{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4087", "width": "2430", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ".0\\no\\nr.\\nC-\\nA*-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2V^^^\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0;^:^itfink\\n-y\\nv.-\\nX^^\\nA^^\\n,0* C\\n.5 -V\\n.^v", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "V\\n7r ,^X\\n-N^ i H\\ns*\\nx a-\\n^b\\nN*---\\nV--\\nf--^^ Of aV\\n.0 s\\n.-.s^\\nf\\\\", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3126", "width": "3137", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4\\nC\\nr", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA.\\nW\\nITS\\n/iV\\n1, SOIL, AMD PRODOCTIONS\\nWITH A SKETCH OF ITS\\ntiibii ^,.:rtFeatesai Social CoiiiM\\nM I^ IT A L\\nr\\nL OF RELIABLE INFOKMATION CONCERNING THE\\n1^^ RESOURCES OF THE STATE, AND THE\\nf\\nINDUCEMENTS WHICH IT OFFERS\\nTO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J\\nIMMIGRANTS.\\nPUBLISHED UY\\nL. F. DEWEY CO.,\\nJACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA,\\n1808.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "IITRODUCTIOI.\\nOur correspondence is tilled with a multitude of questions\\nabout Florida, her climate, condition, capacity and prospects.\\nThese inquiries are mainly from earnest men who are contem-\\nplating immigration, and whose very anxiety points them out as\\nthe class of men from which the most desirable accession to our\\npopulation will come.\\nThe impossibility of giving adequate and satisfactory answers\\nto this multitude of questions, by letter, has led us to the compi-\\nlation of this pamphlet.\\nOur object is, not to make a book on Florida, but simply,\\nto give, in few words, information that may be rehed on as cor-\\nrect, and that will as fully as possible respond to the questions\\nthat are asked, as well as to those that would naturally suggest\\nthemselves to the minds of those who are looking to this State as\\ntheir possible future home.\\nWe shall consult the most authentic sources of information,\\nand, while we may not always cite the authorities referred to, we\\nintend to give a truthful statement in regard to any matter\\ntouched upon; and wherever positive statements of fact are\\nmade, they may be implicitly relied upon.\\nThe whole subject naturally presents itself under various\\nheads, and will be so treated.\\n^^i\\nCONTENTS.\\nIntroductions^, Page 2\\nHistory, 3\\nGeography, 5\\nSociety, 7\\nClimate 12\\nSoil,... 22\\n??1\\nProductions, Page\\nField Crops,\\nGarden Vegetables, 35\\nFruits, 38\\nMiscellaneous, 44\\nGeneral Information, 48\\nEntered according to Act of CongresB, in the year 1868, by\\nL. F. DEWEY CO.,\\nIn the Clerk 8 Office of the District Court of the United States for the\\nNorthern District of Florida.\\nF3vk", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "HISTORY.\\nSome little knowledge of the history of Florida is indispens-\\nable to a right understanding and appreciation of her preseDt\\ncondition; for, without such knowledge, the scantiness of the\\npresent population of the State is perfectly inexplicable, when\\ntaken in connection with its natural fertility, its genial climate\\nand the immense scope of its possible agricultural production.\\nIf Florida has such a desirable climate and such a variety and\\npower of vegetable growth, why are there not more people\\nthere is an inevitable question, which is best answered by a\\nglance at her past history.\\nFlorida was first discovered in MD7, hy Sebastian Cabot, a\\nnavigator, sailing under the English Flag; but formal posses-\\nsion of her territory was first taken, in behalf of Spain, by De\\nNarvaes in 1525. In 1562 it is probable that a temporary\\nsettlement was formed near the mouth of the St. Johns by\\nRibault, a Frenchman\\nIn 1564, under the protection ol Admiral Ouligny, a settlement\\nof Huguenots was formed under the leadership of Lardoniere on\\nthe south bank of the St. Johns, and about six leagues above\\nits mouth. This settlement was called Oarolin, and was com-\\npletely destroyed by the Spaniards under Menendez in 1565,\\nwho massacred all that escaped death in the fight not as\\nFrenchmen, but as heretics. This murderous act was fully\\navenged by a Frenchman, De Gourgas, who, in 1650 led an\\nexpedition especially against Fort Carolin, and massacred the\\nSpanish garrison not as Spaniards but as murderers.\\nIn 1565, the same Menendez founded a Spanish colony at St.\\nAugustine, thus estabhshing the first permanent European town\\non the continent of North America.\\nIn 1584, as the result of various expeditions, the area of Span-\\nish occupation and conquest had become so extended that the\\nauthority of Spain was acknowledged by the natives, not only\\nthroughout Florida, but as far west as the Mississippi, and as\\nfar north as the mountains of Georgia.\\nIn 1586 St. Augustine was attacked and plundered by a party\\nof English adventurers under Drake. In 1611 it was pillaged\\nby the Indians and in 1665 was sacked by another party of\\nEnghsh pirates under Davis.\\nIn 1689 Pensacola was settled by the Spanish.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "In 1702 St. Augustine was unsuccessfully attacked by Gov.\\nMoore, of the English Colony of South Carolina. In 1726 Col.\\nPalmer of Georgia also failed in an effort to take the city and\\nin 1740 Gen. Oglethorpe, of Georgia, was signally repulsed in\\na similar undertaking.\\nIn 1763 the whole territory of Floi-ida was ceded by Spain to\\nGreat Britain, but the entire population of the territory, at the\\ntime of the cession, did not exceed six hundred.\\nIn 1767 Doct. Turnbull, an English colonist located at New\\nSmyrna, imported fifteen hundred Corsicans and Minorcans\\nhaving deluded them by unstinted promises of land and employ-\\nment at high wages, and then subjected them to a systematic\\noppression, similar and scarce less severe than slavery, till after\\nthe lapse of some ten years, they escaped in a body from his\\nservitude, and betook themselves to St. Augustine, where they\\nsettled down and ultimately became a prominent and valuable\\nelement of the population of that section.\\nIn 1781 the Spanish captured Pensacola, and the English\\nagain lost possession of Elorida; and in 1784 the territory was\\nonce more formally ceded to Spain.\\nIn 1812 Fernandina capitulated to troops of the United States,\\nbut was, during the next year, re-dehvered to the Spanish,\\nGovernment.\\nIn 1814 the English forces, under command of Col. Nichols\\nentered and manned the forts at Pensacola, although the whole\\nterritory was nominally under the control of Spain and in 1818\\nGen. Jackson attacked and captured Pensacola in behalf of the\\nUnited States.\\nIn 1819 Florida was purchased by the United States, and was\\nformally ceded by Spain. In 1822 a territorial government was\\nestablished; in 1845 Florida was admitted to the Union; and in\\nJanuary 1861 she seceded.\\nSuch is a brief abstract of the leading facts in the history of\\nFlorida. What a picture it presents Discovered in 1497, per-\\nman ently settled in 1565, ceded to Great Britain in 1763, with a\\npopulation of only six hundred, after a colonial existence of two\\nhundred years, re-ceded to Spain in 1784, sold and ceded to the\\nUnited States in 1819, receiving a territorial government in 1822,\\nadmitted to the Union in 1845, seceding in 1861, and re-con-\\nstructed in 1868; sacked and pillaged repeatedly by Europeans;\\nshifting its nationahty from time to time and losing almost its\\nentire population in each change; harrassed and plundered by\\nrepeated Indian wars from 1816 to 1858, and, just as prosperity\\nbegan to dawn, plunged unnecessarily into the useless slaughter\\nof a hopeless rebellion, she has suffered every evil, political and\\nsocial, that does not involve absolute extinction.\\nThe wonder truly is, not that she has not attained a niore", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "flourishing condition, but that she exists at all, and that her\\nboundless forests, her lovely rivers and her beautiful lakes are\\nnot locked in the silent embrace of a moveless desolation.\\nWithout such reference to her previous history, there would\\nbe an irreconcilable discrepancy between the present condition\\nof Florida and that which might naturally be expected from a\\nconsideration of her fertihty, her climate, and her resources.\\naEOaEAPHY.\\nThe geography of Florida is unique, and is of special interest,\\nbecause many of the important characteristics of the State which\\nseem to be contradictory, if not impossible, are easily explained\\nby a consideration of its peculiar position and geographical\\ncharacter.\\nThe shape of Florida is somewhat like that of a boot upside\\ndown, the foot part extending northwardly, and the leg pointing\\nto the south. The foot part thus extends some 350 miles, from\\nEast to West, along the parallel of 31^ North Latitude, and\\nfrom 80\u00c2\u00b0 to 88^ West Longitude from Greenwich while the\\npart that would represent the leg, or the peninsular proper,\\nextends Southwardly from 31 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 North Latitude, thus\\nreaching over some 400 miles.\\nThe State contains 59,268 square miles, or 37,931,520 acres.\\nThe whole territory lies within the region denominated as\\nhot by the Physical Geographers, and is in the same Latitude\\nwith Northern Mexico, the Desert of Sahara, Central Arabia,\\nNorthern Hindostan, the Northern portion of Burmah, and the\\nsouthern portion of China but its comparative degree of heat is\\nnot accurately indicated by its latitude, for accurate scientific ob-\\nservation shows it to be isothermal with Southern California,\\nLouisiana, the Bermudas, the Island of Madeira, Barbary,\\nEgypt, Northern Arabia, Persia, Northern Hindostan, Thibet\\nand China. Moreover, the results that might be expected from\\nits geographical location are materially afiected by its peninsular\\nshape, and oceanic surroundings. The main portion of its\\nsurface is iucluded in a peninsular projection extending south-\\nwardly between the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf Stream, which,\\nin its exit, traverses its Eastern coast for about 300 miles.\\nThe peninsula averages in width about ninety miles, and is\\nfanned by the Gulf winds on one side, and the Trade winds on\\nthe other, and thus, with so slight a breadth, every portion is\\nexposed to the balmy and vivifying iniiuences of almost constant", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "oceanic winds, and, from all these geographical peculiarities has\\nresulted a pleasantness and salubrity of climate, and a power of\\nvegetative production so wonderful as to be almost incredible.\\nThe surface of the State is, as a whole, remarkably level,\\nthough this is more characteristic of the Eastern and Western\\nportions than of the central part. From the Apalachicola East-\\nward to the Suwannee, and Westward about the same distance,\\nthe surface is somewhat rolhng, and an occasional ridge of what\\nare called hills lends a sort of variety to the somewhat mono-\\ntonous succession of pine, hummock and cypress lands stretching\\nas far as the eye can reach over an almost dead level.\\nPerhaps the most marked of the geographical features of the\\nState is to be found in the enormous extent of her coast hne,\\nwhich on the Atlantic and the Gulf exceeds eleven hundred\\nmiles, and the coast line is also remarkable for the great number\\nof large bays and estuaries, which furnish facilities for commer-\\ncial intercourse that in the near future will hasten the develop-\\nment of the resources of Western and South Western Florida be-\\nyond the expectations of the most sanguine.\\nAnother marked geographical feature of the State is found in\\nthe number of large and navigable streams. The Apalachicola,\\nthe Suwannee, the St. Mary s and the St. Johns would be\\nnoticeable rivers anywhere, and the St. Johns is one of the most\\nsurprising rivers on the globe. When it is considered that not\\nan eminence in East Florida attains the height of 200 feet, the\\nSt. Johns, fed in great degree by the oozing waters of the Ever-\\nglades, and winding through a very level region, will strike any\\nstranger with astonishment as he ascends it and finds its average\\nbreadth for 150 miles to be more rather than less than two miles.\\nThe ebb and flow of the tide are quite perceptible at the upper\\nend of Lake George, more than 150 miles from the mouth of the\\nSt. Johns.\\nAlthough the general character of the soil of Florida is sandy,\\nstill few portions of the whole United States are more bounti-\\nfully provided with water, and that easily accessible. Springs of\\nall kinds, some of clear sweet water, some strongly impregnated\\nwith sulphur, and others characterized by various mineral admix-\\ntures, are so abundant as to be httle noticed. Some of these\\nsprings are of gigantic proportions, so large that complete rivers\\nrush at once from the very bowels of the earth, and to those who\\nhave never seen them, or those similar to them, a plain and\\nsimple description of them becomes almost incredible.\\nTwo of the most famous of these springs are thus described\\nin WiUiams History of Florida. The Wakulla Eiver rises\\nabout ten miles N. W. of St. Marks, from one of the finest\\nsprings in Florida, or perhaps in the world. It is of an oval\\nform, the largest diameter of which is about six rods. It is of", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "an unknown depth and perfectly transparent. Id looking into it,\\nthe color resembles a clear blue sky, except near the border,\\nwhere it has a slight tinge of green from the reflection of the\\nsurrounding verdure, which hangs over it in drooping branches\\nand waving festoons. The Eastern side presents a rugged, rocky\\nprecipice all else is an abyss of boundless depth. Squadrons of\\nfishes are seen careering around their own world in- perfect\\nsecurity. The water is moderately cold, and highly impregnated\\nwith lime.\\nThe beauty of the fountain, the luxuriance of the fohage\\naround it, and the calm retirement of the whole scene, render\\nthis one of the most charming spots that West Florida affords.\\nThe big spring of Chipola, offers a very difterent scene. Here\\nalso a river bursts from the earth, with a giant force, from Lirge\\nmasses of rugged rocks, with furious rapidity, as though impa-\\ntient of restraint. The orifice opens to the South-west, from a\\nhigh swelhng bank, scattered over with large oak tret s. East\\nand West the orifice may be thirty feet, by eight feet wide.\\nlarge rock divides the mouth almost into two parts, at a consi-\\nderable depth below the surface. The water acts as a prism\\nall objects seen through it on a sun-shiny day, reflect all the\\ncolors of the rainbow. This spring at once forms a river, six\\nrods wide, and eight feet deep, which joins the Chipola river\\nat about ten miles distance.\\nSuch is the description of the sober historian. Silver Spring,\\nin Marion County, is another of these remarkable springs, large\\nenough to admit to its very source the steamers that navigate\\nthe Ocklawaha Eiver.\\nAnd in any part of the State, from the sands of the sea beach\\nto the clay soils of the central portion, good water can e:i i y\\nbe reached in wells of from 10 to 20 feet in depth.\\nA mere glance at the map will show almost innumeraUe\\nlakes, ponds, rivers and creeks, very uniformly scattered\\nthroughout the whole surface of the State.\\nSOCIETY.\\nIn considering the condition of society in Florida, and in the\\nformation and appreciation of conclusions reached, it is first\\nand always to be borne in mind that Florida, although in fact\\nthe oldest settled State in the ^IJnion, is, with perhaps the\\nsingle exception of Oregon, probably the most sparsely settled,\\nexhibiting in 1860 a population of only 2.37 to the square mile.\\nAgain in comparing, as is natural, this State with any of the", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8\\nNorthern States, it is to be remembered that she started and\\nhas progressed under very different circumstances from those\\nattending the growth and progress of any other State, either\\nNorth or South, and has had far more than her proportion of\\nobstacles and obstructions to contend with, both politically\\nand socially.\\nIn other States, whatever government has been originally\\nadopted, the same has thereafter remained in force, except as\\naffected by the rebellion, with very little alteration and thus\\nin those States, age and stability have added force to all the\\nelements of growth, strength and prosperity, and have tended\\ngradually and naturally to overcome the influences adverse to\\nthe development of each. But from the earliest period in her\\nhistory. Florida has had no stable and permanent growth, but\\nhas been tossed about from nation to nation like a veritable\\npolitical shuttlecock, with no opportunity to grow in strength,\\nand actually weakened by successive changes.\\nIn other States, whatever may have been the circumstances\\nof their original settlement, and however diverse may have\\nbeen the character and derivation of the different elements of\\ntheir population, the equality of right before the law, the com-\\nmon enjoyment of the same opportunities and privileges, and\\nthe common participation in administering democratic govern-\\nments have all uniformly and powerfully tended by gradual\\nbut rapid assimilation towards a homogeneity of population.\\nBut all such tendencies in Florida have been effectually check-\\ned by her frequent and successive changes of nationality.\\nThere has not been, and there could not well have been, that\\nintimate commingling of nationalities which prevails elsewhere,\\nand is indispensable to political and social progress.\\nFlorida, though in fact an old State, has all the character-\\nistics of an entirely new settled State. Its circumstances and\\nits political uncertainties have not only not attracted immigra-\\ntion, but have really from time to time driven from her, valuable\\nelements of population. The better portion of the Spanish\\npopulation departed when the English took possession, and\\nwhen, in turn, the territory was re-ceded to Spain, the English\\nsettlers who had just began to receive rich rewards for their\\nagricultural investments, and by whose skill a brilliant\\nfuture had began to appear, took their departure, some volun-\\ntarily and some under government compulsion and so again\\nand again, the progress made by each nationality was abso-\\nlutely lost in the occupation of its successor.\\nThus the State is still a wild and new State. The rank\\ngrowth of the forest trees *over-shadowed and concealed the\\nvestiges of successive occupations, and the traveller is often\\nastonished to find in the middle of dense forests the ruins of", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "mills, and houses, and the remains of ditches and canals on a\\ngrand scale, silent but significant mementos of a recent though\\nan almost forgotten past.\\nThe scanty population of less than 200,000 is scattered oyer\\nan immense territory of nearly 60,000 square miles, and has\\nbeen engaged almost entirely in agriculture and the main and\\nhitherto all absorbing object of that pursuit has been the rais-\\ning of cotton. The preeminence given this crop, and the pre-\\nvalence of slave labor, have conspired to stimulate the universal\\nSouthern passion for the acquisition of land, and thus have\\nall combined to crowd out all diversity of occupations not\\ndirectly concerned in and tributary to the raising of cotton.\\nThere has been no tendency to settle in villages and commu-\\nnities, but the general tendency has been towards a dissipation\\nrather than concentration of population. Whether or not\\ncotton has been king it has certainly been a social tyrant,\\nand decreeing its votaries to the vast solitudes of remote plan-\\ntations, has prevented the formation of those small villages as\\ncentres of population, where, as in the Northern States, the\\nChurch, the School, the Press, and Post Office, are recognized\\nas the essential instruments and means of social progress ne-\\ncessities of social existence, that must be had, rather than as\\nconveniences or luxuries.\\nAccordingly, disappointment will surely meet those who,\\ncoming from other sections, and particularly from the North,\\nanticipate the enjoyment here now of the same social advanta-\\nges to which they have been accustomed at home. All such\\nmeans of social culture and improvement are easily possible\\nhere as elscAvhere but here as elsewhere they must follow,\\nthey cannot precede, an absolute and entire change in the\\nmethods of agriculture, and an increase in the diversity of\\noccupations. It is hard to change the liabits, whether social or\\nagricultural, of communities, and as hard to implant new social\\nwants, except by the introduction of agencies of a new and\\ndifferent character. Hence we need strong immigration of\\nnew men with new views and new desires first, and then the\\nmeans of gratifying the social needs of a progressive society\\nwill follow.\\nSchools and Churches are to be found in all the towns and\\nvillages throughout the State, but there has hitherto been no\\npublic school system in the Southern States, as such systems\\nare known in the North and West. In all of these the popula-\\ntion has arranged itself, and naturally enough, under the\\naristocratic tendencies of slavery, into the three divisions of\\nPlanters, Poor Whites and Slaves safety forbade the educa-\\ntion of the slaves, the poor whites neither desired nor could\\nafford the expense of private schools, and the Planters, having", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10\\nthe means, preferred private to public schools. And of course\\nthe local goyernments, administered in the interests of the\\nwealthy classes, would neither establish nor enforce any system\\nof public free schools.\\nfeut the ratification by the people of the new constitution\\ngives assurance of the thorough reconstruction of the State\\nunder much more favorable auspices in all directions. The\\nestablishment and provision by adequate taxation for the sup-\\nport of an efficient system of public schools is a leading feature\\nof the constitution, and can easily be so administered as to\\nmeet all the present and future educational wants of the State.\\nWhen the inducements of various kinds which Florida holds\\nout to immigration shall be fully known in other sections of\\nthe country, it is confidently anticipated that a tide of popula-\\ntion from the North will flow in that will enable the material\\nresources of the State to be developed, and then all desirable\\nsocial advantages and opportunities will follow.\\nThe spirit of the people, taken as a whole, is good, as good\\nas under the circumstances could reasonably be expected by\\nthoughtful and observing men. In estimating properly the\\npresent social condition of the State, special reference must\\nbe had to the radical revolution that has been wrought in all\\nmatters, social and political, within tlie last few years. The\\ncollapse of such a rebellion, and the complete dissipation of the\\ndreams indulged, have, of necessity, left a degree of soreness\\nand disappointment resulting in a bitterness of feeling which\\nis not unnatural, and which could not reasonably be unexpect-\\ned by any sensible man.\\nAnd one of the results has been a sort of natural settling of\\nthe population into three classes, the native whites who favor-\\ned secession the loyal whites with the Northerners, and the\\nFreedman, and much time must necessarily elapse, under the\\nmost favorable circumstances, before these classes, so recently\\nplaced in such diverse and antagonistic relations to each other,\\ncan quietly settle down together to stand upon the same plat-\\nform of enjoyment, of identically the same rights, and the exer-\\ncise of the same powers and privileges. It would be simply\\npreposterous to suppose that in so short a time the small class\\nof privileged slave owners, forming the most compact and ab-\\nsolute social and political oligarchy known to history, should\\nwith perfect equanimity see themselves, by the legitimate and\\nlogical consequences of their own folly, shorn of their political\\npower, and not only reduced to the common level of simpler\\ndemocratic citizensnip, but constrained to feign cheerfulness\\nin the extension of all the rights of equal suffrage and political\\nright to those over whom they had within a few years exer-\\ncised all the rights of the most absolute ownership and com-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "11 X\\nplete control and in addition to all this, to regard with instant\\nand spontaneous affection the representatives of that loyalty\\nand unionism that have brought these wondrous changes about.\\nHaving reference, then, to all these things, it may be said\\nwith truth that the existing feeling of the whole people of\\nFlorida towards immigrants is good, as good as could with\\nreason be anticipated.\\nWhile it is undoubtedly true that a stranger could not rea-\\nsonably hope to meet with as much cordiality and courtesy in\\nthe South, as in those more fortunate regions that have never\\nbeen tossed in the boiling cauldron of secession, or been cursed\\nwith the pressure of the iron heel of conquering armies in a\\nbitter civil war, it is also true that there is absolutely nothing\\nto deter an immigrant, who seeks to better his condition, from\\nsettling in Florida, except the absence of that courtesy and\\nkindness which he would receive at the West or even in the\\nSouth, before the terrible struggle for the death of slavery had\\nperverted the minds and embittered the hearts of men.\\nIn our correspondence, the question is often asked, Is it\\nsafe for a Northern man to come to Florida The answer is,\\nthat there is no sort of danger whatever.\\nThe immigrant of good character and habits will be readily\\nreceived by all. Southern men and women are not super-human,\\nand cannot be expected suddenly to absolve themselves from\\nthe domination of those trains of political thought and those\\nprevalent social notions that have ruled them for years, or to\\nsympathize at once with the political ideas of a triumphant\\nEadicalism. But the whole population of the State is becoming\\nrapidly convinced that men, money and labor, are to be the\\nw^atchwords of success in the future of Florida and indeed a\\nrecent movement has been made in concert, and associations\\nare being formed in the various counties to cooperate with the\\nBureau of Immigration about to be established under the new\\nConstitution, in tlie promotion of Immigration, by offering all\\npracticable inducements within their power and, at a recent\\npublic meeting in Jacksonville, in which were representatives\\nfrom all parts of the State, the most eminent and influential\\nmen in the State, of all parties, united in expressing a determi-\\nnation to do all that could be done to promote the immigration\\nupon which the future prosperity of the State must mainly\\ndepend. Indeed, any good citizen, that proposes to pay special\\nattention to his own affairs, will be welcomed by all, and this\\nwithout any sacrifice of principle, or any abridgement of his\\nrights of free thought and free speech.\\nNorthern men and women, who may come and persist in\\nassociating exclusively with each other, and sequester themselves", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12\\ndiligently from all social intercourse with old residents, will be\\nallowed thus to indulge their social predilections without let or\\nh indrance.\\nBut those who come with a disposition by individual general\\neffort to contribute to the common good, and assist the common\\nprogress, and who will by social and kindly intercourse assist\\nin the doing away of unfounded dislikes and unreasonable pre-\\njudices, however boldly, and openly, and frankly, if only with\\na right purpose, they may vindicate their right of individual\\nindependence of thought and action, will not only be tolerated,\\nbut respected and cherished.\\nStill, it is as undoubtedly Lruc of Fiurida as it was of Kansas,\\nand indeed is of every new State, that a want of the means and\\nappliances for social comfort and advancement must, for a time,\\nbe expected by new comers, and the best way in which immi-\\ngrants may avoid the consequent inconveniences and depriva-\\ntions, is by coming in groups of five or more families, and thus\\nsecure from the first those social interchanges wliich are of the\\nfirst importance everywhere.\\nAnother and a commanding recommendation for such a\\ngrouping of immigrants is to be found in the fact that much of\\nthe most valuable land, both for fertility and accessibility, is\\nincluded in large tracts, which were originally government\\ngTants, and whose owners are disinclined to divide and sell in\\nsmaller parcels. Such large tracts arc often valuable, but\\nlarger than single settlers need or will buy while a colony of\\nmen who desired to settle together and form a community can\\ncombine their means, and thus easily secure to each such por-\\ntion as he desired, at reasonable rates.\\nAnd this subdivision of large plantations is the indispensable\\nfirst step to be taken before any general agricultural prosperity\\ncan be hoped for.\\nCLIIATE.\\nThe climate of Florida is one of its chief attractions. Mild\\nin Winter, and not excessively hot in Summer, the tempera-\\nture is more equable than that of any other State of the Union.\\nThe thermometer rarely falls below 30 or rises above 95\\nFrom the records contained in the Spanish archives at St.\\nAugustine, Ave learn that the mean temperature of the Winter\\nmonths for 100 years, average a little over GO and of the\\nSummer months 86 Farenheit. Constant mention is made\\nof the daily recurring sea-breeze, which cooled off the after\\npart of the day, and gave a delightful atmosphere for nightly\\nrest. Here in Florida the many whose constitutions are feeble", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "13\\nor impaired by disease, can find a refuge from the inclem-\\nent winters of the Northern States.\\nIt is not enough, however, for those who think of mak-\\ning Florida their future home, to know that her winters\\nare delightful. They want the facts about the climate, and\\nespecially about its healthfulness, all the year round.\\nHence, no question can be more important, and in fact, none\\nis more frequently asked, than the question, How does the\\nclimate of Florida aifect the health of the immigrants The\\nmost unaccountable misapprehensions are very wddely pre-\\nvalent in regard to this topic, so that the received idea seems\\nto be that Florida is the land of swamps, and her atmosphere\\nsurcharged with the most noxious and miasmatic vapors, to an\\nextent that makes the very hope of health and long life within\\nher borders futile.\\nNow, in fact, if the sanitary statistics of the country, and\\nthe official reports of the sanitary officials are entitled to\\nthe credence customarily conceded to them, not a single State\\nin the Union can show as clean a bill of health as can be\\nexhibited by Florida. And this is the more remarkable when\\nit is recollected that a very large proportion of the transient\\npopulation of the State is made up of invalids from other\\nsections, who have come to Florida as the last resort, despair-\\ning of any sanitary improvement elsewhere.\\nFor very many years St. Augustine has been known far and\\nwide, as one of the most healthy locations in the whole coun-\\ntry, or, indeed, in the w^orld. For a hundred years her streets\\nhave been filled with invalids from all parts of the world and\\nthe climate of St. Augustine is the climate of East Florida.\\nNortherners have long resorted to Florida, to find in her mild\\nand genial climate a relief from the piercing winds and frigid\\ntemperature of the Northern and Middle States; while the\\ncool and wholesome winds of the Atlantic and the Gulf have\\noperated to bring annual crowds from Alabama, Georgia\\nand the Carolinas, to escape the blazing sun and torrid heats\\nof those States. Those who, from frequent visitation and re-\\npeated experiment, are best informed, all unite in declaring\\nthe climate of Florida to be unequalled in the world for\\ncomfort and health.\\nThat many die, and of consumptive complaints, is undoubt-\\nedly true but of most of them it may be said that they were\\ndoomed before they left home to try a Southern climate\\nas their last hope, and that their lives have often been pro-\\nlonged where they had long been beyond all hope of complete\\nrestoration. Many a man, now in Florida, is enjoying a fine\\nstate of health, who would have had anywhere else, but slight\\nhope even of life.\\nSome of the lands in various portions of the State are", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14:\\nlow, and at the same time are exceedingly rich and there, as\\nin all regions where a rank and luxuriant vegetable growth is\\ngeneral, will also be found those types of disease which else-\\nwhere universally characterize such regions. But all such\\ndiseases assume a much milder type than in other sections\\nwhere they are prevalent.\\nThat there is much swampy land in the State is true, and it\\nis also true that the dense vegetable growth of the swamps and\\nlagoons, and low hummocks must, of course, whenever vegeta-\\nble decomposition occurs, furnish a great deal of the food that\\nnourishes Fevers and kindred diseases but the effects of these\\ncauses are measurably counterbalanced by the almost constant\\nbreezes that fan the atmosphere, and purge its evil humors, and\\nthe immense preponderane of pine forests, open to the breezes,\\nand perfuming the air with their pleasant and wholesome\\nodor.\\nIn a series of letters from an old resident of Florida, recent-\\nly re-published in Ocala, the climate and healthfulness of\\nFlorida are quite fully treated, and an extract from the pam-\\nphlet is here inserted, as more authentic and more satisfactory\\nthan any original matter which we can furnish\\nThe climate of Florida and especially that of the Peninsu-\\nlar, taking it the whole year round, is much more agreeable\\nthan any other in the United States and indeed it would be\\ndifficult to find a climate in any part of the world so agreeable\\nas this. The winters are delightful, five days out of six being\\nbright and cloudless, and of the most agreeable temperature.\\nIn the Southern portion of the Peninsular frost is never felt,\\nand even far North as the Suwannee River there are generally\\nbut two or three nights in a whole winter that ice as thick\\nas a half dollar is found. Carver, in discussing the Avinters of\\nthe Peninsular, remarks So mild are the winters in East\\nFlorida that the most delicate vegetables and plants of the\\nCarrabee Islands experience there not the least injury from\\nthat season; the orange tree, the bananna, the plantain,\\nthe guava, the pineapple, c., grow luxuriantly. Fogs are\\nscarcely known there, and no country can be more salubrious.\\nThe winter in Florida resembles very much that season\\nwhich in the Middle States is termed the Indian Summer,\\nexcept that in Florida the sky is perfectly clear, and the\\natmosphere more dry and elastic. Rain but rarely falls during\\nthe winter months in Florida three, four and not unfrequently\\nfive weeks, of bright, clear and cloudless days occur contniu-\\nously. This is one of the greatest charms of the Avinter\\nclimate in Florida and in this respect it forms a striking\\ncontrast with almost every State in the Union, and especially\\nwith Texas, California, and Oregon.\\nContrary to what might be expected, the summer weather", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "13\\nin East Florida is much more agreeable, and its heat less\\noppressive (though its duration is much longer) than that\\nwhich is experienced in the Northern and Middle States. This\\nis attributable in a great measure to its peninsular posi-\\ntion, which causes it to be fanned on the East by the Atlantic\\nbreezes, and on the West by those of the Gulf of Mexico, both\\nof which can be distinctly felt in the centre of the State. Be-\\nsides this, the North-east trade winds play over the whole\\nPeninsula. The summer nights are mvariably cool, and\\neven the hottest days are seldom oppressive in the shade. This\\nis more than any State North of Florida can boast, and is\\nprobably owing to her peninsular character. Paradoxical\\nas it may seem, the thermometer ranges much higher dur-\\ning the summer months in New York, Boston and Montreal,\\nthan in St. Augustine, Tampa or Key West. In the for-\\nmer cities the thermometer frequently ranges as high as\\n100 and 105 in the shade, and that too, without any breeze to\\nrelieve it, whereas, it but rarely reaches as high as 90 in any\\nof the latter places. I am credibly informed that a register\\nkept at Key West (the extreme South of Florida) for fourteen\\n3 ears, exhibited but three instances, during the whole period,\\nin which the mercury rose as high as 94 in the shade. But,\\ndid it rise even to 104, such is the constant prevalence of\\nrefreshing sea-breezes, that less inconvenience would be ex-\\nperienced from it than when it was 85 in the humid and\\nstagnant atmospheres of other climates.\\nGeneral Lawson, Surgeon-General of the Army, in his\\nofficial report of the climate, diseases, c., of Florida, remarks\\nThe climate of Florida is remarkably equable and agreeable,\\nbeing subject to fewer atmospheric variations, and its ther-\\nmometer ranges much less than any other part of the United\\nStates, except a portion of the coast of California. For exam-\\nple, the Winter at Fort Snelling, Minnesota Territory, is\\n48 degrees colder than at Fort Brooke, Florida; but the\\nSumyner at Fort Brooke is only about 8 degrees warmer. The\\nmean annual temperature at Augusta, Georgia, is nearly 8 de-\\ngrees, and that at Fort Gibson, Arkansas, upwards of 10\\ndegrees lower than at Tampa yet in both of these places\\nthe mean summer temperature is higher than at Fort Brooke,\\nTampa Bay. In the Summer season the mercury rises higher\\nin every part of the United States, and even in Canada, than\\nit does along the coast of Florida. This is shown by metero-\\nlogical statistics in this Bureau.\\nThe Summer in Florida may be said to be seven months\\nlong so that the duration of warm weather is nearly twice as\\nlong as in the Middle States. The weather during the whole\\nof these seven months is, however, generally of a very pleas-\\nant temperature, the nights being uniformly cool, and sultry", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16\\ndays of very rare occurrence. Indeed, so agreeable are the\\nsummers in East Florida, there is little choice between them\\nand the winters and many of the oldest inhabitants say that\\nthey prefer the former.\\nThe seasons in Florida are probably as favorable as in any\\nother State in the Union. There occurs there, as in every\\nother State, occasional droughts of too long duration, and\\nthere is sometimes a superabundance of rain but, as a general\\nrule, the seasons are regular and well adapted to all the\\nvaluable staples of that country. Frequent showers occur dur-\\ning the months of March, April, May and June, and about the\\nfirst of July what is termed the rainy season commences and\\ncontinues till about the middle of September. Although\\nit rains about every day during this season, it scarcely rains all\\nday. These rains fall in very heavy showers, accompanied by\\nthunder and lightning, and seldom last longer than four hours\\neach day. They generally commence at 1 o clock, P. M., and\\nare entirely over by 5 o clock, P. M., leaving for the remaining\\ntwenty hours of the day a cloudless sky and a delio-htfully cool\\natmosphere. One of the great virtues of the Florida climate is,\\nthat nearly all the rain falls during the productive season of the\\nyear and that during the winter months, when rains are\\nbut little required, they seldom fall. The reverse of this\\noccurs in Texas, California, Oregon and in nearly all the\\nMexican States.\\nAs respects Jiealthy\\\\th.e climate of Florida stands pre-emi-\\nnent. That the peninsular climate of Florida is much more\\nsalubrious than that of any other State in the Union, is clearly\\nestablished by the medical statistics of the army as well as\\nby the last census returns. In proof of this the most con-\\nclusive evidence can be presented but it will be sufficient here\\nto quote a few remarks from the official Eeport of the Surgeon-\\nGeneral on this subject. General Lawson states; Indeed,\\nthe statistics in this Bureau demonstrate the fact that the dis-\\neases which result from malaria, are of a much milder type in\\nthePeninsula of Florida than in any other State in the Union.\\nThese records show that the ratio of deaths to the number of\\ncases of remittent fever has been much less than among\\nthe troops serving in any other portion of the United States.\\nIn the Middle Division of the United States the proportion\\nis one death to thirty-six cases of remittent fever; in the\\nNorthern Division, one to fifty-two in the Southern Division,\\none to fifty-four in Texas, one to seventy-eight in California,\\none to one hundred and twenty-two in New Mexico, one to one", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "17\\nhundred and forty-eight while in Florida it is but one to tico\\nhundred and eighty-seven.\\nThe general healthfulness of many parts of Florida,\\nparticularly on its coast, is proverbial. The average^ annual\\nmortality of the whole Peninsula, from returns in this office,\\nis found*^to be 2.06 per cent., while in the other portions of the\\nUnited States (previous to the war with Mexico) it is 3.05 per\\ncent.\\nIn short, it may be asserted, without fear of refuta-\\ntion, that Florida possesses a much more agreeable and salu-\\nbrious climate than any other State or Territory in the\\nUnion.\\nThis proposition seems to be vindicated beyond a possible\\ndoubt by the statistics of the U. S. census of 1860, and this in\\nreference to a special class of diseases in regard to which\\nFlorida stands in an unfavorable light because the very large\\nelements of her population composed of invalids are in the\\nmain those who come here seeking relief from pulmonary\\ncomplaints. Yet from the census of 1860 we gather that\\nthe proportion of those who died from consumption in various\\nof the States in the Union, during the year ending May 31,\\n1860, was as follows\\nIn Massachusetts, 1 in 254 in Maine, 1 in 289 in Ver-\\nmont, 1 in 404 in New York, 1 in 413 in Pennsylvania, 1\\nin 580 in Ohio, 1 in 679 in California, 1 in 721 in Vir-\\nginia, 1 in 157 in Indiana, 1 in 792 in Illinois, 1 in 878, and\\nin Florida, 1 in 1,447.\\nSolon Robinson says, As to the salubrity of the climate, I\\nfull}^ believe its average equal to Indiana or Illinois, and cer-\\ntainly no worse for immigrants, from any of the Northern\\nStates, than Central New York was in its early settlement,\\nfor those who went into its forests from New England. There\\nare here, as there, miasmatic localities, and localities where\\nmosquitoes are as pestiferous as they are in the Montezuma\\nmarshes no worse, and certainly no worse than I have often\\nfound them at various points around New York.\\nWe have compiled the following tables, mainly from a\\nrecord of Meteorological Observations kept by Dr. A. S.\\nBaldwin, through whose kindness we are enabled to give them\\nto the public. Jacksonville is situated in Latitude 30 15\\nNorth, Longitude 82 West. Place of Observation, 14 feet\\nabove mean low water. The mean of three daily observations\\nis given. The highest and lowest ranges of the Thermom-\\n2", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18\\neter each month, for five years, from 185t to 1861 inclusive,\\nare shown below\\n1857\\n1858\\n1859\\n1860\\n1861\\nMonths\\nRemarks.\\nH.L\\nH.L.\\nH.L.\\nH. L\\nH.L.\\nJanuary\\n72\\n16\\n76\\n38\\n76\\n30\\n76\\n40\\nIce one to two inches\\nFebruary\\n81\\n44\\n77\\n39\\n79\\n39\\n79\\n44\\n75\\n42\\nMarch\\n85\\n41\\n83\\n34\\n84\\n45\\n83\\n40\\n83\\n43\\nthick, Jan. 19 and 20,\\nApril\\n81\\n47\\n86\\n49\\n89\\n53\\n92\\n58\\n85\\n54\\nMay\\n91\\n61\\n91\\n66\\n92\\n64\\n92\\n58\\n94\\n64\\n1857.\\nJune\\n91\\n73\\n92\\n73\\n94\\n70\\n97\\n69\\n98\\n73\\nJuly\\n89\\n68\\n96\\n74\\n95\\n7C\\n98\\n74\\n92\\n70\\nxVugust\\n95\\n75\\n94\\n75\\n91\\n75\\n93\\n73\\n91\\n73\\nAt 7 A.M., Nov. 25,\\nSeptember\\n92\\n64\\n86\\n64\\n92\\n7C\\n89\\n65\\n92\\n59\\nOctober\\n81\\n42\\n85\\n62\\n84\\n50\\n87\\n53\\n86\\n57\\n1860, the Thermome-\\nNovember\\n82\\n27\\n79\\n39\\n79\\n36\\n80\\n25\\n79\\n45\\nDecember\\n80\\n89\\n78\\n40\\n7m\\n3C\\n72\\n32\\n74\\n38\\nter stood at 25\\n(^Earliest frost in the five years, October 27, 1867. Latest\\nfrost, April 28, 1858. Latest frost in 1859, February Uth.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "19\\nSummary of twenty years observations of the Thermometer,\\ntaken at Jacksonville, Fla., by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, showing the\\nmean temperature of each month and year reported, also the\\nmeans of twenty years, for each month and the whole year.\\n1\\nJr-?OCQ-rH TLOr-ICOCOC 1000lr-GOOiO\u00c2\u00bb-H\\nO od ci O 05 05 O O C5 05 OJ CS q6 Jr-^ ci OS O\\ncq\\nOS\\nCO\\n1\\nOO(M^J:-C0r-(OOi0r-OOC0t0t--C0CX\\nO O 1-1 OS Cq CO O O ij t- O O O O CO o o\\ncooio6cooa505 ^oco cia ^odGv}i--^ ^Ci\\nd\\nCO\\no\\n35\\nOCO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (Ollr-aiJt-OOOOJr-COOOICOOCO\\nC l .t- CO O iO O O (M^ CI l Cs| O ir- O CN\\nid OS o *i id ,-H cq CO CO os go cq -h* jr-^ cq co\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nCO\\ncq\\nCO\\nCOl\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C0C0rfiiOG^G0C0-TtlcqOSJr-C0-\u00c2\u00abi T-HC0\u00c2\u00abO\\nCO GO cq o ix CM cq -\u00c2\u00abiH QO CO oq ir- o QO OS r-H CO CO\\nr-J cjs o CO o o OS* r-J CO OS ,-i CO o6 ^to oq o o co\\ncq\\nCO\\nOS\\n1:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGO\\nCO\\nd\\ni\\nji\\nC0G lOiOC0Q0Q0cqr-lL0C Q0i0OC005i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (CO\\nCO CO O GO CO Cq O CO lO O ir^ Oq CO O i-^ r- J\\nJr- QO O 00 00 \u00c2\u00abd O z6 CxS t-^ r-4 O- CO* OS id o OS* OS*\\nJT-Jr-QOj\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JC-Jr-GOJr-lr-Jt-QOJr-Jr-Jr-Jt-QOt-Jc-\\nlO\\n00\\nd\\noo\\nC I\\nCO\\n00\\n=3\\nlO.-HOOr-ir-foscqt-co^ r^oocqi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 oqjr-00\\ncq\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^o-^oc jcoio-^coGOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 iiot-osGqiooq\\n-H c j o cq r-H oi cq* o* oq* eo* cq cq o os r^ o\\nOOGOGOOOOOOOOOQOOOQOGOCOOOOOGOir-COOO\\nCO\\no\\nCO*\\nGO\\n00\\nOS\\noo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05\\nlOOOOCOOOO^OS-^l^OqCS-^OCOCOCO\\nCOCqOOSCOCqGOGOi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (t-- rtlCOQO ^(Mir-5qO\\ncq o OS o o oi oq --h r-J co \u00c2\u00a9q cs* oq o* o\\nQOOOX)!\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OOOOOOOOOOXOOGOOOJr-OOOOOOOO\\n00\\no\\nCO\\nGO\\nCO\\nOS\\nOC\\n33\\na\\nO O O CO i- r.N X -tH OS r- lO CO GO CO O CO lO lO O\\no o o r-i CO I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 j cq Gq CO CO lO CO CO o ^iH CO oq o o CO\\nCM* (?q OS i oJ o6 o 00 GO o o6 i-f o* cs o co rn r-! o\\nCOCOl--D0X\u00c2\u00a3-l\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GCr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i-COi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GOGOir-00GOGOX)aO\\nOS\\nCO\\nd\\nOC\\noo ocsrHGqcqcocoo: r-ic^ios-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ixjoqx\u00e2\u0080\u0094 coco\\nO O O O CO 00 i- Ol cq CO ^_ Jr- CO CO 1- 00 o\\nt-^ OC id ir- id CO CO CO JC-^ CO CO* CI CO id CO C/: CO\\nOS\\nooojt-t-cqr-tcqiOGOoooooioioocqos\\nO O O Jt-^ \u00e2\u0080\u00941 t- .-J r-H CO -rH rH CO ir-^ CO Cq CI O CO Oi\\no yS OS ci o OS o os i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i id o r-* co o* r-i co o cs*\\nir-cOcOir-lr-COir-l\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COJr-Oi:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COcO-t-lr-^^-COt\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1-H\\nd\\nS3\\nt^CqcqOSOOSCqcOcOI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ir-iOiOCOCqcqjr-CO ^O\\n-rJH OJ CO Jt-^ I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J lO O CO O O cq O CO cq lO Jt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OS tJH GO\\nCO* .-4 id J\u00e2\u0080\u0094 id CO r-1 id 00* o* os t-h* cd co* co* cq id\\nOcocococococococococococoiococococococo\\n00\\n00\\nCO\\nCO\\n6.\\nOO n^OiOrH -ticOOSf^GOJr-i^-cqcO lOsCOcOd\\nOO rtHOOSrHCOi-Hr-Hl\u00e2\u0080\u0094COir-iOCO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ioococococq\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r^ Tin* OC CO CO* CO rH* GO* t-^ CO CI ir-^ 00 O* O* CO*\\nLOiCirtinioiOioco-oiocoioiocoioococoioco\\nCO\\no\\nCO\\noscacocoiococojc-rHcq loo^cqojr-\\nGooO ^coo-t-ocococooT-Hcoocqoooo\\n-t-^ OS* CO ir-^ 1^ cq* r-^ id Jr- CO* OS cq CO\\nlOiOiOiOiOOCOiO-^iOiOiO ^-^iOiOiO\\nCO\\no\\ncq\\nlO\\ncq\\no\\nid\\nlO\\n^lOCOJr-QOOSOrHCqCO-TjHiOCOJr-OOOSO^\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^-^-rH ^iiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOLOiOcOcO\\nOOOOCOOOOOOOGOGOQOQOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOO\\nCO Jr-\\nCO CD\\n00 QO\\ni-H i-H\\ns", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20\\n03 O\\no g\\nCD\\nc3\\ni\\n03\\nas c3\\nO cr\\nb^ OP\\nc3\\n.5 U\\nTs -5\\n.o o\\n5J s\\n-H Cq r-H CO\\nX^ C^ \u00c2\u00bbo 1 lO\\n05 r-H CO O\\nCO f\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lO -rtl\\n6\\nCO OS CO OO Oi 1\\nCq Ci O C5 GO 1\\nir-^ .-H i-H CD\\nlO CO b- CO 1\\ni\\n(M TJH CD CO I- 1\\n.-H 05 CO CI CD\\nCO* -\u00c2\u00abdH OT 1-H\\nCO CO t^ M^ CO\\n1\\nGO 01 rH -Ttl lO i\\nOO O r-J O rH\\nr-4 QO* CO 1\\nt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ir- l-^ lO\\n1\\nO GO CM I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 O\\nCO cq C\u00c2\u00bb CO CO\\nGO 00 i-H GO\\nX- ir- 00 CD lO\\nCO CO O CO O\\nlO 05 CO o\\no o oi \u00e2\u0080\u00945 o\\nGO QO 00 Ir^\\n1-5\\nO Cq O iO o\\n05 ir- O b*\\nO O CO CO CO\\nGO GO 00 t^ t^\\nCO CO CO 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I CD\\nCO CD\\nCi C5 ,-H OD CO\\nt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ir- GO CD CD\\no o cq r-\\nlO CO I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 CO Oi\\nCO CO* Oi ci CO\\nir- It- Jr- O lO\\n5\\nGO (M CO O\\nir- GO CO t- CO\\nGO rH lO GO CO\\nCO r- r- Tti\\n^H 00 CO --H\\nCO Jr- 00 CD Tti\\nCO 1-^ cq i 1-5\\nCO CO Jt- CO CO\\nMi GO O t^\\n05 O GO OO LO\\noi CO CO go t^\\nto CO CO (yi rH\\nCO CO GO 00 CD\\no o CO cq b*\\nr-^ 1-H CO 00 co\\n.O CO CO f 7 r-H\\n1\\nlllll\\na ^%-z\\\\\\nc^^ H t* t-^ f^\\no\\no\\n02 C\u00c2\u00ab\\nt3\\nO\\nB\\n02\\nc3\\n02\\nGO\\nr^\\nbp\\nO p\\nro\\ncq\\n-U\\n*0Q\\n*j3\\n;3\\nC5\\nr1\\nctj\\nro\\n5\\nr:3\\nc3\\n-t^\\nt^ a\\n73\\nC\\n02\\ni a\\nO\\na\\ns3\\no\\no\\na\\no\\na\\na\\nS3\\npi\\n1\\nfe\\nG\\no\\no\\nM\\n03\\n1\\nbD\\n.a\\n3\\n05\\nCD\\no\\n3\\nboo\\nO\\nf^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\ni-H\\nJ2\\nrt\\nii\\na\\na\\n$-1\\nt^\\no\\nH\\nt-l\\n\u00c2\u00ab*_\\no\\nj2\\nO O\\ns\\nc;\\nfl\\nf^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0+-i\\no\\no\\na\\n+3\\n2\\n02\\ni\\nH\\no\\nC+-I\\nO\\nO\\nr^\\nf^ ^h\\nO\\nCO\\nPXH\\nrjl\\no V\\nbJD CD\\n02\\no\\n.r^\\nc3\\nr-(\\nO\\n02 J-\\nO\\n-M\\nc3\\no\\nO\\nK*\\nt-\\nD-\\nJ3\\ns\\no\\nr\\no\\nS\\nto\\nki,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\no a\\nO\\n1^\\nII\\nll", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "21\\n7\\nc3\\nr^\\ncu\\nO\\nk-\\nr~!\\nf5\\nbo\\n.9\\nO\\nI\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22\\no\\nTl\\nJU\\nO\\no\\nn^\\ni\\nH\\nGO 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 oo to lo r^ lO o o\\nf G i i Oi t\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CO c^i M ir: oi\\nGO(?qcoc\u00c2\u00bbcoajooo( c^\\nc6t6oi Ioi CO citOid M\\nu-j -rjH LO 05 CO Tf\\nGO\\nOS\\nOGOOOtOOOOOOOtO\\nlO IOOC 1lOOOiOOOCM\\nl O Ol rH CI O C5 t- O O O O\\nCO -Tin CO CO 1-^ (?i I\\nOi\\noo\\nci\\no\\nooou:: ioooooo o\\nu:^i0 O(MG0i0iO Oi0O O\\noi OT lO t- 1 CO la o\\n(?i CO CI CO oi CO\\noo\\n05\\nts\\noooooooooooo\\nOOOiOOrHOOiOOtOO\\nOt^iOLQCMOO C CiG\\\\lrHt\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCO crj \u00e2\u0080\u0094i oi c i c-^ cq c^ t- CO CO\\no\\nI-\\nCO\\ni\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0OlOOOOOOOOOOO\\nC5 ci r^ CO O O rH -rl^ 00\\n1 tH\\nto\\nCO\\nOS\\nCO\\nbe\\nOOOOOOCMOOOOO\\nOOOiOiOtOOiOiOiOOO\\not-Cii-j ^cOLq.-HOoqiOO\\no (?4 00 o t.^ o c-i o) i o o\\nr-( T\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 T\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ns\\nOOOOOOOt^OOOOiO\\nCDOCiLQiOOOOOiOOl-\\n^IH l^ CD i O 00 00 o o ci o CJ\\nr-H 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nlO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nP\\nOOOOiOOOOOOOlOO\\n0-*OCq MiO\u00c2\u00bb0 .0 00(yiiO\\nLOC^)a) rficooai-* Oi-HGO\\nb- CO O lO CO \u00c2\u00bb-H T-I CO T-H -rtl g:i\\nCM\\nCO\\n00\\nS\\nOOOOOOrHOOtOOO\\nO C-1 lO O lO O O lO LC lO lQ\\nCiiO-^OO-^O-rtlt-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 *CiC/j\\nb-^-^^-rj^CO co (COCO yic-T\\nCO\\nCO\\n1\\n1\\nOGOOOOiOOOOOOO\\noo oocoour^ioo ooio\\n00 O] CO r-H CO GO CI i-H C?5 GO\\nCO O --iH rH 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H CT r-i ci CO CO* i-i\\no\\nCO\\n1\\noooooooooooo\\nOOT-tOiOCIOOOOOO\\no o CO :o 1-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 c^) lO CO t^ 00 th r-i\\nCO 1 UO O C-T CO* l6 oi\\nCO\\no\\nlO\\nCO\\nOOOOOO OOOOOO\\nOOiiOC^LOOl-^OOtOOiO\\nO o rH lO o o CO CO c::? o OT o\\nC^ 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i CO O T Tin oi Co\\noo\\nCI\\ncq\\nooooooooo oo\\nO O OT lO O l O I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lO O Ol\\nt^ O O Oi rH O O CO 01 -^i\\noi CO r- 3 lO CO G i ^J^ -r}H\\nC5\\nC5\\n1\\nsq co lo CO iC oo cT o o r-^\\nlOLOOLOiOOu-JiOCOOOO\\nOOGOOOCOQOGOGOOOOOOOOOOO\\ni\\n6\\ns\\nr^\\no\\no\\n:z;\\n(h\\nOQ\\no\\n0^\\nfl\\n-fi\\n02\\no\\n3;\\na\\na.\\no\\nZ\\nH\\n-C!\\na\\n^a\\nfl\\nbJD\\no\\na\\no\\nO\\nIU-.\\nn\\no\\nri\\nC3\\n-t-^\\n0)\\no\\nCvJ\\no\\n0)\\n3\\no\\np^\\nr/j\\n00\\nbo\\ncS\\no\\n:3\\nfl\\n_o\\na\\nf-l\\nQ\\nO\\nci\\n03\\no\\ng\\nc\u00c2\u00ab\\no\\n02\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a04-3\\nc3\\nA\\nH-1\\n02\\nO)\\n-)-3\\nCO\\nDO\\n03\\no\\nffi\\nCj\\nrt\\nc\\nd\\no\\no\\nCD\\nrO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n(4-1\\nc\\na\\no\\na\\n0)\\nt\\no\\na\\nX)\\nr*\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\nc3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2+3\\nc3\\no\\n-J\\nbo\\nC3\\n:g\\no\\na\\na\\n;~i\\nOQ\\nB\\no\\no\\n3\\no\\nfl\\nPn\\na\\n7)\\nfH\\n.a\\no\\nfl\\n;3\\nh^\\na\\nOh\\nc3\\n-I-\\nCO\\noo\\nr-H\\no\\n*s\\n-l.^\\na\\nTS -^f\\no\\nQ J3", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22\\nSOIL.\\nAt first sight the Northern and Western farmer will be\\ninclined to believe much of the soil of Florida nearly worth-\\nless. So far from the truth however is this impression that it\\nwill not hold good even of the forests lands the black jack\\nridges and the low flatwoods. The soil is generally sandy\\nwith more or less admixture of clay, lime and organic matter.\\nThe greater portion of the lands in Florida may be designated\\nas pine lands the pitch and yellow or long bared pine {Pinm\\nPalustru) being the principal timber. In the hummocks it is\\nmingled with white, live and water oak, gum, bay, hickory,\\nmagnolia, cabbage palmetto, c., c.\\nThe classification of lands in common use being based upon\\ntheir elevation and the character of their vegetable growth,\\ndoes not indicate very fully the quality of the soil. There are\\nthe hummock, pine and swamp lands. Then there is the high\\nand light hummock, and the low or heavy, hummock; of pine\\nlands there are the first, second and third rate. The charac-\\nteristic of hummock land as distinguished from pine is in the\\nfact of its being covered with a growth of underbrush, while\\nthe pine lands are open. Whenever, then, the land is not so\\nlow as to be called swamp, and produces an undergrowth of\\nshrubbery, it is called hummock.\\nThe late Dr. Byrne, an old resident of Florida, in a series of\\nletters written in 1860 gives a description of the lands in Flo-\\nrida, so accurate and so well adapted to our purpose, that we\\ncopy it nearly entire.\\nThere is in every State and Territory in the Union, a very\\nlarge proportion of barren and poor lands but the ratio\\nof these lands differs greatly in diff erent States, Florida has a\\ndue proportion of poor lands but, compared with other States,\\nthe ratio of her harren and worthless lands is very small. With\\nthe exception of the Everglades, and her irreclaimable swamp\\nlands, there is scarcely an acre in the whole State of Florida\\nthat is entirely worthless, or which cannot be made, under her\\ntropical climate, tributary to some agricultural production.\\nLands which in a more Northern climate would be utterly\\nworthless, will, in Florida, owing to her tropical character,\\nyield valuable productions. For example, the poorest pine\\nbarren lands of Florida, will produce without manure, a lux-\\nuriant crop of Sisal Hemp, which yields more profit to the acre\\nthan the richest land will when cultivated in sugar, cotton or\\ntobacco. So it is with numerous other valuable tropical pro-\\nducts that are adapted to the lands, that in more Northern\\nclimates would yield nothing to agriculture. Besides this,", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "23\\nthere are in Florida no mountain wastes no barren prairies\\nand there are but few acres in the whole State not under\\ncultivation, that are not covered with valuable timber.\\nI shall here give a brief sketch of the different descriptions\\nof the lands in i^lorida.\\nPine lands (pitch and yellow pine) form the basis of Florida.\\nThese lands are usually divided into three classes, denoting\\nfirst, second and third rate pine lands.\\nThat which is denominated firtst rate pine land in Florida\\nhas nothing analogous to it in any of the other iStates. Its\\nsurface is covered, for several inches deep, with a dark vege-\\ntable mould, beneath which, to the depth of several feet, is a\\nchocolate colored sandy loam, mixed for the most part, with\\nlimestone pebbles, and resting on a substratum of marl, clay,\\nor limestone rock. The fertility and durability of this descrip-\\ntion of land may be estimated from the well-known fact that it\\nhas, on the Upper Suwannee and in several other districts,\\nyielded, during fourteen years of successive cultivation, with-\\nout the aid of manure, four hundred pounds of Sea Island Cotton\\nto the acre. These lands are still as productive as ever, so\\nthat the limit of their durability is still unknown.\\nThe second rate pine lands^ which form the largest propor-\\ntion of Florida, are all productive. These lands afford fine\\nnatural pasturage they are heavily timbered with the best spe\\ncies of pitch and yellow pine they are for the most part, high,\\nrolling, healthy and well-watered. They are generally based\\nupon marl, clay or limestone. They will produce for several\\nyears without the aid of manure, and when cow-penned, they\\nwill yield two thousand pounds of the best quality of sugar to the\\nacre, or about three hundred pounds of Sea Island Cotton.\\nThey will, besides, when properly cultivated, produce the finest\\nCuba tobacco, oranges, lemons, limes, and various other tropi-\\ncal productions, which must in many instances render them\\nmore valuable than the best bottom lands in the more northern\\nStates.\\nEven the lands of the third rate, or most inferior class,\\nare by no means worthless under the climate of Florida. This\\nclass of lands may be divided into two orders the one com-\\nprising high rolling sandy districts, which are sparsely covered\\nwith a stunted growth of black jack and pine the other\\nembracing low, flat, swampy regions, which arc frequently\\nstudded with bay galls, and are occasionally innundated,\\nbut which are covered with luxuriant vegetation, and very\\ngenerally with valuable timber. The former of those, it is now\\nascertained, owing to their calcareous soil, is well adapted to the\\ngrowth of the Sisal Hemp, which is a valuable tropical produc-\\ntion. This plant, (the Agave Sisiliana) and the Agave Mexi-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24\\ncana Hemp, also known as the Maguay, the Pulke Plant, the\\nCentury Plant, c., have both been introduced into Florida,\\nand they both grow in great perfection on the poorest lands of\\nthe country. As these plants derive their chief support from\\nthe atmosphere, they will, like the common air plant, preserve\\ntheir vitality for many months when left out of the ground.\\nIt is scarcely necessary to add, that the second order of the\\nthird rate pine lands, as here described, is far from v*^orthless.\\nThese lands afford a most excellent range for cattle, besides\\nbeing valuable for their timber and the naval stores which they\\nwill produce.\\nThere is one general feature in the topography of Florida,\\nwhich no other country in the United States possesses, and\\nwhich affords a great security to the health of its inhabitants.\\nIt is this, that the pine lands which form the basis of the coun-\\ntry, and which are almost universally healthy, are nearly every\\nwhere studded at intervals of a few miles, with hummock lands\\nof the richest quality. These hummocks are not, as is generally\\nsupposed, low wet lands they never require ditching or drain-\\ning they vary in extent from twenty acres to forty thousand\\nacres, and will probably average about 500 acres each. Hence\\nthe inhabitants have it everywhere in their power to select\\nresidences in the pine lands, at such convenient distances from\\nthe hummocks as will enable them to cultivate the latter, with-\\nout endangering their health, if it should so happen that any\\nof the hummocks proved to be less healthy than the pine woods.\\nExperience in Florida has satisfactorily shown that residen-\\nces only half a mile distant from cultivated hummocks are en-\\ntirely exempt from malarial diseases, and that the negroes who\\ncultivate those hummocks, and retire at night to pine land\\nresidences, maintain perfect health. Indeed it is found that\\nresidences in the hummocks themselves are generally perfectly\\nhealthy after they have been a few years cleared. Newly cleared\\nlands are sometimes attended with the development of more or\\nless malaria. In Florida the diseases which result from those\\nclearing are, as I stated in my former letter, generally of the\\nmildest type, (simple intermittent fever while in nearly all\\nthe southern States they are most frequently of a severe gi-ade\\nof bilious fever.\\nThe topographical feature here noted, namely, a general in-\\nterspersion of rich hummocks, surrounded by high, dry rolling,\\nhealthy pine woods, is an advantage which no other State in\\nthe Union enjoys and Florida forms in this respect, a striking\\ncontrast with Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, whose Sugar\\nand Cotton lands are generally surrounded by vast alluvial re-\\ngions, subject to frequent inundations, so that it is impossible\\nto obtain, within many miles of them, a healthy residence.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "25\\nIt would seem paradoxical that the malarial diseases of East\\nFlorida (abounding as it does in rich hummock lands, and ex-\\nposed to a tropical sun,) should generally be of a much milder\\nform than those which prevail in more northern latitudes.\\nThat such, however, is the fact, there can be no doubt for\\nthis fact is proved by an aggregate of evidence (extending over\\nmore than twenty years,) which it is impossible to resist. It\\nis suggested, in explanation of this fact, that the luxuriant\\nvegetation which in the Southern and Middle States, passes\\nthrough all the stages of decomposition, is, in East Florida,\\ngenerally dried up before it reaches the putrefactive stages of\\ndecomposition, and that consequently the quantity of malaria\\ngenerated is much less than in climates more favorable to de-\\ncomposition. This viewls strengthened by the fact that the soil\\nof Florida is almost everywhere of so porous and Absorbent a\\ncharacter that moisture is seldom long retained on its surface\\nthat its atmosphere is in constant motion, and that there is\\nmore clear sunshine than in the more northern States. It is\\nfurther suggested that the uniform prevalence of sea breezes,\\nand the constant motion of the atmosphere in the Peninsula,\\ntend so much to diffuse and attenuate whatsoever poison is\\ngenerated, that it will generally produce but the mildest forms\\nof malarial disease, such as intermittent fever.\\nThe lands which in Florida are, par excellence, denominated\\nrich land, are first, ihe swamp lands second, the low\\nhummock lands third, the high hummocks, and fourth, the\\nfirst-rate pine, oak and hickory lands.\\nThe swamp lands are, unquestionably, the most durably rich,\\nlands in the country. They are the most recently formed\\nlands, and are still annually receiving additions to their surface.\\nThey are intrinsically the most valuable lands in Florida, being\\nas fertile as the hummocks, and more durable. They are evi-\\ndently alluvial and of recent formation. They occupy natural\\ndepressions of basins, which have been gradually filled up by\\ndeposits of vegetable debris, c., washed in from the adjacent\\nand higher lands. Ditching is indispensable to all of them in\\ntheir preparation for successful cultivation. Properly prepared,\\nhowever, their inexhaustible fertility sustains a succession of\\nthe most exhausting crops with astonishing vigor. The great-\\nest yield of sugar ever realized in Florida, was produced on this\\ndescription of land, viz four hogsheads per acre. That this\\nquantity was produced on Dummitt s plantation near New\\nSmyrna, is a fact well known to those conversant with sugar\\nplanting in East Florida. Sugar cane is here instanced as a\\nmeasure of the fertility of the soil, because it is one of the most\\nexhausting crops known, and is generally grown without rest\\nor rotation. It is not, however, a fair criterion by which to", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26\\njudge of the relative fertility of lands situated in different cli-\\nmaoCS, for we find on the richest lands in Louisiana the crop\\nof sugar per acre, is not more than one hogshead, or about half\\nthat of East Florida.\\nThis great disparity in the product of those countries is\\naccounted for, not by any inferiority in the lands of Louisiana\\nor Texas, but by the fact that the early incursions of frost in\\nboth these States render it necessary to cut the cane in October,\\nwhich is long before it has reached maturity, while in East\\nFlorida it is permitted to stand, without fear of frost, till De-\\ncember, or till such time as it is fully matured. It is well\\nknown that it tassels in East Florida, and it never does so\\nin either Louisiana or Texas. When cane tassels it is evi-\\ndence of its having reached full maturity. In consequence of\\nthe heavy dutlay of capital required in the preparation of this\\ndescription of land for cultivation, and from the facility of\\nobtaining hummock land, which requires no ditching nor\\ndraining, swamp land has been but little sought after by persons\\nengaged in planting in Florida, and there is now at least a\\nmillion of acres of the best description of this land vacant in\\nthe country, and whichcan be secured at less than two dollars\\nper acre. Vast bodies of it lie convenient to navigation and\\nrailways, and doubtless will soon be sought after with avidity,\\nas soon as the sugar planters of Louisiana and Texas become\\napprized of its character, and of the many advantages which\\nsugar planting in Florida presents over any other State in the\\nUnion.\\nLow HunmiocJcs, which from the fact of their participating\\nof the nature of hummocks and swamps, and sometimes termed\\nSwammioch, are not inferior to swamp lands in fertility, but\\nperhaps are not quite as durable. They are nearly always\\nlevel, or nearly so, and have a soil of greater tenacity than that\\nof the high hummocks. Some ditching is necessary in many\\nof them. The soil in them is always deep. These lands are\\nalso extremely well adapted to the growth of the cane, as has\\nbeen well attested by the many plantations which were former-\\nly in operation here on this description of land. There is not\\nnearly so large a proportion of low hummock as there is of\\nswamp lands.\\nHigh Hummocks are the lands in the greatest repute in\\nFlorida. These differ from low hummocks in occupying high-\\ner ground, and in generally presenting an undulating surface.\\nThey are formed of a fine vegetable mould, mixed with a sandy\\nloam in many places two feet deep, and resting in most cases\\non a substratum of clay, marl or limestone. It will be readily\\nunderstood by any one at all acquainted with agriculture, that\\nsuch a soil, in such a climate as Florida, must be extremely", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "27\\nproductive. This soil scarcely ever suffers from too mucli wet\\nnor does drought affect it in the same degree as other lands.\\nHigh hummock lands produce with but little labor of cultiva-\\ntion, all the crops of the country in an eminent degree. Such\\nlands have no tendency to break up in heavy masses, nor are\\nthey infested with pernicious weeds or grasses. Their extraor-\\ndinary fertility and productiveness may be estimated by the\\nfact in several well known instances, in Marion County,\\n(Clinch s, Mcintosh s c.,) three hogsheads of sugar have been\\nmade per acre on this description of land, after it had been in\\ncultivation six years, in successive crops of corn, without the\\naid of manure.\\nTo sum up its advantages, it requires no other preparation\\nthan clearing and plowing to fit it at once for the greatest pos-\\nsible production of any kind of crop adapted to the climate.\\nIn unfavorable seasons it is much more certain to produce a\\ngood crop than any other kind of land, from the fact that it is\\nless affected by exclusively dry or wet weather. It can be cul-\\ntivated with much less labor than any other lands, being re-\\nmarkably mellow, and its vicinity is generally high and healthy.\\nThese reasons are sufficient to entitle it to the estimation in\\nwhich it is held over all other lands.\\nThe first-rate pine, oak and hickory lands are found in pretty\\nextensive bodies in many parts of the State, particularly in\\nMarion, Alachua and Hernando counties. From the fact that\\nthose lands can be cleared at much less expense than the swamp\\nand hummock lands, they have heretofore been preferred by the\\nsmall planters, and have proved remarkably productive.\\nThere are, besides the lands already noticed, extensive tracts\\nof Savanna lands, which approximate in character, texture of\\nthe soil, and period and mode of formation, to the swamp lands,\\ndiffering only in being destitute of timber. Some of these lands\\nare, however, extremely poor.\\nProbably the largest bodies of rich hummock land in East\\nFlorida are to be found in Levy, Alachua, Marion, Hernando\\nand Sumpter Counties. There are in Levy County alone, not\\nless than one hundred thousand acres of the very best descrip-\\ntion of sugar lands and there is but a small proportion in any\\nof the five counties here cited, that will not produce remunera-\\ntive crops of Sea Island and Short Staple Cotton, without the\\naid of manure.\\nThe lands on the St. John s River, taken as a whole, are not\\nas fertile as in some other sections of the State. There are, how-\\never, thousands of acres of rich hummock land within a mile of\\nthe river, which are as yet an unbroken forest, and the pine lands\\nare much better than the average of the whole State. Besides\\nthere is an abundance of muck on the ])anks of the river and", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "28\\nits tributaries, which furnishes a most excellent fertilizer.\\nLime, marl and shells are also easily obtained, and have been\\nused with very beneficial results.\\nIn Middle Florida, the Counties of Leon, Gadsden, Jefferson\\nand Madison, have large quantities of high, rolling hummock\\nland; also the County of Jackson in West Florida. They are\\nmore undulating than those in East Florida, and arc underlaid\\nwith a stiff red clay. They are by far the best lands in the\\nState for short staple Cottou, to which they have been almost\\nexclusively appropriated. There is in Volusia County, a range\\nof low hummock, a little back from the coast, from a half to\\ntwo miles wide, and extending Iruin the head of the Halifax to\\nthe head of the Indian River, some fifty miles, as well adapted\\nto sugar cane as any land in the State. The Gulf hummock\\nin Levy County, ^comprises perhaps the largest body of rich\\nland in Florida. It was bought up years ago at from five to\\nten dollars per acre by private parties, by whom it is mostly\\nheld at the present time. The Florida Railroad runs through\\nit, and it will no doubt become, at an early day, one* of the\\ngarden spots of the State. The clearing of the hummocks,\\nliowever, is expensive, and, as in every new country, we may\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2expect to see the lands more lightly timbered first brought\\ninto cultivation.\\nPRODU CTIONS\\nFIELD CROPS.\\nIn no State of the Union can so extensive a variety of valua-\\nble productions be successlully cultivated as in Florida. Most\\nof the crops grown in the temperate zone fiourisb in the northern\\nportion of the State. Nearly all the Peninsula is adapted to the\\ncultivation of semi-tropical fruits. At least one-fourth of the\\nentire area of the State is south of the line of frost, and will grow\\nsuccessfully the tropical productions of the West Indies. Here-\\ntofore Cotton has been the principal staple. Indian Corn has\\nbeen largely raised, but not in sufficient quantity to supply the\\nhome demand. Tobacco and sugar have been grown to some\\nextent. Of late, however, attention has been turned to other\\nproductions, and a new era in the development of the resources\\nof Florida has already commenced. On the St. John s river and\\nalong the railroads, the culture of vegetables for the northern", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "29\\nmarkets is receiving much attentiou, and is no longer an experi-\\nment. Fruit growing, hitherto neglected, is being prosecuted\\nwith energy, and cannot fail to become one of our most important\\ninterests. There are large quantities of land in Florida yet in a\\nstate of nature, admirably adapted to the culture of cane, and\\nthere is little doubt that within a few years, Sugar will become\\nan important staple. In giving an account of the more import-\\nant productions, we have condensed into a small space much in-\\nformation concerning their cultivation, c., which to those unac-\\nquainted with the climate and soil of Florida, will prove we doubt\\nnot, both interesting and useful. We place first on the hst,\\nINDIAN CORN.\\nIt is to the mass of the people the staff of life. It is grown\\nin all parts of the State. On rich bottom lands from 50 to 60\\nbushels per acre is raised, while on ordinary pine lands, without\\nmanure, 10 bushels per acre is a fair crop. February is the best\\nmonth to plant. The common method is to plant in hills, four\\nfeet apart each way, thinning out to one or two stalks to\\neach hill at the first plowing. Three plowings are usually given\\nthe last early in June. The hand-hoe is used at the first and\\nsecond plowings, to cut up the weeds not turned under by the\\nplow. It is customary, in the latter part of July, after the Cot-\\nton crop has been laid by, to strip off the blades and bind them\\nin bundles for fodder, but we doubt if it will pay at the present\\ncost of labor. During the fall months the ears of corn are broken\\noff and stored in the crib without husking. This is to prevent\\nthe depredations of the weevil upon the grain after it is stored.\\nCOTTON.\\nIn 1860 Florida produced 63,322 bales of ginned cotton.\\nThe crop of last year, though much less in quantity exceeded in\\nvalue that of 1860, but did not pay the cost of cultivation on the\\nwhole. Without doubt, however, it will continue to be cultivated\\nand to be an important staple, but will not, as formerly, monop-\\nolize the capital and industry of the country. Both the long\\nstaple or sea-island, and the short staple or upland Cotton are\\ncultivated. There is but little long cotton grown west of the\\nSuwanee river, except in the County of Gadsden, and scarcely\\nany short cotton east of the Suwanee. April is the month for\\nplanting. Many commence the last of March. The picking\\nseason commences the last of August, and continues until Christ-\\nmas. 200 to 300 pounds of short Cotton per acre is a fair yield\\nupon ordinary soils, but 5001bs per acre is not an unusual crop on\\nstrong land. Long Cotton produces from 100 to 200 pounds\\nper acre as an average crop, but under favorable circumstances,", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30\\n300 and even 400 pounds have been raised. We cannot enter\\ninto the details of its culture, and give no estimates upon the\\ncost of cultivation. It is generally conceded that the plantation\\nsystem must pass av^ay, and the large landed estates be divided\\nup into small farms, to be cultivated in the main by those who\\nhold the title to the soil. This change, of course, is not to be\\neJ0fected in one year or five, but there is reason to beheve that\\nthis generation, even will see it consummated. Whether cotton\\nv^ill continue, under the new system, to be our most important\\nstaple is, of course, problematical, but the conditions under\\nwhich it will be cultivated will be so different, that an estimate\\nof the cost of cultivation under the present method, would be of\\nlittle value.\\nSUGAR.\\nSugar Cane has been cultivated in small patches for home\\nconsumption, and to some extent for market. The adaptability\\nof the soil and climate of Florida to its culture has long been\\nknown, but owing to a variety of causes, its resources in this\\ndirection have hardly begun to be developed. As early as 1823,\\nVignoles writes as follows Eespecting Sugar, the recent\\nsuccessful trials that have been made upon it, have determined\\nthe curious fact that it will grow in almost any of the soils of\\nFlorida, south of the mouth of St. John s river; the great length\\nof summer, or period of absolute elevation of the thermometer\\nabove the freezing point, allows the cane to ripen much higher\\nthan in Louisiana. Wilhams, writing in 1837, says: This\\n(Sugar,) ought to be the staple of the country. Experiments in\\nevery part of the territory prove that all our good lands will\\nproduce Sugar Cane as well as any other crop. Further on he\\nsays A general impression has prevailed that sugar could not\\nbe made to advantage unless a great capital is invested but\\nexperience abundantly proves that a small capital may l)e as\\nprofitably employed in the culture of Cane as in any other pro-\\nduct. The truth of the above statements have been proved\\nby recent experiments. A correspondent of the Evening Post^\\nwriting from Enterprise the past winter, says Sugar cane\\nhas been raised with success for many years. I saw on the farm\\nof O. C. Arnett, on the lake, the largest field I have yet found\\nin the State. He cultivated ten acres. His land is hummock,\\nand has been cultivated without manure for nearly twenty years.\\nMr. Arnett s crop was not planted until the middle of February,^\\ninstead of the usual time, between Christmas and the last of\\nJanuary. He banked the earth around the cane throughout\\nthe season, leaving a deep furrow between the rows. He has\\njust finished manufacturing his crop, and finds that it has produ-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "31\\nced at the rate of 1,500 lbs. of Sugar, and 300 gallons of Molas-\\nses to the acre. Allowing a gallon of Molasses to noake five\\npounds of Sugar (a low es jmate), and we have 3,000 pounds to\\nthe acre, from land which has been cultivated without manure\\nfor near twenty years. Solon Eobinson, who spent the past\\nwinter in Florida, gives an extended account of the experiments\\nof Mr. W.W. Holden, of Orange County, in the culture of Sugar\\nCane, from which we extract the following Mr. Holden s\\nplace is upon just such land as composes the great body of East\\nFlorida that is, dry sandy soil with clay deep down the most\\ncommon growth long leaf pine [Fmus palustris), some oaks, hick-\\nory, holly, and other trees, and a natural growth of weeds that\\nwould astonish a northern farmer. With good cultivation in a\\nfavorable season, Mr. Holden estimates a fair crop of corn at 20\\nbushels per acre in that vicinity. His crop last year was 17J\\nbushels per acre. Since the war he has been experimenting\\nwith Sugar Cane upon such land as I have described that is,\\ngood, fair quality, sandy, pine land; such as gave 17 J bushels\\nof corn to the acre; and this is the result. He had, the past\\nseason, 2J acres of plant cane, (a term used to distinguish it\\nfrom that which grows after the first year from the rattoons)\\nworked in the same way and to the same amount as he worked\\nhis corn and planted the same distance apart in February. It\\nis usual to make beds for the cane. He did not, but cultivated\\nflat and not as much as would have been profitable. He has\\n(January 15,) just finished grinding, and has 20 barrels of beau-\\ntiful Sugar, worth 18c. per lb. at the mill, and 11 barrels Syrup\\nworth 75c. per gallon. He uses a three-roller iron mill, driven\\nby a pair of horses, and it required himself, three men and two\\nboys ten days to work up the crop. Mr. Eobinson estimates\\nthe cost of the above crop at $450. Estimating 225 lbs. of Su-\\ngar to a barrel, at the prices mentioned the crop would amount\\nto $873.75, or $388.33 per acre. Beyond question, the ordinary\\nyield of Sugar per acre, in Florida, is nearly twice as great as\\nin Louisiana, and the soil is much easier tilled. The Cane pro-\\nduces well from the rattoon for three to five years, and even\\nlonger in the southern portion of the State. Experiments which\\nhave been made in fertilizing indicate that swamp muck is one\\nof the very best manures for this crop. Of this there is an\\nabundance within the reach of almost every man s farm. But\\nthere are thousands of acres of rich hummocks yet in a state of\\nnature, which are susceptible of producing, for a series of years,\\nwithout manure, as fine crops ol Sugar as any that grow in the\\nWest Indies. The idea has been prevalent that Sugar Making\\nmust be conducted on a large scale to make it profitable, but this\\nis an error. I am now well satisfied, says Mr. Eobinson,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2that small farmers can grow Cane upon any good pine land by", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32\\nmanuring, and can make Sugar as easily as Yankee farmers\\nmake cider, and he adds Undoubtedly it would be more\\nremunerative, indeed extremely profitable, on a large scale.\\nSWEET POTATOES.\\nNext to Indian Corn, the most important article of vegetable\\nfood in common use is the Sweet Potatoe. They do best on a\\nlight soil, w^ell manured. The yield per acre is from 100 to 300\\nbushels, depending upon the season, culture and quahty of soil.\\nThey are propagated from the seed, like Irish Potatoes from\\ndraws, and from the vines. Under the first method, the Potatoes\\nare planted in hills or drills early in the season, and cultivated\\nvery much the same as Irish Potatoes. By the second method,\\nthe Potatoes are planted thickly in a bed; when they have\\nsprouted two or three inches, the young shoots, called draws^\\nare broken off and set out in the field. This must be done in\\ndamp or showery weather. The third is by cutting off and\\nplanting out pieces of the vines, after the plants have commenced\\nrunning. The crop raised from vines is later, but frequently not\\ninferior either in quantity or quality to that raised by the other\\nmethods of propagation. The early crop begins to mature about\\nmidsummer. The crop is a profitable one, and deserving of\\nmore attention, as a market crop, than it has hitherto received.\\nSweet Potatoes bear shipment well, and always command good\\nprices in the Northern Markets.\\nIRISH POTATOES.\\nThis crop does not produce as well as at the North, but is\\noff in time to be followed by a crop of Sweet Potatoes the same\\nyear. They should be planted in January, although good crops\\nare sometimes obtained from later planting. A covering of muck,\\ngrass or coarse compost is very beneficial. The Potatoes are fit\\nfor digging in May. They can be shipped without difficulty, and\\nat a moderate expense, to the northern markets, where they are\\nworth eight to nine dollars per barrel. The culture is essentially\\nthe same as that practiced at the North,\\nRICE.\\nThere is much low land in Florida, well adapted to the cult-\\nure of Rice. It has been raised to quite an extent for home\\nconsumption. Porty to sixty bushels per acre of rough rice is an\\naverage crop. It is not likely to become a staple crop, still it\\nmay be cultivated to advantage in many locations. It is much\\nused as an article of food by all classes.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "3S\\nTOBACCO.\\nCuba Tobacco was largely cultivated in the county of Gads-\\nden before the war, and to some extent in some other portions\\nof the btate; but it is now almost enrtiirely neglected. The cul-\\ntivation is somewhat tedious. There is no crop that requires so\\nconstant attention. Three cuttings in a season are produced\\nfrom the same stalks. Tobacco is an exhaustive crop, and re-\\nquires a fertile soil. Still its cultivation on a small scale may\\nbe made extremely profitable. 700 lbs. to the acre is an average\\nyield.\\nINDIGO.\\nUnder the British occupation of Florida, Indigo was the prin-\\ncipal staple. It is a sure crop, but its culture has been wholly\\nabandoned. The plant grows wild in many parts of the State,\\nand will doubtless at some future time be cultivated extensively.\\nThe plant has become naturalized or is indigenous, and is found\\ngrowing wild in various parts of the State.\\nSISAL HEMP.\\nDr. Henry Ferine introduced the Sisal Hemp into South\\nFlorida some 25 years ag-o, from Yucatan. It is a purely tropi-\\ncal plant. The soil and climate south of the line of frost is well\\nadapted to its growth. Heretofore the difficulty has been in\\ndevising some economical method of separating the fibre from\\nthe pulp. A machine has been invented recently, which is\\ncheap, and believed to be efficient. Concernins;- its culture the\\nlate VVm. C. Dennis, of Key West, says It is no K nger an\\nexperiment here, as to the growth of the plant, the amount of\\nthe product or the value of the fibre. It requires no replanting,\\nand very little care after the first year or two. A ton of clean-\\ned hemp can be made to the acre, worth at least S300 per ton.\\nCASTOR BEAN.\\nThe Palma Christi, or Castor Bean, grows luxuriantly. In\\nthe southern portion of the State it is perennial, and attains the\\nsize of a small tree. It is frequently seen in gardens and in\\nwaste places. We do not know that any experiments have\\nbeen made in its cultivation as a field crop but we deem it\\nworthy of attention.\\nSILK.\\nMuch has been said and written about the breeding of Silk\\nWorms, and production of Silk, in Florida. At one time Silk\\n3", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34\\ngrowing received considerable attention at St. Augustine. The\\nconditions for a successful prosecution of the business seem pe-\\nculiarly favorable. The mulberry is a native of our forests.\\nCocoons of the Silk-Worm are often found upon them. The\\nclimate is more mild thah that of Italy. There is no reason\\nwhy this valuable staple should not be largely produced.\\nCOFFEE.\\nWe know no reason why Coffee could not be grown success-\\nfully, south of the 28th parallel; but we have not been able to\\nlearn from any reliable source, that any experiments have been\\nmade in its culture. More than forty years ago, a Philadelphia\\nCompany sent out an expedition to explore the country and se-\\nlect suitable spots for the cultivation of the Coffee plant; but\\nthe project was abandoned, Congress refusing the grant of lands\\nrequired by the Company. If our climate and soil should be\\nfound suitable for the culture of Coffee, it could not fail to be-\\ncome, in a few years, an important staple.\\nTEA.\\nThe efforts which have been made heretofore to introduce the\\nculture of tea into the United States, do not seem to have met\\nwith the success which had been anticipated. The soil of Mid-\\ndle Florida is said to resemble in quality that which is so much\\nsought after in Assam by Tea-growers, and its culture may be-\\ncome an important branch of industry at some future day.\\nPEAS.\\nThe common English Pea is not cultivated as a field crop.\\nThe Cow Pea is extensively grown and produces excellent crops.\\nIt resembles the bean family in the appearance of its Ibliage and\\nthe manner of its growth. It is common to sow them between\\nthe row^s of corn at the last plowing. They will produce from\\n10 to 15 bushels per acre, besides a large amount of forage. On\\naccount of the luxuriant growth of vine, on poor soils even, its\\nculture as a green crop, to be turned in, has been recommended.\\nPEA-NUTS.\\nThe Pea-Nut, Piuder, Goober or Ground-Pea, as the plant is\\nvariously called, grows well on almost any warm, light soil.\\nThf^- seed should be planted early in the spring. The after cul-\\ntivation is si iiple. A hundred bushels to the acre is an average\\ncrop. They are worth $2 50 to $3 00. per bushel. The nut pro-\\nduces an oil, which is said to be equal to the finest olive oil.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "35\\nRAMIE.\\nThe Eainie plant has been recently introduced into Louisiana,\\nIt is believed it will become an important Southern staple. The\\nplant produces a fibre of fine quality and glossy whiteness, which\\nis used in manufacturing cloths, either by itself or mixed with\\nsilk or wool. It is a hardy and vigorous grower, and, in this\\nclimate, perennial. The Eamie belongs to the family of JJrtica-\\ncece, of which the common nettle is an example, and to which the\\nhemp plant belongs. It is claimed that the fibre of the Eamie\\nis stronger than the best European hemp that it may be spun\\nas fine as that of flax, and that it is doubly durable; that it will\\nproduce from three to five annual crops, each equal to the best\\ngathered from hemp.\\nARROW ROOT.\\nThe Koouta, or Indian Arrow-root, grows wild in the south-\\nern portion of the peninsula. It was formerly manufactured\\nquite extensively the sole labor consisting of bringing it from\\nthe forest lands and conveying it to the mill the simple stirring\\noccasioned by the digging being sufficient to secure a b^^tter\\ncrop than the one just removed.\\nThe Bermuda Arrow-root also flourishes, producing, even on\\npine lands, from 200 to 800 bushels per acre. The yield of\\nmerchantable Arrow-root Flour, obtained by imperfect mills, is\\nfrom six to eight lbs. to the bushel.\\nWHEAT, RYE AND OATS.\\nWheat has been grown in the northern part of the State, but\\nis so uncertain a crop that it is not cultivated. Eye and Oats\\nare raised to some extent, chiefly as forage crops. They should\\nbe sowed early in the winter. Unless the crop ripens before\\nwarm weather comes on, very little grain will be obtained.\\nGAEDEN YEGETABLES.\\nUnder this head we shall notice the crops usually cultivated\\nin market gardens, to the production of which the soil and cli-\\nmate of Florida are admirably adapted. The growing of vege-\\ntables for the northern markets has not, until recently, received\\nany attention. In view of the fact, however, that vegetables\\ngrown here can be placed in the markets of the northern sea-\\nboard cities from a month to six weeks earlier than from any", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "S6\\nother point, many have been encouraged to experiment, while\\nsome parties have engaged in the business quite extensively.\\nTh oh\\\\f f difficulty which has been encountered is that of trans-\\nportation. Mistakes have also been made in picking too green\\nor too ripe; and careful packmg for shipment, has not received\\nsufficient attention. The delays, mcident to transhipment at\\nSavannah or Charleston, have been such that in several instances\\nshipments of Tomatoes have become utterly worthless on reach-\\ning New York. This year, however, the connections are closer,\\nand we do not hear so much complaint. There is little doubt,\\nhowever, that before another season, a line of steamers will run\\nbetween Jacksonville and New York. This will save from one\\nto two days time on the passage, beside the injury arising from\\nre-shipment. Direct steam communication will enable the gar\\ndeners on the St. Johns river to phice in the New York market\\nin good condition, and with little risk, if properly packed, Toma\\ntoes. Cucumbers, Green Peas, Snap Beans, Melons, Green Corn\\nc., c., as early in the season as required, and at a fair profit\\nWe have little doubt that Florida will become, at no distant day\\nthe early market garden of all the northern cities. Another\\nyear will see the business largely increased.*\\nTOMATOES.\\nThe Tomato is easily cultivated, and produces abundantly.\\nIf the soil is not already in good condition, fertilizers should be\\nused. It is bad policy to attempt to raise any garden crop on\\npoor soil. It ripens from May to July. Early lots sell for\\nalmost marvelous prices in New York $1,200 has been netted\\nfrom a single acre. Col. Kodman, who has had much experi-\\nence with this crop, says it will yield from 400 to 500 bushels\\nto the acre, in ordinary seasons. By the use of cold frames\\nthere would be no difficulty in having ripe Tomatoes at Jack-\\nsonville in March, and by tfie aid of an ordinary hot bed they\\ncould be had during the entire winter. South of Palatka they\\nare ripened in the open air every month in the year.\\nCUCUMBERS.\\nIn May last, Florida Cucumbers were quoted at $10 per\\nhundred in the New Yoik Market. At this rate they would\\nbe an exceedingly profitable crop. The plant has to contend\\nOur statements as to the time of ripening, c., of the various crops,\\napply to the latitude of Jacksonville, unless otherwise stated. As far\\nsouth as Enterprise, nearly all the vegetables cultivated in a market\\ngarden, can be ripened any month in the year.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "37\\nwith few of the enemies which prove so destructive at the North.\\nIt IS ready for market about the same time as the Tomato, and\\nbears shipment exceedingly well.\\nMELONS.\\nThere is no country where the Watermelon attains greater\\nperfection than in Florida, and we might add, where they can be\\nraised with less care. The Muskmelon and Cantaloup also\\nflouiish. Melons and Cucumbers should be planted in March\\nApril will do, however, for Melons, and sometimes is necessary\\nthe tirst plants being occasionally destroyed by cold weather.\\nWatermelons being bulky, and liable to injury from handling,\\nare not so well adapted for shipment as Tomatoes and Cucum-\\nbers; but thousands have been shipped the past season, and\\nprofitably laid down in New York. They are abundant all\\nthrough June and July.\\nPEAS.\\nSoils that contain some lime, quite rich and moderately moist,\\nare the best for Peas. The month of January is the best time\\nto plant. The crop will then be ready for market in April, at\\nwhich season Green Peas command high prices in New York.\\nThey bear shipment well, and will be found a profitable crop.\\nBEANS.\\nBeans of all kinds grow well, particularly the Lima Bean,\\nwhich should be planted early in March. The Lima or Butter\\nBean, as it is commonly called, is found in almost every garden.\\nOf its value as a market crop we are unable to speak. Snap\\nBeans are very prolific, and their culture for shipment North is\\nworthy of attention.\\nCABBAGES AND TURNIPS.\\nCabbages succeed best in winter. Sown in the Fall they will\\nproduce fine heads in the Spring months. A rich and moist soil\\nis best suited to this crop. Turnips can be had fresh nearly\\nevery month in the year. In the summer thej do not bottom\\nwell, but are a valuable winter crop. Cauliflower, Brocoli, and\\nKohl Rabi are grown without difficulty. The latter is very\\ncommon in our market.\\nBEETS, kc.\\nBeets do best in a dpep, rich, moist soil. For winter use\\nplant in September or October; for Summer, in January or Feb-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38\\nruary. Carrots and Parsnips should be treated in the same\\nmanner. None of these crops produce as well as at the North.\\nMISCELLANEOUS CROPS.\\nNearly if not quite all the vegetables usually cultivated in a\\ngood family garden can be raised for home use. Squashes are\\ngrown with great ease and of the best quality. Onions grown\\nfrom sets seem to produce best. Lettuce, Radishes, Celery,\\nc., c., grow to perfection also Peppers, Parsley, c. As-\\nparagus and Rhubarb succeed with the usual attention. The\\nEgg Plant does finely. Okra is found growing in every garden.\\nIt is highly prized by the old residents. The edible part is the\\ngreen seed pods from these the celebrated gumbo soup is made.\\nThey are also boiled and served as Asparagus.\\nIt may be observed that with proper care and attention, fresh\\nvegetables may be had for the table every day in the year. For\\na family to be thus suppUed would be desirable, both on the\\nscore o; heakh and economy. In warm climates vegetable food\\nis more wholesome than animal, and we urge upon all new\\ncomers the importance of giving early attention to the kitchen\\ngarden.\\n(3.)\\nFRUITS.\\nWhatever opinion may be formed as to the adaptation of\\nFlorida to the successful cultivation of farm and garden crops,\\nthere can be but one opinion as to its fitness for the growth of\\ntropical and semi-tropical Fruits. In this respect Florida en-\\njoys a monopoly which, when fairly developed, will make her\\none of the richest and most important of the United States.\\nOranges, Lemons, Fine Apples, and various other tropical\\nFruits, will yield an average profit of at least one thousand\\ndollars per acre yearly It is tiie adaptability of the climate\\nto these productions, that makes even the inferior lands of\\nFlorida susceptible of producing crops more valuable than\\nthose of the best lands in other parts of the Union. The cult-\\nure of Fruit in Florida, without doubt, offers greater opportu-\\nnities for practical and energetic Fruit Growers, than in any\\nother part of the Union. It is the appreciation of this fact\\nthat is awakening such an interest in the business, and bring-\\ning to our shores large numbers from nearly every State. To\\nsupply, as far as possible, the general want of information", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "39\\nupon the subject of Fruit Culture in Florida, we have collated\\nthe following- pages, from the materials in our possession, and\\nfrom individual (observation.\\nORANGES.\\nThe Orange belongs to the citrus family, in which are inclu-\\nded the Lemon, Lime, Citron, Shaddock and similar fruits. The\\nvarieties are numerous. In their native state they continue\\nflowering nearly all the summer, and for a considerable portion\\nof the year. Every stage of growth, from the flower and bud, to\\nthe ripe fruit, can be seen on the same tree. The sour Orange\\nand the bitter-sweet grow wild upon the St. Johns and Indian\\nrivers, and in many other parts of the peninsula. A corres\\npondent of the New York Worlds waiting from Indian River,\\nsays In the primeval woods on the banks are vast gardens\\nof the sour wild Orange, the juice of which is acrid as vinegar,\\nand when mixed with sugar and water makes an excellent\\nbeverage that has manj tonic qualities, that act as a prevent-\\nive or cure to the light fevers of the countr3^ These Oranges\\nare to be found in nearly every part of the woods, and we often\\nhad to clear the ground of vast quantities of the Iruit before\\nwe could pitch our tents. The Orange is a sure crop. The\\ntree is long-lived, and has very few enemies. The scale insect,\\n{cocens hesperidiim,) which first made its appearance in 1838, and\\nfor a time proved a formidable enemy to the Orange tree, has near-\\nly or altogether disappeared. North of the 30th deg of latitude,\\nexcept on the St. Johns and Apalachicola rivers, the crop is\\nsomewhat doubtful, being liable to be cut oft by frost. Once,\\nindeed, since the settlement of the country in 1835, the Or-\\nange and most other fruit trees were destroyed as far south as\\nthe 28th degree of latitude. At that time there were trees\\ngrowing at St. Augustine more than one hundred years old.\\nThe Oranges of Fldrida are celebrated for their superior\\nquality. At present the best method of establishing a grove\\nis to set out the wild Orange trees, and, at the proper time,\\nbud it with the sweet orange. The sour trees may be du^ up\\nat any time during the winter, and transplanted. They are\\nusually cut off three to four feet from the ground at the time\\nof taking up. During the summer months shoots large enough\\nto bud will start out two or three of the best are selected,\\nand the others rubbed off. The buds grow the first year. The\\ntree usually commences bearing the third year from transplant-\\ning. By the fifth year a grove well cared for, ought to average\\n100 to the tree. The trees should be set 20 feet apart, which\\ngives about 100 to the acre. Wild trees can be had in Jack-\\nsonville at about $50 per hundred. They are brought from the", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "40\\nhummocks on the upper St. Johns, When the supply of wild\\nOrange trees is exhausted, as it will bo, doubtless, within a\\nfew years, resort to nursery stock will be necessary. But their\\npropagation is not difficult. Grown from the seed, at the end\\nof three years the trees will be five to six feet high, and an\\ninch or more in diameter. These should be set out in the orch-\\nard and budded, as described for the wild stocks.\\nThe Orange will grow upon almost any soil, but in order to\\nsecure good crops, a moderate degree of fertility is required.\\nThere is no place where the tree does better than upon the\\nshell hummocks, indicating that lime is a valuable fertilizer.\\nThis can easily be supplied in the shape of marl or shells, in\\nany part of the State. Swamp muck is also a good manure.\\nA grove in full bearing sliould average 500 to the tree.\\nMany trees will bear from 1,000 to B.OrO per year. Mr. C. F.\\nReed, of Mandarin, raised 12.(00 froni three trees the past year\\none tree bearing 3,200, one 3,300, and one 5,500, some of\\nthem weighing nineteen ounces. William Edwards, Esq.,\\nof Micanopy has a fine grove of 72 trees in bearing, some of\\nwhich bear from 2,000 to 3,000 Oranges each.\\nIn Jacksonville Oranges have sold, the past season, at from\\ntwenty-five to sixty dollars per thonsand. Taking 500 as the\\naverage per tree, and 100 trees to the acre, and we have 50,000\\nOranges from an acre, which, at forty dollars per thousand,\\nwhich may be taken as the average price, will give $2,000\\nwhile at twenty-five dollars, the lowest price at which good\\nOranges were sold, we have $1,250 as the income from a single\\nacre. It requires no great outlay of capital to start an Orange\\ngrcvx and its care involves no more labor than the care of an\\napple orchard of the same size. We leave it for parties inter-\\nested to calculate the profits arising from an Orange grove of\\nten acres in full bearing. We are quite sure that the credit\\nside of the sheet will show that the profit of growing the Orange\\nis larger in proportion to the expenditure of money and labor,\\nthan that derived from the cultivation of any other crop grown\\nin the United States. The largest grove in the State is situa-\\nted on the east coast, near Cape Carnareval. It is known as\\nDummit s Grove, from the name of the proprietor. It contains\\nsome 1,350 bearing trees, which have produced, in a single\\nyear, 700,000 Oranges. The soil is a light sandy loam, under-\\nlaid with a rotten limestone. We believe this is the only\\ngrove in the State exceeding 1,000 bearing trees.\\nLEMONS, LIMES, CITRONS, c.\\nIt will be unnecessary to go into detail regarding these\\nfruits, since the remarks which we have made with regard to", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "41\\nthe soil, climate and culture required for the Orange, will\\napply equally to them. The Lemon is, perhaps, a trifle more\\nhardy than the Orange. The Sicily Lemon, budded on the sour\\nor bitter-sweet Orange, does finely. Last iall, R. B. Cram,\\nEsq., of this city, sent to a friend in New York, some speci-\\nmens of Oranges and Lemons, as samples of what Florida can\\nraise in the collection was a small branch upon which grew\\nseven lemons. Six of these averaged 13 inches in circumfer-\\nence, and the whole weighed just seven pounds. They were\\nraised by M. L Phillips, Esq., two miles from Jacksonville.\\nThe Lime is ii prolific bearer, and a most wholesome and\\nexcellent fruit. In south Florida the tiee is in bearing nearly\\nthe whole year. The green fruit makes a fine preserve. They\\nare easily propagated and come into bearing early. Doubtless\\na good businciss could be done in raising them for the juice,\\nwhich is an article of commerce.\\nThe Citron grows on a straggling bush, which requires sup-\\nport while the fruit is ripening. We have seen them six to\\neight inches in diameter, of a rich yellow color, hanging from\\nthe slender branches, fitting emblems of the golden fruits of\\nautumn. The Citron does well wherever the Orange flourishes.\\nThe Shaddock resembles a large Letnon. It is a coarse\\nfruit, and of little value except for culinary purposes.\\nThe Grape Fruit is similar to the Shaddock.\\nAll the above can be propagated by budding, more easily\\neven, than the Orange.\\nPEACHES.\\nThe Peach attains its highest degree of perfection at the\\nSouth. The trees possess more vigor and greater longevity\\nthan at the North. But little attention has been paid to the\\ncultivation of the better varieties, but they seem to do equally\\nwell with the native seedlings, from which the greater portion\\nof the fruit brought to our market is produced. So well adapt-\\ned is the climate to the growth of the Peach, that they are\\nfound growing wild by the road-sides and in the corners of\\nthe fences. With direct steam communication, there will be\\nno difficulty in shipping them to New Yoik, where during the\\nmonths of June and July they would command high prices.\\nP. Redmond, of Augusta, Georgia, late editor of the Sou .hern\\nCultivator, says When the peach tree receives any thing\\nlike proper culture, or attention in our climate, it is liable to\\nno diseases and is far more thrifty and long-lived than in\\nmore northern localities. We have no yellows, nor similar\\nmalady and all that is necessary to keep the tree in perfect\\nhealth is judicious pruning (shorlening in) and frequent stir-\\nring of the surface soil around it.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42\\nGRAPES.\\nThe South is the true home of the Grape. It is found wild\\nin the forests of Florida, and growing luxuriantly. In the\\nsouthern part of the State three crops of grapes in a year are\\ngathered. The Black Hamburg, White Muscat, Golden Chas-\\nsales, and other foreign Grapes, grow and fruit finely in the\\nopen air. The Concord succeeds well, and is so much improved\\nthat it is nearly equal in quality to the Slack Hamburg. The\\nScuppernong is cultivated more widely than any other variety.\\nIt makes a fine wine by the addition of a little sugar; equal\\nto any manufactured in Cnlifornia, as we have been assured\\nby good judges. Over 2,000 gallons have been made from an\\nacre. But little attention has been given to vine culture, and\\ndoubtless varieties may be found better adapted to our soil\\nand climate than any of those mentioned.\\nFIGS.\\nOf all the fruits cultivated in the South, says a distinguished\\nhorticulturist, the Fig requires the least care, and is one of\\nthe most productive and useful. It is propagated readily from\\ncuttings, which usually bear the second year. During the\\nsummer months the Fig may be found upon the breakfast ta-\\nbles of all lovers of fine fruit. When ripe it is mild, rich and\\nluscious, without being cloying even to those of the most del-\\nicate appetite. Being very perishable, it is valuable only for\\nthe home market. The dampness of the climate does not ad-\\nmit of its being put up like the figs of commerce. This diffi-\\nculty may doubtless be overcome by artificial means, and\\nwould make the Fig an article of great commercial value to\\nthe State. A moist and fertile soil is best suited to the fig; but\\nit grows readily in almost any location. Every one in Florida\\nwho owns a foot of land may literally sit under his own vine\\nand fig tree.\\nPOMEGRANATES.\\nThe Pomegranate is common in Florida. There are the sweet\\nand sour varieties. The bush is a pretty ornamental shrub,\\nand with its beautiful blossoms and pendant fi uit is decidedly\\nornamental. The rind is very bitter, and lias been used as a\\nsubstitute for Peruvian bark but the juice, which is contained\\nin little sacks surrounding the seeds, is a pleasant acid, and\\nquite agreeable.\\nAPPLES, PEARS, AND QUINCES.\\nThese fruits have been cultivated in the northern part of the\\nState, but we cannot recommend them as worthy of general", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "43\\nattention. There are instances of the Pear having been grafted\\non the wild Hawthorn with good results. The Quince, too,\\nmay succeed moderately well under favorable circumstances.\\nPLUMS, CHERRIES, c.\\nThe Plum grows wild all over the State, and some of the\\nvarieties are scarcely inferior to many of the cultivated sorts.\\nThe tree is not subject to black knot, or other serious mala-\\ndies. Doubtless the better varieties can be successfully worked\\non the wild stocks. The Cherry does not succeed well the\\nCurrant, also, has been reluctantly discarded. Apricots and\\nnectarines succeed quite as well as the Peach.\\nBERRIES.\\nThere is no place where the Blackberry is more perfectly at\\nhome, than in Florida. The running variety, or Dewberry,\\ncommences ripening early in April and continues in bearing till\\nMay, when the higTi Blackberry comes on, and continues in\\nbearing until July. The Lawton was fruited by Dr. Sanborn\\nlast year. He says It did well, but needs moist ground.\\nThe Htichleberry grows everywhere, and is plenty in market\\nduring the month^of May. The Straio berry is easily cultivated\\nand bears abundant crops. It requires a moist and fertile soil.\\nThe fruit commences ripening in March, and the vines, if freely\\nwatered, will continue in bearing for six months. Wilson s\\nAlbany is, perhaps, the best variety for this latitude. Hovey s\\nSeedling also does well. The Mulherry grows wild, and bears\\ntwo crops in a year. The northern Gooseberry and Cranberry\\ndo not succeed.\\nTHE OLIVE.\\nThe Olive has been successfully cultivated, and is deserving\\nattention. Trees grown from the seed commence bearing the\\ntenth year, and are fully productive about the twentieth or\\ntwenty-fifth.\\nTHE BAISTANA AIs^D PINE-APPLE.\\nIn all the southern portion of the Peninsula the Banana does\\nfinely. In the northern part of the State they require protec-\\ntion in winter. The Pine-apple also succeeds admirably in\\nSouth Florida. It and the Banana are raised from suckers,\\nwhich come into bearing about eighteen months after being\\nplanted. The stalks die after fruiting, and give place to suck-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44\\ners which spring up around the parent stock. The Banana\\ngrows to the height of ten feet the Pine-apple to a height of\\nabout three feet.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nOf strictly tropical fruits, that are worthy of attention, in\\naddition to those above noticed, may be mentioned the Guava,\\nSappadillo, Sugar-apple, Tamarind, Alligator Pear, Pawpaw\\nPlantain, Cocoa-nut, and perhaps the Date. All the above we\\nhave seen growing luxuriantly in South Florida. The Cocoa-\\nnut is a large tree, rising above all the other trees of the forest.\\nThe fruit is ripening the year round. The Pecan-nut can be\\nraised without difficulty, and probably the Almond.\\nThere is a broad field for experiment in connection with the\\nproductions of Florida. She is still a terra incognita, to a\\ngreat extent. Her capacities are comparatively untested and\\nunknown. They await the hand of industry, enterprise and\\nskill to develop them, and to make the land of flowers not\\nonly the most salubrious, but in the variety and value of its\\nproductions, the most wealthy portion of the Union.\\nw MISCELLANEOUS.\\nSTOCK,\\nOn much even of the poorer land in the State is to be found\\na large growth of Oaks, scattered amon^ the Pines, which fur-\\nnishes abundance of mast, on which, m the genial climate of\\nFlorida, with little care or protection, hogs can be raised ad\\nlibitum. They are to found everywhere, throughout the for-\\nests of the whole peninsula, half-wild and in good condition,\\nfinding easily an independent support. Kept, or rather un-\\nkept, as they are, they are a nuisance but the fencing in of a\\nsufficient range, and the occasional distribution ol a little\\nfeed, would enable a farmer to raise hogs enough to furnish a\\nconsiderable revenue.\\nThe whole territory is likewise covered with a more or less\\nthick coat of divers wild grasses, which retain their greenness\\nto a greater or less extent throughout the year. Cattle maintain\\nthemselves in good condition entirely without care. In the\\nsouthern portion of the peninsula, are found large moist prai-\\nries, called savannahs, covered with tall grasses, which afford\\nvery good nutriment to cattle. Upon them large herds of cat-\\ntle pasture, which are driven up occasionally by their owners", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "45\\nthe beeves selected out, and the calves marked. Capt. McKay,\\nof Tampa, has been engaged in the cattle trade for a number\\nof years, running a line of steamers to Cuba tAvo to three times\\na month, loaded with Florida beeves. During the war the\\nConfederate authorities drew large supplies of beef from Flori-\\nda. Some of the heavy cattle men own as many as 25,000\\nhead, and have made fortunes out of the business.\\nSheep also do well in Florida. It is doubtful if as fine a\\nquality of avooI could be raised, as far north but the mutton\\nis of a superior quality.\\nTIMBER AND LUMBER.\\nFlorida is, beyond question, the best timbered State in the\\nUnion. Out of about 38,000,000 acres, only some 3,000,000 is\\nincluded in farms, and of the rest nineteen-twentieths, exclu-\\nsive of the area covered by rivers and lakes, is covered with\\nheavy forests. On all the least moist and more level portions\\nthe Pine is the prevalent forest tree, either the yellow or the\\npitch Pine. It grows with great beauty, and attains a large\\nsize, furnishing some of the handsomest Pine Lumber to be\\nfound in the markets of the world. The extent of the Pine\\nlands and the possible amount of Lumber that could be manu-\\nfactured, would be almost incredible to one who has never vis-\\nited Florida. There are probably more than 30,000 square\\nmiles of heavy Pine forest within the limits of the State.\\nIn the moister lands, along the rivers and creeks and on the\\nmargins and swamps, an almost infinite variety of trees is to be\\nfound, of which the more valuable for timber and lumber are\\nLive Oak, White Oak, the Hickory the Ash, the Birch, the\\nCedar, the Magnolia, the Sweet Bay, and the Cypress. Of all\\nthese varieties a great abundance is to be found throughout\\nthe State. Of Pine of the best quality, of Cedar and Cypress\\nin particular, the supply for any purposes of manufacture,\\nmay Avell be said to be inexhaustible. The larger proportion\\nof what has loosely been called swamp in Florida, is simply\\nlow hummock, with a soil of inexhaustible fertility, and cover-\\ned with a dense growth of mainly Cypress, Magnolia and\\nSweet Bay. The timber of the Cypress more nearly resembles\\nthat of the northern Basswood than any thing else. It is not\\nquite as close-grained, perhaps, but it is about the same weight\\nand toughness, and is fully as easily worked, and can be used\\nnearly as well for all the pui-poses to which Basswood is appli-\\ned. It is more easily split than Basswood but it is, with that\\nexception, as susceptible of being warped and bent into desira-\\nble shapes. For clothes-pins, for fork and rake and broom", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "handles, and for pails and tubs, Cypress furnishes an excellent\\nmaterial while the red Cedar of the coast and SAvamps and\\nrivers, would yield the best knoAvn material for the pails and\\ntubs of a nicer and more costly description.\\nThe timber of the Magnolia also is susceptible of a variety of\\nuses similar to Basswood in color and fineness of grain it can\\nbe brought to a fine polish, and is already being used for the\\nnicer and finer kinds of wheelwright and cabinet work. Of\\nthis timber the supply is very large.\\nThe wood of the Eed or Sweet Bay, in fineness of texture and\\nin its other valuable qualities, stands next to Mahogany, and\\nwill, ere long, be in demand for cabinet w^ork it abounds in\\nthe State.\\nThe resources of Florida, in the direction of the manufacture\\nof wooden ware, and of tools of all descriptions made from\\nwood, have not only as yet never been developed, but have\\nhardly been suspected. If an inexhaustible abundance of ma-\\nterial, at the cheapest possible rates, and very great accessibility\\nby water communication, are of any value and importance in\\npromoting the success of wooden manufacture, then this bids\\nfair to become a leading industrial pursuit in tliis State.\\nSoon after the close of the war, the business of manufactur-\\ning Lumber was overdone, and was engaged in by many un-\\naccustomed to the work, consequently failure of course occur-\\ned, and many mills stand idle. Whoever shall purchase these\\nmills and convert them first into manufactories of wooden\\nware will have an excellent prospect of a large and lucrative\\nbusiness.\\nNAYAL STOKES.\\nThe extensive Pine forests of Florida already furnish em-\\nployment to a large numljcr engaged in the production of\\nNaval Stores. In 1866 over 1100,000 worth of Spirits of Tur-\\npentine was manufictured also, large quantities of Ilosiii.\\nThe trees in Florida have a nnich longer runuiug season than\\nthose of North or South Carolina. They are boxed in the Avin-\\nter. On the approach of Avarm Aveather they commence run-\\nning, and continue until cold weather in the fall. The crude\\nturpentine Avhich collects in the boxes is removed every month.\\nIt is worth about 7 5cts. per CAvt., Avherever there is a still. One\\nhand Avill take care of 12,000 boxes, Avhich Avill yield .50 bbls.\\nof spirits of Turpentine, and 200 bbls. of Eosin in a good sea-\\nson. Rail or water transportation should be near at hand, as\\nfreight is an important item. The business has been yearly\\nincreasing, and has been remunerative.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "4^\\nGAME AND FISH.\\nThe great abundance of Oysters, Fish and Game to be found\\nin the greater portion of the State, form an inducement of\\nforce with many, both on the ground of business and economy,\\nas well as on account of the opportunity afforded to sportsmen.\\nEvery where on the coast, both of the Ocean and the Gulf,\\nexcellent Oysters abound. The Oysters of St. Andrews\\nBay are celebrated through the South, and those of Indian\\nKiver are larger, finer and still more abundant. And off more\\nthan half the Florida coast. Turtle in immense quantities and\\nof great size, are continually taken but the capacity of these\\nwaters for Oysters and Turtle is almost inexhaustible.\\nFish, too, of the best quality, is to be found on all the coasts\\nand in all the lakes and rivers, forming a cheap, easily attaina-\\nble and very wholesome article of diet, and giving opportunity\\nfor business in this direction to almost any extent. It is no\\nexaggeration to say that the bays and inlets, as well as rivers of\\nFlorida swarm with valuable fish Mullet, Bass, Sheeps-head,\\nTrout salt-water and fresh, and innumerable other varieties,\\nabound and latterly it has been discovered that very valuable\\nShad Fisheries may be carried on in various localities.\\nTurkeys, Duck, Squirrels, Deer and Bear are to be found\\nthroughout the State, and perhaps no part of the United States\\ncan furnish a more exciting or agreeable winter hunting ground\\nthan Indian Eiver and the Gulf coast.\\nWhile the larger portions of the North and West are covered\\nwith snow, and the frost holds absolute and iron sway, the\\nhunter in the Indian Kiver region, may comfortably camp out,\\nmonth after month, with a single blanket, taking as he needs\\nhis Sweet Potatoes from the ground, and the Orange, Lemon\\nand Banana from the plantations along the route, and in the\\ncontiuous sunshine of an unending Spring, surfeit himself with\\nthe pursuit of game.\\nThe gathering of Sponge, and the taking and preservation\\nof Fish, Game and Turtle for the northern market, pursued\\nsomewhat in the past, are bound in the future to furnish lu-\\ncrative occupation to the labor and enterprise of multitudes.\\nKey West is the headquarters of the Sponge business. Large\\nquantities are annually gathered in the shallow waters along\\nthe coast The Key West Dispatch says that over four thou-\\nsand dollars worth of Sponge have been shipped from that\\nport within the last two months. These shipments do not in-\\nclude the finer quality, known as the sheep-wool, but are con-\\nfined to the grass and glove Sponges alone. The recent impe-\\ntus to this business gives employment to two hundred men and\\nboys, thus affording those fond of sponging an opportunity\\nof engaging in it in a profitable way.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48\\nSALT.\\nThe Manufacture of Salt was carried on all along the coast\\nduring the war, and is to some extent at the present time. The\\nlate Wm. C. Dennis, Esq., of Key West, had just completed at\\nthe commencement of the war, extensive Salt AVorks on the\\nIsland of Key West, for the manufacture of Salt by solar evap-\\noration. Mr. Dennis had given much attention to the subject,\\nand was confident of success, but the war coming on the busi-\\nness was abandoned. The water of the Gulf is said to be Salter\\nthan that of the Atlantic, and all along the coast are excellent\\nlocations for extensive Salt Works.\\nEIEEAL IIFOEIATIOIf.\\nHOW TO GO AND THE EXPENSE.\\nThe usual, and perhaps the cheapest, and upon the whole\\nthe most comfortable route to Florida, is by Steamer from New\\nYork, direct to Fernandina or to Savannah, and thence to\\nJacksonville. Settlers coming by this route, can forward their\\nheavy baggage and liousehold furniture by sailing vessel from\\nNew Yorlv, or Boston, or Philadelphia.\\nAnother route is by Railroad, via Washington and Richmond\\nto Charleston or Savannah, and thence by Steamer to Jack-\\nsonville or by Railroad the whole distance. The latter is most\\nrapid, but least uncomfortable and most expensive. By Steam-\\ner, the expense from New York is from $35 to $iO, and by the\\nall-railroad route would probably be 850. These routes require\\nfrom three to five days.\\nA cheaper route Avould be by sailing vessel from any of several\\nof the northern ports, from which vessels arc frequently clearing\\nfor Florida, seeking freights of lumber, ^f any of the vessels\\nare neat and roomy, and easily could, and if required undoubt-\\nedly would, afford very comfortable accommodation for passen-\\ngers. The expense by this route would be much less than l)y\\nany other, and passengers, at little cost, could bring with them\\ntheir household goods and furniture, and the thousand articles\\nof comfort that are as desirable as they are expensive to replace.\\nA passage thus by sailing vessel, would require, upon an aver-\\nage, some ten days, although within the past season, vessels\\nhave made the passage by sail from New York in five days.\\nThe accessibility of Florida by such a variety of routes is not", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "49\\nthe least recommendation she can offer to those proposing to\\nchange their location.\\nWHEK IS IT BEST TO START?\\nAs far as the mere question of preparing for business, wheth-\\ner agricultural or otlier, or of engaging in it is concerned, an\\narrival at any time within three months after September 1st is\\nwell-enough timed, but on account of health and comfort, the\\nimmigrant may as well so time his departure, as to arrive in\\nOctober, November or December.\\nThus he will escape the severe weather of the most uncom-\\nfortable season of the year, and will have opportunity for par-\\ntial acclimation during the season Avhich is most favorable to\\nhealth here. The continuous warm weather of June, July and\\nAugust is somewhat trying to the vigor even of long residents,\\nand would be much more so to new comers. Any predisposi-\\ntion to fever or bilious complaints generally, would be aggra-\\nvated by an arrival before the 1st of September, and in any\\nevent, it would be more prudent to avoid any such danger.\\nAgain, if one is disposed to settle upon new land, time will\\nthus be given to clear and prepare for a summer crop whatever\\nland is desired while if the settler prefers to purchase an im-\\nproved farm, he will then be in season to put in a winter crop\\nof vegetables or grain, or to establish his vineyard or fruit or-\\nchard, as he chooses.\\nMEANS OF INTERNAL COMMUNICATION.\\nOwing to the same cause before referred to, iz the want of\\na stable and long-continued government and also on account\\nof the sparseness of the population, Florida is not well provided\\nwith roads and other artificial fticilities for internal communi-\\ncation. Post Routes are not numerous, and roads are hardly\\nworthy of the name, and few at that. Luckily, a very large\\nproportion of the Pine land being burned over to renew the\\ngrass, is nearly destitute of underbrush, and therefore presents\\nlittle obstruction to travelling on horse-back.\\nThis difficulty of communication over land is enhanced bv\\nthe almost entire lack of any public means of conveyance, so\\nthat the traveller is compelled to rely upon his own resources\\nin great measure.\\nBut the abundance of lakes and navigable i-ivers relieves\\nlarge portions of the State by furnisliing frequent opportuni-\\nties of journeying by boat. The Apalachicola and the St. Johns\\nand Indian Rivers, with their numerous tributaries, give the\\nmeans of very extensive and very convenient intercom munica-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "60\\ntion by boat. A journey from the mouth of the St. Johns to\\nthe extreme southern pomt on Indian River, only involves the\\nnecessity of a very short portage by land, from Salt Lake to\\nSand Point, and a few insignificant haul-overs, as they are\\ncalled and one can make his way to the very centre of the\\nState by boating up the Ocklawaha and its connections with\\nnumerous lakes.\\nSteamers run regularly on the St. Johns, the Ocklawaha\\nand the Apalachicola. Steamers also touch at regular inter-\\nvals along the whole western coast, from Pensacola to Key\\nAVest.\\nRailroad communication is effected, by daily trips by car from\\nJacksonville to Savannah, and Quincy, Tallahassee, and Fernan-\\ndina and from Cedar Keys semi-weekly. The Railroad from\\nJacksonville westward is already projected to Pensacola, and Avill\\nsoon be completed to the Apalachicola River. Other Railroads\\nare in contemplation by different routes through several sec-\\ntions of the State, and such is the face of the country, and the\\nabundance of timber, and the agricultural richness and capacity\\nof the State, that under circumstances of a favorable character,\\na very great improvement in the means and facilities of inter-\\nnal intercommunication, within a short period, may be counted\\n]ipon with certainty.\\nAs will appear elsewhere in this pamphlet, the State is pe-\\nculiarly adapted to the raising of various vegetable crops, with\\na certainty of great profit, as the character of climate will ena-\\nble the producers to reach sufficient markets at the North so\\nearly as to defy competition. And the consummation of the\\nhopes and wishes of the producers of these crops only requires\\nsufficiently frequent and direct communication with the great\\ncities of the North.\\nA line of staunch sea-going steamers direct from New York\\nto Fernandina has been established during the past season,\\nand there can be but little doubt that the results of the exten-\\nsive experiments in the raising of vegetables in the valley of\\nthe St. Johns, that have been carried on during the present\\nseason, will very soon secure the establishment and support of\\ndirect steam communication between the St. Johns region and\\nNew York, which, more than any other single arrangement,\\nwill make the future of Florida a certainty.\\nPEICES OF LANDS.\\n_ It is difficult to give satisfactory replies to the many ques-\\ntions in reference to the price of lands. In fact land is rrom\\nfifty cents to one hundred dollars per acre. There are in the\\nState, probably, 18,000,000 acres of LL S. Government lands,\\nall of which ai e open to entry under the homestead law. While", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "51\\nthe best of these lands and those most accessible have already\\nbeen entered, there is still an immense amount of very good\\nland upon which settlers can effect entries for homesteads.\\nThere is also a large amount, probably more than 6,000,000\\nacres of land, belonging to the State, which is open to purchase\\nat from fifty cents to five dollars per acre. Of this, also, only\\nthe less accessible and that of least intrinsic value is in the\\nmarket. Here, as in the other sections of the country, the value\\nof land in the market depends upon its vicinity to the villages\\nand cities, and upon its facilities for communication, as much\\nas upon its intrinsic worth. Plantations that are partially\\ncleared and having some improvements, such as buildings and\\nfences, are worth from 13 to $10 per acre. Along the St. Johns\\nimproved lands, especially those in the vicinity of Jacksonville\\nand Palatka, are much higher. Lands having Orange groves\\nin bearing, Avhile estimated at from $50 to $150 per acre, are\\nscarcely to be bought at any price.\\nAverage Pine land, somewhat removed from the settle-\\nments, can be purchased in small lots at not unreasonable\\nprices, and in large lots can be had at a very cheap rate. Col-\\nonies of immigrants by combination, could thus buy homes for\\nall at a slight expenditure.\\nThe value of land, of all kinds, is rapidly increasing in the\\nmore desirable portions of East Florida, and the confident ex-\\npectation of immediate reconstruction under the new Consti-\\ntution, will add rapidly to the enhancement of prices.\\nMuch of the choicest land in the State, that which was se-\\nlected years ago by men most familiar with the quality of land,\\nhas for many years remained in the hands of the original\\ngrantees of the Spanish and English Governments, or their\\nheirs. These grants were, many of them, of enormous extent.\\nA vicious and unequal system of taxation, loosely administered,\\nhas hitherto favored this long-continued sequestration of the\\nmore valuable lands. Belonging to non-resident parties, difii-\\ncult of access and never fairly assessed, they have measurably\\nescaped taxation on that account. They have constituted a\\npractical land monopoly of the worst description, and have\\noperated largely to obstruct the settlement of the immense\\nterritory of the State.\\nBut the new Constitution, adopting an equitable and im-\\npartial system of taxation, by which the burdens of the State\\nGovernment will be equally borne by all the property of the\\nState, Avill, in its just and legitimate operation, very soon com-\\npel a fair vjduation and taxation of all these immense vacant\\nand unproductive tracts, and thus they will come into market,\\nand make possible the rapid development of the agricultural\\nresources of the State.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "62\\nGenerally, it may be said that the price of land need be no\\nobstacle to deter the immigration of any an abundance of\\ngood land can be had at reasonable prices.\\nBUILDINGS, THEIR CHARA.CTER AND EXPENSE.\\nAs is true of all other newly settled regions, the customs\\nand fashions prevalent at large, do not require as expensive a\\nstyle of dwelling houses or places of business, as in older-settled\\nsections, and in consequence of this, as ^vell as on account of\\nthe mildness of the climate, the strong, tight, and expensive\\nhouses of the North would be not only not needed, but would\\nin fact be out of character.\\nA man who would feel constrained, in order to sustain a\\ncharacter for respectability as a reputable farmer at the North,\\nand indeed in order to make his fiimily comfortable during the\\nrigorous winters there, to expend from -i5l,500 to $2,500 for a\\nfarm dwelling-house, would not require, and indeed would not\\nthink of expending more than -$500 to sBl,200 for a dwelling-\\nhouse in Florida.\\nA very large proportion of the tlwelling-Jiouses in Florida,\\nnot only on the farms and plantations, Init in the towns and\\nvillages, are built by covering a frame with a weather-boarding\\nof common boards, nailed on vertically and then battened,\\nwhile the inner partitions are made in the same way, or lathed\\nand plastered, as the occupant chooses. And these simple\\nhouses, neatly white-washed, with their invariable roomy piaz-\\nzas, so entirely indispensable in this climate, and looking out\\nthrough the dark shade of the oak, the magnolia, the oleander\\nor the china tree, are not on ly pleasant to the eye, but tho-\\nroughly comfortable and sufficient for anii)le protection against\\nthe severest weather ever known here.\\nOne peculiarity of the dv/elling-! u;h!m-s in Florida, that at-\\ntracts the attention of all straiigeri^. i^ that they are destitute\\nentirely of cellars. The houses arc built upon wooden posts or\\nbrick pillars, standing elevated some two to four feet above the\\nsurface of the earth, and thus giving ample opportunity for\\nthat thorough ventilation which is essential to health and\\ncomfort. Occasionally a small cellar can be found, but they\\nare very rare. Thus the settler is relieved from a heavy item\\nin the necessary expense of building a house at the North.\\nCOST OF CLEARING LAND.\\nThe cost of clearing land varies as much as the I jrice of\\nland. What are called Low Hummock lands are exceeding\\nrich, and while they give when cleared, a soil of great depth\\nand of inexhaustible fertility, they are covered with the densest\\nconceivable growth of trees, shrubs and plants. The trees are", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "63\\nlarge and stand thickly together, and with the undergrowth\\nform an almost impenetrable mass of vegetable growth. To\\nclear thoroughly such land requires much labor, of course.\\nProbably the strong, thick, low hummock will cost in clear-\\ning, from 120 to $40 per acre.\\nThe pine lands are more easily cleared. The trees often\\nstand at some distance from each other, and a common prepar-\\nation of these lands, for cultivation, is made by girdling the\\ntrees and cutting out the undergrowth. The year after gird-\\nling, the tops of the trees are dead and offer no impediment to\\nthe rays of the sun, and a crop may be planted, the trunks\\nremaining to be removed at leisure. These lands can be clear-\\ned at slight expense, costing from $4 to 110 per acre.\\nExcepting tlie treeless Western Prairies, there are no lands\\nof average fertility ^in the whole country that can more easily,\\ncheaply and rapidly ])e prepared for crops, than the pine lands\\nof Florida. A new comer, arriving in September or October,\\ncan with little expenditure, within twelve months transform a\\njnece of wood tract into a Hold waving with a various and val-\\nuable harvest.\\nY/AGES OF LABOR.\\nThere is a scarcity of field labor, in some parts of the State,\\nparticularly the more remote, on account of the strong disposi-\\ntion of the Freedmen, who constitute so large an element of\\nthe field laborers, to gather together and in the immediate vi-\\ncinity of the larger towns. Still, proprietors that deal kindly\\nand honorably with their lielp, ai-c seldom at a loss for such\\nhelp as they need.\\nThe ordinary method in the employment of field hands is to\\nhire by the montli, giving a certain agreed price per month,\\nand adding the usual rations and the rate of wages per month\\nhas been, during the current year, from !i?10 to $13, with ra-\\ntions which are estiuiated to be worth $6 per month addi-\\ntional. Field and other manual labor, by the day, has been\\nworth from 75c. to $1.50.\\nSkilled labor of mechanics of all kinds is in demand at a fair\\ncompensation, say from $2 to $3.50 per day. Job-work, by\\nall kinds of mechanics, is charged at a much higher rate com-\\nparatively.\\nThe State is much better provided with all kinds of profess-\\nional skill than of mechanical. The professions of Law and\\nMedicine are largely represented but good Blacksmiths, Car-\\npenters, Masons and Shoemakers, would find abundant em-\\nployment.\\nA good man, with either a profession or a trade, can easily and\\nprofitably carry on a small farm or garden, thus saving all lost\\ntime, and contributing to the necessary expenses of his family.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54\\nEXPEKSE OF LIVING.\\nAn erroneous notion seems widely prevalent, that the neces-\\nsary household expenses of a family, living in Florida, are enor-\\nmous and, no doubt one who comes here for a short time and\\ntakes up his abode at a Hotel or Boarding-house, will have\\nreason to believe there is good foundation for the notion refer-\\nred to.\\nRents are undoubtedly high in the larger towns, but this is\\npartly owing to the fact that the unsettled condition of affairs,\\nsocial and political, has hitherto prevented the investment of\\ncapital in building, and the supply of tenements is short, and\\nconsequently rents are correspondingly high.\\nThere are also one or two more of the leading items in the\\nexpense of house-keeping, that are unreasonably high, such as\\nflour, sugar and pork but with these exceptions, the necessarv\\nexpenses of living are no higher here than at the North, as fisli\\nand fresh meats are correspondingly cheap.\\nAt our request, Mr. Robert B. Cram, a leading Grocer and\\nProvision Dealer on Bay Street, in the City of Jacksonville,\\nhas very kindly furnished us with a list of the more ordinary\\narticles required in keeping house, with their average prices\\nduring the past year. Mr. Cram is a large dealer, and a man\\nwhose character gives authority to any statement he may make\\nFlour, bbl., $11 117 YeastPowders,f)box, 20c.@ 25c\\nPork, 22 30 Hominy, ^fib, 5 6\\nBacon, ribbed, ^fb, 15c.@17c.Meal,. f bush., 160 @200\\ncl rrib d, 18 @20 Tea, Japanese, fllb, 150\\nSugar, Cof. C 17 Old Hyson, 175\\nBrown, 15 Young 140\\nCrushed, 20 Com. Black 100\\nPulv d, 20 Gunpowd., 200\\nCoffee, Rio,.... 25 30 Soap, Babbitt s, 20\\nJava, 42 50 Yellow, 15\\ni( j Roast i^,i -jQ o;r Peaches, 24- cans, 50\\nground, ibft) 300\\nPepper, whole, 50 Soda, Baking, 20\\ngrou d, 60 Washing, 10\\nPickles, 1 gall, jars, 1,25 Codfish, 10\\nx i( i^Q Butter 50 70\\nHams, covered, fift) 20 22 Vinegar, ^gal., 60 @100\\nnaked, 15 20 Syrup, 75 @150\\nShould rs, smok. 14 18 Molasses,. 60 @100\\nSides, dry salted, 15 18 Hecker s self-rais g k^. nr.\\nCheese, factory, 20 25 Flour,in 6ft) pkges, j\\nMilk,condens.,f)can,35 40 Rice, ft) 12 15\\nYeast Cakes, flpkge, 25 Peaches, dried, 30 40", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "55\\nApples, dried, ib 15c@ 20c.Brooms, each, 25c@ 50c\\nLard, 20 25 Pepper Sauces, 25\\nEggs, f^doz. 30 50 Ketchup 25 40\\nCorn, f?bush.l50 @:170\\nIn a country where the owner of a few acres of land, worth\\nnot exceeding $5 per acre, having 100 bushels of corn, may\\nraise and fat, with little care and almost no other expense, a\\nherd of swine as large as he chooses, and where salt from the\\nSalt Springs or from sea- water can be more easily manufactured\\nthan elsewhere, in the whole world, the price of pork is exor-\\nbitant. And the same is equally true of sugar. No where on\\nearth can sugar be raised more easily or more abundantly. The\\ncane does well everywhere in the State, and on Indian River,\\nand in South Florida, and on the Gulf Coast, cane grows from\\nfive to ten consecutive years without replanting. Yet much of\\nthe Sugar for home consumption in the State, is imported from\\ntlie North thus out-doing in absurdity the carrying of coals\\nto jSTewcastle.\\nBut with one or two such exceptions, it is apparent from the\\ninspection of the list, that the ordinary expenses of living are\\nnot larger than the average in even the older of the States.\\nAnd even the apparent expenses of sustaining a family are\\nlargely diminished in the case of those who live out of the vil-\\nlages upon farms, by the facility with which a cow or two, a\\nfew pigs, and a large stock of poultry may be kept.\\nFor a man of family with small ineans there is no cheaper\\ncountry than Florida.\\nNATURAL EESOUECES FOR FERTILIZERS.\\nAs has already been remarked, the soil of most of the State\\nis light and sandy upon the surface, although much of it is\\nunderlaid by clay or marl, and at no great depth. Hence, by\\nthe intelligent immigrant the natural and convenient resources\\nfor manures, if any, of the region will be investigated.\\nThe first and most widely distributed means, for restoring\\nand inyigorating the fertility of the soil, whenever exhausted,\\nis furnished by the swamps and lagoons and cypress sinks that\\nmay be found in all sections. In many of the swamps and\\nlagoons are to be found large and accessible deposits of what is\\ncalled muck, which at the will and leisure of the farmer may\\nbe drawn out and applied directly to the land, or may be com-\\nposted with lime,, ashes, salt or manures, and thus improved\\nbecomes available to almost any desirable extent. In many of\\nthe sinks or depressions where the cypress is found are similar\\ndeposits of vegetable mould or muck, and these sinks are\\nscattered, of various sizes, throughout the State.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "56\\nAlong the rivers, and the banks of many of the lakes, also,\\nare to be found very large and numerous deposits of muck or\\nmud. Experience in Florida has proved that the muck used\\nas a fertilizer, under proper management, becomes an exceed-\\ning valuable article, and it is to be found in immense quanti-\\nties in every section.\\nThere is reason also to believe that the clay itself which lies\\nunderneath and close to the surface of a very large proportion\\nof the sandy regions of the State, is of itself one of the best\\nfertilizers when applied to and mixed directly Avith the sandy\\nsurface soil. Xo sufficient and reliable experiments in this di-\\nrection have been announced, but it is reasonable that such an\\nadmixture of soils of different characters will be as beneficial\\nhere as at the North, where it has been eminently successful.\\nThe immense deposits of oyster shells that are characteristic\\nof the whole coast line, located in the immediate vicinity of\\ndense forests giving ample stores of fuel, form another of the\\nsources of agricultural strength of incalculable value, that will\\nbe more and more appreciated.\\nInland, upon tlie banks of the rivers and lakes, and some-\\ntimes quite inland, are to be seen frequent accumulations of\\nshells periwinkle and conch in great bulk, and also of great\\nvalue, being already through the operation of the elements, per-\\nfectly adapted to immediate and profitable use. These shell\\nmounds are often of great bulk, forming very respectable\\nhills, whose origin has excited much inquiry and speculation.\\nSome of the shell mounds on the banks of the upper St. Johns\\nare 20 and 30 feet in depth, and near the mouth are oyster-\\nshell mounds that are higher still and cover acres of land.\\nMarl, likewise, of various character and value, is easily acces-\\nsible in different parts of the State. Tliere are several large\\ndeposits within 25 miles of Jacksonville, and a recent discovery\\nhas revealed the existence of a very large deposit of green marl,\\nin the County of Leon. Without doubt an abundance of this\\nvaluable material will be discovered, whenever a scientific in-\\nvestigation in this direction shall be made.\\nThus, it is evident, that with abundant and accessible sup-\\nplies of clay, lime, marl and muck, under any reasonably skill-\\nful agricultural management, an improvement rather than a\\ndeterioration of the capacity of the soil may be exjoected.\\nINSECTS ANB EEPTILES.\\nIt is not true that Florida is infested to an unusual degree\\nby reptiles or insects. It is true that in localities particularly\\nadapted to the support of insect and reptile life, there are a\\ngood number of Sand-flies and Musquitoes, and that in certain\\nscattered localities there are to be found the Rattle-snake and", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "57\\nthe Moccasin, and a variety of harmless snakes. It is also\\ntrue that in the lagoons and rivers there are multitudes of Alli-\\ngators.\\nBut, on the other hand, it is well known in Florida that\\nthere are not nearly as many Eattle-snakes as there are in\\nsome i^arts of New England even, though the snakes of Florida\\nare larger in size. The w^riter has passed over a large portion\\nof Florida within the year, and has travelled many score of\\nmiles on foot, through the woods in diiferent parts of the State,\\nand has yet to meet the first Eattle-snake or Moccason in a wild\\nstate. Many old residents say that it is comparatively rare to\\nmeet a venomous snake. Month after month passes, and no\\nrumor of any injury from the bite of a snake is heard and\\nmany a northerner is heard to declare that they do not see as\\nmany snakes here as at the North.\\nAlong the rivers and swamps there are Musquitoes in quan-\\ntities, beyond a question, but this is as true of swamps through-\\nout the country.\\nSolon Robinson, in one of his letters, says that he has known\\nthem as bad North and West, and even worse, in the immediate\\nvicinity of New York. They are an undeniable nuisance, but\\nno more so in Florida than in half the United States.\\nIn many sections, it is true, that Aligators abound, some of\\nthem attaining very great size but they, although not attract-\\nive in appearance, are in fact practically harmless, as few if any\\ninstances of their meddling with any human being are heard\\nof, even in tradition.\\nFleas are an abounding affliction during some three months\\nin the year, but no worse here than in many other places.\\nCockroaches, like the poor, are with us always.\\nItis not denied that insects and reptiles abound in Florida;\\nbut it is asserted without fear of contradiction, that this asser-\\ntion is no more true of Florida than of a large portion of the\\nSouth_ particularly, and therefore should be no cause of special\\nobjection against her. Indeed the annual burning of the grass\\neffectually prevents the rapid increase of reptiles of all kinds.\\nPOLITICAL CONDITION AND PROSPECTS.\\nAfter the close of the ^ar the State Government was reor-\\nganized under the auspices of President Johnson, and as super-\\nvized by the military authorities has been continued under the\\nReconstruction legislation of Congress. The political and\\nsocial condition of the people has been, perhaps, better than in\\nany of the seceding States, and insta^ices of outrage have been\\nrare. The opposition to the reconstruction policy of Congress\\nhas been less violent and less general than in any other South-\\nem State, and the resumption of friendly relations, political.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "58\\nsocial and financial, with the other States, is regarded with very\\ngeneral satisfaction.\\nThe Convention elected under the legislation of Congress\\nassembled at the Capitol on the 20th day of January, 1868,\\nand after a brief session completed their work by the formation\\nof a State Constitution, which, on being submitted to the peo-\\nple, was ratified by a large majority. The Constitution having\\nbeen approved by Congress, and all the conditions of the recon-\\nstruction acts having been complied with, Florida has been\\nreadmitted to the National Councils, and has resumed her\\nappropriate position among her sister States.\\nThe new Constitution of Florida has been criticised severely,\\nas was to be expected, and grave objections have been made to\\nsome of its provisions but on the whole we believe it will\\ncompare favorably with the Constitutions of the other States,\\nand that under it none of the rights of the people can be with-\\nheld or impaired.\\nThe Executive power of the State is vested in a Governor,\\nwho is elected for four years. The Legislative power is vested\\nin a Senate and Assembly. The former consists of twenty-four\\nmembers elected for four years the latter, of fifty-three mem-\\nbers elected for two years. The first Tuesday after the first\\nMonday in November is designated for the election of State\\nand County Officers and Members of the Legislature. Annual\\nsessions of the Legislature are to be held commencing on the\\nfirst Tuesday after the first Monday in January.\\nThe Judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit\\nCourts, County Courts and Justices of the Peace. The State\\nis divided into seven Circuits. Two terms of the Circuit Court\\nare held yearly in each County. The Supreme Court is to be\\nheld at the Capitol of the State.\\nThere are some features of the new Constitution that are\\neminently worthy of notice.\\n1st, It secures immediate and absolute civil and political rights to all\\nbefore the law, irrespective of race, color or condition. Neither the vrords\\nwhite or black, are to be found in the instrument. Its spirit is that of\\nequal right and impartial justice to all.\\n2d, It provides with the utmost liberality for a noble and generous and\\ncomprehensive System of Education, consisting of free Public Schools,\\nSeminaries, and a University, equally or^n to all, and depending for suf-\\nficient support upon general taxation of all real and personal property.\\n3d, It makes provision for a ur/form and equable assessment of all\\nproperty of every description in the State, and for a just and equal taxa-\\ntion of the same.\\n4th, It relieves the persons of the poor almost entirely from taxation,\\nby limiting the capitation tax for any and all purposes to one dollar per\\nannum, thus throwing the burden of taxation mainly upon the property", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "69\\n5tli, It exempts a liberal Homestead and a generous allowance of per-\\nsonal property A Homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty\\nacres of land or the half of one acre within the limits of any incorporated\\ncity or town, owned by the head of a family residing in this State,\\ntogether with one thousand dollars worth of personal property shall\\nbe exempted from forced sale under any process of law. Such is the\\nlanguage of the Constitution, which also secures the mechanics and la-\\nborers lien upon property to which his labor has given an added value,\\nby providing But no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or\\nfor the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said prem-\\nises, or for the erection of improvements thereon.\\n6th, All OflBcers are liable to impeachment and removal, not only for\\nthe usual causes, but for drunkenness, gambling and conduct detrimental\\nto good morals.\\n7th, Bribery, betting and duelling exclude from suflFrage.\\n8th, It repudiates forever Secession and Slavery.\\n9th, It extends an equal participation in all rights and privileges to all\\nof foreign birth who have declared their intention to become citizens of\\nthe United States.\\n10th, The Legislature shall enact laws requiring educational qualifi-\\ntions for electors after the year 1880, but no such law shall be made\\napplicable to any elector who may have registered and voted at any\\nelection previous thereto.\\nSuch are some of the leading characteristics of the new Con-\\nstitution, which, as before remarked, will compare not unfa-\\nvorably with that of any other State.\\nThe return of Florida to its normal condition, as one of the\\nGalaxy of States which make up the American Union, with\\nthe prospect of a peaceful and permanent Government in the\\nfuture, will, we believe, induce thousands to turn their atten-\\ntion in this direction, who have heretofore hesitated either to\\ninvest capital or to settle in our midst.\\nINDUCEMENTS TO IMMIGEATIOK\\nThe various and prominent inducements which Florida is\\nnow offering to different classes of immigrants may be summed\\nup briefly as follows\\nHEALTH. Generally, experience, reason and statistics all\\nshow that continued health may be anticipated, with as good\\ngrounds of confidence in Florida as in any other state in the\\nUnion and to those suffering from Pulmonary, Catarrhal,\\nEheumatic, or Cutaneous diseases, the climate and mineral\\nwaters of Florida furnish a desirable specific.\\nIt can be proved on any street in any of the large towns, that\\nmen who were weak and feeble and ailing at the North, have\\nfor years enjoyed entire exemption from serious illness here.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "60\\nFor weak lungs and exhausted vigor, no portion of the world\\ncan give better hope of restoration than is given here.\\nCHEAP LAND. To men of small means, consideration\\nwill be given to the fact that land in all parts of the State\\ncan be procured at very low prices. Under existing laws.\\nFlorida contains eighty-acre homesteads for more than two\\nhundred thousand families. She has many millions of acres\\nthat can be bought for fifty cents per acre and improved\\nground can be had for just about the price of clearing, while\\nlarge tracts of land, suitable for the establishment of colonies,\\ncan be had upon terms that should satisfy any reasonable man.\\nEASE OF TILLAGE. Except in case of new hummuck,\\nthe ease and rapidity with which the great bulk of the lands\\ncan be cultivated, forms another and very important induce-\\nment to settlers. Lands in Florida are, as a rule, worked with\\nless of force than anywhere at the North. They are, whether\\nloamy, clayey, or sand} much more friable, and far more easily\\ntilled. Almost all the plowing in the State is accomplished by\\nthe use of single teams, which practice, although not always\\nto be commended, still indicates the facility with which the\\nsoil can be worked. A farmer, vfith a single liorse or mule,\\ncan accomplish the plovang of as large a surface, or the subse-\\nquent tending by means of the plow or horse hoe in Florida,\\nin three days, as can be accomplished by the use of the same\\nteam in Vermont, New Hampshire, or Massachusetts, in five\\ndavs.\\nWIDE SCOPE OF CEOPS.-Another inducement of weiglit\\nis found in the wide possible selection of crops, to which the\\nsettler, at his own election, may turn his attention. With\\nalmost equal hope of success, he may raise Rye, Corn, Oats,\\nEice, Beans, Peas, or Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar, Indigo, or Irish\\nPotatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Yams, Turnips, Beets, Carrots, Cab-\\nbages, Rutabagas, j\\\\Ielons, Squashes, Ckicumbers or go largely\\ninto fruits, such as Oranges, Limes, Lemons, Peaches, i igs.\\nGrapes and Plums and if he elects to settle in the southern\\npart of the State, he may include Cocoa-nut, Pineapple, Ba-\\nnanna. Plantain, Guava, c., c.\\nCertainly it would be difficult, anywhere within the bounds\\nof the United States, or, indeed, anywhere, but in Central\\nAmerica, to find a field of agricultural labor, offering so wide\\na scope, and so immense a variety of crops, to vv^iich a settler\\nmay confidently look for successful labor and lucrative returns.\\nThe climate and duration of the working seasons, too, act as\\npowerful inducements to any who have been accustomed to the\\nlong and severe winters, the short and hurried working season,\\nand the immense labor involved in procuring an adequate sup-\\nply of fuel and forage, universally characteristic of the life of", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "61\\nthe farmer at the North. The so-called winter in Florida, is\\nthe precise time selected for the leisurly performance of all ex-\\ntra work. There the farmer j^rep^i cs his land for, and sows\\nhis crops, while in New England, with frosted fingers the po-\\ntato and turnip harvest is being gathered. There he harvests\\nhis main crops, while the Northern farmer is putting in his\\nseed then resting during June, July and August in the shade,\\nhe has nine months, and in a pinch may have tw^elve, in which\\nto carry out his plans in a cool and unhurried manner, while\\na few days are sufficient to prepare all the fuel required in a\\nclimate so mild and serene as almost to have no severity. vSuc-\\ncessful farming North must be a continual fretting hurry in\\nFlorida the farmer has time enough and to spare.\\nAnother strong inducement is given in the ease with which\\nstock of all kinds, horses, cattle, swine and poultry can be\\nraised and the extent to wliich this business in some parts\\nmay be carried on by men of small means. With unbounded\\nrange over the immense tracts of puljlic and private land, scat-\\ntered everywhere in the State, there is hardly a necessary limit\\nto the amount of cattle, horses, and hogs that, in a very short\\nspace of time, a man who likes that lousiness might easily pos-\\nsess. Here is probably the best cattle and hog country in the\\nworld, and poultry of all kinds, witli little cost or care, may\\ncontribute to the sustenance and income of every family.\\nLIGHT WORK.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To the man wlio has worn himself out\\nin breaking up new land, in building stone wall, in digging\\nstumps and putting them into fence, Florida offers an agreeable\\nchange in the invitation she extends to all to come and engage\\nin the light but lucrative work of raising vegetables and fruit.\\nThis is probably the least wearying, the most agreeable, and\\nthe most lucrative kind of agriculture that was ever performed.\\nWithout involving much severe lalDor, susceptible of infinite\\nexpansion and improvement, and offering large pecuniary re-\\nward, it constitutes an inducement which, through the leisure\\nit offers, and the gains it promises, appeals as well to the higher\\nas the less noble impulses of humanity.", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "TROPICAL FLOEIDA.\\nThe following letter was written some time ago, by Hon. W\\nH. Gleason, Lieutenant Governor elect, and published by order\\nof Governor Walker\\nHis Excellency D. S. Walker, Governor\\nSir, Agreeable to your request, I will undertake to give you a de-\\nscription of tlie southern portion of Florida, through which I have been\\ntraveling for the past few months its products, its capabilities, and its\\nresources. My examinations have been confined principally to that portion\\nof the State south of the Railroad leading from Jacksonville to Cedar Keys,\\nand more particularly south of the 28 ot latitude, which I shall denom-\\ninate as Tropical Florida.\\nThis portion of the State comprises an area of 20,000 square miles, and\\na population previous to the war, of about 6,000 inhabitiants. The popvi-\\nlation has not materially diminished, as there is quite an emigration tend-\\ning in that direction, and is sufl cient already to compensate for its losses\\noccasioned by the war. About one-half of this population reside upon the\\nIsland of Key West and the neighboring keys and islands, and are engaged\\nin the business of wrecking and fishing, while a large proportion of the re-\\nmaining one-half are engaged in the raising of cattle farming and the\\ngrowing of crops has hitherto been neglected, and has been confined prin-\\ncipally to small patches or gardens around the houses of the woodsmen.\\nThe raising of cattle upon the main land is the all-absorbing business of\\nthe inhabitants, who reside from 30 to 40 miles apart and allow the cattle\\nto graze upon the public domain. As the food disappears in one place,\\nthey change to another, so that the people have become migratory in\\ntheir habits.\\nThe raising of cattle upon the plains and prairies of this portion of the\\nState is a profitable business. It is not uncommon to find men, who a\\nfew years ago bad no means, that are now the owners of from two to ten\\nthousand head of cattle, and this, after furnishing large numbers to the\\narmies of Lee and Johnston. The country is divided into hummocks,\\npine openings and prairies the hummocks are very rich and are covered\\nover with a dense growth of timber consisting of live and water oaks,\\nmagnolia, bay and a variety of other hard- wood timber. The soil is sandy\\nand mixed Avith marl and limestone. The pine openings are covered\\nwith scattering pines, and a grass which aflfords fine pasturage. The soil\\nis sandy and not as desirable as the hummock lands or prairies. The\\nprairie lands occupy the interior jjortion of the State, bordering upon\\nthe Kissimee river, the head waters of the St. Johns, and the upper Coloo-\\nsahatchee The soil is a rich sandy alluvium, and tliey are covered over\\nwith a heavy growth of grass, and from their appearance must be very\\nproductive they are dotted over with small clumps of hummocks, con-\\ntaining from one to five acres each, which give beauty and variety to the\\nscenery, and aflford shelter, during the heat of the day, to innumerable\\nherds of deer and cattle. There also numerous small lakes, of pure water\\nfilled with fish, some of which are only a few rods in extent, while others\\nare from two to ten miles in length. These prairies are the paradise of\\nthe herdsmen and the hunters.\\nThe cattle require no feeding during the winter, and one can hardly\\ntravel over the prairies a whole day without seeing from 50 to 100 deer.\\nThe Savannas which border upon the Everglades and Biscayene Bay are in-\\nundated during the rainy season, from an overflow from the Everglades,\\nand as the water subsides, there is left a debris from one-fourth to one-", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "63\\nhalf incli in depth this process has been going on for centuries, and has\\nprovided one of the richest soils in the world. The rich lands which skirt\\nthe Savannas upon the coast side are covered with rotten limestone, and\\nhave mixed with the vegetable matter to that extent, that the soil will\\neflfervecse as soon as it comes in contact with acids. These Savannas are\\nvaluable for sugar plantations, as the sugar cane requires a large per\\ncentage of lime, and the climate is so mild that the cane will not require\\nplanting oftener than once in ten or twelve years. The Palma Christi,\\nor Castor Bean, is here perennial, and grows to be quite a tree. I saw\\nquite a number as large as peach trees, twenty feet high. Sea-Island\\ncotton seems to be a perennial in this section of the State, and is of a fine\\nquality. The pure water, the chalybeate and other mineral springs, the\\nmagnificent beauty of its scenery, the salubrity and equability of its cli-\\nmate, must make Biscayene Bay, at no distant day, the resort of the in-\\nvalid, the tourist and the lover of adventure. The Bay is filled with\\nGreen Turtle and a variety offish, and indeed the entire coast ot Tropical*\\nFlorida is one immense fishery. At Charlotte Harbor we found quitft fl\\nnumber engaged in fishing with seines the value of the fish caugnt\\naverages, per hand, for the season (three months) $600. I doubt itjiny\\nfishery pays better. The fisheries of Charlotte Harbor could profitably\\ngive employment lo 1,000 persons; and the fisheries at Sarasota and\\nIndian Biver, are equally as good. Every river, creek and lake seems\\nto be alive with fish, and oysters are found in great abundance at differ-\\nent places, all along the coast.\\nAll that portion of the State which I have denominated tropical Flor-\\nida, is capable of producing oranges, lemons, limes, arrow-root, cassava,\\nindigo, sisal hemp, sugar cane, sea-island cotton, rice, figs, melons of all\\nkinds, as well as the vegetables grown in the more Northern States.\\nThe country around Charlotte Harbor, and Biscayeno Bay, is susceptible\\nalso of producing eocoanuts, cocoa, pine-apples, guavas, coffee, bananas,\\nplantains, alligator pears, and all the fruits and plants of the West\\nIndies.\\nLike all other tropical countries, tropical Florida has its wet and dry\\nseason. The wet or rainy season, is during midsummer, which has a\\nt-endency to cool the atmosphere, and render the summer months cooler\\nthan it is in the more Northern portions of th State, or in other por-\\ntions of the South during the rainy season nearly the whole country is\\nflooded, the country being so flat and level that the water does not flow\\noff readily. A great portion of the country requires ditching and drain-\\ning, and when some systematic method shall be adopted to let off the\\nsurplus water during the rainy season, this portion of the State will prove\\nthe most productive pari of the South. It has but few swamps or marshes,\\nunless you consider the Everglades a marsh. They can hardly be con-\\nsidered as such, but more properly a lake. The water is from six inches\\nto six feet in depth, is perfectly clear, and is grown up with grass, pond\\nlilies, and other aqueous plants. The Alpativkee swamp, upon the head\\nwaters of the St. Lucie river, is the only swamp of any magnitude in trop-\\nical Florida and this part of the State has less swamps than Northern\\nWisconsin or Michigan. The country north of the 28 East of the Saint\\nJohns river, and south of the Rail Road, is more thickly settled than the\\npart just described. There are quite a number of plantations under cul-\\ntivation, and more attention is paid to agriculture. The lands are more\\nrolling than the countjy farther South, and produces a fine quality of sea\\nisland cotton, which is the principal crop raised. It produces good sugar,\\nand an excellent quality of tobacco. Alchua, Marion, and Hernando are\\nall fine countries of land for farming purposes, and have many beautiful\\nla^es. The country east and south of the St. Johns river, has more", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "c?^\\n64\\nswamps than any other part of the State through which we have travel-\\ned. They are principally covered with cypress timber, and being easy\\nof access from the St. Johns and Indian rivers, are valuable. There are\\nfine lands upon Halifax river Musquito Lagoon, which, at a former pe-\\nriod, were under cultivation, but were abandoned, during the Ihdian war,\\nby their owners. I think that there is no part of the South that offers as\\ngreat inducements to the emigrant as Florida. The salubrity and health-\\nfulness of its climate, the equability of its temperature, its accessibility,\\nthe cheapness of its lands, the ease with which its products can be mar-\\nketed, are inducements whicb. are not to be overlooked by the emigrant\\nand the fact that Tropical Florida is the only portion of the United States\\nsusceptible, and capable of producing the fruits and plants of the West\\nIndies, needs only to be made known, for an emigration to settle in that\\ndirection, to a sufficient extent to supply the Northern cities, and the en-\\ntire North, with oranges, lemons, and all other tropical fruits.\\n^We have traveled upwards of fifteen hundred miles in the newest and\\nmost unsettled portion of the State we have mixed freely with the peo-\\np^ of all classes, and being Northern men, and wishing to learn the sen-\\ntiments of the people, as well as to examine the country, discussed the\\nleading questions of the day, the war and its results, negro suffrage, and,\\nin fact, everything connected with the war and secession. We were\\neverywhere hospitably received, and although many did not agree with\\nus in all our views, all agreed that hereafter the grievances of tne South\\nor of any portion of the country, must be settled in accordar ce with law\\nand the Constitution, upon the iioor of Congress, and not by a resort to\\narms. An emigration from the North will be welcomed by a large ma-\\njority of the people, and almost every one is anxious to see the State set-\\ntled up and fully developed. A Northern man of the most radical views\\nis perfectly safe in traveling through any portion of Southern Florida,\\nand to give fall vent to his ideas and sentiments. The people have no\\nreal love for the North, as a section but they will treat Northern men\\nwith respect and courtesy, and will encourage them to settle.\\nAll seem to be heartily sick of the war, and we heard no expression of\\nhostility to the general government. On tha contrary, the feeling seems\\nto be, upon the part of many who were formerly secessionists, to carry\\nout and enforce the laws, and will give their aid and sanction in so doing.\\nLike all new countries in the South and West, the lows have been loosely\\ncarried into effect, and the people have heretofore been in the habit of\\nsettling their grievances without an appeal to the law, but things as near\\nas we could learn, have changed for the better in that respect since the\\nwar.\\nEespectfully yours,\\nWM. H. GLEASON.\\nr", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "%4\\nA\u00c2\u00bb\\n^f^\\ns \u00e2\u0096\u00a0t.\\ns J^\\nfi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0A_\\no\\nV\\nV\\nX,^\\nk\\n8 b\\n0\\n-I yj-\\nv\\nV- s", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "N^^\\nV\\n0^\\n.A\\nX^\\n.V\\nc.o-\\noo^\\nV,", "height": "3899", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4031", "width": "2441", "jp2-path": "floridaitsclimat00jack_0082.jp2"}}