\nlieved, those who remained in the United States or in the Floridas,\\nand the claimants under these circumstances alone can pretend to set\\nup a title.\\nTowards the close of the existence of the Spanish government in\\nthe Floridas, and perhaps for ten years previous to the signing of the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "OBSERVATIONS UPON THE FLORIDAS. 139\\ntreaty, the inhabitants foresaw that these provinces must unevitably\\nbecome an integral part of the United States They could not but\\nperceive that strangers to their habits, manners, customs and religion\\nwould ere long rule the country and did they not possess some in-\\nherent right in the soil, they judged, and not without reason, that\\nthey might be lost in the current of the new population. Their lands\\ntherefore were to become an indispensible property, and unconnect-\\ned with a government which then supported them, they must obtain\\ntracts either to dispose of at an advantageous opportunity, or for the\\npurpose of bending themselves o t!ie laboi s of agriculture. With\\nthis prospect, ;;11 those entitled to them solicited grants for services,\\nand obtained them by virtue of certain special ordinances from the\\ncourt of Spain. It was their right so to do, and their motive was as-\\nsuredl} praiseworthy and justiliable they were prompted by the\\nsame sacred instigation that induces the actions of all mankind, in ma-\\nking a provision for their offspring.\\nHence the number of concessions made in the latter years of the\\ngovernment of Spain in Florida, compared with those of the earlier\\nperiods but the circumstance of the 24th of January, 1813, having\\nbeen fixed upon by the treaty as the date, posterior to which no grant\\nis to be recognized by the American government, will if strictly en-\\nforced, cut ofi a large number of meritorious concessions, which were\\nissued as a reward for services, by virtue of the royal orders before\\nmentioned, particularly the one dated in 1815. The effect of these\\norders being to remunerate riltizens for beneficial acts done to the\\ngovernment, it would seem almost proper to infer that all, who might\\nthenceafter make out their right of reward and the previous non-re-\\nmuneration, had an inchoate title created to their respective quotas\\nfrom the very date of the order, although they happened to apply\\nfor them after a certain day which was not finally determined on until\\ntwslve months from it had elapsed hence two equally deserving in-\\ndividuals having applied for their several bounties, earned painfully", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nbv their blood a-r.d I oil, on the 23d and 25lh of January, 1818, respect-\\nively the one would have a good title, and the other be excluded\\nby the treaty and be deprived of his reward. There was no time\\nfixed for the inhabitants to come in and claim their concessions, and\\nmany delayed from that assurance, and from a want of means to pay\\nthe foes upon their preliminary titles.\\nUpon the subject of the date of the 24th of January, 1818, exten-\\nsive legal opinions from American and Spanish jurists hiive been gi-\\nven, which go the length to state, that by the constitution of Spain\\n(which was promulgated at Cadiz on the 19th March, 1812, and af-\\nter a bloodless revolution was on the 7th March, 1820, adopted as it\\nwas originally made, and then sworn to by Ferdinand the seventh)\\nthe king had not the power to do any act, which took away property\\nfrom a Spanish subject and the eighth article of the treaty which\\ndid so, by the act of fixing the date, was not confirmed by the Cortes,\\nbut only the second and third articles, which transferred the sover-\\neignty and the public lands to the United States.\\nAs we are not lawyers we quit this subject, having ventured upon\\nit but for a moment, to plead something on behalf of those Floridians\\nwhose titles are destroyed by the treaty, without any fault alleged\\nor implied of their own.\\nThe investigation of the various intricate claims in Upper and\\nLower Louisania, have brought to light a variety of the usages pf\\ntheSp,mi?h government, respecting the mode of granting and taking\\nup lands and from the statements made in Congress, and more par-\\nticularly the learned elucidation aflbrded by Messrs. Barton and Ben-\\nson, much of the mystery thrown around them has been cleared up.\\nIt is now admitted, that the tact of an actual survey or location, is\\nby no means to be assumed as any criterion of the validity of a claim\\nit would be a rule indiscrimiate in its character, and not distinguish-\\ning between valid and invalid concessions. If a concession be good\\nor bad, it is so from causes and facts anterior to the fact of survey or", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 141\\nJocation, and whoUj independent of it it is so from causes co-eval\\nor co-existent with the issuing of the concession or warrant itself;\\nit is either good or bad then, and the subsequent location or survey\\nhappening sometime after, and dependant on circumstances of per-\\nsonal convenience or personal influence, is wholly immaterial to the\\nintrinsic merits of the concession.\\nIn fuller corroboration of this fact it must be mentioned, that in\\nFlorida when the unconditional grants for civil or military services\\nwere made, the petitioner often named a place which was specially\\nstated in the grant but when upon examination, the spot he had\\nchosen was found to have been already taken up, he was allowed to\\nlocate elsewhere, and the survey and plat returned accordingly up-\\non the well recognized principle that the grant, being made without\\nprejudice to a third person, held good against the government when\\nonce issued, to be located elsewhere, when the specified spot was oc-\\ncupied.\\nAmong the various modes in which lands are occupied in Florida,\\nsome are by grants from the crown of Spain direct others from the\\ngovernor general of Cuba, but the most from the colonial governors\\nsome are held by a written permission for certain purposes, such as\\nerecting mills or bridges and in some instances land is occupied,\\nthe original tenure to which was from the verbal permission of the\\ngovernor. This practice was always countenanced by the Spanish\\ngovernment, in order that poor persons when they found themselves\\na little at their ease, might at their own conveniency apply for and\\nobtain complete titles in the meantime such imperfect rights were\\nsuffered by the government to descend by inheritance, and even to be\\ntransferred by private contract when requisite they have been sei-\\nzed by judicial authority, and sold for thq payment of debts.\\nIn making the grants for services it was not contemplated either\\nby the authorities or by the individuals, that these lands were to be\\nactually occupied most of the grantees were in some capacity or", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nother holders of offices under the government, and resided in St,\\nAugustine, and wished to continue there the Spaniard is diflerent\\nfrom the American in all his habits, and more particularly as a set-\\ntler he is fond of society, and could not exist on a remote farm se-\\nveral leagues from a neighbour, passing the greater part of his time\\nwithin his own domestic circle. Like the French the Spaniards are\\nsocial beings, and love towns and villages and groups of habitations.\\nThe plantations in Florida were with few exceptions cultivated by\\nEnglish settlers, or by those Spanish subjects who by an intercourse\\nwith Georgia, had adopted the American customs.\\nIn anticipation of the exchange of flags, during the last two years\\nof tlie Spanish government, those who had money or influence pro-\\ncured their surveys, such as they are but ail could not be accom-\\nmodated, nor was it material to the validity of their concessions by\\nthe laws and usages then existing. The returns of these surveys\\nwere by an authorised surveyor, who deposited his plat in the no-\\ntarial ofiice, being sworn previous to each location to the due per-\\nformance of his duty.\\nWith respect to the powers of the governors to make grants, it\\nseems doubtful whether they had any other limit than the discre-\\ntion of the confirming tribunals although the author has taken\\nmuch trouble, he has not been able to find whether they were limit-\\ned to any extent in granting. Stoddard in his interesting sketches\\nof Louisiana expresses an opinion, that the powers of the lieutenant-\\ngovernors or sub-delegafes were discretionary but from other\\nsources we know, that about 1801 the governor of Louisiana was\\nrestricted in the extent of his grants, particularly to new settlers.\\nFrom the best sources of information we find, that the governors of\\nFlorida were authorised fcom time to time to grant lands, by virtue\\nof certain royal orders direct from the court of Madrid, to new set-\\ntlers who became Spanish subjects, and the quantity granted was in\\nproportion to the family and slaves held by the applicant. Grants", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 143\\nto a large amount have been thus made by the governors, condi-\\ntioned for the confirmation in proportion to the number of settlers\\nor slaves brought in upon due proof of which, the number of acres\\npro rata were patented to the colonist with a royal title.\\nAny inhabitant or new comer could also obtain a grant for lands,\\non condition of his occupying, planting and cultivating the same for\\nten years, erecting buildings, c, at the expiration of the time,\\nupon sufficient proof, the royal title of full concession was made out\\nto him but many of the inhabitants who held lands under similar\\nconditions, which had long been complied with, neglected to take\\nout their royal or confirmatory titles, which under the Spanish gov-\\nernment was not obligatory upon them, and besides the fees were\\nsomewhat expensive but upon the knowledge of the cession, num-\\nbers crowded to prove the fulfilment of their grants and most of\\nthe records from 1818 to 1821 are filled with royal titles predicated\\nupon former conditional grants, the articles of which had been com-\\nplied with.\\nThe titles made by Spain, being held by the treaty binding on the\\nUnited States, to the same extent that they would have been valid\\nunder the dominion of the former, will smooth all difficulties arising\\nunder patents dated previous to the 24th of January, 1818 but the\\nmany claims posterior to that period, which will be clamorously\\nurged, will cause the treaty of cession to be brought up at a future\\nday for construction, before the supreme court of the United States\\nyet the question will never be fully set at rest, until Congress have\\ninvested the judicial departments of the government with authority\\nto try and investigate it.\\nThe boards of commissioners with their limited powers, are good\\nenough for the purposes for which they were created to ascer-\\ntain the quantity claimed under Spain, and to confirm their plain\\nfonccssions but they have not power, nor can Congress give", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 OBSERVATIONS UPO-N\\npower to Commissioners as such, to adjudicate conclusively against\\nthe individuals.\\nLet us hope that the long contests in Louisiana and Missouri\\nrespecting land claims, may not be repeated in the case of Florida\\nand that prompt and efficient measores may be laid, for the conclu-\\nsive adjustment of all the titles in the territory until this is done\\nall population, all settlement will be withheld nor would the in-\\ntroduction of the public lands to the market tend to smooth difficul-\\nties on the contrary it would only transfer the law suits to the\\npurchasers. Disputes between the United States and a portion of\\nthe citizens of Missouri have existed nearly twenty years, origina-\\nting in grants made by France and Spain.\\nThe general proposition tiiat a citizen should have a remedy to\\ndetermine his rights, where the same subject happens to be claim-\\ned by both the government and the individual, appears too obvious-\\nly just and necessary to require illustration in any ordinary case.\\nIn the determination of these claims Floridais materially interested\\nthey are interspersed through a large portion of the territory, in ail\\ndirections. The disputes that may and will arise on some or all of\\nthese claims, unless immediately adjusted, will have a tendency to\\nprevent emigration, at least to the central parts, and to throw the\\npopulation into distant detached settlements and will prevent some\\nofthebestof the province from being brought into the market,\\npeopled and cultivated.\\nThe first years of the Spanish government after re-occupying the\\nFloridas, seem to have passed away without many grants being\\nmade except confirming in their possessions, such of the British\\nsubjects who chose to remain upon their lands or lots. In the year\\n1793 a royal order came out from the Spanish court, authorising-\\nthe governors to make grants to new settlers or inhabitants, condi.\\nti ned for the performance of some acts of public utility or for the\\ncomplete settlement of the lands", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE FLORID AS. 143\\nAnother ten years rolled away, and about 1C03 a new order ar-\\nrived, under which considerable tracts of land were granted in\\n1809 a royal cedula appears to iiave authorised the issuing of grants\\nas rewards for civil or military services and in 1815 another onan-\\ndate from the king of Spain, authorised the governors to make con-\\ncessions for similar services this latter order berng issued upon\\nthe special representations made to the Spanish government, of the\\nlosses sustained by the inhabitants from the revolutionary proceed-\\nings of 1812. It is not distinctly understood to what amount the\\ngovernors were limited probably the quantuitL was left to be deci-\\nded upon by themselves, in proportion to the merits of the several\\napplicants in the list of grants issued as a reward for civil and mi-\\nlitary services, the largest quantity does not exceed tifty thousand\\nacres, except in one instance, viz. the grant made on the 19th ot\\nNovember, 1810 by governor White, to Don Pedro Miranda, as a\\nreward for his various services expressed in the concession.\\nThe several orders to the governors or sub-dslegates of Florida\\ncoming direct from Madrid, and regulating the mode of making\\ngrants in certain cases, do not appear to have interfered with the\\ngeneral standing instructions to these officers, for issuing conces-\\nsions in the ordinary routine nor with the power of the governor-\\ngeneral and intendant of the island of Cuba, to order concessions to\\nsuch persons as he judged proper: in virtue of this authority, the\\ngovernor-general granted to the commercial house of Don Fernan-\\ndo de la Maza Arredondo and Son of the Havana, on the 17th of\\nDecember, 1817, a large tract of country situated around the old\\nIndian town of Alachua, upon the fulfilment of certain conditions.\\nThis immense concession has been surveyed, and Messrs. Arre-\\ndondo and Son having sold out to various persons, settlements have\\nbeen established upon it, and measures taken for the compliance\\nwith the terms of the grant, the period for which is extended by the\\nterms of the treaty. Several companies have been formed for the\\n19", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\npurpose of colonizing here one among the farmers of New-Jersey,\\nanother in New-York known as the Florida Association, kc. The\\nsettlers upon tliis tract will form a centre for a population in the\\nvery heart of the country, should the measures of the government\\nnot be prejudicial to their intentions.\\nA recapitulation of the places upon which concessions have been\\nmade, will put into one view their extent.\\nThe neck of land between the rivers St. Mary and St. John on\\nthe north and south, the Atlantic ocean on the east, and the King s\\nroad from the Cowford ferry to Coleraine on the west, is entirely\\ncovered by grants in occupancy and cultivation this is the northern\\ndivision mentioned in the historical observatious.\\nSouth of this division the grants extend on both sides of the river\\nSt. John, as far almost as the head lake upon Dunn s lake and Haw\\ncreek, and upon most of the other tributaries of St. John, particu-\\nlarly Pablo and Black creeks over the plains of San Diego, and\\nupon each branch of the North river almost entirely through the\\nTwelve-mile swamp and its ramifications the principal part of all,\\nand the entire of the choice lands southwardly, from St. Augustine\\nto Tomoca river, east of the main road, besides the banks of all the\\nsmall water courses.\\nThe concessions are close together upon the front of Halifax ri-\\nver to Mosquito bar, and the deserted town of New Smyrna thence\\nin a similar way to Mosquito south lagoon to the Haul-over isthmus\\nand also occupy the rich hammocks or swamps running parallel to\\nthe coast, a mile or two west of the front water courses. The banks\\nof Indian river and its north-west branch, northwardly from the\\nHaul-over are likewise occupied likewise southwardly, though\\nnot without some vacant spots to St. Sebastian river.\\nThus far the concessions have been made without the old Indian\\nboundary line whereby the peninsula from the head of St. John s\\nriver, and between the right bank of that stream and the Atlantic", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE FLORID AS. 147\\nocean, may be considered as almost entirely covered by various\\ngrants and it is a matter of question whether the federal govern-\\nment should or should not be at the expense of sectioning this and\\nthe preceding northern divisions of the territory the surplus lands\\nwould invariably be of inferior quality and could never repay the\\nexpenses of the survey. On the other hand, if an act of Congress\\nrelative to this matter be carried into effect, it will be the means of\\nsettling the boundaries of numerous concessions which otherwise\\nmay long remain in suspense. This act provides that the public\\nsurveyors are to mark oifeach claim as allowed by the commission-\\ners or otherwise, from the loose mode of surveying generally hith-\\nerto used in Florida, but a very small number of the few lines ac-\\ntually marked through the woods are distinct, and therefore almost\\nall the located as well as the unlocated grants will require to be\\nmarked out which if done otherwise than by the government sur-\\nveyors, at the contract price of four dollars per lineal mile, will put\\nthe proprietors to an enormous expense, which they are at present\\nunable to afford moreover if they are left to regulate their own\\nsurveys, litigations will unavoidably arise, which would be avoided\\nwere the location made by impartial persons, as the government\\nsurveyors cannot but be.\\nThe application of the universal system of sectioning, would fur-\\nther produce an intimate topographical knowledge of the country,\\nso highly desirable, that should the United States not carry it into\\neffect, the author considers it a subject proper for the consideration\\nof the territorial legislature the local contribution, raised among\\nthe proprietors and claimants of the land within the district treated\\nof, would be infinitely less to each individual, than the amount they\\nwould have to pay to their private surveyors and the country-\\nwould at once be accurately known, the boundaries of each tract\\nconclusively fixed, and general satisfaction would be produced.\\nUpon the western side of St. John s river the grants are much", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nless numerous, but are disposed over a large portion of country\\nmany are placed upon the shores of the Ocklawaha river, and not a\\nfew through an imaginary hammock which was supposed to extend\\nfrom that stream to the Alachua territory no such hammock is\\nknown to exist but the creek which tlows from the eastern end of\\nOrange lake into Ocklawaha river, called Orange lake creek, has a\\nnarrow skirt of thick swamp on each side which the claimants of\\nthe lands may probably not find so desirable as the rich luxuriant\\nhammock which they had been taught to expect.\\nSeveral large concessions are in the heart of the peninsula\\namong which particularly is the one upon AHigator creek of eight\\nmiles square and the great Alachua grant before mentioned made\\nto Arredondo and Sons the Miranda grant, upon the waters of\\nTampa and Hillsborough bays a grant upon the Coolasahatchie,\\nand some others.\\nDuring the period of the invasion of the Indian territory from\\nGeorgia, a great number of tracts of land were run out in the Alachua\\ndistrict for the conquerors, by surveyors whom they brought in their\\ntrain, of which plats were made the persons employed on these\\nsurveys seem to have taken some pains to define the respective al-\\nlotments, for in traversing through the district, the lines are occa-\\nsionally seen very distinct so that should the claimants come for-\\nward they will have much less ditTiculty in finding their lands than\\nmany who have obtained grants under more peaceable circum-\\nstances. The author has been informed that copies of most of the\\nplats are in the hands of a gentleman in Georgia.\\nWe shall conclude the account of the various grants of land made\\nin the Floridas, by giving the boundaries of the three celebrated\\ngrants made to the Duke of Alagon, the Count of Punon Rostro, and\\nto Don Pedro de Vargas, respectively. The two latter individuals\\nreceived compensation for what they were deprived of by the\\ntreaty, but the Duke of Alagon having fallen into disgrace, received", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 149\\nnot the equivalent he was entitled to by the new constitution of\\nSpain, and it is said that his remonstrance upon the stretch of power\\nused by Ferdinand the seventh in depriving him of his lands, caused\\nhis banishment. Whatever was the cause of his losing the smiles\\nof his royal master, it is well known that he is now in exile in one\\nof the Italian states, and under the surveillance of the Spanish mi-\\nnister. How precarious is the tenure by which a courtier holds\\nhis unenviable situation I\\nGRANT TO THE DUKE OF ALAGON.\\nThis grant appears to have been made upon the t7th of Decem-\\nber, 1817, in consequence of the Duke s application made on the\\n12th of July preceding Letters patent were issued on the 6th of\\nFebruary, 1818, to the governor of Cuba and the council of Indies\\nto give effect to the grant and on the 26th of June of the same year\\nformal possession of the lands was delivered to the Duke s agent by\\nthe governor of East Florida. These lands according to the words\\nof the concession include All the uncultivated land not ceded in\\nEastFlorida, which lies between the rivers Saint Lucie and St. John,\\nas far as the mouths by which they empty themselves into the sea\\nand the coast of the gulf of Florida, and the adjacent islands, with the\\nmouth of the river Hijuelos in the 26th degree of latitude, following\\nthe left bank up to its source drawing a line from lake Macaco,\\nthen descending by the way of the river St. John to the lake Valdez,\\ncrossing by another line from the extreme north of the said lake to\\nthe source of the river Amanina, following its right bank as far as its\\nmouth in the 28th deg. 26th min. of north latitude, and running along\\nthe sea coast, with all the adjacent islands up to the mouth of the\\nriver Hijuelos.\\nOf this large concession the Duke of Alagon after the confirma-\\ntion of the treaty by the United States in 1819, but before the ex-\\nplanatory ratification by the kin\u00c2\u00a7 which annulled his grant, conveyed", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150 OBSERVATIONS UPON\\nthe western portion to Richard S. Hackley an American citizen and\\nformerly consul from the United States at Cadiz the extent of the\\nlands held by Mr. Hackley is marked upon the map of Florida.\\nGRANT TO THE COUNT OF PUNON ROSTRO.\\nThis grant was also made on the 7th December, 1817, upon the\\nsame day with the concession to the duke of Alagon, in consequence\\nof a petition presented by the count upon the 3d day of November\\npreceding this grant does not appear to have been perfected it\\nincludes All the vacant lands not heretofore ceded in Florida, ly-\\ning between the river Perdido, westward of the gulf of Mexico and\\nthe rivers Amanina and St. John, from Poppa* to the point where it\\nempties into the ocean for the eastern limits and for the northern,\\nthe boundary line of the United States and to the south by the gulf\\nof Mexico, including the desert islands on the coast.\\nIt has been said that the count of Punon Rostro was indemnified for\\nthe loss of this concession, by a large grant of crown lands in the\\nheart of old Spain which to him was doubtless no disagreeable ex-\\nchange besides he appears never to have taken possession of the\\nlands, or done any other act of ownership.\\nGRANT TO DON PEDRO DE VARGAS.\\nThe petition for this grant was not made until the 25th January,\\n1818, and the concession issued on the 2(1 of February the gift be-\\nstowed upon this favored courtier is described as being The pro-\\nperty of the land which lies comprised within the followtng limits,\\nthat is to say from the mouth of the river Perdido and its bay in the\\ngulf of 3Iexico following the sea coast, to ascend by the bay of Buen\\nPoppa is the name of nn antient Spanish fortification on the west bank of St.\\n.John s river opi)Osite to Picolati,\\\\vhcve there was a ferry these two forts are situa-\\nted at the norlii end of a lai ge bay of the river, which extends south as far as the\\nold fort of Jiuena Vista: this bav wasformerlv called Lake Valdez.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS. 151\\nSocorro and of Mobile, continuing by the river Mobile until it touches\\nthe northern line of the United States, and descending by that in a\\nright line to the source of the river Perdido, and following the said\\nriver Perdido in its lower part, and the bay of that name returns by\\nthe sea coast towards the west, comprehending all the creeks, entries\\nand the islands adjacent, which may belong to Spain at the present\\ntime till it reaches the west line of the United States, then returning\\nby th ir northern line, comprehending all the vacant lands which be-\\nlong or may belong to Spain, and are in dispute or reclamation with\\nthe United States according to the tenor of the treaties and also all\\nthe vacant lands not ceded to any other individual which are between\\nthe river Ilijuelos in East Florida and the river St. Lucie, drawing a\\nline from the source of one river to the source of the other, and fol-\\nlowing by the coast of the gulf of Mexico from the mouth of the Hi-\\njuelos to the point of Tancha, and doubling this by the coast of the\\ngulf of Florida to the mouth of the river St. Lucie with the islands\\nand keys adjacent. The equivalent given to Don Pedro de Vargas\\nfor the annulment of this grant was according to report an extensive\\nmonopoly in certain branches of commerce in the Spanish colonies\\nwhich upon reflecting that the principal part of this immense concession\\n(comprehending all the counties of Escambia, Jackson and Dural, and\\nlarge parts of St. John s county together with the lads in dispute now\\npart of Alabama) is after all dubious both as to right of granting and\\ngood quality, and point of time, wasamost superabundant remunera-\\ntion.\\nIn the early grants the amount of land conceded appears to have\\nbeen computed in cavallerias and sometimes in \u00e2\u0096\u00a0pconias. The esti-\\nmation of the former in Florida is that it contains thirty-three and\\none-third American acres: of the latter the relative value is one\\nfourth of the former.\\nBy the law of the Indies {Recopilacion de las leyes de los Indios)\\npublished at Madrid in 1776, a work similar to a digest of the statute*", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 OBSERVATIOXS UPON\\nof one of our states, z peonia is described to be a lot of fifty feel\\nwide and one hundred deep cultivatable ground for one hundred\\nbushels (fanegas) of wheat (trigo) or barley (cebuda) for ten of\\nIndian corn two roods (Jiucbras) of land for a kitchen garden (/iu-\\nerta) and eight for saplings of fruit trees {arholes de sccackil)\\npasture land for ten breeding sows (^puercas de vientre) twenty cow9\\nand five mares {ijeguas one hundred sheep and twenty goats. By\\nthe same statute a cavalleria is defined as containing a lot of one hun-\\ndred feet wide and two hundred deep, and in all other respects equal\\nto five Peonias.\\nIn the island of Cuba the lands are granted in a circular form\\nthe location being determined by fixing upon a known spot as a cen-\\ntre, and the terms of the concession are so much lineal distance upon\\neach point of the compass (^sobre cada viento.) These circles are\\nsupposed to be tangential, and the spaces between them are called\\ntierras realengas, (vacant or royal lands.) But as they actually in-\\ntersect each other in almost every instance, endless lawsuits, dis-\\nputes and contentions arise. Probably to obviate this, or perhaps\\nto comply vvith the usual mode of laying out lands in Florida, the\\nvery few grants which have been made in this mode specify that\\nthey are to be equal to a grant of so far sobre cadaviento, but to bs\\nlaid out in a square form.*\\nIn concluding these observations upon the Floridas, and their va-\\nrious resources, which have been drawn up from a variety of docu-\\nments published and unpublished, as well as from the numerous\\nThe author in tlie first part of these observ.itlons upon Ian J titles, dei-ived much\\nassistance from the interesting speech made bv Mr Barbour in the house of repre-\\nsentatives in congress, when treating of the Louisiana land claims the circumstan-\\nces were so vcrv applicable to Florida tliat many of the remarks have been closely\\ncopied. This ought to have been acknowledged in the Introduction.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE FLORIDAS, 153\\nnotes taken by the author and his friends in the territory, he re-\\nspectfully entreats that the public will discriminate between what\\nhe has stated as actually nozv to be found in Florida, and the infe-\\nrences he has drawn as to what it is capable of being made.\\nSo many false lights are held out upon the opening of a new coun-\\ntry to induce emigration thither, that he feels a natural anxiety lest\\nwhat he has pointed out as the probable future, may be interpreted\\nas the existing present. In dividing his remarks he has endeavour-\\ned to obviate this impression, and he momentarily intrudes to re-\\nmove it.\\nFlorida is now a republic; unshackled by the restrictions of a\\nmonarch, or the despotic sway of an inquisitorial governor, who in\\nmany instances united the legislative, judicial and executive powers^\\nit will soon develope the real extent of its capabilities.\\nThe sanguine disposition of some may carry them in their enter-\\nprises beyond the bounds of prudence, and their failure in certain\\ncases may be quoted against the country caution and prejudice may\\nwithhold numbers from joining the population or embarking in any\\nbut certain undertakings but enough will be found whose enter-\\nprise, energy, and perseverance, will place things in their proper\\nlight and prove the general truth of the propositions which have\\nbeen advanced in favour of the Floridas,\\nWith a superficial extent larger than the state of New-York, with\\na climate in most parts as salubrious as the rest of the United States,\\nwith a soil capable of producing more than one lucrative staple, it is\\nsurely no visionary hope that we indulge when we look forward be-\\nyond the few years tliat are to intervene before Florida takes her\\nnatural post of importance in the Federal Union.\\nKND OF THE OBSEnVATJONS.\\n20", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nPROCEEDINGS UPON AND COPIES OF THE TREATY\\nOF CESSION.\\nIN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.\\nSaturday, February 27, 1819. The foUowing message was re-\\nceived from the President of the United States.\\nTo the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.\\nThe treaty of amity, settlement and limits, between the United\\nStates and his Catholic Majesty, having been on the part of the\\nUnited States, ratified, by and with the advice and consent of the\\nSenate, copies of it are now transmitted to Congress. As the rati-\\nfication on the part of Spain may be expected to take place during\\nthe recess of congress, I recommend to their consideration the adop-\\ntion of such legislative measures, contingent upon the exchange of\\nratifications, as may be necessary or expedient for carrying the\\ntreaty into effect, in the interval between the cession, and until\\ncongress at their nest session, may think fit to make further provi-\\nsion on the subject.\\n(Signed) JAMES MONROE.\\nFebruarv 2Gth. 1810,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 ATPENDl^C.\\nExiracis from the JVational hitelligenccr of February 25,\\nand of March 2d, 1819.\\nIt is announced in the account of the proceechngs in the House\\nof Representatives that the President has officially communicated to\\nCongress the treaty with Spain, which has heen solemnly ratified on\\nour part.\\nThe treaty was read in the Houge of Piepresentatives with open\\ndoors, but it is not to be published in extenso, the usage in such\\ncases requiring it should not be promulgated until formally ratitied.\\n[March 2d.]\\nThe treaty though ratified on our part, will not be promulgated\\nofficially until it has also been ratified by the sovereignty of Spain.\\n[February 26.]\\nTREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND SPAIN.\\nBY THE FJiESWEA T OF THE U.mTED STATES.\\nA PROCLAMATION.\\nWhereas a treaty af amity, settlement and limits, between the\\nUnited States of America and his Catholic Majesty, was concluded\\nand signed between their Plenipotentiaries in this city on the 22d\\nday of February, 1819, which treaty, word for word, is as follows\\nTREATY of amity, settlement and limits, between the United States\\nof America and his Catholic Majesty.\\nThe United States of America and his Catholic Majesty desiring to\\nconsolidate on a permanent basis, the friendship and good correspon-\\ndence which happily prevails between the two parties have deter-\\nmined to settle and terminate all their differences and pretensions by\\na treaty, which shall designate with precision, the limits ol their re-\\nspective bordering territories in North America.\\nWith this intention, the President of the United States has fur-\\nnished with their full powers, John Quincy Adams, secretary of\\nState of the United States and his Catholic Majesty has appointed\\nthe most excellent lord Don Lcis De Onis, Gonsalez, Lopez y Vara,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 157\\nlord of the town of Ray aces, perpetual Regidor of the corporation of\\nthe city of Salamanca, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal American\\nOrder of Isabella the Catholic, decorated with the Lys of La Ven-\\ndee, Knight Pensioner of the Royal and distinguished Spanish Or-\\nder of Charles the Third, member of the Supreme Assembly of the\\nsaid Royal Order of the Council of his Catholic Majesty, his Secreta-\\nry, with Exercise of Decrees, and his Envoy Extraordinary and\\nMinister Plenipotentiary near the United States of America.\\nAnd the said Plenipotentiaries, after having exchanged their pow-\\ners, have agreed upon and concluded the following articles.\\nARTICLE I.\\nThere shall be a firm and inviolable peace, and sincere friendship\\nbetween the United States and their citizens, and his Catholic Majes-\\nty, his successors and subjects, without exception of persons Or\\nplaces.\\nARTICLE 11.\\nHis Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States, in full properly\\nand sovereignty, all the territories which belong to him situated to\\nthe eastward of the Missisippi, known by the name of East and West\\nFlorida the adjacent islands dependent on said provinces, all pub-\\nlic lots and squares, vacant lands, public edifices, fortitications, bar-\\nracks, and other buildings which are not private property, archives\\nand documents which relate directly to the property and sovereign-\\nty of said provinces are included in this article. The said archives\\nand documents shall be left in possession of the commissaries or offi-\\ncers of the United States, duly authorised to receive them,\\nARTICLE III.\\nThe boundary line between the two count-ries, west of the Missi-\\nsippi, shall begin on the gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the rivev\\nSabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that\\nriver to the 32d degree of latitude thence by a line due north, to\\nthe degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Natchitoches\\nor Red river then following the course of the Rio Roxo westward,\\nto the degree of longitude 100 west from London, and 23 from Wash-\\nington then crossing the said Red river, and running thence by a\\nline due north, to the river Arkansas thence following the course\\nof the southern bank of the Arkansas, to its source, in latitude 42\\nnorth and thence by that parallel of latit ide to the sonfh sea. Thf-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 APPENDIX.\\nwhole being as laid down in Melish s map of the United States,\\npublished at Philadelphia, improved to the first of January, 1818.\\nBut, if the source of the Arkansas river shall be found to fall north or\\nsouth of latitude 42, then the line shall run from the said source due\\nsouth or north as the case may be, till it meets the said parallel of\\nlatitude 42, and thence along the said parallel to the South sea all\\nthe islands in the Sabine, and the said Red and Arkansas rivers,\\nthroughout the course thus described, to belong to the United States\\nbut the use of the waters and the navigation of the Sabine to the\\nsea, and of the said rivers Roxo and Arkansas, throughout the extent\\nof the said boundary, on their respective banks, shall be common to\\nthe respective inhabitants of both nations.\\nThe two high contracting parties agree to cede and renounce all\\ntheir rights, claims, and pretensions, to the territories described by\\nthe said line, that is to say, The United States hereby cede to his\\nCatholic Majesty, and renounce for ever, all their rights, claims, and\\npretensions, to the territories lying west and south of the above de-\\nscribed line; and in like manner, his Catholic Majesty cedes to the\\nsaid United States all his rights, claims, and pretensions, to any ter-\\nritories east and north of the said line, and for himself, his heirs and\\nsuccessors, renounces all claim to the said territories for ever.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nTo fix this line with more precision, and to place the land marks\\nwhich shall designate exactly the limits of both nations, each of the\\ncontracting parties shall appoint a commissioner and a surveyor, who\\nshall meet before the termination of one year, from the date of the\\nratification of this treaty, at Natchitoches, on the Red river, and pro-\\nceed to run and mark the said line, from the mouth of the Sabine to\\nthe Red river, and from the Red river to the river Arkansas, and to\\nascertain the latitude of the source of the said river Arkansas, in con-\\nformity to what is above agreed upon and stipulated, and the line of\\nlatitude 42 degress to the South sea they shall make out plans and\\nkeep journals of their proceedings, and the result agreed upon by\\nthem shall be considered as part of this treaty, and shall, have the\\nsame force as if it were inserted therein. The two governments\\nwill amicably agree respecting the necessary articles to be furnished\\nto those persons, and also as to their respective escorts, should such\\nbe deemed necessary.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX, 159\\nARTICLE V.\\nThe inhabitants of the ceded territories shall be secured in the\\nfree exercise of their religion without any restriction, and all those\\nwho may desire to remove to the Spanish dominions, shall be permit-\\nted to sell or export their effects at any time whatever, without be-\\ning subject, in either case, to duties.\\nARTICLE VL\\nThe inhabitants of the territories which his Catholic Majesty\\ncedes to the United States, by this treaty, shall be incorporated in the\\nUnion of the United States, as soon as may be consistent with the\\nprinciples of the Federal Constitution, and admitted to the enjoy-\\nment of all the privileges, rights and immunities, of the citizens of\\nthe United States.\\nARTICLE VII.\\nThe officers and troops of his Catholic Majesty, in the territories\\nhereby ceded by him to the United States, shall be withdrawn, and\\npossession of the places occupied by them shall be given within six\\nmonths after the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, or sooner\\nif possible, by the officers of his Catholic Majesty to the commission-\\ners or officers of the United States, duly appointed to receive them\\nand the United States shall furnish the transports and escort neces-\\nsary to convey the Spanish officers and troops, and their baggage to\\nthe Havana.\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nAll the grants of land made before the 24th of January, 1818, by\\nhis Catholic Majesty, or by his lawful authorities in the said territo-\\nries, ceded by his majesty to the United States, shall be ratified and\\nconfirmed to the persons in possession of the lands, to the same ex-\\ntent that the same grants would be valid, if the territories had re-\\nmained under the dominion of his Catholic Majesty. But the own-\\ners in possession of such lands, who by reason of the recent circum-\\nstances of the Spanish nation, and the revolutions in Europe, have\\nbeen prevented from fulfilling all the conditions of their grants, shall\\ncomplete them within the terms limited in the same, respectively,\\nfrom the date of this treaty in default of which, the said grants\\nshall be null and void. All grants made since the said 24th of Janua-\\nry, 1818, when the first proposal on the part of his Catholic Majesty", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160 APPENDIX.\\nfor the cession of the Floridas was made, are hereby declared, and\\nagreed to be, null and void.\\nARTICLE IX.\\nThe two high contracting parties, animated with the most ear-\\nnest desire of conciliation, and with the object of putting an end to\\nall the differences which have existed between them, and of con-\\nfirming the good understanding which they wish to be for ever main-\\ntained between them, reciprocally renounce all claims for damriges\\nor injuries, which they themselves, as well as their respective citi-\\nzens and subjects may have suffered, until the time of signing this\\ntreaty.\\nThe renunciation of the United States will extend to all the inju-\\nries mentioned in the convention of the 11th of August, 1802.\\n2. To all claims on account of prizes made by French privatpers,\\nand condemned by French consuls, within tlie territory and juris-\\ndiction of Spain.\\n3. To all claims of indemnities on account of the suspension of\\nthe right of deposit at New-Orleans, in 1802.\\n4. To all claims of citizens of the United Stfites upon the govern-\\nment of Spain, arising from the unlawful seizures at sea, aijd in the\\nports and territories of Spain, or the Spanish colonies.\\n5. To all claims of citizens of the United States upon the Spanish\\ngovernment, statements of which, soliciting the interposition of the\\ngovernment of the United States, have been presented to the de-\\npartment of state, or to the minister of the United States, in Spain,\\nsince the date of the convention of 1802, and until the signature of\\nthis treaty.\\nThe renunciation of his Catholic Majesty extends\\n1. To all the injuries mentioned in the convention of the 1 1th of\\nAugust, 1802.\\n2. To the sums which his Catholic Majesty advanced for the re-\\nturn of Captain Pike from the Provincias Internas.\\n3. To all injuries caused by the expedition of Miranda, that was\\nfitted out and equipped at New-York.\\n4. To all claims of Spanish subjects upon the Government of the\\nUnited States, arising from unlawful seizures at sea, or within tiie\\nports and territorialjurisdiction of the United States.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 161\\nFinally, lo all tlie claims of subjects of his Ciilliolic M;ije?ty upon\\nthe government of the United States, in wiiich the interposition of\\nhis Catholic Majesty s government has been solicited before the\\ndate of this treaty, and since the date ot the convention of 1802, or\\nwhich may have been made to the department of Foreign Affairs of\\nhis Majesty, or to his minister in the United States.\\nAnd the high contracting parties, respectively renounce all claims\\nto indemnities for any of the recent events or transaction? of their\\nrespective commanders and officers in the Floridas.\\nThe United States will cause satisfaction to be made for the injuries,\\nif any, which, by process of law, shall be established to have been\\nsuffered by the Spanish officers and individual Spanish inhabitants,\\nby the late operations of the American army in Florida.\\nARTICLE X.\\nThe convention entered into between the two governments, on the\\n11th of August, 1802, the ratifications of which were exchanged the\\n2lst December, 1818, is annulled.\\nARTICLE XI.\\nThe United States, exonerating Spain from all demands in future,\\non account of the claims of their citizens to which the renunciations\\nherein contained extend, and considering them entirely cancelled,\\nundertake to make satisfaction for the same, to an amount not ex-\\nceeding tive millions of dollars. To ascertain the full amount and\\nvalidity of those claims, a commission, to consist of three commis-\\nsioners, citizens of the United States, shall be appointed by the Pre-\\nsident, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, which\\ncommission shall meet at the city of Washington, and, within the\\nspace of three years from the time of their first meeting, shall re-\\nceive, examine, and decide upon the amount and validity of all the\\nclaims included within the descriptions above mentioned. The\\nsaid commissioners shall take an oath, or affirmation, to be entered\\non the record of their proceedings, for the faithful and diligent dis-\\ncharge of their duties and in case of the death, sickness, or neces-\\nsary absence, of any such commissioner, his place may be supplied\\nby the appointment as aforesaid, or by the President of the United\\nStates, during the recess of the Senate, of another commissioner in\\niis stead. The said commi =sioners shall bp ;\\\\uthori?ed to hear and\\n21", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162 APPENDIX.\\nexamine, on oath, every question relative to the suid claims, and to\\nreceive all suitable, authentic testimony concerning the same. And^\\nthe Spanish government shall furnish all such documents and eluci-\\ndations as may be in their possession, for the adjustment of the said\\nclaims, according to the principles of justice, the laws of nations,\\nand the stipulations of the treaty between the two parties, of 27th\\nOctober, 1795 the said documents to be specified when demanded\\nat the instance of the said commissioners.\\nThe payment of such claims as may be admitted and adjusted by\\nthe said commissioners, or the major part of them, to an amount not\\nexceeding five milhons of dollars, shall be made by the United\\nStates, either immediately at their treasury, or by the creation of\\nstock, bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, payable from\\nthe proceeds of sales of public lands within the territories hereby\\nceded to the United States, or in such other manner as the Congress\\nof the United States may prescribe by law.\\nThe records of the proceedings of the said commissioners, toge-\\nther with the vouchers and documents produced before them, rela-\\ntive to the claims to be adjusted and decided upon by them, shall,\\nafter the close of their transactions, be deposited in the department\\nof state of the United States and copies of them, or any part of\\nthem, shall be furnished to the Spanish government, if required, at\\nthe demand of the Spanish minister in the United States.\\nARTICLE XII.\\nThe treaty of limits and navigation, of 1795, remains confirmed\\nin all and each one of its articles, excepting the 2d, 3d, 4th, 21st, and\\nthe second clause of the 22d article, which having been altered by\\nthis treaty, or having received their entire execution, are no longer\\nvalid.\\nWith respect to the 15th article of the same treaty of friendship,\\nlimits and navigation, of 1795, in which it is stipulated that the flag\\nshall cover the property, the two high contracting parties agree that\\nthis shall be so understood with respect to those powers who recog-\\nnize this principle but if either of the two contracting parties shall\\nbe at war with a third party, and the other neutral, the flag of the\\nneutral shall cover the property of enemies, whose government ac\\nknowledge this principle, ami not of others.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 163\\nARTICLE XIII.\\nBoth contracting parties, wishing to favour their mutual com-\\ninerce, by affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their\\nrespective merchant vessels, have agreed, that the sailors who shall\\ndesert from their vessels in the ports of the other, shall be arrested\\nand delivered up, at the instance of the consul, who shall prove,\\nnevertheless, that the deserters belonged to the vessels that claim\\nthem, exhibiting the document that is customary in their nation\\nthat is to say, the American consul in a Spanish port shall exhibit\\nthe document known by the name of articles and the Spanish con-\\nsul in American ports, the roll of the vessel and if the name of the\\ndeserter, or deserters who are claimed, shall appear in the one or\\nthe other, they shall be arrested, held in custody, and delivered to\\nthe vessel to which they shall belong.\\nARTICLE XIV.\\nThe United States hereby certify, that they have not received\\nany compensation from France, for the injuries they suffered from\\nher privateers, consuls, and tribunals on the coasts, and in the ports\\nof Spain, for the satisfaction of which provision is made by this trea-\\nty and they will present an authentic statement of the prizes made,\\nand of their true value, that Spain may avail herself of the same, in\\n5uch manner as she may deem just and proper.\\nARTICLE XV.\\nThe United States to give to his Catholic Majesty a proof of their\\ndesire to cement the relations of amity subsisting between the two\\nnations, and to favour the commerce of the subjects of his Catholic\\nMajesty, agree that Spanish vessels, coming laden only with produc-\\ntions of Spanish growth or manufactures directly from the ports of\\nSpain or of her colonies, shall be admitted, for the term of twelve\\nyears, to the ports of Pensacola and St. Augustine, in the Floridas,\\nwithout paying other or higher duties on their cargoes, or of ton-\\nnage, than will be paid by the vessels of the United States. During\\nthe said term, no other nation shall enjoy the same privileges within\\nthe ceded territories. The twelve years shall commence three\\nmonths after the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty.\\nARTICLE XVI.\\nThe present treaty shall be ratified in due form by the contract-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164 APPExVDlX.\\ning pnrties, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in six months\\nfrom this time, or sooner, if possible.\\nIn witness whereof, we, the underwritten Plenipotentiaries of the\\nUnited States ot America, and of his Catholic Majesty, have signed,\\nby virtue of our powers, the present treaty of amity, settlement and\\nlimits, and have thereunto affixed our seals, respectively.\\nDone at Washington, this 22d day of February, one thousand eight\\nhundred and nineteen.\\n(Seal.) JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.\\n(Seal.) LUIS DE ONIS.\\nAnd, whereas, his said Catholic Majesty, did on the twenty-fourth\\nday of October, in the ye;ir of our Lord, one thousand eight hun-\\ndred and twenty, ratify and confirm the said treaty, which ratifica-\\ntion is in the words, and of the tenor following\\n(translation.)\\nFerdinand the Seventh, by the grace of God, and by the constitu-\\ntion of the Spanish Monarchy, King of the Spains.\\nWhereas, on the 22d day of February, of the year one thou-\\nsand eight hundred and nineteen last past, a treaty was concluded\\nand signed in the city of Washington, between Don Luis D? Onis,\\nmy Envoy extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and John\\nQuincy Adams, Esq. Secretary of State of the United States of Ame-\\nrica, competently authorised by both parties, consisting of sixteen\\narticles, which had for their object the arrangement of differences,\\nand of limits between both governments and their respective territg.\\nries which are of the following form and literal tenor.\\n(Here foUov^s the above treaty, word for word.)\\nTherefore, having seen and examined the sixteen articles afore-\\nsaid, and having first obtained the consent and authority of the ge-\\nneral Cortes oi the nation with respect to the decision mentioned\\nand stipulated in the 2d and 3d articles, I approve and ratify all and\\nevery one of the articles referred to, and the clauses which are con-\\ntained in them and, in virtue of these presents, I approve and rati-\\nfy them promising, on the faith and word of a king, to execute", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 165\\nand observe them, and cause them to be executed and observed en-\\ntirely as if 1 myself had signed them and that the circumstance of\\nhaving exceeded the term of six months, fixed for the exchange of\\nthe ratifications in the 16th article may afford no obstacle in any\\nmanner, it is my deliberate will that the present ratification be as\\nvahd and firm, and produce the same effects, as if it had been done\\nwithin the determined period. Desirous at the same time of avoid-\\ning any doubt or ambiguity concerning the meaning of the 8th article\\nof the said treaty, in respect to the date which is pointed out in it as\\nVhe period for the confirmation of the grants of land in the Floridas,\\nmade by me, or by the competent authorities in my royal name,\\nwhl^ h point of date was fixed in the positive understanding of the\\nthree grants of land made in favor of the Duke of Alagon, the Count\\nof Punonrostro, and Don Pedro de Vargas, being annulled by its\\ntenor, I think proper to declare that the said three grants have re-\\nmained and do remain entirely annulled and invalid and that nei-\\nther the three individuals mentioned, nor those who may have title\\nor interest through them, can avail themselves of the said grants at\\nany time, or in any manner under which explicit declaration the\\nsaid 8th article is to be understood as ratified. In the faith of all\\nwhich I have commanded to despatch these presents. Signed by my\\nband, sealed with my secret seal, and countersigned by the under-\\nwritten my Secretary of Despatch of State.\\nGiven at Madrid, the 24th of October, one thousand eight hun-\\ndred and twenty.\\n(Signed) FERNANDO.\\n(Countersigned) EVARISTO PEREZ DE CASTRO.\\nAnd, whereas, the Senate of the United States did, on the nine-\\nteenth day of the present month, advise and consent to the ratifica-\\ntion, on the part of these United States, of the said treaty, in the fol-\\nlowing words\\nIn Senate of the United States,\\nFebruary 19f/i, 1821.\\nResolved, txeo-lhirds of the Senators present concurring therein.\\nThat the Senate, having examined the treaty of amity, settlement,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 APPENDIX.\\nand limits, between the United States of America and his Catholic\\nMajesty, made and concluded on the twenty-second of February,\\none thousand eight hundred and nineteen, and seen and considered\\nthe ratification thereof made by his said Catholic Majesty, on the\\ntwenty -fourth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and twen-\\nty, do consent to, and advise the President of the United States to\\nratify the same.\\nAnd, whereas, in pursuance of the said advice and consent of the\\nSenate of the United States, I have ratified and copfirmed the said\\ntreaty, in the words following, viz\\nNow, therefore, I, James Monroe, President of the United\\nStates of America, having seen and considered the treaty above reci-\\nted, together with the ratification of his Catholic Majesty thereof\\ndo, in pursuance of the aforesaid advice and consent of the Senate of\\nthe United States, by these presents accept, ratify, and confirm the\\nsaid treaty, and every clause and article thereof, as the same are\\nherein before set forth.\\nIn faith whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be\\nhereto affixed.\\nGiven under my hand at the city of Washington, the twenty-se-\\ncond day of February, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight\\nhundred and twenty one, and of the Independence of the United\\nStates the forty-fifth.\\nJAMES MONROE.\\nBy the President\\nJOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Secretary of Stated\\nAnd, whereas, the said ratifications on the part of the United\\nStates, and ofhis Catholic Majesty, have been this day duly exchan-\\nged, at Washington, by John Q,uincy -Adams, Secretary of State ol\\nthe United States, and by General Don Francisco Dionisio Vives,\\nEnvoy extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Catholic\\nMajesty Now, therefore, to the end that the treaty may be obser-\\nved and performed with good faith, on the part of the United States,\\n1 have caused the premises to be made public and I do hereby en-\\njoin and require all persons bearing office, civil or military, within\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0he United States, and all others, citizens of inhabitants thereof, c-r", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 167\\nbeing within the same, faithfully to observe and fulfil the said treaty,\\nand every clause and article thereof.\\nIN TESTIMONY whereof, I have caused the Seal of the United\\nStates to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my\\nhand.\\nDone at the city of Washington, the twenty -second day of\\nFebruary, in the year of our Lord, one thousand\\neight hundred and twenty-one, and of the so-\\nvereignty and independence of the United\\nStates the forty-fifth.\\nBy the President JAMES MONROE.\\nJOHN QUINGY ADAUS, Secretary of State.\\n4\\nPROMULGATION OF THE TREATY OF CESSION IN SPAIN BY THE\\nMay 23, 1821. The Cortes, by an act or resolution of this date,\\ndirected the publication of the treaty in Spain, in the following\\nterms\\nThe Cortes having examined the proposition of his Majesty, that\\nas it has been promulgated in the territory of the United States,\\nsolemn publication might in like manner be given as a law of the\\nState, of the treaty for the cession of the Floridas, made with the\\nRepublic of the United States, ratified by his majesty in virtue of the\\nspecial authority of the Cortes, and by the government of the said\\nUnited States, which ratifications are now exchanged, have approved\\nof the same Therefore, to the end that the Spanish authorities,\\ntribunals and subjects, being thoroughly informed of the contents of\\nits articles, may fulfil them, and cause them to be fulfilled, in those\\nrespects which severally appertain to them, the solemn publication\\nof the treaty referred to shall be proceeded on. adopting for that", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "]68 APPENDIX.\\npurpose the following form Don Fernando the seventh, c. Lc-\\nKnow all men, that in virtue of the powers given to me by the con-\\nstitution, and the previous authority of the Cortes for the cession of\\nterritory, I have thought proper to ratify the treaty made with the\\nRepublic of the United States of America, of the 22d February,\\n1819, the tenor of which is the following [Here follows the treaty]\\nTherefore, we command, .c. c.\\nMadrid, 23d May, 1821.\\nSigned, ANTONia de la Cucsta y Torre, President.\\nFrancisco Ferjjandez Gasco, Secretary.\\nJuan de Valle, Deputy Secretary.\\nSURRENDER OF THE FLORIDAS BY SPAIN.\\nCopy of the paper in the English language, signed by the Covimissioner\\non the part of the United States, and the Commissioner on the part of\\nhis Catholic Majesty, upon the delivery of possession of the province\\nof East Florida to the United Slates.\\nIn the place of St. Augustine, on the 10th day of July, 1821, Don\\nJose Coppinger, Colonel of the national armies, and commissioner,\\nappointed by his excellency the Captain General of the island of\\nCuba, to make a formal delivery of this said place and province of\\nEast Florida, to the government of the United States of America\\nby virtue of the treaty of cession, concluded at Washington on the\\n22d of February, 1819, and the royal schedule of delivery of the\\n24th of October, of the last year, annexed to the documents men-\\ntioned in the certificate that form a heading to these instruments in\\ntestimony thereof, and the adjutant general of the southern division\\nof said states, Colonel Don Robert ButJcr. duly authorised by ttie", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 169\\naforesaid government to receive the same we having had several\\nConferences in order to carry into effect our respective commis-\\nsions, as will appear by our official communications and having re-\\nceived, by the latter, the documents, inventories, and plans, apper-\\ntaining to the sovereignty of the Spanish nation, held in this pro-\\nvince and its adjacent islands depending thereon, with the sites,\\npublic squares, vacant lands, public edKices, fortifications and other\\nworks, not being private property, and the same having been pre-\\nceded by the arrangements and formalities that, for the greater so-\\nlemnity of this important act, they have judged proper, there has\\nbeen verified, at four o clock of the evening of this day, the com-\\nplete and personal delivery of the fortifications, and all else of this\\naforesaid province, to the commissioner, ofTicers, and troops of the\\nUnited States and, in consequence thereof, having embarked for\\nthe Havana the military, and civil officers, and Spanish troops, in the\\nAmerican transports provided for this purpose, the Spanish author-\\nities having this moment ceased the exercise of their functions, and\\nthose appointed by the American government having began theirs\\nduly noting that we have transmitted to our governments the doubts\\noccurring whether the artillery ought to be comprehended in the\\nfortifications, and if the public archives, rehUing to private pro-\\nperfy, ought to remain and be delivered to the American govern-\\nment by vi,rtue of the cession, and that there remain in the forti-\\nfications, until the aforesaid resolution is made, the artillery, mu-\\nnitions and implements, specified in a particular inventory, awaiting,\\non these points and the other appearing in question in our corres-\\npondence, the superior decision of our res|)ective governments, and\\nwhich is to have, whatever may be the result, the most religious\\ncompliance, at any time it may arrive, and in which the possession\\nthat at present appears given shall not serve as an obstacle.\\nIn testimony of which, and that this may at all times serve as\\nan expressive and formal receipt in this act, we, the sub-\\nscribing commissioners, sign four instruments of this same\\ntenor, in the Fnglis-h and Spanish languages, at the above-\\nmentioned place, and said day, month and year.\\n(Signed) ROBERT BUTLER.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Signed) JOSE COPPIVGEH.\\n22", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 APPENDIX.\\n[To the original act there is a certificate, in the Spanish language,\\nof which the following is a translation.]\\nIn faith whereof, I certify that the preceding act was executed\\nin the presence of the illustrious Ayuntamiento and various private\\npersons assembled, and also of various military and naval officers of\\nthe government of the United States of America.\\nSt. Augustine, 10th July, 1821.\\n(Signed) JUAN DE ENTRALGO,\\nNotary of the Government and Secretary of the Cabildo.\\nCopy of the paper in the English language, signed by the Commissioner\\non the part of the United States, and the Commissioner on the part\\nof his Catholic Majesty, upon the delivery of possession of the pro-\\nvince of West Florida to the United States.\\nThe undersigned major-general Andrew Jackson, of the state\\nof Tennessee, Commissioner of the United States, in pursuance\\nof the full powers received by him frcfm James Monroe, Presi-\\ndent of the United States of America, of the date of the 10th\\nof BI arch, 1821, and of the 45th of the Independence of the United\\nStates of America, attested by John Quincy Adams, Secretary of\\nState and Don Jose Callava, commandant of the province of West\\nFlorida, and Commissioner for the delivery in the name of his\\nCatholic Majesty, of the country, territories and dependencies of\\nWest Florida to the Commissioner of the United States, in conformi-\\ntv with the powers, commission, and special mandate, received by\\nhim trom the captain-general of the island of Cuba, of the date of\\nthe 5th of May, 1821, imparting to him therein the royal order of\\nthe 24th of October, 1820, issued and signed by his Catholic Ma-\\njesty, Ferdinand the seventh, and attested by the Secretary of State,\\nDon Evaristo Perez de Castro\\nDo certify by these presents, that on the 17th day of July, 1821,\\nof the Christian era, and forty-sixth of the Independence of the\\nUnited States, having met in the court room of the government\\nhouse in the town of Pensacola, accompanied on either part by the\\nchiefs and officers of the army and navy, and a number of the citi-\\nzens of the respective nations, the said Andrew Jackson, major-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 171\\ngeneral and commissioner, has delivered to the said colonel com-\\nmandant Don Jose Callara, his before-mentioned powers whereby\\nhe recognizes him to have received full power and authority to take\\npossession of, and to occupy the territories ceded by Spain to the\\nUnited States, by the treaty concluded at Washington, on I he 22d\\nday of February, 1819, and for that purpose to repair to said terri-\\ntories, and there to execute and to perform all such acts and things\\ntouching the premises, as may be necessary for fulfilling his appoint-\\nment conformably to the said treaty and the laws of the United\\nStates, with authority likewise to appoint any person or persons,\\nin his stead, to receive the possession of any part of the said ceded\\nterritories, according to the stipulations of said treaty Wherefore\\nthe colonel commandant Don Jose CaHava immediately declared,-\\nthat in virtue and in performauce of the power, commission, and\\nspecial mandate, dated at Havana on the 5th of May, 1821, he\\nthenceforth, and from that moment, placed the said commissioner\\nof the United States in possession of the country, territories, and\\ndependencies of West Florida, including the fortress of St. Mark,\\nwith the adjacent islands dependent upon said province, all public\\nlots and squares, vacant lands, public edifices, fortifications, barracks,\\nand other buildings which are not private property, according to\\nand in the manner set forth by the inventories and schedules which\\nhe has signed and delivered, with the archives and documents direct-\\nly relating to the property and sovereignty of the said territory of\\nWest Florida, including the fortress of St. Mark, and situated to the\\neast of the Missisippi river, the whole in conformity with the second\\narticle of the treaty of cession concluded at Washington the 22d of\\nFebruary, 1819, between Spain and the United States, by Don Luis\\nde Onis, Minister Plenipotentiary of his Catholic Majesty, and John\\nQuincy Adams, Secretary of State of the United States, both provi-\\nded with full powers, which treaty has been ratified on the one part\\nby his Catholic Majesty, Ferdinand the seventh, and the President\\nof the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate of\\nthe United States, on the other part which ratifications have been\\nduly exchanged at Washington on the 22d day of February, 1821,\\nand the forty-fifth year of the Independence of the United States of\\nAmerica, by General Don Dyonisius Vives, Minister Plenipotentia-\\nry of his Catholic Majesty, and John Quincy Adam?, Secretary of", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172 AFPEJVLUX,\\nState of the United States, according to the instrument signed on the\\nsame day and the present dehvery of the country is made, in or-\\nder that, in execution of the said treaty, the sovereignty and the\\nproperty of that province of West Florida, including the fortress of\\nSt. Mark, shall pass to the United States, under the stipulations\\ntherein expressed.\\nAnd the said colonel commandant Don Jose Callava has, in conse-\\nquence, at this present time, made to the Commissioner of the Uni-\\nted States, major-general Andrew Jackson, in this public cession, a\\ndelivery of the keys of the town of Pensacola, of the archives, docur\\nments, and other articles, in the inventories before mentioned de-\\nclaring that he releases from their oath of allegiance to Spain, the\\ncitizens and inhabitants of West Florida who may choose to remain\\nunder the dominion of the United States.\\nAnd that this important and solemn act may be in perpetual\\nmemor} the within named have signed ihe same and\\nhave sealed with their respective seals, and caused to be\\nf attested by their Secretaries of Concession the day and\\nyear aforesaid.\\n(Signed) (Signed)\\nANDREW JACKSON. JOSE CALLAVA.\\nBy order of the Commissioner For mando de su senoria el\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0on the part of the United States. Coronel Comisario del Gobierno\\nde Espana.\\n(Signed) R. K. Call, El Segretario de la Comision\\nSecretary of the CQinmission. (Signed) Jose Y. Cruzat.\\nPROCLAMATION\\nBy Major General .Andrew Jackson, Governor of the provinces of the\\nFloridas, exercising the poicers of the Captain General and of the\\nIntendant of the island of Cuba, over the said provinces, and of the\\nGovernors of said provinces, respectively.\\nWhereas, by the treaty concluded between the United States and\\nSpain, on the 22d day of February, 1819, and duly ratified, the\\nprovinces of the Floridas were ceded by Spfijn to tl^e United States,", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 173\\nand the possession of the said provinces is now in the United\\nStates\\nAnd whereas, the Congress of the United States, on the 3d of\\nMarch, in the present year, did enact, that, until the end of the first\\nsession of the seventeenth Congress, unless provision for the tem-\\nporary government of said provinces be sooner made by Congress,\\nall the military, civil and judicial powers exercised by the officers\\nof the existing government of the said provinces, shall be vested in\\nsuch persons and shall be exercised in such manner, as the Presi-\\ndent of the United States shall direct, for the maintaining the inhab-\\nitants of said territories in the free enjoyment of their liberty, pro-\\nperty and religion and the President of the United States has, by\\nhis commission, bearing date the 10th day of said March, invested\\nme with all the powers, and charged me with the several duties,\\nheretofore held and exercised by the Captain General, Intendant,\\nand Governors aforesaid\\nI have, therefore, thought fit to issue my proclamation, making\\nknown the premises, and to declare that the government hereto-\\nfore exercised over the said provinces, under the authority of Spain,\\nhas ceased, and that that of the United States of America is estab-\\nlished over the same that the inhabitants thereof will be incorpo-\\nrated in the Union of the United States, as soon as may be consist-\\nent with the principles of the federal constitution, and admitted to\\nthe enjoyment of all the privileges, rights, and immunities, of the\\ncitizens of the United States that in the mean time they shall be\\nprotected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and the\\nreligion they profess, that all laws and municipal regulations which\\nwere in existence at the cessation of the late government, remain in\\nfull force and all civil officers, charged with their execution, ex-\\ncept those whose powers have been specially vested in me, and ex-\\ncept, also, such officers as have been entrusted with the collection\\nof the revenue, are continued in their functions during the pleasure\\nof the governor for the time being or until provision shall other-\\nwise be made.\\nAnd I do hereby exhort and enjoin all the inhabitants and other\\npersons within the said provinces, to be faithful and true in their\\nallegiance to the United States, and obedient to the laws and author-\\nities of the same, under full assurance thai their just rights will be", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 APPENDIX.\\nunder the guardianship of the United States, and will be maintained\\nfrom all force and violence from without or within.\\nGiven at Pensacola this [tenth day of July for East Florida, and\\nseventeenth day of July for West Florida] one thousand eight\\nhundred and twenty-one.\\n(Signed) ANDREW JACKSON.\\nBy the Governor\\n(Signed) R. K. CALL, Acting Secretary of ike Floridas.\\nSaint Augustine, East Florida, July 10, 1821.\\nBy the Governor\\n(Signed) ROBERT BUTLER, Lniieci 5/aics Commisstoner.\\nLAWS OF THE SPANISH INDIES, WHICH ALLUDE TO T^E\\nLANDS OF THE INDIANS.\\n[edition at MADRID. 1776.]\\nVol. 2. Fol. 103. Tit. 12. Book 4. Law 7. 6th April, 1588.\\n2. 103. 12. 4. 9. 11th June, 1594. [1646.\\n2. 103. 12. 4. 16, 17 18. 30th June,\\n2d April, 1592.\\n65. 12. 6. 8, 19th February, 1606.\\n6th April, 1627.\\n4", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "AI\u00c2\u00bbPENDIS\u00c2\u00bb 175\\nA LIST OF THE ACTS PASSED BY THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\\nOF FLORIDA AT THEIR SESSION AT PENSACOLa, 1822.\\n1. An act regulating civil proceedings.\\n2. An act to regulate the counties and establish inferior courts.\\n3. An act regulating letters of administration, letters testamentary,\\nand the duties of administrators, executors and guardians.\\n4. An act concerning improvements made on public roads.\\n5. An act concerning soldiers and seamen in the service of the\\nUnited States.\\n6. An act to authorise a loan for the immediate contingencies of\\nthe government.\\n7. An act to authorise appointment of justices of the peace, and\\ndefining their powers, and establishing county courts.\\n8. An act for the apprehension of criminals and the punishment of\\ncrimes-and misdemeanors.\\n9. An act to provide for the publication of the laws.\\n10. An act for the punishment of slaves for resolutions of the pe-\\nnal laws of this territory.\\n11. An act regulating the mode of proceedings on attachment.\\n12. An act concerning estrays.\\n13. An act concerning usury and regulating the rate of interest.\\n14. An act concerning wills.\\n15. An act to prevent frauds and perjuries.\\n16. An act concerning marriage license.\\n17. An act to giv6 legal effect to deeds, wills and mortgages.\\n18. An act to provide for alimony.\\n19. An act concerning notaries public.\\n20. An act organizing the militia of Florida.\\n21. An act allowing certain fees of office to the secretary and\\ntreasurer.\\n22. An act providing for the appointment of pilots.\\n23. An act supplementary to an act providing for the election of\\na delegate to Congress.\\n24. An act supplementary to an act to incorporate the city of\\nPensacola;\\n25. An act concerning seamen in the merchant service.\\n26. An act for the admission of attorneys at law.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 APPENDIX.\\n27. Ad act fixing the place of the next session of the legislative\\ncouncil.\\n28. An act appointing commissioners to view a road from Pensa-\\ncola to Cahawba.\\n29. An act concerning guardians and wards, masters and appren-\\ntices.\\n30. An act regulating conveyances.\\n31. An act to provide against the introduction of contagious dis-\\nease and for the establishment of boards of health.\\n32. An act to raise a revenue.\\n33. An act to incorporate the city of St. Augustine.\\n34. An act to provide for the appointment of surveyors.\\n35. An act authorising the appointment of coroners.\\n36. An act requiring an additional term of the Superior court in\\nWest Florida.\\n37. An act supplementary to an act to regulate the counties, and\\nestablish inferior courts in the territory of Florida.\\n38. An act concerning dov?er and jointure in lands and slaves of\\nwidows.\\n39. An act concerning roads, highways and ferries.\\n40. An act concerning limitation of actions.\\n41. An act for the appointment of keepers of the public archives.\\n42. An act supplementary to an act to raise a revenue.\\n43. An act concerning forcible entry and detainer.\\n44. An act regulating executions.\\n45. An act regulating proceedings in chancery.\\n46. An act concerning awards and arbitrations.\\n47. An act to provide against unlawful gaming.\\n48. An act providing for the compensation of the clerks, c. of\\nthe council.\\n49. An act establishing fees of certain ofBcers.\\n50. An act providing for the adoption of the common law and cer-\\ntain statutes of Great Britain and lor repealing the laws and ordinan-\\nces now in force.\\n51. An act regulating descents.\\n52. An act providing for the election of Delegates to Congress.\\n53. An act authorising the assignment of bonds and notes.\\n54. An act regulating Habeas Corpu?", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 17 5\\nACTS PASSED IN THE FIRST SESSION OF THE SEVENTEENTH\\nCONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES RELATIVE TO FLO-\\nRIDA.\\nChap, 9. _ An act for the preservation of the timber of the United\\nStates, in Florida.\\nSec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of\\nthe Uiiiied States of America ^in Congress assembled. That the President\\nof the United States be, and hereby is empowered to employ so\\nmuch of the land and naval forces ot the United States as may be ne-\\ncessary effectually to prevent the felling, cutting down, or other de-\\nstruction of the timber of the United States in Florida and also to\\nprevent the transportation or carrying away any such timber as may\\nbe already felled or cut down, and to take such otlier and further\\nmeasures as may be deemed adviseable for the preservation of the\\ntimber of the United States in Florida.\\n[Approved, 23d February, 1822,]\\nChap. 13. An act for the establishment of a territorial government\\nin Florida.\\nBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United\\nStates of America, in Congress assembled, That all that territory ceded\\nby Spain to the United States, known by the name of East and ^Vest\\nFlorida, shall constitute a territory of the United States, under the\\nname of the territory of Florida, the government whereof shall be\\norganized and administered as follows\\nSec, 2. And be it further enacted, That the executive power\\nshall be vested in a governor, who shall reside in the said territory,\\nand hold his office during the term of tbree years, unless sooner re-\\nmoved by the President of the United States, He shall be commander\\nin chief of the militia of the said territory, and bo, ex-oificio, super-\\nintendent of Indian affairs, and shall have power to grant pardons for\\noffences against the said territory, and reprieves for those against\\nthe United States, until the decision of the President of the United\\nStates thereon shall be ma^e known and to ap[)oint and commission\\nall officer?, civil, ?i d of the militia, v/hose appointments are not here", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 APPENDIX.\\nin otherwise provided for, and which shall he established by law\\nhe shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.\\nSec. 3. And be it further enacted. That a secretary of the territo-\\nry shall also be appointed, who shall hold his office during the term\\nof four years, unless sooner removed by the President of the United\\nStates, whose duty it shall be, under the direction of the governor,\\nto record and preserve all the papers and proceedings of the execu-\\ntive, and all the acts of the governor and legislative council, and\\ntransmit authentic copies of the proceedings of the governor, in his\\nexecutive department, every six months to the President of the\\nUnited States.\\nSec. 4. And be it further enacted, That in case of the death, rcmo-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2val, resignation, or necessary absence of the governor of the said ter-\\nritory, the secretary thereof shall be, and he is hereby authorized\\nand required, to execute all the powers, and perform all the duties\\nof the governor, during the vacancy occasioned by the removal, re-\\nsignation, or necessary absence, of the said governor.\\nSec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the legislative power shall\\nbe vested in the governor, and in tliirteen of the most fit and dis-\\ncreet persons of the territory, to be called the legislative council,\\nAvho shall be appointed nnnually, by the President of the United\\nStates, from among the citizens of the United States residing there.\\nThe governor, by and with the advice and consent of the said legis-\\nlative council, or a majority of them, shall have power to alter, mo-\\ndify, or repeal the laws which may be in force at the commencement\\nof this act. Their legislative powers shall also extend to all the\\nrightful subjects of legislation but no law shall be valid which is\\ninconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States, or\\nwhich shall lay any person under restraint, burthen, or disability, on\\naccount of his religious opinions, professions, or worship in all\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which he shall be free to maintain his own, and not burthened with\\nthose of another. The governor s nall publish, throughout the said\\nterritory, all the laws which shall be taade, and shall, on or before\\nthe first day of December in each year, rtport the same to the Pre-\\nsident of the United States, to be laid before Congress, which, if\\ndisapproved by Congress, shall thencefo^;th be of no force. The\\ngovernor and legislative council shall have no powp,r over the pri-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 179\\ninary disposal of the soil, nor to tax the lands of the United States,\\nnor to interfere with the claims to lands witliin the said territory\\nthe legislative council shall hold a session once in each year, com-\\nmencing its first session on the second Monday of June next, at Pen-\\nsacola, and continue in session not longer than two months and\\nthereafter on the lirst Monday in May in each and every year, but\\nshall not continue longer in session than four weeks, to be held at\\nsuch place in said territory as the governor and council shall direct\\nItshallbe the duty of the governor to obtain all the information in\\nhis power in relation to the customs, habits, and dispositions of the\\ninhabitants of the said territory, and communicate the same, from\\ntime to time, to the President of the United States.\\nSec. 6. And be it further enacted, Thatthe judicial power shall be\\nvested in two superior courts, and in such inferior courts and justices\\nof the peace, as the legislative council of the territory may, from\\ntime to time, establish. There shall be a superior court for that\\npart of the territory known as east Florida, to consist of one judge\\nhe shall hold a court on the first Monday in January, April, July and\\nOctober, in each year, at St. Augustine, and at such other times and\\nplaces as the legislative council shall direct. There shall be a supe-\\nx-ior court for that part of the territory known as West Elorida, to\\nconsist of one judge he shall hold a court at Pensacola on the first\\nBlondays in January, April, July, and October, in each year, and at\\nsuch other times and places as the legislative council shall direct.\\nWithin its limit*, herein described, each court shall have jurisdiction\\nin all criminal cases, and exclusive jurisdiction in all capital cases,\\nand ori(;inal jurisdiction in all civil cases of the value of on\u00c2\u00bb^ hundred\\ndollars, arising under, and cognizable by, the laws of the territory,\\nnow of force therein, or which may, at any time, be enacted by the\\nlegislative council thereof. Each judge shall appoi:::t a clerk for his\\nrespective court, who shall reside, respectively, at St. Augustine\\nand Pensacola, and they shall keep the records there. Each clerk\\nshall receive for his services, iu all cases arising under the territorial\\nlaws, such fees as may be established by the legislative council.\\nSec. 7. Jlnd be it further enacted. That each of the said superior\\ncourts shall moreover have and exercise the same jurisdiction within\\nits limits, in all cases arising under the laws and the constitution of ihe\\nUnited States, which, by an act to establish the judicial power of the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 APPENDIX.\\nUnited States, approveJ the twenty-fourth day of September, one\\nthousand seven hundred and eighty-nine and an act in addition to\\nthe act, entitled An act to estabhsh the judicial courts of the Uni-\\nted States, approved the second day of March, one thousand seven\\nhundred and ninety-three, was vested in the court of the Kentucky\\ndistrict. And writs of error and appeal from the decisions in the\\nsaid superior courts, authorized by this section of this act, shall\\nbe made to the supreme court of the United States, in the same ca-\\nses, and under the same regulations as from the circuit courts of the\\nUnited States. The clerks, respectively, shall keep the records at\\nthe places where the courts are held, and shall receive, in all cases\\narising under the laws and constitution of the United States, the same\\nfees which the clerk of the Kentucky district received for similar\\nservices, whilst that court exercised the powers of the circuit and\\ndistrict courts. There shall be appointed, in the said territory, two\\npersons learned in the law, to act as attorneys for the United States\\nas well as for the territory one for that part of the territory known\\nas East Florida, the other for that part of the territory known as\\nWest Florida. To each of whom, in addition to his stated fees, shall\\nbe paid annually two hundred dollars, as a full compensation for all\\nextra services. There shall also be appointed two marshals, one\\nfor each of the said superior courts, who shall each perform the\\nthe same duties, be subject to the same regulations and penalties, and\\nbe entitled to the same fees to which marshals in other districts are en-\\ntitled for similar services and shall in addition, be paid the sum of\\ntwo hundred dollars annually, as a compensation for all extra ser\u00c2\u00ab\\nTices.\\nSec. 8. And be it further enacted. That the governor, secretary,\\njudges of the superior courts, district attorneys, marshals, and all ge-\\nneral officers of the militia, shall be appointed by the President of\\nthe United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.\\nAll judicial officers shall hold their offices for the termof f\u00c2\u00aeur years,\\nand no longer. The governor, secretary, judges, members of the\\nlegislative council, justices of the peace, and all other officers, civil\\nand of the militia, before they enter upon the duties of their respec-\\ntive offices, shall take an oath or affirmation to support the constitu-\\ntion of the United States, and for the faithful discbarge of the duties", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "APPENDIXo 181\\nof their office the governor, before the President of the United\\nStates, or before a judge of the supreme or district court of the Uni-\\nted States, or before such other person as the President of the Uni-\\nted States shall authorize to administer the same the secretary,\\njudges, and members of the legislative council, before the governor\\nand all other officers, before such persons as the governor shall di-\\nrect. The governor shall receive an annual salary of two thousand\\nfive hundred dollars the secretary one thousand five hundred dol-\\nlars and the judges, of one thousand five hundred dollars each, to\\nbe paid quarter 3 early, out of the treasury of the United States.\\nThe members of the legislative council shall receive three dollars\\neach per day, during their attendance in council, and three dollars\\nfor every twenty miles in going to, and returning from, any meeting\\nof the legislative council, once in each session, and no more. The\\nmembers of the legislative council shall be privileged from arrest,\\nexcept in cases of treason, felony, and breach of the peace, during\\ntheir going to, attendance at, and returning from, each session of said\\ncouncil.\\nSec. 9. AuA be it further enacted, That the following acts, that is\\nto Say\\nAn act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United\\nStates, approved April thirtieth, one thousand seven hundred and\\nninety, and all acts in addition, or supplementary thereto, which\\nare now in force\\nAn act to provide for the punishment of crimes and ofiences\\ncommitted within the Indian boundaries, approved March third, one\\nthousand eight hundred and seventeen\\nAn act in addition to the act for the punishment of certain\\ncrimes against the United States, and to repeal the acts therein\\nmentioned, approved April twentieth, one thousand eight hundred\\nand eighteen\\nAn act for the punishment of crimes therein specified, approv-\\ned January thirtieth, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine\\nAn act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping\\nfrom the service of their masters, approved twelfth February, one\\nthousand seven hundred and ninety-three\\nAn act to prohibit the carrying on the slave trade from the", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 APPENDIX.\\nUnited States to any foreign place or country, approved March\\ntwenty-second, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine\\nAn act in addition to the act, entitled an act to prohibit the car-\\nrying on the slave trade from the United States to any foreign place\\nor country, approved May tenth, one thousand eight hundred\\nThe act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or\\nplace within the jurisdiction of the United States, from and after the\\nfirst day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight\\nhundred and eight, approved March second, one thousand eight\\nhundred and seven\\nAn act to prevent settlements being made on lands ceded to the\\nUnited States, until authorised by law, approved March third, on6\\nthousand eight hundred and seven\\nAn act in addition to an act to prohibit the importation of slaves\\ninto any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States,\\nfrom and after the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one\\nthousand eight hundred and eight, and to repeal certain parts of the\\nsame, approved April twentieth, one thousand eight hundred and\\neighteen\\nAn act in addition to the acts prohibiting the slave trade, ap-:\\nproved March third, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen\\nAn act to establish the post-office of the United States\\nAn act further to alter and establish certain post roads, and for\\nthe more secure carriage of the mail of the United States\\nAn act for the more general promulgation of the laws of the\\nUnited States\\nAn act in addition to an act, entitled an act for the more gene-\\nral promulgation of the laws of the United States\\nAn act to provide for the publication of the laws of the United\\nStates, and for other purposes\\nAn act to promote the progress of useful arts, and to repeal\\nthe act heretofore made for that purpose\\nAn act to extend the privilege of obtaining patents for useful\\ndiscoveries and inventions to certain persons therein mentioned,\\nand to enlarge and define the penalties for violating the rights of\\npatentees\\nAn act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the co-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 183\\npies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of\\nsuch copies, during the time therein mentioned\\nThe act supplementary thereto, and for extending the benefits\\nthereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical\\nand other prints\\nAn act to prescribe the mode in which the public acts, records\\nand judicial proceedings in each state shall be authenticated, so as\\nto take effect in any other state\\nAn act supplementary to the act, entitled an act to prescribe\\nthe mode in which the public acts, records, and judicial proceed-\\nings in each state shall be acknowledged, so as to take effect in any\\nother state\\nAn act for establishing trading-houses with the Indian tribes,\\nand the sev^eral acts continuing the same\\nAn act making provision relative to rations for Indians, and their\\nvisits to the seat of government\\nAnd the laws of the United States relating to the revenue and\\nits collection, subject (o the modification stipulated by the fifteenth\\narticle of the treaty of the twenty-second February, one thousand\\neight hundred and nine, in favour of Spanish vessels and their car-\\ngoes, and all other public laws of the United States which are not\\nrepugnant to the provisions of this act, shall extend to, and have\\nfull force and effect in, the territory aforesaid.\\nSec. 10. And be it further enacted, That, to the end that the in-\\nhabitants may be protected in their liberty, property, and the exer-\\ncise of their religion, no law shall ever be valid which shall impair\\nor in any way restrain the freedom of religious opinions, profes-\\nsions, or worship. They shall be entitled to the benefit of the writ\\nof habeas corpus. They shall be bailable in all cases, except for\\ncapital offences where the proof is evident or the presum|)tion great.\\nAll fines shall be moderate and proportioned to the offence and\\nexcessive bail shall not be required, nor cruel or unusual punish-\\nments inflicted. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga-\\ntion of contracts, shall ever be passed nor shall private property\\nbe taken for public uses without just compensation.\\nSec. 11. And be it further enacted, That all free male white per-\\nsons, who are housekeepers, and who shall have resided one year.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1 84 Appexdix.\\nat least, in the said territory, shall be quaHfied to act as grand and\\npetit jurors, in the courts of the said territory and they shall, un-\\ntil the legislature thereof shall otherwise direct, be selected in such\\nmanner as the judges of the said courts shall respectively prescribe,\\nso as to be most conducive to an impartial trial, and to be least bur-\\nthensome to the inhabitants of the said territory.\\nSec. 12. And be it further enacted. That it shall not be lawful for\\nany person or persons to import, or bring into the said territory,\\nfrom any port or place without the limits of the United States, or\\ncause or procure to be so imported or brought, or knowingly to aid\\nor assist in so importing or bringing, any slave or slaves. And\\nevery person, so offending, and being thereof convicted bef)re any\\ncourt within the said territory, having competent jurisdiction, shall\\nforfeit and pay, for each and every slave so imported or brought,\\nthe sum of three hundred dollars, one moiety for the use of the\\nUnited States, and the other moiety for the use of the person or\\npersons who shall sue for the same and every slave so imported or\\nbrought, shall thereupon become entitled to, and receive his or her\\nfreedom.\\nSec* 13. And be it further enacted. That the laws in force in the\\nsaid territory, at the commencemeat of this act, and not inconsistent\\nwith the provisions thereof, shall continue in force until altered,\\nmodified or repealed, by the legislature.\\nSec. 14. And be it further enacted. That the citizens of the said\\nterritory, shall be entitled to one delegate to Congress, for the said\\nterritory, who shall pdssess the same powers heretofore granted to\\nthe delegates from the several territories of the United States. The\\nsaid delegate shall be elected by such description of persons, at such\\ntimes, and under such regulations, as the governor and legislative\\ncouncil may, from time to time, ordain and direct.\\n[Approved. March 30, 1822.]\\nChap. 16. An act concerning the Commerce and Navigation of\\nFlorida.\\nBeit enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Uni-\\nted States of America in Congress assembled, That any ship or vessel\\npossessed of, and sailing under a Spanish register, on the tenth day", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 185\\nof July, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, belonging, nnd\\ncontinuing to belon?;, \\\\vhol13 to a citizen or citizens of the L nititd\\nStates then residing within the territories ceded to the Unite*! Stntes\\nby the treaty of the twenty-second of February, one thousand eight\\nhundred and nineteen, between the United States and the king of\\nSpain, the ratifications of which were exchanged on the twenty-second\\nof February, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, or to any\\nperson or persons being on tlie said tenth day of July, an inhabitant\\nor inhabitants of the said ceded territory, and who continue to reside\\nthe ein, and of which the master is a citizen of the United States,\\nor an inhabitant as aforesaid, may be registered, enrolled, and licen-\\nsed in the manner prescribed by law and being so registered,\\nenrolled, and licensed, shall be deemed and denominated a ship or\\nvessel of the United States, and entitled to the same privileges and\\nbsnetits Provided, That it shall be lawful f tr the collector to\\nwhom application shall be made for a certificate of registry, enrol-\\nment, or license, by any citizen or inhabitant as aforesaid, to make\\nsuch variations in the Ibrms of the oaths, certificates, and lie n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab S,\\nas shall render them applicable to the cases her in intendin to be\\nprovided for Andprovided a!sn, I hat t very sucli inhabitant, ap-\\nplying as aforesaid, shall, prior to his bein entitled to receive such\\ncertificate of registry, enrolment, or license, deposit, with the col-\\nlector, the register and other papers, under which such ship or ves-\\nsel had beta navigated and also take and siimcribe. before the col-\\nlector, ^who is hereby authorized to administer the same,) the fol-\\nlowing oath\\nI, B. do swcRr, [or affirm] tliat I will bt- ftitliful nud !)ear true allegiance to\\nthe United States of America, and that I do entirely renounce and abjure all alle-\\ngiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovcreiijnty, whatevfer,\\nand particularly to the king of Spain.\\nSec. 2. And be it further enacted, Tliat the !n!tal)itants of said ce-\\nded territory, who were residents thereof on the said tenth day of\\nJuly, and who shall take the said oath, and who continue to reside\\ntherein, or citizens of the United States resident therein, shall be\\nentitled to all the benefits and privileges of owning ships or vessels of\\nthe United States, to all intents and purpose?, as if they were resi-\\ndent citizens of the Ignited Slates.\\n24", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 APPENDIX.\\nSec. 3. ^ind be it further enacted, Tliat during the term of twelve\\nyears, to commence three months after the 22d day of February,\\none thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, being the day of the ex-\\nchange of the ratifications of said treaty, Spanish ships or vessels,\\ncoming hiden only with the productions of the Spanish growth, or\\nmanuficture, directly from the ports of Spain or her colonies, shall\\nbe admitted into the ports of Pensacola and St. Augustine, in the said\\nceded territory, in the same manner as ships and vessels of the Uni-\\nted States, and without paying any other or higher duties on their\\ncargoes than by law now are, or shall, at the time be made payable\\nby citizens of the United States, on similar articles imported into\\nsaid Pensacola or St. Augustine, in ships and vessels of the United\\nStates, from any of the ports or places of Spain or her colonies, and\\nwithout paying any higher tonnage duty than by law now is, or at the\\ntime shall be laid on any ship or vessel of the United States, coming\\nfrom any port or place of Spain or any of her colonies, to said ports\\nof Pensacola or St. Augustine.\\n[Approved March 30, 1823.]\\nChap. G2. An act to provide for the collection of Duties on Im-\\nports and Tonnage in Florida, and tor other purposes.\\nSec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of\\nthe United States of America in Congress assembled. That all the ports,\\nharbours, waters, and siiores, of all that part of the main land of\\nFlorida lying between the collection district of St. Mary s, in Geor-\\ngia, and the river Nassau, with all the ports, harbours, waters, and\\nshores, of all islands opposite and nearest thereto, be, and hereby\\nare, annexed to, and made and constituted a part of the collection\\ndistrict of St. Mary s, in Georgia.\\nSec. 2. And be it further enacted. That all the ports, harbours,\\nshores, and waters, of the main land of Florida, and of the islands\\nopposite and nearest thereto, be, and the same are hereby estab-\\nlished a collection district, by the name of the district of St. Augus-\\ntine, whereof St. Augustine shall be the only port of entry.\\nSec. 3. And be it further enacted, J hat all the ports, harbours,\\nshores, and waters, of the main land of Florida, and of the islands\\nopposite and nearest thereto, extending from cape Sable to Char-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 187\\njotte bay, be, and tlie same are, established a collection district, by\\nthe name of the district of Key West, and a port of entry may be\\nestablished in said district, at such place as the President of the\\nUnited States may designate Provided, that until the President of\\nthe United States shall deem it expedient to establish a port of en-\\ntry in the district of Key West, and a collector shall be appointed\\nfor said district, the same district is annexed to, and shall be part of,\\nthe district of Apalachicola.\\nSec. 4. And be it further enacted. That all the ports, harbour:;,\\nshores and waters of the m;iin land of said Florida, and of the\\nislands opposite ;\\\\nd nearest thereto, extending from Charlotte bay\\nto cape St. Bias, be, and hereby are, established a collection dis-\\ntrict, by the name of the district of Apalachicola and a port of en-\\ntry shall be established for said district, at such place as the Presi-\\ndent of the United States may designate.\\nSec. 5. And be it further enacted That all the residue of the ports,\\nharbours, waters, and shores, of said Florida, and of the islands\\nthereof, be, and the saoie are, established a collection district, by\\nthe name of the district of Pensacola, whereof Pensacola shall be\\nthe only port of entry.\\nSec. 6. And be it fiirtrcr enacted. That the President of the United\\nStates be, and he is hereby authorized to establish such ports of\\ndelivery in each of said districts, and also in that portion of said ter-\\nritory annexed to the district of St. Mary s, as he may deem expe-\\ndient.\\nSec. 7. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United\\nStates, with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a\\ncollector for each district, to reside at the port of entry, and a sur-\\nveyor for the district of Pensacola, and a surveyor for, and to reside\\nat, each port of dehvery authorized by this act but the President,\\nin the recess of the Senate, may make temporary appointment of\\nany such collector or surveyor, whose commission shall expire in\\nforty days from the commencement of the next session of Congress\\nthereafter.\\nSec. 8. And be it further enacted. That each collector and sur-\\nveyor authorized by this act, shall give bond for the true and faith-\\nful discharge of his duties, in such sum a? the President of the Uni-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 APPExVDlX.\\nted St; tes may direct and prescribe and the collector (or the dis-\\ntric oi Pcnsacola shall, in addition to the fees and emoluments allow-\\ned b^ law, receive three per cent, commissions, and no more, on all\\nmonies received and paid by him on account of the dudes on goods,\\nwares and merchandise, and on the tonnage of vessels and each\\nothei- collector shall, in addition to the fees and emoluments allow-\\ned by law, receive an annual salary of five hundred dollars, and\\nthree per cent, commirsions, and no more, on all monies receiv ed\\nand paid by him on account of the duties on goods, wares and mer-\\nchandise, imported i r.o his district, and on the tonnage of vessels\\nand each surveyor authorized by this act shall, in addition to the\\nfees and emoluments allowed by law, receive an annual salary of\\nthree hundred dollars and each such collector and surveyor shall\\nexercise the same powers, be subject to the same duties, and be\\nentitled to the same privileges and immunities as other collectors\\nand surveyors of the customs of the United States.\\nSec. 9. And be it further enacted, That ships or vessels arriving\\nfrom and after the thirtieth day of June next, from the cape of Good\\nHope, or from any place beyond the same shall be admitted to make\\nentry at the port of entry at Pensacola, and at no other port or place\\nin Florida.\\nSec. 10. And be it further enacted, That all laws which impose\\nany duties on the importation of any goods, wares and merchandise,\\ninto said territory of Florida, or on the exportation of any goods,\\nwares and merchandise, from said territory, or on the tonnage of\\nvessels, or which allows any drawback on exportation of any good^,\\nwares or merchandise, other than such duties or drawbacks as are\\npaid or allowed in other territories or places in the United States,\\nare hereby rejiealed Provided, that nothing in this act contained\\nshall authorize the allowing of drawbacks on the exportation of-any\\ngoods, wares and merchandise, from any port or place of said terri-\\ntory other than on those which shall have been imported directly\\ninto the same from a foreign port or place and no drawback shall\\nbe allowed on any goods, wares or merchandise, exported from any\\nport of Florida, wbich shall have been imported before the tenth\\nday of July, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one.\\nSec. 1 1. And be it further enacted, That the first section of an act", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 1 89\\npassed on the second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and\\nnineteen, entitled An act supplementary to the acts concerning\\nthe coasting trade, be so far altered and amended, that the sea coasts\\nand navigable rivers of the United Slates be, and the same are here-\\nby divided into three great districts, the first and second to be and\\nrem:iin as therein described, and the third to include all the ports,\\nharbours, sea coasts, and navigable rivers between the southern\\nlimits of Georgia and the river Perdido and the said third great\\ndistrict, so established, shall be subject to all the regulations and\\nprovisions of said act.\\n[Approved 7th May, 1822.]\\nChap. 86. An act to relieve the people of Florida from the ope-\\nration of certain ordinances.\\nSec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives\\nof the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an ordi-\\nnance numbered three, made and passed on the eighteenth day of Ju-\\nly, eighteen hundred and twenty-one, by Major General Andrew\\nJackson, governor of the provinces of the Florida?, entitled, A71\\nordinance providing for the naturalization of the inhabitants of the\\nceded territories, and an ordinance passed by the City Council of\\nSt. Augustine on the seventeenth of October, eighteen hundred and\\ntwenty-one, imposing and laying certain taxes on the inhabitants, and\\nall other law?, ordinances or resolves, so far as they enforce or con-\\nfirm the same, be, and the same are hereby, repealed and declared\\nnull and void.\\nSec. 2. And be it further enacted. That if any person shall attempt\\nto enforce any of said laws, ordinances or resolves, by demanding and\\nreceiving any tax, imposition, or assessment, authorized or prescri-\\nbed thereby, such person shall, on conviction thereof, be punished\\nby fine, not exceeding two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not\\nexceeding six months, either or both of said punishments.\\nSec. 3 And be it further enacted, That the President of the Uni-\\nted States shall, in such manner and under such regulations as he may\\ndirect and prescribe, cause to be refunded to any person any sum of\\nmoney which he may have paid under or by virtue of either of said\\nlawSi ordinances or resolves.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "1 90 APPENDIX.\\nSec. 4. And be it further enacted. That tliis act shall be in force\\nfrom and after the first day of June next.\\n[Approved 7th May, 1822.]\\nChap. 129. An act for ascertaining claims and titles to land within the\\nterritory of Florida.\\nSec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of\\nthe United States of America in Congress assembled, That, for the pur-\\npose of ascertaining the claims and titles to lands within the territory\\nof Florida, as acquired by the treaty of the twenty-second of Feb-\\nruary, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, there shall be ap-\\npointed, by the President of the United States, by and with the ad-\\nvice and consent of the Senate, three commissioners who shall re-\\nceive, as compensation for the duties enjoined by the provisions of\\nthis act, two thousand dollars each, to be paid quarterly from the\\ntreasury who shall open an office for the adjudication of claims, at\\nPensacola, in the territory of West Florida, and St. Augustine, in\\nEast Florida, under the rules, regulations, and conditions, hereinafter\\ndescribed.\\nSec. 2. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said\\ncommissioners to appoint a suitable and well qualifie.-l secretary, who\\nshall record, in a well bound book, all and every their acts and pro-\\nceedings, the claims admitted, with those rejected, and the reason of\\ntheir admission or rejection. He shall receive as a compensation\\nfor his services, one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, to be\\npaid quarterly, from the treasury. He shall be acquainted with the\\nSpanish language and before entering on the discharge of the duties\\nof his office, shall take and subscribe an oath, before some authority\\ncompetent to administer it, that he will raell, and truly, and faithfully\\ndischarge the duties assigned him, and translate all papers that may be\\nrequired of him by the Commissioners.\\nSec. 3. And be itfurther enacted, That said Commissioners, pre-\\nviously to entering on a discharge of the duties assigned them, shall,\\nbefore the judge of the territorial court at Pensacola, or some other\\napiI ority in his absence, competent to administer it, take an oath,\\nfaithfully to discharge the duties of their q/fices, and shall commence\\n:ind hold their sessions on or before the first Monday of July next^", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 191\\nat Pensacola, and on the first Monday of January thereafter, at St.\\nAugustine, for the ascertaining and determining of all claims to land\\nwithin said territories notice of which shall be given, by said Com-\\nmissioners, in some newspaper printed at each place, or, if their be\\nno newspaper, at the most public places in the said cities, respect-\\nively, of the time at which their sessions will commence, requiring\\nall persons to bring forward their claims, with evidence necessary\\nto support them. The session at St. Augustine shall terminate on\\nthe thirtieth of June, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-three,\\nwhen said commissioners shall forward to the Secretary of the Trea-\\nsury, to be submitted to Congress, a detail of all they have done, and\\ndeliver over to the Surveyor all the archives, documents, and pa-\\npers, that may be in their possession.\\nSec. 4. And be it further enacted. That every person, or the heirs\\nor representatives of such persons, claiming title to lands under any\\npatent, grant, concession, or order of survey, dated previous to the\\ntwenty-fourth day of January, one thousand eight hundred and\\neighteen, which were valid under the Spanish government, or by\\nthe law of nations, and which are not rejected by the treaty ceding\\nthe territory of East and West Florida to the United States, shall\\nfile, before the Commissioners, his, her, or their claim, setting\\nforth, particularly, its situation and boundaries, if to be ascertained,\\nwith the deraignment of title, where they are not the grantees or\\noriginal claimants which shall be recorded by the Secretary, and\\nwho, for his services, shall be entitled to demand from the claimants\\nten cents, for each hundred words contained in said papers so re-\\ncorded he shall also be entitled to twenty-five cents for each sub-\\npoena issued Provided, That if the amount so received shall ex-\\nceed one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, which is hereby\\ndeclared the compensation for his services, the excess shall be re-\\nported to the Commissioners, and be subject to their disposition\\nand said commissioners shall proceed to examine and determine on\\nthe validity of said patents, grants, concessions, and orders of sur-\\nvey, agreeably to the laws and ordinances heretofore existing of the\\ngovernments making the grants respectively, having due regard, in\\nall Spanish claims, to the conditions and stipulations contained ia\\nthe eighth article of a treaty concluded at Washington, between bis", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 APPENDIX.\\nCatholic Miijestj and the United States, on the twenty-second of\\nFebruary, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen but any\\nclaim not fded previous to the thirty-first day of May, one thou-\\nsand eight hundred and twenty-three, shall be deemed and held\\nto be void and of none effect Provided, nevertheless, and he\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0it further enacted, That in all claims submitted to the decision\\nof the Commissioners, where the same land, or any part there-\\nof, is claimed by titles emanating both from the British and Spanish\\ngovernments, the Commissioners shall not decide the same but shall\\nreport all such cases, with an abstract of the evidence, to the Sec-\\nretary of the Treasury.\\nSec. 5. And be it fu.thcr enacted. That the commissioners shall\\nhave power to enquire into the justice and validity of the claims\\ntiled with them and shall be, and areliereby, authorized to admin-\\nister oaths, to compel the attendance of witnesses by subpoenas is-\\nsued by the Secretary and the adduction of such testimony as\\nmay be wanted they shall have access to all papers and records of\\na public nature relative to any land titles within said provinces, and\\nto make transcripts thereof. They shall examine into claim? ari-\\nsing under patents, grants, concessions, and orders of survey, where\\nthe survey has been actuilly made previous to the twenty-fourth\\nof January, one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, wbether they\\nare founded upon conditions, and how far those conditions have been\\ncomplied with and if derived from the British government, hoW\\nfar they have been considered valid under the Spanish government,\\nand if satisfied that said claims be correct and valid, shall give confir-\\nmation to theni Provided, That such confirm-ition sbnl! only ope-\\nrate as a release of any interest which the United States may have,\\nand shall not be considered as -.ifiecting the rights of thifd persons\\nand provided, That they shall not have power to confirm any claim\\nor part thereof where the amount claimed is undefined in quantity,\\nor shall exceed one thousand acres but in all such cases shall re-\\nport the testimony, with their opinions, to tlie Secretary of the Trea-\\nsury, to be laid before Congress for their determination. Every\\nwitness attending any process from the Commissioners, shall be al-\\nlowed one dolhir a day, and one dollar for every twenty miles tra-\\nvel to be paid by the party summoning him Provided, nevcrthe-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 193\\niess, That the Commissioners shall not act on, or take into conside-\\nration, any British grant, patent, Avarrant, or order of survey, but\\nthose which are bonajide claimed and owned by citizens of the Uni-\\nted States, and which have never been compensated for by the Bri-\\nish government.\\nSec. 6. Jind be it further enacted, That there shall be appointed\\nby the President of the United States, by and with the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate, a surveyor, who shall possess the power and\\nauthority, and receive the same salary, as by law appertains to the\\nsurveyor south of the state of Tennessee but his duties shall not\\ncommence until the Commissioners shall have examined and decided\\nupon the claims of West Florida, who shall thereupon furnish the\\nsurveyor with a list of those admitted, and he shall thereupon pro-\\nceed to survey the country, taking care to have surveyed, and mark-\\ned, and laid down, upon a general plan, to be kept in his office, the\\nmetes and bounds of the claims so admitted causing the same to be\\nsurveyed at the expense of the claimants, the price whereof shall be\\nthe same as is paid for surveying the public lands but no surveyor\\nshall charge for any line except such as may be actually run, nor for\\nany line not necessary to be run. lie shall appoint a suitable num-\\nber of deputies, and shall tix and determine their fees Provided,\\nThat the whole cost of surveying shall not exceed four dollars a\\nmile And providtd also, That none other th;in township lines sha)l\\nbe run where the land is deemed unfit for cultivation said survey-\\nor shall reside nt cued piaco as tho Proeidcnt of the United States\\nmay direct, and shall keep his office there, and may charge the fol-\\nlowing fees, to wit: for recording the plat and surveys of private\\nclaims made by any of his deputies, twenty-five cents for each mile\\ncontained in the boundary of such survey, and twenty-five cents for\\nany copy certified from the books of his office.\\nfApproved 8th May, 1822.]", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194\\nEXTRACTS FROM OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS RELATIVE TO BRI-\\nTISH CLAIMS IN FLORIDA,\\nExtract from the Treaty of Versailles of 20th January, 1783-\\nAUTICLE 3.\\nHis Britannic Majesty shall cede to his Catholic Majesty East\\nFlorida, and his Catholic Majesty shall keep East Florida, it being\\nwell understood that there shall be granted to the subjects of his\\nBritannic Majesty, who are established, as well in the island of Mi-\\nnorca as in the two Floridas, the term of eighteen months, which\\nshall be counted from thp dny of thp ratifiration of the definitive trea-\\nty, to sell their property, recover their debts, and transport their\\neffects and persons, without molestation on account of their religion,\\nor under any other pretext whatsoever, excepting that of debts or\\ncriminal causes and his Britannic Majesty shall have the power\\nof causing to be transported from East Florida all the effects which\\nmay belong to him, whether artillery or any others whatsoever.\\nRatified at St. Udefonso, the twelfth of September, one thousand\\nseven hundred and eighty-three.\\nROYAL ORDER.\\nIn consequence of what I have intimated to your excellency in the\\nletter of the twenty-fourth of January last, the king has been pleased", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 195\\nto prolong, by four months, the eighteen, stipulated in the definitive\\narticle of peace for the emigration of the English subjects who may\\nbe in West Florida. I communicate to your excellency this royal\\ndetermination, that its fulfilment may be provided for. God preserve\\nyour excellency many years. The Pardo, seventh of February, one\\nthousand seven hundred and eighty-five. Don Jose de Galvez. Se-\\nnor count de Galvez. God preserve you many years. Havanna\\nthe nineteenth of May, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five.\\nI kiss your hands and am your most obedient servant, Bernardo\\nFroncoso. Senor Don V^icente Manual de Zerpedcs. Florida.\\nFOOTING.\\nConformable to the copies of their originals which are collected\\nfor the process instituted in the year one thousand seven hundred\\nand ninety, upon the sale of houses and lands which were abandoned,\\nand returned into the royal patrimony in consequence of their Eng-\\nlish owners having emigrated, which process is in the archive under\\nmy charge, to which I refer; I sign and seal these presents at St.\\nAugustine, of Florida, the eighteenth of February, onet housand\\neight hundred and twenty. Signed, Juan de Entralgo, Notary of\\ngovernment.\\nEXTRACTS FROM TIIK ROl AL ORDER.\\nOf this date I communicate to the captain general of both Flori-\\ndas, count Je Galvcc, the fullowiuj^ \u00c2\u00bb^j \u00c2\u00bbl uider At a council of the\\nboard of state, and upon a view of what your excellency has express-\\ned in a former letter, number fifty-six, and of the contents of the\\ncopy enclosed from the governor of Louisiana, Don Estevan Miro,\\nrespecting the difficulties which occur that the English and American\\nfamilies established at Baton Rouge. Mobile, Pensacola and Natchez,\\nmay go from said provinces, agreeably to the last treaty of peace,\\nthe king has been pleased to approve of the provision which your ex-\\ncellency has made with the said governor, that no novelty should\\ntake place towards the said families it being his royal will that the\\npermission be continued to them of dwelling where they are esta-\\nblished, on the condition that, for the present, and as indispensable\\ncircumstances, they take a solemn oath of fidelity and obedience to", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 APPENDIX\\nhis Majesty, and that tliey go not out of the hmils wherein they are\\nactually situated without the power of going to other parts, not bav-\\nin an express license of the government. That those who shall not\\ncomplv with these just conditions, depart by sea for the colonies of\\nNorth America, at their expense, or in defect of that, at the expense\\nof the king, who shall be reimbursed from their effects as far as pos-\\nsible. That this same concession be extended to the inhabitants of\\nEast Florida as far a? it may be adapted to it and that in Natchez\\nand other places of both Floridas where it is convenient, parishes of\\nIrish clergy be established in order to bring said colonists and their\\nchildren and families to our religion, with the sweetness and mild-\\nness which it advises. Such is the order of his Majesty for the pur-\\nposes therein expressed. God preserve you many years. The\\nPardo, tifth of April, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six.\\nThe Marquis of Sonora. To the Governor of St. Augustine of\\nFlorida.\\nNOTE.\\nIt is agreeable to its original which is in the Secretary s office of\\nthis government, to which 1 refer. I seal and sign the present tes-\\ntimony at St. Augustine, of Florida, the eighteenth of February, one\\nthousand eight hundred and tvvent3^ Sealed. Juan de Entralgo,.\\nNotary of Government.\\nFOURTH Ar.,TICLc ui ii^ii-. tuiui oi (io\u00c2\u00abju ituv t-RKfliENT.\\nThe King, our Lord, by Royal order of the fifth of April, one-\\nthousand seven hundred and eighty-six, grants to all the foreigners\\nwho may have been inhabitants of this province at the time of the\\nEnglish authority, that they may remain in it, protected in the pos-\\nsesi^ion of their land, and effects, under the indispensable conditions\\nof taking the oath of fidelity, of not augmenting the said lands, nor\\ntransferring themselves to any others. Consequently, all those who\\nhave not conformed, and do not conform, to the said conditions, with-\\nin thirty days positively, by proceeding to show me their dispositions\\nin person, or, if absent, by letters, to do what is proper, shall de-\\npart from this province aforesaid.\\nThis is agreeable to the fourth article of the Edict of good govern-", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. J 97\\nment, which is in the Bureau of War, and was published in tWs place\\nwith the usuul formalities, on the second of September, one thousand\\nseven hundred and ninety, by order of the Political and Military\\nGovernment thereof, as appears from the Book of Edicts, which is\\nin the archive under my charge, to which I refer and, in fulfilment\\nof orders, I seal and sign these presents at St. Augustine, of Florida,\\nthe eighteenth of February, one thousand eight hundred and twenty.\\nSealed, JUAN DE ENTRALGO,\\nNotary of Government", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "ERRATTA.\\nage 8.\\nline 23,\\ntor\\nrecojirses,\\nread\\nresources.\\n17.\\n7,\\n1638,\\n1538.\\n19,\\n14,\\nprevious.\\nprevious to.\\n20,\\n10,\\ncarry.\\nconvey.\\n22,\\nI,\\n9,\\njytaine.\\nmain,\\n30,\\n13,\\nconflexion.\\nconfliction.\\n30,\\n15,\\nsti ccessfully.\\nsuccessively.\\n32,\\n1,\\n12,\\na.\\n9,\\nthe.\\nfl.\\n9,\\nnortherly.\\nnorthwardly.\\n42,\\n5,\\n9,\\nspreads.\\nspread.\\n45,\\n3,\\n10,\\n99\\nthere.\\nthence.\\n45,\\n31,\\npine.\\nJ,\\nfine.\\n50,\\n2.\\n,9\\nthere but.\\n9,\\nthere the hammocks are\\n50,\\n4,\\nclosing.\\n9,\\nclothing. [but.\\n^5,\\n8,\\nlines,\\n9,\\nline.\\n58,\\n15,\\n9,\\ndisunion.\\ndiversion.\\n59,\\n11,\\n9,\\nAppalachicola,\\n,9\\nChoctaw.\\n61,\\nand other\\nplaces,\\nChamiooly,\\nChipola.\\n62,\\nline\\n16,\\nfor\\napes.\\n9,\\ntime.\\nr should read asfollotos\\ndifferent sizes which Brandy\\n64,at the top,\\ncreek falling into the St.\\nMary s seems to separate\\nthe western subdivision between, c.\\n66,\\nline 29,\\nfor\\ngives,\\nread\\n1 give.\\n69,\\n21,\\nan.\\none.\\n75,\\n5,\\na\\n19\\nthe.\\n75,\\n19,\\ncircuitous.\\n,9\\ncrooked.\\n77,\\n17,\\nrenders.\\n99\\nrender.\\n78,\\n20,\\n99\\nlamina.\\nlaminx.\\n80,\\n24,\\n,9\\nor.\\nJ,\\nthrough.\\n81,\\n16,\\nprinciple.\\n9,\\nprincipal.\\n81,\\n9,\\n20,\\nthe small.\\nsimilar.\\ns, 87,\\n4,\\nThe auxiliary verbs should be in the plural number.\\n89,\\n19,\\nfor 68,\\nread 77.\\n92,\\n16,\\ntract.\\n9,\\ncoat.\\n95,\\n6,\\nlead.\\nled.\\n100,\\n9,\\n20,\\nlittle.\\n9,\\ntithe.\\n105.\\n14,\\nremarkable.\\nprofitable.\\n105,\\n25,\\nfine.\\n9,\\nfive.\\n106,\\n27,\\nthis.\\nthe.\\n110,\\n29,\\nhas.\\nhad.\\n112,\\nSO,\\nmust.\\n99\\nmay.\\n120,\\nJ,\\n17,\\nfine.\\n,9\\nfive.\\n124,\\n1,\\nother.\\n9,\\nvarious.\\n124,\\n5,\\nfrom.\\n9,\\nform.\\n125,\\no\\n9,\\nhaunts.\\n1,\\nkeys.\\n127,\\n,9\\n12,\\n99\\nall.\\n,1\\nany one.\\n137,\\n,9\\n5,\\nreflection.\\n99\\nreflectors.\\n146,\\n9,\\n24,\\nlagoon to.\\n9,\\nlagoon and.\\n147,\\n11,\\n99\\notherwise, from\\n9 99\\notherwise from\\n151,\\n21,\\nDural,\\n9,\\nDuval.\\n,,151,\\n99\\n23\\n9,\\nlads.\\n,1\\nlands.\\n152,\\nin\\nthe note\\nBarbour,\\nBarton.", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "i", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "H 47- 79", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f -mm-.\\no.\\n.^V\\nA/^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\i?,\\n.0\\nA\\n0^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0v i^^\\nsO\\no\\nA\\nO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2rf", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "0\\nI- r 1\\nO\\niC\\n-^o\\n-s^/r;\\no V\\nto\\n-P. -c\\nsr\\n^i^\\nJ-\\n-^o\\n-i;?^\\ncC^-\\n?v^\\nv-\\n.0\\nDEC 73\\nN. MANCHESTER,\\nINDIANA 46962\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^yi\\nW:\\no V", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3333", "width": "1894", "jp2-path": "observationsupon00vign_0216.jp2"}}