{"1": {"fulltext": "1\\nFlorida", "height": "3640", "width": "2319", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA\\n/BY\\nHELEN HARCGURT,\\nAuthar of -Florida Fruits and How to liaise Themr etc., Editor of\\nOur Some Circle in the Florida Farmer and\\nFruit Grower.\\nLOUISVILLE, KY.\\nJOHN P. MORTON COMPANY.\\n1889", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "COPYRIGHTED BY\\nJOHN P. MORTON AND COMPANY\\n1888\\nElecirotyped\\nBY ROBERT ROWELL,\\nLOUISVILLE, KY,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PKEFAOE.\\nIt is not well to venture into unknown regions blind-\\nfold, as it were. That souud old admonition to Look\\nbefore you leap is full of good common sense, and yet\\nit is passed by unheeded more frequently than one can\\nwell realize.\\nWe doubt if, in all the globe, there is any one spot con-\\ncerning which more has been written, pro and con, than of\\nour beloved Florida much that is true, much more that is\\nuntrue.\\nAn injudicious friend has more power to harm than an\\nopen foe and thus has it been with Florida some of her\\nfriends, misled by eager enthusiasm, have painted her in\\ncolors unnaturally brilliant, such as belong not to this\\nworld, all light, no shadows enemies, moved by self inter-\\nest to turn the great tide of immigration to other quarters,\\nhave portrayed Florida in somber tints, dark and forbidding\\nenough to deter any but the most courageous from crossing\\nher borders.\\nWe love Florida; of our fair State it may well be said\\nthat to know her is to love her, but we hold that her\\ntruest interests are best served by a plain statement of\\nfacts, not fancies; of realities, not theories; the truth,\\nthe whole truth, and nothing but the truth.\\nNot only throughout the United States, but in Europe,\\nthousands of home seekers are eagerly turning their eyes\\n(3)", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "4 PREFACE.\\ntoward Florida, and questioning as to what manner of life,\\nwhat measure of comfort and success await those who\\nelect to cast in their lot with hers.\\nTo answer these eager questioners, to cast a clear, honest\\nlight upon the paths they will be called upon to tread, to\\nreveal the truths and possibilities of home life in Florida,\\nthis is the task we have set our pen to perform and if, as\\nthe reader closes the following pages, he is not satisfied that\\nan honest, industrious man or ^voman need have no fear of\\nnot making a living and a comfortable home in Florida,\\nwith less outlay of capital and hardship than elsewhere,\\nthen has this volume been written in vain.\\nProfiting by the experience of a former work (Florida\\nFruits and How to Raise Them) in which several articles\\nvaluable to settlers were referred to, but no address given\\nwhere they might be procured, an omision which called\\nforth numerous inquiries from readers, the present volume\\nwill be found to contain all the information relative to each\\narticle mentioned which is necessary to enable the reader\\nto procure it direct, thereby immensely enhancing its prac-\\ntical value to the settler whose interests it seeks to serve.\\nThat this humble work, which may at least claim to be\\nhonest and candid, may be the means of winning many to\\ntest the peaceful content and comfort of home life in Flor-\\nida is the earnest hope of\\nTHE AUTHOK.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What Florida Offers. Page\\nComfort and Competence for the Honest and Industrious.\\nIncrease of Prosperity, and Population of the State. Good\\nInvestment for both Capital and Labor. Health for the\\nIn valid 9\\nCHAPTER IL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Backward Glance.\\nWhy Florida is called A New Country. A Glimpse\\nof her History 24\\nCHAPTER III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Climate.\\nProved by Comparison and Statistics to be the Finest in\\nthe World. Scientifically Moderately Dry Variation\\nof Temperature Just Sufficient for Health and Comfort. 42\\nCHAPTER IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Health.\\nThe First Consideration. Statistics Prove Florida to be\\nthe Healthiest State in the Union. Safe to Settle at all\\nTimes of the Year. Purity of the Air. Points in Lo-\\ncating Water, Wells, and Filters 55\\nCHAPTER V. Temperature. Winter. Summer.\\nViolent Changes almost unknown. Mild Winters. Cooler\\nin Summer than in the Northern States 77\\nCHAPTER VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pine Lands and Hammocks.\\nDiversity of Soil and Surface. Relative Value in Pro-\\nductiveness and Healthfulness 90\\n(6)", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "6 CONTENT^.\\nCHAPTER YII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Where Shall I Settle?\\nNorthern, Middle (including West), and South Florida.\\nVaried Products and Climatic Differences of the Several\\nSections 100\\nCHAPTER VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What Will it Cost?\\nPrices of Land: According to Location and Quality.\\nCost and Methods of Clearing Land. Solid and Increas-\\ning Value of a Bearing Orange Grove. Over-produc-\\ntion Impossible 116\\nCHAPTER IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Making the Home.\\nAttractive Locations. Beautiful Water Views. About\\nWindmills 137\\nCHAPTER X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Home Surroundings.\\nGrass Lawns. Vines and Elowers. Shade-trees and Ar-\\nbors. Shade for Poultry-yards *lol\\nCHAPTER XL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What Shall I Need?\\nWarm Clothing and Carpets Desirable. Cool Weather.\\nThe Dark Days of January, 1886. Whether to Bring\\nor Buy in Florida the Household Furniture. Hints for\\nShipping Goods 170\\nCHAPTER XII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What Shall I Eat?\\nDeprivations in New Neighborhoods. The Provision\\nCloset. Conveniences and Food Supply Constantly In-\\ncreasing 186\\nCHAPTER XIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Home Supplies.\\nFish, Flesh, and Fowl to be had for the Catching. The\\nGopher Tortoise 196\\nCHAPTER XIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Out oe the Depths.\\nA Boat the first Requisite. Methods of Fishing for Trout\\nor Bass. Salt-water Fish, Clams, and Oysters. Methods\\nof Catching Fresh-water Turtle; Curious Quality of their\\nFlesh 209", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "COKTENTS. 7\\nCHAPTEK XY.*\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Dairy Question\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Style.\\nThe Native Plorida Cow. Methods of Milking. How to\\nMake a Cow-pen. Best Plan for best results in Fertilizing\\nthe Soil by Cow-penning. Treatment of the Florida Cow. 223\\nCHAPTER XVI.-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Dairy Questiok\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coming Style.\\nNative Stock to be Improved by Crossing with Thorough-\\nbreds and Proper Treatment. Acclimated Thorough-\\nbreds should be Bought of Florida Breeders T. 246\\nCHAPTEK XVH*-Pasturage.\\nBermuda, Johnson and Para Grass. Beggar s Weed or\\nIndian Clover 261\\nCHAPTER XYIII.::_rLORiDA Poultry.\\nNearly all Varieties do Well. How to Treat them Suc-\\ncessfully 273\\nCHAPTER XIX. The Poultry-Yard.\\nShade, Grass, and Pure Water Requisite. The Nursery.\\nHow to guard against Hawks. Movable Coops and Fences. 296\\nCHAPTER XX.\u00c2\u00ab--PouLTRY Patients.\\nHow to Treat the Few Diseases Florida Poultry are sub-\\nject to g j2\\nCHAPTER XXI. Firing the Woods.\\nPermitted by Law for the Benefit of Cattle; but will\\nsoon be a Thing of the Past. A Most Pernicious Cus-\\ntom, Injurious to Soil and Property. How to Fight Fire. 320\\nCHAPTER XXII.-All About Fences.\\nThe Fence Law. Repeal Urgent. Injury done by al-\\nlowing Stock to roam at Large, and compelling the Ag-\\nriculturist to Fence against Them. How to Make Good\\nand Cheap Fences. Wire Fences Made at Home 327\\nFor the major portions of these chapters we acknowledge our indebt-\\nedness to the courtesy of the Florida Dupatch, in whose columns they\\noriginally appeared.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Household Help.\\nHousekeeper s Trials. Florida Negro Servants. Amus-\\ning Experiences. Importance of the Problem of Domes-\\ntic Help. How it may be solved 344\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trials and Tribulations.\\nInsect Foes, and How to Eight Them. Harmless Lizards\\nand Frogs. The Bugaboo of Snakes 366\\nCHAPTER XXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Making The Best or It.\\nCompensations for Drawbacks. How to Make the New\\nHome Happy 401\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Helpful Hints.\\nHow to Paint Houses. Recipes for Cheap Paints. About\\nHorses, Wagons, and Harness. How to Renovate Car-\\nriages. Home-made Furniture, Rugs, and Refrigerators.\\nTo Preserve Food 408", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA\\nCHAPTER I.\\nWHAT FLORIDA OFFERS.\\nA little bird has come tapping at our study door, bear-\\ning in its beak a message from the North, East, West, and\\nSouthwest, and from beyond the seas, which reads thus\\nWe have read of Florida s fruits, of her cotton, her\\ncane, her climate we have heard glowing accounts of\\nwhat has been and can be done through all the length and\\nbreadth of the noble Land of Flowers; but nowhere\\nhave we read or heard of the thousand and one details of\\nthe every-day life that must be met and lived by the set-\\ntler before he attains the grand sum total of independence.\\nHow- do he and his wife live and work and pass their\\ntime What do they wear what do they eat what does\\nit cost what can they raise Tell us of these things, so\\nthat all the thousands of us who are coming to Florida\\nseeking homes may know to what we are coming, and see\\nsome clear rays of light shining through the obscurity of\\nvague generalities. Things known to you old settlers are\\nunknown to us things familiar to you are enigmas to us.\\nWe know that your ways are not as our ways, but we do\\nnot know the details of the difference, nor how to prepare\\nto meet them. We are thirsty for information of the little\\nthings that go to make up the daily life of the settler.\\nGive us to drink of the fountain of knowledge, that we\\n(9)", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nmay be strong to meet the life we must face iu our future\\nhomes.\\nAnd so, having been taught that it is as impolite to\\nignore a message as to refuse to notice a verbal question,\\nwe take our pen in hand to let you know of Florida\\nHome Life the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but\\nthe truth.\\nFlorida s climate has been spoken of, and justly, by the\\nmost eminent scientists as one of the finest, and, aAvay\\nfrom the miasms of the swamps, as one of the most health-\\nful in the world, and we, who know her well, know that\\nshe has no need of exaggerated statements to plead her\\ncause, and we propose to make none.\\nWe who dwell and have dwelt for years within her bor-\\nders know that our beautiful State has no need of over-\\ndrawn, rose-colored pictures.\\nIt is better to understate rather than overstate the\\ntruth; it is better to climb up than fall down. Human\\nnature is apt to fly to extremes, to expect too much, and\\nthen, not finding it, to shut the eye to the good that really\\nnestles amidst the evil. And so it has fared with hundreds\\nwho have gazed on highly-colored pictures of Florida life,\\npictures tinted with rainbow hues, not a shadow or a\\nflaw any where and, so gazing, have hastened there wdth\\npockets empty, yet full of anticipations of a quick and\\neasy fortune to be obtained without time, or Avork, or\\npatience, or deprivation, and then finding that Florida is\\nonly an earthly country after all, not a paradise, and that\\norange trees are so unreasonable and willful as to decline\\nto grow up, increase, bear, gather, and ship their fruit of\\ntheir own volition while their owner sleeps, they turn their\\nbacks upon the prospective golden fruit and draw a black\\nbrush over the rainbow-hued picture that had drawn them\\nFlorida-ward.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 11\\nWe hardly know what our own ideas of Florida life\\nwere until the realities were before us for, in fact (like\\nmany another, doubtless), we hardly had time to think\\nabout it at all.\\nJack and gill went up the hill\\nTo get a pail of water\\nJack fell down and broke his crown,\\nAnd gill came tumbling after,\\nand never stopped until they landed in the midst of a\\nyoung orange grove, which some day will surely carry\\nJack and gill up hill again in a gold and green chariot, if\\nonly they are patient and energetic.\\nBut there were some of us, we remember, who thought\\nthe trees had only to be stuck in the ground anyhow and\\nthen let severely alone for two or three years, when they\\nwould be found full of glorious fruit. Visions of special\\nsteamers to be chartered, of whole trains of cars loaded\\nwith the produce, floated before the glowing imagination\\nand as for vegetables, they were to be had for the scatter-\\ning of the seed, all the year round, if, indeed, they did not\\nspring up and grow of their own accord.\\nIt is curious to find, in collecting the preconceptions of\\nFlorida fever patients, how wildly just such ideas as\\nthese obtain credence. Very rarely, indeed, do we find a\\nsettler who has not formed impossible expectations, and is\\ntherefore gwine to be disappinted, and in the rebound\\nto see his future home in darker hues than it deserves.\\nAnd all this comes of the unwise laudations of the enthu-\\nsiastic friends who have done more actual harm to our\\nbeautiful State than all her foes collectively.\\nTo clear away the mists and throw in the shadows that\\nall earthly paintings must accept as part and parcel of\\nthemselves, and to tell the honest truth, and in such shape", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nas to do the most practical good, is the earnest object of\\nthis present work.\\nThroughout the length and breadth of these United\\nStates, north, south, east, and west, and scarcely less in\\nGreat Britain also, there are at this moment thousands of\\nhearts turning wistfully toward Florida as a haven of ref-\\nuge and of hope from financial storms or from untimely\\ndeath and disease. These inquirers are eager to know the\\nreal, substantial advantages she holds out to those who\\nelect to cast their lot with hers, and the Floridian who sets\\nforth these advantages side by side with the ever-attendant\\ndisadvantages, giving publicity to facts and not to vain\\nimaginings, will do his State more real service than he\\nwho willfully misleads by false statements impossible to be\\ncredited by any reasonable thinking being.\\nWe hold that our beautiful State has no need of exag-\\ngeration, no need of that which is bright to be painted\\nbrighter. She only wants the truth to be known to mark\\nher out as thrice blessed among her sister States. She has\\nher drawbacks and deprivations, of course, though these\\nare fewer than those of any other new country that we\\nknow of. Take notice that w^e use the word new, for\\nthere are those who come to Florida ignoring the fact of\\nits very recent opening up to settlers, and then grumble\\nbecause things are not conducted in the old well-worn\\ngrooves they have been accustomed to in their old homes,\\nwhose rescue from the wilderness dates back for many\\nyears, even to the hundreds. There are plenty of such\\nunreasonable, unreasoning, impractical people in the world,\\nand occasionally they edify and amuse their wiser brethren\\nby holding forth on the subject of imaginary grievances.\\nFlorida has seen a goodly number of them, and some of\\nthem not being known outside her borders in their true\\ncharacter have done her considerable injury. Many a man", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 13\\nhas come to our beautiful State, lured by glowing descrip-\\ntions and rose-colored pictures of impossible perfections,\\nwith his expectations wrought to the highest pitch, and\\nfinding no paradise of ease and plenty awaiting his picking\\nup without working or waiting, has turned his back upon\\nher and gone back whence he came, to revile her as a\\nfraud, a sham, a trap to catch sinners.\\nSurely it is better for Florida that her settlers should\\ncome to her with moderate, reasonable expectations, and\\nfind their ideas lower than the reality far better this way\\nthan the opposite of expecting too much, and meeting bit-\\nter disappointment, and such a revulsion of feeling that\\nthe good that really lies before them is swallowed up in\\nthe gloom. Florida desires nothing but tlie truth to be\\ntold of her wealth and virtues the plain, sober truth, in\\nfacts and figures, of deeds done and work accomplished, of\\nwhat has been and is, not of the theoretical might be,\\nthis should be enough to satisfy an energetic, reasonable\\nman and she wants none other. She is beautiful, but is\\nnot a paradise her climate, both summer and winter, is\\ndelightful, but it is not perfection; the summer days and\\nnights are cooled by such breezes as are seldom known at\\nthe North. The heat is therefore less oppressive than the\\nsame season in any other State, in the North or South, but\\nthe warm weather continues longer. The winter has no\\nsnow, but sometimes there is ice, a thin skim that forms\\nduring the night and usually vanishes in the morning, but\\nstays long enough to nip tender vegetables; so that the\\ntruck gardener must hasten to plant again in order not to\\nlose the cream of the early Northern markets. And some-\\ntimes there is a drought that shrivels up the vegetables and\\nkeeps back the earliest shipments.\\nSo you see there do exist drawbacks and discourage-\\nments, but they are not always nor all the time, and the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nman of pluck and energy who has made up his mind\\nto act on that grand old adage, If at first you don t\\nsucceed, try, try again, is certain to triumph in the\\nend.\\nWe heard the other day of a man (and this is only one\\ninstance out of hundreds) who came to Florida a few years\\nago with six hundred dollars capital, borrowed money,\\nevery dollar of it. In five years he had repaid the money,\\nincluding a heavy interest, and had three times as much in\\nthe bank, besides being the owner of forty acres of land,\\na young orange grove and peach orchard, two horses, half\\na dozen cows, and a comfortable house. He wisely located\\non a line of railroad to secure quick transportation, instead\\nof settling in some place where his products could not find\\na market, and then he rolled up his sleeves and went to\\nwork like a man, to raise vegetables. He was new to the\\nbusiness, had been a hard-worked book-keeper, struggling\\nvainly to support his family even in the most frugal man-\\nner. He knew nothing of farm life, but he studied, used\\nhis eyes and his brains as well as his hands, questioned his\\nneighbors, did not disdain to take advice from men less\\neducated but better informed in agriculture than himself,\\nand so he succeeded, as every man will who follows his\\nexample one of true worth and manliness. His cucum-\\nbers brought him from four to six dollars a crate, his toma-\\ntoes from two to six dollars, and peas, beans, beets, potatoes,\\nand cabbages in like proportion and he blessed the day\\nthat he resolved to turn his back on the office desk and\\nseek his fortune in fair Florida s outstretched hand.\\nIt was not all plain sailing, be it understood. He worked\\nfaithfully and intelligently in spite of discouragements.\\nSometimes frost killed his young plants; sometimes dry\\nweather did it. Insects helped them, dishonest commis-\\nsion men robbed him, but he kept steadily on, planting a", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 15\\nnew crop as fast as the old one was killed or gathered.\\nNeither he nor the ground were allowed to remain idle.\\nTo-day he is in possession of as pretty a home as one\\nneed wish to see. His wife and children are well and\\nhappy, and his life is full of contentment. What a con-\\ntrast, he exclaims, to what it was eight years ago And\\nall because he had the nerve to drag himself out of the old\\nworn-out groove and the pluck to hammer out a new one.\\nThis is no fancy picture, but one that every energetic\\nman may make a reality for himself if he will but seize\\nand hold Florida s royal bounty. And this man, take\\nnotice, Avas a gentleman, educated and trained as a book-\\nkeeper one of a vast army who struggle on from day to\\nday, overworked, underpaid, or not paid at all.\\nTake up any one of the newspapers of our great cities,\\nand what do we see The same old story that has been\\ntold over and over again for years past. A merchant\\nadvertised for a clerk at ten dollars a week, and eight hun-\\ndred applied for the position. There are now no less\\nthan seven thousand book-keepers out of employment\\nin this one city alone! Is not that a pitiful show-\\ning? and in one city alone. Think of it then all over\\nthe country Now why is it that so many young men\\nprefer the precarious life of a salaried clerk, book-keeper,\\nor salesman, shut in-doors all day and every day, from\\nmorning till night, earning barely enough to keep up\\nappearances before the world, layiug by nothing to meet\\nthe rainy season, sure to come if out of employment,\\non the sick list, too old to work to the free, manly\\nlife of the farmer or fruit-grower, breathing God s pure\\nair, uncontaminated by the dust and smoke of cities, liv-\\ning a life of comfort and freedom from care, even if one\\nof honest daily toil, and storing up for the future a suffi-\\ncient independence for himself and his family Why is", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nit? Is it because in these days of ultra civilization and\\nrefinement manual labor lias come to be looked upon as\\nunworthy of a gentleman\\nFie upon it If this is the reason of the surplusage of\\nclerks and book-keepers, and the scarcity of young farm-\\ners and horticulturists and artisans, why then let us hasten\\nback to the good old times of barbarism, and be happy and\\nprosperous because we are not educated above a good, hon-\\nest, hard day s work\\nDo ye not perceive, saith the Great Ruler of us all,\\nthat whatsoever thing from without entereth into the\\nman, it can not defile him? But that which cometh\\nout of the man, that defileth the man. And so it is not\\nthe work that a man does that lowers him, but his manner\\nof doing it. A sturdy, intelligent tiller of the soil, free to\\ncome and go, to breathe the pure air and join in the joyous\\nhymns of the birds, doing his work cheerfully, energetic-\\nally, and in the best manner, is surely the full equal of the\\nsalaried book-keeper, sitting at his desk, at the call of\\nanother, and liable to be thrown out on the world penni-\\nless after years of steady application to work that is cer-\\ntainly less elevating, free, and manly than that of the\\nfarmer or fruit-grower.\\nFlorida holds forth her hand in hearty welcome, not\\nonly to the capitalist and manufacturer, whose gold is a\\nmagnet to draw forth yet more of the precious metal from\\namidst her hidden treasures and mysteries, and to utilize\\nthose resources of which we already know. Not only these\\ndoes Florida welcome, but also, with just as much earnest-\\nness, the poor, honest man, be he ci-devant clerk, book-\\nkeeper, mechanic, artisan, or farmer, who comes to her\\nseeking a comfortable home, and is neither ashamed nor\\ntoo lazy to work for it. She wants good men and true\\nmen of intelligence, of mind, and of muscle, with willing", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 17\\nhands to convert her vast forests into rich fields and fruit-\\nful groves, and to fill their own treasure chest with the\\nwell-earned reward of honest toil judiciously expended.\\nShe has ample room for the skilled workman, the indus-\\ntrious mechanic, the day laborer, the farm hand, the truck\\nfarmer, the fruit-grower, the merchant, the blacksmith,\\nand all the many men of many trades who go to make\\nup our busy, hard-working world. It is a noble, boun-\\nteous gift that she holds out to such as these, who flee to\\nher from the crowded, icy North. It can all be summed\\nup in one word a veritable multiim in parvo.\\nComfort! a glorious boon, is it not? a comfortable cli-\\nmate, a comfortable home, a comfortable competence, a\\ncomfortable life for all their days to come, and a comfort-\\nable fortune for their children after them. It is all here\\nwaiting for the self-chosen ones, who elect to take advan-\\ntage of the gift so freely offered to those who have man-\\nhood enough to grasp it and make the best use of it. But\\nmark well that proviso, to grasp it and make the best use\\nof it. For there are some who take and hold it in a fee-\\nble, half-hearted sort of way, and do not, by any means,\\nmake as good use of it as they might, and others who are\\nso blind that they may gaze straight into bonnie Florida s\\noutstretched palm and see nothing there but the sand that\\nhas got into their eyes and afiected their vision with a curi-\\nous obliquity and color-blindness that changes all the fair\\nlandscape to one deep shade of blue.\\nAye it is a most generous offer comfort a boon for\\nwhich weary thousands upon thousands are seeking all their\\nlives long and never find it, not for an hour or a day a\\nmost noble gift indeed, but not made to sloths nor slug-\\ngards, nor to men who expect to reap where they have not\\nsowed, to gather without planting, to thrust an orange tree\\ninto the ground one day and see the golden fruit drop into\\n2", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ntheir pockets the next; nor to men who possess neither\\npatience nor energy, neither perseverance nor backbone,\\nwho prefer sharp practice to honesty, falsehood to truth.\\nFor such men as these Florida has no gifts to offer she does\\nnot want them, has no room for them, and gives them small\\nencouragement to encumber her fair fields and forests.\\nNot only in our own dear country, but in England, Scot-\\nland, Ireland, Nor\\\\tay, Sweden, Germany, there are thou-\\nsands upon thousands of men and women, many of them\\ntoo in the higher walks of life, struggling day by day to\\nmeet the daily, never-ending problem of how to live and\\nhow to clothe and educate their children. Ah did they\\nbut know of the peaceful, comfortable home that fair Flor-\\nida holds forth for their acceptance\\nWhen the cold, chilling breath of the Ice King sweeps\\nover the land of the North, and suffering suffering from\\ncold, from starvation, from sickness presses its heavy hand\\nupon the downcast, out of work, poverty-stricken toilers\\nof the earth, we of sunny Florida read the sad story w4th\\naching hearts we look out upon our own bright surround-\\nings and clear, warm sky, upon trees loaded with golden\\nfruit, ground green with growing crops, chickens and ducks\\nmerrily chasing insects birds, rabbits, fish, turtle, and, on\\nthe coast, oysters and clams to be had for the catching;\\nupon our own lightly clad forms, our small wood fires,\\nsome days not even called into requisition upon cord after\\ncord of heat-giving, life-giving wood lying rotting on the\\nground upon master builders, carpenters, artisans of all\\nkinds crying out, We can not work faster because we can\\nnot get workmen enough. We of bonuie Florida look out\\nupon all these things, and the contrast in the lives of those\\nwretched, suffering masses of the North, as it is, with what\\nit might be if they would but accept the comforts that\\nFlorida freely offers them, fills our hearts with a yearning", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 19\\ncompassion aud desire to point out the open road that lies\\nbefore them, did they but see it. And we are thankful,\\nintensely thankful to know that the number of those who\\ndo see it is daily increasing increasing, too, just as we\\nwould have it, in exact proportion as the veil of mystery\\nis lifted from Florida s beautiful, genial form, and she\\nstands revealed, her true self, the refuge, the benefactor\\nof the struggling multitude.\\nThe weary, anxious father and mother, whose hard, un-\\nremitting toil scarce suffices for the present needs of their\\nlittle ones, aud who, so long as they creep on in the same\\nold groove, are able to lay by not one dollar for the future\\nor for the rainy day, so certain to come to all sooner or\\nlater, need but to transplant their household treasures to a\\ngenial Florida home to find in the present, comfort, and in\\nthe future competence, if nothiug more; and this, too,\\nwith less toil and hardship, less anxiety from day to day\\nthan they endured in the old life behind them. And many\\nare awakening to this truth. Here, there, every where, we\\nsee colonies forming, neighbors joining hands and fleeing\\nin a body from the icy winters of their old homes to seek\\nan easier, more prosperous life in sunny Florida, making\\nin themselves a community bound together by mutual asso-\\nciations in the past, giving to each other hope, support,\\nencouragement in the present and future.\\nTo the honest man willing to work, with a wife or chil-\\ndren willing to lend a helping hand, there can be no such\\nword in Florida as fail. Even the despairing widow\\nwith little children dependent upon her, if she is able to\\nwork and can but get together enough money to carry her\\nto one of the growing Florida towns, secure an acre or\\nhalf acre of land (there are some who donate several acres\\nto actual settlers), and erect a little frame house thereon,\\nwill find plenty of work to do, and reduced expenses for", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nclothing and fuel; profit, too, in raising a few chickens\\nand vegetables and meantime, for the future, may have\\ngrowing on her little property a few well-cared-for orange\\nand other fruit trees. For mark well this fact: a few\\ntrees properly tended will pay better and quicker than five\\ntimes the number only half nourished and cultivated.\\nOne acre of land set with choice orange trees, say fifty of\\nthem, with peach, fig, and pear trees in the diamonds and\\ncorners, and vegetables raised between them, will in a few\\nyears go far toward supplying the wants of any reasonable\\nfamily. And there are very few who could not acquire\\nthis much of landed property in bonnie Florida.\\nFlorida offers opportunities for the energetic and indus-\\ntrious in every class of life, from the great capitalist down\\nto the common day laborer. In all her towns workmen of\\nevery kind are in request at excellent wages, with less ex-\\npense for clothing and fuel and house rent to be met than\\nat the North. In every one of the numerous towns spring-\\ning up all over the State, wherever and whenever the fast-\\nspreading net work of transportation lines- reaches out its\\nlife-giving arms in every one of these numerous towns\\nthere are openings ready and waiting for all who choose to\\ngrasp them. For the man or woman who would embark in\\nmercantile pursuits, with only a small capital to start with\\nfor the merchant, the dressmaker, the tinsmith, the milli-\\nner, the baker, the washer and ironer, the blacksmith, the\\ncarpenter for each and all, in fact, Florida has a welcome\\nand a home.\\nThe day has gone by when there was employment in\\nFlorida only for builders and those connected with horti-\\ncultural pursuits. Many men of many minds can now\\nfind plenty of opportunities to ply their several callings\\nwith profit. Merchants, manufacturers, capitalists are\\ncoming in day by day, and as to the future resources and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 21\\npossibilities of our infant State no one now living dares\\nfix their limit, for the simple reason (by way of illustra-\\ntion) that no one dare say that Edison, the great elec-\\ntrician, can proceed no further than his last wonderful\\ninvention, that of telegraphing to and from a railroad\\ntram gomg at full speed. Year by year, month by month,\\nas the tide of immigration and travel flows across the bor-\\nder m a steadily augmenting stream, some new resource\\nsome new indication of Florida s future greatness is discov-\\nered ii.ven her most despised productions develop into\\niresh resources of wealth and channels of industry. Wit-\\nness, in passing, the much condemned scrub or saw pal-\\nmetto, found here, there, every where. Its fiber proves\\nto be very valuable for manufacturing brushes and brooms\\nand various other things, while its sturdy roots are found\\nto be richer in tannin than the much-vaunted oak, and\\nhence invaluable in tanning leather. Ground fine or\\nburned, it is also a valuable fertilizer. The long gray\\nmoss which drapes the, hammock trees is coming into exten-\\nsive use for mattresses and upholstery; and so we might go\\non swelling our list indefinitely. Tobacco factories are\\nalready in operation at several points, ice factories are nu-\\nmerous, the manufacture of textile fibers has commenced,\\nfruit and vegetable canneries are springing into being, cot-\\nton mills coming to the fore, cattle ranches are close at\\nhand.\\nBut it is not the purpose of this present work to enter\\nm detail into the various methods that Florida ofl^ers of\\nwinning home and competence to- the industrious and\\nmtelhgent toilers of the world. Enough that we have\\nindicated the roads that lie open to the -Home Life in\\nFlorida and its possibilities. As to the means that shall\\nsupport that home, it is for the settler to choose according\\nto his means or inclination. Our sole object is to show", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwhat the Florida home may be made, what the settler must\\nexpect to meet, and how to make the best of his or her sur-\\nroundings. We want the every-day realities of the new\\nhome to be known, so far as it is possible for our humble\\npen to reveal them, and in the telling of it all it shall be\\nour earnest endeavor to adhere strictly to facts and to point\\nout all sides of Florida life, good, bad, and indifferent.\\nHappily we can truthfully say that the former largely pre-\\ndominates. Those who come to Florida to stay, seek\\nhealth, wealth, and a happy home, and these they will find\\nif they are sought for in a reasonable, sensible spirit. We\\ntrust that when our readers lay down the pages of this book\\nthey will have gained a correct idea of Florida home life.\\nVery many still hold to the same utterly unjust and\\nerroneous opinion of Florida s true inwardness that was\\nonce uttered concerning her by that most eccentric states-\\nman and senator, John Randolj)h, of Roanoke. It was\\nwhen the question of the purchase of Florida from Spain\\nwas being considered by the United States Senate, and\\nRandolph was bitterly opposed to it. What is Florida\\nhe exclaimed. A land of swamps, everglades, filled with\\nfrogs, tadpoles, snakes, terrapins, alligators, mosquitoes,\\ngallinippers, and ague and fever AVhy, sir, a man would\\nnot emigrate to that county, even from purgatory What,\\nthen, do we want Avith Florida? And all the John Ran-\\ndolphs are not dead yet, but they are dying rapidly. Flor-\\nida kills them all ofi*, one after the other, as fast as they\\nlook upon her fair, honest face. One glance does it but\\nthe trouble is that so many do not take that one glance,\\nand hence, if they pay any attention to the subject at all,\\nare liable to be deceived, whether they believe all or be-\\nlieve nothing. Those who know Florida as she is, are\\nthose who love her best, and are most willing to tell the\\ntruth about her, without fear or favor.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "WHAT FLORIDA OFFERS. 23\\nNot yet is she appreciated by the world at large as she\\nshould be and will be in the near future but she is better\\nknown now than she was two or three years ago, and is\\nto-day considered as one of the most valuable sections of\\nour great nation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the only part on the eastern side of our\\ncountry where snows never fall, and where, in literal\\ntruth, perpetual spring abides and never-fading flowers.\\nFalse statements, deliberate, unblushing, malicious, have\\nbeen made time and again, with the one set purpose of\\ndoing our beautiful State an injury, and other statements\\nhave been made also with a very different intent, yet\\nscarcely less untrue because the picture they drew of ease,\\ncomfort, and rapid wealth are penciled in colors too bright\\nto be realized in this world, inasmuch as they are promised\\nwithout the prelude of waiting or working. And yet, in\\nspite of the assaults of unscrupulous foes and injudicious\\nfriends, Florida prospers with an exceeding prosperity,\\nbecause the truth is ever triumphant; and here are a few\\nfigures that go to prove what she has done in the last few\\nyears, which we clip from a current newspaper\\nThe census returns show that the people of Florida\\nare getting richer very rapidly. During the five years\\nsince the census of 1880 the population increased at the\\nrate of about 13,000 yearly, or from 269,494 to 334,146,\\nwhile the value of property has increased from $30,000,000\\nto $60,000,000 in round numbers. Thus twice the values\\nrepresented by the population in 1880 are represented now\\nby a population increased less than one sixth, and, averag-\\ning the property ^er capita, makes each individal of to-day\\nworth nearly twice as much as he was five years ago. These\\nfigures are even more satisfactory than those showing the\\nincrease of population. There are a good many more of\\nus, and we are much richer.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nA BACKWARD GLANCE.\\nThe question is frequently asked, How is it, if Florida\\nis so desirable a country as a home, a fruit orchard and\\nvegetable garden, that people have been so long in finding\\nit out Why was it not thickly settled long years ago\\nAnd the query is natural enough if one has not paid much\\nattention to the records of Florida s history but when one\\npauses to look backward into those strangely romantic\\npages, the wonder ceases. Not one amidst all the various\\nunits that go to make uj^ the noble sum total of our United\\nStates can boast of a story so full of marked events and\\ntragic romance that savors of the olden times as can the\\nbeautiful Land of Flowers, which, even from the first\\nmoment of its discovery, seemed to be set apart from the\\nrest of the continent to undergo an experience all its own.\\nThe very fashion of that discovery was out of the ordi-\\nnary track of common events.\\nDating from the ever memorable year 1492, when the\\nimmortal Columbus revealed the existence of another con-\\ntinent to the astonished denizens of the Old World,\\neach year had witnessed the departure from the shores of\\nthe latter of one or more expeditions fitted out for the\\ndouble purpose of discovery and conquest. But though\\nthe several voyagers had sailed all along the eastern shores\\nof the new continent, from the Carolinas northward, and\\nhad landed here and there, exploring the country, its riv-\\ners and harbors, yet none had set foot on the Florida coast,\\nalthough one or two had sailed within sight of its eastern\\nshores. No good harbor for their ships ofiering, however,\\nthey passed it by unheeding. Somehow, as we have inti-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 25\\nmated already, the southernmost extremity of North Amer-\\nica seems from the first to have been, by common consent,\\nset apart for future consideration. Nature had, in a\\nmeasure, placed it by itself, and man was disposed to fol-\\nlow her example. Oddly enough, it was decreed that the\\nsaymg, the last shall be first, and the first shall be last,\\nshould be verified in this instance.\\nWhile other lands to the north and west of Florida were\\nbemg drenched in the blood of conquered and conquerors\\nand settlements formed and as quickly abandoned, the fair\\nland so long neglected was destined to have and to hold\\nthe first permanent settlement on the whole continent-\\nfor, as every one knows, the quaint little town of St\\nAugustine, .^ill bearing the imprint of its Spanish ori-\\ngm, antedates all others in America.\\nBut it was with no thought of future St. Augustine or\\nany other settlement that Juan Ponce De Leon turned his\\nprow toward the fair land of Florida. The discovery of\\nthe -New World had drawn to its shores hosts of adven-\\nturers m search of fame, gold, and conquest, many of\\nthem seekmg them, too, under the guise of relio-ion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\npromotion of the cause of the church and the conversion\\nof the heathen. But of none of these things thou-ht\\nFonce De Leon. He sought a personal benefit, it is true\\nbut of a widely different kind. The heyday of his youth\\nhad passed, but not, as he now fondly hoped, forever He\\nhad heard wondrous tales of a marvelous spring wherein\\none s youth might be regained, and this, this done, was\\nthe object of his quest-the realization of a new, strange\\nhope Juan Ponce De Leon had served his country dur-\\nmg the wars in Granada with no slight distinction, and\\nwhen Columbus sailed on his second voyage to the -New\\nWorld he had discovered, De Leon went with him in\\nsearch of a fresh field for adventure. On this expedition", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nhe added not a little to his reputation as a skillful, daring\\nsoldier, and his services were rewarded by the appointment\\nto the governorship of Bimini, one of the Bahama Islands\\nlying nearest to the great continent.\\nDe Leon lived in an age of comparative ignorance, and\\nthei efore superstition held full sway over the minds of the\\nmasses of all ranks, from the highest to the lowest. Par-\\nticularly was this the case tvith the traveler, who witnessed\\nmuch that he could not understand, and consequently set\\nit down to the account of an agency not of the earth,\\nearthy. Ponce De Leon was not an exception to the\\ngeneral rule. He had journeyed far and often, over sea\\nand land, and had seen many wonderful things which he\\nattributed to supernatural causes. In the new land in\\nwhich his lot Avas now cast there was much to astonish the\\nrough, ignorant soldier. The very existence of this great\\ncountry was in itself a thing to marvel at. Altogether\\npoor De Leon was in a proper frame of mind to be victim-\\nized, or, rather, to victimize himself; and that is just what\\nhe did, aided not a little therein by the wondrous tales\\nbrought to his credulous ears by those of his comrades in\\narms who had j^enetrated into the wilds of the continent.\\nNow, among the aborigines of Bimini and of the adja-\\ncent islands there was a legend which had been handed\\ndown from father to son from time out of mind, and none\\ncould tell its origin beyond tracing it to a certain great\\ncacique. It was hardly a legend either, for its whole pur-\\nport was to the effect that he who bathed in the stream\\nshould renew his youth. It was, in fact, only a different\\nversion of our own saying that cleanliness is next to god-\\nliness. The far-away cacique, dead so long ago that his\\nvery name was forgotten, who impressed this maxim on\\nhis people, was certainly a wise old gentleman, and worthy\\nof more renown than has fallen to his lot. The strength", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 27\\nand vigor of youth is a boon cherished by all hence, to\\npreserve it, or to recover it when lost, the natives bathed\\nfrequently, and by so doing did much to attain their object,\\nsince cleanliness is certainly a great promoter of health,\\nand health simulates youth. This was, doubtless, the full\\nand entire extent of the wise cacique s meaning, and as\\nsuch the great majority of his people received it; but here\\nand there one might be found who took the matter less lit-\\nerally, and held fast to the belief that the cacique s words\\nreferred to one particular spring or fountain, which, it was\\ntrue, they had not yet discovered, but only because it had\\nnot been perseveringly searched for.\\nWith sundry of these believers the veteran De Leon\\ntook counsel, and at once decided in his own mind that\\nthe Fountain of Youth was an actual, tangible fact, some-\\nwhere therefore, that it could be discovered, and that\\nPonce De Leon was the happy man destined to accomplish\\nthis great feat and to be the first to profit by it. Week\\nafter week, month after month, the Governor of Bimini\\nbrooded over this wonderful fountain, until he became a\\nman with but one idea, a monomaniac. He boldly avowed\\nhis firm belief that any man, no matter how worn out with\\nage he might be, who should dip his body into the waters\\nof this mighty spring, would emerge restored to the full\\nbloom of youth and strength. Imbued with the idea that\\nhis own lost youth might be regained did he but make the\\neffort, the sturdy warrior at length threw prudence to the\\nwinds, and with a few followers embarked on a voyage\\namong the neighboring islands, determined to find the life-\\ngiving fountain, if he spent years in the search; for of\\nwhat value were years upon years when once the wonder-\\nful youth restorer were discovered? In the light of our\\nmodern knowledge and contempt of superstition, it is pit-\\niful to think of a strong man, a renowned soldier and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "28 HOME LIFE IX FLOEIDA.\\nleader, thus- wasting his energies in the vain quest of a\\nsupernatural boon on earth.\\nLong and weary were the days and weeks that followed\\nhis departure from Bimini. Buffeted about by wind and\\nwave, De Leon persevered in his search for that which did\\nnot exist, landing on every island and every little point of\\nterra firma, exploring every hill and hollow, tramping\\nthrough weary miles of tangled underbrush, and plunging\\ninto every stream, every spring, and every hole containing\\nwater, no matter how slimy or muddy it might be. But\\nfrom none of these many baths did he rise up one whit the\\nyounger on the contrary, the historians tell us, what one\\nwould naturally suppose would be the result, that all this\\ntoil and exposure and fatigue, coupled with continual anx-\\niety and disappointment seriously affected De Leon both\\nin mind and body, so that he never afterward displayed\\nhis wonted energy or judgment in thought or deed.\\nHither and thither sailed poor, deluded Ponce De Leon,\\nwearied and disheartened, yet still convinced that the\\nFountain of Youth existed and that in time he should find\\nit. So magnificent a boon to mankind would naturally be\\ndifficult of access. Men hid their best treasures, often-\\ntimes then why not Dame Nature\\nSuddenly, on the 27th of March, 1512, while beating\\nabout on the ocean, De Leon unexpectedly sighted land,\\nand, sailing cautiously nearer, perceived that it was an\\nextensive country, heretofore unknown, and very different\\nfrom the small islands of the Bahamas. SloAvly he crept\\nalong the coast, seeking a harbor for his ships, and at last\\nhe landed on the spot where now stands the oldest city in\\nthe United States, St. Augustine. Splendid forests of pine\\ntrees, immense oaks, cypress, magnolia, palm, and bay\\ntrees rose grandly toward the sky, adorned to their very\\ntops with the long gray moss now so familiar to us all.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 29\\nFrom the ground at their feet peeped forth, amidst a rank\\ngrowth of coarse grass, flowers of all colors and even\\naway up toward the tree tops climbing vines bedecked the\\ngreen foliage with yellow and white and scarlet flowers, all\\ngleaming and glinting in the sunshine, with the graceful,\\nsober-tinted moss waving to and fro in their midst, and alto-\\ngether forming a scene so weirdly strange and beautiful\\nthat Ponce De Leon and his followers with one accord\\nnamed this new land Florida blooming or flourishing.\\nAnd thus was our fair peninsula christened for all time by\\nthe Spanish adventurer.\\nSo elated was the old warrior by the grand discovery he\\nhad accidentally made that even the long-cherished dream\\nof the Fountain of Youth was relegated to the back-\\nground; and although one might naturally suppose that\\nhere in this fairy-like land, if any where, the wondrous\\nfountain might well be located, yet nov7 De Leon turned\\nsuddenly from his chimera, and instead of wasting still\\nmore of his valuable time in any further search, he at\\nonce proceeded to investigate the extent of this new island,\\nas he believed it to be.\\nKnowing as we do, at this present day, all the many\\nvisible and hidden dangers and intricacies of navigation\\namong the Florida reefs, and violent currents produced by\\nthe Gulf Stream in flowing among the numerous islands or\\nkeys, it is a marvel that De Leon was able to follow the\\ncoast in safety, as he did, from the site of St. Augustine\\nsouthward, finally rounding the southernmost point and\\nsailing northward a short distance along the western shore.\\nAlthough still believing the land he had discovered to\\nbe an island, he was now well assured that it was very\\nlarge and important. He therefore hastened to Porto\\nRico and thence to Spain, where he laid before the king\\nthe particulars of his discovery, and received as a reward", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30 HOME LIFE IN FLOEIDA.\\nauthority to conquer and govern the country, under the\\nhigh-sounding title of Adelantado. Returning to the West\\nIndies, he immediately commenced extensive preparations\\nfor an expedition of conquest and settlement. The build-\\ning and arming of ships and the enlistment of the proper\\nkind of men for such work consumed a considerable time,\\nand it so happened, unluckily for Ponce De Leon, that he\\nwas in the interval called upon to suppress an insurrection\\nof the Caribs, who, having loug patiently borne with the\\nwanton cruelty of their conquerors, were at last roused to\\nresistance. And now the physical results of that direful\\nsearch over sea and land for the Fountain of Youth\\nrevealed themselves more unmistakably than ever. De\\nLeon, the renovv^ned soldier, had lost his cunning. He led\\nhis men through swamps and jungles, with a reckless dis-\\nregard of probable ambuscades and entanglements more\\nsuited to a young, inexperienced volunteer than to a dis-\\nciplined, war-hardened veteran. His soldiers died from\\nsickness brought on by needless exposure and fatigue, their\\nranks were thinned by unseen foes who lurked behind the\\ntrees and underbrush, ever and anon sending a fatal arrow\\ninto their midst. Instead of securing, as they expected,\\nan easy victory over the untaught savages, one reverse\\nafter another overtook the devoted band, until they were\\ncompelled to abandon the expedition, the whole burden of\\nits failure being justly ascribed to the want of skill and\\njudgment of its leader.\\nThe effect of this reverse was disastrous to the future\\nfortunes of De Leon. His prestige was gone forever, and\\nmen feared to trust to his leadership. The result was that\\nnine years elapsed before he succeeded in collecting even a\\nsmall force to accompany him to the beautiful land of\\nwhich he was nominally Adelantado. Before that unfor-\\ntunate expedition against the Caribs Ponce De Leon could", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 31\\nhave filled a dozen ships with enthusiastic followers. Now\\nhe could with difficulty find enough men willing to accept\\nhis leadership to fill two ships. With these, however, he\\nfinally set sail once again for the flowery shores of Fforida,\\nstill believing his promised domain to be a large island.\\nLanding, he spent some time in explorations with a\\nview to locating a colony, the nucleus of his government.\\nThe natives, astonished at the sight of the white stran-\\ngers, kept carefully aloof during these preliminary pro-\\nceedings but, coming at length to the conclusion that\\ntheir presence boded themselves no good, they determined\\nto drive them away.\\nHad Ponce De Leon been the soldier he once was, their\\nresolves had been made in vain but here again, as with\\nthe Caribs, he neglected the most ordinary precautions,\\nand conducted all his operations with culpable careless-\\nness, despising the naked heathen too much to guard\\nagainst his attack. Strange that he had not yet bought\\nexperience\\nThe Indians collected in large numbers, and while De\\nLeon was busily engaged in planning the site for his col-\\nony, he and his men were boldly attacked and completely\\nrouted by their savage foes.\\nDe Leon himself was scA^erely wounded by an arrow,\\nand this accident tended not a little to the demoralization\\nof his force. Carrying their leader with them, they fled to\\ntheir ships, returning with all haste to Cuba.\\nHere, soon after. Ponce De Leon, the deluded, baffled\\nsoldier, laid down his arms forever. The wounded body\\nand broken spirit proved too heavy a burden for a life that\\nonce had deemed no deed of valor impossible.\\nAnd thus ended the first scene in the history of Florida.\\nThe disastrous result of De Leon s expedition had, as\\nmight be supposed, a dampening effect on the ardor of", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nthose sturdy adventurers whose minds were set on the dis-\\ncovery and conquest of golden countries, and for a time\\nFlorida was relegated to her wonted quiet and obscurity.\\nIndividual merchants, however, made repeated visits to\\nher shores, and on one of their expeditions a certain Diego\\nMiruelo obtained a considerable quantity of gold. We\\nare not told how much nor in what shape, but, however\\nit was, the fact was sufficient to revive all the old delusive\\nstories of Florida s fabulous wealth in gold and silver.\\nThese Spaniards, be it remembered, had before their\\neyes the solid facts of the enormous wealth in these metals\\nalready, in sight of the recent conquests in Peru and\\nMexico, and readily conceived that other lands might prove\\nas rich. Not only so, but by this time they had learned\\nfrom communications with the Indian inhabitants that\\nFlorida, so far from being the island they had supposed,\\nwas --only a small section of a vast country, and therefore\\nso much the more worth conquering. They accordingly\\nclaimed as Florida, and the property of the Spanish\\nCrown, the whole continent of North America, even includ-\\ning Quebec.\\nIn February, 1528, the second would-be Spanish con-\\nquerer of Florida, the Adelantado Narvaez, landed on her\\nbeautiful coast and took possession for Spain with solemn\\nceremonials. Noticing some golden ornaments in the pos-\\nsession of the Indians, and learning that they had obtained\\nthem at Apalachen, a country in the interior, Narvaez,\\ndespite of his total ignorance of the land he was to pene-\\ntrate, of the difficulties and foes he might encounter, took\\nup his line of march for the interior, with only one day s\\nprovisions.\\nThe history of that march is pitiful indeed. Unspeakable\\nhardships awaited the adventurers a third of their num-\\nber perished by the arrows of the Indians, and more than", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 33\\nanother third died from exposure and fatigue. Finally,\\nafter reaching the coast and not finding their fleet awaiting\\nthem, they built rude boats, sewed their shirts together as\\nsails, and made ropes of the fibers of palm trees. They were\\nhunting for the ships they had left to await their return,\\nbut it was like hunting for a needle in a hay-stack, igno-\\nrant as they were where to look. Hither and thither they\\nsailed, without aim or result. Some died of disease, some\\nof starvation, after vainly endeavoring to preserve life by\\neating the bodies of their dead comrades.\\nFinally, from five boats holding forty men each, the once\\nproud expedition was reduced to one boat, containing six\\nmen and a boy One of these men was the hapless vete-\\nran, Narvaez. Near the mouth of the Perdido Kiver his\\nsoldiers went ashore to seek provisions, while he himself,\\nwith a sailor and the boy, remained in the boat. Djir-\\ning the night a violent wind drove the boat out upon\\nthe Gulf; and there, either by drowning or starvation, the\\nlife-light of the once brilliant soldier went out. Neither\\nthe boat nor its occupants were ever heard of again.\\nThe four soldiers, left thus on shore in the midst of ene-\\nmies, fared but little better. They finally succeeded, how-\\never, after seven years of misery of all kinds, slavery to\\nthe Indians included, in reaching Mexico, and were there\\nrescued by their own countrymen. Meantime the ships\\nthat should have met them on the Florida coast returned\\nto Spain, having given up their comrades for lost.\\nThus ended the second scene in Florida s history.\\nIn the year 1539 came Fernando De Soto to try his for-\\ntune in Florida, and landed at Tampa Bay, which he\\nnamed Espiritu Santo. He had a thousand men at his\\nback, and three hundred and fifty horses. His search was\\nnot so much for conquest as for gold.\\nMarching onward, the Indians opposed his a4vauce at", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nOcali (now Ocala, Marion County), the cacique, Vitachuco,\\nmet and fought the Spanish invaders, but of course was\\nutterly routed by the superior Aveapons and discipline of\\nhis foes.\\nDe Soto marched on through Florida into Alabama, his\\ntroops meeting hardships, death by arrows, death by dis-\\nease, starvation, fatigue but no gold. Then, while at the\\nIndian village of Mawvilla (presumably Mobile), their\\nleader heard that not far away, at Ochuse, now Pensacola,\\nhis shij)S were waiting his arrival but so infatuated, so\\nresolute to find gold or die, was this fated soldier, that he\\ncarefully kept the news from his many followers, and\\nstraightway led them further into the interior. And there,\\nless than four years after his enthusiastic- landing at Tampa\\nBay, with his thousand troopers, Fernando De Soto, one\\nof the most brilliant soldiers of his time, was laid to rest\\nbeneath the waters of the Mississippi River, lest, if buried\\non land, his Indian foes should find the grave, and, freed\\nfrom their fear of the great warrior, destroy his followers.\\nThis sad duty performed, the disheartened remnant of\\nthe expedition started on the march for Mexico, three\\nhundred and eleven survivors out of a thousand having\\nmarched five hundred miles and wasted four years of their\\nlives for no result.\\nAnd so closed the third scene in Florida s history, leav-\\ning her just w^here Juan Ponce De Leon had found her\\nthirty years before, except indeed that her soil was the\\nricher for Spanish blood and Spanish bones.\\nAnd now one would have thought that at last the adven-\\nturous Spaniards would have been content to abandon\\nFlorida to its fate.\\nBut the fact is, that those rugged old soldiers of by-\\ngone days were very much as we find the human family at\\nthe present time each one thought himself smarter than", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 35\\nhis predecessor, and that he would succeed where the latter\\nhad failed. Moreover, each was searching for another\\nPeru or Mexico, with their marvels of a\\\\ ealth.\\nConsequently, just twenty years after the landing of\\nFernando De Soto at Tampa Bay, another force, even\\nmore splendid in equipments and greater in numbers,\\nlanded at the then Bay of Santa Marie, now Pensacola,\\nfifteen hundred men, and a large number of priests to\\nchristianize the natives, under the leadership of Don Tris-\\ntan De Luna.\\nThe expedition was ill-omened from the start, for within\\na few days after their arrival a hurricane wrecked every\\none of their ships, together with the greater portion of\\ntheir provisions. Nothing daunted, however, they built a\\nship from the remnants of the fleet, and, sending it back\\nto Cuba for more stores, set forth into the interior to look\\nfor gold, and convert the natives by conquest and oppres-\\nsion and chains.\\nSome of the Indians were friendly, but there is such a\\nthing as trespassing on the hospitality of our friends, and\\nwearing out our welcome.\\nWearied and worn, the Spanish troops, coming to a pleas-\\nant spot and finding generous hosts, sat them down for a\\ngood long period of rest and enjoyment. It was all very\\nwell at first, but soon the poor Indians found themselves\\nlikely to be eaten out of house and home. They were not\\nrich in fact, it was rather hard times with them, because\\n(we suppose) the factory hands had struck for higher\\nwages, the railroad freights had eaten up the profits on\\nvegetables, and the pigs had rooted up their sweet pota-\\ntoes, and the savings bank had gone all to pieces.\\nAt all events, whatever the inducing causes might have\\nbeen (there are some who may not credit the above as\\nsuch), the friendly Indians felt that they had too much", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "36 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nof a good thing. They could not invite their unwelcome\\nelephants to leave by force of arms, so they got rid of them\\nby a strategem worthy of the most august court in Europe.\\nOne morning an ambassador from the most powerful\\nKing of Coosa arrived to interview the great white war-\\nrior. He was most gorgeously arrayed in paint and feath-\\ners, and accompanied by a large number of attendants.\\nHis errand was to convey a most pressing invitation from\\nthe King of Coosa (Alabama) to visit him forthwith,\\nbringing all his troops with him.\\nNothing loth, the valiant De Luna set forth for Coosa,\\nguided by the ambassador, and after several days of hard\\ntraveling he awoke one morning to find the ambassador\\nand his suite vanished, and himself sold, a fact he speedily\\nrealized.\\nHe, however, pushed on toward Coosa as well there as\\nany where. Hardships pursued the adventurers; they\\ngrew ill-tempered and quarreled and mutinied they suf-\\nfered from hunger, lived upon roots, berries, and acorns\\nand at last, with a few followers only left of all the brave\\nfifteen hundred, Tristan De Luna made his way back to\\nSanta Marie or Pensacola, and there found ships awaiting\\nhim, with orders to return to Mexico forthwith.\\nAnd so ended the fourth Spanish attempt to wrest golden\\nconquest from Florida.\\nThere was, in very truth, a golden conquest to be made\\nin that beautiful country, but it was not to be won by\\nforce or the sword rather by peace and the plow.\\nPossibly, after this, the Spaniards might have let Florida\\nalone as an unlucky country, but there is a good deal of\\nthe dog-in-the-manger disposition in human nature.\\nThe French Huguenots, under the direction of the\\nfamous Admiral Coligni, conceived the project of a settle-\\nment in the New World, and, after several unsuccessful", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 37\\nattempts, finally built Fort Caroline, on the St. John s\\nRiver, at a point, it is supposed, now called St. John s Bluff.\\nAll this stirred up the Spaniards once more, and under a\\nfierce, bigoted leader, Don Pedro Menendez, an expedition\\nwas fitted out to drive the accursed heretics out of Florida.\\nThis force landed at St. Augustine, as Menendez named\\nthe settlement he at once founded as a basis of supplies,\\nand thus, in the year 1565, was started the first settlement\\nin Florida, and the oldest in the United States.\\nThe French commander, Ribault, hearing of his ene-\\nmies approach, resolved to become the assailant. Taking\\nfive hundred men, and leaving less than one hundred in\\nthe fort, he sailed for St. Augustine but before reaching\\nthe mouth of that river a storm drove his ships out to sea,\\nand then drove them on shore, leaving them total wrecks,\\nand himself and his men three hundred miles from their\\nfort.\\nAfter nine days of constant marching and hardships\\nthey arrived in sight of their longed-for haven, to see the\\nSpanish flag floating over the rampart! It was a cruel\\nblow.\\nRibault justly distrusted the assurances of Menendez\\nbut his men were worn out, unable to retreat, unable to\\nfight, and the only thing left to do he did surrendered to\\nMenendez, on his promise of safety. Then the treacherous\\nSpaniards, taking their prisoners into the fort (from across\\nthe river), thirty at a time, tied their hands behind their\\nbacks and mercilessly slaughtered them, heaping useless\\ncruelties and indignities upon them, while the military\\nband played its loudest and merriest to drown the cries for\\nmercy.\\nAnd so the poor Frenchmen were murdered, each de-\\ntachment ignorant of the fate of its predecessors. Ribault,\\npleading for his men, was stricken down, stabbed in the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nback, and covered with wounds. And then Menendez, not\\nsatisfied with his demoniacal work, hung up the mangled\\nbodies to a tree and wrote above them, Not as French-\\nmen, but as heretics.\\nBut it was not long before retribution came As ye\\nmete, it shall be meted unto you.\\nA French warrior, De Gourges, his heart burning to\\navenge his countrymen, equipped an expedition at his own\\nexpense, sailed from France, reached Florida, and was\\nthere joined by a large body of the natives, who had\\nlearned to love the more gentle Frenchmen as much as\\nthey hated the Spaniards.\\nDe Gourges was fortunate in every movement. He sur-\\nprised and captured the Spanish forts on the St. John s, and\\nhung their garrisons on the very same trees from which\\nthe mangled remains of his unfortunate countrymen had\\nbeen suspended, writing above them, Not as Spaniards,\\nbut as traitors, robbers, and murderers.\\nMenendez, the arch-murderer, escaped, because he was\\nin Spain at the time of De Gourges vengeance.\\nFrom this time forth the Spaniards held to their settle-\\nment at St. Augustine, fighting off and on all the time\\nwith the English, who now began to settle along the Car-\\nolina and Georgia shores, which Spain claimed as also\\nFlorida.\\nIn 1696 the Spaniards began to colonize the western\\ncoast of Florida, and built a fort at Pensacola, besides\\nestablishing missions at various points.\\nFinally, in 1763, by a treaty, Spain ceded Florida to\\nEngland in exchange for Havana, which heretofore had\\nbelonged to the British Empire. The result of the Span-\\nish claim to Florida, held since 1512, being two small mili-\\ntary settlements.\\nThe new English possessors at once proceeded to make a", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 39\\nvery different use of their prize. General James Grant\\nwas appointed Colonial Governor, immigration was invited,\\nland grants made to officers and soldiers upon condition of\\nsettlement, books descriptive of Florida were issued and\\ndistributed, good roads built (some still remaining), agri-\\nculture was fostered, the culture of indigo encouraged.\\nDuring the Revolution no less than seven thousand\\ntories and loyalists found refuge in Florida, which re-\\nmained under English supremacy.\\nIn 1780 Governor Tonyn called together the first Gen-\\neral Assembly of Florida.\\nAnd now the beautiful State at last was prosperous.\\nIndigo culture was a splendid success the turpentine pro-\\nduct was very valuable. Florida s fame as a manifold agri-\\ncultural country was slowly spreading, and immigration\\nwas rapidly on the increase. But nature in those days\\nwas not done playing football with genial Florida.\\nEngland had lost all the rest of her American posses-\\nsions south of Canada, so she did not care now to keep\\nFlorida, consequently she tossed her over into the lap of\\nSpain once more. The English settlers, all their cherished\\nlabors come to naught, being allowed eighteen months to\\nrise up and go back home to the old countree.\\nSo once more poor Florida was put to bed and to sleep\\nin the Spanish cradle, dreaming realistic dreams of border\\nwarfare, fights with Indians, broils among adventurers,\\nand runaway convicts. Once, in 1812, a party of Georgians\\nresolved to annex Florida, and govern it their own way,\\nand they marched down to St. Augustine to take it. But\\non complaint of the Spaniards, the young United States\\nGovernment sat down on the Georgians, and sent them\\nhome in disgrace, like naughty boys.\\nThe United States already owned that portion of Florida\\nlying west of the Perdido River. Spain had ceded it to", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "40 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFrance, and the latter, as a part of Louisiana, sold it to\\nthe American Government in 1803. Having this much,\\nthe Georgians, like Oliver Twist, wanted more, more,\\nhence their action in the premises.\\nSpain, like England, at length concluded that Florida\\nwas an elephant it would be well to get rid of, as costing\\nmore than it earned; so, in 1821, it was formally handed\\nover to the United States, and in 1822 East and West\\nFlorida were consolidated into the Territory of Florida,\\nunder an organized government, and soon after the site of\\nthe former Indian settlement of Tallahassee was selected as\\nthe capital.\\nAnd now, as the rich agricultural possibilities of the\\ncountry and its wonderful climate began to be understood\\nat last, and more and more immigration crossed the bor-\\nders, the Indians became an important factor in the case.\\nThey occupied some of the best portions of the State, and\\nnaturally resisted the advance of the whites, whom they\\nwaylaid, murdered, and plundered continuously. In one\\nIndian village alone, when General Jackson, in 1818, cap-\\ntured it, were found three hundred fresh scalps of men,\\nwomen, and children.\\nThe burning of plantations, the carrying off of stock,\\nthe murder of their owners were every-day occurrences\\nand at last it became imperative to remove the Indians\\nfrom the country, or abandon the fairest of all the United\\nStates to their sole use and benefit. Until this was done,\\nand, as every one knows it cost seven years of war and mas-\\nsacre to do it, it is no wonder that the settlement of Flor-\\nida was slow.\\nIt was not until 1842 that the settlers felt safe and could\\ndraw a long breath of relief, freed forever from their ene-\\nmies. But still the development of the country was necessa-\\nrily slow. It lay outside the usual line of travel, and trans-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "A BACKWARD GLANCE. 41\\nportation facilities were few and far between. But these\\npoints were rapidly improving, and Florida was once more\\nstriding forward when the unhappy civil war broke out,\\nand again her onward progress was checked. But not for\\nlong.\\nAfter three hundred and seventy years of playing foot-\\nball to Spain, France, England, Indians, Florida is now\\nherself again, and is blossoming out into one of the most\\nnoble, most beautiful flowers in the giant bouquet held by\\nUncle Sam the United States.\\nIn growth, in improvements, in developments, in possi-\\nbilities, Florida stands among the first and foremost. The\\ninfant has awakened from her long sleep, a very giant of\\nwonders, and will yet be known as one of the wealthiest\\namong her many powerful sisters, as she will ever be the\\nfairest.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nCLIMATE.\\nGoing back to its Greek derivation, we find that the\\nword climata means literally, the slope of the earth from\\nthe equator toward the pole. In its modern meaning it\\nsignifies the condition of a place in relation to the various\\nphenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture,\\nand other properties of the same nature, which may either\\ndirectly or indirectly affect animal life and more notably\\nthat of man.\\nFlorida has many, very many attractions, not fanciful\\nnor ephemeral, but real, solid, lasting, and amid them all\\nthe brightest jewel in her crown of brilliant gems is her\\nclimate. The Italy of America is a title frequently ap-\\nplied to our fair State, but those who know Italy, and\\nalso know Florida, assert that the inference is very far\\nfrom flattering to the latter. While Italy and Southern\\nFrance enjoy a winter climate far milder than that of the\\nrest of Europe, still it is incomparably inferior to that of\\nFlorida. And as to their spring time, here is what an\\neminent physician, who has made the subject one of special\\nstudy, says of that, in concluding a winter contrast by\\nno means to the advantage of our trans-atlantic neighbors\\nI will say nothing of their spring, for no one who has\\never tried it, or. who has inquired of any reliable authority\\nabout it, would trust himself there after the first of March.\\nEven in the most sheltered localities, as at Cannes and\\nMentone, a change on one of the most pleasant days from\\nthe sunny to the shady side of the street often produces a\\nshiver, and renders necessary for an invalid an extra cov-\\nering. At sunset one must rush home and in-doors for his", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. 43\\nlife nor does any prudent man dare to ride out in the\\nafternoon without the wraps he would require in his north-\\nern home. Such is the case even in Algiers, which is a\\nsuperior climate to that of the north shore of the Mediter-\\nranean.\\nIn Nice, that much-vaunted resort for those Europeans\\nwho seek a mild climate, the same physician tells us that,\\nIn winter there is a difference of 12\u00c2\u00b0 to 24\u00c2\u00b0 between the\\ntemperature of places exposed to the south and the north,\\nbetween those in the shade and in the sun, and traveling\\nfrom Nice to Italy we find in the latter a significant saying\\nthat, Only dogs and strangers go on the shady side.\\nAnd here, in contrast, let us notice one more brief quo-\\ntation, this also from the pen of a well-known physician\\nIn Florida during most of the warm and pleasant days\\none may not only be out at sunset on land, but with equal\\ncomfort on the water. I have frequently called the atten-\\ntion of persons to this contrast with the European climates,\\nwhen we were returning from a row at sunset in mid-win-\\nter, some of us in our shirt-sleeves. Had there been any\\nconsiderable dampness in the air this would not have been\\nprudent or comfortable.\\nFrom the earliest visitors, and from the numerous adven-\\nturers who once landed on Florida s shore, came enthusiastic\\nreports of her climate, and from that time to this the cry\\nhas been taken up and echoed and re-echoed all over the\\nworld, a paraphrase of the Mussulman s watch-word, Flor-\\nida Florida there is but one Florida\\nWhy, would you ask?\\nIn the first place, our State is a peninsula almost in its\\nentirety, and from the earliest days of civilization peninsu-\\nlas have always been preferred as favorite residences, and\\nresorted to in the winter by those living in the cold, inland\\ncountries, because their climates are always milder, and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nhave a peculiarity all their owu, iu the fact that the heat\\nrising from the vast bodies of water lying on either side,\\ntempers and modifies every cold current of air that passes\\nover their surface. This during the winter season. Iu\\nthe summer time the same force is at work; the cooler\\nwaters absorb a portion of the heat contained in the warm\\nair sweeping across their bosom and store it up for their\\ngenial winter service to their landward neighbor.\\nFor these reasons the climate of a peninsula varies\\ngreatly from that of inland countries, even in the same\\nsection and same latitude.\\nWe have already noted the fact that Florida now con-\\nfessedly holds the front rank before all other peninsulas or\\nseaside countries. There are very good reasons for this.\\nNot one of them all has the same latitude, the same\\nslope to the winter sun, the same topography, and the same\\nfeatures.\\nThe Apennine Mountains, with their lofty snow-capped\\nsummits, chill the air that circulates over the Mediterra-\\nnean and Atlantic seas. In Mexico, in Southern Cali-\\nfornia, in Spain, in France, every where, save in our bon-\\nnie Florida, Ave find mountain ranges tow^ering aloft, their\\nwhite peaks covered with snow, their hollows with ice, cool-\\ning off the air faster than the sun can warm it, obstructing\\nthe pressure of the winds in summer and in winter, keeping\\nthe kindly breezes in check during the one season, and send-\\ning down cold, cutting winds during the other.\\nNow, Florida has nothing like this, so far as such expe-\\nriences go. Her surface is comparatively level, having\\nonly a gentle rise between the ocean on one side and the\\ngulf on the other, so that the breezes, warmed by her out-\\nlying waters in the winter season and cooled by them dur-\\ning the summer, are ever free to play back and forth over\\nher beautiful bosom. And when we say that her surface", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. 45\\nis comparatively level, we do not mean to be understood\\nthat it is actually and entirely flat, though we know this\\nis the generally received opinion, and quite on a par with\\nsome of the other ideas that are wafted across land and\\nsea concerning our sunny Florida. Low and damp, and\\ngenerally malarial, those are the terms a supposed-to-be-\\nreliable professor applied to her not very long ago in the\\ncolumns of a magazine that should have more carefully\\nguarded its pages against the crime of bearing false wit-\\nness against its neighbors. We shall have more to say\\nabout that charge by and by, for we intend to look thor-\\noughly into this question of Florida s climate, since upon\\nthis point hinges the whole subject of her suitability as a\\nhome a healthy, happy home worthy of the name.\\nBut just now we have to do with her surface, which is\\nby no means uniformly level in fact, one of its greatest\\nand oddest features is its picturesque lack of uniformity\\nof any kind, for it is all one strange mixture of rock and\\nsand, hill and flat woods, pine land, and hammock land,\\nrivers and lakes, interior and coast line, fruits of the\\ntropics, the semi-tropics, and the temperate zones trees of\\nthe equatorial regions, and of the colder climes, and vege-\\ntables of the most tender as well as the most hardy kinds.\\nFlorida is more than seven times as large as Massachu-\\nsetts. It is larger than the States of New Hampshire,\\nVermont, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, Dela-\\nware, and Rhode Island combined. Florida is one fourth\\nlarger than the great Empire State of New York, and\\nfifty per cent greater than the State of Ohio with its pop-\\nulation of three millions. Stepping across the Atlantic,\\nwe find it covering considerably more territory than Greece,\\nBelgium, and Switzerland, and it goes squarely over the\\nwhole of England by a surplus of nine thousand square\\npailes.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "46 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFlorida is one of the largest States in the Union the\\nvery largest east of the Mississippi River. It embraces\\n37,913,600 acres of good, solid land, and 4,440 square\\nmiles of water, and has over 1,200 miles of coast line. So\\nyou see there is plenty of room for variety of all kinds,\\nespecially so when we note the fact that her length from\\nnorth to south (that is, from the southern point of the\\npeninsula to the Georgia line) is 380 miles, and her\\nbreadth in what is called the mainland portion, is 345\\nmiles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rio Perdido. The\\naverage breadth of the peninsula is less than one hundred\\nmiles, and that of the strip between the Gulf of Mexico\\nand the Georgia and Alabama Hues is less than forty miles,\\nconsequently there is no portion of the State so far removed\\nfrom the vicinity of the sea air as not to feel its modifying\\ninfluences.\\nSouth Florida and by this term we mean those coun-\\nties that have an undisputed claim to the title which is\\noften erroneously bestowed on others that should more\\nproperly be termed the Central Belt. South Florida,\\nrepresented by the counties of Dade, Monroe, Brevard,\\nManatee, Lee, Hillsboro, Hernando, Osceola, Citra, and\\nPolk are noted for their generally level surface, prai-\\nries, and flat woods, with the exception of Polk and Citra,\\nwhich are the proud possessors of numerous beautiful,\\nclear water lakes, formed by a rather undulating country\\nhigh sand hills, as they are termed, only they are\\nnot really high at all, that is, to a resideut of a true\\nhill country; but locally the name is correct, although\\nnon-residents are apt to be misled by its application. High\\nhammock, low hammock, high sand hills, flat woods, all\\nthese are localisms well understood by those acquainted\\nwith the State. It is not height above the sea that is\\nindicated, but location with regard to natural drainage.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. 47\\nDown through the center of Florida runs a decided\\nridge or backbone not mountainous, but rising gently\\nfrom the sea-coast on either side until the middle, running\\nnorth and south, is reached, and here at some points the\\ndivide is so sharp that the little streams taking their\\nrise in one of the small lakes will flow to the east on one\\nside and toward the wxst on the other.\\nA phenomenon similar to this was witnessed by the\\nwriter a few years ago on the summit of the high ridge\\ndividing the Isthmus of Panama. There is a space three\\nor four feet long where the water in the railroad drain lies\\nperfectly still, while at each end it flows rapidly in opposite\\ndirections, one toward the Atlantic, the other toward the\\nPacific Ocean.\\nCrossing Florida s peninsula from east to west, or vice\\nversa, is like ascending gradually a series of terraces, the\\none blending into the other, until a gently undulating\\nplateau is reached at the highest point, continuing for a\\ndistance varying from six to twenty or more miles across,\\nand then commencing another terraced descent on the\\nother side.\\nProbably the greatest elevation in Polk Count}^ which\\nis the highest in South -Florida, is not over but rather\\nunder two hundred and thirty-five feet above the sea.\\nPassing northward from South Florida we find the face\\nof the country gradually changing instead of the rolling\\nlands being the exception they become the rule and not\\nonly so, but the undulations are more decided, real, genu-\\nine hills being frequently found, for here, iii the vicinity\\nof the backbone of the State, is its greatest elevation,\\nabout three hundred feet above the sea.\\nWhile the general opinion prevails that Florida is low,\\nvery few are aware of the fact that her highest elevation\\nis also that of all the States on the Atlantic coast, their", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ngeneral elevation, with some local exceptions, being act-\\nually less than three hundred feet.\\nFlorida s average level above the sea, according to To-\\nner s Dictionary of Elevations is sixty feet, while that of\\nLouisiana is seventy-five feet no very great difference,\\nyou see, yet no one looks askance at Louisana on that\\naccount, even though it necessitates the construction and\\nmaintenance at an immense expense of a levee to keep the\\nland from being inundated at times by the Father of\\nWaters, an effort, as we all know, not always successful\\neither.\\nBut enough for the present of the surface of Florida.\\nWe have seen sufficient to prove that, while she has no\\nmountain ridge to cool the air with snow and ice and sud-\\nden blasts of wind, yet neither can she be justly described,\\nas she has so often been by her enemies, as one vast ex-\\npanse of swamps and flat woods.\\nLow, as regards elevation above the sea, in compari-\\nson with many countries, Florida undoubtedly is; but\\ncompare her with some others and her lowest lands become\\nhigh lands.\\nLook across the ocean, for instance, at the Old World.\\nThe valley of Jordan is no less than one thousand feet\\nbelow the level of the Mediterranean Sea. The countries\\nlying along the Caspian Sea are lower than its surface;\\nand why is it that a large portion of Holland has to be\\ndefended by a system of dykes against the inroads of the\\nwaters? Not, surely, because her lands lie higher than\\nthe waves that beat against her shores.\\nYet these countries we have named are healthy and fer-\\ntile, and thickly populated, and no one thinks of casting\\ntheir lowly station in their teeth.\\nChiefly low, and generally damp and malarial, those\\n9,re the words we quoted a while ago as applied to Florida", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. 49\\nby a certain professor who had not even done her the jus-\\ntice of investigating the truth or crossing her borders. AVe\\nhave effectually disposed of the first charge, now let us\\nattack the second, generally damp.\\nWe suppose he meant humid, as that term applies to\\nthe atmosphere or climate, while damp indicates moist-\\nure or slightly wet, and if this quality refers to the\\nsoil, accompanied by warmth and fertility, it is very far\\nfrom being objectionable to any farmer or fruit-grower.\\nTaking humidity, then, to be the word that should have\\nbeen employed as applied to the degree of vapor held in\\nthe atmosphere and not perceptible to the human senses,\\nlet us see how it stands.\\nWell, in the first place, humidity is by no means un-\\nhealthy when accompanied by sunshine and fresh air, and\\nif these are to be had any where on earth it is in bonnie\\nFlorida.\\nIn the second place we will compare the degree of moist-\\nure held in the Florida atmosphere with that of some other\\nplaces, and note how she bears the comparison of scientific\\nand authorized facts and figures.\\nHere are some items from the Signal Service reports, as\\ncases in point\\nThe mean humidity for Jacksonville, Punta Rassa, and\\nKey West for the five coldest months of the year is 72.7;\\nfor the same months in the three principal cities of Min-\\nnesota the mean was 74.3; while, crossing to Southern\\nFrance, we find the humidity for the same period to be\\n72.4 at Cannes and Mentone. That sIioays a difference in\\nfavor of Florida of 1.6 against Minnesota, and an advan-\\ntage of only 0.3 in favor of the French cities, and the dif-\\nference in both these readino;s would have been still more\\nupon Florida s side had the observations been taken in the\\ninterior of the State at a higher altitude instead of, as\\n4", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "50 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nthey were, on her lowest grounds and on the bank of the\\nSt. John s River and the Gulf of Mexico. As a matter of\\nfact the relative humidity of Florida year by year is less\\nthan that of five out of eight of the most celebrated\\nEuropean health resorts.\\nThe beautiful Tillandsia usneoides, or Spanish moss,\\nwhich adds so much to the beauty and grandeur of our\\nSouthern forests, and is one of the most admired among\\nthe many novelties that attract the attention of a new-\\ncomer, is often quoted as a proof of the excessive moisture\\nin Florida s atmosphere. Now it is quite true that in\\nthose spots where this graceful drapery is found in the\\ngreatest abundance there is a very moist local atmosphere\\nnote that word, local, for in that lies the explanation of\\nthe seeming contradiction. Some people have an idea that\\nthe moss itself creates the dampness^ while in truth it finds\\nalready there the moisture it requires for its daily food, and\\nby living upon it and taking it up out of the air actually\\nlessens the amount and so performs valuable sanitary ser-\\nvice. Its presence in large quantities which is always in\\nlow hammock lands indicates the existence of super-\\nabundant moisture, but has the opposite effect to increas-\\ning it and yet it is frequently found scattered about here\\nand there, forming a most luxuriant drapery on isolated\\ntrees, growing on high and dry lands, but here its presence\\nis no indication of dampness. The sunshine pours down\\non it all day long, and water may not be any Avhere near\\nit, but it thrives, nevertheless, on the same principle that\\none man can live upon less than two.\\nThe great scientist, Vivenot, has carefully classified the\\ndegrees of relative humidity as follows It being under-\\nstood that here as elsewhere, the basis of all such figures is\\nthe air saturated so that it can hold no more moisture in\\ninvisible suspension. This point is marked as one hundred", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. 51\\nper cent then, if the air of a certain place is only half\\nsaturated it is marked as fifty per cent one quarter sat-\\nurated as twenty -five per cent.\\nHere then is Vivenot s classification Moderately dry,\\n56 to 70 moderately moist, 71 to 85 excessively moist,\\n86 to 100.\\nWe have already seen that the humidity of certain points\\nin Florida during the five coldest months is 72.7, which\\njust brings it under the heading of moderately moist.\\nBut take the whole State and the whole year, and then\\nthe figures change to 69.6, and this at once places Florida s\\nclimate where it belongs, under the classification of mod-\\nerately dry.\\nShe has reason to be thankful that it is not any drier\\nthan it is, for if her atmosphere contained less moisture\\nher greatest charm would be gone. Why, do you ask?\\nSimply because a certain amount of moisture is absolutely\\nnecessary to prevent great and sudden ranges of tempera-\\nture, a thing which is quite as deleterious to health as an\\nexcess of humidity.\\nWho that has sat in a dentist s chair to have a tooth filled\\ndoes not recall with a shudder the intense aching caused by\\nthe little bellows which dries the cavity to be filled? It\\nmust be very dry, and it is this absence of moisture, pro-\\nducing an intense cold by rapid evaporation, which causes\\nthe excess of pain.\\nWe see the same principle at work in the air. For in-\\nstance, if Florida did not possess a certain amount of\\nmoisture and a consequent deposit of a certain amount of\\ndew, then, instead of a night and day variation of 13\u00c2\u00b0 or\\n14\u00c2\u00b0 (often less) in temperature, there would probably be a\\ndifference of 30\u00c2\u00b0 or 40\u00c2\u00b0.\\nIn the desert of Sahara, where the dryness is absolute\\nand radiation at night entirely unrestrained, the tempera-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "5^ HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nture changes from an almost unendurable heat during the\\nday 100\u00c2\u00b0 or over in the shade to no less than 32\u00c2\u00b0, the\\nfreezing point, at night.\\nIn Upper Egypt the range is 40\u00c2\u00b0, and out on our own\\nwestern prairies there is not infrequently a difference of\\n60\u00c2\u00b0, so that one is scorched by day and frozen at night.\\nLet us be thankful then that Florida has just enough\\nmoisture to temper the heat during the day by condensa-\\ntion, and during the night by retarding radiation suffi-\\nciently to keep the cold in check. Her climate is just as\\nit ought to be to secure health and warmth.\\nA few practical, every-day illustrations of the proof of\\nour statements, and we close our study of Florida s climate\\nso far as humidity goes.\\nOne of the scientific tests of a moderately dry cli-\\nmate is the dessication of meats and their slow decomposi-\\ntion. Now, it is a fact that causes much surprise to new-\\ncomers, that beef when hung up in a current of air will\\nkeep fresh much longer than in the same or even lower\\ntemperature in the more northern States and venison,\\nwhich has naturally less moisture than beef, wall harden\\nand dry on the surface and continue good much longer\\nthan beef.\\nAnother test is, matches will take fire with certainty,\\neven in unheated rooms. Here, also, the writer has noted\\na marked difference between, for instance, Maryland, New^\\nJersey, New York, or Pennsylvania, and Florida, and de-\\ncidedly in favor of the latter. It is very seldom indeed\\nthat a match is found to have absorbed enough moisture\\nto crumble or miss fire.\\nUnless during the prevalence of several days rain (an\\ninfrequent occurrence) ladies find that their hair will re-\\nmain in crimps or curls for days together this, as is well\\nknown, is an unfailing proof of dry air.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. 53\\nIf pianos are kept closed on rainy days when not in use,\\nand occasionally thrown wide open that is, the entire lid\\nraised at other times, little if any trouble is found in\\nkeeping them in tune, especially in the interior of the\\nState, which is very far from being the case in very moist\\ncountries.\\nDuring the rainy season, from June to August inclu-\\nsive, it is difficult to keep table salt dry but no more so\\nthan in the majority of the States under similar circum-\\nstances, and the WTiter has frequently seen in Philadelphia\\nand New Jersey salt-cellars actually full of liquid salt, but\\nnever more than very moist in Florida.\\nClothing that has been wet and salted with perspira-\\ntion, even though dry when taken off at night, will often\\nbe found quite damp in the morning, the salt having ab-\\nsorbed moisture during the night. But clothing not so\\nsalted, even though left by an open window, will be per-\\nfectly dry. Of how many of our States can this be said\\nduring a long rainy spell\\nEven during the rainy season, when showers fall more\\nor less copiously every day (the sun shining in the interval),\\nthe air is not saturated. It never comes under Vivenot s\\nclassification of excessively moist, a fact that is proven\\nby the continued, though diminished evaporation of water,\\nfor, as every one knows, this would be an impossibility if\\nthe atmosphere already contained as much moisture as it\\ncould hold in suspension.\\nIn the lower St. John s fogs are quite frequent and\\nheavy, but in most other localities they seldom occur,\\nand then are light and quickly vanish as the sun rises\\nhigher.\\nAnd now we hope that the facts we have given so far\\nwill refute effectually the erroneous idea that generally\\nprevails concerning Florida s moist climate.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nThe charge of unheal thfulness or malaria remains,\\nand this too we shall presently lay in its grave, along with\\nsundry other untruths and misconceptions, and cover them\\naway out of sight forever, from the sight of those who\\nperuse these pages.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 55\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nHEALTH.\\nOne of the very first questions that confronts the intend-\\ning settler is that of health, and so it should be, paramount\\nto all others for what is wealth, or life itself, without the\\ncapacity for enjoying them And we all know from bitter\\nexperience, either in our own persons or in that of those\\ndear to us, that there can be no pleasure, whether in riches\\nor in life, if they are accompanied by sickness and pain.\\nSo in selecting a home the question of its healthfulness\\nshould be the most important of all. the first and fore-\\nmost to be considered, even at the possible cost of sacrifice\\nin some minor points we say minor advisedly, because all\\nother points are minor to this, and the wise man will sub-\\nordinate them to it first and last.\\nIt is a well-known, but none the less to be lamented,\\nphase of human nature, that the moment a country or\\nindividual becomes prominent among the rest, by reason\\nof superior merit or advantage, that moment hosts of ene-\\nmies, bitter and unscrupulous, arise and assail them with\\na venom born of that envy, hatred, malice, and all un-\\ncharitableness, from whose evil dominion we pray for\\ndeliverance.\\nFor years upon years our sunny Florida lay perdue, as\\nit were, too humble and insignificant to attract the notice\\nof the busy, struggling thousands scattered all over the\\nrest of the world. Why this was so is easily understood\\nby any one who pauses to look back upon her history, as\\nwe have seen. Only within a comparatively few years has\\ngeneral attention been bestow^ed upon this hidden gem of\\nthe Union.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "56 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nThe cry was, Go West, young man and many a young\\nman obeyed and some remained rejoicing, and some de-\\nparted in a different frame of mind. But enough went,\\nand enough continued to follow in their footsteps to enrich\\nthe laud speculators. And it was like the falling of a\\nbomb-shell into their midst when Florida, bonnie Florida,\\nwith her sunny smile and warmth of welcome, stepped for-\\nward into the light, offering far more than all the much-\\nvaunted West could bestow, even after years of toil and\\nexposure to the inclement storms of winter and the terrible\\ngales of summer.\\nAnd then straightway arose a host of foes, striking\\nblindly at the formidable rival looming up so suddenly in\\ntheir pathway. She endangered all their cherished plans,\\nand so she must be struck down by slander, falsehood, mis-\\nrepresentations, malice, by any and every weapon, so that\\nonly their end was attained. But it never was, for Florida\\nwas too powerful in her charms, and truth, like murder,\\nwill out, providing that one searches for it. Yet still,\\nas we have seen, a great many are satisfied to accept as\\ntruth every chance statement they may happen to see or\\nhear, whether for or against, without reaching down below\\nthe surface, much less seeking at the bottom of the\\nwell for it.\\nThis is the reason why such charges as we have quoted\\nin these j)ages gain headway. They are carelessly read,\\nand repeated from one to the other, and no one stops to\\nask, How much is true? how much is false?\\nWe have proven by facts and figures that Florida is not\\nlow, in the usual acceptation of the term, and that her\\nclimate is not damp, and now let us put to rout that\\nother charge, that she is generally malarial.\\nWe have dealt it a heavy blow already, for every one\\nknows that a moderately dry climate, and undulating", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 57\\nlands, with distinct ridges here and there, such as we have\\nshown Florida to possess, and malaria are antagonistic, and\\nthat therefore the reign of the latter must be local, and on\\na small scale. We do not for one moment intend to assert,\\nor wish it to be believed, that there is no malaria in Flor-\\nida. She is of the earth, earthy; not. by any means a\\nparadise, not without drawbacks nor imperfections but\\nonly better, balancing all things pro and con, than any\\nother land we know of.\\nYes, Florida has malaria. Can you name a country or\\na State that has it not in some localities Can you point\\nto districts low, marshy, where vegetation is alternately\\ncovered by water and exposed to the air and sun, and say\\nthat such districts are healthy and fit for human habita-\\ntions that malaria, in all its many phases, finds no foot-\\nhold there\\nIf a man chooses to locate his home in such spots as\\nthese, either in Florida or any other land, when all around\\nhim are high, dry, healthy lands, then he really deserves\\nto lose his health and his life but we pity his family, and\\ncounsel them to rise up in rel^ellion while yet they may.\\nWe know a man here in Florida, whose home was in the\\npine woods, as healthy a location as could be found any\\nwhere, and his family grew and flourished apace. But\\nthere came a day when work was offered a few miles away,\\nand he preferred taking his family to leaving them at\\nhome. He rented a house that had been deserted by its\\nowner because of the malaria lurking around it. It was\\nbuilt in a low, wet place, surrounded by swamp and low\\nhammock but it was lower in rent, as well as position,\\nthan any other offering. So the family dwelt in this\\nBlack Hole while the husband and father went off to\\nhis work on a high pine ridge a mile or two away, so that\\nthe malaria affected himself but little. What was the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "58 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nresult? The wife and children were stricken down with\\nfever, one of the latter died, and almost another. Then\\nthey went back to their healthy home with shattered\\nhealth, one and all, and soon the poor wife followed her\\nchild, thankful to be at rest, yet sorrowful too for those\\nwho remained behind. And all this did not come of igno-\\nrance of the probable results either, but was just a delib-\\nerate tempting of Providence to save a few dollars.\\nBut when the accounts were footed up, to the two lives lost\\nwere added also many dollars lost as well. There is a\\nmoral to this story, and He who runs may read, and if\\nhe is wise, He who reads will run from low places every\\nwhere.\\nFlorida is like every other country on the face of the\\nearth there are spots totally unsuited to human habita-\\ntion, others moderately good, others desirable, and still\\nothers yet more desirable.\\nAnd yet during the dry winter months even the most\\nmalarial of these localities become almost healthy, because\\nthe excess of moisture and the poisonous gases from decay-\\ning vegetation are taken uj) far above the earth by the\\nabsorbent power of the atmosphere and wafted far away\\nby the constant breezes. But during the warm, rainy\\nmonths the decay is too rapid and the moisture too great\\nto permit this beneficial factor to do its work so effectually,\\nalthough even then it is still powerful enough as a general\\nrule to rob the fever fiend of much of its deadly strength.\\nWhat says the report of the United States Army Sur-\\ngeon-General The statistics of this bureau show that the\\ndiseases which result from malaria are of a much milder\\ntype in Florida than in any other State in the Union, and\\nthe number of deaths there to the number of cases of re-\\nmittent fever has been much less than among the troops\\nserving in other portions of the United States.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 59\\nLet us glance for a moment at the ratio of deaths from\\nremittent fever in the various divisions of the United\\nStates, and note how they stand the test of official sta-\\ntistics.\\nIn the Middle States there is one death to thirty-six\\ncases, in the Northern States one to fifty-two, and in the\\nSouthern one death to fifty-four cases, the Western States\\nnot being given.\\nSo much for these three great divisions. The South has\\nthe best of it, you see, although such is not the general\\nimpression.\\nAnd now here are three representative States In Texas\\nthe death-rate in remittent fever is one to seventy-eight\\ncases, in California one to one hundred and twenty-two,\\nand in Florida only one to two hundred and eighty-seven.\\nThen taking all diseases together In New York State\\nthe ratio is one death out of every two hundred and fifty\\nof the population, while in Florida it is only one in four-\\nteen hundred. What a contrast Yet no one calls New\\nYork an unhealthy State, neither low, and generally\\ndamp and malarial. Why not? If Florida is, then\\nNew York must be nearly six hundred per cent worse,\\naccording to the official statistics, and certainly ought to\\nbe forever quarantined and suppressed.\\nIt is the usual impression among those not to the manor\\nborn that one or two years of that half-sickness, which is\\nharder to bear than a severe illness, is the least that one\\nmust expect in becoming acclimated to the Southern States.\\nUndoubtedly it is true in some localities, but we do not\\nbelieve it is generally so. It is human justice, because one\\nmember sins to call the whole family sinners.\\nAt all events we know of our own experience that it is\\nnot so of Florida. Here it is perfectly safe to come at all\\ntimes of the year. One portion of the writer s family ar-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "60 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nrived at their new Florida home, in the midst of the pines,\\nin April, and the remainder in June, yet all from that day\\nto this nearly eleven years have enjoyed better health\\nthan they could boast of in their old home. Two who suf-\\nfered for years with severe headaches, lasting for days to-\\ngether, have not had one such attack since breathing the\\nbalmy air of Florida. Another, for whom the fiat seemed\\nto have gone forth and indeed had done so bade farewell\\nto hemorrhages and coughs after the first year of the new\\nhome life, and now is able to get through with no incon-\\nsiderable amount of literary work. We feel, therefore,\\nthat we have good reason to love bonnie Florida s sunny\\nface, and defend her by telling the truth concerning her.\\nWith the same amount of prudence, or even less than is\\nor ought to be practiced at the North, neither malarial\\nfever, nor the less dreaded but decidedly miserable chills\\nand fever, need be feared at all. And it soon comes to\\nbe noticed by the new settler, that in Florida one s feet\\nmay get wet time and again with impunity, even from a\\ndrenching in the rain, if one keeps in motion so as not to\\nbecome chilled before dry clothes can be obtained, and\\nthat no ill effects are apt to follow.\\nIt is a matter of daily and increasing wonder to those\\nnew to the State to note how much more exposure of this\\nkind they can endure without injury than they had ever\\nbefore deemed possible in their old homes, be they where\\nthey might.\\nWhat few fevers there are, as we have seen, are usually\\nof a mild type and easily controlled.\\nDiphtheria and scarlet fever are almost unknown, and\\ncases of pneumonia are rare and seldom fatal.\\nThose who suffer from rheumatism and kidney diseases\\nare always relieved, and not infrequently cured entirely by\\na continuous residence in this healthful piney woods.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 61\\nAs to the benefit accruing to those with lung trouble,\\nconsumption, asthma, catarrh, we need not speak, for in\\nthis Florida s reputation is Avorld-wide.\\nChildren who are racked and nervous, and stand at\\ndeath s door, from the attacks of measles, scarlatina, or\\nwhooping-cough, almost invariably recover rapidly if they\\nare brought to Florida, and that too with little if any med-\\nical treatment.\\nIn the adult nervous dyspepsia, which is becoming more\\ncommon every year, finds immediate relief and generally\\ncure in the quiet, peaceful, out-of-door life of Florida.\\nThere is one widesj^read disease, for it really amounts to\\nthat, for which, as Dr. Lente tells us, Florida affords as\\nhealing a balm as for the pulmonary variety of consump-\\ntion. Dr. Lente calls it cerebral consumption, but fifty\\nyears ago it was described thus by James Johnson, and no\\none can fail to recognize the picture: There is a condi-\\ntion of body, intermediate between sickness and health,\\nbut much nearer the former than the latter, to which I am\\nunable to give a satisfactory name. It is daily and hourly\\nfelt by tens of thousands, but I do not know that it has\\never been described. It is not curable by physic, though I\\napprehend it makes much work for the doctors, ultimately,\\nif not for the undertakers. It is the wear and tear of the\\nliving machine, mental and corporal, which results from\\noverstrenuous labor and exertion of the intellectual fac-\\nulties rather than of the corporal powers, conducted in\\nanxiety of mind and bad air.\\nFor such as these, victims of nervous prostration, Flor-\\nida does indeed offer a healing balm and a bower of rest\\nand quiet.\\nIs it not with good reason that we claim for our sunny\\nFlorida that none need fear to trust their lives in her\\nhands, when both facts and figures the former widely", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "62 HOME LIFE IN FLOEIDA.\\nknown, the latter official proclaim that Florida leads\\nthe list of healthy States Is not the false charge of\\ngenerally malarial dead and buried?\\nWe have not yet referred to the singular purity of the\\nFlorida air, a constituent of climate which has not until\\nrecently been regarded worthy the attention it certainly\\nmerits.\\nThe usual idea of pure air is simply air that is free\\nfrom disagreeable odors but this is so far from being cor-\\nrect, that the gases from which these odors emanate are\\nthe least serious of the impurities of the atmosphere, and\\nvery seldom exist in sufficient quantities to do any harm\\nto human beings.\\nCarbonic-acid gas, which is popularly supposed to be\\nthe most dangerous of all, is rarely found in injurious\\nquantities even in a crowded room, and is not in itself\\npoisonous.\\nWhat makes the difference between country air and\\ncity air Not, as is generally believed, the presence of\\npoisonous gases to an injurious extent in the latter, as ex-\\nhaled from the multitude of chimneys, workshops, and\\nanimal bodies, living and dead.\\nThe celebrated Angus Smith tells us that the amount of\\ngases present in the air of a city and in that of the pure\\nand unadulterated country are very nearly the same. To\\nprove his assertion he makes a calculated statement of the\\nactual amount, which overturns one s previous ideas as to\\nthe relative purity of city and country air.\\nFor instance. Lake Geneva, in 100 volumes of air, has\\n0.439 parts of gas, while in the city of London the analysis\\nshows 0.420 in the same amount of air.\\nWho has not read with a thrill of horror the sad story\\nof the poisonous air of the Black Hole of Calcutta,\\nwhere two hundred and sixty out of three hundred pris-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 63\\noners died like dogs because they were compelled to\\ninhale air poisoned by carbonic-acid gas and destitute of\\noxygen But the cause thus given for this wholesale\\nslaug-hter is another of those world-wide mistakes that\\nmodern science is revealing day by day. It has been\\nproven of late that these unfortunate men, shut up like\\nrats in a trap, without light or ventilation, died not from\\ntoo much carbonic-acid gas or too little oxygen, but from\\nthe presence of organic matter in the air, diseased germs,\\ntoo minute to be visible, yet all powerful to sow the seeds\\nof malaria broadcast, and contaminate all with which they\\ncame in contact.\\nThat country air is purer than city air is universally\\nconceded, but, as we have just observed, it is not the ab-\\nsence of gases to a greater degree in the former that gives\\nit the advantage. No, not in the gaseous, but in the solid\\nportions of the atmosphere do we find the mischief-maker\\nenthroned.\\nIt has been established beyond all doubt, says Shroe-\\nder, that these organic substances, be they the gaseous\\nproducts of putrefactive processes in the animal or vegeta-\\nble kingdom, floating in the atmosphere, do reach the lungs\\nin the currents of air inspired, and are there capable of\\ndoing great mischief.\\nSo we see that it is these germs, or seeds of disease,\\nas they have been appropriately termed, that cause the\\ntrouble ajid contaminate the air, and these are found, as\\nwould seem most natural, in much greater quantities in\\nthe atmosphere of the cities than in that of the country.\\nIn the one thousands of agencies are at work to produce\\nand encourage their presence in the other the leaves of\\nthe trees, the grass, the growing crops, the sparkling river\\nor lakes, all serve to keep the air pure and sweet. But of\\ncourse these seeds of disease do exist in some localities,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "64 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\neven in the open country, for they are the direct cause of\\nmalarial affections which, be it understood, do not ahvays\\nmanifest themselves simply as fevers, but assume many\\nand varied forms, attacking always the weakest parts of\\nthe individual.\\nWherever vegetation is undergoing the process of de-\\ncay and fermentation, there look out for the breeding\\nplaces of these fatal germs. It does not matter whether\\nthe locality be north or south, at the equator or the north\\npole, given certain conditions such as the above, and the\\nsame result will follow.\\nThere are some places in Canada, and some in New\\nYork, and some in Pennsylvania, some in California, in\\nTexas, in Georgia, in Florida, where we would not build\\nour home for all the wealth of the United States, because\\nwe could not live to enjoy them, neither we nor any one\\nelse. But these places are self-evident no one is comj)elled\\nto live there, or even to try to there is room enough for\\nall in healthy localities.\\nWhere, however, this presence is known or suspected, a\\nthin cotton screen in the windows and doors cheese-cloth\\nfor example will prove a great safeguard, as it has been\\nproven by frequent tests that the disease germs can not\\npass through cotton the fine loose films catch and hold it.\\nThis is a fact well worth remembering by those who have\\nunhappily cast their lines near low, swampy ground,\\nwhere these germs most do congregate.\\nNor is this cotton screen the only barrier that may be\\ninterposed between these fatal atoms and their intended\\nvictims. A thick belt of forest trees or of sunflowers, or\\nwhere the climate is mild enough, the eucalyptus tree, all\\nthese serve as efficient body-guards and hold the enemy in\\ncheck. This is especially true of the latter tree, which\\nacts iu a double manner; first, by evaporating moisture", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 65\\nfrom the soil, for there is no other that is such a hard-\\ndrinker as the eucalyptus tree, and consumes such large\\nquantities of water and, second, the peculiar aroma which\\nexhales from its leaves seems to possess the qualities of an\\nantiseptic, and destroys all the seeds of disease that come\\nwithin its influence.\\nThere is a. district in Persia, reaching for miles back\\nfrom the banks of a river, a district large and exceedingly\\nfertile. Until twelve years ago it was esteemed an ac-\\ncursed spot, and was shunned as a pest-house, because no\\none could live all died who sought to dwell there. But\\nnow it is all changed as by magic. The king ordered\\neucalyptus trees to be planted thickly along the river\\nbanks, and in groups here and there all over the district,\\nand nobly they did the work they were set to do. They\\ngrew rapidly, as they have a way of doing, and drained\\nthe excess of moisture, w^hile the aroma from their leaves\\nkilled the disease germs floating in the air. The whole\\ndistrict is thickly populated now, and no part of Persia\\nis more healthy than this.\\nSo this shows, one instance among many, what the euca-\\nlyptus can do for humanity. Better than a drug store, a\\ndoctor, or a watch-dog is a grove of these trees around a\\nhouse where the malaria fiend lurks near by.\\nUntil the discovery of these germs in the air it was a\\nmatter of increasing perplexity as to why some diseases\\nshould rage with violence in certain localities, and in\\nothers adjoining be almost unknown often, too, being\\nmost violent, as in diphtheria or scarlet fever or cholera, in\\nthe homes of the wealthier classes where one would least\\nexpect to find them. But when the existence of the dis-\\nease germs and the cause of their presence in greater or\\nless quantities became known the mystery was solved. In\\nthe better class homes, where water-pipes, drains, and sinks\\n5", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwere improperly made or allowed to become uncleanly,\\nthe malaria fiend grew and flourished, and performed its\\ndeadly work unsuspected, while in the humbler homes\\nthese breeding places were missing.\\nIt was also found that experiments on the air from differ-\\nent places, but all of them country air, gave different\\nresults. Sometimes the same methods used for the de-\\nstruction of the germs failed to have that effect. This was\\nthe case with the air of Florida, taken from various local-\\nities away from the low or swampy lands or along the low\\nmargins of lakes or rivers. Why? Because the germs\\nwere not there to be killed because the air was absolutely\\npure, in its deepest and widest sense.\\nIn the low hammocks or wherever decaying vegetation\\nlay on the surface of the ground, there, as must be ex-\\npected, the malaria fiend was discovered, seeking whom\\nhe might devour, stronger in summer than in winter, but\\nseldom, as we have seen, as powerful here for evil as in\\nother similar localities, because of the lack of excess of\\nmoisture to feed upon.\\nBut in the undulating lands, or even in the flat woods,\\nwhere the soil is sandy and the tall pine tree towers aloft,\\nas it does on more than three fourths of the land surface\\nof the State, where the lakes have clear, sandy shores,\\nthere the malaria fiend meets his death the moment he\\nseeks to enter the charmed circle.\\nOne of the most important factors both in producing\\nand in preserving the remarkable purity of the Florida\\natmosphere is her much-abused sandy soil, which has so\\noften been held triumphantly aloft by her enemies, to be\\npointed at in ridicule, as an evidence of the falsity of her\\nclaims to luxurious vegetable production.\\nFor the character of the soil has a very great influence\\non the health or otherwise of those who dwell upon it, and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 67\\non the purity of the air that surrounds them. A clay soil\\nthat retains too much moisture, or one that will not retain\\nit at all, are equally injurious and detrimental to health.\\nIn his Manual of Practical Hygiene, Parkes, the cele-\\nbrated scientist, uses these words Sand absorbs very little,\\nclay ten or twenty times more, and humus, or common sur-\\nface soil, more than forty or fifty times as much as sand.\\n]^ow, when we consider that it is the excess of moisture\\nlying on or near the surface that causes vegetable decay,\\nand that the latter is the most powerful agent in breeding\\nthe malaria germ, we see at once why it is that the latter\\nholds high carnival wherever soils retentive of moisture\\nare found. And, considering further that a certain amount\\nof moisture is absolutely necessary to preserve health and\\na moderate equality of climate, we perceive also why soils\\nimpervious to moisture are inimical to human life.\\nWell may Parkes remark that the sands are therefore\\nthe healthiest soils in this respect.\\nIt is evident then that a permeable soil is the most health-\\nful soil, and nowhere in the world is this quality more\\nprominent than on the sandy surface of Florida, which,\\nhowever, be it noted in passing, is not only and all sand\\npure and simple, but disintegrated rock, finely comminuted\\nshell, coral, lime, and other productive ingredients.\\nDust is another factor in produciug disease, Avhose influ-\\nence is too often overlooked and underestimated.\\nOn clay or humus or surface soils, the element of dust,\\nwhen they are dry, is ever present and ready to rise up\\ninto baleful activity on the slightest provocation, as a\\nbreath of wind, or even a passing footfall of man or beast.\\nAnd here is another of Florida s safeguards. Her soil\\nis generally sandy, and sand produces dust fine enough to\\nbe held in suspension in the air in such small quantities as\\nto become immaterial as to any harm it can do. There is", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "6S HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nless of that impalpable dust, the taste of which we all\\nknow, because we have all been compelled to breathe it\\nmore or less, there is less of this prevailing lung-irritant\\nin Florida than in any other country we know of.\\nSo we see that our bonnie Florida has cause to bless the\\nsands that lie so thickly scattered over her bosom to their\\nsanitary work she owes no small part of her superlative\\nhealthfulness.\\nQuite as important as any other point in the selection of\\na home that will be a healthy one is that of the water-sup-\\nply. For water, good, bad, or indifferent, must be had.\\nIt is one of the things that a family must have, no matter\\nwhat else they have not. Water and air we can no more\\ndispense with the one than with the other. That Florida\\nhas an abundance of the latter, pure and wholesome, we\\nhave already seen. Now, how about the water This too\\nmust be pure and sweet, for there is no source more fruitful\\nof disease than bad water. Says an eminent physician, Did\\npeople know the nature and extent of the terrible impuri-\\nties in the water they drink they would wonder that they\\nare still alive.\\nMedical men every where assert that the vast majority\\nof diseases are directly traceable to the results of some\\nsporadic germ, unseen, unsuspected, unknown, but none\\nthe less surely existing, and by some means, either of air\\nor water, drawn into the human system, and of these two\\nmeans of conveyance the most powerful factor is the water\\nwe drink.\\nNo one who has arrived at the age of maturity needs a\\nphysician to tell him that water which contains vegetable\\norganic matter or minerals, like salts or lime for example,\\nwill cause dysentery or diarrhea.\\nBut while this fact is generally known, there is another\\nequally true, but so recently proven as not yet to be uni-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 69\\nversally admitted; that is, that impure water may also\\ncause malarial fevers, aud not only may but does fre-\\nquently so cause them to a greater extent than any other\\none factor.\\nIf a certain place is known to have malaria in the air\\nduring the summer months because of conditions which do\\nnot exist in the winter season, all danger would be consid-\\nered as passed so soon as the cold winter set in. And just\\nhere is where many a serious mistake has been made. Be-\\ncause the winter air does not contain the malarial germs,\\nthat is no proof that they are not still dangerously near.\\nThe water of that contaminated spot holds within itself\\nthe seeds of disease, and these are just as active in winter\\nas in summer. Impure water is always dangerous, and\\nfevers induced by its use are more fatal than others.\\nThose who drink water coming from marshes, whether\\nin Florida or elsewhere, will be subject to fevers at all\\ntimes of the year, while those who are careful to drink\\nonly pure, clean water, even in malarial districts, very\\nrarely have fever outside of the late summer or autumn,\\nand then the water is not responsible. This has been re-\\npeatedly proven in all parts of the world, and is a fact well\\nworthy of note, dwell where we may.\\nIn respect to her water-supply Florida as a general rule\\nis favored, as she is in most other things. In most locali-\\nties, whether drawn from lake, river, spring, or well, her\\nwaters are soft, that is, destitute of lime, and for all\\npurposes as pleasant to use as rain-water. In a few less\\nfavored spots, however, the well-water is hard, being\\ncharged with lime and magnesia, an excellent drink for\\ngrowing children, who need these bone-making materials,\\nbut hardly so desirable in other ways.\\nThere is a difference in hard water wells. Some are\\ncharged with magnesia and sulphate of lime, and others", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "70 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwith magnesia and carbonate of lime the one is perma-\\nnently hard and utterly intractable, crying out, The more\\nyou try me the more I won t come soft the other is\\nmore obedient and only temporarily hard. But under-\\nstand when we say temporarily we do not mean that the\\ncharacter of the water in the well itself is subject to change,\\nthat it fluctuates, and is sometimes hard and sometimes soft\\nnot this at all, but only that by certain processes the hard-\\nness may be removed and the water rendered as soft as rain-\\nwater. Of course there is a reason for this. The sulphate\\nof lime contained in the permanently hard water is deserted\\nby it and becomes one of its constituents, and then when\\nyou rub soap in it the stearic acid in the latter combines\\nwith the lime and magnesia and forms a chemical comj)ound\\nthat the water can not dissolve, and so instead of a pleasant\\ncleaning lather, an ugly, disagreeable curdiness results.\\nOn the other hand, the carbonate of lime, which is\\nfound in the temporarily hard water, is not, and can\\nnot be dissolved, like the sulphate, by pure water, and\\nhence it is only held in suspension, not permeating or\\nbecoming an inseparable constituent of the water.\\nHow does the carbonate get there, then, you ask The\\nexplanation is simple; all natural waters, but especially\\nthose obtained from wells or springs, contain more or less\\ncarbonic-acid gas in a state of absorption, and when thus\\ncharged are capable of dissolving the carbonates.\\nThus we see that, while pure water will not dissolve the\\ncarbonates, water that contains a certain proportion of\\ncarbonic-acid gas will do so. But expel the latter gas,\\nand the carbonate will be at once precipitated. This ex-\\npulsion is easily accomplished by boiling, and the incrus-\\ntation found at the bottom and sides of the kettle show^s\\nwhat has become of the carbonate. Try the water now,\\nand you will find it soft and fit for any purpose.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 71\\nBoiling, however, is not the only way to treat this class\\nof waters stir into a tubful of it a little slaked lime, and\\nallow it to settle in ten or twelve hours, perhaps less,\\nthere will be a white deposit at the bottom of the tub, and\\nthe water will be almost as soft as rain-water. How and\\nwhy? Because the lime you added combined with the\\nfree carbonic-acid gas and destroyed it, and then the car-\\nbonate, being insoluble in w^ater without the presence of\\nthis gas, was precipitated to the bottom of the tub.\\nWhere hard water is encountered, either in Florida\\nor elsewhere, these simple tests will prove which sort\\nit is, and if they render the water soft, the well owner\\nmay rejoice in having the less intractable servant of the\\ntwo.\\nSome scientists aver that rain-water is the only safe\\nwater to use any where, and even that only after being\\nfiltered this is doubtless true in part, that is, as regards\\nsome sections of country, but it does not apply to Florida\\nas a rule, although in a few exceptional cases it maybe\\nfound the safest to use for drinking purposes.\\nAlmost all over the State, however, the chief supply is\\nobtained from wells, and purer, more crystal-like water no\\none need wish for.\\nAs to the depth at which it will be found, that depends\\nentirely upon circumstances, whether the spot selected for\\nthe well lies much higher than the level of the surround-\\ning country, or lower, or whether dug in the wet or dry\\nseason.\\nIt is always better, when possible, to have it sunk to-\\nward the end of the latter, or winter season, as then the\\nwater is at its lowest level, and the maximum depth of the\\nwell can be reached at once otherwise several deepenings\\nwill be necessary, or the well will go dry as the waters\\nrecede in the lakes and streams.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "72 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nGenerally, Florida wells are cased with yellow pine\\nboards, because they are every where obtainable; but\\nwhere other material can be procured w^e would strongly\\nadvise against this.\\nThe objections are, first, non-durability every three or\\nfour years a new casing is required, the boards rotting\\naway and if not carefully watched, or repairs are post-\\nponed, a heavy shower is apt to cave in the well.\\nSometimes the rotting of the casing is so complete and\\nsudden that nothing can be done except to fill in the well\\nand make a new one elsewhere.\\nThe pine boards generally used are not heavy enough\\nthat is the chief trouble instead of half or three quarters\\nof an inch, let them be at least two inches thick, and then,\\nif they must be employed in the absence of preferable\\nmaterial, they will at least last long enough to pay for the\\nwork done on them.\\nThe second objection is, fortunately, one that does not\\ncontinue very long, not over a month or two, if the\\nwell is emptied of its water two or three times in this\\ninterval we refer to the taste of the turpentine in\\nthe yellow pine, which, until it has all passed out into\\nthe water, causes the latter to foam and to taste and\\nsmell decidedly unpleasant this is true, however, in a\\nmuch lessened degree where the lumber used has been\\nseasoned by exposure to wdnd and water for some weeks\\nor months.\\nBut where lumber just sawed is employed, as is usually\\nthe case, it will shorten the turpentine period greatly if\\nthe boards as soon as received are immersed in the waters\\nof a lake or stream (one or the other is most likely to be\\nat hand), and left there for several days, or longer if pos-\\nsible; a large portion of the turpentine taste and odor\\nwill be got rid of in this way.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. 73\\nNow, however, that our beautiful State is being trav-\\nersed in all directions, further and further day by day,\\nwith the wonder-working rails of steel, and great throbbing\\nsteamers, speeding over land and water, the days of yellow\\npine casings, like many other things tolerated of necessity\\nin the past, are rapidly passing away, except in localities\\nfar from transportation lines, and these are not so many,\\neven now.\\nArtesian wells, with their iron pipes, circular wells,\\nbricked or cemented, these are the coming wells of Flor-\\nida, furnishing pure, clear water from the very first of\\ntheir being.\\nSettlers who have been accustomed all their lives to the*\\nfree use of ice during the warm months find the summer\\ntemperature of the Florida water-supply one of the great-\\nest crosses they have to encounter in their new homes;\\nthey get used to it after a while, but where ice can not be\\nhad to cool it, and either spring-water at a temperature of\\n80\u00c2\u00b0, or well-water, if drawn from as much as thirty feet\\nbelow the surface, at about 70\u00c2\u00b0, is all one can get to\\nquench thirst, the contrast at first is hard to bear.\\nThe writer found it so years ago, when there were no\\nice factories in the State but there are many now, and\\nbut few places on the line of transportation where ice can\\nnot be procured, and that, too, at very reasonable rates,\\nfrom one half to one cent per pound.\\nWhile the Florida waters are generally pure, it does not\\nby any means follow that they are so because they look\\nclear and have no unpleasant taste or odor this is usually\\nconsidered the test, but never was a greater mistake made.\\nWater, not only here, but any where, may possess these\\nqualities, and yet be utterly unfit for use, because contain-\\ning the germs of disease in mineral ingredients, and other\\nwater, like that of the St. John s and Ocklawaha rivers,\\n7", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "74 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nfor instance, may be tinged brown or yellow, because it has\\npercolated through vegetable matter, and yet be whole-\\nsome, especially to those who are accustomed to its use.\\nPlace nothing on the same side of the house with the\\nwell that can possibly pollute its Avater do not rely on the\\nsoil acting as a filter to the water before it reaches the well\\nif you do, you make a mistake that may prove fatal to one\\nor more of your family.\\nHear what the National Board of Health, of New York,\\nhas to say on this subject, after a series of careful experi-\\nments, and their report, we may add, only confirms the\\nopinion of every sanitarian in the civilized world, and\\nproves that natural soil, w^hile it is a good filter for im-\\npure air, is worthless where water is concerned\\nFrom these results it appears that sand interposes\\nabsolutely no barrier between wells and the bacterial in-\\nfections from cesspools, cemeteries, etc., lying even at\\ngreat distances in the lower wet stratum of sand. And\\nit appears probable that a dry gravel, or possibly a dry,\\nvery coarse sand interposes no barrier to the free entrance\\ninto houses built upon them, of these organisms, which\\nswarm in the ground air around leaky drains, etc. Other\\nexperiments have shown that ground air will take up in-\\nfectious germs from water that is disturbed.\\nAnd here, from a physician resident in the State, comes\\nstill another warning\\nIf you have a well for household purposes near orange\\ntrees, do not fertilize with commercial manures such trees\\nshould have only cotton seed, tobacco leaf, or pure chem-\\nicals to feed upon. Animal fertilizers of any kind will\\nyield a poison to the water through our porous soils. You\\ncan not be too careful, with our light soil, how you contam-\\ninate the surface of the ground about your wells. Bad\\nwater is a fruitful source of bowel troubles. Our water", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HEALTH. fS\\nhere can not be excelled, and let us see that we keep it\\nsweet and pure.\\nIt is an easy matter to test the purity of water, no mat-\\nter whence drawn, and here is the modus opermidi Fill\\na pint bottle three quarters full of the water dissolve in\\nit one half teaspoonful of the best white sugar set it away\\nin a warm place for forty-eight hours. If the water be-\\ncomes cloudy it is unfit to drink if not, you are perfectly\\nsafe in using it freely.\\nThere are also some safeguards that it is well to know.\\nThe use of lemon juice or citric acid, even in the pro-\\nportion of one two-thousandth part, will destroy any mi-\\ncroscopic animalcules that may be in the water, and in\\nabout three minutes from the time the citric acid is used\\nthey Avill be found dead at the bottom of the vessel.\\nBut bear in mind the citric-acid solution must be freshly\\nmade, or it will lose its power.\\nThis citric acid would be an excellent thing for tourists\\nor hunting parties, and still better is a filter that is within\\nthe reach of every one, light and portable, and always\\nready for use.\\nFor such a filter as this, which is also very cheap and\\nperfectly effective, we are indebted to the State Geologist\\nof New Jersey; here are the directions he gives: It is\\nthe bottle filter, and is made by tying a string wet with\\nturpentine around the bottom of a quart bottle and break-\\ning out the bottom. This is done by lighting the string,\\nand, when the flame has encircled the bottle, dipping it in\\ncold water. Layers of fine cotton batting must then be\\nplaced in the bottle until a wad is collected that rests on\\nthe shoulders of the bottle and its neck. Now dissolve a\\ncup of alum in hot water and pour the solution into a cup\\nof cold water. This makes a filtering substance. I use\\nalum, because it is the only thing which will precipitate", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "?6 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nall the impurities of the water to the bottom. For every\\ngallon of water that it is desired to purify, add a teaspoon-\\nful of the filtering fluid, and stir it until every particle of\\nthe auimalculse is precipitated. This usually takes five\\nminutes. Then run your gallon of water thus treated\\nthrough the filter, and you will have your water free from\\nall impurities.\\nTo make a filter with a wine barrel, procure a piece of\\nfine brass wire cloth of a size suflficient to make a partition\\nacross the barrel. Support this wire cloth with a coarser\\nwire cloth under it, and also a light frame of oak, to keep\\nthe Avire cloth from sagging. Fill in upon the wire cloth\\nabout three inches in depth of clear, sharp sand; then\\ntwo inches of charcoal broken finely, but no dust then\\non the charcoal four inches of clear, sharp sand. Fill up\\nthe barrel with water, and draw from the bottom.\\nSometimes, after heavy rains, the well-water is found to\\nhave sediment in it in such cases drop into it powdered\\nalum, in the proportion of one tablespoonful to a hogs-\\nhead of water.\\nOr, if alum is not at hand, borax will do, two ounces to\\nabout twenty barrels of water.\\nIn either case stir the water for a few moments, and the\\nimpurities will in a few hours settle to the bottom, but\\nmore entirely so with the alum than with the borax.\\nNeither afiects the taste of the water.\\nWe have been thus minute in dealing with this subject,\\nnot because the settler is at all likely to have any trouble in\\nprocuring pure water, for, as we have said, this is only so in\\nFlorida in exceptional localities, but rather on the principle^\\nthat an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.\\nThe sugar test will quickly settle the matter of pure or\\nimpure water not one in one hundred will find it the\\nlatter.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATUKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WINTER. 77\\nCHAPTER V.\\nTEIMPERATURE WINTER.\\nAnd now we come to the last phase of the constituents\\nof climate as regards fair Florida a phase upon which Ave\\nhave not so far touched, yet one which is more frequently\\nquoted, and to the superficial observer or tourist is more\\nimportant than any other, as more directly affecting one s\\nphysical comfort and that is, temperature.\\nIt is this feature that is usually meant when passing\\nallusions are made to the Florida climate it is this that\\nis called charming, incomparable, glorious, de-\\nlightful.\\nThese are the adjectives most frequently met with as\\napplied to this subject, and, strong as they are, we think\\nfew who have experienced in their own persons the strik-\\ning contrast between the climate of Florida and that of\\nany other State, nay, of any other known country, will\\nobject to them as being too expressive.\\nCertain it is that thousands do indorse them, and among\\nthese is the writer, who, having spent in Florida ten con-\\nsecutive summers and winters, with better health and more\\nuniform comfort than any preceding years at the North,\\nought to be in a position to judge somewhat of their jus-\\ntice.\\nFlorida s climate compared with perfection is not per-\\nfect, but compared with other climates it is perfect, and\\nnothing less no other can approach it, as we have previ-\\nously shown.\\nFlorida s temperature is not monotonous, not equable.\\nThe time has been, and not so long ago either, when\\nthis fact would have condemned her in the eves of med-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "78 HOME LIFE IN FLOEIDA.\\nical men, for it was then considered that equability of\\ntemperature was, for an invalid, one of the first and fore-\\nmost points to be insisted upon.\\nBut all that is changed now-a-days, like many other\\nthings, as science advances, undoing and correcting our\\nviews and our knowledge.\\nSays a distinguished English physician, A long resi-\\ndence in a very equable climate is not favorable to health,\\neven with all the advantages of exercise in the open air\\na moderate range of temperature and of atmospheric\\nvariation seem to be necessary for the preservation of\\nhealth.\\nAnd another recent authority asserts, in speaking of the\\ndread that persons in weak health experience of cold\\nweather\\nIf our invalids could indeed find a lotus-eater s land,\\nIn which it seemed always afternoon,\\nAll around the coast the languid air did swoon,\\nI would predict that the results on their health w^ould\\nbe rather pernicious than otherwise, and loss of appetite\\nand diarrhea would probably be induced.\\nNow, just here is the difference between Florida and\\nAfrica, or the West Indies the one is semi-tropical, the\\nothers are wholly tropical the one has decided changes of\\ntemperature, the others have none it is always the same,\\nan unchanging, wearying heat, the only variation being\\nfrom the wet to the dry seasons.\\nNo, we do not claim that Florida s climate is entirely\\nequable; on the contrary, we should regret very much\\nhaving to admit that it was so: happily, we can hold\\nfast to the truth and yet deny it emphatically; from the\\nnorthern to the southern boundary, even down to the\\nextreme point of Dade County, the temperature changes", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATURE WINTER. 79\\ndecidedly, according to the seasons there is nothing mo-\\nnotonous or debilitating about it.\\nAnd yet these variations are rarely violent, as they so\\nfrequently are in all other countries; they are not of a\\nnature to produce illness from exposure, or sudden shocks\\nto the system, but, on the contrary, are entirely bene-\\nficial, even to the most delicate, acting as a wholesome,\\nstimulating tonic rather than the contrary it is the ab-\\nsence of these changes which, as we have seen, render\\ntropical climates so enervating and ultimately injurious.\\nThe usual range of temperature for Florida during the\\nday, according to observations carefully conducted for\\nmore than forty years by Government officials, is only\\n13\u00c2\u00b0 to 14\u00c2\u00b0; and for the night season only a little more;\\nit changes just enough to be refreshing, seldom more or\\nless.\\nThe ideas that until recently obtained almost universal\\ncredence, and are still prevalent to a great extent regard-\\ning the mildness of a Florida winter, may be summed up\\nin the often-heard phrase, No winter clothing required.\\nAnd this is hardly to be wondered at when some of the\\nmost prominent land companies scatter broadcast over the\\ncountry pamphlets containing such sentences as these:\\nYou can live in comfort all winter in tents You\\nneed not bring your winter overcoats, it will only be an\\nincumbrance; No carpets required^ hence a great ex-\\npense saved.\\nAnd these and others also claim that bananas, pine-\\napples, grapes, limes, and other tender plants can be\\nraised to profit, even almost to the northern border, and\\nneed no winter protection.\\nThere is exactly one grain of truth in these statements,\\nthe last one quoted for certainly the plants mentioned\\nneed no winter protection in the sections indicated,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "80 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbecause it would do no good tropical fruits can not be\\ngrown with profit in regions swept every winter by air\\nthat is frosty, even if it does not actually touch the freez-\\ning point.\\nFlorida is over four hundred miles long, and her tem-\\nperature varies more from one degree to another than is\\nusual for equal distances on the main land plants that\\nwill flourish in ordinary winters as far north as Orange\\nCounty, for instance, are unreliable for crops a little fur-\\nther north, and regularly, winter killed yet a little more to\\nthe north.\\nSome poor, deluded people were actually trying to\\nlive in comfort all winter in tents down on the\\nGulf coast at the very time that the unprecedented cold\\nwave of January, 1886, came rushing down from the\\nnorth pole on its way to astonish Cuba these good\\npeople had not been very happy before this cold wave\\ninterviewed them they felt still sadder (and madder)\\nafterward, and it was not long before, learning wisdom\\nby experience, they had good substantial walls and roofs\\nto shelter them and good honest fires to warm them, and\\nthen for the first time they ceased to regret and began to\\nrejoice that they had selected Florida as their future home.\\nOthers too had followed directions and left behind them\\nthe comfortable winter overcoat and the cosy carpets\\nwhich they were not to require, and even before those few\\nbitterly cold days they found out how little dependence is\\nsometimes to be placed in flaming circulars set afloat by\\ninterested parties.\\nThose few days in January, 1886 (w^hich will never be\\nforgotten by the many who, in person or in property, felt\\nthe force of the blast), are not to be set down to the ac-\\ncount of the Florida climate, or their eflTects quoted as\\nthose of even an unusually severe winter, as this is", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "TEMPEKATURE WINTER. 81\\ncommonly experienced it was simply something abnor-\\nmal, outside altogether, a fierce incursion into an un-\\noffending country by an armed horde of marauders from\\nthe north pole, who carried destruction in their path\\nover the whole United States, and even invaded Cuba\\nand Europe.\\nThe January freeze has no more to do with the\\nclimate of Florida than the bursting of a reservoir, or\\nthe flooding of a river, or the horrors of a cyclone have\\nto do with the usual characteristics of any country in\\nwhich these misfortunes may chance to occur in the\\ncourse of the passing years.\\nIt was literally a passing strange experience for\\nfair Florida, and while its injurious effects will quickly\\npass away its salutary lessons will forever be remembered.\\nAnd now, that we may have a full and clear idea of\\nthe actual winter temperature, as Florida winters ordi-\\nnarily run one with another, let us look at some of the\\nfacts and figures collected by years of observation by\\nscientific men\\nJacksonville,\\nSt. Augustine,\\nPalatka,\\nIndian Kiver,\\nFlorida (average),\\nAutumn.\\nWinter.\\n70\u00c2\u00b0\\n56\u00c2\u00b0\\n71\u00c2\u00b0\\n58\u00c2\u00b0\\n70\u00c2\u00b0\\n57\u00c2\u00b0\\n62\u00c2\u00b0\\n60\u00c2\u00b0\\n71\u00c2\u00b0\\n60\u00c2\u00b0\\nThese figures, as you will see, refer to different parts of\\nthe State. How do they compare with the autumns and\\nwinters elsewhere? Surely not to Florida s disadvantage.\\nLet us examine more in detail into the actual tempera-\\nture of this famous winter of 1886, which was the most\\nsevere all through of any ever experienced in the State,\\nand not at all likely to recur during the lifetime of its\\npresent population.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "82 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFrom observations taken during 124 days, from No-\\nvember to March, we find that the highest point reached\\nby the thermometer was 87\u00c2\u00b0 and the lowest (for two days\\nonly) 16\u00c2\u00b0 this latter, of course, during the reign of the\\ncold wave king.\\nThere were 102 days when the maximum temperature\\nwas between 55\u00c2\u00b0 and 80\u00c2\u00b0 there were 89 days when the\\nlowest point ranged between 34\u00c2\u00b0 and 54\u00c2\u00b0 several more\\nwhen the minimum was 70\u00c2\u00b0, and only three when it was\\ncold enough to freeze water at noon. Of sunshiny days\\nduring this same period there were no less than 82\\nshowery days, 28 cloudy, 13 rain all day, 4.\\nNow this is the daily record of the most unpleasant\\nwinter Florida has ever known. What do you think of\\nits contrast to that of the mildest winter at the North?\\nNote also the fact that these temperature markings were\\nmade at Jacksonville, and that the record further south\\nwould show still higher points.\\nAs an ordinary thing the Florida autumn and winter\\nweather is very like the typical May or September of the\\nNorth, or the famous Indian Summer, which every one\\ncalls delightful.\\nThe mornings and evenings are cool enough as a rule\\nto make a brisk wood fire quite cosy and comfortable, and\\nsometimes for several days together it is very acceptable\\nall day long in truth, necessary to comfort.\\nAnd then again there are times, many of them, when\\nno fire at all is wanted, but rather summer clothing out-\\nside the heavy under flannels that wise people wear, even\\nthough it be balmy Florida we have dressed at Christ-\\nmas tide in thin white outer garments, and again in heavy\\nblue flannels.\\nVariety is the spice of life, and it is this very quality\\nthat saves Florida s climate from being enervating.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATURE WINTER. 83\\nIn ordinary winters, days when the thermometer reaches\\na maximum of 76\u00c2\u00b0 are not rare, but those in which the\\nhighest point is 60\u00c2\u00b0 or 65\u00c2\u00b0 are more frequent, while a\\nminimum of 40\u00c2\u00b0 is of common occurrence, but these\\nvariations are seldom so sudden as to be violent, and\\nwhen they are it is the chilling northwest wind that is\\nresponsible, rushing down without warning or welcome,\\nwith a snow storm at its back and a rain storm for Flor-\\nida in its hand.\\nThere has been a great deal of foolishness, both written\\nand spoken, about something that does not exist in our\\nbeautiful State the frost line. It is true that some\\nsections and some localities are less liable to damage from\\nthis cause than others, but none can claim certain and\\nuniform exemption, if they cling to the truth.\\nThe frost weaves that occasionally sweep across the State\\nare erratic they travel by no known route, are governed\\nby no known law.\\nFor instance, a few years ago, during the march of one\\nof these unwelcome visitors, the thermometer at Tampa\\nmarked 39\u00c2\u00b0, while at Fernandina, two hundred miles fur-\\nther north, it recorded at the same day and hour 54\u00c2\u00b0.\\nDuring the same cold wave tomato vines in Alachua\\nCounty on the north side of a lake were uninjured, while\\nthose over two hundred miles farther south, with water\\nprotection, were killed outright.\\nExperience has abundantly proven that the effect of\\ncold is dependent on currents of air, and is much modified\\nby water protection. There is no use in trusting to lines\\nof latitude for exemption, for they wdll surely fail some-\\ntimes a frost that visits a locality one time and spares\\nanother close by, may do the opposite on its next visit.\\nThe frost line is a myth, and if any claim to be uni-\\nformly below it in Florida the truth is not in them.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "84 HOME LIFE IN FLOKTDA.\\nSUMMER.\\nIf there is any one point concerning Florida which is\\nsubject to more misapprehensions than any other, it is that\\nof her summer climate. Ninety-nine persons out of a\\nhundred would at once jump at the conclusion that a cli-\\nmate which is so much milder than that of others during\\nthe winter, must be correspondingly hotter during the\\nsummer season.\\nBut put the question to those who live in Florida all\\nthe year round, What of the climate in summer? and\\nthe answer will be, In winter the climate is pleasant, in\\nsummer it is delightful.\\nThis is the almost universal verdict of all who spend a\\nsummer or two in the State astonishment at first, then\\ndelight.\\nWhen the mildness of the winter is taken into consid-\\neration, and also the fact that the line of latitude in-\\ncluded in Florida is also that embraced by Northern\\nAfrica and a part of the Desert of Sahara, where, as\\nwe have seen, the temperature ranges during the day\\nabout 100\u00c2\u00b0 in the shade and falls to freezing at night, it\\nis not to be wondered at that the Florida summer should\\nbe regarded with suspicion by those who judge from the\\nprocess of natural induction and are without knowledge\\nof the facts.\\nThose who know Florida at all, are well aware that no\\nsuch heated air as reigns perpetually during the day over\\nthe Sahara ever sweeps, even transiently, over fair Florida.\\nThe same peculiar location of our treasured peninsula\\nwhich influences the winter temperature has also its effect\\nupon the summer. The very fact that it is a peninsula,\\nw^ith a great ocean to the east and south and a mighty\\ngulf to the west, tells its own tale if one but pauses to", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATURE SUIMMER. 85\\ninterpret it, for it is simply impossible that such a long,\\nnarrow strip of land, its shores bathed by a great body of\\nwater on three sides and constant winds sweeping over it,\\ntheir extremes tempered by its influence, should be either\\nas cold or as hot as land in the same latitude not so lo-\\ncated.\\nIn the winter the winds passing over the Gulf-stream\\nbefore touching the land lose a great portion of their\\nsharpness during the summer the current of cold water\\nthat passes between the east coast and the Gulf-stream,\\ntempers and cools the warm air sweeping across it.\\nThat is one reason why Florida is so favored in summer\\nas well as in winter. Another (that also operates in the\\nlatter season, as we have already noted) is the absence of\\nneighboring mountains to check the constant and even\\ncirculation of the air. The result is that Florida is never\\nwithout a breeze, morning, noon, or night first from the\\none great body of outlying waters, then from the other, a\\nconstant succession of pure, life-giving breezes are playing\\nback and forth over her broad bosom. Of all the many\\nsummers the writer has spent in Florida, the first unbear-\\nably hot day or night has yet to appear\\nWe do not claim that Florida summers are not warm,\\nvery warm in the sun or in violent exercise, just as else-\\nwhere, but we do claim, and ninety-nine out of a hun-\\ndred of her citizens will bear us out in the assertion, that\\nher summer is more pleasant and less oppressive than that\\nof any other State, north or south.\\nWho has not suffered from the oppressive heat of the\\nnorthern summer season with the thermometer ranging\\nhigh up among the nineties, and not a breath of air stir-\\nring to cool the fevered pulse and throbbing head\\nIn our own old home, Philadelphia, we have many a\\ntime marked the thermometer at 96\u00c2\u00b0, 98\u00c2\u00b0, 100\u00c2\u00b0; even", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "SQ HO^IE LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\noccasionally 104\u00c2\u00b0, and this too in the shelter and shade\\nof the interior of a large brick dwelling, where it should\\nhave been cool if any where; we have seen the same\\nthing also in other parts of Pennsylvania, in New Jer-\\nsey, in New York, in Maryland, and with it all there was\\na close, sultry feel in the air that seemed to sap one s\\nlife away and to make the very effort of breathing too\\ngreat for endurance.\\nEven in the country, with open fields all around us and\\na great river near by, we have experienced, night after\\nnight, heat so intense, so close, that it seemed as if we\\nmust suffocate; sleep, rest even, was impossible, and\\nwhile wandering over the house in the vain hope of\\nfinding a shadow of a breeze, Ave have noted our\\nneighbors wanderiug likewise in the dead of night about\\ntheir gardens, looking more like uneasy ghosts than\\nmerely unhappy mortals, slowly melting away in the\\nvain search for a breeze.\\nThat is a search that no one need ever take in Florida\\nit is more of a problem how to get out of the breeze than\\nhow to get into it it is always on the qui vive and never\\nwaits to be hunted for it hunts for you in every crack\\nand corner.\\nIt frequently happens that it is too cool to sit on the\\nporches in comfort when the thermometer actually marks\\n90\u00c2\u00b0 or 92\u00c2\u00b0, and common sense tells you that you ought to\\nbe feeling very warm, and would be excessively so with\\nthe same temperature in any other State.\\nIt looks mysterious, does it not but it is true, nor is\\nthe mystery very deeply hidden.\\nIn Florida during all the long summer the thermometer\\nand the breeze are perpetually warring wdth each other\\nthey quarrel night and day, and have a lively time to-\\ngether, to the incalculable benefit of all living creatures.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATURE SUMMER. 87\\nThe thermometer says one thing, the breeze says an-\\nother for instance, the former declares the true marking\\nto be 96\u00c2\u00b0, the latter insists that it is not over 82\u00c2\u00b0, and\\nhardly that. And the breeze is nearer the truth, at least\\nso we should decide did we consult our feelings rather\\nthan the thermometer.\\nThe reason is self-evident if one stops to think about it\\nwhen we have no ice and want to cool some water to drink\\nwe set it in the shade and in the breeze the latter passing\\nover it causes a rapid evaporation that at once produces\\nthe desired effect.\\nExactly in the same way the breeze striking a moist\\nskin produces that sensation of coolness which is so re-\\nfreshing and so vainly sought for when there is no such\\nkindly, stirring friend near by.\\nWe have never once seen the thermometer in Florida\\nrise higher than 98\u00c2\u00b0, and that only two or three times, in\\nthe hottest part of the day, and even then the gentle\\nbreeze that never fails cools the heated air like an im-\\nmense, invisible fan, so that it is not oppressive or a\\nsource of discomfort unlike the North, there are cool\\nplaces to be found in plenty, so long as you keep in the\\nshade and at rest.\\nOf course it is hot in the sun. Was there ever a sum-\\nmer any where where it was not? If there is such a\\nplace, woe unto its grains, its grasses, its fruits.\\nYes, the Florida sun is hot during the hot season, but\\nnot one whit more so than elsewhere.\\nAnd men, white men, unaccustomed to such work are\\nseen toiling in the full glare of the sun, and declaring that\\nthey feel the heat less than if they had been quietly ram-\\nbling along the road at their old homes with the thermom-\\neter at the same height.\\nIt is a fact that men are able to work out-doors in the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "S8 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFlorida summer iu a higher temperature than they could\\npossibly endure elsewhere.\\nOf course there is a reason for this nay, two of them.\\nIn the first place, the bountiful breeze, one of fair Flor-\\nida s coolest yet best friends, is a very important factor in\\nfanning the worker and preventing overheating; in the\\nsecond place, the dryness of the atmosphere promotes pro-\\nfuse perspiration, which of itself is one of nature s cooling\\nprocesses.\\nSunstroke is utterly unknown in Florida. The reason\\nof this unwonted exemption from one of the most common\\ncasualties of the Northern summer being this very fact of\\nso profuse a perspiration it is a safety valve, as every one\\nknows or should know, and its sudden stoppage or absence\\nis the direct cause of sunstroke and other serious illnesses.\\nNow and then (but ver3^ seldom) a man may attempt\\ntoo much and overtax his strength, and consequently is\\novercome, not so much by heat as by exhaustion; but\\nthese attacks are very different from sunstroke, and are\\nrarely serious.\\nOne reason why the Florida summer is so pleasant and\\ncomparatively cool is that rains fall nearly every day, not\\nall day, but in showers, usually in the afternoon or morn-\\ning, and often when it is not actually raining the sun is\\nveiled by clouds, so here are still other factors at work,\\nyou see, to cool the atmosphere. June, July, and August\\nare the rainy months, but of course it does rain at\\nother times also.\\nThe only objectionable feature of the Florida summer\\nthat we have ever heard quoted is its length. It is true\\nthat it begins sooner and ends later than the Northern\\nsummer, but even so it is not very much longer, and it is\\ncooler and more uniform in temperature, and hence more\\nhealthful.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATURE SUIUlMER. 89\\nThe warm season usually sets in about the middle of\\nMay and continues until the middle of September, when\\na sensible difference will be noticed.\\nAnd now, as to the nights during the Florida summer,\\nthey are invariably cool and refreshing. Here no one\\never rises in the morning worn out with a night of rest-\\nless tossing and inability to sleep because of heat and\\nsultriness.\\nThere is always the breeze ready to dance through your\\nrooms, if allowed, and fan you to sleep, a good, sound,\\nrefreshing sleep, and no one who knows Florida will retire\\nwithout having some extra covering lying convenient at\\nthe foot of the bed, for it is almost certain to be needed\\nbefore morning.\\nISTow, how does this record compare with the summer\\nnights elsewhere\\nFlorida is in the far South, it is true, but she neither\\nroasts nor boils her honest citizens who stand by her, not\\nonly in winter but in summer. Let the doubters come,\\nsee, and feel for themselves let them come from the land\\nof snow and ice, and hot, sultry days and stifling nights\\nfrom the land of storms and clouds and tornadoes and\\nblizzards, and compare with these things Florida s mild\\nwinter and cool summer, her refreshing nights, her aver-\\nage of three hundred clear days out of the three hundred\\nand sixty-five, and her gentle, invigorating breezes.\\nHaving now, as we trust, proven beyond dispute by\\nfacts and figures that the climate of Florida is the most\\nhealthy, as it certainly is the most pleasant in the world,\\nand therefore unsurpassed so far in the raAv material\\nthat goes to make up a home full of happiness and con-\\ntentment, we will pass on to the consideration of those\\npoints that must influence the settler in the locality he\\nshall select for his new residence.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "90 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nPINE LANDS AND HAMMOCKS.\\nFlorida, it must be remembered, is a large State; so\\nlarge and so varied in its productions that, to avoid con-\\nfusion, it has been by common consent and Governmental\\nauthority subdivided into sections. Northern, Middle, and\\nSouth Florida.\\nIn each of these the character of the soil and landscape\\nis exceedingly diversified nowhere is it all pine or all\\nhammock, all lake or all river, all flat or all undulating.\\nThe report of one of the Florida Commissioners of Im-\\nmigration speaks truly in saying: There is one feature\\nin the topography of Florida which no other country in\\nthe United States possesses, and which affords a great\\nsecurity to the health of its inhabitants; it is that the\\npine lands, which form the basis of the country and wdiich\\nare almost universally healthy, are nearly every where\\nstudded at intervals of a few miles with the rich ham-\\nmock lands. These hammocks are not, as is generally\\nsupposed, low, wet lands; they do not require ditching\\nor draining they vary in extent from twenty acres to\\nforty thousand acres.\\nIn no one respect has Florida been more systematically\\nmisrepresented, both in malice and ignorance, than in the\\nmatter of her soil.\\nUnhappily, tourists as a rule see but little except that\\nwhich lies on the surface, and as a consequence their\\nreport is almost invariably of a one-hued, sandy, and\\nunproductive nature.\\nThis is to be regretted, not only because it is only par-\\ntially true, but because it at once prejudices those w^ho are", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "PINE LAKDS AND HASIMOCKS. 91\\naccustomed to dark, loamy soils, and have a dread of\\nhungry, leachy sands.\\nWhile it is true that in the surface soil sand predomi-\\nnates, yet in many parts of the State the soil is a firm,\\nsticky, clay-like loam; sometimes of that rich dark red,\\nwhich, as every one knows, is an indication of exceeding\\nfertility.\\nSuch, to a great extent, are the lands of Middle Flor-\\nida, as we shall see in the future.\\nBefore going further let us dive below the surface and\\nbring to light some of the (literally) bottom facts that\\nunderlie the State.\\nIn the older geographies, gazetteers, encyclopedias,\\nevery where, in short, where the subject is mentioned at\\nall, you will read that Florida is of a comparatively recent\\nformation, and upraised from the ocean on a coralline\\nformation.\\nThis statement, however, like so many others, as we\\nhave seen, has been proved to be a complete mistake, the\\nresult of judging merely by surface indication, Florida\\nhaving been one of the few States that has never had the\\nadvantage of a regular geological survey.\\nAt this present writing, however, this important work\\nis at last going forward and a preliminary survey is being\\nmade by the new State Geologist, which has already re-\\nvealed the truth above stated, although yet in its earliest\\nstages and very far from complete in any respect.\\nThe rocks that underlie Florida are of the same geolog-\\nical formation as those of the territories that rest on the\\nheights of the Eocky Mountains, and the observations so\\nfar made render it not at all improbable that the same\\nupheaval which raised the Kocky Mountains also lifted\\nFlorida from the depths of the ocean to become one of\\nthe most sparkling gems of our sisterhood of States.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "92 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nSo far from coral being the corner-stone on which she\\nrests, the main rock beds that have been reached by the\\nborings for her first artesian wells are those of the lignite\\nand flint beds that belong to the eocene tertiary, and this\\ntoo at a very moderate depth,- from one hundred and fifty\\nto two hundred feet, and in some sections these rocks are\\nactually outcrops.\\nThe indications as to what riches and mineral wealth\\nthe thorough survey soon to be made will reveal are sim-\\nply startling in their promise to those who have heretofore\\nbeen satisfied to consider Florida as all on the surface.\\nNear Tallahassee, for instance, rich specimens of iron\\nore have been found cropping out on the surface, and the\\nprobabilities are that the hills around that beautiful city\\nare underlaid with this ore in paying quantities.\\nAn eminent mineralogist, who some time since made\\ncareful and patient research in South Florida, found on\\nthe dividing ridge an outcropping of over seventy tons\\nin sight and unknown quantities beneath the surface of\\nan ore which, carefully assayed, proved to contain fifty-\\nfour per cent of pure lead and fifty-two ounces of pure\\nsilver to the ton, in addition to traces of gold in paying\\nquantities, and this result was obtained from random spec-\\nimens taken from the outcroppings.\\nIndications of gold have also been found in Northern\\nFlorida, and this same mineralogist declares that there are\\nat least tln*ee extensive coal deposits, one in Northern, one\\nin Middle, and one in South Florida.\\nMining, he says, will be one of Florida s great\\nfuture industries.\\nAlready the preliminary geological survey has shown\\nrich deposits of phosphates, equal in value to the famous\\nCharleston phosphate rocks, and these appear to exist all\\nover the State, as they have been found in widely sepa-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PINE LANDS AND HAMMOCKS. 93\\nrated districts extensive marl beds and the best quality of\\nlimestone for manufacturing purposes are also among the\\npreliminary revelations of the geological wealth of Florida.\\nThe surface soil, to the consideration of which we now\\nreturn after our excursion into the depths, is composed\\nall over the State of deposits recent as compared with\\nthe age of the underlying rocks of sand, clay, and marl,\\nwhich in themselves contain finely comminuted marine\\nshells, coral, phosphates, calcareous materials, salts, de-\\nposited by the sea that once swept over them all, and\\nvegetable humus, which necessarily is the most recent\\naddition of all and is constantly accumulating.\\nSo varied is the quality of this soil that, like the State\\nitself, it has been subdivided and classified as follows, in\\norder that it may be spoken of understandingly First,\\nsecond, and third-class pine lands high hammock, low\\nhammock, and swampy lands no less than six grades.\\nThe first-class pine lands of Florida are not like any\\nother lands found in any of her sister States in fact, it is\\ndoubtful whether their counterpart exists in any country.\\nTheir surface is covered for several inches with a rich,\\ndark, vegetable mold, beneath which lies a chocolate-col-\\nored, sandy loam several feet in depth, and beneath this\\nagain is a substratum of marl, clay or limestone.\\nThis soil, as may be seen, should be very fertile, and so\\nit is, exceedingly so, and moreover wonderfully durable\\nfor instance, there are several sections where for eighteen\\nyears the land has been cultivated in successive seasons\\nwithout the addition of a particle of manure, and yet it\\nhas yielded, and still yields, four hundred pounds of Sea\\nIsland cotton to the acre and how much longer these\\nlands will continue thus productive deponent sayeth\\nnot, because no one can tell they have not yet begun\\nto faU ofi", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "94 HOME LIFE IN FLOELDA.\\nThese first-class pine lands are elevated, almost with\\nhigh hills in some localities, but as a rule merely\\nundulating in a degree pleasant to the eye and conduc-\\nive to health and beauty of landscape.\\nThe timber is large, tall, and straight, with occasional\\ngiant oaks; and in many localities where there is but\\nlittle, underbrush, and the clear, sparkling waters of the\\nlakes that are thickly scattered through these beautiful\\npine lands, with their clean, white beaches, peep at one\\nhere and there, the scene is full of a quiet, peaceful,\\nhome feeling that is inexpressively soothing and restful.\\nThe greater portion of these superior lands where they\\nare found in the largest bodies we mean is in the more\\nnorthern and western sections, where are found some of\\nthe richest and most attractive portions of the State.\\nWhen we consider what has been raised on this first-\\nclass pine land (we could give some marvelous figures did\\nour present purpose permit), and that it has been accom-\\nplished by the rather hap-hazard methods of cultivation\\nthat are still too much in vogue, and then consider what\\nresults thorough cultivation, intensive farming, and deep\\nplowing and fertilizing would bring forth, we become lost\\nin wonder at the possibilities of the despised Florida sands,\\nas represented by her first-class pine lands.\\nFrequently clay is found close to the surface, inter-\\nmingled with rich vegetable mud, and these lands are\\neminently adapted to the growth of almost every thing\\noranges, lemons, long and short staple cotton, sugar-cane,\\ncorn, potatoes, oats, rye, turnips, vegetables, fruits of all\\nkinds; and in the northern sections, wheat, barley, and\\nsome varieties of apples, and every where, also, grasses\\nand cattle ad libitum.\\nThere is more second-class pine land than first-class.\\nFully two thirds of all the Florida homes are located on", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "PINE LANDS AND HAMMOCKS. 95\\nthis grade of land, and although rated as second, their\\nquality and productiveness in actual cultivation is little,\\nif any, below that of the first-class.\\nSecond-class pine land is timbered with a medium size\\ngrowth of pine trees, with here and there a solitary black\\noak a great many willow oaks, as bushes or small trees,\\nand an occasional clump of palmetto in the lower spots,\\nbut elsewhere there is little underbrush.\\nThese lands are frequently rolling and, like their su-\\nperior grade, interspersed with crystal lakes.\\nMany of the finest orange groves in the State are located\\non the second-class pine lands. The famous Spear grove\\nfor one, the Ginn grove for another.\\nAnd now we come to a class of lands much abused and\\nheretofore despised, but like many other things, especially\\nin a new, progressive country improving on acquaintance.\\nThese are the third-class pine or black-jack lands.\\nThey do look poor and discouraging enough, and unfor-\\ntunately these are the lands that lie along the lines of sev-\\neral of Florida s main railroads, in full view of the trav-\\neler, who naturally judges from what he sees rather than\\nfrom a hidden reality.\\nThe surface soil is light yellow, sometimes even white\\nthe wire-grass is short and thin, and often missing alto-\\ngether; the pine trees are stunted in height and their\\nfoliage sprawling, often only thirty or forty to the acre,\\nwith plenty of crooked, gnarled black-jack oak trees and\\nsprouts, sickly clumps of palmetto, and altogether a tired,\\nout-of-heart, don t-care sort of look.\\nThis land costs less to clear than any other, and when\\nput under cultivation and the same fertilizers, no more,\\ngiven to it that are bestowed on the two superior grades,\\nits productiveness is wonderful, and it takes a very close\\nobserver to detect much difference in the ultimate results.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "96 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nSome of the most famous old groves are on black-\\njack, or third-rate pine lands the Belair grove, at San-\\nford, is one, the De Forest grove another.\\nIf the black-jack soil shows the least tint of yellow\\n(and very little of it does not), it will come out all right\\nif properly fertilized and cultivated.\\nIt should be noted that red or yellow soils contain iron\\nin a greater or less degree, and this under cultivation\\ncombines with tannic and other acids, and so in a few\\nyears the yellow soil becomes dark and rich, but the white\\nsands lack iron and will never darken.\\nHammocks are tracts of land which, lying rather\\nlower than the surrounding country or else along the\\nbanks of the larger lakes and rivers, are constantly moist,\\nand have, therefore, escaped the annual visitation of the\\ndestructive fires which every spring sweep from one end\\nto the other of Florida s piney woods. We shall have\\nmore to say upon this subject by and by.\\nThus year after year the falling leaves of the hickory,\\noak, and other deciduous trees which grow so luxuriantly\\nin these damp places remain to decay upon the ground,\\nthus steadily enriching it and forming a rich humus in\\nwhich a luxuriant undergrow^th springs up, adding more\\nand more to the fertility of the soil by its falling leaves\\nand branches such an undergrowth as has no opportunity\\nto establish itself in the piney woods on account of these\\nsame annual fires we have mentioned.\\nThis, we are convinced, is the true origin of the Florida\\nhammocks, where the wild orange groves are invariably\\nfound, and where the rankest tropical luxuriance of vege-\\ntable life is the most striking characteristic through one\\nof these true Florida hammocks it is impossible to make\\none s way without the constant use of axe and hatchet.\\nThe writer has seen the giant trees and wondrous wealth", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PINE LANDS AND HAMMOCKS. 97\\nof vegetation of the tropical regions, those of South Amer-\\nica, yet even there the rich, dense undergrowth of our gen-\\nuine Florida hammocks is not excelled.\\nIt is the high hammocks that are usually meant when a\\nFlorida hammock is referred to in a general way these\\nare on high ground, are often decidedly undulating, almost\\nhilly, in fact; their soil is a fine vegetable mold with a\\nsandy loam, and underneath, from two to five feet, is usu-\\nally found a substratum of marl, limestone or clay we\\nsaw a piece of this substratum the other day a hard,\\nrock-like substance underlying one of the finest (one time\\nwild) groves of Lake Harris, and had we not known other-\\nwise we should surely have declared it to be a fragment of\\nthe famous coquina wall of St. Augustine.\\nThese soils seldom suffer from too much water, but they\\nare frequently aflected and their trees droop under a\\ndi ought that passes harmlessly over their piney-woods\\nneighbors.\\nHammocks are very rich and fertile, no doubt; their\\nlarge trees, dense undergrowth, the luxuriant growth of\\norange trees and splendid yield of sugar without the use\\nof manures proves this fact.\\nLow hammocks may be said to be a cross between the\\nhigh hammock and the swamp lands, and in truth, this\\nfact is recognized in the odd kind of local name often used\\nto designate them, which is swammocks; they are not\\nless fertile than the swamp lands, but their good qualities\\nare not so durable the soil is deep and tenacious and the\\nsurface usually level, so that ditching is sometimes a ne-\\ncessity not often, however.\\nLow hammock lands are not so plenty as the swamp\\nlands, and it was on these tracts that the great bulk of\\nthe sugar plantations of the old regime were located.\\nLet it not be supposed that all of Florida s rich lands\\n7", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "98 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nare hammock lands, nor that all hammock lands are\\nalike. This is the most diversified State in the Union,\\nnot only as regards climate, but soil and the unique dis-\\ntribution of the different kinds of the latter.\\nMost people regard Florida s hammocks as her richest\\nand best land; this is not the case, however. The richest\\nof the rich lands are those technically called swamp\\nlands they are of alluvial formation, and are constantly\\nbeing added to in extent year by year. These tracts,\\nvarying from twenty to two hundred acres, sometimes\\nmore, were originally depressed basins, which have be-\\ncome gradually filled in by the washings from the higher\\nsurrounding lands for centuries, the broken branches,\\nrotting wood, leaves, grass, and debris of all kinds have\\nbeen steadily accumulating in these basins, which we may\\nwell term Dame Nature s compost heaps heating, fer-\\nmenting, decaying, and becoming vast store-houses of the\\nrichest plant-food. So that these swamp lands are really\\nthe most valuable in the State not only because they are\\nricher than the hammocks at the outset, but because their\\nfertility is much more lasting.\\nBut, and there s the rub, these swamp lands are like\\ngold mines, you know the richness is there, but you must\\nhave money in your pocket to get at it. You invest ten\\ndollars and reap fifty or one hundred in return, but you\\nmust first have the ten dollars to use as a lever; if you\\nhave it, you are all right but most people who immigrate\\nto Florida have it not, and it is for this reason, because\\nthese rich swamp lands must be carefully ditched and\\ndrained before they can be made available, that to-day\\nthere still remain for sale nearly one million acres, which\\nmay be had for from two dollars downward per acre.\\nWe have said nothing about the healthiness of living\\non these same lands is it necessary? Swamp lands all", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "PmE LANDS AND HAMMOCKS. 99\\nover the world are the fever-breeders, and those who culti-\\nvate these lands should know enough to locate their homes\\nseveral miles from them on higher ground.\\nWhere, however, these lands are thoroughly and perma-\\nnently drained in large bodies, as, for instance, by such\\nenormous operations as those undertaken by the great\\nOkeechobee Drainage Company, they become as healthy\\nspots for residences as can be found any where, a fact that\\nhundreds of people already settled on these wondrously\\nrich Reclaimed Lands can testify.\\nHundreds of thousands, nay, millions of acres of pro-\\nductive lands are thus being added to Florida s available\\nresources as the result of one of the greatest enterprises\\nof the age a howling wilderness and waste of shallow\\nwaters converted into a veritable Land of milk and\\nhoney.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "100 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTEK VII.\\nwhere shall I SETTLE?\\nThe very first question that arises and imperatively calls\\nfor a decision, after the great question of to be or not to\\nbe a Floridian has been answered in the affirmative, is\\nWhere shall I settle?\\nIn its narrower sense the query is quickly and emphati-\\ncally answered In the piney woods never in the low\\nhammocks. In its broader sense the answer is not so\\nready, and, Yankee-like, must be primarily answered by\\nanother question\\nWhat is your special object? The best climate for a\\nconsumptive\\nThen locate in South Florida, by all means.\\nDo you want to raise oranges, lemons, guavas, bananas,\\npineapples\\nSouth Florida again.\\nIs it merely your object to secure a climate less boister-\\nous than that of the more northward Southern States,\\nwhere you can raise peaches, pears, plums, and put early\\nvegetables into the northern markets where you can raise\\nthe regular farm products, oats, corn, rye, and potatoes\\nThen Northern or Middle Florida will suit you just as\\nw^ell, if not better, than the more tropical divisions. Their\\nsoil is richer as a rule, and the two or three hundred miles\\nof distance saved in time and freight make a respectable\\nitem in the balancing of accounts.\\nAnd now it strikes us that we have used the term of\\nNorthern, Middle, and South Florida, and it is not likely\\nthat one in ten of our readers will understand what these\\nterms signify. Let us explain.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "where shall I SETTLE? 101\\nFlorida is a very large State, embracing an area of over\\nsixty thousand square miles, and all varieties of climate,\\nfrom a tropical to a temperate, consequently the general\\nterm of Florida is too sweeping in its application, and\\nthe necessity for a more particular descriptive title has been\\nmet as above.\\nSouth Florida proper embraces the country south of\\ntwenty-eight and a half degrees of latitude.\\nMiddle Florida lies between this and the thirtieth degree,\\nwhile Northern Florida (embracing also West Florida\\nclaims the remainder of the State.\\nAs we have indicated, this latter is the section to suit the\\nsettler whose main object is not the cultivation of the\\ncitrus family.\\nHere is the Florida for live stock, corn, wheat, grapes,\\nfigs, peaches, and all the products of a more rigorous cli-\\nmate, and a few of the hardier southern fruits it is not\\ntropical, it does not pretend to be, but it is beautiful, and\\nmore like the North we have left behind us than any other\\nportion of the State and better live stock and crops, at so\\nlittle expense and so great a profit, can be produced no-\\nwhere, than in Northern Florida. Frosts are of no infre-\\nquent occurrence and the winters are quite cool.\\nMiddle Florida lies between the twenty-eighth and thirti-\\neth parallels, and its products are those of the semi- tropics.\\nHere one may see the vegetation of the temperate and\\nthe tropical zones growing side by side only the long sum-\\nmer is sometimes hard upon the former, and an occasional\\nwinter frost chills the ardor of the latter.\\nThe orange, lemon, lime, grape, fig, guava, peach, and\\nall garden vegetables grow and flourish in close proximity\\nall the year round, with the occasional mishaps before\\nalluded to.\\nCotton, cane, cow-peas, and rice, pay best of the field", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "102 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ncrops but wheat, corn, and oats, are less profitable tban\\nin the more northern portions of the State.\\nLakes are few, except in the central portion, where, in\\nthe Santa Fe and Eiistis Lake regions, are a number of\\nvery fine sheets of pure, clear water, full of fish, and fre-\\nquently framed by bold, beautiful bluffs.\\nHere the large orange groves flourish, and hundreds of\\nnew groves are being set out, while settler after settler rolls\\nup his sleeves, and goes to work with a will in the truck-\\nfield sending on crate after crate, barrel after barrel, of\\ngreen peas, tomatoes, cucumbers, beans, onions, spinach,\\negg-plants, celery, lettuce, beets, and the host of other gar-\\nden vegetables to the great Northern and Western markets\\nall through the months of January, February, March, and\\nApril.\\nIt is a business that, as a rule, pays handsomely, though\\nsome seasons, owing to cold snaps or drought, it fails. It\\nis no uncommon thing to see from five hundred to a thou-\\nsand dollars cleared on one acre of some special crop that\\nhas matured and reached its destination at a fortunate\\nmoment.\\nOne of the special crops is the strawberry, and often the\\nprofit on these little berries is so fabulous as to be fairly\\nstartling.\\nAnd now we come to South Florida, where the semi-trop-\\nical and truly tropical productions stand side by side here\\nheavy frosts seldom come, and when they do come the\\ndamage they do is usually light, chiefly affecting tender\\nvegetables.\\nEvery tree, plant, and shrub of the subtropics is at home\\nhere, especially in the southernmost parts in the more\\nnorthern portions some slight winter protection is given to\\npineapples, bananas, and guavas, a rude shelter of boughs,\\nduring two or three winter nights, when the thermometer", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "where shall I SETTLE? 103\\nthreatens to fall below 36\u00c2\u00b0. This may be necessary once\\nor twice in several successive years, or it may not be need-\\ned at all in several seasons of course, the further south\\none goes the more can yearly tender fruits be depended\\non. Key West, and thereabouts, is the home of the pine-\\napple, banana, cocoanut, bread-fruit, sugar apple, and the\\nhost of more tropical fruits, but it is not the home of the\\norange, or lemon, or cane, or cotton.\\nEven from this cursory review of the different divisions\\nof Florida, you can readily see that never was a greater\\nmistake made than to suppose, as so many do, that all parts\\nof the State are alike in soil, climate, and production.\\nWhy is it that Norfolk, Virginia, vegetables and straw-\\nberries find their way to the markets of New York and\\nPhiladelphia several weeks earlier than they can be supplied\\nfrom their own vicinity\\nSimply because Norfolk is several hundred miles south\\nof New York and Philadelphia for the same reason Char-\\nleston beats Norfolk, and Florida leads them both.\\nLook at New Jersey at Cape May spring is two weeks\\nearlier than it is at Orange, only one hundred miles distant.\\nIn New York snow and ice are on the ground in St. Law-\\nrence while the trees are blooming in Queen s County, and\\nwhen the fields are green at Chappaqua, Ogdensburg, two\\nhundred and fifty miles aAvay, is shivering with a foot or\\ntwo of snow on the ground.\\nNow, Florida is nearly four hundred miles long from its\\nsouthwestern-most point to its northern or Georgia bound-\\nary line and who, after giving the subject even a passing\\nthought, can not see the absurdity of the idea that her sea-\\nsons, temperature, and productions, are alike over all her\\nlength and breadth In fact, they are widely diverse, as\\nwe have already seen.\\nIt is often charged against our State papers that they", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "104 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nindulge iu sectionaliziug, holding up one locality as bet-\\nter than others. Now we would respectfully suggest that\\nthis is rather an unjust accusation true, the State has been\\nsectionalized, but it is the Creator who has done it, not\\npoor, finite human beings. God sectionalized Florida when\\nhe laid down one portion several hundred miles nearer to\\nthe equator than the other, just as He has sectionalized\\nSouthern and Northern California, New York and the\\nHudson Bay territory.\\nWhat is it that the settler from the North and West\\nseeks in coming to Florida for a home Health, semi-trop-\\nical fruits, and a warm winter climate.\\nWell, the northern parts of the State can give him\\nhealth, no doubt, and a far milder winter than he has left\\nbehind him, but very few semi-tropical fruits, and these with\\nthe ever-pressing danger of being killed, root and branch,\\nby the frequent winter frosts and icy nights. Having said\\nthis, we need not say much on the warm winter question.\\nStill, to those who seek only mild, not constantly warm,\\nwinters, and other occupations than semi-tropical fruit-\\ngrowing, the more northern portions of Florida are very\\nattractive, indeed, preferable.\\nLet us take Leon County as a type of the rest, and see\\nhow it is there.\\nTallahassee, the quaint old capital of the State, is in this\\ncounty, and the country thereabouts and around Pensacola\\nw^as one of the earliest settled.\\nOnly a few years ago cotton was the one staple produc-\\ntion a great deal of sugar-cane was raised, a little tobacco,\\nsome upland rice, corn, and here and there a planter we\\nmean the good old-fashioned, wealthy Southern planter\\ncould boast of raising his own meat but right here the\\nproduction halted.\\nKing Cotton reigned supreme, and according as the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "WHERE SHALL I SETTLE? 105\\ncoming crop was full or short, so the merchant laid in a\\nlarge or full stock of goods, for his pay must come from\\nthe royal hands of the reigning sovereign, the king afore-\\nsaid, so there followed the inevitable high prices consequent\\non long credits.\\nBut now some of the stirring Northern element has crept\\nin and things are changed in these as well as in the other\\nportions of Florida. Truck-farming is the great winter\\nbusiness of three fourths of the people, and right royal is\\nthe attendant revenue, unless, as does sometimes happen,\\nsome unexpected mishap befalls the crops.\\nThe planting, cultivating, gathering, and shipping of\\ngarden vegetables keeps the truck-farmer busy from No-\\nvember to May, or even June.\\nWe have elsewhere referred to the live stock of this por-\\ntion of Florida, and the majority of our Northern brethren,\\nwho have been reared in the idea that there is neither beef\\nor butter, nor grass in Florida, will be surprised to learn\\nthat dairy farming is hereabouts rapidly assuming notice-\\nable proportions.\\nImproved stock has been imported, several genuine dairy\\nfarms, with pastures of Bermuda, Para, Guinea, and other\\ngrasses, have been established, and now, in the first infancy\\nof this enterprise, three or four farms in Leon County,\\nalone, are sending from seven hundred to one thousand\\npounds of first-class butter each week to the Jacksonville\\nmarket, and the demand is far beyond the supply; this\\nbutter brings the owner thirty cents a pound.\\nThose who -inaugurated this new field of industry for\\nFlorida are reaping large profits, and each year sees their\\nherds increased and their pastures enlarged. Even cream-\\neries are being established.\\nOne half-blood or even three-quarter-blood Alderney or\\nJersey cow, they tell us, gives more and richer milk than", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "106 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nfour of the common breed, and eats only one fourth as much.\\nAnd now the dainty little Guinea cow is rapidly becoming\\na favorite. Success to the pioneer dairymen of Florida\\nMore on this subject later on.\\nAnother new enterprise is the drying and shipping of\\nblackberries. This fruit is indigenous to the South, and\\nin Florida we find it every where, by the roadside, in old\\nand new fields, in the hammocks, in the piney woods fine,\\nlarge, plump berries, tempting and delicious.\\nYears asfo North Carolina awoke to the wealth scattered\\nbroadcast over her wild lauds, and now she sends out from\\nher borders, each year, dried blackberries to the value of\\n$100,000 Florida can do the same, only more so. With\\na small, inexpensive fruit-drier, and berries bought, as they\\ncan be and are in some localities, at two cents a quart (and\\nat this rate the pickers make from seventy-five cents to one\\ndollar a day), the profit attained by the shipper is very\\nhandsome.\\nThen there is another business looming up for the upper\\ndivisions of Florida, one that has already, in its infancy,\\nassumed immense proportions in California, and is quite as\\nwell if not better adapted to Florida. We allude to the\\nraising and drying of figs. The fig is a paying fruit wher-\\never grown, and nowhere can it be brought to greater per-\\nfection than in our State, wherever a clay or marl subsoil\\nlies within three or four feet of the surface.\\nThe tree is easily raised from cuttings, is a rapid grower,\\nonce started it requires no pruning, fruits at an early age,\\nand is a prolific bearer it is not subject to blight or disease,\\nand the process of drying the fruit for market is not a dif-\\nficult one. The same fruit-drier that is used for blackber-\\nries, peaches, huckleberries, will answer the same purpose\\nfor figs also.\\nWe have no fears of proving a false prophet in predict-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "WHERE SHALL I SETTLE? 107\\ning that the time is not far distant when Fkrida figs\\nwill be quoted in the New York markets and will brmg the\\nhio hest prices.\\nPeach- .rowing is another important industry Here this\\nfruit flourishes I it rarely does in South Florida and mar-\\nvelous prices are obtained for the early sorts, all the wa}\\nfrom ten to forty dollars per half-bushel crate. It seem\\nincredible and more like a fairy story, but it has been done\\nmore than once-single peaches sometimes selling in the\\nlar^e NoHhern cities at from one to two dollars each, ihe\\nla kinds, too late for the Northern markets, find a ready\\nhome sale at two dollars per bushel, and any surplus can\\nbe dried and a handsome profit reaped therefrom.\\nThen the northern portion of Florida (m common w.th\\nSouth Florida) has just been reached by a boom tha\\nis destined to echo and re-echo over the land as loudly as\\nthe orange boom of the latter.\\nEvery body knows what a stir the LeConte pear has been\\nmaking these last few years in Georgia, where thousands\\nof acr^s are being set out in this tree. We 1, this same\\nnoble fruit has proved itself admirably adapted to Florida\\nas a rule, pears sought to be raised here do not behave well\\ntheir conduct is out of all reason and propriety they put\\nout their blossoms at uncanny times, when they should have\\nknown enough to stay at home, and then they are nipped\\nin the bud by the chill weather, or drop their fruit before\\nmaturity. But this is not the case with the LeConte pear\\nit roots from cuttings, and bears three years thereafter it\\nis a vigorous grower, never sheds its fruit, but ripens it\\ntwo to three mouths earlier than the earliest of other vari-\\neties it ships well and brings splendid prices in the North-\\nern markets; it is no unusual thing either for a tree to ma-\\nture a second crop, and half mature a third, during the\\nyear; add to this, that it is free from blight and disease,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "108 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nand is a very handsome tree, and what more can we ask of\\na fruit tree\\nVineyards, too, are profitable and last, not least, there\\nis no country in the world better adapted to the culture of\\nthe mulberry tree, and consequently the production of silk.\\nThe people are awaking to this fact, and many an acre is\\nalready set out in the great silk-worm food, by private in-\\ndividuals and by corporations.\\nIn fact, after long years of dormant energies, paralyzed\\nby the rule of the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0ancient regime which has opposed all\\ninnovations and clung to old grooves, the northern and\\nolder settled portions of Florida are rousing up to new life\\nand energy, and a prosperous future looms up ahead.\\nIn concluding our review of this section, we need only\\nto add, its health is all one could ask, and the face of the\\ncountry such as to offer, not only comfortable, but pictur-\\nesque homes, while the fine roads make driving a pleasure,\\nand contribute not a little to sociability among its people.\\nGame is abundant, and fish are plentiful.\\nWe have, we trust, presented the northern divisions of\\nthe State in a fair and honest light and, as you see, that\\nlight is not altogether dimmed by the more brilliant gleam\\nof the southern sections.\\nNext in order, in our examination of types, comes the\\nSanta Fe Lake Region, which is receiving a goodly\\nshare of immigration it is a picturesque country, with\\nhigh, rolling hills, good roads, clear w^ater lakes, deep to\\nthe very shores, and clean sandy beaches, beautiful mirrors\\nenframed by green-mantled bluffs, with cosy homes nest-\\nling on their sides.\\nThe key of this locality and port of entry, as it were, is\\nWaldo, a thriving town on the line of the Atlantic and\\nGulf Transit Kailroad, about midway between Cedar Keys\\nand Fernandina, the termini of the road.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "where shall I SETTLE? 109\\nThe country hereabouts owes its prosperity, present and\\nfuture, in a great measure to the Santa Fe Canal, which,\\nprojected and pushed to completion only a few years ago\\nby a few energetic capitalists, now connects, by means of a\\nlittle steamer. Lake Santa Fe with Lake Alto, and this\\nagain with the Transit Kailroad at Waldo, only sixty miles\\nfrom Jacksonville.\\nThe Santa Fe Canal thus affords an easy outlet for mar-\\nket to thirty miles of shore line, and one hundred thousand\\nacres of good, rich land, both hammock and pine. This\\nneighborhood is particularly adapted to raising early vege-\\ntables, and the transportation facilities afforded by the lakes\\nand canal and railroad make it an especially desirable local-\\nity for the truck-farmer.\\nIt is a very rare thing that orange or lemon trees are\\ninjured near these great lakes; many a severe frost has\\npassed them by unharmed, while injuring and even killing\\nto the ground these fruits a hundred miles further south\\nAnd this remarkable exemption is due to the high lands,\\ndry atmosphere, and the close vicinity of the lakes, whose\\ngentle pleading softens and tempers the asperities of the\\nrude north wind as he rushes over their placid bosoms.\\nThe pine lands produce about fifteen bushels of corn to\\nthe acre, but, with a little manure and good cultivation,\\nwill easily yield double this amount from one to two bales\\nof cotton to the acre oats and rye are also fair crops, and\\nupland rice yields from forty to sixty bushels per acre;\\nsugar-cane is also largely cultivated.\\nPeaches, pears, grapes, figs, and strawberries, all these\\nare destined to become staple croj^s.\\nThis is true, not only of the Santa Fe or Central Lake\\nRegion, but also of a large portion of Northern Florida,\\nwhere here and there some small orange groves are found,\\nwhere a sheltered position can be obtained.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "110 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nLake Santa Fe is one of the most beautiful lakes in\\nFlorida, about twelve miles long and three to five wide\\nand, nestling cosily at its far southern extremity, around a\\nlittle cove, lies one of the prettiest growing towns the State\\ncan boast of; as healthful as it is pretty, and surrounded\\nby a beautiful hill and lake country, adapted to every va-\\nriety of production peculiar to its section, possessing some\\nof the oldest and finest orange groves in the State, Melrose\\nis speedily destined to become one of the most flourishing\\ntowns in Florida and with the one railroad connection it\\nnow has, and three others in progress, it can not fail to be-\\ncome a commercial center as well as a lovely home-site.\\nIn Suwannee County and thereabouts, turpentine farms\\nare in vogue and are very profitable.\\nHere we find no lakes or running streams of water, but\\nmany of these strange sinks to which we have alluded else-\\nwhere, natural wells, we might call them, with perpendic-\\nular sides, and tunneled through the solid limestone rock,\\nthat crops up to the surface, or very near it.\\nAnd now we come to the Great Lake Region of South\\nFlorida, of which the rapidly-growing city of Leesburg is\\nthe commercial center.\\nThis place, though by no means among the earliest set-\\ntled in this section of the country, has, both owing to its\\nlocation and the character of the land round about it, rap-\\nidly forged ahead of all the other portions of Lake County.\\nIt has two banks, several churches, a college, an academy,\\nan ice factory, numerous stores, several railroads run-\\nning north and south, and altogether has a bright future\\nbefore it.\\nLakes GriflJin and Harris, the one twelve miles long, the\\nother eighteen, are only separated from each other by a\\nnarrow strip of land, and on this neck, at a point where it\\nis only half a mile wide, Leesburg is situated, thus securing", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "WHERE SHALL I SETTLE? Ill\\na landing on both of these beautiful lakes, and the traffic\\nof the hundreds of families who are scattered all along their\\nshores, and for miles inland.\\nAnd now let us look at the country lying around these\\nlakes. Griffin, Harris, and Eustis, as a type of the rest of\\nthis piney woods section, which includes no little ham-\\nmock land as well.\\nThe peninsula on which Leesburg stands extends north-\\neast from the city for eight miles and is, at one point, sev-\\neral miles wide. Lakes Harris, Griffin, Eustis, and the\\nOcklawaha River, are its boundaries, and a remarkable tract\\nit is, skirted along the water brink by rich hammock land,\\noften a mile or a mile and a half Avide, the center or back-\\nbone of the strip being pine ridges, overlooking beautiful\\nlittle lakes.\\nOn this weird peninsula were, a few years ago, the larg-\\nest wild orange groves in the State, with the exception of\\none at Orange Lake these have all been budded with the\\ndelicious fruit with which we are all so familiar.\\nAnd now, starting from a point two miles from Leesburg,\\non the shores of Lake Harris, one may see groves occupy-\\ning hundreds of acres of trees in full bearing, and other\\nhundreds of acres of younger trees, the whole extending\\nin one unbroken line for several miles.\\nIt is an impressive sight, especially when one remembers\\nthat only twenty years ago this whole region was one\\ngreat tangled wilderness.\\nThen crossing this strip of land to Lake Griffin, what\\ndo we see there\\nAnother vast wild grove, reclaimed and civilized noth-\\ning left as it was, except that the budded trees mostly stand\\nwhere they grew, and the giant live-oaks stretch out their\\nmoss-draped arms with protecting care over their lowlier\\nbrethren.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "112 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nIn those localities where clay or marl crops up near the\\nsurface, within two or three feet, peaches grow thriftily,\\nand nearly every where figs, pomegranates, guavas, bana-\\nnas, grapes, and pineapples, flourish exceedingly, the lat-\\nter needing occasionally a light winter protection.\\nPersimmons, plums, grapes, blackberries, huckleberries,\\ngrow wild and in great abundance. Cattle and hogs are\\nkept in large numbers, and are very profitable to their\\nowners, though the hogs, as we shall see in future chapters,\\nare a terrible thorn in the flesh to the neighborhood in\\nwhich they range. The cattle, as is too often the case in\\nFlorida, are valued less on account of the milk they yield\\nthan for the fertilization of the ground in the pens where\\nthey are confined during the night, their calves being re-\\ntained as hostages by their owners to insure their coming\\nhome toward sun-down. On this subject more hereafter.\\nThere are only a few flocks of sheep and Angora goats\\nas yet, and they are experimental but the enterprise bids\\nfair to prove successful and profitable, therefore it will\\nquickly assume large proportions.\\nOf course, cotton and sugar-cane are staple crops no\\nwhere can they be grown in greater perfection but still they\\nare not supreme, the citrus is the royal family hereabouts.\\nThe health of the peoj^le is excellent, whenever they\\nhave the good sense to avoid marshy localities, where-, as\\nevery body knows, malaria is manufactured from the decay-\\ning vegetation, not only of Florida, but every where over\\nthe world.\\nAs a general thing, the malaria of Florida marshes is\\nnot of a malignant type the fever it gives is the regular\\nold-fashioned chill and fever, or else a mild intermittent\\nit causes its victim to feel wretched and apathetic, but does\\nnot often kill, unless, as sometimes happens, it finds a sister-\\ndisease ready to join forces with it.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "WHERE SHALL I SETTLE? 113\\nTurning to the westward from Leesburg, we pass at once\\nto the gentle, rolling country that is the characteristic type\\nof the ujDper portions of South Florida. It is a piney-\\nwoods country, with a top soil of sand and a subsoil of red\\nor white clay, marl, or shell-lime, sometimes cropping to\\nthe surface, at others two to ten feet below it.\\nNumerous small lakes break the monotony of the tall\\ntrees and green wire-grass that stretch for miles upon miles\\nin all directions these vary in size from a half acre to sev-\\neral hundred acres nor is the extent of each lakelet always\\nthe same, but variable, according as the wet or dry season\\nis paramount their base is clear, pure sand no marsh,\\nno miasma here, no stagnant water, like our ponds of the\\nNorth, with their muddy, slimy shores and well is it that\\nthis is so, for scarcely can a piece of land containing twen-\\nty acres, be found in many localities, and most healthy\\nones too, without one or more of these little lakelets nest-\\nling in its midst, shimmering in the sunshine like a mirror\\nset in a green frame.\\nBesides the various members of the citrus family, guavas,\\nbananas, and pineapples grow here in great luxuriance,\\nalthough they are occasionally chilled in their ardor by a\\nwinter frost but a wrapping of moss will usually protect the\\nbanana if need be the guava, even if it drops its leaves,\\nsoon starts out again, and a handful of moss dropped over\\nthe pineapple will insure its safety. This fruit is an ex-\\ntremely profitable one, a yield of four or five hundred dol-\\nlars per acre being nothing uncommon, when the soil is\\nrich and cultivation good.\\nGuavas are also very profitable, and will become a staple\\nall over Florida, now that two species of this valuable fruit\\nhave been introduced that are frost-proof, as well as supe-\\nrior for jelly to the common sorts these are the Cattley\\nand Chinese guavas.\\n8", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "114 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nAll of this family are very prolific, and bear in eighteen\\nmonths from the seed, and the jelly made from them is\\nsuperior to the far-famed Guava jelly of Havana, which\\nis really marmalade. Florida guava jelly is jelly in reality,\\nand is clear as crystal, haying the appearance of crab-apple\\njelly.\\nAnd now we come to the Indian River Region, in de-\\nscribing which Ave virtually describe also the Tampa, Man-\\natee, and other coastwise portions of South Florida. Let\\nus take the country immediately around the Indian and\\nHalifax rivers.\\nOranges, lemons, and limes, head the list of fruits, and\\npineapples come next; then follow bananas, guavas, and\\nother tropical and semi-tropical fruits cotton and sugar-\\ncane are also largely grown.\\nThis is pre-eminently a fruit-raising section garden veg-\\netables and several field crops are successfully raised, but\\nthey are only auxiliaries there is more profit in fruit cul-\\nture.\\nThe climate is delightful breezes from the neighboring\\nocean temper the summer heat and, as a rule, drive away\\nthe frosts of winter the water fronts are often high banks\\nwith clear sandy beaches. Fish, oysters, turtle, waterfowl,\\ndeer, and other game, are to be had in profusion mosqui-\\ntoes are no more troublesome than in many places in the\\nNorth, in some localities they are almost unknown, while\\nin others they are almost unendurable during the sum-\\nmer season.\\nA very few homesteads, beautifully located, are still open\\nto the settler but many of the fortunate first-comers are\\ndividing up their lands into lots for sale, both hammock\\nand pine lands.\\nThe country is very healthy, and full of great possibili-\\nties for the future and now that the great iron horse has", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "where shall I SETTLE? 115\\nat last found his way into these regions, the Indian Kiver,\\nManatee, Tampa, and Charlotte Harbor regions are already\\nwitnessing a rapid influx of settlers.\\nThe Caloosahatchie and Peace rivers, emptying into\\nCharlotte Harbor, are large, noble rivers, and numerous\\ntowns are springing up along their banks, of which the\\nlargest and oldest is Fort Myers, on the south bank of the\\nCaloosahatchie, which river, for over forty miles from its\\nmouth, is a mile or more in width.\\nThis is one of the best locations in the State for tropical\\nproductions, and one of great healthfulness and beauty.\\nWith these data in hand, we trust that our readers will\\nfind it an easy matter to select an objective point for settle-\\nment.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "116 HOME LIFE iN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nwhat will it cost?\\nHaving now discussed the important question, Where\\nshall I settle? let us next look into the second, no less\\nmomentous one, What will it cost?\\nNow, this is a good deal like the far-famed query, How\\nbig is a piece of chalk\\nThere is no place in the civilized world, Avhere men do\\ncongregate, where also money to any extent may not be\\ngot rid of by those so inclined, and Florida being in the\\nabove category, and not so near the jumping-ofT place,\\neither, as she was only a few years ago, is no exception to\\nthis rule. Meney can be buried here as well as elsewhere\\nand the question of What will it cost to settle? may\\nmeet with widely different replies from as many stand-points.\\nWe, however, are not writing for the benefit of those\\nwho have already an abundance of this world s goods such\\nneed no advice from us, they can come and go, and settle\\nas and where they list. Our items are meant for those\\nwho come to Florida seeking to improve their fortunes\\nwho have but little to start with in their new life, except\\na wealth of hope, energy, and perseverance, and this is the\\nbest kind of wealth to possess, the world over. To such\\nwilling, earnest workers as these, the question of What\\nwill it cost comes home often with direful significance.\\nSo, then, what we want to know, just now, is not the\\nmaximum (that is an uncertain quantity hard to deter-\\nmine), but the minimum cost of settling down in a new\\nhome in this genial clime. Of course, even here there is\\nan extreme some men, strong and sinewy, go out into the\\nwild woods, hcAV doAvn the tall pines, build a little log hut", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "WHAT WILL IT COST? 117\\nto shelter their families, and then go out to work by the\\nmonth or the day for wealthier or more enterprising neigh-\\nbors and thus keep on from year to year, without energy\\nor ambition to work hard enough to improve their condition\\nor insure the future comfort of their families but such\\nso-called men as these are few, thank Heaven! And,\\nagain, there are some who began their Florida lives just as\\ncheaply and roughly as these, and yet kept pushing upward,\\nuntil now they are among the richest and most influential\\nmen in the State. The majority who are coming to Flor-\\nida in these days, however, are men who have a few hun-\\ndred dollars in their pockets, and want to know how to\\nmake the best use of them for their present and future\\nbenefit.\\nThe question of location settled in its broader sense, next\\ncomes that of the particular piece of land, both as to kind,\\nquality, and locality. To those seeking permanent homes\\nin Florida this is a subject so fraught with weal or woe,\\nhealth or sickness, success or failure, that it can not receive\\ntoo great care and study. And in this connection we can\\nnot too earnestly deplore the petty jealousies that are so\\nfrequently witnessed by would-be settlers, leading to the\\npitting of one section against another, and the decrying of\\none neighbor especially of that neighbor s land\u00e2\u0080\u0094 by an-\\nother, to the harm and degradation of all.\\nThe St. John s River man, meeting a stranger bound for\\nthe Ocklawaha and Lake Regions, will do his best to con-\\nvince him that the only good, healthy land to be had, is\\nthat in which he is personally interested the Indian River\\nman will tell the stranger that his locality is the only right\\nand proper one to settle in the Lake Region man decries\\nthe St. John s River lands the man with pine land to sell\\nvituperates the hammocks the hammock owner runs down\\nthe pine land, and each neighbor puts forward his own", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "118 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbit of land as a right smart chance better for the pur-\\npose desired than any other tract thereabouts and so this\\nnarrow, false-hearted, mistaken policy runs along the line,\\nwith of course here and there the exception that proves\\nthe rule.\\nAn amusing and instructive case in point was brought\\nto our notice only a short time ago. A stranger, a man of\\nwealth, energy, and intelligence such a^ one as Florida\\nmost needs to develop her immense latent powers agreed\\nto purchase a certain piece of land, if, on seeing it, he found\\nit as represented. Well, he saw the land, and was thor-\\noughly satisfied shortly thereafter he was accosted by a\\nman living close by\\nHo stranger, I reckon you re the man as lows to buy\\nChris Brown s land, eh\\nYes it s a fine place, is n t it\\nNeighbor A, as we will call him, took off his cap, rubbed\\nhis head thoughtfully, looked up at the sky, then down at\\nthe stranger\\nI don t like to go agin a neighbor, ye know, he said\\nslowly, with a significant wink.\\nWhy, what is the matter? Isn t it good land?\\nWell, that s as you takes hit taint no good for cotton\\nnor cane.\\nI want it for oranges, lemons.\\nThen hits as you find hit; taint never been tried. I\\nknow d a man as clared he could play a flute did n t know\\nhe could n t till he d tried, you see, and then he just squeaked\\nawful was n t no good.\\nBut why do you think it is not fit for oranges?\\nDid n t say it twarent, stranger I aint goin to be on-\\nneighborly like, only I lows as wild oranges aint found\\nonly in swammocks, as that ud be the fittenest place for\\nthe sweet uns", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "WHAT WILL IT COST? 119\\nThere did seem to be some sense in this argument so, as\\nour stranger s contemplated purchase was not concluded,\\nhe went with neighbor A, who did n t want to be onneigh-\\nborly though, to view a passel of hammock of his own.\\nThe stranger approved of the tract, and had almost de-\\ncided in its favor, when neighbor B met him.\\nStranger, quoth he, I hear you re bound to take A s\\nbit of sour swash.\\nSour swash?\\nJes so I don t want to make no trouble fer a neigh-\\nbor, but it s easy to see that bit of land s sour swash as ud\\npizen a gator It s hammock, sure enough, but it ud take\\na fortun to dreen it fer any use. Now, there s a bit of\\npine land, high and dry, that s just the thing you want\\neasy to clear and no dreenin\\nHad he, B, any of this vaunted high pine for sale\\nWell, yes, he had; and if the stranger wanted he\\ndidn t like to be onneighborly but if he must, why he\\nmust.\\nSo the perplexed stranger looked at this pine land, and\\nreally liked it better than any he had seen yet he was\\nglad he had looked further. This land was all right, that\\nwas certain.\\nThen along came neighbor C, a better educated man than\\nthe others, capable of forming an opinion and giving a\\nreason for it.\\nDon t take that pine land, he advised. There is\\nhard-pan and clay under it hard-pan kills the trees, and\\nclay is cold the worst of it is, you never can tell till your\\ngrove is old enough to bear, then the roots reach the hard-\\npan or clay, and the trees just die, no help for them, and\\nthere you are, money and years all gone for nothing\\nNeighbor C (of course) had just the right kind of land\\nto sell; but neighbor D quietly cautioned the stranger", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "120 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nagainst it, as scrub hammock, and no account nohow.\\nHe had some himself, though, first-class.\\nBut the stranger shook his head sadly, and turned his\\nback forever on that community, saying\\nNo, I will have none of your lands. Any one of those\\ntracts would suit me I see thrifty, healthy trees on them\\nall, but each one of you runs down his neighbor s honesty,\\nand decries his neighbor s goods. I would not live and\\ntrade and visit among such men, if a grove was given me\\nfree.\\nNow, good reader, perhaps you think this is an imagin-\\nary experience. Unhappily, we can not plead guilty, it was\\nan actual fact, and its counterpart may be met with any\\nday.\\nA word to the wise is sufficient, fvenez garde.\\nThe question is often asked, What does good orange\\nland cost\\nWell, as our friend, neighbor A, just referred to, re-\\nmarks: That s as you takes hit, whether your choice is\\npine land or hammock remote from or near to good trans-\\nportation facilities.\\nOur own experience and judgment, and that of the ma-\\njority of Floridians, is decidedly in favor of pine land, as\\na general rule, for a permanent, healthy home, where one\\ncan be happy and contented.\\nAn important consideration to most settlers, and one\\nthat would be paramount, were all other things equal, is\\nthe fact that it costs much less than hammock, not only in\\nthe actual purchase money or first cost, but in the after\\npreparations for the reception of the coveted orange grove,\\nthe Alpha and Omega of the Floridian s aspirations.\\nHammock land is almost invariably found stretching\\nback from the shores of the large rivers and lakes, joining\\na belt of rich land, varying in depth from a half mile, or", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "WHAT WILL IT COST? 121\\nless, to three or four miles. And here, and only here, are\\nfound the wild sour orange trees, either scattered thinly\\nabout amidst the giant oak, hickory, bay, magnolia, and\\npalmetto trees, or else growing so closely together as to form\\nthose famous wild groves of which every one has heard and\\nread so much in these latter years of the newly awakened\\ninterest in orange culture.\\nHappier than they knew were those fortunate first-com-\\ners, whose early appearance on the field enabled them to\\nhomestead the land on which these latent gold mines were\\nwasting their sweetness on the desert air. To them it\\nwas given to secure, for the nominal sum of fourteen dol-\\nlars, one hundred and sixty acres of rich lands, frequently\\nwith hundreds or thousands of noble orange trees flourish-\\ning in their midst, and all they had to do was to clear away\\nthe underbrush, bud the wild stock with the sweet orange,\\nand lo in three or four years they were independent men,\\nand in nine years rich men, with the smooth stream of\\ntheir wealth constantly widening and deepening as time\\nrolled quietly onward.\\nThose good old times are gone by the area of wild\\ngroves was always limited, extremely limited and now\\nthey are things of the past tamed, domesticated, brought\\ninto subjection under the conquering march of civilization.\\nA few, a very few, are left still, but they are scattering,\\nand would not have existed so long, but that they lie so far\\naway from transportation centei S as to be useless for years\\nto come. Hammock lands, after passing from the State\\nand General Governments into private hands, have always\\nbeen held at much higher prices than the pine barrens, and\\nthis not entirely because the former are the richer lands,\\nbut because also of a natural law which operates in the\\ncommercial world wherever man buys and sells.\\nWhen the demand for an article is in excess of the sup-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "122 HOME LIFE 1-^ FLOEIDA.\\nply, the owners of that article reap the inevitable results\\nof higher prices. Obviously, the supply of hammock land,\\nespecially of that accessible to transportation lines, is ex-\\ntremely limited, and even if the demand were much less\\nthan it actually is the supply would still run short there-\\nfore hammock lands are always held at rates from five to\\nten times higher than pine lands, which exceed them in\\narea in yet larger proportions.\\nThe relative merits of these two classes of Florida lands\\nis a question much agitated at present, with the great pre-\\nponderance of opinion in favor of the pine lands.\\nHere and there we find tracts of high hammock on the\\nborders of our great lakes where the shores are bold and\\nsandy, and the miniature waves come rolling upon a clear\\nwhite beach, from which the hammock land rises high and\\ndry, with a mixture of sand in its loamy soil no rotting,\\nmalaria -breeding vegetation here no marsh, no low, wet\\nspots.\\nNow, no one need to be afraid to reside on such a spot\\nas this, if he will just clear ten or twenty acres of the dense\\ngrowth around his dwelling, and give free admission to\\nthose revivifying influences, sunshine and pure air. We\\nknow of many such homes along the shores of Lakes Har-\\nris, Griffin, Eustis, Apopka, Kingsley, Santa Fe, and other\\nof our large lakes, and they are healthy as our pine-land\\nhomes and very beautiful, with an outlook for miles over\\nthe clear sparkling waters of these lakes, with their emerald\\ngreen borders rising abruptly from the shores. Only re-\\ncently we stood ,on the portico of one of these favored\\ndwellings, and gazed out over Lake Santa Fe, as on a beau-\\nteous picture of peaceful fairy land.\\nBut not to every one, no, not to one in five hundred, is\\nsuch a favored location possible. The majority must be\\nand are content to dwell in the piney woods, with their", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "what will it cost? 123\\nhealthful, balmy fragrance, and the sparkle of small, clear\\nwater lakes or lakelets gleaming like mirrors through the\\npines.\\nUndoubtedly, hammock lands are the richer lands at the\\nstart, but their fertility is of a deceptive sort that is, as\\nwe have already intimated, it is not lasting.\\nTrees and vegetables grow finely for several years, but\\nafter that every year increases the need of fertilizing ham-\\nmock land, while with pine lands it is just the reverse\\nthey are poorer at the outset, but improve steadily with\\neach year s cultivation.\\nThen, too, as we have also said before, hammock land is\\nmuch more expensive than the pine where the latter can\\nbe had of the best quality, for from ten to twenty dollars\\nan acre, the former is held at fifty to seventy-five or even\\nseveral hundred dollars.\\nThe expense of clearing the land preparatory to cultiva-\\ntion must also be taken into account.\\nThe hammock is full of underbrush, young trees, vines,\\nroots, and palmetto all these must not only be cut down,\\nand either burned or piled up to decay, and furnish by and\\nby nourishing food for the future grove, but the number-\\nless roots must be grubbed up at no slight expenditure of\\ntime or money time, if the settler is a strong man, able\\nand willing to work money, if he has to hire the clearing\\ndone for him.\\nIt does not cost less than thirty dollars, oftener fifty, to\\nclear an acre of hammock land, as it should be cleared\\nand for a year or two afterward the fight against the up-\\nspringing roots must be waged unceasingly or else the clear-\\ning will go back to its original state, and all the toil and\\nmoney already expended be thrown away.\\nIn clearing a piece of hammock for a grove, it is only\\nthe underbrush that should be got rid of entirely some", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "124 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nof the grand old oaks should be left standing to flourish as\\nof old, before civilization had dreamed of intruding upon\\ntheir time-honored domains the growing orange trees will\\nneed the protecting shelter of their wide-spreading arms as\\na shield from high Avinds, the too great mid-day heat, and\\nfrom possible frosts. Very few realize the importance of\\nthis subject we shall have more to say about it hereafter,\\nin its proper place.\\nTwo or three years ago pine lands could be bought in set-\\ntled localities at from five to ten dollars an acre now, they\\nare held at twenty to one hundred in the same places and\\nfor the same lands.\\nThere is an important point that should be borne in mind\\nby every settler coming to this State, and that is, how he\\nis to get his fruits and other crops to market, and where he\\nis to buy the provisions necessary for his family.\\nThese are questions that can not be too carefully consid-\\nered, for of what use would the best lands and heaviest\\ncrops be to their owner, if he were compelled to let fruit\\nand vegetables rot on the ground because there was no way\\nof transporting them to a profitable market\\nOr where would be the comfort of a home if every pound\\nof cofiee, tea, sugar, and the host of other things indis-\\njoensable to the well-being of a civilized family, were only\\nto be had by hauling them by horse power over rough\\nsandy lands for many weary miles\\nAnd so, if good lands, inaccessible to transportation lines,\\neither in the present or in the near future, should be offered\\nto an incoming stranger at five dollars an acre, we would\\nsay to him Refuse the offer, rather buy less land at\\nquadruple the price, where the markets for your produce\\nmay be easily reached, where the necessities of life are at\\nhand, and where you can obtain farming tools and fertiliz-\\ners without ruinous freightage.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "what will it cost? 125\\nIt is a fatal mistake to settle on land merely because it\\nis nominally cheap really desirable pine lands can not be\\nbought now-a-days, as a rule, at least from private owners,\\nfor less than twenty to fifty dollars per acre.\\nThere are still some good tracts of land scattered about\\nto be bought from the State, or United States Government,\\nfor from one dollar and a quarter to two dollars and a half\\nper acre but these and homestead lands for which a five\\nyears residence entitles the settler to a warranty deed are\\nbecoming scarcer every day.\\nIn this matter of selecting lands upon which to make a\\nhome and a grove too much care can not be given.\\nThe class of land which is the most available and also\\nthe most desirable in all respects is that called high pine\\nland. The growth of timber on this land is especially, as\\nits name denotes, pine, with here and there small oaks,\\nshrubs, wild persimmons, hickory, and a few other trees,\\nsometimes solitary, but more frequently in groups, and\\nwhen the latter occurs it is called scrub hammock.\\nThe rule is that when tall, straight pine trees are found,\\nlarge in size, and about seventy to the acre, and no under-\\ngrowth but the famed wire-grass, and a little palmetto, the\\nland is first quality; where the small oak trees are scat-\\ntered thinly about, it is second rate and where the oaks\\nsurpass the pines in number the land is less desirable, be-\\ning third rate.\\nThere is something to be said, however, as we have seen,\\neven for the latter class. It is very poor at first, it is true,\\nbut it responds very quickly to fertilizers, and even the\\npoorest of it can in time be brought into the highest state\\nof cultivation and improved year by year.\\nOne does not require as much land for a farm in Florida\\nas at the North, for several crops may be taken from the\\nsame acre in one year. If a moderate sized grove, say of", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "126 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nfive acres, is the desideratum of the settler, and just enough\\nland besides to raise fodder for his horse and vegetables for\\nhis family, ten acres, inclusive of the grove, will be ample.\\nThere is only one way of clearing hammock land, and\\nthat we have already mentioned. There are, however,\\nseveral ways of preparing pine land for cultivation. One\\nway is to girdle the trees, Avhich deadens them, and puts\\nan immediate stop to the great drain their wide-spreading\\nroots make upon the plant food contained in the soil.\\nThe trees are left standing, and then the land is ready for\\nfencing and plowing. In a few months the decaying bark\\nand limbs begin to fall upon the ground, and continue to\\ndo so for several years, and the branches must either be\\ncarried away from time to time or else become an eye-sore\\nand a constant annoyance in cultivation.\\nThe first cost of this method of clearing is very little,\\nonly about two dollars an acre, or even less but it is very\\nlikely to cost more in the end than it saved in the beginning.\\nAfter a few years time, when the orange grove is fairly\\nunder way, the deadened trees will begin to fall; after\\nheavy winds or a soaking rain down they crash, now here,\\nnow there, and, as they are not noted for judgment, they\\nare just as likely as not to come down on an orange tree\\nand put it beyond the pale of recognition. And then it\\nmust be chopped up, and either hauled away or burned;\\nthe expense and trouble of doing which are just as great\\nas they, would have been at first, plus the loss of some of\\nyour best orange trees.\\nThe claim that the dropping sap, bark, and branches\\nof the pine trees, left to decay on the ground, furnish a\\nvaluable fertilizer, is a specious one and, even if one is\\nwilling to have his grove strewn over with branches that\\ntrip up his horse and interfere wdth the plow, the amount\\nof nutriment thus given to the soil is so small that a few", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "what will it cost? 127\\ncart-loads of rotten sap and grass, hauled from outside and\\nspread around the orange trees, would far surpass it. We\\ndo not consider the gain, even considering the small first\\ncost, at all compensates for the after-clap of falling pine\\ntrees and crushed orange trees.\\nAnother and a better way is to cut down the trees, chop\\nthem up in convenient lengths, pile and burn them. This\\nmethod costs from twelve to eighteen dollars per acre, ac-\\ncording to the number of trees to be disposed of, and of\\nthe amount of small deer, in the shape of bushes and\\nyoung oaks, to be grubbed up by the roots.\\nBut then the stumps of the pine trees are left in the\\nground, and it is a sad mistake to leave them there as so\\nmany do. They are not only a constant eye-sore that is\\nthe least of it but, no matter how often and how com-\\npletely the field is cultivated, these stumps scattered all over\\nthe grove will harbor ants and weeds, especially that curse\\nof many cultivated fields in the South, called maiden cane\\ngrass. It is very difficult to eradicate that grass where it\\nbecomes established but it can be done by constant use\\nof the cultivator for one or two seasons. Its roots pene-\\ntrate the ground to the depth of several feet, and every\\njoint makes a new j)lant. For this enemy the pine stumps\\nafford a strong rallying point, and it is simply impossible\\nto destroy it while the stumps remain.\\nEven if the maiden cane can be kept at bay as the\\norange trees grow, the stumps interfere with their proper\\ncultivation. When the orange trees become large the\\nstumps can not well be burned out on account of damage\\nto the trees. They must be removed by cutting out, which\\nis A^ery laborious and expensive.\\nBetter, by far, to burn out the stumps before your trees\\nare planted, and have your land clear and smooth with no\\nbroken lines in your avenues of orange trees. Stumps often", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "128 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nstand just where you want to plant a tree therefore it is\\nalways best to have a clear course. It will cost from fifteen\\nto twenty cents each to get out the stumps, but it is cheaper\\nin the end.\\nAnother plan of removing trees, which costs less, and is\\nquite as effectual as the other, is to attack the tree at once\\nat the root. A hole is dug on one side of the tree, em-\\nbracing about one half its circumference. The roots on\\nthat side are all cut off, fire is then applied, and when the\\ntap root is burned off the tree topples over, dragging out\\nthe roots on the opposite side. So here are tree, stump,\\nand roots got rid of all at one operation. It remains then\\nto burn uj) the tree and fill up the hole, and the land is\\nready for the plow for all time to come no more falling\\nbranches, no trees, no stumps.\\nThis process costs from twenty to thirty dollars per acre\\nnot more, not so much, indeed, as first cutting and burn-\\ning the trees and then digging out and burning the stumps.\\nThe land cleared, plowing comes next in order. This\\ncan be done for three dollars per acre, not a high charge\\nfor breaking up new land, as it is no easy or quick work\\neven in our light Florida soil.\\nRails for fencing are split from the pine trees, at a cost\\nof one dollar per hundred. It is well to have the rails\\nsplit before the trees are burned, as, among the trees cut\\ndown, there will be found many fit for splitting. No mat-\\nter how plentiful Avood may be for the time being, it is not\\nwise to waste what will be needed later on. Another thing\\nwe would note in this connection among the fallen pines\\nwill be found many logs suitable for household fuel, and\\nthese should be stacked up for future use.\\nHauling the rails and building the fence will cost fifty\\ncents per hundred. The total cost of fencing one acre is\\nsixteen dollars and fifty cents.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "what will it cost? 129\\nAnd now, having answered the question of What will\\nit cost to clear and fence one acre let us look at the\\nnext query What will it cost to build a house? This\\nis a question difficult to answer, for the same reason that it\\nis difficult to give the exact size of the proverbial piece\\nof chalk.\\nA poor man, one who is actually pressed by poverty,\\ncan do as many of our now wealthy settlers did build a\\nlog house. No matter where or what land you may select,\\nthere is sure to be plenty of timber growing on it.\\nWith the aid of a negro laborer who can be hired for\\nfrom seventy-five cents to one dollar a day, according as\\nhe is found, or finds himself, in food a strong man\\ncan cut down the logs, skin, notch them, and put up\\na single-room house, ready for the roof, in one week. The\\nboards for roofing can be rived out in two days more, from\\npine or cypress logs. The rafters can be made with young\\nsaplings, stripped of bark, and the laths to support the\\nshingling boards from still smaller saplings. There are a\\nnumber of houses so constructed in every new vicinity.\\nThe roofing boards can be held down on the lathing by\\ncross-pieces fastened by withes, but nailing is far better.\\nGood riven cypress shingles, four and a half inches wide\\nand eighteen inches long, can be had for four and a half\\ndollars per thousand, delivered, within three miles. They\\nmake the best roof and will last a life-time. Unplaned\\nboards for flooring can be had at the saw-mills for one dol-\\nlar per hundred feet, hauling extra. The cost for a room,\\nsixteen feet square, would be less than three dollars. A\\nchimney can be put up against the house on the outside.\\nThe cheapest ones are built of sticks about two inches\\nsquare and thirty inches long. They are simply laid across\\neach other, forming a square, reaching above the roof, and\\nare plastered inside and outside with clay or with mortar.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2130 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nSuch a chimney can be built in one or two days at a cost\\nnot exceeding five dollars. Chimneys built of brick cost\\nabout thirty dollars for a one-story house. The preceding\\ndescription applies to a rude and cheap house, but hundreds\\nof families have lived comfortably in such for years, and\\nhundreds are living so now, all over the State.\\nAnd now for a better class house Lumber is to be had\\nat the mills for eleven dollars per thousand feet the haul-\\ning from three to six dollars per thousand, according to\\ndistance. Doors, sash, and blinds can be got from Jack-\\nsonville, Feruaudiua, Gainesville, whichever may be most\\nconvenient. The necessary hardware can generally be had\\nat the nearest country store. The prices are about twenty\\nper cent higher than those of Philadelphia or New York.\\nCarpenters wages, by the day, range from two dollars to\\ntwo dollars and seventy-five cents, according to the work-\\nman s skill but building is usually done by contract.\\nIt is much the best plan to supply all your own material\\nand pay your own carpenters only for their work if you\\nleave them to find the building requisites, you will proba-\\nbly have to pay them a considerable profit over the cost-\\nprice of the article used.\\nCypress shingles, as we have already said, are held at\\nfour dollars per thousand, delivered on the spot where they\\nare to be used.\\nHouse-building in such a mild climate as Florida is a\\nvery different thing from what it is at the North. Here is\\nno need for the thick walls and winter-proof dwelling so\\nnecessary there.\\nA tight roof is needed of course, but weather-proof walls\\nare not indispensable, although desirable, as it is not al-\\nways summer time even in Florida.\\nThere are occasional days in every month, from Novem-\\nber to March, when fires morning and night are very com-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "what will it cost? 131\\nfortable things, and there are days when a good wood-fire\\nin the stove or open fire-place is extremely grateful all day\\nlong, and then one feels a transient wish for a weather-\\nproof house. But it is not often that this happens and\\nall the rest of the year we want the pure fresh air to\\nhave access to every nook and corner of our semi-tropical\\nhomes.\\nWe have no cellars in Florida, though we see no reason\\nagainst their practicability, where the location of the dwell-\\ning is high, and drainage good the houses are set up from\\nthe ground, one, two, or three feet, as we may choose, on\\nstout pine blocks, segments of huge pine or oak trees sawed\\nofi* horizontally. It is claimed that there is not enough\\ncold weather to chill the soil, and so a cellar would not be\\nas cool a place for provisions as is a closet built of slats,\\nor a wire-net safe, where the breeze has free access at all\\ntimes and doing without a cellar makes building much\\neasier and much cheaper. But we have seen one Florida\\ncellar, and it was a cool, airy spot.\\nWe think the best plan for a Florida home is one that\\ngives a wide hall through the center of the house, with\\nrooms opening into it on either side.\\nThis same plan could be carried out in the second story,\\nwhen such is desired, but, as a general thing, Florida houses\\nare only one story, as there is always plenty of ground on\\nwhich to spread out as much as one chooses, and down-\\nstairs rooms are the coolest and pleasantest.\\nEvery house of the least pretension to comfort should\\nhave a wide porch on at least two sides, notably the south\\nand west, and all the better if the porch be continued en-\\ntirely around it. Our idea of what a true Florida house\\nshould be, is that of a broad-brimmed hat, and for the self-\\nsame reasons that make such a hat desirable in a warm,\\nsunshiny day.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "132 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nIt will convey to our readers a clearer idea of the actual\\ncost of erecting a neat, comfortable home in Florida, if we\\ngive here the dimensions of such a house and its cost.\\nA box house of rough lumber outside, and planed\\nwithin, and battened inside and out, a porch on the east\\nand south sides, a covered j)iazza, back, leading to the\\ndining-room and kitchen, which are detached from the\\nmain building but join each other. This is the grand\\nsum total of the building we will describe\\nThe house is thirty-two feet wide by twenty-four deep,\\nceiling twelve feet high, a hall ten feet wide and twenty-\\nfour in length runs through the center from front to back\\npiazza.\\nTwo rooms on each side open into the hall, the two front\\napartments are twelve by fourteen feet the two back\\nrooms, ten by twelve; each apartment has two windows\\nand two doors, one into the hall, one communicating.\\nFrom the hall a staircase leads to an unfinished attic, to\\nstore away trunks and surplus goods, or it may serve for a\\nservant s room, although, when one can afford it, a small\\noutside room is preferable for this purpose one measuring\\nten by twelve can be put up for thirty-five dollars.\\nConnecting the main building with kitchen and dining-\\nroom is a covered piazza twelve by fourteen feet, on which\\nis built the provision closet, as aforesaid, and where also is\\nthe pump, close to the kitchen door.\\nHousekeepers will appreciate the convenience of this\\narrangement, which should be much more common than\\nit is. Usually the supply of water for household purposes\\nis obtained by hoisting it from a well outside, by crank or\\npulley, a heavy task for one who is not strong.\\nCrossing the piazza, we come to the kitchen, twelve feet\\nby sixteen, and joining it at one end is the dining-room,\\nfourteen by eighteen feet.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "WHAT WILL IT COST? 133\\nSuch a house as is thus portrayed, as comfortable a Flor-\\nida home as one need wish, will cost in the near neighbor-\\nhood of one thousand dollars.\\nA smaller and rougher but very habitable dwelling can\\nbe built for one half this sum, however.\\nLands, direct from the Government or State, may be\\npurchased at from $1.25 to $2.50, and occasionally $7,\\nper acre, but these chances are rapidly becoming things\\nof the past.\\nInquiries regarding State lands should be addressed to\\nthe State Lancf Office at Tallahassee, while those regarding\\nthe United States lands should be sent to the Register\\nUnited States Land Office at Gainesville. For Govern-\\nment lands write to the Department of the Interior, Wash-\\nington.\\nRailroad lands are still abundant, and the incoming set-\\ntler would do well to turn his attention in this direction,\\nas, all other points being equal, they are held at lower\\nprices, from $2.50 to $7 50 per acre, sometimes $10 for\\nthe best locations, good lands, and near actual or projected\\ntoAvns.\\nBy private owners all prices are asked, and what is more,\\nobtained it depends somewhat on the whim or necessities\\nof the seller, but still more on the quality of the land and\\nits location, the latter governing prices even more than the\\nformer. Poor lands may be made fertile with cultivation\\nor drainage, but a poor, inaccessible location can not be\\nchanged.\\nLands, pine lands, held by private owners, range in price\\nfrom ten dollars to two or three hundred, while hammock\\nranges from one to five hundred dollars per acre.\\nAs to the cost of orange groves, while it is not within\\nthe province of our present work to go into details on this\\npoint, which has been fully treated of in our previous work", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "134 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\non Florida Fruits and How to Raise Them, a few lead-\\ning facts and figures with regard to an industry which is\\nusually made the backbone of the Florida home will\\ncertainly not be out of place.\\nThe State Land Commissioner, basing his statements on\\nverified figures, puts the cost of five acres (a man of mod-\\nerate means should not attempt more at first) set in trees,\\nfertilized and cultivated for five years, at eight hundred\\nand fifty dollars, and estimates the value of the property\\nat that time, simply as an orange grove, at five thousand\\ndollars. If the trees are choice budded fruit, and the\\nlocation on a lake, or near transportation, or a town, its\\nvalue is very much increased.\\nNow, this estimate takes into account the cost of con-\\nstant cultivation, which is one of the heaviest expenses\\nthe orange-grower has to meet. That this item will in the\\nnear future be almost, if not entirely, a thing of the past\\nwe firmly believe.\\nOur own observations and experience, and those of\\nothers scattered here and there over the State, point con-\\nclusively to the future orange grove as one of beautiful,\\nthrifty trees growing happily, their tender surface rootlets\\nneither torn nor mangled by the cruel plow or cultivator,\\nwith a thick turf of Bermuda grass nestling close up to\\ntheir trunks, protecting the ground from sun-bake, enrich-\\ning it constantly and silently by the decay of its roots and\\ntops, keeping down the noxious Aveeds, preserving an equal\\nmoisture and requiring only an occasional top-dressing and\\nperhaps an annual hoeing around the tree.\\nThis is the grove that we see looming up in perspective.\\nWe have seen it in practice on our own grounds the finest,\\nmost thrifty trees we have orange, lemon, pear, fig are\\nthose that have been left undisturbed for several years, not\\neven touched by a hoe, with Bermuda grass growing thick", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "WHAT WILL IT COST? 135\\nand high all around them. Not only so, but the soil has\\nperceptibly increased in rich dark humus simply from the\\nnatural decay of the grass, while a top-dressing gives all\\nthe fertilizing needed.\\nWhen this fact, and fact it is, comes to be generally\\nrecognized, the cost of raising a grove to profit will be\\nreduced to less than one half the sum required by the\\nusual methods now prevalent, and the trees will be more\\nvigorous.\\nNow, as to purchasing a bearing grove while the prices\\nasked by the seller usually seem high to the purchaser, who\\nis new to orange culture and does not, can not, realize the\\nfull and increasing value of that which he seeks to acquire,\\nthe latter may safely buy on a basis of one hundred dollars\\nto a tree in full bearing. Ten thousand dollars is not a\\nhigh price for one hundred bearing trees, and, if located\\nnear to transportation and in a healthy place, such a grove\\nis really worth much more in actual money returns and\\nadvantages.\\nNot only is there a rapid increase in value from added\\nage and yield of the trees, but the land itself becomes more\\nvaluable from year to year, even independent of the crops\\nthat may be raised on it.\\nThere is no danger of the orange crop being overdone,\\nor of prices going down below a paying point, which is\\na question frequently raised by the cursory observer.\\nThe idea is an absurd one on the face of it it would be\\njust as reasonable to ask in real, sober earnest, if one acre\\nof land was not in danger of raising more than the people\\nof New York City could eat, for that is about the propor-\\ntion of orange lands to the people wanting to eat the fruit\\nthey produce.\\nHere is a calculation that speaks for itself, and shows\\nwhat are really the available orange lands", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "136 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nAcres.\\nThe State of Florida contains 38,000,000\\nAbove the 30th parallel there are lands too\\ncold for oranges as a market crop, and\\nbetter adapted to early and profitable vege-\\ntables and other fruits than the orange, 16,000,000\\nIn the Everglades, saw -grass region, and\\nswamp lands of South Florida, there are,\\nunfit for oranges and, if drained, far better\\nfor sugar, etc 10,000,000\\nThen there are of third-class pine-lands, cy-\\npress and other swamps, waste pine bar-\\nrens, areas of rivers, lakes, ponds, creeks,\\nand flat lands, too wet, etc 6,000,000\\n32,000,000\\nLeaving available orange land 6,000,000\\nOf this but a portion will be planted in groves, for every\\none must leave land for house lots, gardens, and other crops\\nof fruits besides oranges, and other plantings of various\\nkinds, and towns must have lands, etc. Thus, actually,\\nthere is not more than 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 acres of\\nland in Florida available for orange growing for market\\nand people holding land which they can afford to keep\\nneed have no anxiety, as the lands will soon be absorbed\\nand, while the population of the United States is increas-\\ning rapidly, the area of orange land remains unalterable.\\nThe consumption of oranges is rapidly extending, and\\nlands in Florida must advance to many times their present\\nprices. The purchase of land here, for the next fifteen\\nyears, can not fail to be a paying investment, even if left\\nto lie idle.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOIklE. 137\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nMAKING THE HOME.\\nIt is now in order that we should proceed to the discus-\\nsion of how to make a home.\\nWe do not mean a house, we have already discussed that\\nmatter, but a real, true home. One may have a very fine\\nhouse, fitted with every comfort, and with gorgeous furni-\\nture and beautiful grounds, and yet it may utterly lack\\nthat repose and harmony and sensation of coziness with-\\nout which a true, heart-satisfying home can not be made\\nany where, even if all the members of the family that\\noccupy it are genial, good-natured, and affectionate, and,\\nas every one knows, these qualities are so important that\\nwithout them there can be no home life at all, but only a\\nrestless unhappiness and a passionate longing for peace\\nand kindly fellowship.\\nThey make up three fourths of a home, it is true, and\\nwith them one may be happy, even Avith the most incon-\\ngruous surroundings, but still there will be a sensation of\\nsomething wanting.\\nThere are costly houses scattered all over the country,\\nelegantly furnished and full of luxury, but the moment\\nyou are ushered into their drawing-rooms, where the ex-\\npensive furniture is carefully swathed in cold-looking linen,\\nand books, if not altogether absent, are, because of their\\nhandsome bindings, practically labeled touch not, handle\\nnot, being stowed away under glass covers to be seen, not\\nread, you feel a chill sense of uneasiness and draw a sigh\\nof relief as you pass out again into the free and untram-\\nmeled air.\\nAgain, there are snug little cottages all about us, where", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "138 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nevery apartment, though furnished in the plainest manner,\\nconveys an idea of comfort, ease, and home.\\nNow, though we have few^ very fine houses as yet in\\nFlorida, we find this same difference in full existence. We\\nhave seen houses well built, with large rooms, halls, and\\npiazzas, and all necessary furniture, the dwelling-places of\\nwealthy people, which conveyed not the faintest touch of\\nthat home feeling so dear to us all. We have seen the same\\nthing in other houses, where the owners had dwelt for years\\nand yet had planted neither tree, nor vine, nor flowers,\\naround them where chickens and pigs roamed in and out\\nof the house at will, in and under the beds and tables\\nsometimes a rough rail fence suffices to keep cattle at a\\nrespectful distance from the house, but often the house is\\ndropped down in the piney woods without any fence at all.\\nWe passed such a house as the latter one day (our con-\\nscience forbids us to call it a home), and a woman arrayed\\nin one scanty garment, a kaliker dress, was singing over\\nthe wash-tub, near the door, while a sow and three of her\\nprogeny were visible from our point of view (a saddle) in-\\nside the narrow entry at the door, half inside, were a cow\\nand calf, and, roosting contentedly on the window-sill, were\\na half dozen chickens.\\nThe woman nodded at us with the customary Howdy\\nand we rode on with a wonder and a half-sigh the wonder\\nat the evident contentment of that woman under such a\\nstate of existence, and the half-sigh because some of the\\nrest of us could not be content with it also it involves so\\nlittle work and so little expense at least, until our groves\\ncome into profit; for that little significant word, until,\\ncovers for many a Florida settler a multitude of weary\\ndays and months, aye, and years, if he has not the where-\\nwithal to meet current expenses or raise other fruits and\\nvegetables while waiting the happy climax to his labors.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOME. 139\\nIt often happens to such an one to wish that human\\ncreatures could do as the alligators and water-turtles,\\nnamely, go down into the mud and lie dormant until the\\nsun shines, or, what means the same thing here, until the\\ngrove has arrived at full bearing.\\nAnd now we hear a voice at our shoulder more truthful\\nthan complimentary, Goosie, goosie gander, whither will\\nye wander? It is true we have strayed from our path.\\nLet us go back to our present task of making a home, such\\nan one, we mean, as we find here and there, with neat\\nfences, clearly laid out walks bordered with oleander or\\nother ornamental trees, with roses and other flowers scat-\\ntered all around, wdth broad latticed piazzas, shaded and\\nbeautified by densely foliaged vines, mingled together in\\na joyous, happy-go-lucky fashion that is charming to see.\\nBona nox, evening glory, yellow jasmine, coral honey-\\nsuckle, and trumpet creeper, beauties, all of them, and to\\nbe had for the digging in the hammocks all around. Thun-\\nbergia, cypress-vine, barclayana, evening jasmine, English\\nivy, honeysuckle, all these and many more, hobnob to-\\ngether in riotous exuberance, and the glory and fragrance\\nof their loving embrace must be seen to be realized.\\nThis is a type of the home we would have every lady to\\nown who comes to live in our Land of Flowers; and\\nshe can easily have it, too, and in less time than one\\nwould suppose possible. To any one accustomed to the\\nslow growth and yearly check for months of vegetable life\\nin the North, the rapid, luxurious, and almost ceaseless,\\ngrowth of Florida vegetation is simply wouderful.\\nIf you own so much as twenty acres of land, in some\\nsections, it will go hard if there is not at least one large\\nor small lakelet on the tract. If it be a deep one, at least\\nin the center, it will never go dry like a cow build your\\nhouse near by, not very close, else in wet weather the water", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "140 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nmay creep up to your door but so as to have a full view\\nof the clear, sparkling water, and the beautiful water-lilies\\nthat are either already there or cau be brought from more\\nfavored lakelets in the neighborhood. A little water, in\\none pure, mirror-like spot, will do wonders for a landscape\\nin fact, one feels the want of a principal element of beauty,\\nif it is not to be seen.\\nAs we have intimated, there are few tracts of twenty, or\\neven ten acres, in the Lake Regions of Florida, where a\\nlake of some kind may not be found. From the second-\\nstory of a house at the writer s hand, for instance, no less\\nthan ten such sheets of water, some larger, some smaller,\\nare visible, their extent altering greatly as the wet or the\\ndry season prevails.\\nAre they not unhealthy? we are often asked. No,\\nnot at all they are vastly different from the ponds scat-\\ntered widely through many of our Northern States, which\\nhave mild bottoms, and in which the water becomes stag-\\nnant and malarial our numerous Florida lakelets (we\\ndon t degrade them by calling them ponds) are formed by\\nhollows of different sizes becoming filled with water during\\nthe copious rains of summer. Sometimes they are origin-\\nated and fed by springs but, however this may be, the\\nfact remains that their bottoms are composed entirely of\\nsand, clean, pure, and unfouled by mud. The water con-\\nstantly filters down through the sand, and a constant evap-\\noration also takes place from the surface, so that its mass\\nis always changing and never stagnates.\\nMany a time have we ridden through these little lakelets\\nwhen the water was so deep as to necessitate lifting our\\nfeet to our horse s back, and yet the white sand and short\\ngrass at the bottom were almost as plainly to be seen as if\\nuncovered.\\nWhen the dry time comes, and they begin to recede from", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOME. 141\\ntheir shallow margins, there Is nothing left exposed to de-\\ncay in the sun and air, as there is on the great lake shores,\\nonly clean sand, or perhaps a few blades of timid, slender\\ngrass, looking as if frightened to death at its return to dry\\nland.\\nThere are no healthier localities than those containing\\nthese numerous little sheets of water, and they are not\\nonly ornamental, as we have said, but useful also. The\\nhorses, cattle, chickens, ducks, dogs, all the domestic fam-\\nily, in fact, regard them with high favor as fashionable\\nwatering-places, and frequent them accordingly, especially\\ndurinsf the summer season. The horses and cattle browse\\naround their margins, and indulge in frequent baths, the\\nchickens have a fine time chasing insects and hunting little\\nfrogs the ducks paddle about to their hearts content, only\\nslightly demoralized when, once in a while, a wicked alli-\\ngator pokes up his head and one of their number reluc-\\ntantly accompanies him on his return trip to the bottom of\\nthe lake. The dogs lap up the pure, clear water and go\\nI heir way rejoicing, and the cats, when disgusted with the\\ntable kept by their owners, go down to the shore and step\\non the damp ground wdth a comically reluctant, dainty\\ntread, and sitting down at the water s edge, with a silent\\nprotest against such useless moisture, wait patiently, with\\npricked up ears and intent gaze, until a luckless fish swims\\nwithin the fatal radius of those lurking claws, and then,\\npresto a paw goes under the water, like a flash, and the\\nfish comes out, bewildered with its sudden rise in the world.\\nThat last word gives another phase of the usefulness of\\neven our smaller lakes, for there is scarcely one that lacks\\na supply of fish. The so-called trout, which are really\\nblack bass, are found in nearly all, and the brfeam, sunfish,\\nwarmouth perch and cat-fish, abound. They are all fine\\nfish for the table, their flesh sweet and firm. The trout", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "142 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\noften attain a weight of from twelve to fifteen pounds, the\\nothers are smaller and good for frying often also, in these\\nsmall lakes, a small fish abounds, so tiny as to be cooked\\nlike the smelts, or frost-fish, of the Northern winter mar-\\nkets, namely, in one indiscriminate mass. They taste very\\nmuch like them too.\\nThen there are turtle in these lakelets, real genuine tur-\\ntle. We don t claim that they are green turtle, but never-\\ntheless they are excellent eating, either in soup, a plain\\nstew, or cooked a la terrapin. There are two kinds. One,\\na very handsome fellow, with an arched, hardshell back,\\nboldly marbled in orange and black. He is a mild, inof-\\nfensive creature, and very pleasant to interview in the soup\\ntureen. We can t speak so highly, socially, of his brother\\nturtle, who is an unmitigated scamp, with a broad, flat,\\nleathery back, hard in the center and pliable at the edges,\\nand who wears a dirty, blackish, wrinkled coat. He is not\\nmild nor inoffensive try him once, and you wdll see in\\nwhat manner he will dart his long, horny, tube-like snout\\nat your fingers. He always receives very respectful treat-\\nment from his captors until the opportunity, carefully\\nwatched for, arrives, of cleaving the threatening snout\\nfrom his ugly body, or, perchance, he ends his days in a\\npail of boiling water, which, after all, is the best and most\\nmerciful way of ending them.\\nThe largest we have seen of either of these turtles\\nweighed about ten pounds, and they, with the fish, are no\\ndespicable gifts from the little lakelets to the family table.\\nHow are they caught? Well, we wdll come to that in due\\ntime.\\nVery often, too, water-fowl frequent their smooth waters,\\nand from this source a sportsman can furnish many a wel-\\ncome dish for the household. In front of our modest home,\\nwith a short avenue of oleander trees leading down to its", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOME. 143\\ngrass-grown shore, is one of these little lakes we have been\\ntalking about. It does not cover an acre of ground at its\\nlargest, and in dry times it shrinks to a deep half-acre basin\\nin the center, whose sides are evidently perpendicular like\\na well. It never contracts more than this, and is probably\\nfed by springs.\\nThe water is as clear as crystal, and in calm weather re-\\nflects the sun and clouds like a burnished mirror, while, in\\nwindy times, it is wonderful to see how the miniature waves\\nrise up so as to thump and toss our little boat and curl\\ntheir white caps all around it. Our circular w^ater mirror\\nhas a veritable frame of its own of green and gold, a clear,\\nunbroken circle, about six feet wide, of a curious aquatic\\nplant with small leaves floating on the surface of the water,\\nand bright yellow flowers rising above them, clearly de-\\nfining the edge of the well-like, permanent basin.\\nI would give five hundred dollars for a lakelet like that\\non my place, exclaimed a less fortunate neighbor whose\\nwater-mirrors will sometimes shrink away to nothing, leav-\\ning a grass-grown hollow that cattle delight in. And this\\nwish is expressed, not on account of the beauty of that\\nlittle shining spot, but because of its permanency, and\\nhence its value to its owner, should he desire to water his\\ngrove or truck gardens in a dry time by the aid of a wind-\\nmill, or use it for the supply of his house. In this connec-\\ntion, five hundred dollars is a low estimate of the value of\\na permanent lakelet, large or small, near one s grove and\\nhouse.\\nFew persons realize the vast utility and comfort of pos-\\nsessing a sure, never-failing water-supply, by means of a\\nwindmill. A windmill, to the masses, is an unknown\\nquantity, a thing of complexity, of mystery, of heavy,\\nunprofitable expense. But we would urge an earnest con-\\nsideration of this subject upon our readers.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "144 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nEven where not desired for large irrigating operations,\\na small size windmill would vastly increase the comfort of\\na whole household, ease the burdens of the housewife, and\\ninsure the safety of the house in case of fire.\\nIt could also be utilized to bring w^ater to the barn-yard,\\nto irrigate the home vegetable garden or strawberr}^ patch\\nin fact, the uses to which a never-failing supply of w^ater\\ncould be turned are legion yet any one of them would\\nbe worth the whole cost of obtaining such a supply.\\nThe added comforts a windmill could contribute to the\\nhome life of the Florida householder are manifold and will\\nbe easily seen by any one who j^auses to give the subject\\ndue attention.\\nRealizing its importance in this connection, we have\\nlooked well into the matter of windmills, and have found\\nthat while there are several makes on the market all claim-\\ning (of course) to be the best there is one that stands\\npre-eminent, as not only being more simple, durable and\\neffective moving and pumping, just as it is set to do,\\nwhether the wind blows a gale or a zephyr but, has never\\nyet been dismounted, even by the fierce western tornadoes,\\nwhen every other kind of windmill exposed to them went\\ndown to the ground in sorrow and sadness. For this fact,\\nand also for its superiority, we have the testimony of those\\nwho have proved its sterling qualities for years.\\nThis particular windmill is rightly named the Cham-\\npion, and is manufiictured by R. J. Douglass Company,\\nof Waukegan, Illinois, one of the oldest and most reliable\\nestablishments in the United States. They are also, we\\nwould remark, in passing, manufacturers of pumps of all\\nkinds, and notably of the Star pump, which is unsur-\\npassed for family use.\\nSeeking reliable data, as to the actual cost of such a mill\\nas would meet all the points we have named, we went to", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOME. 145\\nthe foimtain-liead, and here is the estimate furnished:\\n**A windmill erected on a tower, thirty to thirty-five feet,\\nwhich is high enough for Florida, would cost about sixty-\\nfive to seventy-five dollars. A tank to hold two hundred\\nbarrels of water, about fifty dollars. A pump, all com-\\nplete, one of the best for a well twenty-five to thirty feet\\ndeep (or for a pond), about twenty dollars or thereabouts.\\nProbably the total cost of this outfit Avould not exceed one\\nhundred and fifty dollars. Of course larger mills, more\\ntanks, and larger ones, can be put up at an additional cost.\\nA person can bring his water-supply up into the thou-\\nsands, or he can make it very cheap.\\nThose of our readers who desire still further information\\ncan obtain it from the manufacturers.\\nAs a rule, the shores of Florida lakelets incline so grad-\\nually to the deep water in the center that fishing from the\\nshore is out of the question, unless one chooses to follow\\nthe example of the small boy, and wade out waist-deep.\\nA prettily painted skiff* riding on the Avater adds much to\\nits beauty, but where such can not be procured, a home-\\nmade flat-bottomed scow answers almost as well for fishing.\\nAs we said awhile ago, it is better to put your house\\nback a few hundred yards from the lakelet, not only for\\nthe reason then given, but because, if you have no other\\nconveniently near, you will either have to shut out your\\nchickens, horses, and calves from its enjoyment, or else lay\\naside all idea of building up a cozy, home-like surrounding.\\nChickens, horses, and calves don t agree with flowers, trees,\\nand vines. Fence off* a small space around the house if\\nregularly made pickets can not be had (and this is the case\\nin many parts of the State), shingling laths from the near-\\nest saw-mill, cut into five-feet lengths, make an excellent\\nsubstitute, painted or whitewashed. We say a small space\\nadvisedly, because unless one is able to keep a man or boy\\n10", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "146 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nconstantly employed among the flowers and small fruit\\ntrees and grass j^lats around the house, the weeds will\\ngather headway and soon choke the more delicate plants to\\ndeath, and that wicked, irrepressible sand-spur grass, with\\nits tall tufts of sharp, stiff, hooked points, that puncture\\nlike a needle, and hold fast with a tenacity of purpose\\nthat we might admire under other circumstances, will\\nquickly take possession of the territory and make pedes-\\ntrians unhappy, especially those who are unfortunate\\nenough to wear skirts. One might well liken these van-\\ndals of the Florida soil to an uneasy conscience, their\\nprick is sharp enough surely.\\nThey are called spurs rather sarcastically it w^ould\\nseem, since their effect is to retard progress rather than to\\nspur it on. They are bad enough in the field or grove,\\nbut they become intolerable around the house, and so,\\nsince they and other obstreperous weeds flourish during\\nnine months of the year, and require constant watchful-\\nness to keep them under subjection, it is better to throw\\nmost of the battle ujjon the plow outside of the garden\\ngate for, in a family where the means are wanting to hire\\na man or boy by the month, the burden of keeping such\\nuseless trash as flowers or vines in order will be cast\\nby the busy men folks upon their more delicate companions\\nwho are more alive to their actual utility as home attrac-\\ntions.\\nThose who have come from the old-settled, thoroughly\\ncivilized portions of the North or West, or indeed of the\\nSouth, will almost inevitably experience a sense of dismay\\nand hopelessness at the prospect of the long struggle be-\\nfore them, when they behold a wilderness of oak or pine\\ntrees rearing their heads aloft on the very spot selected for\\ntheir home. Where a place can be purchased with im-\\nprovements already started it is a great gain but the ma-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOME. 147\\njority can not secure such an one, and so must carve their\\nown home out of the virgin forest. Nor is this such a\\ndreadful undertaking as it appears at the outset, the trees\\nand vines grow so rapidly, and it is such a pleasure to\\nwatch their increase and note how steadily order is form-\\ning out of chaos and comfort and beauty marching to the\\nfront.\\nWe know all about it, because our own home was started\\namid a forest of tall, deadened trees, with a straggling\\nfield of corn growing in their midst, and sand-spurs so\\nluxuriant that every step was painful and almost impossi-\\nble until a plow had turned under the obnoxious vandals.\\nThe white, ghostly-looking trees had to be hewn down, cut\\nup and rolled away in piles to be burnt, the stumps also\\ngrubbed and burned out, and the corn laid low before the\\ncarpenters could even lay the foundation for the house.\\nThe kitchen, which is generally detached from the main\\nhouse, was built first, and the two members of the family\\nwho preceded the rest in their flight from the chilly ^^orth\\nlived therein, cooking on an oil stove out of doors for two\\nmonths. The room was commodious enough, twelve by\\neighteen feet but for a dwelling, after a large, three-story\\ncity house, with all modern conveniences, was a somewhat\\nbewildering change, and the wild surroundings of a native\\nforest, and the rat-tat-tat of hammers on the main house,\\nand the thud of falling trees all day, the weird glare of a\\nhundred fires illuminating the landscape at night, flashing\\nback from that little mirror we have spoken of\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all these\\nthings added not a little to the oddity of a novel scene,\\nuntil irresistibly arose the recollection and personal apjDli-\\ncation of the famous nursery rhyme, of the Little old\\nwoman who fell asleep on the king s highway, who, bewil-\\ndered by the curtailment of her skirts by a peddler while\\nshe slept, exclaimed", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "148 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nIf I be I, as I hope I be,\\nI ve a little dog at home, and he knows me;\\nIf I be I, he will wag his little tail.\\nIf I be not I, he will bark and he will wail.\\nHome went the little woman, all in the dark,\\nUp jumped the little dog, and he began to bark;\\nThe dog began to bark, and she began to cry,\\nOh, lawk! oh, mercy! this surely can t be I!\\nWhen the house was finished, every one went to work\\nto fix up and transfi:)rm the crude elements into a com-\\nfortable, home-like place the stronger arms went to dig-\\nging out and burning out stumj)s and, in a few months,\\none pair of arms unaccustomed to such work, too dis-\\nposed of over three hundred of these unsightly hindrances\\nto cultivation. The weaker hands found full employment,\\nfirst, in placing in order furniture, pictures, busts, brack-\\nets, and various knicknacks that tell so much of the re-\\nfinements of a true home, wherever it may be or however\\nhumble; and, a little later, in directing the formation of\\nflow^er-beds and walks around the house, and setting out\\nroses and budding plants in rooting and planting oleander\\nslips in sowing thunbergia and other rapid-growing vines\\nin procuring from the neighboring hammocks yellow jas-\\nmine, creepers, scarlet honeysuckle, bona nox, and other\\nthrifty vines to the manor born.\\nThey all looked very small and puny at first, and it\\nseemed almost ridiculous to hope to see the oleanders be-\\ncome trees, or the vines cover the lattice-work around the\\nporch, or to dream that the two-feet-high orange trees, set\\nout from a grove near by, would ever be large enough to\\nsupport one orange, not to say thousands of that luscious\\ngolden fruit. But, in three years from the time this work\\nof creating a home out of the wilderness was commenced,\\nthe oleanders towered aloft higher than the roof and min-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE HOME. 149\\ngled their fragrant pink flowers across the carriage way.\\nThe roses, that came to us in cigar-boxes, ran riot over\\nframes and covered one end of the house, reaching above\\nthe attic window at the peak of the roof and disputing the\\nmarch of a no])le English ivy verbenas covered the ground\\nin hixuriant masses, petunias flourished and bloomed,\\nsometimes becoming perennials, while, for six months or\\nmore of the year, phlox of all conceivable colors and\\nshades made the ground one brilliant mass of color, sow-\\ning itself season after season, just as buttercups, dandelions,\\nviolets, and daisies dot the fields at the North. The vines\\nhad clambered to the very top of the lattice in one tangled\\nmass and spread out below into a dense mass of foliage.\\nThe evening jasmine towered above the piazza roof, shading\\none end completely, and filling the air with its delicate fra-\\ngrance, almost too powerful, however, as the sun went down.\\nMore important than all, the back-bone of a Florida\\nhome, the orange trees, had aspired above their two-feet\\nstature into goodly trees of eight to ten feet high lime\\ntrees, one foot high when planted, towered to the attic\\nwindows and were loaded with fruit guavas, raised from\\nseed sown two years before, bore fruit enough to supply\\nthe^ table Florida lemon trees were loaded with yellow\\nfruit, and some fine budded sorts were in bloom.\\nAll this in three years from the wilderness, with no com-\\nmercial fertilizers, and on exceptionally poor soil. So you\\nsee it is not so fearful a thing as it looks to be, this making\\na home in the Florida woods.\\nWe have not thus related our own experience from ego-\\ntism, but because we could better thus depict the methods\\nand result of intelligent, refined labor, and so dispel the\\ndread that is doubtless felt by many would-be Florida set-\\ntlers at the idea of starting a new home out of virgin ma-\\nterials and on virgin soil.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "150 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nAs soon as the novelty wears off, and one gets useji\\nto the inevitable differences in the new mode of life, the\\nwork of carving out the home, with all its varied sur-\\nroundings, becomes one of fascinating interest, which\\ngrows deeper month by month, as the plants and trees rise\\nup and testify their thankfulness for kind treatment.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HOSIE SURROUNDINGS. 151\\nCHAPTER X.\\nHOME SURROUNDINGS.\\nOne of the hardest things for a Northerner to bear, on\\nfirst coming to Florida, is the absence of the beautiful\\ngreen turf and lawn so familiar to his sight that no coun-\\ntry home seems half a home without this grateful resting-\\nplace for the eyes. We are used to seeing it all around\\nour old homes and in great fields all over the land, and be-\\ncause we do not see the same in this newly-settled country\\nthe cry has been raised, Grass will not grow in Florida.\\nNow that is a great mistake, and a great injustice done to\\na State that only wants a chance given her to show what\\nshe can do in the way of raising grasses.\\nIf the fine lawn grasses, so abundant now in the old-set-\\ntled Northern States, are indigenous and grow of themselves\\njust where they are wanted, as some unreasonable people-\\nseem to expect they should do in Florida, how is it that\\nthe seedsmen advertise lawn grass seeds for sale, and\\nthe agricultural papers are so particular each year to give\\nfull directions as to the proper way of preparing the ground\\nand sowing the seed for making lawns?\\nWe have spent a great many months of our life in the\\ncountry at the North, and we never yet saw a piece of\\nwoodland, that had never been cleared, plowed or planted,\\nthat could be utilized as a ready-made pasture sufiScieut\\nfor cattle. AVhere we see green fields and meadows, the\\ngrass has been sowed there it has not sprung up by magic,\\nand it has required a good many years and a great deal of\\ncare to make a good pasture at all. Yet much-maligued\\nFlorida, even in her uncleared virgin woodlands, does raise\\na grass that subsists hundreds of thousands of cattle all", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "152 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nthe year round, so that their owners are never at one dol-\\nlar of expense to keep them.\\nThis is the famous wire-grass that grows every where in\\nthe piney woods, tender and nutritious when young, but\\ntough enough when old. It grows in tufts, starting out\\nfrom the root in early spring, and keeps on growing as fast\\nas the cattle eat it, until late in the fall, when it grows\\nmore slowly and the cattle are apt to leave it and seek the\\nmoss-draped hammocks for two or three months.\\nFlorida has other grasses too that are destined before\\nlong to supply her with all the hay she needs, some native,\\nothers imported. We shall speak of them by and by, but at\\npresent we shall only speak of those that make a close,\\nthick turf, and can be made important factors in the\\nwork of making home beautiful.\\nCarpet grass is one of them. It is a native of the coun-\\ntry, and makes a low, tolerably close mat of green, but it\\ndoes not grow evenly as a lawn grass should do, nor will it\\nendure uninjured even our light winters, so we do not very\\nmuch approve of carpet grass. We want something bet-\\nter and more permanent around our houses, and we find it\\nin Bermuda grass. This is a fine, dark-green turfy grass\\nthat is yearly growing more and more in favor the sole\\nobjection to it, either as lawn or pasture grass, being its\\nhabit of straying out of bounds, and this is a very small\\nmatter in comparison with its real value. We heard of\\nBermuda grass when we first came to Florida, and there\\nchanced to be a small patch of it on our land, where a few\\nroots, sent to the former owner from Kentucky, had been\\ncarelessly stuck down. The patch was not a yard square,\\nand no more was to be had. But we wanted grass, no mat-\\nter how little it might be. We felt lost without our plat\\nof green to rest the eyes on when sitting on the porch,\\nso two small plats of the sandy soil were leveled ofi* and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. 153\\ninclosed by a border of strips, one on each side of the broad\\npath leading down to the lakelet, and then the few roots\\nof Bermuda were .planted in spots about twenty inches\\napart. They looked very ridiculous at first, little dried-\\nup wisps of straw, somebody called them with the bare\\nsand dividing them from each other, it seemed hopeless to\\nexpect ever to see those desolate-looking plats covered with\\ngrass. But the little dried-up wisps, as soon as they re-\\ncovered from their astonishment at being moved, put up\\ntiny green blades, and kept on trying to shake hands with\\ntheir neighbors, until, in less than a year, they succeeded\\nin embracing each other and uniting into one beautiful\\nbrotherhood of emerald-green turf. Another year, and so\\nluxuriant was its growth, that the boundary strips were\\nremoved and leave given it to roam whither it would so,\\nnow, a fine large plat of deep green stretches out before\\nthe house, where, only a few years ago, was nothing but\\nrough, weed-infested sand, hard to walk on, ofttimes pain-\\nfully hot to the feet and glaring to the eyes whenever the\\nsun was shining. The horses rejoice to graze on it when-\\never permitted, the cows and calves eagerly munch the\\nsweet hay it makes when cut, as it has to be several times\\neach summer when it has grown up to be eight or ten inches\\nhigh children love to roll on it, and visitors exclaim, while\\nwonderingly rubbing their feet back and forth on the short,\\nspringy turf, I ve never seen any thing like this in Flor-\\nida. But there is no reason why it should not be seen all\\nover the State, wherever there is a house occupied by peo-\\nple who want to make a home in the land of their adoption.\\nIn the particular case we have referred to the creeping\\npropensities of the one-time small plat of green turf are\\nso far from being regarded with terror that they are being\\nencouraged, and a few years hence, from present appear-\\nances, from house to lakelet will be one beautiful lawn,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "154 HOME LIFE IN FLORID A.\\nrefreshing to the eyes and a thing of joy forever to the\\nhorses or calves that may be tethered thereon. There will\\nbe trees in its midst, orange, pear, peach, Japan plum,\\nJapan persimmon but we have no fears of their being\\ninjured by the grass, rather will their roots be shaded and\\nthe ground made richer by the turf that w^ill decay around\\nthem, as nine years of experience has proved.\\nWe used to be told that a lawn of grass was impossible\\nin the piney w^oods of Florida, but we laugh at that idea\\nnow. The Bermuda looks well all the year round, though\\nduring the months of December and January it stands still,\\nand sometimes looks a little weary of well-doing, it never\\ndies down entirely on poor soil it spreads slowly, on good\\nground, or with a top-dressing of stable-manure, ashes or\\nbone-meal, it grows rapidly and tall. It crowds out obnox-\\nious weeds, and altogether lends so pleasant and homelike\\nan air to one s garden that we can not too strongly urge\\nthe Florida settler to plant Bermuda, or, as it is really\\nnamed after its introducer, a sea captain, Permudy grass,\\nclose to their houses.\\nFamiliarity breeds contempt, and we are so accus-\\ntomed to see grass around our houses at the North, wher-\\never there is room for it, that we do not realize until we\\nsee an expanse of desolate, weed-grown sand, what a great\\nfactor it is in our lives.\\nLooking at the great oleander trees, with their stiff, dark-\\ngreen leaves and bright pink flow^ers, growing so luxuriantly\\nwithout care all the year round out in the open, it is\\nhard to realize that this is the same plant that is so highly\\nprized and so tenderly cared for in our Northern homes.\\nThere they are reared in boxes, and at the first approach\\nof cold weather hurried off into the w^armer cellars, a\\nspecimen six feet high being regarded as a great possession.\\nHere we see them every where, in every yard of any", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "HOME SUEEOUNDINGS. 155\\npretensions, towering to the height of thirty feet and load-\\ned with blooms. Their growth is very rapid in four years\\non poor soil, a slip rooted in a bottle will become a wide-\\nspreading tree ten feet high. Delicate vines, that will\\nhardly grow at all in the chilly North, here flourish in the\\nAvildest luxuriance, and in our milder winters do not even\\ndie down to the roots, and, when they do, set to work again\\nin the spring just as if nothing had happened to them.\\nIt is well known that the most beautiful roses are the\\nmost tender, and can not be raised in the open air at the\\nNorth but here they run riot, and not only so, but many\\nof the tea-roses that are not supposed to be runners at all\\nbecome regular runaways and clamber all over one s porch\\nor lattice- work the glorious, fragrant queen of flowers,\\npeeping out here and there, amid a mass of tangled vines\\nin such unexpected places that vague ideas of a return of\\nthe days of miracles float about in one s mind, until a close\\nexamination reveals the runaway rose branch hiding slyly\\namidst the dense foliage of another plant. In fact, the\\nways of the denizens of the vegetable w^orld in Florida\\nare full of surprises to the ignorant Northern mind, and\\ntheir ways eccentric to the last degree.\\nMorning-glories, that grow so luxuriantly in the North,\\nare apt to become curious dwarfs here, miniature plants\\nthat trail for two or three feet on the ground and bear\\nflowers proportionate in size. Cypress vines, so tender and\\nshy of growth in the North, in Florida run rampant, climb-\\ning to the tops of fences and lattice-work, and then drooping\\ndownward like beautiful feathery cascades of scarlet and\\ngreen, or else ramble at will over the ground in wild\\nbeauty, running up to the tops of tall weeds, then down,\\nand here and there and every where.\\nTuberoses, lilies, and hyacinths, among bulbous roots,\\ndo well and there are beautiful white lilies and pink lilies", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "156 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ngrowing wild iu the hammocks, that flourish when trans-\\nplanted to a flower-bed. The bona nox (good-night) is a\\nremarkably rapid-growing vine, with leaves shaped much\\nlike an ivy, set singly about three inches apart, on a slim,\\nleathery, pliable stem; it is not only, as we have said, so\\nrapid a grower that it is sometimes called railroad ivy,\\nbut from the base of each leaf two or three stems start out,\\neach of which seems to vie with the other as to which can\\ntravel the fastest. The result is a fine, dense shade in an\\nincredibly short space of time, if one only has the patience\\nto keep pace w^ith the long, down-reaching stems that hang\\nhelplessly downward, waiting to be put up like long hair\\nthat has no curl to it.\\nThe flower of the bona nox is as much of a curiosity as\\nthe vine itself. It is large and pure white, save for faint\\ngreen bauds that mark it off* in several divisions. It is\\nshaped like a shallow convolvulus, w^ith tips so decidedly\\npointed as, w-hen open, to present a star-like appearance.\\nIt is a handsome, waxy, showy flower but the most curi-\\nous thing about it is its manner of opening it don t do it\\nat all in the quiet, respectable way, so fashionable in the\\nworld of flowers. It reminds one of those jerky, excitable\\npeople who move through life on springs, who bounce and\\nthump over every little unevenness in their path, who can\\nnot work quietly nor open a door save with a jerk. This\\nis just the way the bona nox behaves; from the seed to the\\nflower it growls with one continuous rush, as though run-\\nning for a wager and the flower well, you see the long,\\nwhite bud, just as the sun has put his night-cap on and\\ngone to bed it is about three inches in length, like a slen-\\nder finger you see it there among the thick, green leaves,\\nlying perdu but the moment the bright luminary sinks to\\nrest the bud awakes to a sense of its own impoliteness to\\nthe god of day, and lo in an instant, while you draw a", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. 157\\nbreath, the bud is gone and in its place a broad, white\\nflower is nodding bonanox good night. It is like a\\ntransformation scene in a fairy tale, one moment a bud, the\\nnext, in the twinkling of an eye, the full-blown flower. So\\nquickly does it open, that even when waiting on purpose\\nto see it, one often fails, though sometimes a slight tremor\\nis visible, as though a tiny elf were inside the bud, slyly\\ncasting loose its bonds. Opening at sunset, the flower re-\\nmains open until the sun rises again. This curious vine is\\nat the beck and call of every one, for it is a native of the\\nhammock and readily propagated from the seed or root. It\\nis the now famous Moon Flower, recently introduced in\\nthe North and Europe.\\nAnother native vine, also a strong grower, and bearing\\na pink, convolvulus-shaped flower and a pretty shield-like\\nleaf, is the evening glory. This, like the bona vox, opens\\nafter the sun has sunk low in the west, unless when the\\nday proves to be that rare thing in Florida, a thoroughly\\ncloudy day, and then it remains open.\\nThe yellow jessamine is another favorite for home deco-\\nration, and abundant in the hammocks its quick growth,\\nonce it gets started, its abundant, permanent foliage and\\nfragrant yellow flowers, and above all its scornful disregard\\nof frosty weather, which makes sad havoc of the bona nox\\nand evening glory, all combine to make it very desirable\\nto train over our porches and arbors wherever needed.\\nThe clematis, coral honey suckle, Virginia creeper, and\\ntrumpet creeper, that seems to have no particular name,\\nare also to be found in the hammocks, and all of these na-\\ntive vines seem not to mind their transfer to pine lands,\\nbut thrive and grow apace.\\nThe question of shade is of no small importance in a\\nland where three fourths of the year is summer, and where\\nthe sun shines nearly every day. Occasionally the new-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "158 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ncomer is fortunate euoiigli to find a few large oak trees\\ngrowing on the site he has fixed on for his house, and then,\\nif the latter is built to the northeast of these and not very\\nfar away, their dense foliage will shield the southern and\\nwestern rooms from the direct rays of the summer s sun, a\\nblessing not to be despised.\\nAs to the pine trees that may be on the building site,\\nthey must come down, every one of them nay, we are\\nwrong, a lightning-rod is wanted, and tlfese tall pines\\nmake very effective ones there should be one left standing\\non each side of the house, deadened of course, and so far\\naway (but no farther) that, if some day they come top-\\npling down before a lively breeze, they will not come\\nTap, tap, tapping at the door,\\nSplintering that and something more.\\nIn planting shade trees, and this is one of the first things\\nthat should be done, no more beautiful and no more rapid\\ngrowers can be found than the Texas umbrella tree and its\\nkindred, but less symmetrical tree, the China-berrij. Their\\ngraceful, fern-like foliage adds not a little to the attractive\\nlooks of a Florida home.\\nThe mulberry is another rapidly growing shade tree.\\nTwo or three of these set on the south side of a house\\nwill, in a few years, give as dense a shade as one need de-\\nsire; but these trees have the disadvantage of being at a\\ncertain season almost stripped of their leaves by an ugly\\nworm that takes possession of them and well-nigh skele-\\ntonizes them. The Russian mulberry, however, is exempt\\nfrom this drawback, having no insect enemies. In the\\nwinter also they are apt to lose their leaves just as they do\\nat the North.\\nWhere porches can not be afforded, and trees are being\\nwaited for, an excellent plan is to put up an arbor such", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. 159\\nas is commouly used for grape-vines. Let it be parallel\\nwith the house, on the south or west, since these are the\\npoints where the summer s sun rests all the day long, and\\nabout eight to ten feet from it make a slatted roof sloping\\nfrom the wall, and then plant rapid-growing vines of all\\nkinds and train them up the arbor. It is really wonderful\\nhow quickly an efficient shade can be obtained in this sim-\\nple Avay and the effect is charming the various shades of\\ngreen, dotted all over with the buff, orange, and white of\\nthe thunbergias, the light yellow of the jessamine, and the\\nvivid scarlet of the cypress one or two of the swift-grow-\\ning wild, or, better still, Scuppernong grape-vines will help\\ngreatly to make the green background for the vivid flow-\\ners, and by and by these grape-vines may be left in undis-\\nputed possession of the arbor, furnishing not only a leafy\\nscreen, but an abundance of grapes.\\nAVhile the vines are growing up the sides of the arbor,\\nhow about its roof? We want shade under that too, want\\nit at once to keep the sun, when high in the heavens, from\\npeeping down inside our green wall and heating the wooden\\nwalls of our house.\\nAn awning stretched over the slatted roof is just the\\nthing, not a water-proof one either, but one which will\\nward off the fierce rays of the sun while allowing the rain\\nto pass through it, because you want a flower-bed under\\nyour window, and flowers need rain.\\nUnder such an awning as we have in our mind, and, we\\nmay add, shading our study, plants will grow that could\\nnot be raised in Florida without some such shelter here,\\nunder the reflected sunlight that sifts down to the ground,\\nhyacinths, pansies, violets, fuchsias, and geraniums wax\\nexceedingly beautiful and grow apace under the sheltering\\ncare of bagging stuff; yes, just those coarse bags in which\\noats, coffee, and corn are sold; rip them open, sew them", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "160 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ntogether, nail them ou your slatted roof, and the work\\nis done.\\nReally, this subject seems inexhaustible, and in fact it\\nis so, for there is none more important nor more suscepti-\\nble of new ideas than this, of making a home that will sat-\\nisfy heart, mind, and body, and conduce to content, cheer-\\nfulness, and health.\\nWe have already wandered round considerably out of\\ndoors; that is a way we have of doing in Florida, three\\nfourths of our time at least, and consequently we are not\\nquite prepared to go in yet.\\nWe have told somev\\\\^hat of the wealth of beautiful flow-\\ners and vines that may be gathered around the house, and\\ntrained over the porches, but we have not yet mentioned\\none of the most important and by far the most fragrant,\\nthe evening jessamine. It is impossible for the Northern\\nmind to conceive, from its home experience, the strong,\\nthrifty growth of this much-prized plant in this genial\\nclime. The plant, as it is known there, is a frail, delicate\\nthing, of slow and precarious growth, almost impossible to\\nrear outside of conservatories, a pampered, aristocratic\\ndarling, over whose wayward blossoming there is much\\nrejoicing and much boasting. We remember that, a few\\nyears back, our whole family was summoned one evening,\\nin great haste, to the house of a neighbor to view the bloom\\nof the cherished evening jessamine, growing in a small\\nflower-pot, and to enjoy the delicious perfume it exhaled\\nwe were made hapj^y by the presentation of a slip for root-\\ning, that we might go and do likewise. But now, to\\nsee this sdme fragrant, delicate night-bird among flowers\\nin Florida!\\nThree years ago a tiny slip, not six inches tall, rooted in\\na box, was set at the end of our ten-feet-wide piazza, for-\\ntunately, as the result proved, it was placed near the mid-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. 161\\ndie. At the present time, although several times it was\\nkilled back almost to the ground, that wonderful jessamine\\nforms a dense, fan-shaped shade all over the end of the pi-\\nazza a foot or more in thickness, and reaching several feet\\nabove the piazza roof. Almost all the year it is in bloom,\\nand as darkness settles down upon the earth its little star-\\nlike flowers, gathered in clusters, peep out to see what the\\nstars look like, and toss their fragrant greeting abroad in\\nthe air. Then, if never before, we understand what is\\nmeant by the air being heavy with perfume. Sometimes\\nit is almost too powerful, and then we indulge a wish that\\nour much-valued jessamine was a little further away but\\nusually we are not disposed to quarrel with it.\\nOf course the various plants and vines are the better for\\nsuitable food. We don t expect people or horses to work\\non day after day without nutriment, yet some people do\\nexpect their vegetable servants, which are living things as\\nwell, to exist and grow without food. Their requirements\\nare modest: on hammock land they will ask no help\\nfor a few years, but on pine land they will need more at\\nfirst than later on. There, you see, is the difference between\\nhammock and pine land, as those who are ahead of their\\ntimes are beginning to discover; one, better at the start,\\ndeteriorates; the other, poor at the start, constantly im-\\nproves. If some muck, rotten leaves, cow-chips, or stable-\\nmanure, can be spaded into the flower-beds, before setting\\nout the plants, so much the better; but if the plants are\\nready first, this can be done later on, although of course\\nmore care must then be exercised not to disturb the newly\\nanchored roots.\\nA wonderful tonic and invigorator of the growth of\\nplants, not only in Florida, but every where, is a weekly\\nor semi-weekly dose of liquid manure, made thus two\\nbuckets, or twenty pounds, of stable-manure to one barrel\\n11", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "162 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nof water let it stand for twenty -four hours before using.\\nIt should be of the color of w^eak coffee when applied, and\\nsometimes it is necessary to dilute it to attain this color.\\nAn ounce or two of carbolic acid is a great improvement,\\nas it serves to discourage the Meddlesome Matties so\\nnumerous among the insect families.\\nA heavy mulch of leaves, grass, or pine needles, will be\\nof double advantage, not only retaining moisture and an\\neven temperature for the roots of trees and plants, but also\\npreventing the continuous and excessive growth of weeds,\\nwhich, proverbially rampant all over the w^orld, are not\\nbackward in asserting themselves in Florida.\\nWeeds, we say; yet, after all, what are weeds? The\\nfact is it all depends on where one stands. How we cher-\\nish and coax geraniums to grow, buying plants and seeds\\nfrom the nurseryman yet in Australia, their native land,\\nthey are weeds, and regarded as nuisances. Our Northern\\nflorists advertise, among others, the rose geranium, and\\ntheir customers think highly of them here, in Florida,\\nthey run rampant. Put a tiny slip from a bouquet into a\\nFlorida bed, and in a few months it will be trespassing on\\nits neighbors domains it will travel right and left, and\\nactually become a runner. It keeps one busy lopping off\\ngreat arm-loads of straggling branches but we don t quar-\\nrel with it after all. The leaves are fragrant and form a\\npretty addition to bouquets the mass of green is always\\nacceptable to the eye, and when a geranium is planted here\\nand there about the grounds and trained into a mound-\\nshape the effect is very pleasing; but still these gerani-\\nums are in a measure weeds in Florida.\\nAnd how the Northern gardener sows seeds year after\\nyear of the phlox and petunia. In Florida all that is\\nnecessary is to once sow a small paper of these seeds, and\\nhenceforth, year after year, phlox and petunias greet you", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. 163\\nevery where, nodding their gay little heads in the grass-\\nplats, the flower-beds, and the corn-field; then, you see,\\nthey become weeds; it is the same with the cypress vine,\\nthe bona nox, and in fact with almost every plant that has\\nseeds. It is wonderful how persistently they sow them-\\nselves broadcast There is a miniature portulacca, with\\npink floAvers about a quarter of an inch in diameter, a\\nnative of the soil, that is rather pretty, but becomes a\\nnuisance because it degenerates into a weed and keeps one\\nconstantly on the war-path.\\nThe ease with which delicate plants, guarded and cher-\\nished at the North, perpetuate themselves in Florida, and\\nimitate the example of the famous Topsy, who was not\\nbrought up, but just growed, is a source of surprise to\\nnatives of the more chilly States but it is readily traced\\nto its cause, no freezing to kill the germs of the tender seeds.\\nOne of the most striking and distinctively tropical plants\\nthat one can find to set out in the Florida flower-garden\\nis the native yucca, or, as it is generally called, the\\nSpanish bayonet. This is a curious plant found in the\\nhammocks, and bears transplanting to pine land very well.\\nIt is formed by a straight spine, as it were, on which are\\nthickly set long, narrow, stifle-edged leaves, which droop\\ndownward and are armed at the point with a sharp spine,\\nwhence its name, Spanish bayonet. It often attains a\\nheight of ten or twelve feet, and here and there, especially\\nnear the top, short stubs project, which, being detached\\nand planted, will soon root and start out in life on their\\nown account. This plant is an ornament of itself; but\\nwhen, in June usually, it sends upward one or more tall\\nstalks, three or four of them sometimes, thickly draped\\nwith large, pure white, bell-like flowers, Avhat shall we say\\nIt is then a beautiful object that one never tires of looking\\nat, and its snowy plumes attract the eye from a long dig-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "164 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ntance. But we have dealt with the esthetic part of our\\nsubject long enough esthetic, yet not in this case useless,\\nfor one s home can not be made too attractive.\\nBut it must have its creature comforts too for we are\\nof the earth earthy. Not one of the least of these is\\nthe water-supply. There are a few houses in Florida whose\\nowners have provided large tanks on the roof, into which\\nwater is pumped from a lake or well by means of a wind-\\nmill, pipes leading from the tank conducting w^ater through-\\nout the dwelling and these convenient contrivances can,\\nas we have seen, be had by people of moderate means.\\nIn a few localities only, well-water is not good, being hard\\nfrom the underlying limestone rock but all through the\\nrolling pine lands the water obtained from the wells is\\nsoft and as pure as crystal; indeed, none better could\\nbe desired. During the summer months it is not as cool\\nas the Northern taste could wish, bred up, as it is, with the\\nidea that ice in the summer is a necessity. In fact, this\\nlack of ice is at first one of the settler s greatest depriva-\\ntions but with this, as with all things, time eftects a cure,\\nand by and by the water seems to grow cooler, and rarely\\nfails to quench the summer thirst. One could almost de-\\nclare, after the first summer, that it actually has become\\ncooler, so powerful is custom. It is possible, too, to make\\na decided change in the temperature of the water by keep-\\ning that intended for drinking in those large earthenware\\njars that are manufactured for the purpose, water-jars,\\nthey are called. The writer has seen them in use in South\\nAmerica, and they are equally useful in Florida drawing\\nthe water over night and allowing it to stand out where\\nthe night air will blow over it is a good way to secure a\\ncool morning drink. In the fall, winter, and spring months,\\nthe water is quite cool enough for any one, and often\\nmakes one s teeth ache.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "nOME SURROUNDINGS. 165\\nAs to the depth at which water is met with, it all de-\\npends on location. If dug on a decided knoll, thirty or\\nforty feet are not uncommon before the water-level is\\nreached. On lesser knolls (it is very unusual to see a\\nFlorida home that is not built on a rise water is often\\nfound at from eight to twelve feet. Of course the water-\\nlevel varies with the wet or dry season, and so it is always\\nbest to dig, if possible, when the lakelets round about have\\nreached their minimum. If you can not do this, the well\\nwill have to be deepened as the surrounding lakes lower\\ntheir waters. It costs from fifty to seventy-five cents per\\nfoot to have the well dug, and until clay is reached the\\nsides must be curbed and the cost of planking must be\\nadded to the sum total. Usually the well for family use\\nwill not altogether cost more than eight to ten dollars. As\\na rule, the bucket, rope, and pulley are the means em-\\nployed to obtain the water. Pumps are as yet a rarity,\\nnot quite so much as they were a few years ago, but still\\nfar more so than they should be, with a due regard for the\\npatient workers on whom the burden of hauling up the\\nheavy buckets from the depths of the well usually falls.\\nThere is quite work enough for the women of the family\\nto do without this needless and heavy task being added.\\nSo rare were pumps when we came to Florida, that ours\\nwas the first one for a circuit of some miles. So great a\\ncuriosity was our modest Cucumber, that our humbler\\nneighbors made many a pilgrimage to its shrine and opened\\ntheir eyes in wonder at the ease with which the waters\\ndrawed up. They had never seen, nor heard, nor dreamt\\nof such a wonderful thing. Our colored washerwoman\\nhad to be taught how to pump water, and her shy and\\nawkward attempts to work the handle were ludicrous in\\nthe extreme. It was the same with the plowmen coming\\nin from the field hot and thirsty. They would look help-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "166 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nlessly at that ere queer post guarding the well, and cau-\\ntiously touch the handle and start back amazed at the ease\\nwith which it moved. Told to raise and lower it, they\\nwould lift it slowly a few inches and then as carefully drop\\nit, looking bewildered when the spout, where they were\\ntold the Avater Avould appear, failed to deliver up its treas-\\nure. Then we would sally forth to the rescue, and a de-\\nlighted grin would dawn upon their dusky faces as the\\nclear, steady stream poured out. Fore de Lawd, dat s\\npowerful smart Lawd s sake, hit is After that we\\nused to tremble for the life of our valves and piston as they\\nrattled up and down to satisfy a strangely frequent thirst,\\nso frequent that at last it compelled a remonstrance.\\nWe repeat, every well should be topped by a pump, and\\nevery pump should be handy to the kitchen, if not actually\\ninside its walls. Every housewife s work is hard enough\\nwithout the unnecessary addition of hauling up heavy\\nbuckets of water. A sink ujider the spout to catch and\\ncarry away waste water, with a ti ough leading to a half-\\nhogshead sunk in the ground, will be found of great ad-\\nva^ntage, not only in saving the carrying away of heavy\\npans of dish-water, but also in preserving the latter for\\nuse as a fertilizer. Let the reservoir be emptied every\\nafternoon toward sunset, the best time always for watering\\ntrees. Dash the soapy water around the fruit trees within\\nreach, not too close to the tree, for the true feeding root-\\nlets are some distance from it, and you will be surprised to\\nsee how the trees thus treated will outstrip the others.\\nIt is not a good plan to set out orange or lemon trees too\\nnear the house, yet we are all apt to make this mistake.\\nThe trees look so small when set out that it is hard to real-\\nize that in a few years time they will be towering toward\\nthe house-top and their branches spreading wider and wider\\neach year.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. 167\\nA case in point is that of a neighbor who, twelve years\\nago, in a country then unsettled, planted orange and lemon\\ntrees and built his house in the midst of them. For years\\npast those trees have been crowding the house, so that it\\nis entirely hidden save the roof, their branches rubbing\\nagainst the walls, reaching through the open windows and\\nso shutting out sunshine and air that now it has become\\nimperative either to remove the too vigorous trees or build\\na new house further out in the one only direction left un-\\noccupied by them, and the latter has been chosen as the\\nlesser evil.\\nForty feet is quite near enough to set an orange or lemon\\ntree to one s house nearer will surely be repented of sooner\\nor later, and then the trees, bearing by that time, will have\\nto be moved and all profit from them lost for several years\\nto come, and only those who have tried it can .tell the im-\\nmense amount of courage required to move a bearing tree.\\nIn point of fact, we would advise setting no lemon or\\norange trees near the house at all, unless it were a few\\nscattering ones of the Tangierine orange, which is partic-\\nularly ornamental in shape and fruit.\\nWe would inclose a half acre or so in a neat fence sur-\\nrounding the home, and lay it all out in walks, a carriage-\\ndrive circling around the dwelling, and in Bermuda or\\nother lawn-grass.\\nThen here and there we would have clumps of Texas\\nChina umbrella trees, mulberry trees, Russian preferred,\\nJapanese persimmons, Japan plums or medlars, and a live-\\noak or two.\\nOne or two rustic summer-houses and a few stumps, some\\nlow, some tall, covered with cypress, thunbergias, yellow\\njessamines, coral honey suckles or Virginia creepers, would\\ncomplete as beautiful, home-like a spot as one could find\\nany where.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "168 HOME LIFE m FLORIDA.\\nWe would add, too, in one corner, a Scuppernong grape\\ncanopy, which would give a gloriously dense shade under\\nwhich to swing one s hammock on a summer s day.\\nAll these things are easily obtainable and cost very little\\nmoney; but they are worth hundreds of dollars to the\\nhealth and buoyancy of the home life. Natural beauties,\\nlike songs, go deep.\\nThere are plenty of fruits that may be set in the house-\\nlot in addition to those we have mentioned.\\nPeach, loquat, Japanese persimmon, fig, and pear trees,\\nguavas, limes, and bananas, these are the fruits to scat-\\nter around the house. These and flowers and shade trees\\nand grass, surely they are quite enough without the larger\\ngrowing trees, whose proper place is in the grove where\\nthey may spread and stretch their great and thorny arms\\nwithout knocking down the house or breaking the windows.\\nGrape-vines, trained on canopy arbors, afford a pleasant\\nshade, and it is ornamental as well as useful to run an ar-\\nbor on each side of the w^alk leading from the house to the\\nchicken-yard an arbor with a top and train grape and\\nother vines over it.\\nThe chicken-yard should not be too far from the house,\\nand, unless it opens on a woodland where the fowls can\\nrange, it should be of ample dimensions, for they will not\\nkeep healthy unless they have plenty of room to range.\\nThe yard should be inclosed by a picket fence, high, if the\\ncommon Florida chickens are to be kept in it for they\\nare veritable gad-abouts, and are as quick to skim over\\na five-foot fence as to pick up a grain of corn.\\nSelect the site for the chicken-yard with a view to con-\\nvert it into a vegetable or fruit garden after the chickens\\nhave fertilized it for two or three years. It will be the\\nrichest part of your land.\\nLet the chicken-house be built of slats, placed about", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HOME SURROUNDINGS. l69\\none inch apart this will allow necessary ventilation and\\nyet be tight enough to prevent the inroads of marauding\\nskunks and possums, both of which are sufficiently bold\\nand numerous to render precaution desirable. Balked of\\ntheir prey by other means, they will even condescend to\\ngrub for it, and if bottom boards are not sunk a few\\ninches in the ground, will dig below the slats and effect an\\nentrance. But with the precautions named and a tight\\nroof, not an open one as some of the old natives will con-\\ntend for, you may snap your fingers at the four footed ene-\\nmies of your feathered property and, if there be any near\\nneighbors of the colored persuasion, whose love for\\nchickens is proverbial, a padlock will put an effectual stop\\nto their nocturnal depredations.\\nFowls of all kinds, and almost all breeds, do well in\\nFlorida, and there is very little sickness among them.\\nMore on this subject anon.\\nHawks make sad havoc sometimes among young broods\\nthat are allowed to have free range but if kept in a small\\nyard made for that purpose and Avith strings running across\\nit here and there, high enough not to interfere with any\\none walking there, no haw^k will make way with the young\\nchicks. It is a singular fact that a hawk will not fly down\\nbelow a string. In our own experience we lost dozens of\\nour downy little pets until, learning of this device, we\\nadopted it, and thenceforth not a single hawk swooped\\ndown into the chicken-yard. The chicks were kept there,\\nprotected by the strings, until about three months old,\\nwhen they were turned out upon the world big enough and\\nstrong enough to take care of themselves.\\nAnd now for the present we are done rambling out of\\ndoors, and shall proceed to look around inside and discuss\\nthe question so perplexing to settlers, Of what to bring,\\nand what not to bring for household and for personal use.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "170 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nWHAT SHALL I NEED\\nThis is a question that has doubtless perplexed every\\nhouseholder and prospective settler, when breaking up the\\nold home and getting ready for the new\\nWhat shall I need there, what shall I take, what leave\\nbehind?\\nIt is a very curious thing to those who know Florida as\\nit is, to learn how very wild and erroneous are the ideas\\nfloatino^ about over the rest of the United States concern-\\ning their southernmost sister. Only a few days since, for\\ninstance, we read an editorial in a Northern paper, one too\\nthat should have known better, in which it was stated that\\nall Florida houses outside of the cities were built on the\\nedges of swamps, that there was not enough dry land in\\nthe State to permit them to be built any where else that\\nsnakes were every where under foot, and when the doors\\nwere opened in the morning the snakes would crawl into\\nthe houses. The fools are not all dead yet but, for all\\nthat, we of Florida can well afford to laugh at these impo-\\ntent attempts to injure a noble State that is well able to\\nspeak for herself by her works.\\nThe tide of immigration that set in Floridaward ten\\nyears ago, and has constantly increased ever since, until\\nto-day it is flowing wide and deep from every State in the\\nUnion, from England, Scotland, Sweden, is quite strong\\nenough of itself to disprove all falsehoods and jealous mis-\\nrepresentations.\\nNot less wide of the truth are some of the ideas taken\\nup by intending settlers as to Avhat articles of household\\nfurniture and clothing they will find use for after reaching", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "what shall I NEED? 171\\ntheir new home. The idea of perpetual summer all the\\nyear round is one of these, and consequently all warm\\nclothing is left behind, packed up, or else reluctantly\\ngiven away and more often than not, when the mistake\\nis made, the settler does not find it out until the very mo-\\nment when the article left in the North is needed, and then\\nhe and his family suffer from cold.\\nSuffer from cold in Florida we hear some of our\\nreaders exclaim. Even so; there are certain months of\\nthe year, as we have already noted, when it is quite possi-\\nble to suffer from cold, if not properly protected from it\\nfor it is certainly there to be felt.\\nIt is not at all necessary that the thermometer should\\nsink to the freezing point before the human frame becomes\\nsusceptible to a sense of chilliness if that were so, then\\nfires and warm clothing would be seldom needed in the\\nmore southern portions of this State. But, as it is, a tem-\\nperature much below seventy degrees speedily chills the\\nblood if one is sitting still, and there are many days of\\nthe Florida winter when the thermometer marks far below\\nthis. The winter temperature of Florida is much like that\\nof the typical May and September of the Middle States\\nPennsylvania, New Jersey, and thereabouts.\\nFor over twenty years, in the latitude of Jacksonville,\\nthe thermometer during January, February, and March,\\naveraged sixty-two degrees. At St. Augustine it was rather\\nlower, fifty-nine degrees, the direct sea air counteracting\\nthe southing of this quaint old town as compared with\\nJacksonville. Further south and in the interior counties\\nthe average for winter is about sixty -eight, sometimes\\nhigher, less often lower occasionally light films of ice may\\nbe seen early in the morning on water standing exposed.\\nWe saw it twice in Sumter County during our first four\\nFlorida winters, and once it lasted in the shade an eighth", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "172 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nof an inch thick until noon, the thermometer marking\\nthirty-one it had been twenty-nine at day-light and that\\nwas the lowest we ever saw^ it until the winter of 1886.\\nIt was our first winter, and we felt as if we had met with\\na pretty cool reception in our new home, and wondered in\\nrather a dazed, dumbfounded fashion if this was the way\\nthat Florida winters usually behaved. We felt rather dis-\\nconsolate over it until assured by the old settlers of nine\\nand ten years standing that they had never seen such a\\ncold storm before, and they told the truth too. For three\\ndays the wind blew and the rain fell, and the thermometer\\nfell too, steadily going lower and lower until it reached\\nthe point we have named.\\nFlorida houses, as a rule, are not built for cold weather\\nthere is so little of it that many think it is not w^orth while\\nto go to the expense of a tight building; still, on all ordi-\\nnary occasions, there is no trouble in keeping warm and\\ncomfortable.\\nBut this occasion we have referred to was not an ordin-\\nary one at all such a storm, we are happy to say, was\\nalmost unprecedented. There was a small stove in the\\nhall, quite enough to take the chill off the adjoining rooms\\nduring the usual cool snaps, but now it proved totally\\ninadequate a high, damp, rain-laden wind, sifting in\\nevery where, which practically dropped the temperature\\nmany degrees lower than the thermometer marked, and\\ncould not be endured by mortal frames without suffering.\\nThe dining-table was toted bodily into the kitchen,\\nfortunately a large one but the floor thereof, like those\\nof most Florida houses, built as they are of unseasoned\\nlumber, was decidedly open. Four pairs of feet, numbed\\nand cold, led their desperately astonished owners to the\\nattic, where a legion of comfortables, quilts, and blankets\\nwere hauled out from the resting-places where they had", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "what shall I NEED? 173\\nthought to remain in inglorious ease, and were made to\\ndo duty as carpets in the kitchen, all of the bona fide car-\\npets being down in their proper places in the deserted main\\nhouse. That made the four pairs of feet more like them-\\nselves but the four bodies hugged up close to the big\\nkitchen stove, and the pine wood was kept freely burning.\\nNow this yellow pine, almost universally used by the\\npine-landers in Florida for cooking purposes, has a way\\nsometimes of getting too much for one if due care is not\\nexercised there are certain pieces, easily recognized, that\\nare very fat, that is, they contain a larger proportion\\nthan usual of turpentine, and so ignite readily and burn\\nfiercely. Being more used to anthracite coal than to pine\\nwood, we did not realize this fact, neither did we notice\\nthat our supply of wood was of this fat description; so\\nwe piled it in the stove, and by-and-by the heat drove us\\nfurther oft then, looking up, we saw the stove-pipe as-\\nsuming a glowing hue close to the ceiling where it entered\\nthe brick flue next we saw something more, to our horror,\\nsmoke and flames beginning to curl up from the ceiling\\naround the pipe. Once a yellow-pine house takes fire\\nthere is no saving it, there are no hose carriages or fire\\nengines to be summoned, and the wood burns fiercely\\nand irresistibly. The sight of those creeping flames scared\\nthe chill blood away one ran for a ladder to reach the\\ntrap that had been made in the ceiling to meet just such\\noccasions as this, another scrambled like a cat up the\\npartition, on a clothes-horse, plunged through the open\\ntrap, and dashed a pail of water around the blazing pipe-\\nhole. Those below got a fine steam bath, and the one\\nabove came down looking like a chimney-sweep all over\\nsoot and cobwebs but no one regarded appearances just\\nthen, the threatening calamity v/as averted, the fire was\\nput out, and the immigrants were saved from being made", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "174 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nhomeless indeed. After that the flue was lined with a strip\\nof sheet iron, through which the pipe was made to pass,\\nand with reasonable care safety in the future was assured\\nand this is just what we earnestly urge every settler to do\\nbefore he even kindles a fire in his house. It is an em-\\nphatic illustration of the old proverb, that an ounce of\\nprevention is worth a pound of cure.\\nWe have already referred to the value of a copious water-\\nsupply from a windmill and house-tank in just such cases\\nas this.\\nBut not every one will or can have a windmill and it\\nis well to provide such other friends in need as may be\\npossible. There are hand-grenades designed for instant\\nuse, by means of which even a child can extinguish an in-\\ncipient fire, simply by throwing one into its midst, and this\\nresult is accomplished without injury to flesh or fabric.\\nThese are made by the Hayward Hand Grenade Fire Ex-\\ntinguisher Company, of 407 Broadway, New York.\\nThe Babcock Fire Extinguisher is another faithful\\nservant in such emergencies and even, as we write, the\\nreport comes in from a Florida town, half laid in ashes,\\nwhich are yet smoldering Some have sneered at the lit-\\ntle Babcock, but they will sneer no more. But for its\\nefficient work, our hotel must have gone with the rest;\\nnothing but this saved it. It is well to know, too, that\\na few bits of zinc thrown in the stove will extinguish at\\nonce any soot or fire in the chimney by dissolving the soot,\\na curious chemical result. This we know of our own ex-\\nperience. Sulphur is said to have the same effect.\\nIn saying that Florida houses are not built for cold\\nweather, we do not mean to assert that there are no houses\\nin the State that are as weather-proof as a good class of\\nNorthern dwellings. There are some such with tight win-\\ndows, tongued and grooved floor-boards, and plastered", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "what shall I NEED? 175\\nwalls, just as cosy and comfortable in cold weather as any\\nresidence in the North but these are the exceptions and\\nnot the rule. They are only found where the owner has a\\nsurplus of money, and usually it is the old settler become\\nwell-to-do from the profits of his grove who is the fortu-\\nnate man although of course among the incoming settlers\\nare a few, here and there, who come for the climate and\\nnot to carve a fortune, who are able to build such a house\\nas they choose, with every improvement and convenience.\\nSome prefer open fire-places, and certainly there is some-\\nthing cheerful about a great, roaring blaze, with the bright\\nflames leaping and dancing up the broad chimney. But\\nthen in Florida such a big fire is very rarely needed, or\\neven comfortable, and all the rest of the year one is con-\\nfronted by either the blackened hole in the wall or by\\nthe screen that conceals it. To many it is an item to be\\nconsidered that these great chimneys cost far more than the\\nsimple flues needed for stoves, the difference between fifty\\nand five dollars being considerable. To our mind the small\\nand ornamental stoves that are now in the market, costing\\nfrom eight to ten dollars, with doors that slide back from\\nthe front, leaving a pretty little grate exposed to view,\\nwhere the oak wood glows and sparkles, is far preferable\\nto the old style of open fire-place the heat can be regula-\\nted as desired, and when not needed, which is the case at\\nleast for eight months of the year, it can be removed from\\nsight it has all the cosy effect of the open fire-place with\\nnone of its disadvantages.\\nAnd now, before we turn from this subject of Florida\\nwinters, we will give our readers an insight into those few\\ndays of 1886, the counterpart of which neither they nor\\nany present adult inhabitant of Florida is ever likely to\\nsee again at least the chances are fifty to one that they\\nwill escape such a cool visit from Jack Frost.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "176 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nThe terrible cold wave that swept over the whole\\ncountry in January, 1886, penetrating even so far as the\\nCuban shores, was a phenomenal one, and as such should\\nbe recorded as a period of unusual interest.\\nOn the 7th and 8th of the month the Signal Service\\noffice at Jacksonville telegraphed all over the State that a\\nvery cold wind was approaching.\\nAll day long, on Friday the 8th, there was a very heavy\\nwind, and all through the night it blew and tore around\\nour dwelling, beating the branches of the lime trees against\\nthe walls, ripping up the banana leaves into ribbons, and\\nthrashing the roof with the branches of trailing vines.\\nA member of our family remarked that she thought\\nsomething was up, and we mildly suggested, as a big tin\\npan descended from its nail and rumbled over the piazza,\\nbewailing its fate, that we thought something was down.\\nThe wind kept on its wild career during Saturday and\\nSaturday night but it was not until late in the afternoon\\nthat the first warning breath from Jack Frost s capacious\\nlungs reached us and we began to realize that there would\\nbe full need for the huge wood-piles that hard work had\\nplaced en cordon around the bearing grove.\\nBefore long, hoAvever, it became more than doubtful\\nwhether even the hottest fires could avail to save the fruit\\nhanging upon the trees, the high wind carrying the warmed\\nair away too rapidly to effect much, if any, change in the\\ntemperature of the air in the grove.\\nBy seven o clock in the evening the thermometer marked\\n35\u00c2\u00b0, a thing not known here before, and it kept rapidly\\non in its downward course until, at seven o clock Sunday\\nmorning, it stood at 23\u00c2\u00b0 A hundred miles south of us,\\nat the same time, it marked 19\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThat Sunday was any thing but a day of rest on our\\npremises. All day long men and horses were at work feed-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "**WHAT SHALL I NEED? 177\\ning the fires and hauling more wood for the second night s\\ncampaign.\\nOver at the post-office, a group of blue-lipped, blue-\\nskinned, blue-all-over neighbors were comparing notes\\nthey were all on one key F(roze) sharp as to oranges,\\nTrees not hurt, so far.\\nWe pulled an orange from one of our scattering trees,\\noutside the fire protection, and it was a curiosity. A trans-\\nverse cut showed particles of ice to its very center.\\nIt was a joke we had never expected to see played on us\\nin Florida (our joyous, genial Florida to try to pour water\\nfrom our pitcher in the morning, tAvo hours after the fire\\nhad been kindled in the stove, and find it literally no go\\nbecause a thick covering of ice shut it in. But we don t\\nblame Florida, it was all Jack Frost s fault. She did not\\nlike him any more than we did pulled down a brown veil\\nall over her face and went into a brown study she was\\nvery absent-minded, particularly with regard to Jack,\\nfeeling she could cherish his memory more warmly if he\\nwere to absent himself. How can he expect to make warm\\nfriends when he treats them so frigidly\\nWhen we stepped out of doors Sunday morning the first\\nthing we saw called forth an exclamation Jack Frost s\\ncard, in the shape of a long, thick icicle depending from\\nthe ice-coated stone filter that stands on our porch, and\\nreaching from its point down into the bucket below, where\\nit rested on a sea of ice, more or less. In the provision\\ncloset, on the piazza, the butter was so solid that it had to\\nbe chopped the beefsteaks were stiff* as boards, and the\\npotatoes, cooked the day before, were so solid that they\\nactually bent the knife that foolishly essayed to cut them,\\nand had to be put in the oven to thaw out before a second\\nattack was made on them.\\nDid n t we wish we had a servant to take the brunt of\\n12", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "178 HOME LIFE m FLORIDA.\\ngetting breakfast that astonishing morning No, we did n t.\\nWe had cue once upon a time, and Avhen the cold morn-\\nings came ^just frosty and no more our cook might al-\\nways be found, at the time when breakfast should have\\nbeen ready with her feet in the oven, her hands spread\\nover the stove-top, and her head sunk into her shoulders,\\npatiently waiting for us to come and get her some wittels.\\nNo, we prefer having one less to wait on and more room\\nfor our own feet, w^hich were cold enough to feel as if our\\nteeth had somehow got into our shoes and were all aching\\ntogether.\\nHauling wood, feeding fires, shivering over the stoves,\\nwarm one side and freezing the other so the day passed\\nand another night came, and no one was sorry for the lat-\\nter, except those unlucky knights whose duty kept them\\noutdoors to battle with fire-brands against Jack Frost s\\nassaults on our fruit. The rest of us were glad to creep\\nbetween blankets, with a mountain of covers on top, and a\\nhot water can inside. What a tale to tell of balmy Florida\\nMonday, at seven in the morning, the thermometer\\nmarked 25\u00c2\u00b0. The day was cloudy, and the wind died\\npartially away. It was a noticeable fact, that whereas,\\nordinarily, a north wind alone brings us frosty weather,\\nthis unprecedented sna]) (even that of 1835 did not last so\\nlong) came from the west and southwest.\\nWhat a forlorn looking set of chickens were ours They\\nwere astonished, depressed, especially their tails, wdiich\\ntouched the ground as they sat around in groups with their\\nheads sunk into their shoulders. Of course their water-\\ntroughs were frozen over, and it was a comical sight to see\\nthese semi-tropical fowls striking their beaks again and\\nagain at the apparent water and then looking around in\\nbewilderment at the result. It kept us busy pouring warm\\nwater into the troughs to give them an occasional drink.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "what shall I NEED? 179\\nTuesday, at seven in the morning, the mark was 21\u00c2\u00b0,\\nthe lowest of all but toward nightfall the wind veered\\nfrom the inexorable west to the north and the northeast,\\nand there was a perceptible moderation of the sharpness\\nin the air. The sun sank with the th-ermometer at 36\u00c2\u00b0\\nhigher than it had been since Saturday afternoon and it\\nwas evident that the worst Avas over indeed, the friendly\\nSignal Office again notified us, this time, that Jack was\\ngoing home.\\nIt was full time, for the damage he did in those four days\\nwould with many take more than four years to repair.\\nNot only frozen fruit, but in numerous places young trees\\nwere gone. In a few instances even large, bearing trees\\nwere killed to the ground. The extreme southern sections\\nescaped but little better than the more northern portions,\\nand the famous frost line, that every body has been try-\\ning to locate these many years proved itself to be a grand\\nfraud and non-existent.\\nIt is a fact also to be noted that every where in the Great\\nLake regions, or wherever there was Avater protection, the\\ndamage done was less, because the temperature was per-\\nceptibly raised by the latent heat stored up in the great\\nsheets of water over which the cold wave passed.\\nThere were two or three decided flurries of snow during\\nTuesday it was cloudy and moderating, and as some of us\\nremarked, If we were North, we should say, it was go-\\ning to snow but we were just as astonished for all that.\\nSnow in Florida was one thing we had never expected to\\nsee nor ice that lay in the sun for three days without\\nthawing, ice several inches thick, and not artificial ice\\neither nor ice that remained in our rooms all day long in\\nspite of good, crackling fires nor water, spilled within four\\nfeet of the stove, that froze as it touched the floor.\\nWe are not likely to see another such visit from Jack", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "180 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFrost during our life-time, and we are perfectly sure no one\\nwants to.\\nAVe have now said enough to show that it would not be\\nwise to leave all warm clothing behind when bound for a\\nFlorida home bring it all, on the contrary, no matter how\\nold or shabby or condemned in the Northern home. That\\nis one of Florida s good points, the ability to wear out one s\\nclothes, even after the new shine is rubbed off; the fact is,\\nwe often think how we should pity the old clothes man,\\nif he should unhappily wander down to these regions he\\nwould find no stock in trade, for every body wears the old\\nclothes as long as they will hold together, keeping the best\\nfor Sunday-go-to-meeting occasions. He is wise who dresses\\naccording to his occupation, and rough work around farms\\nis more suitably done in old clothes. For a year or more\\nbefore we migrated from the North it was a standing joke,\\nwhen articles of dress became too shabby to wear for our\\ncity home, yet i\\\\ ere too good to give up entirely, to thrust\\nthem away into a trunk, with the laughing remark, This\\nwill do in Florida. We hardly expected to see the Land\\nof Flowers then, but we did, and every one of those cast-\\naway articles came into use, saving something better. Go\\nthou and do likewise, O future Floridian It is a wise\\nplan to follow, for it costs nothing and saves much. Old\\ncoats and pants, old dresses and sacks, old waterproofs, old\\nshoes, good, but too shabby to wear in thickly settled com-\\nmunities all these are treasure troves in the wild free life\\nof Florida s new settlements, and do just as well and bet-,\\nter to knock around in than newer and handsomer cloth-\\ning, to whose welfare thought must be given. The heavier\\nwinter flannels that are worn in our Northern homes are\\nworn by prudent people in Florida also during the months\\nof November, December, January, and February. When\\nthe temperature rises, the change in dress is made from the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "WHAT SHALL I NEED? 181\\noutside; a chilly, bracing day requires woolen clothing\\nin addition to the warm under-clothing on milder days,\\nand they predominate, wash-dresses for the women and\\nalpaca coats for the men are in order then, if there comes\\na sudden change, it is very easy to replace the heavy outer\\nclothing. The wearing of flannel next to the skin is an\\nimportant factor for the preservation of health, not alone\\nin Florida, however; it guards the body against sudden\\nchanges of temperature as no other clothing can do, because\\nit absorbs moisture from the skin, and so rapidly evaporates\\nit that, when a cool breeze is blowing, even though one s\\nouter clothing may be dripping with perspiration, it never\\nclings damp and wet to the body, chilling it to the bone,\\nas the saying is. Gauze flannel in summer and heavy flan-\\nnel in winter, these we would advise for Florida as much\\nas for a more variable clime.\\nFor summer weather one wears just the same as in the\\nNorth, except that in the evenings a light jacket or other\\nwrap of some kind is desirable, as also very often during\\nthe day if sitting out on the porch.\\nAnd now we are going to say something that will aston-\\nish most of our readers, yet we mean it, and it is true. It\\nis cooler in the summer in Florida than it is in the North-\\nern States, or in any other of the Southern yes, though\\nit is the most southerly of all.\\nThe Swiss dresses, that ladies frequently find occasion to\\nwear during the Northern summers, are rarely worn on the\\npeninsula of Florida, because of the cool breezes that are\\nconstantly sweeping over it from gulf to ocean and from\\nocean to gulf. It is a breeze that is always at odds with\\nthe thermometer always giving it the lie in the most\\nreckless manner for instance, one summer day our 7nater\\nfamiUas settled down on the porch to sew, but in a few\\nminutes rose up and departed in-doors, with the remark", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "182 HOME LIFE m FLORIDA.\\nthat it was too cool to be comfortable. It was mid-day\\nin the middle of July, and, according to the Northern ideas\\nand Northern practice at that hour, we should have been\\nmelting with fervid heat. We looked at the thermometer,\\nand it marked 88\u00c2\u00b0 The breeze and the thermometer were\\nquarreling as usual, you see, and the breeze had the best\\nof it it really was too cool to sit out of doors, in the shade\\nand this was not a rare occasion either. Of course the sun\\nis hot, so it is North, with no breeze three fourths of the\\ntime to temper its rays and who does not dread the swel-\\ntering, breathless days and nights of intense heat that\\nsandwich the cooler times all summer long? There is\\nnever a night in Florida when one can not sleep in comfort\\nor is compelled to toss or wander about seeking a cool sjjot\\nmore often than not a blanket is needed before morning.\\nAnd now as to furniture. A great many Floridians\\nlive on bare floors all the year round but that is not the\\nway the better classes like to live, if they can help them-\\nselves.\\nWe have heard of settlers who, before leaving their old\\nhomes, sold or gave away all of their household carpets.\\nWhat on earth should we do with carpets in Florida!\\nthey exclaim. Do why tread them under foot to be sure.\\nA Florida house has floors, surely and they are the better\\nfor being covered, not only for their attractiveness, but for\\ntheir owners comfort. There is something utterly cheerless\\nabout bare floors that takes away all the home feeling from\\na room, no matter how well it may be furnished otherwise\\nthe intrusive sound of every footstep, the scraping and\\nthumping whenever a piece of furniture is moved, carries\\nwith it a sense of discomfort to the ear, as the bare boards\\ndo to the eye. As to the statement made by some, that\\ncarpets bring fleas, it is simply humbug.\\nMatting is just the thing for summer use, and will do", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "WHAT SHALL I NEED? 183\\nvery well for the cooler months also, especially if rugs or\\nstrips of carpeting are laid by bed, bureau or washstand\\nthese give comfort to the feet and relieve the otherwise\\nchilly aspect of matting, especially if it be white. These\\nrugs and strips too will relieve the dreariness of a bare\\nfloor, if such there must be. But for those who have car-\\npets we would say, by all means bring them along and lay\\nthem on the floors, if not for all the year, at least for the\\nwinter months you will be glad enough to feel them un-\\nder your feet Avhen the cool winds are whistling outside and\\nthe cozy fire is burning merrily inside.\\nGood lamps are important items in the comfort of a\\nhousehold with a bright, clear, far-reaching light, the fam-\\nily circle of an evening is apt to be correspondingly socia-\\nble and cheerful with a poor dim light, those nearest the\\nlamp are the only ones satisfied, and the outsiders are\\nmore likely than not to go grumblingly to bed.\\nWe found this so in our own experience coming from\\na city of abundant gas-lights, such lamps as we were able\\nto procure were totally unsatisfying.\\nBut we have solved this light question now entirely\\nand fully, and that our readers may enjoy a clear, steady,\\nbrilliant light, without smoke or smell, or as much trouble\\nto take care of as an ordinary lamp, we would advise them\\nto do as we did send to A. J. Weidener, 36 South Second\\nStreet, Philadelphia, Penn., for a Catalogue of the Cham-\\npion Lamps, of the patent for which he is sole owner. The\\nlight is circular, has a patent extinguisher, and is absolutely\\nsafe. The lamps cost, according to the ornamentation and\\nstyle, from three dollars upward.\\nAnother thing that is more than handy to have in the\\nhouse is one of the small soldering caskets that come on\\npurpose for family use.\\nEvery Florida household should be able to mend its own", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "184 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ntinware, for not only is the tin-man frequently a thing of\\nthe future in new towns, but it is troublesome to send to\\nhim, even if within a few miles, to mend every little hole\\nthat you could do yourself.\\nWe know all about it, and now we have read a declara-\\ntion of independence, which was only delayed until we\\nfound out where to send for our soldering implements, these\\nand rosin, with muriatic acid for greasy patients, are all\\none needs.\\nHousekeeping stores usually have the soldering caskets\\nbut for those who do not know where to send, we will state\\nthat we got ours by mail, at a cost of sixty cents, from A.\\nH. Pomeroy, 216-220 Asylum Street, Hartford, Conn.\\nIn one year this little casket has saved at least ten times\\nits cost, beside the convenience of being able to mend a\\nleak without any delay or expense.\\nAs to furniture advice on this subject is more difficult\\nto give, as a great deal depends on the point to which the\\nsettler is bound, especially if he has to buy new furni-\\nture. If it be near Jacksonville, Palatka, Leesburg, Sand-\\nford, Gainesville, Ocala, Orlando, or any of the larger\\ntowns, then it would be well to bring from the North only\\nsuch few heir-loom articles of furniture as one ia not will-\\ning to part with carpets, matting, bedding, especially hair\\nmattresses and feather pillows, j)ictures, brackets, books,\\nand the little odds and ends that do not take up much\\nroom, yet go very far toward making a home cheerful and\\nrestful. It is all a question of expense, and where the\\nrequisite furniture can be bought on the sj)ot it is usu-\\nally found that the prices asked for them are little if any\\nhigher than the same things would cost if purchased North\\nand brought here by the settler the freight charges will\\nmake up the difference. At Jacksonville and Fernandina,\\nhousehold furniture, especially, is almost if not quite as", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "what shall I NEED? 185\\ncheap as in New York, the reason being that the merchants\\nhave very light freights to pay on these and other bulky\\narticles, because they are usually brought by the lumber\\nschooners as return freight. They carry freight to Florida\\ncheaply, as they would otherwise have to come in ballast.\\nHouseholders near the seaports, Boston, New York,\\nPhiladelphia, Baltimore, who already possess the needful\\nfurniture and can make arrangements to ship it by schooner\\nto Fernandina or Jacksonville, will save a great deal by\\ndoing so, and land their household goods on their new home\\nsite cheaper than they could purchase them. When it is\\ndesired to ship by schooner to the nearest point, and that\\npoint is south of Palatka, it is sometimes possible to find a\\nvessel bound to the latter place. Always, when it is pos-\\nsible, the settler should ship his goods at least two weeks\\nahead of his own departure, if he wishes to find them await-\\ning him three weeks are not too much if sent by schooner,\\nand, in the latter case, it is usual to have the goods in-\\nsui*ed.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "186 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nwhat SHALL I EAT?\\nWell, to be honest and trne, as we always endeavor to\\nbe, we can only answer to this query, Whatever you can\\nget. And what that may be depends very much on cir-\\ncumstances the depth of one s purse, the depth of one s\\nlakelet, the newness of the neighborhood, the vicinity\\nof a (comparatively) large town, and the transportation\\nfacilities. With a well-filled purse one may easily obtain\\na well-filled basket in the older-settled portions of the State,\\nand in fact in many of the very new ones also, if there\\nchances to be an enterprising, wide-awake merchant at\\nhand, and modern people to appreciate his modern goods\\nfor here, as elsewhere, the demand creates the supply.\\nAnd wherever this proves not to be the case it is sure\\nto be only a temporary inconvenience, and one which,\\nwith a better hope for the near future, can be cheerfully\\nborne. Certainly no settlers of ordinary intelligence can\\nhope or expect to find in a new country, only partially\\nreclaimed from the wilderness, all the innumerable com-\\nforts and luxuries of the countries whence they come\\ncountries that have been for years upon years under the\\nsway of advanced civilization. There they have at hand\\nnot only the productions of the soil of their own locality,\\nbut the accumulated necessaries and comforts and luxuries\\nof all the countries of the world brought to their doors by\\nsteamships and railroads.\\nTake only the native fruits, the great orchards growing\\nall around them. Were they there, with their apples and\\npears and peaches ready to be plucked and eaten when the\\nfirst tree was felled, the first home laid out, in that part", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "what shall I EAT? 187\\nof the country? Rather was there only a vast howling\\nwilderness, with all the discomforts of a newly settled\\nregion and, in addition, dangers from Indians, from wild\\nbeasts, and for more than half the year from cold and\\nwind and storms also.\\nAh truly, the Northern and Western pioneers of civil-\\nization had a harder time by far than the Florida settlers\\nof the present day Deprivations there are, but no actual\\nhardships, and not even severe deprivations. There are\\nno Indians to fear very few if any wild beasts, especially\\nin those sections of the State now so rapidly filling up\\nwith emigrants no terrible, freezing winters, with which\\na battle for life must be fought no soil shut out from cul-\\ntivation for five months of the year by snow, ice, and\\nmud no frightful storms, such as sweep the Avestern prai-\\nries and Texas plain s, no terrible floods, destroying life\\nand property in wholesale measure.\\nTaking all things into consideration, we can scarcely\\nconceive of any settler, who is possessed of common sense\\n(a most uncommon commodity, by the way) sufiacient\\nnot to expect to see figs grow on thistles and grapes on\\nthorns, who yet will grumble at the few discomforts that\\nmay meet him in his new Florida home in the way of\\ntable-supplies. We use the masculine pronouns advisedly,\\nbecause all the complaints on this score that we have ever\\nread came from that lower half of humanity of whom it\\nis said, He carries his conscience on his palate, and his\\nheart in his stomach an old Spanish proverb, and a very\\ntrue one too.\\nBut we do not mean to insinuate that good things for\\nthe table are not to be procured in Florida no one need\\nlack for plenty, if only he has energy, perseverance, and\\npatience, a gun, a fish-hook, and a noose. We will explain\\nthe latter assertion presently, only premising that said", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "188 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nnoose is not intended for hanging purposes, humanly\\nspeaking.\\nWhen the writer settled near Leesburg there were only\\ntwo stores in the then little town where groceries, provis-\\nions, and a general assortment of goods were kept; and\\nthe stock in these, though surprisingly large in quantity,\\nwas of the roughest in quality and of the most limited in\\nvariety.\\nIt was a long while before we could get used to this state\\nof things, coming, as we did, from tlie second city in the\\nUnion, with all the varied luxuries of the world as well\\nas its mere comforts lying in profusion around us.\\nWe would make up a list of articles needed for the\\nhousehold, and as a matter of fact not one in ten of\\nthose things that we had always considered as necessaries\\ncould be obtained, and some of them had never been\\nheard of.\\nHave you any granulated sugar? we would ask.\\nNo, nothing but Florida brown.\\nNow, we knew that Florida brown sugar, grown and\\nmanufactured on the spot, as it were, was in all probability\\na purer article than the perhaps adulterated white sugar\\nwe asked for; but, while it might answer for some pur-\\nposes, it would not for all still it had to do, as we found\\nthat many other things had to do that once we would\\nhave looked down upon with scorn. We grew very meek\\nand humble after a while, and came quickly to the conclu-\\nsion that as something was better than nothing, we would\\naccept the former with gratitude. To continue our cate-\\nchism of the storekeeper\\nAny farina?\\nNo call for it, so don t keep it.\\nAny corn starch, sago, tapioca?\\nNo the people have never even heard of them.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "what shall I EAT? 189\\nAny cheese any pickles\\nNot enough sale for them, to pay to keep them.\\nThen, in the name of all that is mysterious, what do\\nyou keep\\nCoffee, Florida sugar, molasses, meat\\nAh How we brightened up. Meat yes, we wanted\\nmeat only too glad to get it.\\nProudly the salesman brought out the meat there was\\none thing at least they did have. He brought it forth\\nand laid it on the counter and our heart went down, down\\nto China Meat why it was pork bacon an immense\\nthick slab of fat and lean, all crusted over with crystals\\nof salt and he looked so proud, and we felt so disgusted\\nHe looked at us, and we looked at the meat.\\nWhy, that is bacon we gasped.\\nYes, miss it s very fine too, first-class meat how many\\npounds he said complacently.\\nBut we wanted meat\\nThe salesman gazed at us meditatively then a gleam of\\ncompassion stole over his features, a smile of pity for our\\nignorance or insanity.\\nBacon is meat, and meat is bacon.\\nOh We felt subdued, reproved, sat upon, and meekly\\nexplained that, with us of the North, meat meant beef,\\nmutton, any fresh meat from the butcher.\\nOh, he said, you mean fresh! No, we don t keep\\nfresh at all, except sometimes some one brings in venison\\nto trade. Did n t know you meant fresh.\\nWe bowed our head, and crept out of that store, wiser\\nand meeker than we had entered it to think we had been\\nguilty of such benighted ignorance as to call fresh,\\nmeat, and meat, bacon\\nThen we picked up our courage, and wandered up to the\\ncounter once more, we had forgotten a part of our quest.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "190 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nHave you got any potatoes?\\nThe salesman s face expanded into a delighted smile.\\nYes, he had got some potatoes, very fine ones, and he\\nbrought them out to show. AVe gazed at them, at him, at\\nthe door this thing was becoming monotonous. We had\\nasked for potatoes, distinctly; we had not j^refixed sweet\\nto our query, yet he had brought us sweet potatoes.\\nNot sweet potatoes, white potatoes! we whispered\\nfaintly.\\nYou said potatoes, and these are potatoes. How could\\nI know you meant Irish potatoes said he, with mild, re-\\nproachful indignation.\\nAnd then we learned another lesson, that while in the\\nNorth we speak of Irish potatoes as simply potatoes,\\nand of sweet potatoes by their full title, the reverse is the\\ncase in the South white potatoes are Irish potatoes, sweet\\npotatoes are distinctively potatoes.\\nAnother time we wanted a one or two-gallon kerosene\\noil-can, and a one-gallon stone jug, but could only find a\\nhalf-gallon kerosene can and a two-gallon jug. Again, a\\nstove was wanted, and when found, there was no pipe\\nnearer than two hundred and fifty miles. There was no\\nsewing-silk, except black no zephyrs, only inferior cali-\\ncoes of antiquated patterns, and very little of other kinds\\nof dry goods. There was no meat market, no fresh\\nmarket, we should say, only we confess we are not properly\\neducated even yet. Once in a while a cart was brought to\\none s house, in which reposed a whole or half a beef, just\\nkilled by a neighbor, and shaded from the sun by palmetto\\nleaves or pine boughs. And then the family, drawn forth\\nen masse by so rare and exciting an arrival, would collect\\naround the cart and watch the amateur butcher saw and\\ncut, and slash and hack, in a manner painful to behold, to\\neyes accustomed to the neat, trim, carefully cut steaks and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "what shall I EAT? 191\\nroasts of the Northern raarkets. The so-called steaks were\\nnondescripts, and the roasting pieces strangely and won-\\nderfully made. They were a regular curiosity to the cook,\\nand an absorbing study in anatomy to the carver, but what\\ndid we care We had learned that beef was beef, no mat-\\nter how it was cut, and were thankful to get any at all\\nwe no longer turned up our noses at fresh meat unless,\\nindeed, it was stale rather paradoxical, that statement, is\\nit not but easily understood by those who dwell where\\nice is unknown, either in the rivers or refrigerators. We\\nhad occasion to turn up our noses a number of times during\\nour first summer. We bought meat, and at the same time\\nbought experience, and the latter cost the most; the\\nbeef was six cents per pound, venison eight, but the expe-\\nrience was accumulative until we had purchased a goodly\\nstock, and then it began to pay as a saving investment.\\nUsed to ice and a refrigerator, where provisions might\\nbe stored all through the hot summer weather, it was a\\npuzzle to us to know how to preserve any thing, especially\\nmeats, without their aid. We had a slat closet, that is,\\na closet built much like a chicken- coop, except that the\\nslats ran horizontally instead of i3erpendicularly. It was\\nplaced against the back wall of the house on the piazza\\nthat connected the main house with the kitchen buildings.\\nWhere woven wire can be jDrocured, it makes an excellent\\nsubstitute for the slats, and is in fact better in every re-\\nspect for, unless one is willing to permit flies, bees, and\\nother insects to feed at will on the daily provisions, the\\nslats must have an insect-proof lining mosquito netting\\nor cheese-cloth, tacked on the inside of the closet, is the\\nbest in the absence of the wire net. This keeps insects at\\na respectful distance, and admits the air freely for this\\nlatter is the whole aim and intent of the open closet;\\nfresh air is the Florida refrigerator, and it is really won-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "192 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nderfiil how long fresh meats and other perishable provisions\\ncan be preserved in good order, simply by allowing a free\\ncirculation of air over and around them.\\nWe bought our experience of this fact at the expense of\\nour pocket and olfactories the slatted closet did not keep\\ninsects away, Ave did not approve of their walking over\\nour eatables, and the mosquito-net dodge had not yet\\ndawned upon our benighted intellect. Beef, for instance,\\nwe put away after cooking in a covered dish, soups, gravies,\\npotatoes also and the result? The chickens, those univer-\\nsal household scavengers, fared royally. Their noses were\\nnot so well developed as ours, so they did not mind;\\nbut we cried aloud in despair, and those important prom-\\nontories of the human facial landscape, the noses aforesaid,\\nwere in sore danger of taking a permanent upward turn.\\nIt has been well said that the greatest discoveries have\\nbeen made by accident. One day we forgot to cover up\\nour beef, and it was one of the warmest days and nights\\nof the summer, yet, to our astonishment, the beef was per-\\nfectly sweet the following day. That set us to thinking,\\nand we left the covers off of our provisions next time of\\nmalice prepense, and thereafter the chickens fared worse\\nand we fared better.\\nMoral Put your eatables where the air can play over\\nthem, for Florida air is so pure and so dry that it acts as\\na preservative.\\nAnother method of preserving beef or other fresh meat\\nfrom one day to another, which was unknown to us in\\nthose early days, is to sprinkle a little powdered borax\\nover it; it will then keep perfectly sweet, and a simple\\nwashing before cooking will remove all unpleasant taste.\\nNow that we have given some idea of how things used\\nto be in the old times of a fcAv years ago, let us see how\\nthey are now and in what we may say as to improvements", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "what shall I EAT? 193\\nlet us be understood as including every new-settled portion\\nof the State, either in the present or in the near future\\nfor a Florida town, once properly started, does not retro-\\ngrade, it keeps on improving just as our own particular\\nlittle town has done so that whenever a new-comer finds\\nsome accustomed comfort missing he may take refuge in\\nthe knowledge that it will soon turn up.\\nTen years ago there was only one weekly boat that\\ncame steaming up the Ochlawaha from Jacksonville, and\\ncarried all the groceries and varied stock for the stores\\nlocated all along the two hundred and fifty miles of its\\nroute so you will readily see that no one town could hope\\nto monopolize any great portion of the freight of a small\\nboat on its weekly trip. That was one reason Leesburg\\nwas not better supplied at that time in fact, the major\\npart of its stock in trade was hauled in wagons for thirty-\\nfive miles over the sandy roads, Ocala being the main\\ndepot of supply. Another reason we have given, why\\nshould the stores keep what the people did not call for?\\nThe large majority were of a class that had been used to\\nroughing it; they had come either from the northern\\npart of the State or else from other thinly settled portions\\nof the South; a few families of culture and education\\nwere scattered here and there, the pioneers of the tide that\\nflowed in swiftly behind them, but they were too few in\\nnumber to make any change in the stores.\\nOne year later, however, coming events cast their\\nshadows before, and instead of finding one in ten of the\\narticles desired, we mounted to four in ten. It became\\npossible to buy a spool of silk, to match skirt braid to\\nfind currants, raisins, tapioca, Graham flour, buckwheat,\\ncheese, and like classes of goods, that the town had never\\nseen before. The weekly boat had become a tri-weekly\\nin the orange and cotton season, and a semi- weekly all the\\n13", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "194 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nyear round. There were three mails a week, coming over-\\nland for sixty miles, instead of one there was a telegraph\\nline erected next, and then the St. John s and Lake Eustis\\nRailroad opened a line of communication with Jacksonville\\nvia the St. John s River that shortened the two-and-a-half\\nday s trip on the Ochlawaha boats to one day, or a little\\nover. Then came a daily mail, and four or five boats a\\nweek in addition to the daily service by way of the St.\\nJohn s and Lake Eustis Railroad. All these onward steps\\nwere not only the cause, but the direct result of the new\\nclass of settlers who were coming in and are still, we may\\nadd faster and faster.\\nNow, at this present writing, the change in this young\\ncity of Leesburg, fed by three railroads, is simply wonder-\\nfid and the rapid improvement here is but a type of the\\nmajority of the Florida towns as soon as a railroad reaches\\nthem.\\nThere is almost nothing that can not be purchased in the\\nlarger and older towns. Many of them are tapped by more\\nthan one railroad or boat line several have ice factories\\nmany have large handsome stores, churches, banks, acade-\\nmies, every thing in fact that can minister to comfort, lux-\\nury, and refinement. All these things Leesburg now has.\\nIn many localities, where the transportation lines have\\npreceded him, the settler will find no difiiculty in procuring\\nall of the comforts and many of the luxuries of life.\\nThe country is still new, but the days of deprivation are\\nrapidly passing away. It does not pay for the settler to\\nbring a lot of perishable provisions with him if he is bound\\nfor the near neighborhood of a town the freight charges\\nwill eat up any difterence in the price. For instance,\\na neighbor of our own brought from New York a barrel\\nof flour; it proved not to be the quality desired, and a\\nmerchant in town offered to exchange it for a superior", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "WHAT SHALL I EAT? 195\\nbrand he had in stock, and a comparison of prices revealed\\nthe fact that the economical neighbor had paid more, in-\\ncluding freight, than would have purchased a better article\\non the spot. And this is a type of many other things.\\nIn sugars, lard, hams, flour, there is not much difference,\\nas a rule, between Florida and Northern prices, though\\na good deal depends on the greed of the merchant and\\nwhether he has a monopoly but in canned goods there is\\nusually enough to pay the householder to send an order to\\nthe North, or, which is better, to Jacksonville, if that or-\\nder be a large one, so that the saving shall counterbalance\\nthe freight. An order of sixty dollars, at Northern prices,\\nwould eftect a saving of from twenty to thirty dollars, that\\nis, the same goods at the ordinary Florida stores would cost\\nthat much more at the same time canned goods are going\\nout and fresh vegetables taking their place, as they should\\nhave done long ago.\\nSo much for the question of What Shall I Eat? as\\nregards the stores but there are other and important\\nsources of supply with which the merchants have nothing\\nto do, and which make an energetic settler almost inde-\\npendent these are the garden, the shot-gun, fish-hook,\\nand noose, before referred to, not forgetting the poultry\\nand family friend, who furnishes the cream of the\\njoke, the cow. Of these more anon.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "196 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nHOME SUPPLIES.\\nWe have now discussed the provisional question from\\nthe purchaser s point of view but there yet remain other\\npoints of outlook to examine, not less important than the\\nfirst, and to many of even more vital significance. Those\\nwho have means to purchase are in a measure independ-\\nent but the number is not small, of those who come to\\nseek a home in Florida, who need to husband every dollar\\nfor necessary work, and to look at home as far as possible\\nfor food supplies.\\nThere are many ways by which a thrifty, energetic set-\\ntler can help to fill the larder without the expenditure of\\na single dollar, save, perhaps, as invested capital, such\\nas shot-guns, traps, and fishing-tackle, which draw a high\\nrate of interest in the shape of game and fish. Besides\\nthese resources, there are the cows, chickens, vegetable\\ngarden, and fruits, both wild and cultivated.\\nLet us look into the game division of our subject first,\\nand see what can be found for bullet, hook, and noose to\\ncapture for the family table, without money and without\\nprice. Probably there is no country in the world where\\nfish, flesh, and fowl, in the wild state, are more plentiful\\nthan they are in Florida all the year round.\\nAll the year round, we repeat, and with emphasis, for\\nit is no small item with the settler who wishes to depend\\nin a great measure on the fruits of his gun and rod for\\nhis family provisions, that there is no time of the year\\nwhen he is cut off from these important supplies. True,\\nthere are some seasons of the year when game is more\\nabundant than at others but there is never a time when", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "HOME SUPPLIES.\\n197\\nit is not sufficiently plentiful to make an empty-lmnded\\nhunt of a few hours duration a thing of such rarity as\\nto be practically unknown. There are few localities where\\ndeer are not still to be found within easy reach of the set-\\ntler s rifle, although in the more settled regions they are\\nbecoming scarcer every year for instance, four, yes, even\\ntwo years ago, venison was frequently brought into our\\nown growing little city for sale during the cooler months\\nbut now it is more seldom seen, and has become one of\\nthe luxuries.\\nYet, ever and anon, several graceful, dainty deer are\\nseen trotting timidly across the clearings close to the newly\\nerected dwelling-houses, and sometimes they, like more\\ncivilized animals, get into mischief, leaping fences and\\nnipping off the young growth of the orange trees, or eat-\\ning off corn fodder as it stands in the fields. These pilfer-\\nings are usually carried on at night, and so the nimble\\nmarauders act with impunity until, their haunts being\\ndiscovered, they meet leaden bullets flying around them.\\nOne unhappy deer, not long since, was so torn and mutil-\\nated in leaping a barbed wire fence as to be unable to leap\\nout of the inclosure, and the poor creature, thus self-en-\\ntrapped, soon met its death at the hands of the owner\\nof the trees it had helped to nip in the bloom of their\\nyouth.\\nThere is a little gray squirrel that is met with in both\\nhammock and piney woods, darting like a light shadow\\nover the ground, or leaping with wonderful rapidity from\\nbranch to branch and tree to tree. He is a good deal like\\nthe wicked flea, one moment he is there, the next he\\nisn t, and unless one s eyes are very sharp and quick he\\nwill vanish entirely while the gun is waving wildly in the\\nair, striving for a sight. This pretty, nimble little fel-\\nlow is very good eating, and makes a first-class stew but,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "198 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nas we have intimated, that celebrated adage of the cook-\\nbook, first catch your hare, applies to him with a great\\ndeal of aptitude a dog to tree him in a detached tree,\\nwhence there is uO escape, affords ahnost the only chance\\nof securing this tid-bit for one s table.\\nKabbits are plentiful, and fat ah! too fat sometimes,\\nwhen they owe their fine condition to sundry raids on one s\\ngarden patch if only they would make these visits in\\nbroad daylight, when they might be provided Avith a des-\\nsert of cold lead but they are too cute for that. Under\\ncover of the shield of night Mr. Kabbit sings thusly to\\nhis lady love\\nOh, come into the garden, Maud,\\nAnd when the day shall break,\\nThe settler 11 find his green stuff chawed,\\nAnd bless us for its sake.\\nThe usual traps in use at the North for the capture of\\nsimilar small game are useful here as well but if they\\nfail, and the garden is sufieriug from their raids, pieces of\\nsweet potato, of which rabbits are very fond, with strych-\\nnine well rubbed into sundry slits cut in them, Avill solve\\nthe mooted question as to who is going to eat those vegeta-\\nbles, their owner or his uninvited guests. But it always\\nseems a sad waste to call in this latter aid to the rabbits\\ndestruction, so much good food is lost. But then, it is\\ntrue, on a thrifty farm nothing is wasted, and so even the\\npoisoned varmints can be buried in the garden they\\nsought to rob, and thus made to contribute to its fertility,\\na woeful example of retributive justice.\\nThen there is that famous critter, the possum. We\\nof the North are apt to regard this nocturnal denizen of\\nthe woods as food fit only for the colored race of humanity\\nbut the truth is that many a worse-flavored and tougher", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "HOME SUPPLIES. 199\\nbit of meat finds its way to the table of the wealthy epi-\\ncure than a nicely roasted possum. There is a prejudice\\nabroad against it, and that prejudice is totally unfounded,\\nand, where the Florida settler can capture and use to the\\nbenefit of his larder an opossum, Ave advise him not to\\nthrow away valuable food for no reason at all. A roasted\\nopossum and a young, savory roasted pig could not be\\ntold one from the other, by the taste at least. We know,\\nbecause once we overcame our own prejudice on this sub-\\nject and did taste of the despised possum we had helped\\nto relegate that possum to the shades of the past, and we\\ndesired to assist at a decent burial also if w^e had not seen\\nthat our meat was cut from a possum, we should have said\\nit was a roast pig.\\nEvery body knows that the opossums love chickens and\\neggs, and this is their most heinous crime though why w^e\\nshould blame a dumb beast for what we account no sin in\\nourselves is one of the inconsistencies of human nature.\\nWe too like chickens and eggs, and eat them whenever we\\ncan get them, yet in ourselves we find no sin. But then,\\nperhaps it is not in the liking or the eating, but in the\\ngetting, and the manner thereof, that the sin lies and in\\nthis view the possum does certainly deserve some moral\\nlectures, for there is no worse chicken and egg thief to be\\nfound, except it may be that popular perfumer, the skunk\\nand for obvious reasons we prefer to have an opossum on\\nthe premises, if we must have either. It needs but a very\\nlittle hole, or narrow slit, to be left in the hen-house for\\nthe opossum to obtain entrance to the coveted preserves,\\nand then woe to the eggs in the nests under the setting\\nhens, and woe to the chickens themselves. But, smart as\\nthe possum is, he gets sadly taken in and done for\\nsometimes, as was the sad fate of the opossum we have\\nreferred to above.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "200 HOME IJFE IN FLOEIDA.\\nWe were about retiring to bed one clear, moonlight\\nnight, when our attention was attracted by a curious noise\\nfrom the direction of the hen-house, some little distance\\naway. It was a noise not to be explained in any ordinary\\nway, and, after being satisfied as to its direction, one per-\\nson with a pistol and another with a lantern sallied forth\\nto find out the cause of the rumpus. Outside the hen-\\nhouse we paused to listen no chickens were screaming,\\nonly a low murmur of alarm could be heard among them\\nbut clear and loud sounded the noise that had called us\\nforth from our would-be slumbers, a decided, emphatic\\nthumping and pounding against the inside wall of the hen-\\nhouse, and what that sound meant, why it was, and what\\nwas causing that sharp hammer-like rapping, no one could\\nimagine. Stealthily the door was opened, and then the\\nlight revealed what A ludicrous sight, and no mis-\\ntake an opossum sitting erect on its hind legs in a nest,\\nso intent on endeavoring to crack a China nest-egg, held\\nin its forepaws, by pounding it on the wall, as not to heed\\nour entrance Fully a minute we stood watching its ill-\\nsjDent efforts, then the light was flashed in its eyes, and it\\ndropped the China egg, and rolled itself into a ball, lying\\nthere motionless at our feet. You have heard the phrase,\\nplaying possum, and no one who has seen these cun-\\nning creatures playing dead will question the full jus-\\ntice of its application. The present j^ossum we knew\\ncould only be dead through fear, and as our faith in its\\nsusceptibility to shocks was small, a bullet roused its dor-\\nmant energies, and it started to run, when a second dose\\nof lead converted its live feint into a dead faint.\\nThe Avay of the transgressor is hard, and it was sig-\\nnally true of this unfortunate robber he came to eat and\\nfound too hard a nut to crack, and was eaten himself as\\nthe sole result of his venture.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "HOME SUPPLIES.\\n201\\nAny man who has one or more pershnmon trees on his\\nlands, or near at hand, possesses just so many ready-made\\npossum traps, for the animal is extravagantly fond of the\\nwild persimmons that grow throughout Florida, so much\\nso that its fondness for this fruit has become proverbial,\\nand it will travel for miles, if necessary, for the happiness\\nof hanging head down in a persimmon tree and using its\\nforepaws as hands with which to fill its mouth with the\\ncoveted fruit.\\nAn experienced possum hunter will always seek the\\nneighborhood of these trees during their fruiting season,\\nand, nine times out of ten, one or more of the creatures\\nsought will be found among the branches, their exact po-\\nsition being revealed by blazing torches in the hands of\\ntheir pursuers, when a few sure shots bring them tumbling\\nto the ground.\\nSometimes the possum hunts are organized by ne-\\ngroes, who have only their dogs as guides and their hatch-\\nets and axes as weapons. In these cases the tree that\\nshelters the possum is surrounded by an eager torch-\\nbearing group, while two of their number with SAvift\\nblows from their axes lay low the tree it falls, and with\\nit the unlucky possum to meet the eager hatchets aimed\\nat its life.\\nOf all creatures, the opossum is one of the most easily\\ntrapped. Cunning as it is in some respects, it is exceed-\\ningly simple in others, and a rude trap that a rat or even\\na rabbit would shun is perfectly effectual for the opossum.\\nLeave open a straight and broad path for its escape, and\\nfix a trap in a narrow, crooked corner of exit, and it will\\nchoose the latter, preferring the twisted by-ways of the\\nworld, just as do so many of its human compatriots.\\nOf birds that may be utilized for the table their name\\nis legion, and any family that numbers among it a man or", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "202 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nboy wlio can handle a gun effectually may count upon a\\nfull and constant supply at all times of the year. On the\\nlakes and rivers are myriads of water-fowl, and in the\\n.woods abound splendid specimens of the wild turkey, fif-\\nteen to twenty pounds being no uncommon weight for\\nthese latter to reach and they are splendid eating, being\\nfully equal to the much-vaunted domesticated turkey of\\nthe North. Of the smaller birds that are abundant in the\\npiney woods as in the hammock, the partridge, or quail,\\ncomes first in the estimation of the epicure and truly this\\nfat, chubby little fellow, with his merry whistle and buoy-\\nant call of Bob White Bob White is as fine a tid-bit,\\nbroiled and served on toast, as one need ever wish to taste.\\nBut all the same, we always regret the killing of a part-\\nridge, partly because of that joyous whistle of his, and\\npartly because he is so bold and saucy and fearless. You\\nlook out of your window in the early morning, and not\\ninfrequently the first thing you see is a covey of fat,\\nbrown little fellows, running about right under your hand,\\nas it w^re, or sitting on the edge of your seed-boxes, or\\nperhaps it is only a solitary couple who have left their nest\\nclose by in search of provender you move, and they lift\\ntheir dainty striped heads, cock their bright eyes at you,\\nand run away a few yards, then stop and look back to see\\nwhat you are going to do about it. If satisfied there is no\\nmalice in your heart, or yearnings in your stomach, they\\ncome running back again and resume their search for\\ncrumbs or seeds right under your eye, hunting about with\\nthe most intense business-like air imaginable.\\nAnd this is why we always feel sorry to see the fat little\\ncreatures lying limp and cold before us, the joyous wdiistle\\nstilled forever, the brown head drooping, the busy feet\\nstiff* and nerveless. But they are good to eat, no doubt\\nof that, and they are eagerly sought after with gun and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "HOME SUPPLIES.\\n203\\ntraps we have seen nine of the chubby fat tid-bits secured\\nat one shot, and eight caught at one time in a trap baited\\nwith cow -peas; but usually the brown -bird collection is\\nmade more slowdy.\\nNext in value as a food-supply comes the dove, a larger\\nbird than the partridge and excellent for the table, but so\\nwild and quick to take alarm that it requires a cautious\\ngunner to creep near enough for a shot, and a quick and\\nskillful one to secure any reliable aim. Doves are ex-\\ntremely plentiful during the fall and winter months, flying\\nin large flocks of from fifty to a hundred, sitting close to-\\ngether on the ground, and rising at the same instant with\\na rush and whirr of wings that is startling to the unsus-\\npecting pedestrian. Rarely indeed is the dove caught in a\\ntrap, for it is a wary bird, and not at all inquisitive as\\nto what manner of forage may be lying under a certain\\ntipped-up box partridges will march in, a whole covey\\nof them, to see what it may be, but the dove never-\\nwell, hardly ever!\\nThe beautiful brown-coated, yellow-breasted, and black-\\ncravated meadow lark, spite of its gay plumage and sweet\\nlittle song, is lawful and frequent prey for the sportsman s\\ngun. There is not so much of him, when cooked, as there\\nis of the partridge and dove, but what there is is very\\ngood and not to be despised.\\nThen there are snipe of various kinds, rice-birds, tiny\\nlittle things, red -winged starlings, and a host of others,\\nall more or less desirable for the table.\\nAnd then, if one wants beef and can t get it, there is\\nat hand a first-rate substitute, either for a stew, or, better\\nstill, for soup-making all one has to do is to go out in the\\npiney woods and there, on a sloping hill-side, he Avill find\\nthe home of this subterranean beef-bearer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a small mound\\nof sand thrown out, and slanting downward from it at a", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "204 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\npretty sharp incline au excavation, flat at the bottom and\\narched on top like the typical entrance to a cave, only of\\ncourse this is in miniature.\\nWe see the entrance but how far down into the bowels\\nof the earth that tunnel extends no one can say without\\ndigging. It is the home of the gopher; and, by this,\\nwe do not mean the four-legged, fussy, prairie-dog creature\\nof the West that is sometimes called gopher. No our\\nFlorida gopher has four legs, it is true, but of fur he has\\nnone, nor does he come out to his door like his namesake\\nand sit up on end to see the world and its brother\\ngo by. Our gopher s legs are not pretty to look at they\\nare an ugly, dirty brownish-black, and his back is round,\\nhard and arched, and covered by a rather disreputable\\ncoat, marked off in irregular checks it is shabby, no doubt\\nof that, but it wears well, and he needs never to go to his\\ntailor for repairs; his head is flat and his nose pointed,\\nand his neck long and scrawny. Altogether, we don t\\nboast of our gopher on the score of beauty we are afraid\\nhe would not take the first premium on that count but\\njust catch him, and make soup of liim, and you will there-\\nafter not speak slightingly of the lowly gopher, who is only\\na tortoise. How are you to catch him.?\\nWell, we hinted at the means a while ago when we men-\\ntioned the noose as a food provider. All through the\\nspring and summer months, in fact almost through the\\nwhole year, except December and January, the gopher\\ncomes waddling out from its home every day, and usually\\nbetween the hours of ten and two o clock.\\nIt travels slowly around, perhaps visiting its neighbors,\\nor only taking a health j^romenade in search of roots,\\ngrasses, and cow-peas it being very fond of the latter,\\ngreatly to their detriment. Sometimes, especially in the\\nspring, there are eggs to be laid and when this is the case", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "HOME SUPPLIES. 205\\nthis gopher seeks a place where the sand is dry and loose\\nhere it scratches quite a large, shallo w hole, and depositing\\nsome forty or fifty eggs therein, covers them and leaves\\nthem to hatch out at their pleasure it has done its duty\\nby them, and has no further concern in the rearing of the\\nlarge family of small children those eggs may produce.\\nWhen they creep out to view the world, they find it all\\nbefore them to choose whither they will go, with no mater-\\nnal whispers to check the downward course they at once\\nenter upon even thus early in their young lives.\\nIn other words, the little gopher makes for itself a little\\ntunnel on the higher ground. It is never found in places\\nsubject to overflow and, by the way, this quality makes\\nthe gopher a good indicator of the best lands for orange\\nculture wherever their holes are found, it is dry enough\\nto set out a grove, no matter even if it be in the midst of\\nthe dry season that the selection is made. So, as we\\nhave said, the little gopher, issuing from the pigeon-like\\negg\u00e2\u0080\u0094 pigeon-like in shape and size, but not in shell, since\\nthe gopher-egg is covered by a soft, tough membrane\\nmakes unto itself a little cave with a tuuncl-like tail to it,\\nand as it slowly grows larger so does the cave lengthen out\\ninto a longer and deeper tunnel with an entrance at the\\nsurface that corresponds with the size of the inmate.\\nWe have said that usually between the hours of ten and\\ntwo the gopher comes forth for its daily promenade if it\\nwere not for this habit, it would be an extremely difficult\\nthing ever to capture one. As it is, if one chooses to\\nsaunter around among their dwellings during this period,\\nkeeping a sharp look-out, he will often be rewarded by\\npicking up one or more without any trouble, except that\\nof carrying them home, and that, as we know from sad\\nexperience, is sometimes a heavy task if one is not very\\nStrong. Once we picked up a fifteen-pound gopher about", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "206 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nfifteen minutes walk from home, and by the time we got\\nhim there he weighed at least fifty pounds.\\nBut if the settler does not care to hunt his tortoise in\\nthis manner, there is another way. Take a number of\\nstout, short stakes, pointed at one end, and tie to each one\\na very strong, flexible cord, whose length must be regu-\\nlated by the size of the hole where it is to be placed make\\na slip-knot or running noose in the cord, drive down the\\nstake in the solid ground to one side and back of the go-\\npher s entrance, and then let your cord be of just such a\\nlength as shall allow a loose, open noose to be arranged\\nacross the mouth of the tunnel in such a way that the tor-\\ntoise can not leave his hole without becoming entangled,\\nand as he continues his unconscious onward waddle he is\\nsuddenly brought to the end of his tether by the drawing\\ntight of the noose either around his neck or leg, as the case\\nmay be.\\nBack and forth he travels in a semi-circle, sometimes in\\na circle, until he winds himself up close to the stake, and\\nthen, disgusted with life, he draws back into, his shell and\\nquietly awaits his fate. At other times, if the trapper is\\ntoo long in visiting his nooses, he may find the cord worn\\naway by attrition against the edges of the hole and the\\nprisoner escaped but usually, visitiug the snares, which\\nneed to be marked by strips of white cloth tied to a stake\\nnear by, the gopher is found quiescent, and as far down\\nin his tunnel as the cord will allow. Then you seize the\\ncord and essay to draw him out but, unless the former is\\nvery strong, you will only succeed in sitting down rather\\nungracefully with a broken cord in your hand, while the\\nreleased prisoner scuttles aAvay, rejoicing, to the very low-\\nermost point of his subterranean castle. Therefore it is\\nalways well to visit the gopher traps armed with a spade\\nand a basket, the first to dig out the captive and the second", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "HOME SUPPLIES.\\n207\\nto carry him home. It is not often that the same hole\\nshelters two gophers but, that it is sometimes the case,\\nwe once proved in rather an amusing manner.\\nWe sallied forth, as was our daily custom, to visit our\\nsnares, and on approaching one of them observed a round\\nobject projecting part way from the hole. Eagerly we\\npounced upon that unlucky gopher, wondering why it had\\nnot gone in as far as the cord would permit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 when, lo\\nthere was no cord attached to it at all We dropped it in\\nthe basket and looked to see what had become of the cord.\\nWe saw it lying inside the hole but it was quite heavily\\nweighted. There was a captive to the noose after all and\\nthis one, having retreated as far as it could, had blocked\\nup the way for another following after it.\\nDeserted burrows are easily known by the pine-straw\\nand trash that drift down into the hole, while one in use\\nis smooth and the soil fresh and clear with distinct marks\\nof shell and feet.\\nGopher stew and gopher soup, especially, are highly es-\\nteemed, and so closely resemble beef in texture and taste\\nthat one may be easily deceived into believing it to be the\\nlatter.\\nThere is another point in this snaring of the gopher tur-\\ntle that should not be overlooked. It is an important\\nobject to the settler to rid his land of them, for they inva-\\nriably choose the highest spots, just wdiere crops are grown,\\nto make their home and hence the interests of the two\\nare certain to clash.\\nThe settler desires to raise cow-peas, for instance, and so\\ndoes the gopher but the latter spells his kind of raising\\ncow-peas thus, razing and thoroughly he succeeds, for\\nhe is passionately fond of them. We have seen a quarter\\nof an acre of cow-peas cut down to the ground by a few\\ngophers in less than a week, and but for the prompt use", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "208 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nof the noose aforesaid not a vine would have been left in\\nthe acre in less than a month.\\nTherefore, trap this ruthless destroyer wherever his\\ndoor-way is seen. If the family do not care to use him as\\nfood, cook or chop the flesh and feed it to the chickens,\\nwho will rejoice over the windfall,\\nSmite, slay, and spare not the gopher, if you would\\npossess your cow-peas or vegetables in peace. His shell,\\nsand-papered, varnished and hung up by wires run through\\nholes bored in the edges, makes an excellent hanging-bas-\\nket for trailing vines.\\nHow much do gophers weigh? do you ask. Some-\\ntimes as much as sixteen pounds but they average eight\\npounds.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "out of the depths. 209\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nOUT OF THE DEPTHS.\\nStill upon the same subject, the household larder, you\\nsee. But then we feel that we are excusable, for there\\nare few more important or more worthy the attention of\\nthe settler, whose bill of ways and means is apt to be\\nlimited ofttimes by a shattered pocket, and quite as often\\nby the state of the local market.\\nOur schedule of home supplies is not exhausted, for we\\nhave not yet dived down beneath the surflice of the nu-\\nmerous lakes, large and small, which are scattered broad-\\ncast over the State. We are ready for the plunge now,\\nhowever, and have no fear but that we shall find much to\\nbring up out of the depths.\\nBut first of all we must have a boat for rarely, indeed,\\ncan a point be found where the water is deep enough for\\nfishing close in shore with rod and line, except for small\\nfry. We have seen human small fry roll up their\\ntrousers as far as possible and wade out rod in hand but\\nthis is not quite so comfortable or convenient a method of\\nfishing as a boat would provide, and we very much incline\\nto believe will never become popular, especially among\\nladies who go a-fishing, as many do, to the benefit of\\ntheir health and the increase of their enjoyments.\\nThe most prevalent water vehicle among the old-time\\nresidents, and therefore presumably the most fashionable,\\nis the Florida batteau, in other words, a scow, pure and\\nunadulterated a roomy boat, and a safe one, guaranteed,\\nif made after the usual broad pattern, not to upset but\\nstill not so light nor easy to row or to guide as a water-\\ncarriage of a different build.\\n14", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "210 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nThere is about as much diversity in row-boats as there\\nis in wagons; and to secure a low-priced yet well-shaped,\\nsteady boat, is not so easy as it may appear to those who\\nhave not tried it. A cheap boat is apt to be poorly\\nbuilt cheap both in materials and w^orkmanship of infe-\\nrior woods and badly modeled. A really good, shapely\\nboat can rarely be bought under fifty dollars as the mini-\\nmum figure. Knowing this, we have gone to considerable\\ntrouble to seek out for the benefit of our settlers a relia-\\nble firm who will place in their hands a really good boat\\nfor a very low price.\\nThis firm (R. J. Douglas Co., of Waukegan, Illinois)\\nwe have already had occasion to refer to, as the manufac-\\nturers of the Champion windmill. The Eureka they\\nclaim, and honestly so, to be the best boat ever put on\\nthe market for the money. Of a beautiful model, sharp-\\npointed at both ends (a rudder can be fitted if desired),\\nwith a ten-inch bottom board in place of the usual keel,\\nit is at the same time swift, steady, and of light draught,\\njust the very boat we need for ordinary row-boat purposes\\non our shallow-shored Florida lakes.\\nThe cut on next page, for which we are indebted to the\\ncourtesy of the builders, coupled with their own descrip-\\ntion following, will give our readers a better idea of the\\nnatty little Eureka than any words of our own\\nInstead of keel, it has a 10-inch bottom board, inch\\nthick, which makes it perfectly flat on the bottom, and it\\nhas five strakes on a side. The frames, stems and wales,\\nare of selected white oak in all grades and in basswood\\nboats the bottom and first two strakes are of pine or cedar\\nand only the three upper strakes of basswood. The plank-\\ning is f inch in clinkers and inch in carvel boats. The\\nrow-locks are of our own design, and the sockets are fast-\\nened on with bolts so that they can not pull off. Instead", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "OUT OF THE DEPTHS.\\n211\\nof wood knees, we use malleable iron brace from wales to\\nseat, which is also listened on with stove bolts. They are\\nfitted with a good pair of ash oars and jfli?|fiSi;5\\nmalleable iron row-locks, and are seated\\nfor three persons, and have three coats\\nof paint on them. They make fine-look-\\ning, steady, strong and very serviceable\\nboats for nearly all uses.\\nThose made of basswood are cheap-\\nest: the thirteen -feet boat costing $20,\\nand the fifteen-feet boat $5 more the\\npine comes next, $25 to $30 and the\\ncedar, which is the lightest in weight, is\\nthe highest in price, from $35 to $40, for\\nthe two sizes respectively.\\nWe are the proud owner of one of\\nthese latter, and, with one of the patent\\numbrella fixtures secured to the seat for\\nshade, we ask nothing better in its line,\\neither with or without the rudder; the\\nlatter, by the way, is an extra and\\ncosts $2. This cedar boat is so light\\nthat it can be readily placed in a wagon\\nand taken from lake to lake.\\nNone of these boats weigh over one\\nhundred and ten pounds, an item of no\\nsmall importance when freight is to be\\nconsidered, as the rate per hundred to\\nJacksonville from Waukegan is, at this\\npresent writing, only $5, and is likely to be less rather than\\nmore in the future. With such a boat as this, fishing and\\nboating become a genuine pleasure for who does not love\\nthe SAvift, easy flight over the water of a light, graceful bat-\\nteau, that skims along with scarcely a touch of the oars?", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "212 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nAnd now we are ready to go a-fishing and, as for fish,\\nthe settler need not go far to seek them they are in every\\nlake or lakelet all over the country, in every river, in\\nevery inlet or bay.\\nIn the inland lakes and rivers, the principal fish is the\\ntrout, as it is here called but in reality the true black\\nbass of the North and West. This is a large fish of fine\\nflavor, and a prime favorite with every one either for boil-\\ning or frying, the specimens caught weighing all the way\\nfrom one pound to seventeen or twenty. Trolling is one\\nway to capture them and it is no despicable sport, as the\\nboat is rowed along, to feel the sudden pull and subsequent\\njerks on the distant hooks that tell of a prisoner at the\\nother end of the line a victim of mistaken greed. What\\nis there, we wonder, in that bright bit of whirling tin that\\nspins around on the surface of the water that the swift\\ntrout should pursue and make fierce war upon it to find\\nitself, alas taken in and done for But, after all, why\\nwonder at the foolishness of a fish, when we see the same\\nthing every day enacted in the highest scale of creation\\nTrolling is not the only method of capturing the trout\\na good-sized hook, a strong line, and a small live fish at the\\nend of the hook, will be very likely to bring its reward;\\nfor it is on these small fish, about three to five inches long,\\nthat the trout principally subsist, and if there are any in\\nthe vicinity of your prisoner at large, it will not be long\\nbefore it and the hook go down and your trout goes up.\\nIf one wishes trout for breakfast and dinner, and has\\nnot time to go out on the lake and fish according to the\\nold, approved method, there is another a lazy way of\\naccomplishing the desired end.\\nTake as many bottles as you please it depends a gf)od\\ndeal on the size of your home lake not small medicine\\nbottles, but brandy or large wine bottles, cork them se-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "OUT OF THE DEPTHS. 213\\ncurely and tie uroiuid their uecks lines of suitable length,\\nto which trout-hooks are attached.\\nWith hook and line or net, catch, close to shore, the\\nsmall fry needed for bait, put them in a pail of water to\\nkeep them alive then row out on the lake with them and\\nthe bottles; here and there, as you go, bait a bottle-hook\\nAvith a live fish and drop it overboard then go back home,\\nand once in a while take a look at the surface of the water\\nif you have a spy or opera-glass, so much the better. It\\nis surprising how far off the floating bottles can be seen,\\nand if a trout has seized upon the bait, that fact is easily\\nnoted by the erratic movements of the bottle and the agita-\\ntion of the water around it and then one has only to row\\nout and haul in the captive.\\nAnother way of using the bottles is to cast them out\\nover the lake, and then row slowly about among them,\\nkeeping watch upon them all. The time occupied is just\\nthe same as if fishing from the boat with one hook but\\nthe chances of a successful result are enhanced just as\\nmany times as there are bottle-hooks floating around.\\nThere is something interesting, and exciting too, in this\\nnovel way of fishing with a dozen irons in the fire a\\ndozen hooks in the water at once. The eager eyes travel\\nhere and there, watching each movement or suspicious bob\\nof the bottle-buoy, until doubt becomes certainty, and then\\nhow the oars rattle in the row-locks Then is the time\\nwhen, if one is in a Florida batteau, a scow, in other\\nwords, he would give much to be in a Eureka, or other\\nlight skiff, so as to skim the faster over the waters. That\\nbobbing, dancing bottle now laying flat on its side, now\\nstanding on end, now disappearing, now popping up to the\\nsurface again, several yards from where it went down is\\nso very tantalizing that one is tempted to sing as a dirge\\nThou art so near, and yet so far.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "214 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nThe captive trout, though at the end of the Hue, five to\\neight feet below the surface, seems always to know and\\nrecognize the approach of an enemy as the boat nears the\\nfloat, and the bobbings and disappearances redouble in fre-\\nquency, until it often becomes a regular game of will-o\\nthe-wisp, to catch the bottle like the wicked flea, you\\nput your finger on it, and it is not there. If the fish is\\nlarge and strong, say a ten-pounder or thereabouts, the\\nbottle is very likely to give the boat a little exercise in the\\nway of chasing, and the enemy being rather erratic and\\nprone to a change of direction at any and all times, with-\\nout reason or rhyme, the sport becomes lively.\\nBut then, when at last a hold of the fleeing bottle is\\nsecured (look out for impromptu baths or capsize, though),\\nand a large, fine trout lies flopping at one s feet, causing\\nvisions of an epicurean meal in the near future to rise\\nbefore the palate s eye, as it were, then one forgives the\\npoor fish for the struggle it has so bravely made for its life.\\nShould two or three of these novel fish-floats be seen bob-\\nbing around at the same time, the rule of one at a time\\nbecomes tantalizing, especially if the first captive prove to\\nbe a refractory soft-shell turtle, as sometimes happens.\\nAVe have spoken of the bottles being used in this novel\\nmethod of fishing but, in our own experience, we prefer\\nfloats made of small pieces of board twice as long as wide,\\nthe line being secured at one end and a slanting hole bored\\nnear the other, into which is driven a slender stick bearing\\na white or scarlet flag. This flag, owing to its sloping po-\\nsition, almost touches the water until the float is pulled\\ndown at the other end by the fish, and then it rises almost\\nupright, forming at all times a much plainer guide to the\\nw^hereabouts of the float than does the bottle, and for this\\nreason it is to be preferred a stout piece of wire will an-\\nswer for a flag-staff for the bottles.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "OUT OF THE DEPTHS. 215\\nThe bream is another excellent fish, not nearly of so\\nlarge a growth as the trout, but still just the right size for\\na pan-fish, full-grown specimens weighing from one to two\\npounds. These, too, are caught with hook and line, with\\nminnows, earth-worms, or sawyers, as bait. Minnows are\\neasily caught, close in shore, with a fine hand net as to\\nearth-worms, we doubt if there is a country in the world\\nso destitute of these familiar denizens of the Northern sub-\\nterranean barn-yard as the piney-woods region of Florida.\\nIn the clay hammocks there are plenty of them, also in\\nthe muck-beds along the lakes or rivers but in the sands\\nof the pine lands they are indeed of the genus vara avis;\\nin all our own diggings and grubbings we have met with\\nbut two S2:)ecimens of the genuine red earth-worms, and\\ncan not account for the finding of those. So the earth-\\nworm, as bait for fish, is a fraud for the pine-lander, and\\nhe has to fall back upon the fat, white, chubby sawyer,\\nwhose busy chip chip can be heard beneath the bark of\\nthe pine trees all day and all night.\\nSawyer is the name given it, but its true name is Scolytiis\\ndestructor, which is the scientific designation of a small\\nwood-boring beetle; and that which the Floridian terms\\nthe sawyer is the larvae of this insect, which, starting from\\nthe inner part of the tree, where the mother has laid her\\neggs, works its way outward, growing larger and fatter as\\nit progresses, until, when the searching angler finds it be-\\ntween the bark and the wood, nearly ready to develop into\\nthe full-grown state, it is a tempting tid-bit for bream and\\nperch and for all the smaller fish of lake or stream. It is\\nquite true that the sawyer s head is rather tough and its\\ncutting tools hard and sharp but the rest of it is so fat\\nand toothsome in their eyes, that the eager fish heed not\\nthese disadvantages, but rush open-mouthed at the delicious\\nScolytus destructw whenever the opportunity offers.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "216 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nA tree that has been felled or uprooted while in full\\nvigor will in a few months be found riddled with small\\nround holes, and with larger ones, where the beetle has\\nentered to lay its eggs, and where the larvae has finally\\nemerged and then, if with a sharp hatchet a broad ring\\nof bark is removed, fine, plump sawyers will be uncovered.\\nAny prostrate tree, if it has not lain on the ground for\\nmore than a year, will furnish the angler with an abun-\\ndance of bait.\\nAlong the coasts, and in the salt-water bays and inlets,\\nfish are extremely abundant, of fine quality and of all sizes,\\nfrom one pound to over two hundred pounds. As for oys-\\nters, those famous shell-fish of the Northern markets, the\\nsea-coasts and inlets furnish them ad libitum, and no sec-\\nond-class articles either are the Florida bivalves, as those\\nsettlers who are so fortunate as to be near the source of\\nsupply, or who dwell along the numerous lines of railroad\\nnow reaching out all over the State, can certify.\\nNo less toothsome also are the clams which are abundant\\nalong the coasts, while the salt-water mullet, a fish some-\\nwhat resembling the mackerel in taste, wdien similarly\\ncured, is a splendid fish also, when fried, fresh from the\\nwater.\\nThe inland lakes, both large and small, are not only the\\nhomes of many kinds of fish other than the trout or bass,\\nsuch as bream, perch, pike, cat-fish, gar-fish, but of two\\nspecies of turtle, which are less easily caught than the go-\\npher, it is true, but still well worth the trouble of capture.\\nOne of these is a soft-shell, and an ugly fellow he is both\\nto look at and to handle. He weighs any where from two\\npounds to twenty, has a hard, round, black center-piece\\non his back, a veritable shield, and around its edges a wide\\nmargin of leathery like substance, soft, but extremely\\ntough from beneath this attractive attire protrude four", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "OUT OF THE DEPTHS. 217\\nlong, scrawny, black legs, a short, pointed tail and a long,\\nthin neck with a slender head, terminating in a round, pro-\\njecting snout, any thing but handsome to look at, and any\\nthing but comforting to feel! For this soft-shell turtle\\nis by no means the meek, unresisting creature that the go-\\npher is, and when captured has a way of expressing his\\nopinion that is very apt to prove painful and lacerating to\\none s feelings.\\nIn this respect our Florida soft-shell is quite the equal\\nof his cultivated Northern brother, the snapper, and it\\nbehooves his captors to watch sharply that their respective\\npositions are not reversed for the soft-shell not only snaps\\nwith his horny, vise-like snout at any thing that comes\\nwithin reaching distance, but he stretches out his scrawny\\nneck, fixes his glittering little eyes upon you, and then,\\nbracing his hind legs, actually springs toward you, lunge-\\ning again and again with a determination worthy of a\\nhigher scale in creation and when he has given this little\\ngame up as a bad job, and has settled down resignedly,\\nit only needs a stick poked at him to rouse him up once\\nmore to a series of leaps and springs rather astonishing in\\na turtle.\\nOnce upon a time, before we were so well versed in\\nthe tortuous ways of this ungainly denizen of the lakes,\\nwe picked up a small (two-pound) specimen that was wad-\\ndling along over plowed ground, seeking a place wherein\\nto deposit its eggs.\\nWe were delighted with our prize, the first of its kind,\\nand holding it out in front of us, a hand on either side,\\nhastened homeward. We hastened yes, and a few steps\\nfurther we concluded, quite suddenly, to lay down our\\nprize. There was no hesitation about our movements our\\nresolution was quick but unfaltering, and in point of time\\ncoincided with a vicious dart of the horny snout in the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "218 HOME LIFE IN FLOEIDA.\\ndirection of our iingers. We were not anxious to see wliat\\nthe bones that underlaid our too tender flesh looked\\nlike, so we called aloud for a shovel and a basket, and while\\nthey were on the way admonished our frisky turtle with\\na stick, assuring him that his angry plunges were futile\\nthen we shoveled him into the basket and the next day\\nhe appeared in a harmless character on our table, and a\\nvery good stew he made\u00e2\u0080\u0094 what there was of him.\\nWe have outlined above one way of catching these soft-\\nshells. In the spring of the year, from February or March,\\nuntil late in the summer, they leave their watery homes\\nand waddle slowly along on dry land to lay their eggs.\\nFinding a spot that suits them, they scratch a deep hole\\nin the sand, deposit a long string of small soft-shell eggs\\nin it, cover them uj) and leave them for the hot sun to\\nhatch, knowing, as we must suppose, that their young, as\\nsoon as they emerge from the egg, will follow their instinct,\\nwhich leads them at once to the nearest water.\\nIt is a curious fact, that if there be a fence near the lake\\nfrom which the turtle emerges, it will follow the line for\\na long distance, and if an angle is met with there it will\\nhalt, too stupid to turn and retrace its steps or to follow\\nthe fence line in its new direction. On our own premises\\nthere is just such a corner, which we may well term a\\ncorner in turtle. Following a fence which runs close to\\nthe lakelet in which they live, the soft-shells stop short on\\nreaching a sharp augle not far from the house, and, after\\nvainly butting and scratching the pickets, draw their lieads\\ninto their shells and disdainfully await the upshot of their\\nadventure which is the stew-pan.\\nSo marked is this predilection for the fence, that all\\nthrough the turtle season a sharp watch is kept on it, and\\nespecially on the corner, which was originally our nurs-\\nery, but had to be abandoned after the turtle selected it", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "OUT OF THE DEPTHS. 219\\nfor the scene of their antics, as they were like the famous\\nbull in a China-shop.\\nThe soft-shells are frequently caught by the hook and\\nline, and for this purpose a large, strong hook and a stout\\nline are needful, the former baited with raw meat or, which\\nis quite as good if not better, bits of red flannel. Some-\\ntimes they are caught when the hook is dropped deep, but\\nmore frequently when it is shallow, that is, very near the\\nsurface of the water, if not actually on the surface.\\nWhere one s lake is near the house, so as to be easily\\nwatched, it is a good plan to drive down a stake in as deep\\nwater as can be conveniently done and then stretch a rope\\nfrom this stake to another nearer the shore. This rope\\nshould be a foot or more above the water, and at intervals\\nof about three feet large hooks should be hung from it,\\nsome on short, some on longer lines. Keep these hooks\\npermanently baited with meat or red flannel, and look at\\nthe rope now and then to see if any thing is jerking at the\\nlines. If there is, jump in your skiff* or scow, take a sharp\\nhatchet along, and in a moment more you can haul your\\nprize on board before it has time to say Jack Robinson,\\nor to practice Til bite you. Clip its head off with one\\nquick blow, but remember that the latter is dangerous for\\nseveral minutes after becoming independent of its late\\nboon companion, the body! The jaws have considerable\\nmuscular vitality left in them, and need but a touch to\\nclose Avith unpleasant vigor on finger or toe.\\nSometimes the soft-shell gets caught in a manner as un-\\nexpected to its captor as to itself, by snapping at an inno-\\ncent-looking little fish that has been prepared as bait for\\ntrout and when this happens the result is very likely to\\nbe an elephant on the hands of the angler for, when one\\nsallies forth to catch a peaceable fish, one is not often armed\\nto do battle with a ferocious enemy in the shape of a turtle.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "220 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nNot long ago a lady friend of the writer s set out alone\\nto row quite a distance to reach a certain fishing-ground,\\nand on reaching it, hot and tired, her first capture quite a\\nsuperfluous one too she considered it was a fifteen-pound\\nsoft-shell. What to do Avitli it? was the question, and\\none not to be pushed aside for future settlement. It could\\nhave been met by cutting the line and allowing the angry\\nleviathan of the deep to take itself and the hook to the\\ngreat unknown below.\\nBut our friend was plucky and hooks were scarce, and\\nso were such monster turtles as this. To cut the line was\\nout of the question yet here was the ugly creature ready\\nfor a snap, and nothing but a little pocket-knife at hand\\nto amputate the threatening jaws no hatchet nearer than\\na mile across the water. And the fish, large trout, were\\nleaping all around, and this uninvited guest had monopo-\\nlized the only hook It was a hard case. But our friend\\nmet it by tying the line short to a thwart at a safe distance\\nfrom her feet, taking up the oars and rowing home with\\nher captive, who took the place of the anticipated trout-\\ndinner. But now, when she goes a-fishing, several hooks\\nand lines and a hatchet go to make up her outfit.\\nIf only one can forget how very uninviting the soft-shell\\nappears when alive, and look at it only as it is on the table\\ncarefully stewed and seasoned and, if preferred, a little\\nwine added no complaint will be made as to the quality\\nof the meat and it is besides very nutritious.\\nThere is yet another turtle found in all lakes, large or\\nsmall. But this one is neither snappish nor homely in as-\\npect on the contrary, its appearance is rather attractive,\\nand its manners of the gentlest. Its shell is hard, decid-\\nedly arched, and well covered with clearly defined black\\nand orange blocks it is rarely caught with the hook; and\\nalmost the only chance of capture is to watch the neigh-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "OUT OF THE DEPTHS. 221\\nborhood of the lakes in the spring-time on sunshiny days,\\nas then, like the soft-shell, it leaves the water and travels\\nup to the soft sand to lay its eggs.\\nThis turtle, as usually found, weighs from six to ten\\npounds, and Avhile not quite as rich in flavor as its home-\\nlier brother is still an excellent article of food.\\nIt is no uncommon thing, when plowing or walking in a\\nfield in the late spring, to turn up a queer little yellow\\nand black object, no bigger than a silver quarter or half-\\ndollar, which is a young hard-shell turtle, recently hatched\\nthey are pretty creatures, and their markings as clearly\\ndefined as those of the adults. They are readily domesti-\\ncated, so that they will eat from the hand without fear.\\nSix years ago the writer packed one of these tiny turtles\\nin a tin box with damp moss and sent it North, where it\\nstill flourishes in a New Jersey aquarium, very little larger\\nthan when it was picked up in the Florida sands, the\\ngrowth of a turtle being very slow. Water turtle should\\nbe killed at once, unless there is water to keep them in, as\\nthey can not live more than a day or two out of their na-\\ntive element. In this they are unlike the gopher tortoise,\\nwhich is all the better for being kept three or four days in\\na box or barrel.\\nThere is one very odd quality possessed by the flesh of\\nthese several kinds of turtle (including the gopher) in\\ncommon with the great sea-turtle that are so abundant all\\nalon^: the twelve hundred miles of Florida s sea-coast.\\nThis curious quality was thus described in the year 1682\\nby one T. A., Clerk on board His Majesty s ship, the\\nRichmond\\nThis I am assured of, says he, that after it is cut to\\npieces, it retains a sensation of life three times longer than\\nany known creature of the creation. Completely, six\\nhours after the butcher has cut them up and into pieces,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "222 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ntheir maugled bodies, I have seen the callope (caUipee, a\\npart of the flesh), wheu going to be seasoned, with pieces\\nof their flesh ready to cut into steaks, vehemently contract\\nwith great reluctancy, rise against the knife, and sometimes\\nthe whole mass of flesh in a visible tremulation and concus-\\nsion. To him who first sees, it seems strange and admir-\\nable.\\nThis same old-time writer records of the turtle, that it\\nhas three hearts and to this superabundance of the vital\\norgans he ascribes its wonderful tenacity of life.\\nIt is really true that hours after the turtle has been cut\\nup the flesh will, when salt is sprinkled upon it, contract\\nviolently, and jerk and quiver in a manner that looks, to\\nsay the least of it, rather uncanny.\\nThe true explanation is, not actual vitality, but some\\npeculiar quality of the muscles and nerves by which gal-\\nvanic or electric action is generated by the action of salt,\\nor, as we have sometimes seen it, by hot water. The vio-\\nlent twitching is not pleasant to look at but is not as\\nYe Ancient Mariner, T. A., would have us believe,\\na sensation of life.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 223\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nTHE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE.\\nAnd now we arrive at the dairy question, and a very-\\nimportant one it is too, as every housekeeper knows.\\nA curous kind of a critter is a Florida keow, anyway\\nyou take her curous, mighty curous.\\nSo pronounced a tall, raw-boned New-Englander, as he\\nstood on the deck of the staunch steamer that was bearing\\nthe writer to a new Florida home.\\nWhy curious we pondered, thinking over this cow\\nquestion but we did not like to betray our ignorance by\\nasking questions so we waited patiently until time and\\nexperience had solved the mystery.\\nAnd now we have come to the conclusion that our New-\\nEnglander was right. Viewing the native Florida cow, as\\nusually treated, with the eyes of a thrifty Northern farmer\\nor dairyman, it is indeed a curous critter, and its mode\\nof treatment more curous still.\\nTo the great mass of the people in the North, the term\\ncow-penning, as regards land, is an unknown quantity,\\nand very few can give an intelligent reply to the question,\\nWhat does it mean\\nWhat its true significance is, we shall see presently; just\\nnow, to begin at the beginning, we will turn our attention\\nto the curous critter itself.\\nFor many years past immense herds of cattle have been\\nroaming all over the noble State of Florida, and luxuriat-\\ning in her genial climate but of late these herds have\\nbeen scattered, and driven back further and further south,\\nuntil now, in the northern, middle, and eastern counties,\\nwe find their representatives comparatively few and far", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "224 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbetween, aud all in a state of captivity, and prisoners\\nat large.\\nAYliere did they come from originally Well, to answer\\nthat question, we must go back to the first settlements of\\nFlorida, those of Spain and France, which w^e have else-\\nwhere referred to.\\nThe early settlers of these rival nations imported from\\ntheir home-countries numbers of the finest cattle, and here\\nthey flourished until, in the frequent and bloody quarrels\\nbetween the two sets of pioneers, French and Spanish, set-\\ntlers and settlements were alike sw^pt out of existence, and\\nsuch cattle as were not killed on the spot escaped to the\\nforests and became the progenitors of the present race of\\nFlorida cows, and a degenerate race they are, we must con-\\nfess in other words, they have passed from a state of civ-\\nilization, as it were, back to a state of nature.\\nFor every one knows that the splendid milkers of the\\nmodern dairy are the outcome of generation after genera-\\ntion of careful selection, breeding and cross-breeding, of\\nnutritious food and plenty of it, of good shelter and gentle\\ntreatment.\\nA copious flow^ of milk is never met with in wdld cattle,\\nand practically Florida cattle are wild, inasmuch as neg-\\nlect, unkind and injudicious treatment have set them far\\nalong on the backward track toward that natural state\\nwherein little if any more milk is secreted than is needed\\nby the calf.\\nDame Nature, you see, is not like man she never wastes\\nher materials or energies, but treasures up all her powers,\\nand as soon as their exercise is not needed at one point\\ndirects them to another.\\nFor the first few weeks of its life a calf needs milk, needs\\nnot much in quantity but richness in quality, and thus na-\\nture provides it the irregular milking, varying in quan-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 225\\ntity and time, conduces directly to the drying up of the\\nlacteal organs, which is just what she intends it shall do.\\nAnd, as we have said, this plan of hers can only be over-\\ncome by patient years of care and attention directed to the\\none object of producing heavy milkers.\\nThe progenitors of the present much-maligned Florida\\ncows were of the finest breeds then known to Europe it\\nwould not have paid the early settlers to bring inferior\\nstock across the ocean, and their degeneration is due solely\\nto causes that would and do affect the human race under\\nthe same circumstances.\\nTake the members of the noblest, bluest-blooded family\\nin the world, and turn them out to graze, as it were,\\nand to shift for themselves, w^here, a few generations later,\\nwould be their culture, their signs of nobility?\\nThen don t ridicule our Florida cow for being what neg-\\nlect and ill-treatment has made it, a small producer of milk\\nrather let us give it the needed capital to invest in the\\nmanufacture, and not only its owner but the scofiing out-\\nside world will stand aside astonished to see what this slan-\\ndered animal can do w^hen it has a fair chance.\\nAnd now, having spoken a good word in advance in be-\\nhalf of our native cow, let us go more into details.\\nEvery settler who comes into this State, unless indeed\\nhe takes up his abode in one of the few cities, and some-\\ntimes even then, must make up his mind either to use no\\nmilk, or condensed milk, or to invest in several Florida\\ncows, or one thoroughbred at least. We say several\\nadvisedly, as will be seen directly.\\nVery few are willing to do without this every-day article\\nof civilized life, or to be content with condensed milk,\\nwhich, excellent so far it goes, does not go far enough to\\nmeet all culinary demands.\\nSo the purchase of cows is soon decided upon and the\\n15", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "226 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nnext step is to prepare a pen for their reception. A barn\\nor barn-yard or even a shed is not necessary in Florida for\\nthe protection of stock, unless they are to be kept confined,\\nand this is rarely done with common stock.\\nThe first step is to clean the ground where the pen is to\\nbe made, bearing in mind always that this spot will be the\\nfuture vegetable garden, especially on pine land, and it\\nAvill be enriched by the nightly penning of the cows.\\nMany simply girdle the pine trees and leave them stand-\\ning, to litter the ground with falling bark and boughs for\\nyears to come, until they fall to the ground bodily, crush-\\ning the fence or any valuable trees that may be near. This\\nis a slovenly mode of procedure, unworthy of a thrifty\\nfarmer.\\nIt is a grand old axiom that Whatever is worth doing\\nis worth doing well, and we commend it to the attention\\nof nine tenths of our Florida farmers.\\nIn preparing the place for a coAV-pen, do it well that\\nis, take every stump out of the ground, don t leave a sin-\\ngle one to be a perpetual eye-sore and a perpetual deposi-\\ntory for weeds and ants, which will surely take up their\\nabode around the stump where the plow can not reach\\nthem. Let the ground be made clear of stumps and trash,\\nand then plow it thoroughly, two or three times if possible\\nbefore putting up the fence, which latter is usually made\\nof rails laid in the Virginia style, the worm fence of\\nthe North.\\nThe size of the pen varies with the number of cows to\\nbe penned, and this is a matter of which the settler must\\njudge for himself; but it is always about twice as long as\\nit is Avide, and should be so situated, if possible, that one\\nend abuts on the open Avoods and the other upon an in-\\nclosed field or Avoodland, Avhere the calves may have a\\nrange. It is a cruel thing to shut them up all day long in", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 227\\nthe pen without food or shelter and yet this is, we are\\nsorry to say, the common practice all over the State.\\nThe pen must have two entrances from the outside, one\\ninto the pen, the other into the field and these are made\\nby arranging one panel of the fence so that the rails may\\nbe easily slipped back and one end dropped to the ground.\\nAcross or near the center of the inclosure another fence\\nis run to divide it into two pens, for without this precau-\\ntion there would be no end of confusion during the\\nmilking process; this too must have a panel arranged in\\nthe center with drop rails, thus affording an easy access\\nfrom one division to the other.\\nAnd now every thing is ready for the reception of the\\nexpected guests, and the more there are of these the better,\\nnot only that the family may have a good supply of milk,\\nbut that the future garden-spot may be the richer.\\nWe have already intimated pretty plainly that Florida\\ncows are not remarkable for the large quantity of milk\\nthey yield. One that will give two quarts and a pint at\\na milking, the calf taking a liberal share of the same, is\\nregarded as a better cow than the average, and yet what\\nNorthern farmer would give shelter to this better coav?\\nNot one, for he could not afford it but in our genial cli-\\nmate the question of expense for shelter and food is not\\nconsidered, for they are not required. In the first place,\\ncows are cheap an extra good one can be bought for\\n$20, and the average kinds, $12 to $15, always, be it un-\\nderstood, with a young calf; for, as the Chinaman says,\\nno calfee, no milkee In the second place, the value\\nof land that has been cow-penned is greatly enhanced, so\\nhighly (and justly so) is it valued, that many Floridians\\npurchase herds of cattle for the sole purpose of penning\\nthem up at night.\\nThe vast pine forests are filled with the far-famed wire-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "228 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ngrass, a long wire-like grass growing in tufts, said to be\\nvery nutritious, and upon which the cattle certainly do\\ngrow fat. In the hammocks are other luxuriant grasses\\nand shrubs, and an abundance of the long, gray moss, so\\nwidely known as Florida moss. These forests, both pine\\nand hammock, afford free pasturage to all, and the cows\\nbeing turned out all the day long feed themselves without\\nexpense to their owners both winter and summer.\\nThe calves are kept at home during the milking season,\\nnot only to prevent them from getting more than their\\nshare of the milk, but also as a hostage to secure their\\nmothers return at night, and as a rule their detention has\\nthe desired effect. The cow, turned out in the morning,\\ncomes back to the pen toward evening with curious regu-\\nlarity. We have often wondered how they manage it for\\nsometimes they wander much farther afield than at others,\\nyet almost invariably they may be seen at the same hour\\nsolemnly marching into the pen where their eager little\\nones are anxiously waiting their advent for they too know^\\nthe hour for their supper-time, and may be found gazing\\nwistfully through the bars at their sedate-looking parents,\\nmurmuring in low-eved accents the mournful refrain,\\nThou art so near, and yet so far.\\nThe whole process of milking a Florida cow by what we\\nmay term the native method, is full of novelty and\\namusement to a stranger. The milker drops the sliding\\nbars of the dividing fence, and one of the patiently- waiting\\ncows steps through into the calves pen to be met ere fairly\\nclear of the rails by an instant bombardment from its lov-\\ning, most disinterested child and it behooves the milker,\\nif he wants to secure any portion of the lacteal fluid, to\\nbe very quick in putting up the bars again and gaining\\nthe side of the cow just admitted.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 229\\nWhile the calf is very young it is allowed full control\\nof three of the teats when it is two months old, if strong\\nand healthy, two teats are enough as it grows still older,\\none teat only is given up to it and at last, when the calf\\nis five or six mouths old and has become as expert a grazer\\nas its mother, it has no need of any milk at all.\\nBut Avoe be to him who should seek to separate it from\\nits mother, hoping to get all the milk himself! The result\\nwould be disastrous.\\nWe have already seen how nearly the native Florida cow\\nhas gone back to its natural or wild state, and in this state\\nthe milk never comes until the teats are pulled upon\\nby the calf; hence the cow persistently holds back her\\nmilk till her offspring draws it down, and it is very rarely\\nthat she can be induced to do otherW ise, So long as the\\nmilking continues, the calf must be allowed to pull for a\\nfew moments on one teat at least, even if it should be a\\nyear or more old, as often happens.\\nOf course this makes the process of milking rather an\\narduous one, for the older and stronger the en If becomes,\\nthe more impatient is it of any restriction placed upon its\\nraid on the milk-bag the moment the calf ranges along-\\nside of its mother, the milker must be ready to grasp the\\nteats not intended for its use, and to hold them until the\\nmilk is fairly down. Very often it comes slowly, and then\\nterrific is the bombardment the impatient offspring admin-\\nisters to its usually gentle mother; its violence and fre-\\nquency is apt to repeatedly jerk the reserved teats aw^ay\\nfrom the milker s hand, and, if not recovered on the in-\\nstant, presto change instead of a full teat there is an\\nempty one\\nNot only so, but unless the milker is wise enough to go\\ndown on one knee and make a brace for the cow^ either\\nwith his head, or by placing his hand on her side and his", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "230 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nelbow on his own knee, she will very likely be upset or so\\nhustled ascaiust him as to lay him on his back.\\nUsually the cow does not seem to object to this energetic\\nattack, but patiently stands as still as she can, chewing the\\ncud and sleepily nodding, though she does sometimes pro-\\ntest against it by moving forward a step or two after each\\nthump, and every such action must be followed up by the\\nmilker instantaneously or he will lose his share for the\\ncalf, like its mother, is a curous critter, and ever on the\\nwatch for an opportunity to take possession of the coveted\\nreserve.\\nThe milker holds the teats, one, two, or three, as it may\\nchance, until he feels them swelling out, then the milk has\\ncome a moment or two longer he waits to make as-\\nsurance doubly sure, and then, if he is alone in the pen,\\nhe springs like a madman to the sliding panel, drops the\\nbars, rushes back and drags the calf forcibly from its\\nmother s side, giving the latter the command to go!\\nIt is curious how soon both the cow and calf learn the\\nmeaning of this summary injunction the one steps back\\ninto the pen with the other cows and the other watches its\\nretreat mournfully, licking its foam-flecked lips the while,\\nbut seldom making any attempt to follow its dam.\\nThen the milker puts up the bars and proceeds to milk\\nthe cow no generous pail has he into which the copious\\nwhite streams go churning and foaming his pail stands\\nin a safe corner by the fence or is hung on a hook, and in\\nhis hand he holds a two-quart milking-cup for the Florida\\nmilker can use only one hand in the process, the other\\nmust hold the cup that receives the milk. He must be\\never on the qui vive for unexpected movements, for the\\ncows are not the steady, well-trained animals of the north-\\nern dairies. There is a difference in them, it is true with\\nthe steady old stagers he may kneel on one knee and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 231\\nmilk in comparative comfort but if he has to deal with a\\nhalf-trained cow he will have to stand stooping just low\\nenough to grasp the teats, and so be ready to follow or\\navoid any eccentric movement of body or leg, the latter\\nhaving sometimes a tendency to fly upward on small or no\\nprovocation.\\nMore often than not a return of the calf and a second\\nseparation and milking are necessary, because the cow does\\nnot give down all her milk at the first invitation when\\nthe milker is satisfied that he has all he can get, or needs,\\nthe cow is returned to the calf and the latter is left to fin-\\nish up at leisure, while the same tedious process is being\\ngone through with the other cows.\\nThis mode of milking is only one of several methods of\\ndealing with the cow and calf, and is adopted by those\\nwho are too dainty to be bothered by allowing the calf\\nto pull upon one or two teats while they are milking the\\nothers. This latter is really the best way as well as the\\nmost expeditious, for the milk comes down steadily with-\\nout intermission until the supply is exhausted, and then\\nthe calf is allowed to clean up the remnants, while. the\\nmilker calls out Next.\\nIt has the disadvantage, however, of proceeding in the\\nface of a vigorous bombardment that ever and anon jerks\\nthe teats away, and of requiring an occasional wiping of\\nfoam from finger and teats; but one gets used to these\\ntrifles by and by.\\nAnother way when the milker has an assistant (as should\\nalways be the case), is for the latter to place a stout rope\\nor broad leather collar around the calf s neck, and then,\\nwhen the milk has come, to pull it away till the milker\\ngets through or desires its return to draw any milk\\nthat may be left. This method is quicker than the first,\\nand neater than the second. Frequently, however, the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "232 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nsecond mode of milking is the only one practicable, be-\\ncause it is not every Florida cow that will permit herself\\nto be milked, unless the calf is actually milking her at the\\nsame time.\\nThree pints of milk to each cow at a milking is a fair\\nyield, and where there are five or six at least, as is usually\\nthe case, even this counts up and adds no little to the com-\\nfort and economy of the household, giving an abundant\\nsupply of milk and cream, cottage cheese, and butter.\\nNo doubt it seems very much like much ado about\\nnothing to the Northern farmer, with his fifteen and\\ntwenty-quart cows; but it must be considered that these\\nFlorida cows cost their owners nothing to keep them, little\\nto buy, and that while they give him milk and butter they\\nare at the same time doing what is more important, enrich-\\ning the land by their droppings when shut in for the night.\\nMany Floridians, as we have said, keep cattle for this pur-\\npose alone, and were this their only value they would be a\\ngood investment as commercial fertilizers.\\nThe high pine lands of Florida are not, as a rule, very\\nrich lands but they are what is better, healthy. The low\\nhammock lauds are rich, but they are unhealthy as a rule,\\nand their life-long denizens will usually be found putty-\\ncolored of face and languid of manner, caring little for\\nprogress and still less for personal exertion, because all the\\nspirit and energy are sapped out of them by the subtle ma-\\nlaria that haunts the beautiful hammocks and renders re-\\npulsive what else would be most charming. Understand,\\nhowever, that this does not apply to the less frequent high\\nhammocks.\\nPerhaps it is just as well that this is so, too, because\\nhuman nature is apt to be unreasonable and pugnacious.\\nHammock lands are limited in area, and if they were very\\ndesirable in all respects as places of residence every one", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 233\\nwould want them, and, as a matter of course, every one\\ncould not get them; and then would Florida be turned\\ntopsy-turvey, and the case of the celebrated Kilkenny\\ncats would become a case of Florida Crackers.\\nAs it is, however, the bulk of the populace are wise\\nenough to prefer the poorer pine lands with health to the\\nrich low-hammock lands with disease the former can be\\nfertilized and made sufficiently rich, the latter can not be\\nmade healthy.\\nAnd one of the cheapest and most popular means of en-\\nriching the land is that of cow-penning it. It is, as it were,\\nkilling two birds with one stone. Milk, butter, fertil-\\nizer, all in one who could ask for more\\nThe more cow-penned land one has the more valuable is\\nhis property for this is not an evanescent enriching once\\nfertilized in this manner, the land continues to produce\\ngood crops of fruit or vegetables, as the case may be, for\\nmany years thereafter, and no grove is more healthy or\\nprolific than one that is set out on cow-penned land.\\nHow long does it take to thus enrich the land? you\\nask.\\nThat depends entirely on the number of animals penned\\nand the space inclosed. The rule is to have the ground\\nwell covered with droppings before starting a new pen.\\nWhen this is accomplished, be it sooner or later, it is time\\nto move on, if the raising of sweet potatoes is the object\\nin view if other vegetables requiring a richer soil are de-\\nsired, then it is advisable to plow the ground at this stage,\\nand begin the cow-penning again on the same space.\\nFrom March till November the cattle night after night\\nare shut in their inclosure, and where one owns twenty\\nhead or more, it is surprising how much poor laud will be\\ntransformed into rich land in the course of a single season\\nbefore it is time to turn the cows out.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "234 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nAnd now as to the cow-pen itself. We have already\\nseen how important a matter the enriching of the land by\\nmeans of the nightly penning of the cows is to the Flor-\\nida farmer. But it might easily be made the source of\\nmuch greater riches than it is.\\nThe usual mode, as we have said, is to plow the land be-\\nfore penning the cows, and, after the ground is well cov-\\nered with droppings, to plow and inclose another space,\\nusing the first as a garden or sweet potato patch.\\nBy this primitive method the most valuable portions of\\nthe manure are totally lost and yet the average farmer\\nwho follows it thinks he is doing the best he can.\\nThe droppings are left for weeks or mouths on the sur-\\nface of the ground, leached by sun, rain, and air, the am-\\nmonia, that most valuable plant-food, escaping into the air\\nas fast as the manure is deposited, while the liquid portion\\nevaporates so as to be a complete loss, and, as every one\\nknows, this is the most valuable of all manures.\\nNow matters might easily be managed much better than\\nthis. We would suggest that the cow-pen, instead of be-\\ning made movable, be a permanent one.\\nMake it a barn-yard instead of a pen, and then there\\ncould be a roomy shed placed in one corner of the calves\\ndivision, into which the cows might enter from the one\\nside and the calves from the other; so that the milker\\nwould not only be protected from sun and rain while milk-\\ning (and the latter is a very frequent accompaniment to\\nthe dainty pleasures of the cow-pen, especially in June,\\nJuly, August, and September), but would also be saved\\nfrom kneeling down in the midst of the uucleanliness at-\\ntendant upon the usual method.\\nBut this would be only an incidental gain, as it w^ere;\\nthe greatest gain of all, apart from the comfort of the\\nmilker, would be found in the increased amount and vastly", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 235\\nimproved quality of the fertilizing substances accumulating\\nin the yard under the new regime.\\nBefore and during the cows home season, haul into the\\nyard a thick layer of muck, then another of leaves, sur-\\nface mold, or grass; next, more muck, and over all pine\\nneedles and leaves and grass, or any other of the odds and\\nends of rottable matter that may be had for the gathering\\naround every Florida home.\\nThe more and the deeper the amount of trash collected\\nthe better the latter will absorb and retain the liquid ma-\\nnure, and the solid will be trampled down into the mass\\nand their value preserved intact, especially if an occa-\\nsional sprinkling of land-plaster, just enough to whiten\\nthe surface, is given.\\nKeep adding to the pile, preserving its level surface all\\nthe season, or, if preferred, remove the first installment at\\nthe end of three or four months and commence afresh.\\nThe result will be a fertilizer especially adapted to orange\\ntrees, or in fact to any other species of vegetation rich\\nenough to produce splendid results, yet not rich enough\\nto scald seeds or roots.\\nBy adopting this method not only will additional com-\\nfort be provided for the milker, but the same number of\\ncows will furnish five-fold the amount of a far more valu-\\nable fertilizer than that obtained by the slovenly method\\nnow almost invariably practiced.\\nAnother shed, made of the rough edge boards, sold\\nso cheaply by our saw-mills, would add not a little to the\\ncomfort of the cows, not only as aflTording shelter during\\nthe heavy night rains, so common in the summer and early\\nfall, but as a feeding place. Under this shed, built in the\\ncow s division, should be placed boxes containing salt, so\\narranged that the cows may have free access to them. It\\nis a great mistake to suppose that Florida cows do not need", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "236 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nsalt; they do need it just as much as any other cows, only\\nthey are not, as a rule, educated to eating it give them\\na chance to find out what it is, and they will seek it as\\neagerly as any Northern cow.\\nIt is necessary to the preservation of their health, and\\nis in fact one of the most powerful of those preventives\\nan ounce of which is worth more than a pound of cure.\\nEqual quantities of salt and oak-wood ashes mixed together\\nin water and then dried in large lumps will, it is said, draw\\nhomeward the most refractory cows, so extremely fond of\\nit are they. Try it and see.\\nAll through the summer, from spring until fall, the wire-\\ngrass and shrubs of the piney woods furnish ample susten-\\nance to the cattle that roam at large far and wide. But,\\nas winter draws near, the gr^ss ceases to grow and becomes\\ntough and dry, while the shrubs drop their leaves, and the\\nsaw-palmetto, on which also they feed, loses the crispness\\nthat seems to be its chief attraction.\\nThen the cows begin to come honae later and later, even\\nthose that have hitherto been in the habit of coming in\\nearly, and the milking has to be done by the light of a fire\\nbuilt in the pen, or by that of a lantern the latter is much\\nmore convenient, and its rays are quite sufl^icient to guide\\nboth the milker and the cows.\\nThis coming home late to their calves, all through the\\nseason, is a fault of which not a few Florida cows are\\nguilty but who can blame them, seeing how entirely their\\neducation has been neglected and how very badly they\\nhave been brought up In fact, like the celebrated Topsy,\\nthey have had no bringing up, they have just growed.\\nThis vexatious fault that we have mentioned is one that\\nmay, however, be easily corrected. All that is necessary\\nto bring the cows home regularly at or before dusk is a\\nfew stalks of corn-fodder, a handful of cow-pea vines, or", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD ST^LE. 237\\nsome such little tid-bit, fed to them after the evening milk-\\ning is over.\\nLet every settler who is annoyed by his cows keeping\\nlate hours try this plan, and emphasize it by placing here\\nand there in the pen small boxes containing coarse or rock\\nsalt, and he will have no further occasion to complain of\\nhis cows we have tried it, and know whereof we write.\\nIt is really wonderful how marked is the effect of such a\\nsimple mode of treatment. We have known two neigh-\\nbors living side by side, the one never fed his cows at all,\\nand each afternoon toward dusk was obliged to mount his\\nhorse and search the woods for several miles around, utter-\\ning the while the peculiar cow^-call, which each man\\nvaries to suit himself, the several herds soon learning the\\nparticular call to which they owe fealty. This our neigh-\\nbor had to do each afternoon, no matter how inconvenient\\nit might be either this, or else to wait the voluntary re-\\nturn of his cows, and be prepared to milk them at any\\nhour they might choose betw^een early eyeuing and dawn.\\nThe other neighbor fed his cow^s after the evening milking\\nwas over, only a mere handful of green or cured fodder,\\nand this was enough to bring them home regul^i ly before\\ndark; never once was he obliged to seek them; not only\\nso, but this extra feed, meager as it was, made a marked\\ndifference in the yield of milk.\\nMoral It pays w^ell to feed one s cows at night, be it\\never so little.\\nIt is curious how these same uneducated Florida cows\\nshow their knowledge as to the proper time for them to be\\nturned out into the hammock- world w^ith their offspring\\nat their side whether it be the diminishing supply of ten-\\nder grass, the shortening days, the cooler weather, or some\\nmysterious internal instinct, certain it is that they do know,\\nand if their calves are not in due time set at liberty to", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "238 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwander forth with their dams to the luxuriant hammock,\\nthe latter will, sooner or later, betake themselves to their\\nusual winter haunts minus their offspring.\\nAnd then, when this happens, their owner has a perplex-\\ning problem before him whether to turn the little ones\\nout (first marking and branding them) to shift for them-\\nselves, or to feed them at home all winter. In nine cases\\nout of ten the latter is simply impossible so out they must\\ngo, alone in all likelihood never more to be seen by their\\nowners.\\nFrom the first to the middle of November is the usual\\ntime of turning out the cows, and it is not wise to defer it\\nlater, as both cows and calves are apt to suffer from a short\\nsupply of food.\\nAll through the mild Florida winter the open hammock\\nlands, scattered all over the country, are alive with the\\ncattle thus set adrift by their owners, each of whom has\\nhis own particular brand and ear-mark by which to identify\\nhis property.\\nNumerous natural grasses and shrubs grow all winter\\nlong under the dense shelter of the grand old oaks of the\\nFlorida hammocks, and the long gray moss which lends so\\nweird a charm to the scene affords also no despicable source\\nof nourishment to the cattle who take up their temporary\\nresidence in its midst.\\nOnce upon a time, when we were unversed in the\\ncurous ways of this curous critter, we used to won-\\nder why there was so little moss hanging low down from\\nthe oak trees. Noav we wonder no more we know. The\\ncows confiscate all that comes within their reach, and that\\nis why the human moss-robbers must literally look aloft\\nfor their share of the booty, upon which, doubtless, many\\na hungry cow has looked with wistful eye.\\nAs a rule the cows which are hammock-fed during the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 239\\nwinter season, that is from November to the end of Feb-\\nruary, come back to the pens plump and in good condition,\\nwhen they come at all.\\nFor it is not to be supposed that this promiscuous turn-\\ning-out year after year is going to continue without occa-\\nsional losses. It not uufrequently happens that cows dis-\\nappear from their owners ken, in spite of all searching for\\nthem far and wide. Sometimes they die sometimes they\\nare killed and eaten by unscrupulous parties, usually of\\nthe colored persuasion sometimes the}^ stray away of them-\\nselves, having quarreled perhaps v.ith the companions of\\ntheir accustomed haunts but all that their owners know\\nof a certainty is that they are gone, but not forgotten.\\nAs to the calves of the previous season, no surprise is felt\\nif they are missing; in fact, if a calf born one winter or\\nspring lives to be turned out with its dam in the fall, the\\nsurprise comes in just there, and no after performance of\\nthat calf need excite the least astonishment.\\nFor, be it known, that it is a comparatively rare thing for\\na Florida calf to survive its first summer seldom does it\\npass its sixth month. It is a more common thing than\\notherwise for the cattle owner to lose eight out of ten\\ncalves before the season is over.\\nThe reason for this great mortality is not far to seek. In\\nthe first place generations of exposure, neglect, and ill-\\ntreatment, combined with a constant breeding in and in,\\nhave weakened the Florida native stock, and, as a natural\\nconsequence, the calves have but little stamina, and tlie\\nmodicum they do possess is destroyed by the treatment\\nthey receive, in nine cases out of ten, from the day of\\ntheir arrival in the cow-pen. This latter is the true cause\\nof the enormous mortality among Florida calves, and it is\\nfull time that our people were wakened up to that fact.\\nWhat Northern farmer would dream of shutting up his", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "240 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ncalves in a small inclosure, devoid of tree or grass, keep-\\ning them all through the long summer months without\\nshade or water, and without food as well, except a scanty\\nsupply of milk morning and evening\\nYet this is w^hat nearly all the old-style Florida popu-\\nlation do! The older Cracker portion, because their\\nfathers did it before them and the less intelligent of tlie\\nnew-comers, because it is the custom of the country\\nand so they suppose it to be all right, until they find their\\ncalves dying off and their cows w- ho persistently hold\\nback their milk until coaxed by the gentle lips of their\\noffspring drying up, as a consequence of the cruel,\\nshort-sighted policy pursued toward the latter.\\nThe W Onder is that a single calf survives such an ordeal.\\nWe have often looked into pens on a hot summer s day\\nand felt our blood rise to boiling heat, not from the rays\\nof the sun, but with a fierce accession of wrath at behold-\\ning the helpless, patient little calves lying close to the rail-\\nfence, seeking what scant shade might be found, their sides\\npanting, their tongues hanging out, not a particle of food\\nor shelter or water within their reach from the rising to\\nthe setting of the sun\\nGive the Florida calf a good pasture lot fence in a por-\\ntion of your piney woodland, if you can do no better\\nkeep water and salt within reach give an occasional\\nbucket of mixed bran and meal, some chopped-up sw eet\\npotatoes, raw, and an occasional feed of hay or fodder\\nput up a rough shed that w ill turn water, surround it by\\na light railing, so that the calves may be shut in there and\\nprevented from lying on the wet ground on rainy or cold\\nnights, which are sure to come, especially toward fall, and\\nrest assured that the Florida calf thus treated will aston-\\nish its owner by declining to die, or to do any thing else\\nbut grow up fat and healthy.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 241\\nJust tiy it and see, you who have hitherto been content\\nto follow in the worn-out grooves of the old-time settlers.\\nAn important step toward the attainment of this much-\\nto-be-desired result namely, the regeneration of the native\\nstock is, first of all, more gentle treatment than is usually\\ngiven them.\\nMany a time has our righteous indignation boiled and\\nseethed and finally overflowed in a torrent, because of the\\nbrutal manner in which cows and calves are treated by the\\nignorant classes who, apart from questions of common\\nhumanity, do not know enough to recognize the fact that\\nthey are despoiling and depreciating their own property.\\nAnd it is not only these the poor white trash of\\nwhom happily there are few in our beautiful State, or the\\nnaturally cruel negro, who thus w^antonly ill-treat animals.\\nIt is often done, or allowed to be done by dependents,\\nfrom sheer carelessness. Many a cow and calf are beaten\\nand driven and kicked, not once in a while only, but every\\nnight and morning, by those who are intrusted by the\\nowner with their care. Perhaps, as the pens are usually\\nat some little distance from the house, he may not know\\nof the cruelty with which his cattle are treated, or he may\\nsuspect that the darkies are a little rough, but does not\\ntake the trouble to verify his suspicions or make himself\\nconversant with the amount of damage this little rough-\\nness is doing to his property, to say nothing of the hu-\\nmanitarian aspect of the case.\\nIn either event that of ignorance or mere suspicion\\nwe can not hold the owner guiltless of wanton cruelty, for\\nit is the clear duty of every stock-owner to see that his\\nanimals are well and kindly treated, and not left to the\\ntender mercies of a race proverbially cruel to animals,\\nand even to each other.\\nWe have elsewhere alluded to the necessity that often\\n16", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "242 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nexists of ricliDg out on horseback toward niglitfall to hunt\\nup the cows that are apt to be dilatory in returning in due\\ntime to the pen.\\nJust here begins the opportunity for the cruelty we have\\nreferred to in nine cases out of ten, unless it is the owner\\nhimself who goes forth to seek the bunch (as a herd of\\ncattle keeping together are called), the cows are driven\\nhome, not at the quiet, easy walk that is so necessary to\\nthe preservation of their milking qualities, but with a\\nhorse trotting fast behind them, a dog oftentimes barking\\nand biting at their heels, a voice shouting at its utmost,\\nand a long-lashed Avhip cutting and slashing across the\\nbacks of any that may drop behind the frightened, flurried,\\ngalloping herd.\\nThus they come rushing into the pen, heated, panting,\\ntheir heads drooping, their eyes staring with affright, the\\nfoam dripping from their mouths altogether as dejected\\nand weary a lot of cows as the most cruel heart could de-\\nsire to see.\\nAnd then comes the milking and further opportunities\\nfor brutality, and this time the calf is a victim as Avell as\\nthe cow. If the two are separated, by the cow being\\ndriven back to the outer pen after the milk has been\\ndrawn down, the process is accompanied by kicks and\\nblows to hurry the cow and keep back the calf.\\nIf it is considered, as it usually is, too much trouble to\\nseparate them, then, after the milk has come down, the\\nmilker being provided with a stick, reaches under the cow,\\nand if the hungry calf, that sees itself being deprived of\\nits supper, ventures to come Avithin reach it is saluted with\\nheavy blows across its head and legs, till bruised, and oft-\\ntimes bleeding, it limps away.\\nThen if the cow-, stung by a fly, dares to use the weapon\\nthe Creator has given it to protect itself against its insect", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE.\\n243\\nenemies its tail\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and the latter interferes in the least with\\nthe milker s comfort, it is greeted with a blow or kick or\\nif because a sore teat is roughl}^ handled, or a fly bites, or\\na sudden movement or shout startles its already overstrung\\nnerves it lifts its leg to free itself from its tormentor, an-\\nother kick or bloAv, often on the sensitive bone of the leg,\\nis the result.\\nAgain, when a young cow fresh from two or three years\\nfreedom in the open range is to be broken for milking,\\nhow is it done, only too often Not by kindly treatment\\nand gentle persistence. No, but by driving it into a cor-\\nner of the pen, lassoing its head and unmercifully lashing it\\nwith the cruel cow-whip until it is exhausted and stands\\nor lies down in helpless misery.\\nWe have watched closely, and regret to say that there\\nis all too much of this sort of cruelty being practiced,\\neven where it is unsuspected by the owners of the nnfor-\\ntunate cattle, whose interest and duty should combine to\\nrender such an abuse of his property impossible.\\nHow can such things be? Why, certainly, only by\\ncriminal negligence on the part of those who leave their\\nstock at the mercy of dependents.\\nIf the owner is not able to attend to the wants of his\\ncattle in person, let at least his presence at odd times and\\nseasons in the pen or field act as a check, and let it be un-\\nderstood that the man, woman or child, who is proven to\\nhave ill-used the animals under their care will be discharged\\non the spot.\\nNot till the present usual manner of treating the Flor-\\nida cow is totally changed can there be any decided im-\\nprovement in the race. It is this loud shouting, driving\\nand beating that makes them, as they often are, half wild\\nand intractable.\\nWherever it is possible the owner should overlook in", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "244 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nperson all work wherein the comfort of his cattle is con-\\ncerned, and if those who are now resting in the self-satisfied\\nbelief that their own individual herds are receiving proper\\ntreatment will but take the trouble to make assurance\\ndoubly sure, they will, in the majority of cases, be sur-\\nprised at the revelations awaiting them.\\nAmong our own cows is one that, when purchased, we\\nwere told we could not milk, because the wife of the seller,\\nthough used to cows all her life, was afraid to do so unless\\nher husband stood by with a whip in his hand, ready to\\npunish the cow for kicking. But we liked the looks of\\nthe animal, a young one with her second calf, and had some\\nconfidence in our newly acquired milking accomplishments,\\nchief among which we counted the banishment of clubs,\\nwhips, and loud voices.\\nWell, that cow kicked us pretty regularly for the first\\nfew days, and we did not kick back we bewildered her\\nby patting her, speaking gently, and quietly persevering\\nin our intention to milk her. After the first five days she\\nthought better of the kicking business and decided to re-\\nsign in faA^or of her less kindly treated relatives. She\\nnever kicked again.\\nIn one week she allowed us to stroke her head, and in\\nanother she ate from our hand and gradually permitted us*\\nto come up to the scratch, behind her ears.\\nThen we invited the former owmer into the pen, and the\\ncow shrank into a corner the moment she saw him. He\\nretired further off, and she then allowed herself to be milked\\nas usual, never lifting her once too jerky leg, although\\nher calf nearly butted her off her balance.\\nThe latter too, wild and nervous when it first came into\\nour pen, soon became so familiar as to pick our pockets of\\nany tRing that might be fluttering therefrom, to take our\\nstraw hat off our head and a piece out of the brim if we", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION OLD STYLE. 245\\nwere not on the alert, to chew up our jacket, to twist its\\ntongue around our hair, and to take whatever advantage\\nit could of our defenseless condition in the milking pen,\\nwhen it was disengaged and we were not.\\nNow this has been our own experience in two other\\ncases, and therefore we speak whereof we knoAV gentle-\\nness in handling cow and calf will insure gentle animals\\nand increase the yield of milk in the former few persons\\nare aware how directly the latter is affected by rough treat-\\nment, running the cows home, striking and exciting\\nthem.\\nWe have been thus particular in describing the old-style\\nmethods of milking and cow-penning, because it is a ques-\\ntion of but a few years more before they will be, save in\\nisolated localities, things of the past, to be remembered\\nwith wonder and amazement, but practiced no more.\\nThe old style still prevails, however, over the greater part\\nof the State where the means and opportunity of improve-\\nment are yet in the near future.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "246 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nTHE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE.\\nOne of the most important questions that Florida has to\\nface in the near future is how to improve her cattle.\\nThe time when this was a matter of little importance\\nhas gone by, and the new and more intelligent class of set-\\ntlers who are steadily flowing into the State, coming from\\nolder lands where they have been used to better things in\\nthe dairy line than they have found awaiting them in their\\nnew homes, wdll never be satisfied until they have tested\\nwhat can be done in the way of improvement.\\nWe hear some of the old time fogies say, Nothing.\\nWe beg leave to differ and say. Every thing.\\nThere is no reason in the world why Florida should not\\nin due time stand forth as fine a cattle-raising State as one\\nneed desire.\\nBut to accomplish this end there is much to be done;\\nand time, care, patience, and systematic perseverance are\\nrequisite to succeed.\\nIt is the common oj^tinion in the North, among those\\nwho are not well informed, that grass can not be raised in\\nFlorida and even in this very State itself we sometimes\\nhear the same assertion.\\nBut never was a greater mistake made.\\nBecause all kinds of grass w^ill not grow equally well on\\nall soils, and endure the vicissitudes of all climates, there\\nis no reason to assert that no kinds of grasses can be found\\nthat will flourish on Florida soil and beneath the Florida\\nsun. On the contrary, already the merits of many grasses\\nhave been tested, and with perfect satisfaction, not only in", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 247\\ncultivated fieldis for cured fodder, but also in the meadow\\nas permanent pasture and the number of these food-sup-\\npliers is constantly on the increase.\\nThose who make the above sweeping assertions are either\\nwofully ignorant or maliciously slanderous toward a great\\nState.\\nNo family who owns an acre or two of moderately-good\\nland has any excuse for not having an abundance of milk\\nand butter even in much maligned Florida, as we shall see\\nby and by.\\nA well-fed cow is one of the best friends a housekeeper\\ncan have, and no better investment could be found for the\\namount of money that will buy and keep one of these val-\\nuable animals, for whose product there is a demand every\\nhour of the day. Especially is this the case in the new\\nFlorida home, Avhere more often than not only the plain-\\nest and most simple kinds of food can be procured, and\\nwhere the milk, butter, and cheese furnished by the hum-\\nble cow are a mine of wealth to the perplexed wife and\\nmother, in whose ears the daily cry of What shall we\\neat? is ever ringing.\\nNow, as we have seen, the native Florida cow gives but\\nlittle milk when, as is usually the case, she is turned out\\nduring the day to pick up her own living as best she may.\\nAnd so the lack in individuals is made up in numbers, and\\nthus from four or five cows enough milk is procured to\\nyield the family an ample supply.\\nIf we stop to think about it we will see a reason sufficient\\nin itself to account for the small yield of milk from each\\ncow, even apart from its degenerate state and the compar-\\natively small amount of food it obtains and this is the\\nexcessive amount of exercise it is compelled to take all\\nday, and every day, to get even this modicum of greens.\\nWhence came the popular phrase, fat as an alderman,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "248 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nexcept from the well-knoAvn fact that sitting still all the\\nday long and eating and drinking at pleasure, is very apt\\nto make a man fat?\\nIt is not often that a person who is in the habit of taking\\nconstant exercise accumulates flesh he will become mus-\\ncular but not stout.\\nAnd it is just the same with animals. The Florida hog,\\nroaming the wild woods for its living, is thin and scrawny\\nthe cow is not thin, but neither is she fat, like her more\\nfortunate Northern sisters who have only to stand or lie\\nstill at pleasure, and eat, eat, eat, drink, drink, drink, day\\nin and day out.\\nIn the one case the milk factory has to hunt up the ma-\\nterial to manufacture, and meanwhile the works are run-\\nning on half time and power in the other an abundance\\nof material is supplied and the engines in the milk factory\\nhave only to use up the raw material fed to them in suffi-\\ncient quantities to keep them running at full speed.\\nIn the one instance there is a constant waste of time,\\npower, and material, in the other they are all utilized to\\ntheir fullest extent.\\nIn an agricultural paper not long ago we saw this very\\nquestion ably discussed, and figures given to show the\\namount of food that went to make up the loss in bones\\nand muscle, when cows were obliged to wander for miles\\nafter their daily food, as compared with cows well fed and\\nkept in a stall or home pasture, and the difference was\\nstartling.\\nWe have always believed that one great reason for the\\npaucity of milk yielded by the native Florida cow is the\\namount of exercise she is compelled to take each day, in\\nthe search for provender, and lately we have seen it proved\\nthat such is really the case.\\nA neighbor took a common native cow and calf off the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "THE DAIKY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 249\\nrange Avhen she was giving only one pint of milk (in ad-\\ndition to one j)int allowed the calf), and her yield of milk\\nincreased six -fold within two weeks, simply from being fed\\na mess of bran and corn-meal twice a day, with an arm-\\nload of fodder now and then, and not being compelled to\\nwander for miles in search of food.\\nWho will say that this small amount of food was not a\\ngood investment\\nAnd, moreover, it shows that a great deal can be done\\nwith our common native stock even in their present degen-\\nerate condition. In fact it is to this stock, already accli-\\nmated and used to roughing it, that Florida must look\\nfor the basis of future improvement in the dairy.\\nAll Florida wants is to have her native stock brought\\nback to where it was when the earliest settlers imported it\\nfrom Europe and to attain this end each neighborhood\\nneeds only to secure a few pure Jersey, Guinea, Durham,\\nand Ayreshire bulls.\\nThen, in a few years, when the female descendants came\\nto be milkers, a vast difference would be at once percep-\\ntible. Kill off the males of the old stock, import those\\nnamed above, as they have been proven to be especially\\nadapted to Southern climates, provide food and pasture,\\nand the dairy question is solved completely and satisfac-\\ntorily.\\nThere is more merit in the common cows of Florida\\nthan they get credit for they respond very quickly to a\\nmore generous supply of food than they usually receive\\nand if this were steadily given and the improving elements\\nabove alluded to introduced among them, her people would\\nbe content and with reason.\\nIt is not to be denied, however, that it is not every one\\nof these curous critters, as at present constituted, that\\nwill permit itself to be well treated. Many Florida cows", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "250 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nrefuse to eat any thing whatever except the wild grasses\\non which they have grown up, and no amount of coaxing\\nor imprisonment Avith such dainty food set before them as\\nwould delight the heart and fill the stomach of a properly\\neducated cow will induce them to eat or drink.\\nWe know of one instance (among several) where a cow\\nwas penned up, and an abundance of corn-fodder, cow-pea\\nvines, bran, corn-meal, turnips, potatoes, kitchen-slops in\\nshort, every thing that could be thought of to tempt her\\nwere laid at her feet, all in vain not a morsel would\\nshe touch, not a mouthful of water would she drink.\\nGreek met Greek; the owner resolved to starve the\\ncow into eating and the cow resolved to show that she\\nhad a mind of her own. So for five days the struggle\\nwent on and just as the owner, alarmed at the rapidly-\\ndeparting flesh of his mulish animal, concluded to own\\nhimself vanquished, the cow settled the disputed question\\nin a very emphatic manner. She leaped the fence, an un-\\nusually high one, and was never more seen by her owner.\\nBut then again there are many Florida cows that eat as\\nreadily as their Northern sisters, and these are the ones to\\nexperiment upon the younger the cow, the more tractable\\nshe will prove to be in this respect. The old cows are like\\nold people, they do not take kindly to new habits or ideas.\\nAnother point to be gained in the treatment of Florida\\ncows is to teach them to yield their milk without the inter-\\nvention of their calves.\\nThis will be a difficult matter for obvious reasons. While\\nperseverance on the one side and obstinacy on the other are\\nin progress, the cow may *go dry, as holding back the\\nmilk, even for a few milkings, tends directly to this result.\\nBut when this catastrophe threatens, the calf should be\\nhurried to the rescue, and, after milking its refractory\\nparent, be again removed from sight.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 251\\nThe disposition to hold up the milk may, in most cases,\\nbe overcome by patience and gentleness, and feeding the\\ncow while milking bathing the teats and udder with luke-\\nwarm water and gently handling them, will almost always\\ninduce her to give down her milk, and once the habit\\nis fixed it will never be forgotten.\\nAs to the calf, it should of course be allowed to be with\\nits mother for the first tw^enty-four hours, as it is necessary\\nto its welfare to draw the first milk but, after this period,\\nit should be taken entirely out of sight and hearing of its\\nmother.\\nOf course success in this direction will not always be\\nattainable but if a young cow be made the subject of the\\nexperiment, and especially if she is being fed so as to in-\\ncrease her flow of milk and render its retention beyond\\none day incompatible with her comfort, it will seldom fail\\nand once this step is gained, the calf can be taught to\\ndrink milk from a pail for the first two weeks and then\\nbe fed on slops, potatoes, bran, corn-meal, or from two to\\nfour ounces (no more) of cotton-seed meal a day, mixed\\nwith the bran, until able to graze, and then the owner will\\nno longer be obliged to share the milk, or be dependent on\\nthe life of the calf for any yield at all from its mother.\\nThe introduction of blue blood among the ill-used,\\ndegenerate Florida cows, is a far better method of improv-\\ning the ^tock than by the general importation of pure-\\nblood cows.\\nAgain and again has this been tried, and with disaster\\nin almost every instance. Sometimes out of a dozen or\\nmore fine stock, imported from Northern or Western\\nStates, not one has survived the change Jerseys, Devons,\\nAyreshires, Durhams, Holsteins, all have gone the same\\nroad.\\nAnd yet, in spite of this ill-fortune, some of the younger", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "252 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nstock was left, enough to form the nucleus of the home-\\nbred pure-bloods that we find scattered here and there over\\nthe State, a delight to their owners, and a boon to the en-\\nterprising settler who is wide awake enough to realize the\\nadvantage of procuring good stock already acclimated.\\nNever go outside the State to purchase stock if you can\\npossibly obtain it nearer home.\\nThe acclimation of animals is a more serious thing than\\nmost people are aware of. If a domestic animal is taken\\nfrom a cold to a warm climate, or vice versa, it wdll almost\\ninvariably lose its appetite and its health, and literally\\npine to death. If it survives this ordeal, however, and\\nregains its usual health, it is henceforth acclimated and\\nhas crossed the Rubicon so far as change of climate is\\nconcerned.\\nOne of the most noticeable immediate effects of the re-\\nmoval of cattle to a warmer climate than that they have\\nbeen accustomed to is an accelerated pulse, a gain of from\\nfifteen to thirty beats a minute in other w ords, fever sets\\nin, and always more seriously with adults than wdth young\\nor half-grown cattle sometimes the latter are very slightly\\naffected; occasionally, where proper treatment from the\\nstart has been given, they escape it entirely.\\nWhat is proper treatment? you ask.\\nProvide sufficient and effective shelter from the sun do\\nnot allow the cattle to be -excited, or driven, except at a\\nwalk and not even this w^hen it can be prevented.\\nDo not feed them Indian corn, or any other heat-pro-\\nducing food. Do not turn them out in the open w^oods to\\ngraze they can not bear the same treatment that is given\\nto the inured native stock. Keep them under shelter, ex-\\ncept perhaps in the early morning, or for an hour or two\\ntoward sundown. Horse-flies and ticks are sorely trying\\nto the patience and flesh of even the native cattle. Have", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 253\\na Stall for your thoroughbreds, with wire netting in the\\ndoors and windows. Never mind if you are laughed at\\nyour poor cattle will bless and reward you.\\nKemember that the native grasses of Florida and other\\nplant foods are different from those they have been accus-\\ntomed to, and that they have this change to meet in addi-\\ntion to that of the climate.\\nFeed hay ad libitum; you can make it yourself from\\ncrab-grass, Bermuda, or other similar grasses; cured fod-\\nder of any sort can also be used, if sweet and good bran\\nalso is good\u00e2\u0080\u0094 any thing in fact that is not heat-producing.\\nBut still, even with constant care, the investment in im-\\nported stock is apt to be a great risk. A breeder of many\\nyears experience assures us that, The most that can be\\nhoped for, when animals are subjected to great climatic\\nchanges, is to keep them in sufficient health to bear off-\\nspring, from which stock may finally be obtained, not only\\nacclimated but naturalized.\\nThere are many who assert, and apparently with reason,\\nthat the chief trouble and risk in bringing cattle into this\\nState from the West or North is, after all, not so much the\\nsimple question of acclimatization, since the Florida cli-\\nmate is, during a large part of the year, quite cool enough\\nto be bracing, and during the remainder scarcely as warm\\nas the animals have been used to in the summer season in\\ntheir old homes.\\nThese observers assign another cause for the trouble.\\nIt is a well-known fact that in Texas, and other Gulf-\\ncoast States, the cattle are subject to a fever, popularly\\nknown as the Texas fever, and Florida is one of these\\nStates. The fever very rarely, Ave might say never, at-\\ntacks an animal to the manor born; but bring in a\\nstranger, and it is at once seized upon. Tlie older ones,\\nas we have noted, do not often survive the ordeal, bijt the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "254 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nyounger take it more liglitly like the measles or mumps,\\nit is severe on the old folks, but smites gently the young.\\nAnd, looking the matter carefully over, it seems to us\\nthat the change of climate, pure and simple, may indeed\\nexert a less active influence than the germs of the famous\\nTexas fever, which lies waiting to seize the stranger,\\nbut passes by the native born in silent contempt. We see\\nthis action constantly occurring as concerns human beings,\\nwhy not, then, with the four-footed animals also?\\nThis being so, it becomes doubly wise to obtain our im-\\nproved stock within our own borders and it is, besides,\\nsimple justice to those who have had the nerve and perse-\\nverance to invest in blooded cattle, bring them to a new\\ncountry, and take the consequent losses and risks, in order\\nto make the necessary start on the upward road of im-\\nprovement.\\nIt is only right that these men, the pioneers of the accli-\\nmated, naturalized Jerseys and other full-blooded cattle,\\nshould reap the reward of their pluck and foresight, and\\nbe given the preference in the purchase of such stock by\\nthe Florida settler.\\nAs yet they are few and scattered, and so little known\\nas breeders that we have been compelled to make inquiries\\nfar and wide all over the State in order to obtain the ad-\\ndresses given at the end of this chapter for the convenience\\nof our readers.\\nBut we have as yet said nothing regarding a breed of\\ncattle which as yet is but little known, save in those local-\\nities where it first came into notice, the southern parts of\\nGeorgia.\\nNo one knows where the little Guinea cow came from\\noriginally, only that Colonel Stapler, of Lowndes County,\\nGeorgia, owned the first of them.\\nWe saw it stated once, by whose authority we do not", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 255\\nknow, that tlie Guinea cattle were found early in the pres-\\nent century roaming wild on one of the numerous islands\\nthat fringe the Georgia and Carolina coasts, having escaped\\nfrom a foreign vessel that was wrecked there. It is con-\\nceded that the Guinea more nearly resembles the famous\\nlittle Brittany cow than any other known breed, and it is\\nnot a wild assumption to suppose that the aforesaid for-\\neign vessel hailed from those parts.\\nHow true this may be deponent sayeth not. We are\\nsatisfied to know that the Guinea cattle (so named by the\\noriginal owner, Colonel Stapler), are splendidly adapted to\\nFlorida in every respect except, indeed, as beef cattle.\\nMany consider them superior to all others. They are too\\nsmall to find much favor with the butcher, even if their\\nvalue and scarcity did not keep them out of his hands.\\nThe Guinea cow is a living illustration of the old adage,\\nThe most valuable articles are done up in small pack-\\nages. Coming from a section of country so nearly allied\\nto Florida that the change in climate and food is so slight\\nas not to affect their health in the least, the little Guineas\\nare the ne fjlus ultra of family cows for this State the\\npoor man s cow.\\nThe Guinea asks for but little food in addition to the\\nsupply of grass it can pick up on the range, for in its\\nGeorgia home it has been accustomed to forage for itself,\\niust as do the common Florida cows.\\nSome one describes the Guinea cow as a yard high, a\\nyard and a half long, and about a yard wide.\\nAnother some one writes of her thus, in more tech-\\nnical terms: She is broad on the back, slim neck, small\\nand delicate legs and feet, well filled up in fore and hind\\nquarters, long for her height, which is just thirty-nine\\ninches, and has an eye in which meekness and content,\\nwith gentleness, shines. She keeps fat where a common", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "256 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFlorida cow would starve, and gives about two gallons of\\nmilk of a high grade twice a day. This little cow might\\nbutcher about four hundred pounds net, and is undoubt-\\nedly the most contented and gentle animal in Florida.\\nAnother writer says Their bodies are scarcely a foot\\nfrom the ground, and the udder is enormous. They are\\nhardy and gentle, active browsers, and eat about half what\\nis needed for an ordinary cow. And yet another says:\\nThey are usually of a deep red color, always fat and gen-\\ntle, with crumpled horns and broad escutcheon. They re-\\nquire less food and give more milk than the ordinary cow,\\nand are much hardier and more intelligent.\\nAfter these verdicts from those who have had experience\\nwith the little cow, it is scarcely necessary for us to add\\nmore in her favor.\\nLittle as the Guinea is yet known outside of certain\\nlimits, the demand is larger than the supply, a defect that\\nit will take time to remedy. There is a good deal of diver-\\nsity too among these Lilliputian cattle they vary in size\\nand in color, and also in the shape of their horns some of\\nthe latter are slim and delicate, others are crumpled, while\\nothers are entirely missing. In color some individuals are\\nred, some brown, some spotted. The prices asked for\\nGuinea cows vary from forty to one hundred dollars, but\\nthe males are held at much lower figures. At the same\\ntime, valuable and desirable as the little Guinea is for\\nfamily use, where the means for ample feeding can not be\\nafforded, the Jersey, pure or graded, will still continue the\\nmost popular cow with those who are able to care for it\\nproperly, because the yield of milk and butter is greater,\\nand where crossed with the common stock a larger animal\\nfor butchering is obtained.\\nStepping for a moment be3^ond the purely home-life view\\nof Florida cattle, let us take a brief glance at an industry", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 257\\nwhich is destined to be more to Florida in the near future\\nthan it is now to Texas, the great cattle State. In South\\nFlorida there are thousands of acres of the finest stock\\nranges, lands fit for little if any thing else, and certainly\\nfor nothing as profitable grazing lands well and always\\nsupplied Avith an abundance of water, ranges over which\\nthe AVestern stock-raisers go into ecstacies. Few persons\\nare aware that in the wild southern counties of Florida\\nthere are cattle kings whose wealth can scarcely be\\ncounted, most certainly not by themselves.\\nAn amusing^ incident in this connection occurred recently.\\nTwo gentlemen, settlers in Sumter County, believing that\\nthey could purchase cows to better advantage in Brevard\\nCounty than nearer home, went thither on horseback.\\nBeaching their destination they began to look around for\\nthe desired cows in the course of their search they came\\nupon a tumble-down hut where they were greeted by its\\nmaster, the most ragged, unshaven, unshorn, and uncouth\\nspecimen of humanity they had ever encountered.\\nWant to buy cattle, does ye? he said. Well, how\\nmany neow? I ve got a little bunch I might sell.\\nOur friends looked doubtful surely this ragged individ-\\nual could not own as many as they wanted, and they did\\nnot care to purchase in driblets.\\nWe want twenty good milch cows, they replied.\\nHoot! Is that all? I d sold ye a hundred or two,\\nbut I don t never trade for no less than that.\\nAnd, as he persisted, our friends rode on, wrathfuUy\\nmuttering, Such airs for a ragged wretch like that!\\nSubsequent inquiry, however, revealed the fact that the\\nragged wretch was the owner of at least fifty thousand\\nhead of cattle. And all he knows what to do with his\\nmoney is to buy bacon and corn-meal, exclaimed their\\ninformant. Talk about the foreign missions, let the\\n17", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "258 HOME Llt^E IN FLORIDA.\\nchurches look to the heathen at home first. We want mis-\\nsionaries here if any where on earth.\\nNo expensive shelter is needed for the stock. There are\\nno losses from cold or starvation as there are every where\\nelse, and while the Western stockman feels elated if he\\nloses no more than one third from severe weather alone,\\nthe Florida stockman, even with the prevailiDg crude\\nmethods, or, more correctly, no methods at all, seldom\\nloses twenty per cent from all causes combined. And yet,\\nin the far West, with all the disadvantages of cold, short\\nfeed, bitter storms, and frequent drouths to meet, the cattle\\nmen coin fortunes that count by the million of dollars.\\nWhat then, should the Florida raiser, with none of these\\ndrawbacks to meet, not be able to do? Already several\\nlarge ranches are preparing to answer that question.\\nAnd it is not in South Florida alone that a large reve-\\nnue is destined to flow into the State through her cattle\\nranches, her horses, sheep, and hogs. Northern and Mid-\\ndle Florida, the whole State in fact, is a great natural stock\\ncountry. Middle Florida, especially, presents the finest\\npossibilities for the raising of stock, and it only needs the\\nintroduction of improved methods to make the entire north-\\nern section of Florida the rival of any section of the United\\nStates in the character of its stock.\\nAlready some of the middle counties are supplying Jack-\\nsonville with butter of excellent quality, and near Talla-\\nhassee, Leon County, the dairy interests have assumed\\nsuch proportions that a creamery for the more satisfactory\\nmanufacture of butter is about to be started. Seventy-five\\nper cent of all the Leon County cattle are grades of thor-\\noughbred stock.\\nAnd now, before we turn from the subject of the coming\\nstyle of the Florida cows, a few words with regard to how\\nto treat them.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE DAIRY QUESTION THE COMING STYLE. 259\\nBear in mind that the yield of a milker does not lie\\naltogether in the breed, no matter how excellent the stock\\nmay be, nor how good the care and management it may re-\\nceive unless j^roperly handled at milking, all these will\\nnot avail for best results.\\nA kind manner, a gentle voice, quiet, steady movements,\\na caressiug hand, regular times for milking and feeding,\\nwill go far toward making even a commou scrub cow a\\nfairly good milker, and the pure bloods are even more sus-\\nceptible.\\nWe have already referred to the importance and wisdom\\nof procuring Florida-bred blooded cattle, so far as is pos-\\nsible.\\nThat this may be done to a greater extent than is gen-\\nerally supposed, the following list of reliable breeders of\\npure bred stock, principally in Leon County, will prove,\\nand we trust it may be a medium by which our readers\\nwill profit.\\nFor these addresses; we acknowledge our indebtedness\\nto Mr. R. C. Long, of Tallahassee, one of Leon County s\\noldest and most respected citizens, now acting as a real\\nestate agent for that section.\\nShrader Brothers, Waverly Stock Farm, three miles\\nfrom Tallahassee herd of about forty Jerseys. Five years\\nin business.\\nC. J. F. Allen, Ethel Meadows Farm herd of sixty\\nJerseys. Three years in business.\\nW. J. Vaison, Mount Airy Farm herd of thirty Jer-\\nseys. Six years in business.\\nCol. John Bradford, Bradfordville herd of eighty Jer-\\nseys. This stock was first introduced from the Channel\\nIslands in 1857, and has been carefully bred up to the\\nstandard ever since.\\nRobert F. Bradford, Bradfordville herd of twenty-five", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "260 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nJerseys, origiDally from above herd in present hands ten\\nyears.\\nN. W. Eppse, Pine Hill Farm; herds of Jerseys and\\nDurhams, about ten of each. In business ten years.\\nThomas J. Roberts, Roberts Farm herd of one hun-\\ndred Durhams. Twenty years in business. This is the\\nfinest herd of Durhams south of Lexington, Kentucky.\\nCapt. Patrick Houston, Lakeland Stock Farm Dur-\\nhams, Jerseys and Guernsies, two hundred and fifty in\\nthe herds. In business fifteen years.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "PASTURAGE. 261\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nPASTURAGE.\\nWhile it is not within the province of this present work\\nto enter exhaustively into the question of a fodder-supply\\nfor the family friend, whose value we have been consid-\\nering, we know that the new settler will need at once a\\nfew items of information in this direction hence the sub-\\nject of pasturage. A permanent meadow-land will not\\ncome amiss, as its prej)aration should be one of the first\\nthings attended to.\\nThe subject of pasture grasses for Florida is one that is\\njust now exciting much attention, as its vast importance\\nis coming to be understood and appreciated.\\nBermuda grass has probably been better proven in Flor-\\nida, at the present time, than any other, because it was\\nliterally one of the first in the field. This name of Ber-\\nmuda is not to be understood as signifying that the grass\\noriginally, or indeed ever, came from the island of Ber-\\nmuda. It is simply a corruption, and a very natural one\\ntoo, of the name of its introducer into the United States.\\nSome years ago a Captain Permudy sailed into the port\\nof (we think) Charleston, hailing from Africa. Among\\nother plants and seeds, he brought a few roots of the grass,\\nwhich at first was known by his name but soon, as we\\nhave seen, was credited with that of Bermuda.\\nNow, Bermuda grass never matures seed north of Flor-\\nida, and not abundantly even here, and consequently is\\npropagated altogether by roots. Pick up a sprig, throw\\nit down, and in five years it will be all over your place,\\neven if it falls on a rock, is what some people will say to\\nthe anxious inquirer as to how to plant Bermuda grass.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "262 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWe heard lately of a gentleman who followed this unique\\nplan, only that he threw down his sprigs on the ground,\\ninstead of a rock, and made a little pen around the precious\\nmorsels to protect them from live-stock marauders till they\\nshould get a fair start. But the roots seemed in no hurry\\nat all. They sauntered very slowly and deliberately across\\ntheir little inclosure; and finally, after two years of pa-\\ntient waiting, the outraged owner gathered in his crop of\\nBermuda grass, roots and tops, just filling a bushel basket.\\nBut he was one of the persevering kind that are sure to\\nsucceed sooner or later. He had, moreover, less faith in\\nhimself than he had in the grass. The first trial had been\\nmade on high, dry land. Now he set out his roots on the\\nsides and bottom of a deep gully and on low, moist land.\\nThere, to his joy and somewhat to his surprise, the grass\\nmade more growth in two months than it had done in the\\ntwo years before.\\nThe next season he set out a five-acre field with Bermu-\\nda, putting down the sprigs, their joints well covered, two\\nor three feet apart. In three years those detached patches\\nhad joined into one beautiful green meadow, where sheep,\\ncows, and calves, were made happy and fat.\\nAnd just here we have one of the great points of excel-\\nlence of this valuable grass, namely, its adaptability to low,\\nmoist land, where most grasses will not thrive at all. So\\nthoroughly at home, in fact, is the Bermuda in damp situ-\\nations, that it does not mind getting into the water any\\nmore than a duck. It may be placed in hollows subject\\nto occasional overflow, without suffering the least detri-\\nment, after weeks or even months of enforced retirement\\nbeneath the waters.\\nIt grows well on white-sand land, or the poorest clay,\\nand is an incalculable boon to the owner of worn-out or\\nwashed-out lands. It will enrich them by its decaying", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "PASTURAGE. 263\\nroots and leaf-blades much faster than can be done by-\\nturning under cow-peas or other green stuff, and at the\\nsame time yield abundance of forage or pasture for stock.\\nIt is just impossible to get rid of it, say^ some of the\\nnever-to-be-satisfied individuals, of whom the world is full.\\nWell, who wants to get rid of it Certainly not he who\\nowns a cow or horse, or who desires a beautiful green lawn\\nbefore his house.\\nIt is difficult to kill out once it has a fair start no doubt\\nof that and therein lies one of its greatest claims to ex-\\ncellence rather than the opposite. Its very persistence is\\nso much the more in its favor, since it is to this quality\\nthat its exceeding value as a meadow-grass is due. Year\\nafter year it may be cropped by cattle and yet not suffer,\\nwhile the majority of pastures are ruined by successive\\ncroppings.\\nAll that a Bermuda-grass hay-field asks for is an occa-\\nsional top-dressing of stable manure, land-plaster, or com-\\nmercial fertilizer and these it must have, since a grass of\\nsuch vigorous growth, constantly cut and removed, will\\nnecessarily use up all the available plant-food within reach,\\nand then, if more is not supplied, it can but suffer from\\nstarvation, just as a human being would do in like circum-\\nstances. This, as w^e have said, is where the grass is cut as\\nhay and taken off the field. But where cattle are turned\\nupon it the case is different. A considerable amount of\\nfertilizing material is deposited, and a great deal of the\\ngrass is left to die down and rot. All the attention that a\\nBermuda-grass pasture needs (unless set on very poor land,\\nand then it will require a top-dressing every two or three\\nyears) is to plow it once in about four y^ears, to loosen up\\nthe mass of roots and prevent it from becoming sod-bound.\\nTall-growing weeds should be carefully cut down for the\\nfirst year or two before going to seed in fields of Bermuda", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "264 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ndesigned for hay-making. After that the grass will rocft\\nout all weeds for itself. In pastures there are few weeds\\nthat the cattle may not be left to take care of.\\nBermuda grass will grow six to thirty inches high, ac-\\ncording to the quality of the soil a well-filled tract, about\\ntwelve inches high, will yield over one ton of cured hay at\\neach cutting per acre, and it can be cut two or three times\\na year. Which it may be twice or three times a year\\ndepends not only on the amount of food this vigorous grass\\ncan obtain, but also on the humidity or dryness of the\\nseason, for Bermuda is, as we have said, a great lover of\\nwater and can not long resist drouth here in truthr is its\\none fault but happily, so remarkable is the facility of our\\nFlorida soil for retaining moisture during the dryest sea-\\nsons, that her pastures rarely indeed suffer from the effects\\nof drouth but when they do, it is the Bermuda that shows\\nits effects most quickly, though it recuperates as soon as\\nthe rains begin again.\\nBermuda grass, intended for hay, should be cut at the\\nvery first indication of the stems turning yellow^ and dead-\\nlooking at the base. If not cured at this period the next\\ncutting will be injured, and, moreover, so far delayed that\\nit may be lost entirely and, besides this, if the grass is\\nallowed to become too old it becomes very tough, and is\\nnot only hard to cut but is less nutritious. It is very easily\\ncured, and this is a great point in its favor. A few hours\\nafter cutting it may be raked up into windrows and then,\\na few hours later, placed in small cocks to complete the\\ncuring. The latter is not, of course, imperative the grass\\nmay be left in the windrows as one chooses, but if a rain\\ncomes on during the day and a half of curing, it will be\\nless injured in the cock than in the windrows.\\nWe have often heard the inquiry, How can we kill out\\ncoco or nut-grass from our fields", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "PASTURAGE. 265\\nWe reply, Plant Bermuda grass.\\nThere is no other kind of grass known that Bermuda\\nwill not kill out, excepting only broom-sedge, and that, we\\nconfess, gets the better of the more tender Bermuda roots\\nbut to eradicate any other objectionable tenant of the field,\\nall one has to do is to plow said field, then chop up, pretty\\nfine, sprigs of Bermuda roots and scatter them broadcast\\nover the rough ground then run a harrow or cultivator\\nto level it off first one way then the other. Do this just\\nafter a good soaking rain, and then you can fold your\\nhands and leave the Bermuda grass to root out your\\nenemy, as it will surely do in time, leaving in its place as\\nglorious a green pasture as one would need Avish to see.\\nWe have elsewhere alluded to the one fault that some\\npeople find with Bermuda grass that it can not be got\\nrid of. Now, if any one is so foolish as to wish to get rid\\nof such a treasure, it can be done. There are two ways\\nof killing it; the one to plant among it, in close drills,\\nthose varieties of cow-peas which make the most foliage\\nplow through these several times during the season, so as\\nto tear up the grass and throw its roots under the pea-vines.\\nAll grasses love sunshine, and none more than Bermuda\\ncast into the shade for any protracted length of time it\\nwill languish and die. Plowing it in September, and run-\\nning a harrow or cultivator over it two or three times dur-\\ning the winter mouths, will also destroy it. But when we\\nhear any one talking about getting rid of Bermuda grass,\\nbe it where it may whether in orange grove or field we\\nalways think of those significant words regarding the folly\\nof casting pearls before swine.\\nWe are proud, ourself, of a beautiful lawn of Bermuda\\nin front of and on every side of our dwelling. Pleasant\\nto the eyes, pleasant to the feet, pleasant to horses to crop,\\nto the cows and calves to eat as fodder, and we do not want", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "266 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nto get rid of it, though it is creeping lovingly around the\\nroots of our 23et orange trees.\\nAnd this is what we have seen we and others who have\\ntried it that wherever the Bermuda grass is thus allowed\\nto play among the trees, the ground, in a year or two, as-\\nsumes the rich dark tint given it by humus or decayed\\nvegetable matter, and the trees make a correspondingly\\nimproved growth. It is as though a rich leaf-mold had\\nbeen conveyed to such spots.\\nSo we say, long may the Bermuda flourish among our\\norange and lemon trees. The more of it, the better. We\\ndo not believe in killing the goose that lays the golden\\nprro\\nThere has come (literally) into the field, of late, another\\ngrass that promises to win its way into public favor, and\\nto stay there.\\nThis is the Means or Johnson grass, named, like- the cor-\\nrupted Bermuda, from its introducers. In Georgia it is\\nthe Means grass, because Mr. Means first brought it\\nprominently before the people in Alabama it is the John-\\nson grass, for a similar reason and, after all, it is hardly\\na grass either, but a species of sorghum.\\nNow, when any of this much and justly prized family\\nappear in the world, they have a strong resemblance to\\ntheir next of kin, corn so much so that it is difficult to\\ntell the one from the other.\\nWe heard of a case in point the other day, amusing to\\nan outsider but the reverse, we suspect, to the unfortu-\\nnate victim.\\nA gentleman, owning a large field of Means or Johnson\\ngrass, decided to vary the programme, and had the grass\\nplowed under and corn planted in its place. He raised a\\ngood crop, and the repeated plowings nearly destroyed the\\ngrass, which was part of his object. He planted corn the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "PASTURAGE. 267\\nsecond time, and sent out his field hands, in due time, to\\nhoe and thin out the corn to a stand. They worked indus-\\ntriously for several days before he went to view the result\\nof their labor when lo he beheld his young corn almost\\nentirely cut down and the Johnson grass its double\\nflourishing in long, thrifty rows!\\nMoral Don t plant corn in Johnson grass (or sorghum)\\nfields, or if you do, thin the corn out yourself.\\nThis grass matures seed readily, in this respect differing\\nfrom the Bermuda, while, like the latter, it can also be\\npropagated by roots. The ground should be ];)repared for\\nits reception j ust as for any other grass, plowed thoroughly,\\npulverized by harrow or cultivator, and busEes and tall\\nweeds kept down for a year or two.\\nThe seed should be sown broadcast, one bushel weigh-\\ning twenty-eight pounds to the acre, the land being har-\\nrowed after the seed has been scattered. Early in the\\nspring or late in the fall is the proper time to sow it, the\\nlatter having the preference.\\nJohnson grass is a great grower, yet it impoverishes the\\nland very little if any, deriving a large proportion of its\\nsustenance from air and water. Of course its growth de-\\npends very much on the quality of the land on rich soil\\nit can be cut oftener than on poor, as it springs up more\\nrapidly; if the soil is deep, so much the better, for the\\nroots penetrate to a depth of eighteen inches and are as\\nfamous foragers as the bummers of an army.\\nJohnson grass can be cut four or five times in a season,\\nif the latter is- favorable, for it, like the Bermuda, likes\\nmoisture, but not to the same extent it does not yield as\\nmuch per acre as the Bermuda, but if the land is moder-\\nately good and the stand of grass w^hat it should be, nearly\\na ton of cured hay at a cutting will be the result. It grows\\nfrom three to ten feet high, according to the quality of the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "268 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nland or tlic ainoimt of food given it, but should not be\\nallowed to reach a greater height than the former, as then\\nit is about going to head, and the leaves are tender and\\nnumerous. If left too long, both stem and leaf become\\nfibrous and tough, and in this state the grass is not only\\ndifficult to cure, but stock decline to eat it, and thereby\\nshow their wisdom.\\nThe growth of this valuable grass is remarkably rapid,\\nand in moist, w^arm weather, or on damp ground, it often\\nmakes a leap of fully an inch in one day. The seed, how-\\never, is rather slow in maturing, requiring more than two\\nmonths, sometimes nearly three, from the time the grass\\nstarts to grow. It is a heavy black seed, and unless allowed\\nto ripen fully it is useless to plant it, as it wall not germin-\\nate hence the necessity of procuring the seed of Johnson\\ngrass from a reliable source.\\nIt is not as good a pasture grass as the Bermuda. It\\nAvill not bear constant cropping or the trampling of stock.\\nCarelessness in this respect will cause it, in the course of\\nthree or four years, to disappear entirely but, even then,\\nplow the ground, wait a month or two, and lo there is the\\ngrass again as thrifty and thick as ever\\nThe roots of the Johnson grass do not spread much, and\\nhence, unlike its rival, the Bermuda, it is easily kept with-\\nin its allotted limits, providing, of course, it is cut at the\\nproper time, which is a month before the seeds mature.\\nFrequent cuttings during the summer and several plow^-\\nings during the w^inter will effectually destroy a meadow\\nof Johnson grass. This plowing, too, is not as hard a\\nthing to do as might be supposed, because of a peculiar\\nhabit the roots have of swelling out twice as large during\\nthe growing season as they are during the winter. This\\nexpansion has the effect of loosening the soil, so that the\\nroots offer very little resistance to the plow.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "PASTURAGE. 269\\nA field of Johnson grass needs to be re-seeded once in\\nevery five or six years, and this can easily be done by\\nallowing small patches of the grass scattered over the\\nmeadow to go to seed. The latter, when fully ripe, may\\nbe either gathered and sowed broadcast, or left to drop\\nw^here it may.\\nIt is a good plan for a pasture, to sow both Johnson and\\nBermuda together. The former will be thicker and finer,\\nand the latter will grow faster than if set alone but, after\\na year or two, the pushing roots of the Bermuda will get\\nthe better of the others, and finally the Johnson (or Means)\\ngrass will retire from the field of battle until the war-cry\\nof the plowshare, and the clash of the trace-chain shall\\nsummon it to the front again.\\nThe amount of nutrition in Johnson grass, properly\\ncured, is almost but not quite on a par with that of Tim-\\nothy or Bermuda, and all kinds of hay-eating stock are\\nextremely fond of it.\\nIt is cured in the same manner as Bermuda, with the\\nadvantage of drying better in the windrows than the lat-\\nter, as it does not lie so close, exposing the grass to the air\\nas much as possible and as little to the sun as may be.\\nThese are the main objects to be attained in curing hay.\\nToo much sun is as hurtful as too little drying.\\nWhen we add that this grass, unlike the Bermuda, will\\nnot endure being occasionally overflowed, much as it likes\\na reasonable degree of moisture, w^e have said all that is\\nnecessary regarding this particular grass, which is destined\\nto take a significant part in the future welfare of Florida.\\nAnother most valuable grass, either for pasture or hay-\\nmaking, is the Para grass, which, as the name implies,\\ncomes to us from Brazil.\\nThe seed of this grass does not mature in this climate,\\nand therefore it is propagated by x ootlets only. The rows", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "270 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nshould, on rich land, be not nearer than six feet apart, and\\nthe cuttings be set from three to four feet in the rows.\\nPara grass is a splendid hay-producer, and even on poor\\nland is very quick to cover the ground. It is extremely\\nnutritious, and all kinds of stock are very fond of it.\\nIt can be made into a pasture, or lawn, simply by plant-\\ning broadcast, and, as in the former case, turning cattle in\\nupon it. On the lawn, however, the scythe and mower\\nmust needs take the place of these animated clipping ma-\\nchines.\\nThe best time for cutting is just as it manifests an incli-\\nnation to go to seed, which attempt, as we have seen, will\\nonly prove love s labor lost. Para grass in Florida is\\nnever seedy, though it always goes to grass.\\nSweet Beggar s-Lice, or Indian clover (and we prefer\\nthe latter name as being less unpleasantly suggestive) is a\\nplant of great value to the Southern farmer, and one that\\ndeserves to be better known than it is.\\nFor pasture, for forage, and for turning under as a fer-\\ntilizer, it has no superior, if in truth it has an equal.\\nBotanically the plant is termed Desmodium canesceris.\\nIt is leguminous, and yields a large amount of rather flat\\nseeds of an oval-triangular shape, very oily, and tasting\\nlike that of the pea, whose leaves, by the way, those of\\nthis plant resemble.\\nAnd just here we will caution our readers not to mistake\\nfor Indian clover that obnoxious weed, bearing a burr-like\\nfruit or nut with hooked prickers, which in the North is\\nusually known as Beggar s Lice. We have met the lat-\\nter ourself many a time, and have retired from the field\\nrouted and blessing the weed for its numerous sharp-point-\\ned remarks, whose sting often abided with us for hours\\nafterward. The Beggar s Lice of Florida is of a far\\ndifferent character. It is tender and useful, not tough", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "PASTURAGE. 271\\nand noxious, and its seeds, though they do cling to one s\\nclothing, cling lovingly, and do not wound one s feelings\\nby stinging, pointed thrusts of a personal nature. Our\\nBeggar s Lice is a much more peaceful and reputable\\ncharacter than its Northern brother.\\nIt should be sown in drills, the seeds dropped quite close\\ntogether, the rows just far enough apart (three feet) to ad-\\nmit of the plow and cultivator if allowed to go to seed,\\nit will come up the next season strong and thrifty, and, in\\nfact, even if not so allowed, the roots, if left undisturbed,\\nwill send up a yearly growth. So it will be seen that In-\\ndian clover, once planted, will go on reproducing itself if\\ngiven the opportunity, without any further trouble on the\\npart of its owner. It should be cut just as it is blooming,\\nto seed; cured at this time, the hay is sweet, aromatic,\\nbright, juicy, and very nutritious, the stems tender and\\nsucculent. In good soils Indian clover will grow to a\\nheight of eight or ten feet, throwing out long lateral\\nbranches but it will do well on very poor soils also, as it,\\nlike the cow-pea, draws largely for sustenance on the air,\\nrequiring but little food from the soil. Its analysis shows\\nsixteen and a-half per cent, of albuminoids, and a large\\nproportion of saccharine matter. All kinds of stock are\\nextravagantly fond of this precious forage plant, whether\\nfed to them green or cured, in pasture or in stall, and will\\nturn to it in preference to oats, hay, corn, or pea-vines.\\nNot long ago it was thought that Indian clover could\\nonly be used in a green state but this idea arose merely\\nbecause the process of curing it was not understood, expe-\\nrience having proved that it is really more easily cured\\nand handled than pea-vines, or many kinds of grasses. It\\nshould be cut as early in the morning as possible and left\\nspread on the ground for eight or ten hours only, then\\ncarried to the barn and stored, but never in large bulk", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "272 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nif left too long in the sun the leaves will shatter and fall.\\nShould the plants be large and heavy when cut, they will\\nbe the better for turning over at least once during the ten\\nhours exposure to the sun.\\nIndian clover makes a splendid pasture, growing up as\\nfast as eaten off by stock, and as food for a milch cow it\\nhas no superior not only greatly increasing the quantity\\nof milk, but also its richness.\\nIn many sections of Floiida this valuable plant is indige-\\nnous and regarded as a weed We only wish the world\\nwas full of such weeds. How little care and poverty\\nthere would be left in it!", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 273\\nCHAPTER XVm.\\nFLORIDA POULTRY.\\nJust as all kinds of poultry will not do well in all local-\\nities North, just so they will not all do equally well in\\nFlorida, though nearly every variety tried faithfully thus\\nfar has met with more or less success.\\nOn first settling in our present Florida home, we trans-\\nported hither a portion of our old home stock Hou-\\ndans, Light Brahmas, Partridge Cochins.\\nOf these the Cochins, who, as every one knows, have a\\nbad habit of running to fat on small provocation, soon\\ngrew disgusted with the climate, or soi], or something\\nthey never told which. Most likely it was the climate, for\\nas a rule stout people don t like warm weather but, how-\\never it was, the Cochins first refused to lay eggs, then grew\\nmelancholy, and then decided to lay themselves down\\nto die.\\nThat ended the Partridge Cochin era. And we have heard\\nthe same report from so many quarters that we must con-\\nsider it a settled fact that their family do not approve of\\nFlorida as a residence most certainly we do not approve\\nof their conduct while here, so the disgust is mutual.\\nOf the Houdans, we brought a trio as fine and proud\\na crested knight as ever challenged another to a chicken-\\nhearted combat, and two beautiful dames, with nodding\\nplumes upon their dainty heads. We were proud of our\\nHoudans, their black and white suits were so handsome\\nand glossy, their eggs so large and white, and their flesh\\nso firm and tender for the table. They were very graceful\\nin their movements, so long as they confined themselves to\\na walk; but alas! when their greediness overcame their\\n18", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "274 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ndignity and they started at a two-forty rate for the hen\\ncommissary department, great was the fall thereof.\\nDid you ever see Houdans in a full trot? If so, you\\nhave laughed that long fifth toe of theirs, not so useful\\nas the fifth wheel to a coach, is death to all grace and\\nsmoothness when in rapid motion one moment it catches\\nin a wisp of grass, the next one toe overlaps the other,\\nthen both together clasp a twig, and so their unlucky own-\\ners rapid transit is effected by a series of leaps into the\\nair to avoid summersaults which can not always be avoided.\\nWe have often felt sorry for our Houdan pets when we\\nhave seen them standing disconsolately alone, or else hop-\\nping about at a sore disadvantage because of a wrapping\\nof string or moss, or tough grass, that had somehow got\\naround those projecting toes and tied the two legs together.\\nWe have seen the toe almost cut off* by the pressure of a\\npiece of string, or the leg sore and bleeding from the same\\ncause.\\nOnce upon a time (not in Florida) we had a large quan-\\ntity of young chicks, many of them Houdans. During a\\nlong, wet spell, they were kept housed in a large barn with\\na clay floor. After a few days we noticed that every Hou-\\ndan chick seemed to be afflicted with St. Vitus s dance\\nthe way they staggered, waddled, rolled, tumbled, and\\nkicked, was marvelous.\\nAn examination showed that the little fifth toe, just\\ntouching the damp clay as they walked, had collected,\\nlittle by little, a large, hard lump of the latter, in some\\ncases enveloping the entire foot, in others only the offend-\\ning toe itself, but in all seriously affecting the well-being\\nof the helpless little sufferers. The other chicks, with the\\nregulation four toes, experienced no inconvenience at all\\nfrom the clay. And so we can not but regard the fifth\\ntoe, which is one of the distinguishing marks of the Hou-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA rOULTRY. 275\\ndan family, as sometimes a serious detriment to these val-\\nuable fowls.\\nIf it were an evil beyond remedy we would pass it over,\\njust as we all are compelled to do with insurmountable\\nobstacles as we trudge along life s pathway but it is not.\\nThe objectionable toe may be cut off with scarcely any pain\\nto the bird while it is very small, and if an antiseptic be\\nemployed, and the chick be kept in a perfectly clean coop\\nfor four or five days, the cut will heal without trouble and\\nthe patient be saved from many a scrape into which the\\nfifth toe would be sure to lead it.\\nFrom our trio of Houdans we set several nests (they\\nthemselves never set, as every one knows), and hatched\\nout fifty or more fine, healthy chicks. These, and as many\\nBrahmas, were as pretty a sight for a primitive Florida\\npoultry-yard as one would wish to look upon.\\nBut there was a but, you see! we had just settled;\\nwere unable at once to fence in all our outlying woods, so\\nthat the picketed chicken-yard abutted on the open range\\nwhich was haunted by a bunch of Florida s worst curse,\\nrazor-backs, which ever go about seeking what they can\\ndevour, of most positive and serious detriment to ninety-\\nnine people, of very little value to the hundredth, their\\nowner. Thank Heaven their days are swiftly passing by\\nand good thoroughbred hogs are taking their place.\\nWell these free rangers haunted the line of our chicken-\\nyard fence, where our valuable chicks, with the well-known\\nperversity of chicken nature (which, by the way, is won-\\nderfully human), would push their way through to the\\nuninviting, unknown country beyond. The result was that\\nwe noticed that our chicks were fast diminishing in num-\\nber but some time elapsed before, not being versed in the\\nlawless ways of the freest and most perfectly protected\\nof all Florida s citizens, we laid the disappearance to the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "276 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ntrue cause and not then, until with our own eyes we saw\\na sow and four of her young ones calruly devouring at one\\ntime the same number of our chickens, which had strayed\\na few inches outside the fence.\\nBut what could we do? We dared not kill the maraud-\\ners they were of the most powerful family in the State.\\nThe laws were made for them, not for us. If we could not\\nafford to have a fence built large enough to inclose several\\nacres outside the chicken-yard fence proper, so as to insure\\nour tender young pets from straying w^ithin the circle of\\ntheir ugly jaws, then we must not keep chickens at all, but\\nmust do without their eggs, flesh, and guano, because a\\nneighbor chose to own pigs. He did not keep them, be it\\nobserved the neighborhood did that he only killed and\\nate them, after other people s chickens, potatoes, corn, cab-\\nbage, etc., had fattened them for him.\\nSo we were compelled to set aside other needed improve-\\nments and exnend a considerable sum to erect a fence to\\nshut out the most free citizen of Florida from devouring\\nour own property on our own land we dare not touch a\\nhair of its long, lank body that was sacred.\\nBut before that fence could be put up, and before all\\nvulnerable points in it could be repaired, eighty out of our\\nhundred chicks were gone gone without redress. Every\\none of the little Houdans was among the missing, lost in a\\ngeneral massacre of the innocents but we knew where\\neach little body was buried.\\nMore Houdan eggs were set, and, while they were in pro-\\ncess of hatching, one of the two hens flew over the fence\\nand fell a victim to the rage of the baffled slaughterer of\\nthe innocents. Then the other hen and the cock drooped\\nand died without apparent cause, i^t least, we thought,\\nthere are the two nests of Houdans to come, poor little\\norphlings!", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 277\\nBut alas for human auticipatious Just as the cheerful\\nlittle peet, peet, began to be heard beneath the pure\\nwhite shells, a neighbor s dog raided the hatching-house,\\nand of the Mast of their race not one remained to tell\\nthe sad tale.\\nBut, for all that, we have since had ample opportunities\\nto prove that Houdans are admirably adapted to Florida,\\nand we rejoice to know this too, for among all the various\\nbreeds of poultry there is not one superior to the Houdan\\nand in this judgment, based upon our own experience, we\\nare fully corroborated by the National Poultry Company,\\na great English institution, who claim that the Houdan\\nsurpasses all the other varieties with which they have ex-\\nperimented.\\nIt is of French origin, and sprung from a cross between\\nthe Dorking and White Poland strains. It is from the\\nDorking side of the family that it gains the fifth toe, and,\\ncharacteristic with it, it also gains the deep, compact body,\\nshort legs, and small bones of the latter, with the improve-\\nment of much less waste or offal in proportion to its weight.\\nThis latter is greater than that of any other French breed,\\nthe hens sometimes weighing ten pounds, though this is not\\nvery common from seven to eight pounds is the average.\\nIts plumage is black and white, its head is surmounted\\nby a fine Polish crest of feathers, and the w^attles are pend-\\nent and well formed as to the comb, possessed by both\\ncock and hen, but in a far greater degree by the former, it\\nis the oddest of all varieties, resembling more than any\\nthing else the two leaves of a book opened, with a long,\\nslender straAvberry in the center this comb in the hen is\\ndistinct but small.\\nSome of the good points of the Houdan have already\\nbeen referred to the deep, compact body, short legs, and\\nsmall wastage when prepared for the table these qualities", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "278 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nit inherits from its ancestors, the Dorking, but it matures\\neai lier than the latter its flesh is even finer, which is say-\\ning a great deal, and it is more hardy. Another point of\\nimprovement over the Dorking, and a very important one,\\nas all poultry fanciers know, is that Houdan eggs almost\\ninvariably hatch, and hatch strong, healthy chicks too.\\nThe chickens feather very rapidly and early, yet are not\\nweakened by this rapid progress, and are more hardy than\\nany other chicks except the Bramahs.\\nThey mature very early too, it not unfrequently hap-\\npening that the young pullet lays her first egg when only\\nfive or six months old and what a time not only she but\\nher whole family make over the happy event never was\\negg so beautiful as this laid so proudly in the nest by the\\nyoung aspirant.\\nAnd certainly the Houdan eggs are beauties, as eggs go\\nso large and heavy and white eight to the pound is the\\nrule given for the eggs of this aristocratic family, but, like\\nother aristocrats, they frequently scorn all rules not once\\nor twice, but many times in our Northern poultry-yard\\ndid we gather Houdan eggs, of wdiich six, five, or even\\nfour only, were required to make a pound in weight.\\nThese giant eggs are fine to eat, but bad to sell by the\\ndozen as ordinary eggs, and very, very bad to set they\\nwill never hatch, and he who tries it will find it love s\\nlabor lost.\\nThe Houdan hen lays one hundred and fifty eggs per\\nannum, a larger showing than any other varieties except\\nLeghorns and Hamburgs, and even there the difference is\\nmore nominal than real, since the eggs of the two latter\\nare lighter in weight.\\nThem dratted hens we once heard an irate country-\\nwoman exclaim, they re wearin my life out with breakin\\n*em of settin soon as I break up one, another is took with", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 279\\nthe settin fever, and they keep me busy catchin em, and\\nputtin em in coops I shut em up for a week, and then\\nlet em out, and they just go like a streak for the nest I\\ntook em from I put em under the pump, tie em to\\ntrees, talk to em, whip em it s all no use set they want\\nto, and set they will, if it s on china eggs or stones, or\\nnothin drat the critters There was a good deal of truth\\nin the good woman s lament too, as every one knows who\\nhas had dealings with the i)oultry-yard.\\nSetting hens, determined creatures that they are, are all\\nvery well when wanted, but very often one prefers more\\neggs laid and less time spent on the nest, especially if one\\nhas an incubator and this is one of the great advantages\\nof having the bulk of one s flock composed of non-setters,\\namong whom the Houdan ranks first.\\nAnother point in favor of the Houdan is the fact that\\nthey are much smaller eaters than any other breeds, accord-\\ning to their size. Later on we will give results of an ex-\\nperiment made to ascertain the greatest profit on the same\\nnumber of fowls of different breeds, which proves the\\nHoudan to rank first, very decidedly.\\nAltogether, we do not fear making a mistake in recom-\\nmending the Houdan to the special attention of the Florida\\nfarmer, since it will bear the climate well, and is certainly\\nthe most profitable breed for the farm in all respects.\\nWith us, and wherever we have heard of them in Florida,\\nthe verdict has also been uniformly in favor of the Bramahs.\\nSo far as appearances and actions went, our Bramahs,\\ntransported for life though they were, did not see any\\ndifference between their old home and their new.\\nThey strutted, cackled, crowed, laid eggs, hatched chick-\\nens, and brought the latter up in the way they should not\\ngo, just as they had always done, and so have they contin-\\nued to do up to the present day.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "280 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nIn fact, so well have our Bramahs flourished in health,\\nsize, and hen-fruit, that we can ask nothing better of\\nthem, considering that, as well as they behaved in their old\\nhome, they have behaved better in their new, especially in\\npoint of health.\\nToo much can not be said in favor of the race of Bramahs,\\nboth Light and Dark. Certain it is that, ever since this\\nmagnificent breed w^as introduced into the general poultry-\\nyard, it has become more and more a favorite, and now is\\nregarded every where as a settled stand-by, just as regular a\\nthing in the yard as bread is upon our tables.\\nWe do not need to describe the Bramahs here. Every\\none knows them by sight.\\nAs to their special points of excellence, however, we\\nhave somewhat to say.\\nThe chicks are hardy, and grow rapidly but there is\\none period of their existence when they are casting off\\nthe beautiful fluffy coat in which they come into the world,\\nand assuming instead the feathered garb of maturity at\\nthis period of their existence, we say, they are very ridicu-\\nlous-looking objects, and have provoked many a laugh at\\nthe expense of their long, bare necks, skinny bodies, and\\nfeatherless tails and wings.\\nBut wait a little, and you will see what a proud, shapely\\nswan will be evolved from our ugly duck; and a most\\nbeautiful swan it is too, according to the saying that\\nhandsome is as handsome does.\\nThe pullets, as a rule, commence their life-work of lay-\\ning eggs at the early age of six months. Lewis Wright,\\nthe celebrated English fancier, tells us, in his Practical\\nPoultry Keeper, that they lay from thirty to forty eggs\\nbefore they seek to hatch. Kow this may be very true,\\nbut our hens never did that way their setting propensities\\nare rather obstreperous at times, and our good old country-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 281\\nwoman s outburst of righteous indignation against them\\ndratted critters, comes often to mind.\\nAs simple producers of eggs the Bramahs have several\\nsuperiors the eggs are large and fine, seven to the pound\\nis the average, but they only lay from eighty to one hun-\\ndred per annum, the number varying according to the shel-\\nter and food given this of the Light Bramahs, the Dark\\nrarely lays over seventy eggs each year.\\nIt is in hardiness, size, and quality of flesh, that the\\nBramahs take such high rank. They mature early, and at\\ntwo months old are frequently large enough to figure upon\\nthe table as that delicious morsel, a spread eagle, weigh-\\ning at that period of their young lives from one and a\\nhalf to two pounds. The full-grown cock should weigh\\nfrom twelve to thirteen pounds, and the hen eight to nine\\npounds at six months old the cockerels should not weigh\\nless than eight, nor the pullets less than six pounds.\\nThe Dark Bramahs are even heavier than the Light\\nthey are in fact, so Lewis Wright tells us, the heaviest\\nof any known breed; for the full-grown cock, fourteen\\nto fifteen pounds is not uncommon, and there is one cock\\non record, shown at an English poultry show, that ^^eighed\\nno less than eighteen pounds\\nThis is true of the perfectly pure strain only, and the\\nhens are as excellent as the cocks as winter layers no\\nbreed equals them, and they usually lay thirty eggs before\\ndesiring to set, and then what splendid mothers they make.\\nThe Light Bramah is very good, but the Dark is better\\nstill, in this respect. Did you ever see a proud, strutting\\nhen marching along with her dear little fluflTy family twit-\\ntering and chattering all around her, but, mayhap, some\\nstopping or straying aside when they had n t orter\\nDid you ever see the proud mother, in that case, stop\\nand turn back to collect the little runaways", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "282 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nNo, you never did, unless they cried out in some real or\\nfancied distress, that is, not unless the hen has chanced to\\nbe a Dark Bramah for this best of all chicken mothers is\\nthe only one of her race who turns her head to look behind\\nher as she promenades with her little ones no straggling\\ndoes she allow to go unnoticed, however quiet the prodigals\\nmay be about it, nor however slyly they may get exactly\\nbehind their dear mamma, she has eyes in the back of\\nher head, and they soon find out there is no hoodwinking\\nher neither does a poor little wight get entangled in the\\nweeds or grass, but that with beak and foot she manages\\nto extricate it if they are attacked by a foe, hawk, pig,\\ndog, or cat, she is bound to have her part in the fray, and\\ngenerally comes off victorious nor, like the majority of\\ngood mothers in chickendom, does she persecute the fluffy\\nones of other mothers on the contrary, we have frequently\\nknown Bramah mothers, both Dark and Light, to adopt as\\ntheir own chicks that had been deserted by their rightful\\nmothers, knowing or making no difference between the\\nstrangers and their original brood.\\nAn amusing instance of this strong instinct of mother-\\nhood in a Light Bramah hen came under our notice a few\\nmonths ago.\\nA hen determined to set they always are very deter-\\nmined, you know had been shut up in a coop by herself\\nto compel her to a change of ideas.\\nShe was very indignant, as we all are when forced to\\ngive up our own will, and after scolding and pouting she\\nput her head to one side, and looking out through her\\nprison bars the said prison standing in the nursery-yard\\nshe gazed upon the multitude of young chickens around\\nher, and thought a thought original with herself: They\\nwon t let me set very well then, I ll have a family without\\nsetting-^so much the better for me", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 283\\nSo she clucked and clucked, and coaxed, until she had\\ngathered around her, inside the coop, as many chickens as\\nit would hold, from the downy balls on legs, recently\\nhatched, to the largest that could squeeze through the bars\\nto reach her.\\nThat was amusing enough but at night when we went\\nto close up the coop from nocturnal enemies, it was still\\nmore comical to see five coops each occupied by an angry,\\nruffled hen, not a single chicken of their respective broods\\nhaving remained faithful to them, but all having deserted\\nto the stranger-mother who had literally taken them in\\nHer coop the floor of it could not be seen for the num-\\nber of squatting, contented chickens of all sizes that had\\nbeen unable to push beneath the abductor of the innocents,\\nwhose broad white wings were spread out upon each side\\nalmost horizontal with her back little feet and little heads\\nwith bright, inquiring eyes, peeped out from beneath her\\nsoft white feathers, and two wee ones had clambered upon\\nher back, and cuddled down among the feathers of her\\nneck.\\nIt was one of the most touching and most curious sights\\nwe ever saw, all the more so that we knew, though she did\\nnot, that this motherly hen, forbidden a family of her own,\\nhad been condemned to death.\\nUnwittingly she had saved her own life. The will to\\nsacrifice her was gone instead, she was set at liberty, and\\noffered a nest of eggs, which she scornfully refused. Why\\nindeed, should she set patiently for three weeks in one spot,\\nwhen she could, by simply clucking, gather around her\\na large and interesting family of small children? For\\nthat nondescript family, from the largest to the smallest,\\nwas not a temporary case of adoption on either side. The\\nchicks declined to return to their original mothers and so\\nat last these much injured and wrathful individuals were", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "284 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nremoved to the main quarters to console themselves as best\\nthey might for the unnatural conduct of their children.\\nAnd now, about Leghorns, of whose adaptability to\\nFlorida we can speak very favorably. The Leghorns,\\nboth white, brown, Dominique, and black, are excellent\\nchickens, especially if the chief object desired is the great-\\nest quantity of fair-sized eggs.\\nThe white Leghorns, especially, are great layers, from\\none hundred and fifty to two hundred eggs per annum be-\\ning their allotted number, nine being required to make a\\npound.\\nThe Leghorns mature early, usually in from four to five\\nmonths not having so far to go in size and v/eight, as the\\nBramahs or Houdans, they naturally finish their growing\\njourney a little earlier.\\nHamburgs, Polish, and Black Spanish are good layers;\\nbut the chicks are delicate, and their points of excellence\\nare so fully equaled by the other breeds named, that have\\nlikewise superior hardiness and size, that it does not pay to\\nraise them for profit.\\nA great deal has been said during the last few years of\\nthe comparatively new breed, Plymouth Rock, which is a\\ncross between the old-fashioned Dominique and the Black\\nJava, a breed now almost extinct in the United States it\\nhas the gray color of the Dominique Avith the single comb\\nand yellow legs of the Java.\\nThe good points of the Plymouth Rocks are these they\\nare hardy, they are of good size, the cocks weighing from\\neight to nine pounds, the hens from five to eight pounds\\ntheir flesh is short-grained, juicy, and tender.\\nThe hens are good setters, albeit happily they do not\\ntake a notion to set so frequently as many other breeds\\ngood mothers are they also, but not equal to the Bramahs\\nof eggs they lay from one hundred to one hundred and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 285\\ntwenty per annum, eight to the pound. They are moderate\\neaters in proportion to their size, and are accomplished\\nforagers yet, where it is necessary to confine them in close\\nquarters they are contented and do well.\\nIn point of attaining maturity, however, they have sev-\\neral superiors, and, taking the Plymouth Eock altogether,\\nwhile it is undoubtedly a valuable bird for the poultry-\\nyard, we do not consider it as the very best breed for all\\npurposes, nor do we believe that it will long hold its pres-\\nent place, which, by the way, is not so high as it was a few\\nyears ago.\\nThe Langshan is going to displace the Plymouth Rock\\nas the fowl par excellence for all purposes, and justly so,\\nas we will see.\\nThe Langshan, not having been very long a candidate\\nfor public favor, merits a pen-picture at our hands that\\nit may be properly introduced to its future friends, the\\nFlorida farmers, to whose climate it is particularly adapted.\\nIts plumage, then, is black, with a greenish luster, the\\ncomb is straight and of moderate size, the legs are slate or\\ngray and well feathered both cocks and hens are proud\\nand stately in walk and mien, as well they may be in size\\nthey closely resemble their kindred, the Bramahs.\\nThe Langshan lays early, feathers very rapidly, and is\\na strong, healthy bird.\\nThe hens are wonderful layers, especially in winter;\\nthose hatched in June will begin to lay in the latter part\\nof December and will not cease until spring, when they\\ndesire to set, and their eggs are large and fine.\\nBut most remarkable of all is their value for the mar-\\nket or table.\\nTake several broods of different varieties of chicks,\\namong them the Plymouth Rocks, and the latter will ex-\\ncel almost all of them in rapidity of growth, plumpness", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "286 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nand shape. But place a brood of Plymouths in competi-\\ntion with the Langshans, and they are to use a phrase\\nmore expressive than elegant nowhere\\nTwo rivals, one claiming superiority for the Plymouths,\\nthe other for the Langshan chicks, not long ago decided to\\nsettle the matter by placing a brood of each kind together\\nunder precisely the same treatment.\\nIn three weeks the Plymouth Rock man gathered up his\\nchickens under his wing and departed, saying, Suppose\\nwe don t play any more\\nThe Langshans had been hatched on May the 23d, and\\non July 3d, at six weeks old, they weighed two pounds,\\nwhich was little less than marvelous. No wonder the\\nPlymouth Rock man fled in dismay\\nLangshans are not. as some suppose, identical with Black\\nCochins. Their plumage is similar, but that is all. The\\nlatter are poor layers, the chicks delicate, long-legged, and\\nslow of growth.\\nVery often a cross between two good breeds w^ill pro-\\nduce a better bird for general purposes than any one pure\\nbreed. For instance, the progeny of Houdan and Bramah\\nis a splendid bird, hardy, of quick growth, the hens fine\\nlayers, and setting occasionally.\\nThe Houdan and Langshan, the Leghorn and Bramah,\\nor Plymouth Rock, the Langshan and Bramah, or the Leg-\\nhorn and Langshan, all these produce most valuable addi-\\ntions to the poultry-yard.\\nSome time ago a well-known fancier took ten pullets, six\\nmonths old, of each of the breeds mentioned below, and,\\nconfining them, kept an exact account of the amount of\\nfeed they consumed, the eggs laid, and value of flesh pro-\\nduced, for a given time, and here is the result\\nBramahs cost of feed $9.22, value of eggs $12.10,\\nmeat $14,00. Total value $26.00. Total profit $18.28.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 287\\nCochins cost of feed $10.15, value of eggs $11.80,\\nmeat $11.90. Total value $22.38. Total profit $14.38.\\nHoudaus cost of feed $7.35, value of eggs $15.66,\\nmeat $9.10. Total value $24.76. Total profit $19.81.\\nLeghorns cost of feed $5.77, value of eggs $16.14,\\nmeat $7.30. Total value $23.44. Total profit $17.97.\\nThus we see that the greatest profit on the investment\\nis in favor of the Houdans, with the Leghorns next. Un-\\nfortunately Langshans were not tested. Wyandottes are\\nalso most excellent fowls, and should be in every Florida\\npoultry-yard.\\nIt takes all kinds of people to make up the world, and\\nso does it take all kinds of fowl to make up a genuine\\npoultry-yard.\\nVariety is the spice of life, and we want it in the\\nFlorida poultry-yard; turkeys, ducks, geese, let us have\\nthem all for that way profit lies.\\nTurkeys, as a rule, are not regarded as being very prof-\\nitable, the enormous percentage of mortality among the\\nyoung chicks eating up all the possible gains this, as Ave\\nsay, is the general rule, but there are enough exceptions\\nto it in the few who succeed in raising almost every chick\\nto prove that it need not be so with proper care.\\nIn our fair land of Florida, with its gloriously mild win-\\nters, the delicate turkey finds a congenial home, and will\\nthrive with far less care and expense than in a more vig-\\norous climate.\\nAll who attempt to raise turkeys should bear in mind\\nthat during the first six weeks or two months of their lives\\nthe little turks are excessively delicate, and that the\\nleast wetting even from a slight shower is enough to damp\\nthe ardor of fully half the brood that may be exposed to\\nit, and causes them to seek shelter beneath the sod.\\nBut if oue can manage to detain the young turk\u00c2\u00a7", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "288 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nunder cover in the early morning, or during wet weather,\\nuntil the red protuberances (which begin to appear when\\nthey are two months old) are fairly developed, and the\\ncliick has become a poult, the delicate period will be safely\\ntided over, and henceforth the poultry-yard can boast no\\nfowl so hardy as the turkey.\\nThis matter of keeping them sheltered from dampness\\nuntil at least two mouths old is one of the two great se-\\ncrets of success in rearing these valuable birds without\\nit, there is no profit in them with it, there is much.\\nThe rearing of turkeys on a large scale to supply the\\nNorthern markets would prove a very profitable business\\nin Florida, since here the only shelter needed would be a\\ntight roof and four walls just high enough to prevent exit,\\nwith netted openings; no boarded floors or glazed sash-\\nwindows to keep out the cold and dampness, as at the\\nNorth, but with only so simple a shelter as this, not a chick\\nneed be lost from exposure.\\nThe Old Turk should be allowed a harem of twelve\\nhens the cocks at three years, and the hens at two, are\\nin their prime and, unlike chickens, continue so for three\\nor four years later, their offspring being fine, healthy\\nchicks and, with regard to the latter, it should be borne\\nin mind that the size of the hen is of more imi^ortance than\\nthat of the cock if he be of moderate size, strength, and\\nspirit, that is enough to ask of him, except that he behave\\nhimself.\\nAnd, do you know that he don t generally behave at all\\nlike a loving husband or father\\nNo, he is a grand old rascal, a regular dog-in-the-manger\\na Tartar, a Turk. When he and his wives are roving\\nthe woods in a wild state, he makes it the business of his\\nlife to hunt out their nests and destroy both the eggs and\\nchicks; and thus the poor hens are driven to sedulously", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 289\\nconceal their eggs, and later on their large and interest-\\ning family of small children from the wanton cruelty of\\ntheir cannibal father.\\nSo you see there is naturally a good deal of the savage\\nin the old turk, and the worst of it is that he does not\\nalways lose it by domestication, and, for that reason, it is\\nas desirable to know the precise character borne by a cock\\nbefore purchasing it as it is to inquire into the past of a\\nnew inmate in one s household. If he is of a peaceable\\ndisposition, kind to the chicks and setting hens, you are\\nall right, but if the reverse, then look out for squalls!\\nThe old turk s wife is very prudish and bashful when\\nsetting, and only those persons with whom she has become\\nfamiliar should ever go near her at such times, since, in\\nher agitation, she is more than likelv to break some of the\\neggs she is a very faithful setter, so much so that, unless\\nshe is daily removed from the nest, she will continue on it\\nuntil she literally starves to death. Such a catastrophe is\\nnot uncommon where her peculiarity in this respect is not\\nknown or heeded.\\nCertainly, both Mr. and Mrs. Turk have their queeri-\\nties; while, as we have just said, the latter will rarely\\nleave the nest voluntarily, she frequently makes up her\\nperverse mind that those who removed her may take her\\nback again, if they wish her to go at all, for go she won t\\nof her own accord consequently, her offended ladyship\\nmust be watched and, if needs be, forcibly invited to re-\\nturn to her maternal duties after a recess of not more than\\ntwenty minutes.\\nTwo days before the little ones are due in from twenty-\\nsix to twenty-nine days, not thirty-one, as often alleged\\nthe hen should be bountifully fed, and the nest carefully\\ncleaned during her absence, powdered lime sifted in the\\nbottom, or insect pow^der among the straw; then, seeing\\n19", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "290 HOIVIE LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nthat the hen returns in good time to her post, place an\\nample supply of food and water well within her reach from\\nthe nest, for she must on no account be disturbed again till\\nall the chicks are out.\\nFor ten days before the latter are due the eggs should\\nbe sprinkled daily following these simple precautions,\\nthere will seldom fail to be a good hatching.\\nThe empty shells should be cleared away as fast as the\\nchicks come out, but the latter must never be taken away\\nfrom the mother, and never be forced to eat, as too many\\namateur turkey-raisers seem to think must be done, for it\\nis not to be denied that the little turks are very stupid,\\nso stupid as not to know how to eat, or to peck a,t the food\\noffered them.\\nA couple of chicken s eggs, put into the nest five or six\\ndays after Mrs. Turk begins to set, will solve the difficulty,\\nfor the little turks will speedily learn to imitate the peck-\\ning of the little chicks.\\nMost turkey-raisers feed the young ones on oatmeal and\\nbread-crumbs mixed with boiled nettles. This is a fatal\\nmistake, and the second reason for the usual difficulty in\\nrearing them. The little turks are for the first few weeks\\nof their lives predisposed to diarrhea, and this tendency is\\nencouraged by the oatmeal diet, hence disease and frequent\\ndeaths.\\nFor ten days feed nothing but hard-boiled eggs thor-\\noughly hard chopped fine, mixed only with minced dan-\\ndelions or nettles, if they can be obtained at the end of\\nthe ten days add bread-crumbs and barley-meal to the egg,\\ngradually reducing the quantity of the latter until, at the\\nend of three weeks, it may be discontinued altogether and\\nboiled potatoes and small grain be substituted. Curds are\\nalso excellent feed, if squeezed very dry, not without\\nwater, pure, and plenty of it, should be placed within", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY.\\n291\\neasy reach in shallow dishes, so arranged as to insure the\\nlittle ones from getting wet. At least twice a week add\\nDouglass Mixture to the water, about a teaspoonful to a\\npint of water.\\nA close adherence to the easy rules here laid down will\\nmake the breeding of turkeys one of the safest as well as\\nmost profitable of the Florida farmer s many resources,\\nbearing in mind this maxim, which applies, indeed, to all\\nkinds of live stock\\nTo attain great size, animal food and good feeding\\ngenerally must be supplied from the first.\\n*A cross with the American wild birds, says an eminent\\nauthority, improves the stamina of the young turkeys,\\nand, whenever possible, should be employed.\\nMoral First catch your wild turkey, then tame it and\\nplace it in your poultry-yard, and then make a note on t.\\nThere are many who advocate the keeping of the Guinea\\nfowl, alleging that it does an immense amount of good as\\nan insect-destroyer, if given the free range of a garden or\\norchard. Well, doubtless that is true; but how about\\nthis same quarrelsome individual as a nipper of fruit in\\nthe bud\\nWe notice that its most enthusiastic supporters do not\\ncare to have this question asked of them, after the blos-\\nsoms of their vegetables, melons, and low-hanging fruits\\nhave appeared on the scene and vanished from it usually\\nthe marauder vanishes also about the same time. The\\nremedy for this is easy Keep them out of the garden\\nuntil the plants are done blooming, then they will do good\\nservice.\\nGuineas mate in pairs, and the hen lays about one hun-\\ndred and thirty eggs per annum. They are very fine birds\\nfor the table. Moreover, the guinea-hen lays but three\\nmonths in the year, and the majority of her eggs are lost,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "292 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbecause she sedulously conceals her uest, and as often as it\\nis found, and the eggs disturbed, will seek another.\\nThe young guineas are very delicate must be carefully\\nand frequently fed, and kept out of showers and wet grass.\\nBut ducks We would have every one who has a river\\nor lake near by, or even those who have not, to keep on\\nhand a goodly supply of these fat, comfortable-looking\\nbirds, whose great value as garden assistants not every one\\nknows, very few in fact.\\nGive them a chance to help themselves to the slugs and\\nworms that are the farmers greatest foes, and see how\\nquickly these pests will disappear but look out for your\\nstrawberries! Dearly do ducks love these delicious berries,\\nand where they are the latter soon cease to be other fruits\\nhang too high to be in much danger, and ducks do not\\nscratch or do other damage to plants.\\nAround our Florida lakelets, where tiny frogs and fish\\nand water plants abound, ducks enjoy themselves to their\\nutmost, and cost their owners very little, if any thing, for\\nfeed, since scraps that the more dainty chickens refuse\\nthey will eat almost invariably.\\nWhen put up for fattening they should be allowed only\\na trough of water, and be fed on barley-meal, if it can be\\nhad, if not, on corn-meal. If celery or celery salt can\\nbe obtained, it will impart a delicious flavor to the flesh,\\nmixed with the feed.\\nThe drake does not approve of a large harem; three\\nwives, or even two, are quite enough for him and these\\nwives, being rather eccentric in the matter of the how,\\nw^hen, and where of laying their eggs, should be detained\\nin the hen-house each morning until they have left their\\neggs there, being otherwise quite as likely as not to drop\\nthem in the water while swimming. They will soon learn\\nto connect the detention and the eggs together, and thence-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "FLORIDA POULTRY. 293\\nforth will waste do unnecessary time before giving straw\\nbail for good behavior.\\nDucklings must not be permitted to get in the water, not\\neven in their drinking dishes, until two weeks old, and\\nthen not for over half an hour at a time, unless their\\nfeathers are well grown, otherwise they will die of cramp.\\nThe best breeds for profit are the Aylesbury, Rouen,\\nPekin, Muscovy, and the common duck.\\nThere is no reason why the goose should not do well in\\nFlorida, and yield a handsome profit, both as regards feath-\\ners and flesh.\\nThree geese to one gander is the rule, if sturdy goslings\\nare desired. Nests should be prepared especially for them,\\ntwo feet six inches square, and one for each bird, since\\nwhere a goose lays her first egg there will she continue to\\nlay them thenceforth.\\nThe eggs should be set so as to hatch in cool weather, for\\nwarm weather does not agree with goslings at all from\\nthirty to thirty-four days are required for the hatching.\\nThe goose, like the turkey, is a very steady setter, but\\nshould be made to leave the nest each day and take a bath.\\nBe careful, too, to see that at all times a good supply of\\nfood and water is in reach, for, if neglected, the goose (who\\nis no goose after all), will take care of herself by eat-\\ning her eggs one by one.\\nThe gander is not at all like the wicked old turk whose\\nunfatherly conduct we have just noticed he is a very dif-\\nferent sort of fellow, and while his wives are on nest\\nduty he need not be deprived of their society on the con-\\ntrary, they seem to delight in his presence, and he sits con-\\ntentedly for hours by the nests, evidently taking a deep\\ninterest in the future hopes hidden away beneath their\\ndowny bosoms, and sometimes steps into the nest and care-\\nfully covers the eggs while its proper occupant is feeding.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "294 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nDo not disturb the goslings while hatching, and for two\\n-weeks keep them under shelter, feeding them on boiled oat-\\nmeal and rice, with water from a pond, if possible, placed\\nin a shallow dish, too shallow for them to swdm in.\\nAfter they are fully fledged they may be left to shift for\\nthemselves, if they have a good range, only needing two\\nsmall feeds of grain a day besides what they can j^ick up.\\nBantam chickens are so well known, the world over,\\nthat we need only call attention to their fine qualities as\\ninsect exterminators in the garden and orchard they are\\ninvaluable, and what little damage they may do is out of\\nall proportion to the good they accomplish.\\nWe have previously noted the wisdom of procuring\\nFlorida-bred cattle, and those remarks apply also to poul-\\ntry it is better to deal with home-breeders, w^isely, as well\\nas being more just, to encourage home industries.\\nThere are already several reliable establishments of pure-\\nbred fowls in Florida.\\nW. W. Fendrich, Post-office Box, 381, Jacksonville,\\nhas a large variety of feathered stock to offer the Florida\\nsettler acclimated birds every one of them. Here are\\ntheir names no despicable collection, you see, for a new-\\ncountry poultry-yard\\nWhite Leghorns, Light Brahmas,\\nBrown Leghorns, Wyundottes,\\nLangshans, Bronze Turkeys,\\nImperial Pekin Ducks, White Guineas.\\nPlymouth Rocks,\\nThen down on the Manatee River we have another reli-\\nable breeder in A. J. Adams, of Manatee. He has in stock\\nalmost every breed of poultry that can be named, of chick-\\nens, turkeys, and ducks also Booted White Cuban Car-\\nrier Pigeons, and several breeds of hunting dogs.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "^FLORIDA POULTRTT. 295\\nAnother breeder, honest and true, is E. W. Amsden,\\nof Ormond, Volusia County. He makes a specialty of\\nWhite, Silver, and Gold Wyandottes, White Leghorns,\\nand Pekin Ducks.\\nOther reliable breeders there are but of these we have\\npersonal knowledge, and while we name them here, un-\\nbeknownst to themselves, we feel that we shall be for-\\ngiven.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "296 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nTHE POULTRY -YARD.\\nThe possession of poultry necessitates a place to keep\\nthem in, unless indeed one chooses to allow them the run\\nof the flower-beds and the house, and if so, then good-bye\\nto neatness, beauty, and the refinements that should make\\nthe surroundings of a true home farewell to flowers, and\\nto all loAV-hanging fruits for, wdiile they agree only too\\nwell W ith chickens, the latter do not agree with them, to\\njudge by results, for they wage w^ar to the death upon\\nthem. And so we hold that no refined and sensible per-\\nson will voluntarily allow poultry the free run of the house\\ninclosure let them have their own premises, it wdll be bet-\\nter, far better, for both parties.\\nLet us look first into the best plan for a permanent poul-\\ntry-yard and house, and afterward we will examine that\\nother matter of portable fences and poultry-houses, which\\nis attracting a good deal of attention in the chicken-\\nhearted w^orld just now.\\nWhere merely a home supply of flesh and eggs is desired,\\nwith the opportunity for a small surj)lusage for sale, one\\nyard only is needed for in this case all the adult chickens\\nmay be allow^ed to roam together.\\nFor a flock of fifty to sixty, a space of about one hun-\\ndred feet square W ill be enough, though it is ahvays best\\nto have the poultry-yard as roomy as possible, unless the\\ntruck garden, house inclosure, and all forbidden grounds\\nare closely fenced in this case, the poultry-yard may be\\ndispensed with entirely, since the chickens and their kin-\\ndred may be allowed to roam in the open w^ithout risk of\\ndamage to vegetation.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY-YARD. 297\\nBut if there be a poultry-yard, it should inclose, if pos-\\nsible, at least one corner of a lakelet where water will be\\nalways accessible to its denizens. This will not only save\\nthe labor of carrying water to the yard, no light task, es-\\npecially in warm weather; but the abundance of small\\nfry to be found in the margin of the water, such as in-\\nsects, small frogs, and fish, will make the chickens and\\nother poultry happy and fat.\\nMulberry trees should be set here and there in every\\npoultry-yard, not only because of the dense shade they\\nfurnish, a very important item though, but also because\\nof the liberal supply of food they furnish without labor\\nor expense on the part of the owner. The very best mul-\\nberry for this purpose, though all are good, is the Hicks,\\nwhich is described by P. J. Berkmans, our celebrated South-\\nern nurseryman, of the Fruitland jS^urseries at Augusta,\\nGeorgia, as wonderfully prolific, fruit sweet, insipid, ex-\\ncellent for poultry and hogs, fruit produced during four\\nmonths of the year.\\nTry planting a few of these valuable trees in the poul-\\ntry-yard, grouping two or three on the south and west sides\\nof the hen-house, to shade the latter, and it will do you\\ngood to see the amount of enjoyment your feathered pets\\nwill obtain during those four months, when the plump,\\nripe berries, so cooling and healthful, are dropping at their\\nfeet, to be had for the picking they will need very little\\nother feeding during these happy mulberry months.\\nWhenever it is possible Bermuda, or some other turf-\\ngrass, should be started in the poultry-yard before it is in-\\nhabited grass will have no chance to take hold otherwise,\\nand if the poultry range is divided into one or two sections,\\nso that rye, oats, cow-peas, rice, or some other grain crop,\\nmay be grown there, and the chickens admitted or kejjt\\nout at will, an immense amount of good will accrue to all", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "298 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ninterested. The pickets, or wires, should be set closely\\ntogether, that the half-grown birds may not push their way\\nthrough.\\nAs to the young chicks, fi-om the day they are hatched\\nuntil they are fully two months old, and in some cases yet\\nlonger, they should be kept in a separate yard set apart\\nespecially for them and their mothers.\\nLet the fence of the nursery be eight-foot pickets set\\non top of two ten-inch boards laid on edge horizontally,\\none above the other, half of the lower board being sunk\\ninto the ground either this, or else ten-foot pickets with-\\nout the boards at the base, but with, instead, a strip of wire\\nnetting, two feet wide, nailed on at the bottom, its edge\\nsunk a little below the surface of the ground.\\nThis bottom protection is very important, both to keep\\nthe little ones in and their four-footed foes out; for in\\nFlorida, as in all newly-settled countries, skunks and opos-\\nsums go about literally seeking what they may devour,\\nand sometimes foxes too come prowling around, for dearly\\ndo they love chickens, young or old.\\nA fence of this description will do more than merely\\nprotect the chicks from their four-footed foes, it will save\\nthem from their most deadly enemy, the hawk, whose fell\\nswoop is made not at night only, when it could be guarded\\nagainst, but at all hours of the day, from sunrise to sunset\\nand within this close fence, that will prevent the chicks\\nfrom straggling outside, they can be protected effectually.\\nWhen we first settled in our- Florida home, our young\\npoultry shared the fate of those belonging to our neighbors\\nthey soared heavenward on the wings of a hawk, whole\\nbroods often vanishing, one by one, till no more were left\\nto appease the fowl appetite of the marauder.\\nWe had a small yard apart from the main one especially\\nfor the little chicks, to preserve them in the daily rush for", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY-YARB. 299\\nfood (when chickens show strong human tendencies and\\none day, after seeing a hawk pounce down before our very\\nface into this little yard, carry off number thirty to our\\nknowledge (and it might have been more) one day we\\nrepeat, after having had our feathers ruffled in this manner\\nwe bethought us of having read somewhere that birds,\\nand especially haw^ks, would never descend below a line\\nstretched across their downward path so we straightway\\nput the idea into practice, running a few lines of ordinary\\ntwine back and forth over the nursery, just high enough\\nto escape striking our head.\\nWe had not much faith in the remedy, for the disease\\nwas desperate but it is a remarkable fact that from that\\nday, six years ago, to the present, we have never lost a\\nsingle chick by hawks, except such as managed to stray\\noutside their fortress, which was not properly closed at the\\nbase of the fencing.\\nWith an inclosure such as we have described, and wire\\nor tarred twine, tarred to make it durable, drawn across it\\nfrom the top of eight- or ten-foot poles, no chicks will be\\nlost by hawks, skunks, opossums, or any other foes of\\npoultrydom.\\nA roomy shed, or shelter, placed in the center of the\\nnursery, will afford shade and protection from rain, and\\nhere the coops should be placed, unless there are large\\ntrees here and there, or a Scuppernong grape canopy, to\\ntake the place of the less sightly shed. Place the coops\\nnear the outer edge of the latter, facing inward, a wide\\nboard being placed before each coop, with a narrow ledge\\nrunning around it, like a shallow^ dish place the feed for\\nthe household on this, and there wdll be no dirt mixed with\\nit, and none lost on the ground, for the ledge will prevent\\nits being scattered off the board. Keep here also, at all\\ntimes, a supply of cracked oyster-shells and bones; it is", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "300 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nas necessai\\\\v for little chicks as for adult fowls, though few\\nare apparently aware of this fact.\\nIf you choose, you can supply your own cracked bones\\nand oyster- shells, at very little if any expense, and, what\\nis also an important item, have them always at hand.\\nAfter the bones left from the table have been thrown\\nout for the poultry to pick clean and you may trust them\\nto do their work well gather them up and keep them\\nwhere they will be dry.\\nFor our own use we prefer putting the bones in a drip-\\nping-pan and setting them in the oven till they are a light\\nbrown, not that it is necessary, but we believe that bones\\npartially burned serve a double purpose\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the poultry ob-\\ntain the bone ingredients, and also a slight dose of animal\\ncharcoal, which is a splendid digestive medicine.\\nWhen the bones are done brown, we drop them into\\na little hand-mill that is a famous devourer of bones, dry\\nor green, corn, oats, oyster-shells, cotton-seed, or, in fact,\\nof any thing else that may need grinding, either fine, like\\nmeal, or coarse.\\nPossessing one of these wonderful little workers, which\\ncost but $5, or, with iron legs, $7, a family may provide\\nits poultry with an abundance of the cracked bone and\\noyster-shells, so important, as every one knows, to their\\nwell-being. This, where so many of us live remote from\\ncommercial centers, is of itself a great thing. Besides,\\nwhen cracked corn is wanted for little chickens, all one has\\nto do is to drop the whole corn into the jaws of the Little\\nGiant, a few turns of the wheel, and lo I it disgorges the\\ngrain, digested and in just the right shape for the hungry\\nlittle ones. Is cotton-seed wanted for stock food or fertil-\\nizers? drop in the seed and out it comes as fine a meal as\\nyou choose. Is corn-meal wanted for the table you have\\nit at a few turns of the wrist. Crackers may be made into", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY-YARD. 301\\ndust, stale bits of bread made ready for puddings in fact\\nit soon becomes iudisi^eusable in the household.\\nNot the least important of its work is in the grinding\\nof bones for fertilizing purposes. Every scrap of bone\\nnot needed for the chickens should be added to the com-\\npost heap, and the Little Giant will chaw them up to\\norder, fine or coarse. The truth is that the value of this\\nlittle mill can hardly be overestimated, as every one who\\ntakes our advice and purchases one will at once acknowl-\\nedge. There is a larger size, which is stronger, and grinds\\nbones with still greater ease and rapidity; this costs $12,\\non iron legs $16.\\nWe have two of them ourself, one, the larger size, that\\nis used for the poultry and stock, and the other for house-\\nhold purjDOses, grinding coffee, rice, converting coarse\\nsugar into pulverized, and a host of other things.\\nWe should feel utterly at sea without the hand-mill of\\nWilson Brothers, 43-45 Delaware Street, Easton, Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nBest of all coops is a triangular one, resting on, but not\\nfastened to, a board bottom, projecting a little in front be-\\nyond the coop, but allowing the coop to fit down over it at\\nthe sides and back, that heavy rains may be shed on the\\nground and not run inside. In the usual upright-wall\\ncoops the chicks are often trampled on by the hen but\\nthe triangular or peaked-roof style permits them to get\\naway under the eaves in safety we have never lost one\\nby trampling in a coop of this shape.\\nAnd now, to go back to the main poultry-yard we have\\nseen how this should be inclosed first, as to the house.\\nThis, in Florida, is by no means the elaborate or expensive\\nbuilding it should and must be in more rigorous climates\\nhere are no ice or snow, or high, piei cing winds to guard\\nagainst.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "302 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nA plain building, suited in size to the number of fowls\\nto be sheltered (twelve by twenty feet is ample for one\\nhundred and fifty), is all that is needed; let the sides be\\nmade of pieces one inch by three, nailed on horizontally,\\na space of one or two inches being left between them, ex-\\ncept half way up from the bottom on the north and west\\nsides here let there be room to fit in temporarily, during\\nthe winter, the three-inch wide slats, battens, so as to\\nmake the sides in these places solid, and shut out the win-\\nter winds.\\nThis will give ample ventilation, and yet keep all foes\\nat bay, if the base-boards are close and the lower one sunk\\nbelow the surface.\\nA good many of the old Florida settlers say to new-\\ncomers, Don t put a tight roof on your hen-house; let\\nthe rain come through on the chickens when on the roosts,\\nit will kill the lice.\\nPay no attention to such advice it is bad from begin-\\nning to end, and fatal to the health of the poor, helpless\\nchickens, who are thus compelled to sleep (if sleep they\\ncan) with a heavy drip, drip, drip, of water on their heads,\\ngradually soaking and chilling them, just when their sys-\\ntems are most relaxed and they should be most carefully\\nprotected from wet and wind. No, no put a good, tight\\nroof on your hen-house, and let it run well over the sides\\ntoo, so that the heavy rains we are subject to in Florida\\ncan not drive far inside; and as to that idea of killing\\nthe lice, in the first place, they hadn t oughter be\\nthere, and will not be, if proper care is taken and, in the\\nsecond place, only boiling water will kill them and, even\\nin this semi-tropical climate, it is very semi-occasionally\\nthat the rain comes down at this temperature; and, mean-\\ntime, the ordinary rain-water will kill chickens in long-\\ncontinued doses.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY-YARD. 303\\nThe house should be considerably longer than wide, and\\nthe perches run lengthwise in the center, both for conven-\\nience in passing around them, and to insure dryness to the\\nfowls the middle perch should be the highest, and the\\nothers be so graduated that the little ones can reach them\\nwhen they first begin to roost.\\nUnder these perches a sloping platform should be placed\\nto catch the droppings, an important item, both for clean-\\nliness and economy, since in this way all the valuable\\nguano is saved. The platform should be scraped clean\\nevery day or two, and if each time a light sprinkling of\\nland plaster be scattered over it, so much the better, it\\nprevents the escape of the ammonia, and thus corrects the\\nchickeny smell, that is often more decided than pleasant.\\nA door for entrance, and one or more traps, with drop-\\ndoors for the chicks to pass in and out, one into each divis-\\nion of the yard, if the yard be divided into grazing sec-\\ntions, and then the house is complete, except the nests.\\nThese should be set on the floor, facing the wall in rows,\\ntwo or three nests in one connected piece, with breaks left\\nhere and there in the rows for the hens to pass back and\\nforth there need be only a narrow strip left between the\\nnests and the wall, since, by making the tops movable on\\nhinges, they can be raised from the outer side and free ac-\\ncess to the nests obtained.\\nHens dearly love retirement and partial darkness, either\\nwhen laying or setting, and if the nests are faced outward,\\nor set on the floor without tops, like open boxes, they will\\nscornfully turn their backs upon them and hunt out some\\nquiet corner for themselves somewhere else.\\nSo much for the permanent yard and buildings. The\\nnursery, by the way, should always be of this character.\\nMovable fences are often very desirable to have, and\\nform a splendid medium for fertilizing any particular spot", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "304\\nHO]VrE LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nor tree, without giving up a whole field or grove to the\\nroving and meddlesome propensities of the flock. Mova-\\nble fences and movable houses for poultry are great things\\nfor our Florida groves, and we would strongly advocate\\ntheir use; the more of them the better. A temporary\\npoultry-yard, confining twenty or thirty chickens for one\\nor two months in the year around an orange tree, would\\nmake a marked difterence in its growth and vigor try it,\\nand see.\\nIt is easy enough to make the fence when you know\\nhow as easy as Columbus found it to stand an egg on\\nend, and here is one way to do it we shall speak of others\\nfurther on\\nProcure pickets two inches wide, by half an inch thick,\\nand six feet long; nail them to two rails, three inches\\nsquare and twelve feet long; at each end of every rail,\\nU-shaped pieces of stout hoop-iron (hogshead iron is best)", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY- YARD. 305\\nare fastened by screws, so as to form staples, tliroiigh which\\nposts seven feet long and two and a half inches in diame-\\nter, pointed at both ends, are thrust and set firmly in the\\nground.\\nThe rails in the alternate sections are at such distances\\napart, that while the tops of the pickets are in line, the\\nstaples at the ends the U-shaped pieces of hoop may not\\ninterfere with those of adjoining sections.\\nEach post, when in position, has a brace upon the out-\\nside, made by sawing in half one of the rails, beveling\\nboth ends of the two braces thus obtained, and fastening\\nupon them at an obtuse angle staples like those on the rail\\nset one of these braces up against one of the posts it is to\\nstrengthen, and you will see at once just how the sta^oles\\nshould incline one of them is to be slipped over the top\\nof the post, and the other to rest on the ground with a peg\\ndriven through it, the top of the latter inclining away\\nfrom the fence. Braces thus arranged will, as it is easy to\\nsee, hold the fence in position, no matter how the wind\\nmay blow, if only the peg is stout and well driven into the\\nground, the staple-loop over the post holding equally in\\nany direction.\\nGates are made in the same way, only that they are\\nhinged to stout posts, which are set up and braced in a\\nsimilar manner.\\nFor movable poultry-houses there are several plans, and\\nif none of these happen to suit in all respects, it is not a\\ndifficult thing for an intelligent mind to suggest, or an in-\\ntelligent hand to execute any necessary modifications. The\\nmain point is to have as light a structure as is consistent\\nwith strength and durability large size is not requisite\\nwhen the object is only to provide safe shelter during the\\nnight and nests for the layers, and, in our genial Florida\\nclimate, this is all that need be thought of.\\n20", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "306\\nHOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWe have spoken elsewhere of triangular coops for little\\nchickens in the nursery. Now, this triangular shape is a\\ngood one also for a movable poultry-house in its simplest\\nform.\\nOf course, for this purpose it must be considerably larger\\nthan if designed merely for a hen and brood there is no\\nneed that it should stand higher, but its length should\\nbe proportionate to the number of fowls to be housed.\\nAll of the material used should be as light as possible, with-\\nout sacrificing strength. Quarter-inch boards, nailed to\\nend-laths, three feet long and overlapping like weather-\\nboarding, are best for the roof, which, of course, is in two\\npieces or sides. When these are put together by means of\\nhooks or screws (the latter being preferred) one side should\\nproject at the top above the other to shed rain.\\nIt does not matter much at what angle the sides are\\njoined to form the pitch-roof, so that height enough is left\\nfor the perches, which run from end to end, lengthwise,\\nthe nests being set on the ground against the ends.\\nThe triangular ends of this simple poultry-house are\\nmade either of battens nailed across, close enough to keep\\nout skunks and opossums, or else of wire-cloth trap-doors,\\none at each end, that are closed at night, complete this\\nlittle poultry-house, in which are combined lightness and\\nstrength, safety and ventilation,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY- YARD.\\n307\\nA portion of the end-pieces should be solid, so that a\\ncouple of perch-poles, with ends projecting so as to be used\\nas handles in moving the house, may be passed through\\nholes made for the purpose.\\nAccess to the nests is gained by hinging the lower end-\\nboard so that it can be raised and the arm thrust inside.\\nThe house should always rest on a sound board bottom,\\nas a guard against nocturnal enemies who otherwise would\\nfind no trouble in effecting a subterranean entrance.\\nWhen there are two persons to handle such a house as\\nthis, one at each end, there will be no necessity for making\\nit in sections it will be light enough to handle in one piece.\\nAnother form of portable poultry-house, much favored\\nin England, is set upon wheels small wheels, with broad\\ntires and moved by horse-power.\\nThis is an excellent plan, too, since the house may thus\\nbe made much larger and stronger, yet be transported with\\nease from point to point, together with its feathered occu-\\npants hinged shafts may be used for this pufpose or merely\\nstaples, to which ordinary plow-chains may be hooked.\\nThis house on wheels should be made strongly, but\\nnot of needlessly heavy materials a low frame-work with", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "308 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwire-clotli stretched over it to form the sides and ends, and\\nbroad, overlapping eaves, with perches well up toward the\\nroof, to avoid all driving rains, would serve the purpose\\nadmirably in our mild Florida climate, with the proviso\\nthat one side, which should always face toward the north-\\nwest in winter and the southwest in summer, be lined with\\nsome sun-proof and wind-proof material, the former in sum-\\nmer, the latter in winter. Quarter-inch boards, set sloping\\nagainst the side, are good for this purpose, and also afford\\noutside shelter during the day.\\nWhere several movable poultry-houses of this sort are\\ndesired, it is not necessary that each one should have its\\nown set of wheels; one set will do the work, if placed on\\na platform, or truck, large enough to carry the poultry-\\nhouse, which, in this case, must be provided with a sound\\nboard floor of its own the truck being low, it Avill not be\\ndifficult to slide the house on or off.\\nAnother kind of movable poultry-house is made of slat-\\nted or wire-cloth sides, joined by the same method employed\\nfor the movable fence already described (the post and sta-\\nple ends), the roof being like that of the triangular house.\\nIt is not our province here to enter in detail upon the\\nproper care of poultry as regards food, cleanliness, and\\ntheir sequence, health, or otherwise. We shall touch only\\nbriefly upon these points, leaving it to the numerous works\\ndevoted especially to this object to enlighten those Avho\\ndesire further information.\\nOne of the most important adjuncts to successful chick-\\nen-raising is pure water. Very few realize the extent of\\nthe mischief done their fowls by allowing them to drink\\nwarm, dirty, or impure w^ater their drinking trough should\\nbe always in the shade and so arranged that they can only\\ngain access to it for its legitimate purpose, not jump into\\nit, or scratch dirt into its midst.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY-YAKD. 309\\nThis object is easily attained by using a low, triangular\\ntrough, having a sloping roof over it, and wire-netting\\nwith meshes wide enough to admit a chicken s head, but\\nno more, closing in the front and sides; let this trough\\nstand on a grassy spot, or a clean board floor, then the\\nfowls will always have clean, cool water wash the trough\\nout every two or three days, and, if lined with zinc, it will\\nbe so much the easier to keep clean and pure.\\nFor the nursery a cheap and effective drinking-fountain\\nmay be made thus: Take a tomato, or similar can, from\\nwhich the top, in emptying, has not been entirely cut out,\\nbut only bent in straighten out the ragged edges so as\\npartially to close the can again, then cut a hole about the\\nsize of a lead pencil, a quarter of an inch from the jagged\\ntop fill the can with water, put a saucer on it, upside\\ndown, then quickly invert can and saucer together; the\\nwater will come out in the saucer until it reaches the level\\nof the hole, and will always remain at this point until the\\ncan is emptied by the chickens drinking the water, which,\\nthus protected, will keep pure and clean.\\nWhen the mother hen begins to show a disposition to\\ndesert her little ones, let her coop be lifted into the main\\nhen-house and placed against the wall, then, when she does\\nleave them and goes upon the roosts, they will follow, and\\nthus be easily and naturally taught to seek the perches at\\nnight if they don t, take their coop away. This is a more\\nimportant matter than is generally realized, although every\\none who has raised chickens knows how much trouble and\\nannoyance is caused by this desertion of a brood.\\nThe poor little chicks, worried by the absence of their\\none-time careful mother, and crying pitifully and vainly\\nfor her return, huddle together in a corner of their late\\nhappy home, shivering from the unaccustomed night ex-\\nposure, pushing, crowding, crushing each other, one and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "310 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nall seeking the shelter of the center^ of the restless mass\\nof lamenting chickendom and so they suffer until dark-\\nness and sleep overtake them, and thus they continue, if\\nallowed, until the coop becomes too small for their rapidly\\ngrowing bodies, until at last the slow instinct of their race\\nbids them finally abandon the coop and seek a higher place.\\nBut, meantime, they have been crowding and sleeping in\\nclose quarters, insufficiently ventilated, until most likely\\nsome of them have died, some contracted weakness, and\\nsome become stunted in growth.\\nAll this can be avoided by the simple plan we have sug-\\ngested. In every hen-house there should be some low, flat\\nperches that the little ones can reach and roost upon with-\\nout injury. And right here it is well to remark that nar-\\nrow, or small round perches are very injurious to chickens\\nof all ages, being apt to produce curved breast-bones, to\\nsay nothing of the nightly discomfort to the birds them-\\nselves. Perches for adult chickens should be two inches\\nwide by one inch thick, the edges beveled, and the perch\\nset with a very slight slope forward.\\nThe eggs in the nest of a setting hen should be sprinkled\\ndaily for eight days before the chicks are due if this is\\nneglected, the membrane or lining of the shell is apt to be\\ndry and tough, and then when the chick s little bill,\\ncoming due, is presented, it meets with a protest, and the\\nfrail life goes at once into the court of bankruptcy, whence\\nit issues nevermore*\\nKeep the eggs moist by this method and the chicks will\\neasily make their way out into the world, but never try to\\nhelp them out by breaking away bits of the shell and\\nmembrane leave Nature alone, unless the membrane seems\\ninclined to stick to the little body, after the shell is peeled\\noff, then moisten the stiff parts, but do not pull it away\\na drop of blood drawn is weakness or death to the chick.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "THE POULTRY- YARD. 311\\nIt is advisable to place the nests of setting liens (without\\nboard bottoms) on the ground but if this can not well be\\ndone, the nests should be made extra deep and well filled\\nin with earth, packed to a concave shape and lined w^th\\nshort straw, occasionally dampened.\\nPlace the nests in rows and make the divisions between,\\nnot of solid boards as is usually done, but of w^ire-netting,\\nopen enough for the adjoining hens to make each other s\\nacquaintance during the long period of incubation, and\\nyet not so large as to allow them to interfere with each\\nother s eggs.\\nBy pursuing this plan, and setting two adjoining hens\\nat the same time, the broods will come off together, and\\nthe hens can be placed in one coop, where they will agree\\nperfectly; and thus their owner saves time, trouble, and\\nspace, by being able to attend to two broods together.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "312 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nPOULTRY PATIENTS.\\nFlorida s mild climate is especially adapted to the raising\\nof fowls on a large scale with a view to profit both in eggs\\nand flesh.\\nThe terrible diseases that so frequently rush rampant\\nthrough so many Northern poultry-yards, dealing whole-\\nsale death and destruction, are very rarely if ever met\\nwdth on Florida soil. Nine tenths of these disorders are\\ncaused by exposure to inclement weather. Hence, there\\nis no other State in our great Union so especially adapted\\nto successful poultry-raising, since here the primary cause\\nof numerous failures is totally unknown and that Florida\\nwill yet become the leading poultry-yard of the United\\nStates we do firmly believe.\\nFlorida chickens are subject to very few diseases and\\nthese, if proper care is taken, may almost invariably be\\navoided, or at least cured. The most prevalent and most\\nfatal trouble that Florida chicken- flesh is heir to, is here\\ntermed sore-head, or warts, though neither of these\\nnames is proper or distinctive. The fact is that the name\\nsore-head, or warts, is no more the name of a disease\\nthan sore toe, or sore finger. And the disease they\\nare intended to designate is, in Florida at all events, not\\none disease but several distinct ones. Thus, sore-head may\\nmean that a chicken has distemper, catarrh, ulceration, or\\ncanker, which, in its worst stage, becomes that fatal dis-\\nease, roup.\\nThese several diseases are twin sisters. The one follow-\\ning the other as natural, progressive steps, and all proceed-\\ning from that most simple but fruitful source of disease in", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "POULTRY PATIENTS. 313\\nthe human subject as well, a common cold, only in the\\nlatter the various ramifications and consequences that pro-\\nceed from it are known and recognized, while in the poor,\\nhelpless fowl they are all classed (hereabouts) under one\\nname, usually sore-head, from beginning to end. The\\nfirst stage of the trouble is properly termed distemper, or\\ncatarrh. It is a disease that chickens are heir to all over\\nthe world it is hard to tell always the why and wherefore\\nof its appearance all we know is that it will come some-\\ntimes, and that too in spite of ever} care and attention.\\nThe distemper usually seizes upon young chickens when\\nthey are shedding their second chicken feathers, in their\\nsecond or third month. As soon as one of the flock is seen\\nto be quiet and listless, and disposed to remain on the perch\\nin the day-time, its face and comb red, and a fullness or\\npuff under its eye, look to it, and at once Do not lose an\\nhour before shutting it up in the hospital, that should be an\\nadjunct to the poultry-yard, and commencing active treat-\\nment for while distemper is a disease that is light in itself,\\nif left to take its own course it will usually result fatally.\\nListlessness and loss of appetite are the first symptoms\\nthe second day a slight froth appears in the corners of the\\neyes. When treatment is delayed until this froth appears\\nthe race with the destroyer is a close one and even, if the\\nchicken eventually recovers, it is usually with the loss of\\none or both eyes in the latter case it must be killed or it\\nwill die of starvation. Watch closely, therefore, for the\\nfirst symptoms we have noted, and as soon as discovered\\nplace the patient under the following\\nTREATMENT FOR DISTEMPER.\\nIf taken before the froth in the eyes appears, wash the\\nhead and beak clean, and blow down through the nose into\\nthe throat, either with the mouth or a rubber nipple this", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "314 HOME LIi E IN FLORIDA.\\ncleans the tear-tube. Then bathe the head and wash the\\nthroat inside (the latter with a feather stripped to near the\\npoint) with a solution of one part of carbolic acid to ten\\nof water. Keep the bird in a quiet place, and give it noth-\\ning but water, no food. The third day give a little potato,\\nbread-crumbs, or hard-boiled egg. The fourth day it should\\nbe in condition to be turned out into the yard again.\\nWhen the froth has shown itself, or the head is much\\nswollen, use the same treatment as above, with this addi-\\ntion thoroughly steam the head and throat, by using a\\nlarge sponge and hot water, and give a dessertspoonful of\\ncastor oil use the carbolic wash at short intervals.\\nCATARRH.\\nThis disease differs from distemper, inasmuch as a slight\\ncold differs from a severe one. Its symptoms are a dis-\\ncharge from both eyes and nostrils, accompanied by a hic-\\ncough or sneeze.\\nPlace the bird by itself in a sheltered place out of the\\nsun and draughts; feed it only on soft, well-cooked food,\\nseasoned heavily with red pepper and ginger, or licorice\\nand black pepper, and put three drops of the mother tinct-\\nure of aconite to half a pint of the drinking-water renew\\nthe latter each day.\\nThis treatment, if the case is only catarrh, will be all\\nthat is necessary but if it is severe, then it is no longer\\ncatarrh, but\\nCANKER OR ULCERATION.\\nThe first symptom of this trouble is a watery discharge\\nfrom the eyes later the discharge assumes a firmer char-\\nacter and emits an offensive odor the throat and tongue\\nbecome studded with ulcers, and unless the disease is speed-\\nily conquered the bird dies of suflbcation. Use McDou-\\ngall s Fluid Carbolate to wash the head and eyes, four parts", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "POULTRY PATIENTS. 315\\nof water to one of the carbolate swab the throat with the\\nundiluted carbolate three or four times a day give soft\\nfood, with flour of sulphur mixed with it, and put a little\\nof the latter w^ith the drinking-water.\\nMcDougall s Fluid Carbolate should be kept by every\\ndrug or general merchandise store it is a most valuable\\nremedy, being a neutral solution of carbolate of lime and\\nsulphate of magnesia, and entirely free from corrosive or\\nirritating effects, yet combining all the most valuable prop-\\nerties of both carbolic and sulphurous acids.\\nIf, however, this carbolate can not be obtained, there are\\nother remedies to take its place.\\nAn ounce of chlorate of potash and an ounce of crushed\\nsugar to a half pint of water should always be kept ready\\nfor use in every poultry-yard. The water only dissolves a\\ncertain proportion, and no more, of the salt, and it should\\nalways be made as strong as possible in other words, a\\nsaturated solution. The sugar serves the double pur-\\npose of loosening the phlegm in the throat of the bird, and\\nby disguising the saline taste of the chlorate makes it more\\neasy to administer.\\nChlorate of potash, in the above proportions, is a splen-\\ndid remedy for the human throat as well as that of poul-\\ntry it removes canker and ulceration in the mouth and\\nthroat, cools and allays fever, and by its inward action\\ndestroys all traces of canker in the system, and thus ren-\\nders the cure a permanent one, in this being unlike merely\\nlocal remedies. As long as any chlorate remains undis-\\nsolved in the bottle more water may be added, taking care\\nthat the proper proportion of sugar is kept up.\\nTo adult fowls give a teaspoonful of the solution three\\ntimes a day, or oftener, if the case is severe, also swabbing\\nthe throat and mouth thoroughly with the same an equal\\nnumber of times; and here it is well to observe, in swab-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "316 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbing the mouth always take care to run the feather into\\nthe slit in the roof. An ounce of this solution to a pint\\nof water makes an excellent remedy for common colds or\\ndistemper in young chicks.\\nYet another remedy, claimed to be infallible, not only\\nfor canker, but for its most virulent form roup is to\\nplace the affected birds in a close room, then take a shovel-\\nful of red-hot cinders and sprinkle on them a teaspoonful\\nof flour of sulphur let the bird breathe the sulphurous-\\nacid gas thus evolved for ten minutes. It will cause it to\\nsneeze, and if the case is far advanced a great quantity\\nof matter will be thrown up through the throat and nos-\\ntrils, and an almost immediate cure will result.\\nThis remedy is also successfully employed for catarrh in\\nhuman beings, and for epizooty in horses, never failing of\\na cure after four or five applications.\\nAll of these diseases we have named proceed directly\\nfrom exposure to cold, to rain, wdnd, and draughts; and,\\nknowing this, that ounce of prevention which is worth\\na pound of cure is easily obtained, as we have already\\npointed out, in the arrangement of our hen-houses.\\nAs we have said, all these diseases are often carelessly\\nclassed, by those who are unobservant, as sore-head;\\nnine times out of ten, if you ask a Florida-raised neighbor\\nwho has sick chickens, What is the matter with them?\\nhe will answer, Oh, sore-head, of course!\\nThere is one distinct disease that deserves the name,\\nsince a sore head is its outward effect. But this trouble,\\npopularly called in the South sore-head, or warts, is really\\nnothing more nor less than genuine\\nERYSIPELAS.\\nIt is not often seen in the poultry-yards of the North,\\nthough when it does appear it is almost invariably toward", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "POULTRY PATIENTS. 317\\nthe close of summer, and it is more prevalent in the ex-\\ntreme South because the warm season is there longer con-\\ntinued; in other words, the superinducing cause of this\\ndisease is exposure not to cold, but to heat. It rarely if\\never attacks chickens over a year old, but prefers the young\\nones of one to three months old, who are always on the\\ngo out in the sun, and whose little frames have not yet be-\\ncome inured to exposure. It never attacks them in cold\\nweather, and usually only during the summer, though some-\\ntimes in early spring or fall, if the season is very warm.\\nThe first symptoms of sore-head, or erysipelas, as it\\nshould be termed to avoid confusion, since erysipelas it is,\\nand nothing else, is dullness and the appearance of small\\npimples about the head and face these increase and be-\\ncome pustules, which exude a serous fluid the head and\\neyes swell, the mouth, tongue and comb become covered\\nwith pustules, discharging an offensive matter.\\nNow erysipelas, as every one knows, is an ugly disease,\\nespecially when it attacks the head if taken in time, how-\\never, it can be usually conquered. Place the bird at once\\nin a clean, sheltered coop, in as cool a place as possible\\nadminister a tablespoonful of castor oil each day until it\\nbegins to improve give green and soft food, mixing a tea-\\nspoonful of flour of sulphur with the latter, daily, for a\\nweek or ten days, and let its drink be one part of Douglass\\nMixture to two of water. Keep the sores moist with lard\\nand sulphur, well rubbed in. If the sulphur seems to irri-\\ntate, stop using it and substitute a neutral solution of car-\\nbolate of lime and sulphate of magnesia.\\nTo the discovery of the true name, cause, and remedy of\\nthe so-called sore-head, or warts, the writer has devoted\\nmuch time, study, and observation, and now, for the first\\ntime, throws open to the Florida public the result of sev-\\neral years of careful experiment.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "318 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWhen we first settled in our adopted State, bringing\\nwith, or rather sending ahead of us a fine collection of\\nHoudans and Light Bramahs, from a yard perfectly free\\nfrom disease, we were considerably puzzled by the appear-\\nance in a few months of sore-head. It was then August,\\nand the flock had passed through the heat of May, June,\\nand July in their new quarters, and it was among those\\nhatched in May and June that the disease appeared.\\nThey had a roomy chicken-house, but the roof was not\\ntight, we having, under protest, taken the advice of old\\nresidenters on that point. They had an ample run; but\\nour new home was being carved out of the wilderness,\\npine trees were being felled, and shade was lacking the\\nfowls ranged all day in the hot sun, then at night there\\nfrequently came heavy rains, and, owing to the open roof,\\nthe w^ater poured down on the backs of the poor, sleepy\\nbirds, drenching them to the skin. The rains, too, were\\nmore often than not accompanied by high, cool winds that\\nblew across the unfortunate victims of a mistaken system.\\nDo you see the causus belli?\\nAn overheating of the blood during the day, a sudden\\nchilling at night here surely is as plain and prolific a\\nsource of erysipelas as could be invented We do not need\\nto look further for the as yet but little understood cause\\nof the dreaded sore-head.\\nHere then, as we believe, is the source. The remedy is\\neasy: Provide plenty of shade for your poultry; make\\nshelters until trees have time to grow let the roofs of your\\nhen-houses be water-tight, and so place the perches that the\\nwind can not blow on the sleep-relaxed frames of the poor\\nbirds that are dependent on you for all their health and\\ncomfort.\\nFor two seasons sore-head, or erysipelas, decimated\\nour poultry -yard, and then, suspecting at last the true rea-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "POULTRY PATIENTS. 319\\nson of the trouble, we protected the birds from dampness\\nby a tight roof, a dense covering of clinging vines served\\nto shut out a direct draught, and we made shelters of\\nboards and tree-tops where the trees were not sufficiently\\ngrown to afford shade.\\nSince that time we have not had a single case of sore-\\nhead, and very few, almost .none, even of a slight distem-\\nper yet our flock is large, and there has been no other\\nchange in their treatment, except, indeed, that they are no\\nlonger fed any corn during the summer months. It is\\nheating, and oats do better.\\nWe still hesitate to make the positive assertion that we\\nhave discovered the cause of this hitherto mysterious dis-\\nease but it certainly looks so, and we most earnestly urge\\nupon all interested a patient trial of the same preventives\\nthen, by the result, it will be demonstrated whether our\\nmost fatal Florida chicken disease is, or is not, solely pro-\\nduced by overheating and too sudden cooling of the blood.\\nIt is w^ell at all times to put in the drinking-fountain a\\ndessertspoonful of Douglass Mixture to a pint of water,\\nat least twice a week oftener, if there be any disease\\namong the chickens. There is no better tonic than this,\\nboth as a preventive and an active agent. It is made as\\nfollows\\nDOUGLASS MIXTURE.\\nPlace one pound of sulphate of iron (copperas) and one\\nounce of sulphuric acid in a two-gallon jug, fill half full\\nwith hot water, let it stand twenty-four hours, and then\\nfill up with water.\\nThis tonic is invaluable given to young chicks and to\\nmoulting adults it helps the latter through with an ex-\\nhausting period, and hastens their return to the egg man-\\npfactory.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "320 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nFIRING THE WOODS.\\nFor many, many years our stately pine woods have been\\ndevastated annually by an element which is most truly\\nsaid to be a better servant than master. And no one\\nwho has once witnessed the fierce Florida fires roaring and\\nrushing through the woods, sweeping every thing before\\nthem in their fiery onset, but can realize the full force of\\nthis saying.\\nAll over the State it is the custom to fire the woods\\nearly in the spring, so that the fine straw and old grass\\nmay be burned off, and new grass, the famous wire-grass,\\ngrow up, so that, forsooth, the roving stock may find\\nplenty to eat without money and without price, so far as\\ntheir owners are concerned.\\nNo matter how much a man may desire to preserve\\nevery blade of grass and every leaf that grows on his land\\nso that it may decay and eventually enrich the soil, his\\nneighbor has his cattle to provide for, and so the latter\\ngoes out, torch in hand, and sets fire to the grass, and\\nburns it up, every blade of it, deliberately robbing the\\nowner of the land of all the rich humus and fertilizing\\nmaterial that nature had manufactured for that purpose.\\nIf, said a noted orange-grower, I was ofl^ered two\\ntracts of land, side by side, one where the grass had been\\nburned off* year after year, the other where it had been\\nleft to grow and to rot, and the one was oflTered at ten\\ndollars per acre and the other at twenty, I would take the\\nlatter on the instant, because the diflference in the quality\\nof the soil would be more than equal to the difference in\\ncost.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "FIRING THE WOODS. 321\\nAnd there are many intelligent land-owners in the State\\nwho will indorse this opinion and who endeavor, but in\\nvain, to preserve for their soil the humus it so much needs.\\nBut year after year they see it destroyed for the benefit of\\nthose very cattle who also destroy their crops. There is\\nno redress the law authorizes the theft of their best fer-\\ntilizer, provided it is done according to certain prescribed\\nrules.\\nIt is terribly hard upon the poor, patiently toiling set-\\ntler. Let any one glance over the columns of the Florida\\ncountry papers, during the months from January to April,\\nand he will realize the pressing urgency of this matter.\\nThe reports of fences, houses, groves, even lives destroyed\\nby these wholesale burnings v;ill reveal the true inwardness\\nand culpability of a law which allows a practice so injuri-\\nous to our State and to the common sense of its lawgivers.\\nIt is a law that stands side by side with that which pro-\\ntects the man wlio turns out his cattle and hogs to prey\\nupon his neighbors crops; they may have been just when\\nthey were enacted years ago, when Florida was little else\\nthan a vast grazing ground with houses and fields few and\\nfar between but times have changed, and such laws must,\\nand speedily will be, changed.\\nLike the old Florida cow and its management, the forest\\nfires and the fencing out of your neighbors roving stock\\nwill soon be among the traditions of the past, and hard-\\nships that the coming settler will not be obliged to face.\\nThey have endured too long, but their end is near.\\nWhat is the motive of those who thus fire the woods\\nin the settlements? you ask.\\nTo illustrate: A thickly-settled neighborhood, owning\\nvaluable fences and groves, resolved to make a cordon\\naround the settlement and whip out all approaching\\nfires at a distance from their property. But they reckoned\\n21", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "322 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwithout their host right in their midst dwelt the first\\ncomer in that region he declined to part from old cus-\\ntoms. If the grass don t burn off around here the cows\\nwill be late comin home at night, cause they ll have to\\nwander to hunt fresh grass; and this here grass is goin to\\nbe burnt, that s all about it\\nAnd so at sundown, one early spring day, fire began\\ncreeping out beyond the line of ploAved ground he had run\\naround his own fences, and the whole settlement was com-\\npelled to rush to the rescue of its property, and, with\\nhoes, rakes, axes, and the tops of young pine trees, fight\\nfire till daylight, even thus losing hundreds of rails, which\\nloss threw open groves and fields to the inroads of stock\\nfor several days. And these thrifty, intelligent citizens\\nhad no redress against this one ignorant one\\nThe law, as it stands at present, allows fire to be put out\\ninto the woods during the months of January, February,\\nMarch, and April; but decrees that the person so firing\\nthe woods shall give one or more days notice of his inten-\\ntion to every one within one mile of his home.\\nIt is hardly needful to say that this latter clause is gen-\\nerally disregarded true, the penalty is heavy, liability for\\npayment of all the damage done. But what matters a\\npenalty, when no one can prove who started the fire?\\nNeighbor A. lows that old man B. did it. Old man\\nB. reckons that C. mou\u00c2\u00ab:ht a done it. But no one\\nknows, so no one suffers except the innocent.\\nEven in the case we have just mentioned, while moral\\nproof was strong, the act of firing was not seen, so there\\nwas no legal proof.\\nOur law-makers should have interfered in these premises\\nlong ago but soon the people will settle it for themselves,\\nfor they are awakening to the injury these half-savage law\u00c2\u00a7\\ninflict upon an agricultural community.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "FIRING THE WOODS, 323\\nShut up the cattle on their owuer s premises, and the\\ntemptation to destroy other people s property for their\\nbenefit will be removed.\\nThe opening of spring brings with it months of anxious\\nwatching, by night and by day; no one knows where or\\nwhen the inflammable pine straw will be fired, nor by whom,\\nfar or near, and the only warning is the rapid approach of\\nthe fierce-roaring flames, bellowing like a hundred bulls,\\nleaping like an army of demons rejoicing over the destruc-\\ntion of all they may meet in their resistless rush, and even\\nto the very lives of human beings!\\nOnly a few years ago a hapless family, driving through\\na dense hammock where a wide wagon-track had been cut\\nfrom amidst the heavy underbrush, were overtaken by an\\nonrushing wall of roaring flames they lashed their horses\\nand fled onward there was no turning to the right or left,\\neven had there been no fire to bar the way. Close behind\\nthem rushed the fierce fire demons, gloating over the prey,\\nfor whom, alas! there was no escape. Vainly was the\\nwhip applied to the afiinghted horses. Hammock roads\\nare rough, full of palmetto roots, hills and hollows; and\\nsoon the poor beasts stumbled and fell then the family\\nalighted and fled on foot, the father snatching up two little\\nchildren, the mother clas23ing her babe to her breast, and\\nstill another child, a boy of eight years, followed after them\\nin deadly fear.\\nOn came the flames with that horrible gloAv and that\\nawful roar so fiimiliar, more s the pity to the Florida set-\\ntlers, and their pace was swifter than that of the wretclied\\nhuman beings fleeing before them. Soon the little boy\\ntripped and fell headlong into a tiny pool of liquid mud\\nin the center of the road his forehead struck a root and\\nhe lay there unconscious as the flames swept by on either\\nside, leaving him scorched and suflering, but alive,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "324 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nLess fortunate were his parents. Burdened with the\\nhelpless little ones, the terrible flames caught them up and\\nwrapped them all father, mother, and three children in\\ntheir fiery arms and so all that was left of the six human\\nbeings and two horses, that only an hour before had en-\\ntered on that fatal road, full of life and hope, was a mass\\nof charred bones, and one little boy.\\nAnd all this, not by any means a solitary instance, that\\na drove of cattle might be provided with a good supply of\\nnew, fresh grass\\nEvery fence outlying the open forest must, early in Jan-\\nuary, be protected by a line of ten or twelve consecu-\\ntive furrows plowed entirely around it, and all tall grass\\nor weeds, that might serve to carry fire across, carefully\\nraked out. A still better plan is to plow another similar\\nstrip ten or fifteen feet, outside the first, and then burn\\nofi* all the trash and grass between the two this makes\\nthe safest possible bai-rier but still the fire does sometimes\\ncross it, so that even when thus guarded it behooves one\\nto watch closely or mischief may ensue.\\nA fire may be met and conquered to all appearance,\\nand yet several days thereafter it not unfrequently happens\\nthat, without a breath of warning, a thick, black cloud of\\nsmoke is seen, an angry roar of flames heard, and the set-\\ntier rushes out to find his protected fence burning furi-\\nously almost at his door and no one can tell how it start-\\ned, except on the theory that some smoldering log has\\nbeen fanned into a flame by the breeze and a spark wafted\\nacross the line of furrows right into the dry grass along\\nthe fence.\\nAnother cause of the recurrence of fires deemed extin-\\nguished is the tall pine trees, beneath whose bark the flames\\ncreep, creep, creep out of sight, out of mind, till they\\nburst out at the very top, and then, from a height of", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "FIRING THE WOODS. 325\\nseventy or eighty feet, sparks sail slowly away in the air,\\ndropping into the grass here and there in places not yet\\nburned over often at a distance of a hundred or more\\nfeet from the point of departure.\\nWherever a fire has swept, the trees that stand within\\ntwo hundred feet of grass uuburned should be closely ex-\\namined, and, if the slightest signs of internal or external\\nfire can be detected, let them be cut down on the -instant,\\nbefore they have the chance to do mischief, and mischief\\ntoo that is of the worst sort, because unsuspected until\\nunder full headway.\\nThis has occurred in the writer s personal experience\\nseveral times, and great damage done, just as it often hap-\\npens that when one is feeling most secure the enemy ap-\\npears in force upon the threshold seeking what it may\\ndevour.\\nIt is no light task to fight fire, as we know to our\\ncost. Many a time, during our Florida life, lack of help\\nhas compelled us to face the blinding smoke and scorching\\nflames, armed with rake, hoe, and pine brush, with a threat-\\nened fence behind us at our very elbow, and the fierce\\nflames leaping ten feet high on the other side of a narrow\\nplowed strip, and often reaching out and almost spanning\\nthe barrier.\\nNo, it is no light thing to fight fire, rushing here and\\nthere to check its advance, fighting with breathless haste,\\naching arms, weeping eyes, and choking lungs, to keep the\\nwarring foe at bay.\\nMany a time have the weak women of a household, dur-\\ning the absence of the stronger ones, been forced to rush\\nout, drag down the heavy rails, so as to break the connec-\\ntion, and fight and struggle for hours to save their hard\\nwon property from destruction, often failing partially, if\\nnot entirely, in spite of the toil that not unfrequently lays\\nthem upon a sick-bed.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "326 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nIt is an every-day complaint, for three or four months\\nevery spring, that fences, trees, even houses, have been\\ndestroyed, and groves and fields thrown open to the rav-\\nages of the roving stock for whose benefit all this destruc-\\ntion is wantonly caused.\\nIf it occurred only once in several years, that would be\\nbad enough but to go through the same scenes of toil,\\nloss, and anxiety every year is almost more than mortal\\ncan endure.\\nLet us have peace.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 327\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nALL ABOUT FENCES.\\nIf there is one law more than another urgently required\\nin Florida, at this present juncture, it is a law that shall\\ncompel each owner of cattle and those other curous crit-\\nters, called in local parlance razor-backs, to keep his\\nproperty on his own lands, and not send them abroad to\\nraid and pillage his neighbors substance, ruin his temper\\nand encourage profanity.\\nHere is a reform in the Florida laws that is even more\\nimperative if possible than that other we have looked into,\\nthe firing of the woods and we refer to it now in detail,\\nnot so much that incoming settlers may see what is await-\\ning them, but rather that they may know what their pre-\\ndecessors have faced for the days of roving stock are\\nnumbered, as, like those of the fiorest incendiaries, both\\nbelong to the ancient regime now swiftly passing away,\\nas the tide of immigration sweeps onward, bringing im-\\nproved methods and more thrifty, provident habits in its\\ntrain.\\nThese two laws have been Florida s most glaring draw-\\nbacks in the eyes of the industrious, common-sense settler;\\nthey are still alive though near dissolution, and in some\\nsections already practically dead and the sooner the official\\ndeath-seal is placed upon them, once and forever, the more\\nrapid will be the advance of the whole State.\\nWe have seen how the firing of the forest works destruc-\\ntion, now let us look into this fence matter for future tra-\\nditional reference.\\nThe past and present law allows stock to roam at will\\nover the property of e\\\\^ry man who can not afford to fence", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "328 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\niu his possessions in such a manner as shall effectually pre-\\nvent the leaping over by horses or cattle, or the creeping\\nunder by the other obnoxious class of rovers.\\nThat the law should actually decree that the property\\nof one man worth, say twenty dollars, shall be free to de-\\nstroy and raid upon the property of another man worth ten\\ntimes as much, not counting the expenditure of time and\\nlabor in creating the latter, seems too barbarous to be cred-\\nible in these enlightened days.\\nThis law says tliat a planter must erect a fence nine rails\\nhio-h and above these rails affix others by stake and rider.\\nThis is to keep roving cattle and horses from leaping over.\\nThen the base of this fence must be laid in small rails, so\\nthat they may be close enough to deter razor-backs from\\ncreeping under.\\nA few years ago we noted in one of our State papers an\\narticle from a prominent orange-grower, which is so apro-\\npos that we can not do better than quote from it.\\nMyself and neighbors have done and still have to do\\nconsiderable fencing. In fact the heaviest immediate out-\\nlay, when extending our groves or fields, is for the fences\\nthat vv^e have to make to keep our neighbors worthless\\nrazor backs from destro3dng the result of our labors.\\nNow, by a little figuring, I find that I could well afford to\\npay one hundred dollars, if thereby I could have the hogs\\nshut up so that I should have only to fence against cattle.\\nTo have the cattle also fenced in would be worth at least\\nanother hundred dollars to me to-day, to say nothing of\\nthe great saving iu the future by reason of not having to\\nkeep in repair the fences already built and by the increased\\nfertility of my land if not burned off by the stockmen each\\nyear.\\nWhile thinking this matter over, a neighbor, who has\\njust cast his lot with us and purchased five acres of land,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 329\\ncame along, and I asked him what he would give to have\\nthe hogs shut up to-day. He replied that he would will-\\ningly give fifty dollars, but that it would be worth much\\nmore than that to him.\\nSoon another came by, and in reply to the same ques-\\ntion, said two hundred dollars would not nearly pay for\\nthe fencing that he had got to do on account of the cuss-\\ned critters. Another set the figure at one hundred.\\nIt will cost each of us in the next two years much more\\nthan the sums named, in cash, to so fix things that we can\\nplant a few dollars worth of sweet potatoes, on our own land,\\nAvith any hope of ever getting a bite of them. We are not\\nalone. I feel sure that nine out of ten that I would meet\\nin a day s ride would come down handsomely with money\\nif thereby they could do away with this nuisance.\\nAfter laying out fifty dollars and considerable labor to\\nfence a small field of less than one and one half acres, I\\nbecame foolish enough to put a small part of it in potatoes,\\nthinking that that lot was safe from hogs, guarded as it\\nwas by six strands of barbed wire drawn taut with watch\\ntackle, so that the wire was pulled in two several times\\nbefore completed, and with posts set near together. The\\npotatoes came up nicely and did fine. When nearly ready\\nto dig they came up again and were done fine too fine.\\nNature s greatest mistake had them. I had my gun with\\nme, well loaded with coarse shot. I saw several queer,\\nlimber things jerking about just above ground along my\\npotato rows. They looked like uneasy snakes. Man usu-\\nally kills the snakes he sees but I knew they were not\\nsnakes. I knew from long experience that that kind of a\\nquirk meant pig somewhere near. I sat my gun down\\nagainst a palmetto tree and quietly drove them away, and\\nsaid to the next man I met that the next office-seeker I\\nvoted for would help me on the fence question.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "330 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nNow, this complaint was written two years ago, and, by\\nway of pointing out the moral of our statement of a mo-\\nment ago, we will add that in the neighborhood referred\\nto, although the objectionable law is still in force, the\\nthrifty settlers are no more troubled with the inroads of\\ntheir four-footed enemies. It has been the experience there,\\nas in many other localities (our own is one of them), that\\nthe owners of this lawless kind of stock were made to feel\\nthat it was somewhat unprofitable to find their bunches,\\nas they are termed, of razor-backs gradually but surely\\ndisappearing without any return. Of course no one ever\\nkncAV what became of them. Certainly not: they simply\\ndeparted and left no trace behind, unless sundry unusually\\nthrifty growths, in spots, of trees or vegetables might serve\\nas indications that some strong fertilizers had been buried\\nclose by.\\nSo, finally, the owners concluded either to shut up their\\nhogs and fatten them at home, or kill them once for all.\\nLet us be thankful, we heard a justly irate settler\\nexclaim one day, Let us be thankful, at least, that the\\nlaw allows us to go to all this expense to try to shut out\\nthose wretches, and don t compel us to open wide our gates\\nfor their benefit\\nAnd he used the word try advisedly too, because it\\nis only a try after all for, get inside they will in some\\nway, in spite of the expensive legal fence, whose erection\\nand repairs bear heavily on purse or muscle.\\nAnd if, exasperated beyond endurance at the sight of\\nhis treasured potato patch trampled and uprooted, and his\\nchief dependence for his family s subsistence destroyed be-\\nfore his eyes, the injured man ventures to punish the dep-\\nredators (openly), or do ought else but turn them away\\nwithout harm to them (as to himself and property, what\\nmatters that?), he is ignominiously summoned before a", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOrx FENCES. 331\\nmagistrate and sentenced to pay frequently more than the\\nfull market value of the marauder.\\nYou ought to make your fence hog and cattle -proof,\\nand then you would not be annoyed.\\nExactly but it would take a genius to solve the prob-\\nlem of what is hog and cattle proof.\\nLooking at those marvelous creatures, yclept razor-\\nbacks, in sarcastic reference to the prominence of their\\nvertebrae, let us see what they are equal to in the way of\\nburglary.\\nWhen we first came over to Florida, we had only\\nmade acquaintance with pigs in the city markets, drawn\\nand quartered. We liked them very well there; they\\nlooked so fat, clean, and comfortable; no visions of the fu-\\nture marred our then complacency as regarded hogs. En\\nroute to our Florida home we passed on the road, or, more\\ncorrectly, wagon track, a group of queer black objects,\\nbodies long, lank, lean, with backs that looked like the\\ninverted keel of a vessel, legs slim and suggestive of stilts\\nsnouts sharp and pointed, eyes like beads, and tails in many\\ninstances destitute of the far-famed graceful curve of a\\npig s tail.\\nWhat are those things 1 we exclaimed; surely you\\ndon t call them hogs\\nWell, replied our driver, slowly he was a genuine\\nCracker I don t just rightly know. We calls em\\nrazor-backs. N-o, I. don t reckon they is hogs.\\nSo, to this day, we too don t reckon they is hogs we\\nwould not dare to bestow the title on these odd creatures,\\nand then look their staid, respectable portly Xorthern con-\\ngenei s in the face.\\nThat is how they look, and their actions are fully in ac-\\ncord with their unique appearance.\\nBetween the house-lots of one of our neighbors and our-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "332 HOME LIFE IX FLORIDA.\\nselves there were no fences, and the outer boundaries of\\nthe two (making an inclosure of about fifteen acres) Avere\\nfenced with the then all-prevalent rail fence the latter\\nAvas not all new, and, as events proved, needed repairs.\\nAVell, the very first morning that dawned on us in our\\nnew home was made lively by the squealing of pigs, the\\nbarking of a dog, and the shouts of men, as the whole\\nparty of pursued and pursuers dashed over our premises,\\nhere, there, every where for full half an hour the chase\\nwas hot and heavy, a panel of fence being torn down first\\nin one place, then in another, as hope grew brighter on the\\nflight of the fugitives toward the one j^oint or the other\\nbut at last they were cornered and driven out into the\\nwoods. They had done damage not a little, but the law\\nmade them sacred from the reward of evil-doers.\\nAnd then the forlorn and wearied victors, flushed, pant-\\ning, covered from head to foot with sand-spurs, a luxuriant\\nproduct of cultivated fields when neglected sat down to\\npluck up their courage and to pick ofi the sharp spurs as\\nbest they might.\\nAnd the next thing was to make a tour of the w^hole in-\\nclosure, critically examine the fence and institute necessary\\nrepairs.\\nBut the next day, and the next, and the next, tl e same\\nimpromptu performance w^as repeated. If a rotten rail\\ncould not be found at the bottom of the fence, the razor-\\nbacks would root a hole beneath and creep through night\\nafter night they feasted upon our chufas, sweet potatoes,\\ncorn, and vegetables.\\nIn the day-time they came just the same, nothing daunt-\\ned by the daily chase but then they could be seen and\\ndriven out before much more mischief was done.\\nOn our neighbors land, within ear-shot of our dwelling,\\nw^as a small building, one room occupied by a woman and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 333\\nher five-year-old child it was near this spot that the ma-\\nrauders usually found entrance, and the child acted as a\\ndetective. Often and often we would hear it cry out excit-\\nedly, Mom, mom, pigs, pigs! and then, as a hubbub of\\nsqueals, barks, and shouts shortly followed, we would think\\nof David Copperfield s famous Aunt Betsey, and would\\nsoftly murmur, Janet, donkeys!\\nMorning after morning we were roused from sleep by\\nthe grunts and squeals of the invading razor-backs and the\\nbarks and growls of a dog beneath our feet, the former\\ntaking refuge beneath the house (like all Florida houses,\\nit was built upon blocks), and there holding their pursuers\\nat bay.\\nFinally, in desperation, and with reluctance because of\\nthe increased expense, a close board fence, fondly deemed\\nhog-proof, was erected in place of the rails but still, alas\\nthe razor-backs put in an appearance.\\nThe how and the where of their entrance was a mys-\\ntery. That it was on the line of the new fence was certain\\nfor, when pursued, they invariably, after tacking back and\\nforth over the fifteen-acre inclosure without either rhyme\\nor reason for such maneuver, ended by finding exit in that\\ndirection.\\nWell, we watched, sorely perplexed. What, think you,\\ndid we finally discover\\nThose wonderful razor-backs, not being permitted to\\ngrub under the new fence, had actually climbed over\\nit Standing on their hind legs, they hooked their fore\\nlegs over the second board from the base, raised their hind\\nlegs to the top of the base-board, and then the smaller ones\\npushed themselves through between the second and third\\nboards, while the larger ones climbed all the way to the\\ntop of the fourth and last board, and came flying down on\\nthe inside!", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "334 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nThe owner of these acrobatic creatures could not credit\\nour statement until he saw for himself, and then, knowing\\nthat not even Florida law would punish the destruction\\nof such arrant blockade-runners, he drove them out of our\\nneighborhood to torment some other unfortunates.\\nThese were the same chicken-eating razor-backs to which\\nwe have referred elsewhere, and most thankful were we to\\nsee them disappear.\\nThen, as to making a fence cattle-proof (a rail fence\\nwhich, until very recently, was the almost universal fence\\nof Florida), that too was more easily said than done.\\nOur neighbors had roving herds of cattle, and they were\\nalways trespassing we observed, too, that it was always a\\ncow that led the rest of its companions into mischief, its\\nsex being, as we all know, more energetic, pei severing, and\\nenterprising than the opposite.\\nOne would suppose that a fence ten rails high, though\\nnot staked and ridered, would be ample to prevent cows\\nfrom leaping over; but they find a way to get inside and\\ndevastate fields of corn and cow-peas and vegetables, all\\nthe same. Did you ever see them go to work to overcome\\nsuch triflino; difficulties as rail fences?\\nNo? Well, this is how they do it. They have three\\nways of accomplishing their praiseworthy designs; either\\none is efiectual, and bespeaks an intelligence worthy of a\\nbetter cause.\\nOne is to stand by the fence, lower the head, thrust the\\nhorns under the top rail and then to toss it to one side\\nthen to serve the next, and the next, and the next in the\\nsame manner, and by that time the fence is low enough to\\njump over with ease, so the leader rises equal to the oc-\\ncasion, and the herd follows.\\nA second method is for one cow to retire to a distance\\nof twenty yards or so, then, head down, to run full tilt", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 335\\nagainst the fence down it topples, and over they all go,\\nrejoicing.\\nThe third way is to place their breasts against the rails,\\nand by dint of bending their hind legs and pushing with\\nall their might, over goes the fence, stake, rider and all.\\nThe stake and rider stops the first method, but is no hin-\\ndrance to the second and third.\\nAfter this, let no one say that the native Florida cow is\\nnot intelligent. Our belief is, if she were sent to college,\\nshe would graduate at the head of her class with honors.\\nShe is brought up like the city street gamin, and, like the\\ngamin, soon becomes pre ternatu rally cunning in learning\\nto take care of herself.\\nOxen, too, soon learn the same lesson. A saw-mill, lo-\\ncated near our dwelling at the time of our settlement, em-\\nployed four of these patient, much-enduring animals all\\nday long they hauled heavy logs, but at night they were\\nturned loose to wander at will and forage for themselves\\nwhere they could, a large bell that discoursed any thing\\nrather than sweet music being secured around their\\nnecks to give their owners notice of their whereabouts.\\nNot alone their owners, however, as we soon learned to\\nour sorrow night after night for long, weary weeks, we\\nwere compelled to rise from our beds, sometimes three or\\nfour times in one night, to drive away from beneath our\\nwindows these same oxen, of whose presence there, in the\\nmidst of our corn and cow-peas, the clashing bells gave\\nwarning.\\nIt was impossible to raise the fence high enough or build\\nit strong enough to resist their determined assaults; there\\nwas no remedy. Not only had we no wish to incur the\\nenmity of their owners by shooting the trespassers, but\\nhumanity forbade us to injure the innocent animals who\\nwere unconscious of wrong-doing only for this latter con-.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "336 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nsideration it might have fared ill with them, for our fences\\ncomplied with the fiction of a lawful, cattle-proof fence,\\nand the owner could not have collected damages for the\\ndeath of his oxen.\\nNow, looking at the right or wrong, at the justice or in-\\njustice of this important matter, how does it stand?\\nThe common law is supposed to give equal rights to all\\nit is supposed to protect one neighbor from the depreda-\\ntions of another. If a man comes upon our land w-hen he\\nis warned to stay off of it, he becomes a trespasser, and is\\nliable to answer at law. If he steals our property, he is a\\ncriminal, and the law decrees a severe punishment for such\\nan offense if he sends his servant to rob or assault us, he\\nis held responsible for the acts of his servant.\\nThis is the law of the land, the law of all civilized peo-\\nple yet how is it in Florida\\nA neighbor may not trespass on our inclosed lands, or\\nrob us without putting himself under the ban of the law\\nbut he can send forth his cattle, his hogs, his sheep, his\\nhorses, to trespass on our property and steal the hard won\\nfruits of our toil, and we dare not retaliate. If we do,\\nthe law wdil punish us for objecting to the theft or pro-\\ntecting our property.\\nIn our own immediate locality this past season, one leap-\\ning, pushing leader-cow, in a roaming herd, caused so\\nmuch damage and expense to others than its owmer, that\\ndeep and general indignation was aroused; but what good\\ndid that do\\nThe offending animal is still at liberty to teach and lead\\nother cows to go and do likewise. Within a radius of\\ntwo miles that one cow, worth fifteen dollars, compelled\\nfences to be raised higher, at a cost of over one hundred\\ndollars, besides destroying ten acres of cow-peas and corn,\\nand several patches of sweet potatoes and young cabbages.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 337\\nSO that the families depending upon them for their winter\\nsupply were obliged to purchase.\\nLet us be devoutly thankful that these two unjust, dis-\\ncriminating laws (fire and cattle), must ere long become\\nthings of the past where they are not actually and legally\\nrepealed, public opinion and the rapid, omvard march of\\nimprovement in agriculture and in stock will, of themselves,\\ncause their ignominious suppression and disuse. It will\\nnot pay to burn one s own fences and trees, nor will it pay\\nto turn costly cattle out to shift for themselves; hence,\\nthere will be less incentive to fire the woods or to allow\\ncattle to roam abroad.\\nMeantime let us be thankful for another thing that now-\\nadays, in these times of far-reaching improvements, neither\\nthe Florida farmer (nor any other) need longer be at the\\nmercy of rail no, nor even of board fences.\\nHaving been taught by the most accomplished teacher\\nin the world, Experience, after a goodly amount of lessons\\nno less painful than costly, that the prosaic question of\\nfences is one of great and pressing importance to every one\\noutside of cities, and to none more than to the farmer, stock-\\nraiser, and fruit-grower, Ave have given this subject special\\nattention with a view to ascertaining not only the best but\\nthe cheapest kinds of fencing for such purposes.\\nIt is not often that the best and cheapest are iden-\\ntical but, thanks to the inventive genius of these pro-\\ngressive days, we have succeeded beyond our most sanguine\\nexpectations; we have found both combined, and hence-\\nforth it is the settler s own fault if he is longer at the\\nmercy of cows, horses, oxen, fires, or, worse than all,\\nrazor-backs.\\nHad we possessed a fence of either of the kinds we shall\\npresently point out, in those early days we have referred\\nto, we would not have been harassed, body and temper,\\n22", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "338 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nand damaged in our property we should have laughed at\\nthe vain efforts of our four-footed foes to invade our prem-\\nises and steal our produce, and have defied the forest-fires\\nto burn our fences.\\nThere is a fence which has been only recently introduced\\nto public notice, yet has already won from all the highest\\npraise, even enthusiasm in four States alone, last year,\\nover twenty-five thousand miles of this fence were sold,\\nand from every purchaser came back the most satisfactory\\nreports. It is being extensively used in nearly every State\\nin the Union, and also in Canada, with the same gratify-\\ning results to its manufacturers, the Georgia Fence Com-\\npany, 28 Peach-tree Street, Atlanta, Georgia.\\nThe Committee of Agriculture of the General Assembly\\nof Georgia were invited to examine this fence officially,\\nand they unanimously pronounced it the greatest fence\\never made.\\nThe experienced Commissioner of Agriculture of the\\nsame State gives it this strong official indorsement\\nAfter a careful examination of the Combination Wire\\nand Picket Fence, made by the Georgia Fence Company,\\nI am of opinion that it offers to the farmers of the State\\nseveral very decided advantages. It is very strong, dura-\\nble, cheap, to some extent ornamental, and free from the\\nobjection so generally urged against the barbed wire fence\\nit can not injure stock.\\nAnd the Assistant Commissioner follows suit The\\nfence question is becoming a serious one for the farmer.\\nBeing a farmer myself, and needing fences, I have been\\ninvestigating, and have decided that the Wire and Picket\\nFence made by the Georgia Fence Company is the most\\npractical and economical ever introduced.\\nSays a well-known banker on the same subject: I am\\nmore than pleased with the fencing. Have investigated", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 339\\nthe subject pretty thoroughly, and it is decidedly the best\\nfor all purposes I have ever seen. It ^yill turn any kind\\nof stock, from a pig to a bull is easily stretched, saves\\nand improves the land in appearance and value.\\nAnd another says It stands as firm as the Rock of\\nGibraltar.\\nAnd now, let us see exactly what this valuable fence is\\nmade of: five double strands of galvanized wire, that is,\\nten wires woven in and out around pickets or slats.\\nThe Standard Farm Fence, four feet high, painted,\\nwith the pickets two to two and a half inches apart, is sold\\nat five cents a running foot, and at this price costs less\\nthan the ordinary picket fence. It comes in rolls of fifty\\nto one hundred feet long. The posts are set sixteen to\\ntwenty feet apart. Here is another of its cheap points, for\\nmany more posts are needed for board or picket fences.\\nThe fence is secured to the posts with staples, and when\\nyou want to move it, all you have to do is to draw the\\nstaples, roll up the pickets and carry them where the new\\nline is to be run. Two men can put up a mile of this\\nfencing in a day, and the process is so simple that any one\\ncan do it. This is one of the rarest and most valuable\\nfeatures a fence can have a movable fence is worth ten\\ntimes as much as any other.\\nBy cutting the rolls apart, nailing on strips top and bot-\\ntom, with a brace running from one to the other, gates,\\nlarge and strong, may be made of this accommodating\\nfence.\\nWhile the usual Farm Fence is four feet high, it can\\nbe made higher to order, or the same result may be ob-\\ntained by placing a board at the bottom, an excellent plan,\\nespecially for vegetable gardens and poultry-yards and\\nthen, if the posts are run up six inches or so above the\\ntop line, and a barbed wire stretched along from one to an-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "340 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nother, the fence at once becomes proof against boys and\\ntramps, no small consideration where poultry, fruits, and\\nvegetables are concerned.\\nWhile the Farm Fence is very neat and trim when\\npainted, ornamental and lawn fences, costing from fifteen\\nto twenty-five cents a foot, are made to order on the same\\nmachine.\\nTo sum up, this fence is very strong, cheap, durable, no\\nchance to rot out any where, can not be blown down, will\\nkeep out stray animals, even rabbits, and keep in your own.\\nWe have dwelt thus at length upon this fence subject,\\nbecause experience has taught us its importance. We are\\nnot quite done yet, either. There are two more fences that\\nare well worthy of attention, not only from the fact that\\nthey are really home-made, in the truest sense of the\\nterm, inasmuch as the right to make them can be bought\\nfor a mere trifle, while the possession of the farm-right\\nwill save hundreds of dollars in fencing expenses\\nOne of these two, also a wire and picket fence, is made\\nby the Fairburn-Hulbert Fence Machine, which not\\nonly uses any kind and number of wires, with any length,\\nor size pickets, willows, or canes, but can also be used for\\nstretching the wires of any other kind of fencing.\\nIt is a simple little machine, with no cogs, no castings or\\nwheels so simple in fact, that any one who buys a fiirm-\\nright can, if he chooses, rather than pay $10 for the ready-\\nmade machine, make one for himself, with about $2 worth\\nof lumber, a saw, hatchet, and auger, and it will be just\\nas good as the one made by the manufacturer.\\nThe little machine, when set on the ground at work, looks\\nnot unlike a wooden frog frantically endeavoring to leap\\nbackward at the end of several wire tethers. It is a com-\\nical little affair, but, like some other small people, capable\\nof wonderful work.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 341\\nThe farm-right gives to the purchaser license to use the\\nmachine on his own lands for seventeen years it costs for\\nforty acres or less, $2, eighty acres, $4, one hundred acres,\\n$5, and so increases up to one thousand acres at a cost of\\n$17.50. These terms are certainly liberal enough to suit\\nany one, especially as any number of machines may be\\nmade and operated on the same land at the same time.\\nThis little machine, to which was awarded the highest\\npremium at the North Central and South American Expo-\\nsition in 1886, is a godsend to those who want a good, dur-\\nable, fire-proof fence made at home. Once possessing the\\nmachine, the wire is the only outside expense, a very light\\none, as the pickets and posts can be made from one s own\\ntimber, and in many cases by one s own strong right\\narm, and fencing made ad libitum.\\nThe same manufacturer (A. G. Hulbert, 904 Olive Street,\\nSt. Louis, Missouri) owns also another patent for Home-\\nmade Wire-netting, in other words, an all-wire fence.\\nThis netting fence, with galvanized wire, which is the\\ncheapest in the end, costs from twenty-five to fifty cents a\\nrod (sixteen and one half feet) according to the size of the\\nmesh, and the right to make it is sold on the same terms\\nas that of the wire and picket fence.\\nThe posts are set sixteen or more feet apart the wires\\nstrung up on the posts at the desired distances apart, par-\\nallel, of course the outer or selvedge edges drawn tight,\\nthe others left slack two strips, with spikes set in them as\\nfar apart as the meshes are to be, are fastened to the selv-\\nedge edges, tlie slack wires resting on the spikes with this\\nbasis to rest on, the meshes are formed by passing a per-\\npendicular wire back and forth.\\nThe manner of working is very simple, and any farm-\\nhand of ordinary intelligence could make the meshes, and\\nmake them rapidly too.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "342 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nEvery body likes an all-wire fence, but heretofore it has\\nbeen beyond the reach of people of small means. Now,\\nhowever, thanks to Mr. Hulbert, it is placed within the\\ngrasp of every one.\\nIt is scarcely needful to remark that the netting can be\\nmade coarse, if only cattle are to be fenced, or fine enough\\nto turn rabbits, poultry, gophers, or other such small\\ngame, and with a barbed wire at the top from post to post,\\nwill effectually turn the small boy also. It is well worth\\nwhile to send for a circular, and find out all about it, and\\nabout every other kind of iron fence as well.\\nIn making ordinary farm-gates it is a frequent fault to\\nmake them too heavy. Where an ordinary board fence is\\nused, boards five inches wide, top and bottom, are quite\\nstrong for a ten-foot gate for the ends use the same, one\\non each side, well secured with screw-bolts on these nail\\nfour or five slats according to the height of the gate and\\nlast, but not least, nail on the brace from the upper hinge\\nto the toe of the gate, just exactly the reverse way from\\nthe common custom. It is a curious fact that so simple a\\nthing as this is so seldom done right, when it is just as\\neasy as to do it wrong. Then, to finish up, put on three\\nperpendicular slats on the opposite side from the brace, and\\nyou will have a gate that will endure for years upon years.\\nThe directions for the brace, from ujjper hinge to toe,\\nand the vertical pieces opposite, also hold good for the\\nwire and picket and netting fence gates.\\nAnother important point A gate that will open but one\\nway is only half a gate it ought to swing freely both\\nways; look out for this in getting your hinges.\\nAnd still another point No one wants gates that sag or\\nswing sideways, yet nearly every one has them so. There\\nis no necessity for it, and here is how to avoid it.\\nThere is little use in expending extra labor on the gate-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "ALL ABOUT FENCES. 343\\nposts to keep them upright set them firmly at the start,\\naud then set the gate properly and there \\\\vill be no trouble.\\nLet the toe of the gate rest always solidly, either when\\nshut or open, on a stone or block; with this simple arrange-\\nment the gate will not draw^ the post, nor sag; without\\nit, it will, no matter Avhat you do to the post; then, by\\nputting the latch or fastening near the top, the gate is\\nprevented from ever getting that side twist that is so un-\\nsightly in the majority of gates.\\nAnd now, in closing, a few words about preserving the\\nposts\\nMany farmers believe that fence-posts set top end down\\nlast longer than those set butts down. Professor Beal, of\\nMichigan Agricultural College, in a report of his experi-\\nments in post-setting, says that the average results are not\\nin favor of inverted posts in a word, he found on a fair\\naverage the results the same, whether set top or butts\\ndown. Small or medium posts, other things being equal,\\nlast longer than large ones. Red cedar is the preferred\\ntimber for posts yellow cedar also endures well. Catalpa\\nhas of late years been largely employed for posts. Farm-\\ners w^ho have soft timber to deal with try various processes\\nfor preserving the same wdien used for posts. Coal-tar has\\nproven effective in many cases for preserving the post be-\\nneath the ground and crude petroleum above the ground.\\nPetroleum penetrates the pores of the wood freely. A good\\npreparation is to soak the posts thoroughly with petroleum\\nand then hold it by an exterior coat of coal-tar. Charring\\nthe surface of the post has been practiced with satisfactory.\\neffect, first covering the post with hot coal-tar sufficiently\\nhigh to reach a few inches above ground. Coal-tar alone\\napplied to that portion of the post immediately above\\nground does not seem to do much good. The action of the\\nweather appears to neutralize its preservative effect.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "344 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nHOUSEHOLD HELP.\\nOf course there are trials to be met there is no use in\\ndenying it for no one with common sense would credit\\nsuch a denial. But the greatest of these in Florida is\\nservants.\\nEvery housekeeper, North, South, East, or West, knows\\nfull well that her path is not strewn with roses, whether\\nshe has servants to do the work (or make more work), or\\nwhether to her duties, as wife and mother, must be added\\nthose of cook and maid-of-all-work.\\nThis latter is a position, or rather a combination of posi-\\ntions, held, and held competently too, by hundreds of thou-\\nsands of women in this weary w^orld of ours, and we have\\nyet to see the first man who would have the patience and\\nenergy to meet so many varied calls upon his time and\\ntemper, nerves and strength, or to master and control so\\nmany different branches of duty.\\nIn no country is the housekeeper s plaoe a sinecure, and\\nwe do not claim for Florida an exception to the universal\\nrule, although for obvious reasons the general work of\\nkeeping the house clean is certainly less than in the North,\\nwhere constant winter fires, mud, rain and slush, add heavy\\nitems to the sum total of work that was heavy enough\\nbefore.\\nBut even in genial Florida, with her sunny, mild win-\\nters, houses must be kept in order, meals must be cooked,\\nand, worse than all, dishes, pots, and pans must be washed\\nthree times every day, twenty-one times every week, ninety\\ntimes every month nearly eleven hundred times every\\nyear!", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 345\\nDid you ever think of that, with its weary, dreary mo-\\nnotony Let some of the grumbling husbands and fathers\\nthink of this one item of the home-life work, and they will\\ndrop their heads abashed.\\nThis is only one single item the business of a house-\\nkeeper is a complicated one a hundred different branches\\nof skilled labor massed into one a piece of complex ma-\\nchinery, each part fitting into some other part, working\\nsmoothly so long as all are kept under control and oiled\\nbut creating a terrible clashing and confusion so soon as\\none portion is thrown out of gear.\\nWe have tried it in the North with servants, trained,\\ncompetent servants; we have tried it in the South with\\nservants not trained, and without them and our verdict\\nis, that the life of a housekeeper is full of trials and trib-\\nulations.\\nThe worst trial the Florida housekeeper has to encounter\\nis the total absence of competent, reliable help in house or\\nkitchen. To be sure, there are in most sections plenty of\\nso-called cooks to be had, and, generally, the new-comer\\nwho can afford to pay from eight to ten dollars per month,\\nand has never been accustomed to doing her own work,\\nmakes it her first business to secure one of these wonderful\\nassistants immediately we call them wonderful advis-\\nedly, as will presently appear.\\nAnd if the lady of the house has cherished dreams\\nof the famous old plantation aunties, so neat, so tidy,\\nso faithful, so respectful, so competent to do all and every\\nthing, then great is the fall thereof\\nOf a far different class from the faithful old slaves of\\nyore are the present generation of free-born colored ladies\\nand gentlemen.\\nNot long since one of the former was hailed in the streets\\nof Jacksonville.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "346 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nHello, Chloe! where are you going so fast?\\nGoiu I se goin to see the lady what washes for the\\nwoman what lives in dis yere house.\\nThe said woman being one of the elite of Jacksonville.\\nAVe have had gentlemen call at our house, making\\ninquiry if the young lady was at home and the first\\ntime, in our innocence and ignorance, sent our sister to\\nmeet the caller, supposing he had been engaged without\\nour knowledge, to cut wood or such.\\nAnd we smiled audibly when investigation revealed the\\ntruth, that the young lady was the colored girl em-\\nployed in our kitchen. More than once, too, has our\\nyoung gentleman been asked for by other gentlemen of\\nhis own sable hue.\\nThe above was not the only ludicrous mistake made be-\\nfore we settled down resignedly to the knowledge that the\\nemployers were only w^hite men and women, while the col-\\nored people were the ladies and gentlemen of the commu-\\nnity but we know all about it now, though an occasional\\nsmile is still inevitable.\\nHow the terms ever came to be thus confused and re-\\nversed, no one can say but it is certainly a very uncom-\\nmon thing for the Florida negroes to use them in the con-\\nventional way, whether speaking to the white people, or\\nin ordinary conversation among themselves. Occasionally\\nthey use the prefix culled to gentleman or lady; but\\nas a rule this is omitted, to the frequent confusion of the\\nignorant white folks, who know no better.\\nThe older ones, those who spent at least the earlier years\\nof their lives as slaves and received some training, are very\\nscarce in Florida they have, for the most part, remained\\nnear their old homes in the older States, and the few who\\nhave found their way hither have settled on homesteads\\nof their own, and are as a class well-to-do, industrious cit-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 347\\nizens, recognizing their proper place in the community,\\nand quite content to render due respect to their white\\nneighbors,, though they look down upon the poor white\\ntrash, and in many instances justly so. And in return they\\nreceive the respect and support of those around them.\\nWe could name several within a radius of five miles of\\nour present home, who are the owners of broad lands, a\\nhorse and wagon, great fields of cotton and corn, flourish-\\ning groves and a comfortable house such a property and\\nsuch a home as thousands of educated men in the North\\nand West, and East and South, toil all their lives without\\nattaining to one half their value and comfort.\\nAnd in the older Southern States there are many such\\nexamples as these of the poor, down-trodden negroes of\\nthe South, who are so industriously held up to view and\\nwaved aloft by certain desperate politicians of the North.\\nThe status and treatment of the negro, under the same\\ncircumstances, is far better in the South than in the North,\\nand it is full time that this fact should be universally ac-\\nknowledged, as it is already by many of that race them-\\nselves.\\nBut these negroes of the better class are the exceptions\\nin Florida, and are very rarely available for servants.\\nThe younger generation only hires out for household\\nwork, and all are cooks, no matter whether they know\\nhow to make a loaf of bread, a pie, a pudding, or even to\\ncook an ordinary meat and vegetable dinner, or not;\\nand it is more frequently not than otherwise.\\nThe housekeeper who engages the ordinary Florida cook\\nmust make up her mind to endure all things, or do her\\nown work. The probability is strong that after a time she\\nwill come to the conclusion that the latter alternative not\\nonly involves less expense, but less wear and tear to nerve,\\ntemper, and strength.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "348 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWe can perhaps best illustrate our meaning by narrating\\nsome of our own experiences in this path it was not\\nstrewn with roses, although there was an oasis of laughter\\nhere and there along the weary road, especially after the\\nruts were numbered among the things of the past.\\nWhen our new Florida life commenced, we found the\\nroutine of household work far from pleasant, having never\\nbefore been without trained, competent city servants to do\\nit all for us.\\nEspecially did we grow desperately weary of the disa-\\ngreeable monotony of washing dishes, pots, and pans, three\\ntimes every day. It was all uninviting enough but this\\nwas the worst feature, as every housekeeper knows.\\nSo, when a little colored girl, about eleven years old,\\nwhom Ave will call the Goddess since she bore the name\\nof one of those classic deities came one day, and made\\nrequest that we would keep her to wash dishes and do\\nerrands, we gladly accepted the offer.\\nWe soon discovered, however, that we had a very fair\\nspecimen of a self-willed, untamed savage in our kitchen,\\nand that the task of reducing the same to subjection would\\nrequire no small amount of patience and perseverance.\\nThe Goddess was gifted with more than the usual acu-\\nmen of her race, and was capable of learning, if she wished\\nto, which is more than can be said of the majority but\\nher temper was sullen and obstinate in the extreme.\\nWe manao^ed to teach her to read and to write, after a\\nfashion of her own, and very proud she was, and fond of\\ndisplaying her accomplishments.\\nOur chief troubles were to teach her the meaning of the\\nwords obey, and order, and the fact that china would\\nnot bear as rough usage as iron, ideas w^hich it seemed im-\\npossible for her to comprehend.\\nShe possessed the proverbial characteristic of the negro", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 349\\nrace to perfection, an utter carelessness in regard to prop-\\nerty, whether her own or another s, and an utter absence\\nof thought for the morrow.\\nOnce, after saving up, to buy a much-needed calico\\ndress, she expended the money in a glass card-receiver,\\nvery pretty, it is true, and of course exceedingly useful to\\nher, only she broke it before she left the store. She returned\\nhome sadder, but no wiser.\\nAgain, her savings were expended in a viniagrette bottle,\\nwith gilded chains in a gay ribbon, which went into the\\nwashtub the next day, and a gaudy fau which soon helped\\nto feed the kitchen fire.\\nAnd when these purchases were made, we had been try-\\ning to train the Goddess for over four years\\nTo go back to her several oddities, which caused us many\\ntrials and tribulations One day we heard a terrible clat-\\nter of breaking china, and, stepping out to the kitchen,\\nfound the Goddess performing a jig in the midst of a mass\\nof broken plates, singing as she danced,\\nOnce there was six, now there s two;\\nHoo, hoo, hoo hoo, hoo, boo\\nOn another occasion, inquiry being made as to the dis-\\nappearance of a handsome china bowl, her eyes twinkled\\nand her teeth gleamed as she answered,\\nTears like it hopped off de table, and went to King-\\ndom Come.\\nAs it was at first, it continued to the last, a matter of\\nperfect indifference as to how much destruction her rough\\nhandling caused.\\nShe had a habit that became very annoying of asking\\nfor any thing she happened to take a fancy to, and an-\\nswered every reproof with,\\nI d sooner ast than take and that was true the\\nGoddess was honest.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "350 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nIt was a great disadvantage to her well-being as well as\\nto ours, that her family lived only a few miles away, and\\ntheir influence and example were constantly drawing her\\nback into her old ways.\\nWhenever allowed to visit her old home, even for one\\nday, she would return with the buttons cut from her dress\\nand pins inserted in their place, and every little article of\\nadornment that had been given her, ribbons, collars, hats,\\nhandkerchiefs, shared the same fate. Mom tuck em,\\nwas the explanation even her dresses were carried off\\nwhen Mom or her elder sisters came to see her.\\nLooking at the full moon one night, soon after she came\\ninto our household, through a powerful field-glass, her first\\nexperience of the kind, the Goddess startled us by a shriek,\\nand dropping the glass, turned a summersault backward\\nup the portico-steps, and lay there gasping with her eyes\\nshut. Presently she opened them, and raised herself cau-\\ntiously, looked up at the far-away luminary, then at us and\\nthe field-glass, in a ludicrously bewildered way, then draw-\\ning a long breath, exclaimed,\\nOh, LaAvd I done thought fur shure it was tumblin\\non top of me I was skeert most to death\\nFamiliarity breeds contempt finding that the dreaded\\nluminary still remained at a safe distance, the Goddess\\nproceeded to tell us about the man who lived up there\\nhow once, long, long ago, a bad black man had gone out to\\npick up a load of wood on Sunday, when the Lord had\\ntold him not to, and how, to punish him, he had been sent\\nto live alone in the moon, and forever walk about with a\\nload of wood on his back and how, ever since, he had been\\ntrying to make other folks bad so as to have some company.\\nThis, we afterward found, was the negro explanation of\\nthe far-famed man in the moon, one of their many su-\\nperstitions.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 351\\nOnce a question Avas propounded to the Goddess apropos\\nof the setting sun.\\nHow is it that the sun sets over there, in front of you,\\nand rises in the east, behind you\\nA puzzled expression stole over those dark features, and\\nthe short, crinkly hair was rubbed up on end. The God-\\ndess had put her thinking-caj) on, and this was the result,\\ntriumphantly announced\\nWhy, it done goes through a hole in the earth, and\\ncomes out on the other side. In course I knows that,\\npooh\\nHer expression of scorn was overwhelming how could\\nwe have supposed her so ignorant She knew, of course\\nshe did\\nOur smile, though irrepressible, was rather grim. We\\nhad been training that young idea how to shoot for over\\ntwo years, and this was a fair specimen of the result, ex-\\ncept for the reading, which was more successful.\\nThe Goddess had not so exalted an idea of her race as\\nhad some of her contemporaries. She had an unpleasant\\nhabit of throwing herself into all kinds of uncouth atti-\\ntudes, and of twisting tongue and features to correspond.\\nOn one especially exasperating occasion, the mater ex-\\nclaimed, Why will you act so like a monkey?\\nOn went the thinking-cap again, and out of its folds\\nemerged this remark, made in all earnestness\\nWell, niggers is half-monkeys, anyway. I knows it;\\nI s pose that s the reason.\\nHalf monkeys! Goodness, child, what ever put that\\nidea into your head was the amazed query.\\nSeed em in Miss Helen s book; monkeys hangin to\\ntrees, jest like niggers, only niggers aint got no tails done\\nchopped em off, I s pose. Some of the monkeys had n t\\nno tails; they was most all niggers,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "352 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nThe mater was worsted she was no match for this un-\\nconscious Darwinian, this primitive evolutionist, and, has-\\ntily smoothing the corners of her mouth, beat a hasty re-\\ntreat. A laugh loves company as well as misery.\\nFor five years we labored patiently to make something-\\nbetter of the Goddess. Several times she was sent home\\nin disgrace, but as often returned with the plea to be al-\\nlowed one more trial.\\nShe had some good qualities, and we sought to train her\\nin the way she should go but it was of no use. Early\\ntraining and outside influences prevailed, and she went\\nmore and more in the way she should not go, until at last\\nwe were compelled to give her a final dismissal.\\nThen followed an interregnum of weary housework again,\\nuntil we grew desperate enough to seek another assistant.\\nThen appeared a cook who did not even know how\\nto fry potatoes, but was anxious to learn.\\nShe could wash dishes and clothes, but took her lessons\\nin cooking standing in the doorway with her back to the\\nstove, while we watched the dinner; if a particle of fat\\nflew or spit from the frying-pan, our cook fled from the\\nkitchen she wasn t goin to be burnt up fore her time,\\ndeed she was n t\\nSeveral times she took to her bed for several days, but\\nentertained company gaily and once, after we had waited\\non her and carried her meals to her, she arose, brought the\\ndishes into the kitchen for us to wash, and departed to visit\\na neighbor.\\nWe bore much for the sake of being spared the dish-\\nwashing and hunting up a washer-woman but when, with\\nthe Christmas dinner on the stove, and stranger-guests in\\nthe parlor, we found the fire out, the kitchen deserted and\\nour cook strolling in the woods picking flowers, we felt\\nthat even our patience had reached its limit.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 353\\nShe departed the next day, a much-abused victim.\\nOur next servant could cook plain dinners, with some\\nsuperintendence; but we wore her heart out a-washiu\\ndishes, and she soon vanished.\\nMighty kind folks, was the verdict reported to us;\\nbut, they se got too much style for me; big plates for\\ndinner, little plates fer termaterses, and more plates fer\\npudden it jest Avore the heart out o me. For a family\\nof four members, her heart appeared easily wore out.\\nOur next cook really was a cook, and had acted as such\\nin a Jacksonville hotel kitchen, and was competent to do all\\nand more than all that was required of her, so we did not\\ngrudge her the $10 a month she asked, albeit her predeces-\\nsors had been content with $S and well they might\\nSo we drew a long breath of delighted relief; but, alas!\\nit was short-lived.\\nA cook we had, it was true, but also an invalid; fully\\none third of the time she was in bed, with her work left\\nfor us to do, and herself to be waited on in addition.\\nShe occupied the servants quarters, a detached room\\nback of the kitchen and the groanings and gruntings that\\nissued thence were simply a^^palling. They were intermit-\\nting too we soon discovered that when no one w^as sup-\\nposed to be near the groans ceased, but were resumed the\\nmoment our footsteps proved us to be within hearing.\\nWhile remonstrated with concerning these unpleasant\\nnoises, her reply was, The Lawd made some folkses to\\ngrunt when theyse sick, and some folkses not to grunt. I se\\none o the gruntiu sort. Must grunt oh, Lawd oh, oh\\nAnd she did, there was not the least doubt of that; she\\nwas a proficient, even a razor-back would have retired into\\na corner, disgruntled.\\nThis was one of the crosses we had to bear with our new\\ncook, and another was her pipe we succeeded in exiling\\n23", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "354 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nit from the kitchen itself, but between whiles tobacco-\\nsmoke reigned.\\nThe end of it all was, that we finally concluded to be re-\\nsigned and do our own work, as being the easiest method,\\nhaving a woman to come in and do the washing and scrub\\nfloors or do extra work; and we have held to that resolve\\never since it is certainly more peaceful.\\nThe washer-women, like the Florida cows and cooks,\\nare curous critters they are usually moderately good\\nwashers, if watched; but it is very rare to find a good\\nironer among them the housekeeper must, as a rule, make-\\nup her mind to do her own ironing.\\nThe charge for a wash is from fifty to seventy-five\\ncents, and the same amount (it varies as to localities) is\\nasked for a day s work. But a wash is a wash, whether\\nfinished by noon or by night; in the latter case more pay\\nmay sometimes be expected but in the former no deduc-\\ntion is made that is a difierent case altogether.\\nNor can they ever be depended upon to be punctual to\\nany set day like the majority of their race, and, unhap-\\npily, many of our own, they have no idea of the sanctity\\nof a promise; they are quick to make one, and as quick\\nto break it. It is almost useless to expect one to come on\\na Monday; they are usually too sick cause, too much\\nshouting and singing at church on Sunday, their evening\\nmeetings frequently being prolonged till nearly midnight.\\nOnce, on a special occasion, we engaged a young negro\\ngirl to come and iron she was a total stranger, a new-\\ncomer in the neighborhood, and we knew of her only by\\nhearsay.\\nAs she approached the house later than she should have\\nbeen, she heard the sound of a piano in the parlor, and,\\ninstead of directing her footsteps to the kitchen, came in\\nthrough the front door and startled the performer by sud-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 355\\nclenly appearing in the parlor. She did not even utter the\\nusual greeting, Howdy? but stood sileutly beside the\\npianist, who was practicing a hymn.\\nPooh! I don t like that! Play something else right\\nsmart exclaimed this cool specimen, a self-satisfied grad-\\nuate of the Atlanta Colored College, as we learned after-\\nward.\\nThe player turned round it had taken her some time to\\nrecover from the bewilderment of the unexpected appari-\\ntion.\\nYour work is waiting for you out in the kitchen, she\\nremarked, mildly. Go out through the hall; the kitch-\\nen is across the piazza.\\nOh, yes, I know the way but I aint in no hurry. I\\nwant you to play something real lively. I can play the\\npianny, a woman in Atlanta learned me.\\nThe quiet, decisive closing of the piano was her reply,\\nand she stalked away in dignified silence.\\nShe had been at her ironing scarcely an hour, when a\\nlady called to see her, and she left a half-ironed garment\\non the board while she strolled with her visitor to the srate\\nshe w^as absent fully an hour, and then returned with the\\nannouncement that she reckoned she wouldn t iron any\\nmore that day; for she wanted to take a walk.\\nIt is needless to say she was given free permission to go,\\nand to remain indefinitely.\\nNow, this girl w\\\\as impudent of malice pi-epense; she\\nconsidered herself a little better than white people, and in-\\ntended to assert her opinions.\\nBut, aside from the intentional transgressors, it is very\\ncurious to note the entire absence of all idea of the fitness\\nof things, even in the most faithful and respectful of their\\nclass.\\nWe have been frequently asked, What do you ask for", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "356 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nmakin a dress like that? or, Give me that sack you ve\\ngot on, please ma am.\\nThe request to sell articles of dress, or furniture, or to\\nmake the former on the machine, as if it were a very\\ntrifling favor, is of common occurrence.\\nNo disrespect is intended; it is a relic of the by-gone\\nslave days, when the mistress cut out and made the dresses\\nfor the slaves, gave them all that they had, and taught\\nthem all that they knew.\\nVerily, in the light of our own experience, we pity those\\nold-time plantation mistresses from the bottom of our heart.\\nMany of the odd, familiar ways that shock our Northern\\nnotions are simply the remains of the old-time familiarity\\nthat necessarily existed between those brought up from\\ntheir earliest childhood in daily and hourly contact, even\\nthough they occupied the relative positions of mistress and\\nslave; the latter frequently was treated as an humble\\nfriend, and proved not unworthy of the trust.\\nWhat Northern servant would dream of entering her\\nmistress s room uninvited and unannounced, and, because\\nshe had nothing else to do, it being evening, should throw\\nherself at full length on the floor, and go to sleep there for\\nan hour or two Yet this is an experience passed through\\nby the writer, who, though astonished and amused, knew\\nfull well that not the least disrespect, but the contrary,\\nwas the governing motive.\\nMy ole missus liked it; we was both on us lonesome,\\nthe unconscious culprit remarked.\\nAgain, one colored woman we know, a hard-working^\\nrespectable, sensible woman, recently remarked in good\\nfaith\\nI does wish you d like to take my gal you knows such\\nheaps o things, all of you and you could show her lots.\\nI d like you to larn her to play on the pianny just like you", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 357\\ndoes, and to sew on the merchine, and to do heaps o things.\\nMy but I does wish you wanted her\\nShe was thoroughly in earnest and had not the least idea\\nthat any one could take exception to her words or wishes,\\nor that they were in any Avay unreasonable.\\nPerhaps the most satisfactory nay, we should more cor-\\nrectly say, the least unsatisfactory help the Florida house-\\nkeeper can find among the native colored population, as at\\npresent generally constituted, is a dish-washer, pure and\\nsimple namely, a boy of about twelve or sixteen years of\\nage, who can Avash dishes, pots, and pans, prepare vegeta-\\nbles, make fires, carry wood, scour the floors, and at odd\\ntimes do light out-of-door work, such as hoeing and weed-\\ning the flowers.\\nFrom three to five dollars a month are the wages usually\\npaid the dish-washer, and, if a good-tempered, obedient\\nboy, who is above the average intelligence of his class, can\\nbe obtained, he will lighten the burden of housekeeping\\nwonderfully. We tried two of them once they were not\\nof this latter kind, though.\\nOne was a mulatto boy, who was bright enough, and\\neasily taught his duties, but disobedient, indisposed to work\\nand very sullen in disposition. He departed suddenly one\\nday, by special permission, after threatening to horsewhip\\nhis mistress because she opined that the corners of the\\nkitchen required sweeping as well as the center.\\nThere is an odd incident connected with this promising\\nyouth, which so aptly illustrates the fondness of his race\\nfor high-sounding names, that we can not refrain from in-\\nserting it here.\\nHe had two sisters. One, by the assistance of a fun-\\nloving white neighbor, was named E Pluribus Solus,\\nto the intense delight and pride of her parents. The sec-\\nond one was called Jettica, and when, a little later, the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "358 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbaby s complexion promised to belie her name, proving\\nyellow instead of jet, the misnomer was corrected by the\\nsame obliging neighbor, who made it still more striking by\\nthe addition of Errata.\\nE Pluribus Solus and Jettica Errata are now stylish\\nyoung ladies.\\nOur second dish-washer feared to go out in the rain, at\\nleast that was the excuse given for a four hours absence on a\\nnear-by errand marbles and two other boys constituting\\nthe fear. He preferred fishing to working loved to go\\nto sleep in the wood-box, Avhile the fire burned out con-\\nsidered it a superfluity to wipe dishes after having washed\\nthem, or to wash the outside as well as the inside of pots\\nor frying-pans; and finally, after secretly breaking and\\nhiding a valuable tool, w^as took very bad sick, and de-\\nparted to fish all the afternoon, remain away all night,\\nand return the next morning, to be amazed at the mandate\\nto take up his clothes and go forthwith to his home.\\nBut still there are some reasonably satisfactory boys to\\nbe found, and we would advise our help-hunters to look\\nfor them, and not to be discouraged too easily. If at\\nfirst you don t succeed, try, try again, is a good adage to\\nput in practice here, both with regard to the dish-washers\\nand cooks; perseverance may reveal a treasure, rare as\\ntreasures always are.\\nAs might well be anticipated, the code of morality here,\\nas elsewhere, does not stand high among the majority of\\nthe colored race and this fact, with all its consequences,\\nthe housekeeper must be prepared to face as an irremedia-\\nble evil, and make the best of it.\\nTheir ideas of some very important subjects are fairly\\nand humorously illustrated by the following, taken from a\\ncurrent issue of the great Florida daily. The Times Union,\\nof Jacksonville an actual occurrence", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 359\\nLate yesterday afternoon a colored man went into the\\ncounty clerk s office, and finding Mr. B. in charge, asked\\nfor a marriage license. The usual questions Avere asked\\nhim by Mr. B. as to the age of the woman he wanted to\\nmarry, and if her former husband was dead or alive.\\nShe s been divorced, replied the colored gentleman.\\nWell, replied Mr. B., knowing as he does that fre-\\nquently negroes separate without going through the form\\nof getting a divorce, have you got a certified certificate\\nof her divorce? If not, I can not issue a license under\\nthe law until you get such certificate from the clerk of the\\ncounty she came from.\\nThe negro rej^lied in the negative, and went out in\\nsearch of the woman to see if she had a certificate of di-\\nvorce, being considerably wrought up. She went into the\\noffice with the man and was asked if she had the required\\ncertificate, to which she answered in the negative, when\\nMr. B. refused to grant the license. This angered the\\nwoman, and she railed out at Mr. B,\\nI guess I knows dat I hab a vorce, and kin prove it,\\nkase I hab had four childruns since I quit my husband/\\nShe thought that this statement would clear things up\\nwith Mr. B. Notwithstanding the children, the license was\\nagain refused, and the unhappy couple took their depart-\\nure, a wiser but a badly disappointed pair.\\nWe have now said enough to reveal the condition of\\nhousehold help as at present found in Florida, with rare\\nexceptions.\\nIn the old regime the South was famous for its good\\ncooks the wives and daughters of the planters vied with\\neach other in making their homes attractive. They were\\nwise in their generation and knew the royal road to a man s\\nheart, so they taught the most promising of the slaves how\\nto cook, and allowed them to do nothing else. Hence, with", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "360 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ngood teachers, their whole time, energy and thought, given\\nup to the business of their lives, and with an unlimited\\namount of that practice which alone makes perfect, it\\nis not to be wondered at that the genuine old plantation\\ncooks excelled in their art.\\nBut after the new regime set in these cooks were scat-\\ntered abroad, and there remained no one whose interest it\\nwas to train up the rising generation in the way of the\\ngood cook.\\nThe Florida State papers are full of horticultural dis-\\ncussions and plans for the furtherance of fruit culture,\\ncrops, freight rates, railroads, politics every thing that\\nconcerns the sterner sex but all the time there is one nu-\\nmerous and powerful class of their readers whose pressing\\nneeds they ignore almost entirely.\\nThe question of more help and competent house servants\\nfor the Florida home is a grievous one, and bears heavily\\non every frail, educated, refined wife and daughter in the\\nland, and should be earnestly heeded by every husband\\nand father, even if only from the selfish considerations\\nwhich actuated a certain German we once heard of.\\nHe had paid a housekeeper for some years, and finally\\nmarried her, explaining that he did so because he had\\nfound out that A vife is cheaper dan a vomans you has\\nto pay de vomans to do sometiuks but you no has to pay\\nde vife to do ebery tinks.\\nWe could point out to-day several men, who call them-\\nselves gentlemen, who not only leave their delicate wives\\nwithout even the poor help that might be secured, but also\\nexpect them to cook, wash dishes, and wait on all the com-\\npany it may suit their royal will to bring into the house,\\nand to cook and wash dishes for the colored laborers whom\\nthey hire to do their ov;n w^ork for them.\\nSuch men as these will ultimately discover, as the old", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 361\\nGerman did, that *a vife is cheaper dan a vomans, and\\nthat a mother s love and care can not be duplicated for\\ntheir children.\\nOut-door labor can be supplied readily enough. There\\nare very few colored men who can not plow, chop wood,\\nand readily earn the wages asked, from $15 to $20 a month.\\nBut, as we have seen, the in-door work wears a far differ-\\nent aspect it is a problem that presses for a solution.\\nIn Florida are thousands of housekeepers crying out,\\nGive us servants, or we die and in the frozen, crowded\\nNorth and East are other thousands of intelligent, capable,\\nrespectable young women, crying out, Give us work, or\\nwe die American girls, the daughters of hard-working\\nfarmers or mechanics, who would fain help themselves and\\ntheir parents if they could, who are quite willing to go\\nout to service, but whose better educated and more refined\\ntastes shrink from close social contact with the rougher,\\nuneducated, foreign class of servants, who at present have\\nalmost a monopoly of such work at the I^orth.\\nNow, here in Florida we have just the very homes they\\nare looking for, Avhere the work is not too heavy, and where\\nthey would stand alone in their glory, entirely free from\\nany possible contact with the ordinary Northern servant\\nand how more than welcome would be the work of their\\nneat, deft hands to the discouraged, overworked, worn-out\\nhousekeeper, who has been compelled to be all things to\\nevery body in the household. It is just this latter point\\nthat makes it so hard not a wife only, not a mother only,\\nnot a chamber-maid only, not a maker and mender of gar-\\nments only, not the caterer and care-taker only, not the\\ncook and dish-washer only, but all these things combined.\\nBut how to bring them together, these two classes, who so\\nsorely need each other, yet are blindly groping in the dark\\nalong two diverging roads", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "862 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWe have thought much and seriously on this subject,\\nfor it deeply concerns the welfare and the happiness of ev-\\nery refined household in Florida nay, even the very life\\nof the delicate wife and mother, whose strength is not equal\\nto the unaccustomed strain of doing her own work, with\\nall that it entails.\\nAnd we would respectfully submit for the earnest con-\\nsideration of our Florida readers, the outcome of our med-\\nitations, in the hope that some one can suggest a better\\nplan, and that it may be acted upon with all the energy\\nand promptitude that the emergency demands.\\nIn every county of the State there is, or will shortly be\\na Fruit-growers Association, and the great majority of\\ntheir members are husbands and fathers, who should cer-\\ntainly have the welfare of their families at heart.\\nFlorida has also a State Fruit-growers Association, and\\na Farmers Alliance.\\nLet these, as bodies already organized and in working\\norder, take this matter up and look into it until they fully\\nrealize its vital importance, Jiot only to the community at\\nlarge, but to each one of themselves as individuals; and\\nthen let them act promptly and efficiently in their oflScial\\ncapacities.\\nLet these associations select as their agents, in each of\\nthe larger cities of the North and West, a well-established,\\nthoroughly reliable Labor Bureau or Intelligence Office.\\nHaving accomplished this, the preliminary step, let them\\nnotify the various County Associations that the secretary,\\nor some other official specially appointed for the purpose,\\nwill receive and forward all applications from communities\\nor families in need of servants.\\nThe County Associations, in their turn, should publish\\nin their local papers and at their meetings that they stand\\nready to receive such applications, not only from their own", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 363\\nmembers, but from auy responsible parties in their county,\\nand that terms of service, qualifications, and wages offered,\\nshould be distinctly stated in all such applications, and\\nguarantee of good faith given.\\nThen, if the agents appointed in the North and West\\nwould advertise largely in the cities and country towns, as\\nFlorida Service Bureaus, the problem of competent help,\\nnot only in-doors but out-of-doors, would be solved.\\nThe seeker and the sought would be brought together\\nthousands of needy, deserving persons, singly, or in fami-\\nlies, provided with comfortable homes, and the life of the\\nweary Florida housekeeper relieved of its worst trials and\\ntribulations.\\nOf course there would be many points to settle, as to\\nfees paid by applicants for servants, transportation for the\\nlatter and other necessary expenses; but these could be\\neasily and smoothly arranged by the several associations\\nacting together.\\nThere is one point, however, that should be fully under-\\nstood by both parties, the employer and the employe, for\\nwithout such clear understanding from the outset, discon-\\ntent and insubordination on the part of the servant are\\nvery likely to ensue several such instances have come\\nunder our own observation.\\nThe trouble is just here. When white servants, whether\\nmen or women, see neighbors whom they recognize to be\\nno more educated or refined than themselves received as\\nguests of the family, they are apt to rise up in rebellion\\nand claim the same treatment for themselves.\\nThey can not see that though they may really be the in-\\ntellectual suj3eriors of the rough neighbor, whose ways are\\nnot as their ways, yet the social status of the latter is dif-\\nferent, inasmuch as a land-owner or householder, who is\\nfree to come and go of his own will, ranks higher than the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "364 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nhired servant in the house of the employer, to whom duty\\nand obedience are due. Hence, trouble crops up, unless\\nthe servant is unusually reasonable and hard to spoil.\\nWe know of one instance, Avhere a man and wife were\\nbrought to Florida as servants the man had been a small\\nfarmer and gardener, the woman had been brought up as\\na servant, and had been such in the family of a friend of\\ntheir employer in the North. Many of the neighbors in\\ntheir new home were of their own class but a new coun-\\ntry and sparse settlements are great levelers of class,\\nand when these servants saw people no better than them-\\nselves received as guests, they rebelled, and finally, when\\nthe humbler neighbors called on their mistress, they were\\neither turned away from the house without the knowledge\\nof the latter, who was an invalid, or else were invited into\\nthe kitchen and detained there under the same circum-\\nstances as kitchen company.\\nThe result was the sore-offending of the neighbors, who\\nwere led to believe they w^re so treated by orders of the\\ngrand folks.\\nAnd finally admittance to the family table being refused,\\nthe husband and wife helped themselves from the dishes\\nabout to be placed on the table, and sat down to their\\nmeals at the self-same moment that the family sat down to\\ntheirs no second table for them no, indeed\\nUp North they had never dreamed of claiming equal-\\nity but here, with superior education and habits to many\\nof the neighbors, who were treated as equals by courtesy,\\nthey became demoralized, till finally, when patience ceased\\nto be a virtue and they were dismissed, they went about\\nslandering the kindest, most considerate mistress that serv-\\nant ever had, as well as her friends before mentioned, whom\\nthe woman had formerly served.\\nSo let this point be fully set forth, that the white servant", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD HELP. 365\\nengaging to serve in a Florida home will be well and kindly\\ncared for, but must be content to occupy the same status\\nthat he or she would occupy under the same conditions in\\nthe Korth, and not claim the privileges of a family guest.\\nThis is a trouble that will gradually remedy itself as the\\nnumber of white servants in the State increases, and, until\\nthat desirable period shall have arrived, the method we\\nhave outlined above must be applied.\\nFor those who may prefer foreign servants, or desire to\\nsettle families or colonies near them, to serve as such on\\noccasion, the Commissioners of Emigration of New York\\nhold the door open.\\nThe emigrants land at Castle Garden, New York, and\\nhere is established a Labor Bureau which finds employment\\nfor the thousands of emigrants who arrive in the United\\nStates without definite plans or destination, who desire em-\\nployment, yet do not know how to obtain it.\\nEvery year this Bureau settles thousands of house ser-\\nvants and farm hands in good comfortable homes. In 1885,\\nfor instance, it found employment for over fifteen thou-\\nsand, over six thousand of whom were women, and here too\\nFlorida may find a partial solution of this labor problem.\\nFew Catholics, however, can be induced to make their\\nhomes in this State at present, because there are very few\\nCatholic churches.\\nThe wages usually contracted for range from eight to\\nten dollars a month for house servants, and from eleven to\\nfourteen dollars for the farm hands during the busy sea-\\nson, and this is always in Florida. The employer usually\\npays the transportation charges.\\nAn application addressed to the Labor Bureau, Castle\\nGarden, New York, stating exactly w^hat is wanted, and\\nthe terms offered, will seldom fail to find satisfactory reply.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "366 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nTRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS.\\ni\\nServants are by no means the only trials encountered by\\nthe Florida housekeeper, any more than by her sisters in\\nother sections.\\nThere are some tribulations incident to all housekeeping,\\nand others incident to country homes only, that is, to any\\nextent.\\nForemost among these are the numerous, all-pervading\\ntribe of insects.\\nCity housekeepers Usually are comparatively free from\\nthem but all country housekeepers are more or less an-\\nnoyed by them during the summer season, and as, in Flor-\\nida, this season practically includes three fourths of the\\nyear at least, of course the Florida housewife is seldom\\nentirely free to lay down her weapons and rest from the\\nconflict.\\nIn the front rank of these household foes these unin-\\nvited guests not only in size, but in the universal repug-\\nnance they inspire, stand the roaches.\\nThey are not the mild little intruders of the cities of\\nthe colder climates, the water-back guests of the kitchen-\\nrange, or the so-called Croton-bugs of New York City, but\\nof another family altogether. We have seen them occasion-\\nally in the country up North, but never in a city home.\\nThere are two distinct kinds one, the larger, is a plump,\\nwell-conditioned fellow, with a shiny black coat he is fat,\\nbut, unlike the majority of stout people, very active and\\nfull of works whether good or bad we will not say, since\\nwe do not doubt that he acts uj:) to his lights, which is\\nmore than can be said of the great mass of human beings.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 367\\nThis black beetle-like roach has a peculiarity all his own,\\na strong one, by which you may know when he has met\\nwith an accident and become damaged in a collision,\\nwhether it be with your own foot or some other weapon\\nwhen crushed to earth, down-trodden and oppressed, he\\ngives one the idea of having committed suicide by means\\nof prussic acid, or oil of almonds, so powerful and all -per-\\nvading is that scent on the air.\\nWe found out all about it, to our sorrow once, soon after\\nour arrival in Florida.\\nWe had not yet become inured to the big black critters\\nthat sometimes appeared suddenly from behind pictures,\\nor brackets, or other dark places; and one evening, when\\nthe hall was filled with a band of serenaders, a member of\\nour family instinctively attacked the enemy, and all too\\nsuccessfully, as a pungent odor of almonds presently in-\\nformed the guests that a murder had been done. There was\\na good deal of fun made of the attacking party by those\\nwho had grown wiser from experience, and after that the\\nbig black was allowed to flee unmolested, especially if com-\\npany was to the fore.\\nThe other roach is not a perfumer by profession, and\\nhence less hesitation is felt in dispatching him at all times\\nand seasons, provided you can catch him, for he is very\\nlike a flea, you put your finger on him, and he isn t\\nthere.\\nThough innocent of manufacturing perfumery, he is\\neven more exasperating than his brother he is a grow-\\ner of wings, and right well does he understand how to\\nuse them. He thinks nothing of making a cataj)ult of his\\nwings, and dashing his long, slender brown body at full\\nspeed across the room, caring not at all whether he alights\\non the wall, table, book, or your own shrinking head or\\nshoulders.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "368 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nPossibly it is strange, but it is none the less true that\\nsome people object to such flighty familiarity, and hastily\\nvacate the premises, or else energetically summon a braver\\nor more stolid companion to kill that horrid flying roach.\\nMany and msinj a time has the writer been thus summoned\\nto the rescue, and usually returned from the fray with the\\ntriumphant exclamation, We have met the enemy, and\\nthey are ours. Not always though sometimes the chase\\nis long, and finally unsuccessful.\\nThese flying roaches live more generally out of doors,\\nthan do their big black brothers, but often manage to force\\ntheir way in-doors, especially if there is a bright light to\\nattract them like the June or harvest-bugs of the North,\\nthey work their way into the house in spite of netted doors\\nand w^indows, and no one can tell how they do it.\\nThe perfumer, however, while found out of doors also,\\nin rotten wood or piles of trash, makes his home by prefer-\\nence in the house, in dark closets and corners, and sallies\\nout at night on foraging expeditions.\\nMeantime, during the day, he has a nice quiet luncheon\\nin the closet, if it happens to be one in which provisions\\nare carelessly left open, or in which clothes are hung.\\nJust here is a point of which our new Florida house-\\nkeeper should take heed, and perhaps some of the older\\nones too, for we did not discover it ourself for several years,\\nand there may be some who have not yet done so. It is\\nthis, that a great deal of the damage done to clothing while\\nhung up in dark closets, must be placed to the account of\\nthese same roaches.\\nAgain and again we found clothing that was only usedi\\noccasionally, yet frequently taken out, shaken, and aired,\\nbadly eaten here and there, sometimes the holes were small\\nand round, again, large and irregular. We wondered how\\nthe moths found time to do it, when they were so often", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 369\\ndisturbed, and how it was that they continued so active\\neven during the cool winter months for of course we laid\\nall such transgressions at the door of the poor moths, al-\\nthough we very seldom found any of the silky-web traces\\nof their presence.\\nBut by and by we began to notice that there were always\\nroaches, young or old, close at hand, when we moved the\\nclothing, and then we remembered that once upon a time,\\nin Central America, we had been put to loss and annoy-\\nance in the same way, and that these same big black\\nroaches abounded there even more than here.\\nThen we watched more closely, and finally detected a\\nroach in the act of eating a hole in a mohair skirt.\\nOne of the things that first led us to suspect the roaches\\nwere the real culprits was the fact that the holes were al-\\nways made where something had been sjDilled on the gar-\\nment, and were large or small according to the spot and\\nwe knew that moths ai e perfectly indifferent to such deli-\\ncacies as soiled garments; new ones taste just as good to\\nthem, and they prefer wool, while roaches like the taste of\\nold clothes and are indifferent as to whether their delec-\\ntable dish be served up on silk, wool, or cotton.\\nThat had been another of our puzzles, why moths, for\\nthe first time in our experience, should eat cotton and silk\\nwe had found no more trouble in keeping them at a dis-\\ntance from winter clothing, regularly put up for the sum-\\nmer, than we had in our Northern home. Little bits of\\nraw cotton soaked in turpentine and placed here and there\\ninside the packages and chests containing the clothing,\\nserved their purpose as eflfectually in the one place as in\\nthe other. Turpentine is the best safeguard against moths\\nthat Ave have ever known, the only one, in our experience,\\nthat has proved a perfect protection.\\nWe were a long while, as we have said, in unearthing\\n24", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "370 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nthe real culprits, and if we had only suspected the truth\\nsooner the loss of many a valuable garment could have\\nbeen prevented.\\nHenceforth we fought the roaches more vigorously than\\never, and kept a sharj)er watch on all our clothing not in\\ndaily use.\\nWe would not, however, lead our readers to infer that\\nthe roaches of Florida are much if any more numerous\\nthan in the majority of country places; we have seen them,\\nsmaller in size, to be sure, but greater in numbers, in sea-\\nside hotels and other summer resorts, and sometimes even\\nin farm-houses at the North.\\nThe peculiar features in Florida are their size, their\\nwings, pungent odor, and their fondness for clothing and\\nbooks.\\nBooks? Yes, even books, when placed on shelves,\\nor in book-cases, and not frequently disturbed, will soon\\nlook as if they had the smallpox. The substance used by\\nthe binders in glazing the covers finds particular favor with\\nthe roach family, and they eat it off in spots here and there.\\nStout paper covers should be put on all books that are\\nplaced on shelves, if a fresh, neat cover is desired hand-\\nsomely bound books for the parlor may, however, be put\\nout on tables without fear; we have never seen one, left\\nout in this way, that was touched by roaches, they prefer\\nshelter to work in.\\nIt was a long time before we discovered how to outwit\\nthe roaches and ants who foraged at will among our jellies\\nand marmalades.\\nNo matter how securely we deemed them pasted or tied\\nup in strong paper covers, they ate through it. Then we\\ntried pasting strong muslin over the tops of the jelly glasses\\nin addition to the paper; result just the same. Next, we\\nsoaked the paper in alum-water. That checked the indus-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 371\\ntrious little ant, but the big biirly roach kept right on in\\nthe even tenor of his way, and his way was a very bad\\nand exasperating way for us.\\nBut there seemed to be no help but to let him do as he\\nwould with such of our jellies and sweetmeats as could not\\nbe provided tin or cork tops.\\nAt last, however, we had a happy idea. We had tried\\npaper made stiff with paste, and paper without paste, and\\nwe had tried muslin pasted tight over the glasses, but all\\nin vain; it remained to test muslin, pure and simple, tied\\nover the mouth of jar or glass, without paste, white of\\negg, or any other addition. And this last exj)eriment, to\\nour comfort and relief, proved effective, and all annoyance\\nfrom this source ceased at once the addition of a paper\\ncover under the muslin excludes all dust, and, if they are\\nkept clean, no speck of the sweetmeat allowed to touch\\nthem, both roaches and ants will pass them by in silent\\ncontempt.\\nNo Florida house need be overrun with roaches.\\nThere are several effective ways of waging w^ar on them\\nand keeping down the enemy, and no more annoyance\\nneed be experienced from their presence than one has been\\naccustomed to in the old home.\\nClean out the closets every three or four months, and\\ndash plenty of scalding water over the shelves and into\\nthe cracks between the boards, if there are any. It is far\\nbetter to see that there are no cracks there to form a harbor\\nfor your enemies. Even if the house is only a box house,\\nand plaster or building-paper can not be afforded, we would\\nat least urge that the closets should be lined with the latter\\nit would save far more in work and worry than it would\\ncost in money.\\nIn the mean time, between the scalding visitations and\\nhere mean time designates all the time keep powdered", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "372 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nborax and sugar mixed together, standing about on the\\nshelves and in the dark places the lids of the round wood-\\nen match-boxes are very handy for this purpose. Roaches\\nwill not eat borax alone, bat when sugar is mixed with it\\nthey certainly do, notwithstanding some statements we\\nhave seen to the contrary. We have seen them eating it,\\nhave seen them sauntering slowly along afterward in a\\nweary, don t-care sort of manner, very different from their\\nusual lively gait, and a little later have seen them calmly\\nreposing on their shiny backs, their once active legs folded\\nover their bosoms in a pathetic way, that ought to have\\nmade us sad, but we are fiun to confess had rather the op-\\nposite effect.\\nSo we know that the combination of borax and sugar is\\na powerful weapon, and as it is not injurious to children\\nor pet animals, and is neat and cleanly to stand around on\\nthe shelves and in the closets, we would advise its being\\nkept there all the time, in preference to any other of the\\nnumerous mixtures recommended for the same purpose,\\nalthough we know two of them, Sure-pop and Rough\\non Rats, to be good but these, the latter especially, must\\nbe carefully handled, as they are poisons.\\nPersian insect-powder, occasionally blown from the little\\ninsect-powder guns that are sold by every druggist, cost-\\ning about fifteen cents, is also very effective, puffed about\\nin closets, bureau-drawers, and book-cases.\\nWell, we have dwelt long enough among the roaches\\nlet us pass on to the other insect pests, that Florida s\\nfoes love to elevate into veritable bug-bears.\\n^J Fleas? Yes, of course there are some fleas. Did\\nyou ever see a country home where there were not at some\\nseasons more or less fleas We never have, at least nay\\nmore, we have seen more fleas in New Jersey than we have\\never seen in Florida.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 373\\nThey are not the scourges that many are led to believe.\\nDuring our nine years residence in Florida we have been\\nonly very occasionally annoyed by fleas, and then only for\\na short time continuously.\\nFor the major part of the year we would not even know\\nthat there Avere such creatures in existence, did not our\\nmemory serve to remind us of the fact, and during the\\nvery height of flea-life (the spring months) an occasional\\nwarm kiss from flea-lips is the height and breadth of their\\noffending.\\nThe worst of a flea is his ubiquity he gives you a nip,\\nyou put your finger on him, and he is n t there no, he\\nis somewhere else, hard at work, looking up another nice,\\ntender place for a second bite. You rub and scratch, and\\nhe immediatly proves his non-relationship to a leopard by\\nchanging his spots he changes them often, with bewilder-\\ning frequency, and\\nThe wonder was, and still the wonder grew,\\nThat one small flea could so much damage do.\\nBut when one has looked into the mysteries of flea-life, and\\nhas learned that it takes him but half a minute, or less, to\\ndigest the delicate drop of blood he robs you of and get\\nready for another, the wonder ceases, and it is easy to under-\\nstand how one flea is just as good or as bad as a dozen.\\nBut he has a conqueror, before a puff* of whose breath\\nhe lies down and dies very quickly. Shoot him with the\\ninsect-powder gun, and you will have no further trouble.\\nDoes he creep into the bed and nip your toes until they\\nfeel as if you had been v/alking in a bed of nettles Put\\nthe little gun beneath your pillow, and puff the poAvder\\ndown under the covers that Avill change the direction of\\nhis energies and terminate speedily the base attack on your\\nunderstanding.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "874 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nDoes he crawl up your sleeve, or down your back, and\\nadorn you with a cluster of lumps more pronounced than\\npleasant Then shoot him once, again let but the tiniest\\natom of the powder touch him, and his race is run.\\nSo, even if the fleas ever do become troublesome, as they\\ndo sometimes in some sections, no one need dread them\\nvery much keep the insect-powder and gun on hand for\\nuse when wanted, and the enemy is easily routed.\\nThe powder used to be very expensive, and then its free\\nuse was a serious matter but now that the pyrethrum is\\nraised in the United States it has become much cheaper\\ninstead of one dollar per pound, which was charged for the\\nimported, we have recently seen it placed on sale by gro-\\ncers and wholesale druggists at thirty-five cents a pound.\\nIt should be kept in light jars or bottles, and, when genu-\\nine, is so powerful that it will admit of being mixed with\\none third its bulk of flour, starch, or some other powdered\\nmedium, and yet be entirely effective.\\nWhether at home, North or South, in hotels, or in trav-\\neling, we would advise as a constant companion and fre-\\nquent friend in need the little powder-gun, w^ell loaded\\nfor use. Those who have not tried it can not conceive\\nhow much it adds to one s comfort, nor hoAv much better\\none can sleep if a few puffs of powder are sent abroad\\namong the bedding of the sleeping-car or steamer berths\\nbefore stepping into them.\\nIt is charged by some that the presence of dogs or cats\\nin the house involves the presence of fleas also. That this\\nis a true bill, so far as dogs are concerned, can scarcely\\nbe doubted, unless, indeed, the animal is a pet and is fre-\\nquently combed and washed. Fleas love dirt, and will\\nbreed industriously in the fur of a dog, if allowed to work\\ntheir own sweet will then, of course, the result is an ex-\\ncess of population, and internecine wars, during which the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 375\\nweaker are driven beyond the home borders to seek their\\nliving, just exactly on the same principle that the crowded\\nEuropean countries send their excess of population over to\\nthe United States to seek new fields for their enterprise.\\nAnd the enterprise of the flea family certainly exceeds\\nthat of the majority of the human family: they believe\\nthat the world owes them a living, aud they take it wher-\\never they find it.\\nBut though this is a true bill that dogs do scatter fleas\\nabout the house, it is equally as true in other places as in\\nFlorida.\\nBut as to the charge against cats in the household, we\\nmust file a demurrer. Cats, without exception, are the\\nneatest and most cleanly of all animals, and one that is\\nmade a pet of and allowed the run of the house, will give\\nits owner no trouble by importing fleas for general distri-\\nbution it will shelter very few in its clean, soft fur, and\\nthose few will stay at home. We have proved this fact\\nthoroughly.\\nBut fleas do love kittens, we must confess nice, tender,\\nplump little kittens are tid-bits for their delectation, and\\nthey make the most of their chance.\\nBut even here we can exclaim, We have met the ene-\\nmy and they are ours.\\nDuring our residence in Florida we have raised sev-\\neral kittens, and the flea problem soon attracted attention,\\nfor the out-dwellers of the sands at once scented the little\\nfurry lumps awaiting them, and flocked to the feast.\\nWe put our thinking-cap on our head, the kittens on a\\nblanket, the roughest, most fuzzy blanket we could find,\\nand then we puffed insect-powder over the kittens. How\\nthey kicked and sneezed And how the wicked fleas fol-\\nlowed suit as to the kicking, and directly dropped off* on\\nthe blanket, and crawled languidly into the midst of the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "376 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nfuzzy nap to take au eternal nap themselves. Some were\\nlively enough at first to try to jump. We had anticijoated\\nthat hence the blanket. The harvest of dead fleas reaped\\nfrom the kitten-field was wonderful.\\nAbout once a week, while the kittens were young and\\ntender,^we repeated this treatment, and soon it was curious\\nto note the difference in the disposition of the two kittens,\\njust as much as we see in two human brothers.\\nThey very quickly learned what the blanket and powder-\\ngun portended. One, a glossy black fellow, with a snowy\\nbreast, would begin to kick and cry the moment he saw\\nthem, and we had no little trouble to hold him without\\nhurting him, until his enemies were compelled to vacate\\nthe premises the other one, a handsome buff and white\\nkitten, seemed to understand, almost from the first, that\\nthere was no use in struggling in fact, he made a virtue\\nof necessity, instead of starting to run at the sight of the\\nlittle gun, he would deliberately sit up on his haunches,\\ndroop his forepaws, shut his eyes, and wait to be shot with\\nthe powder, and then, when this infliction was over, lie\\ndown on the blanket and let himself be turned over and\\nover without a struggle, a very personification of meekness.\\nBy this simple method we kept the enemy under, even\\nwhen a kitten feast was in view, and as the latter grew\\nolder the fleas became so very scarce that we omitted the\\npowder altogether.\\nDogs, if unwashed, and above all razor-backs, if allowed\\nto approach near the house, will undoubtedly set free more\\nor less fleas to torment its inmates but a clean, dainty cat,\\nnever.\\nSo we pass by the flea as giving but little annoyance in\\nmost localities, although in most of the towns, especially\\nin the stores and hotels, they are apt to be more numerous\\nthan elsewhere private houses, especially those in the coun-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 377\\ntry, can well afford to laugh at their visits, above all when\\narmed with the gun that shoots powder and kills without\\na bullet.\\nWe pass by the flea, then, and pursue our investigations\\nin another direction, looking next at an insect that causes\\nfar more annoyance than the Avicked flea, not only in Flor-\\nida, but in many other countries, in every State in the\\nUnion, and even up in the far-away Polar regions.\\nMosquitoes, of course. There are some places in Flor-\\nida where these tantalizing songsters are as numerous as\\nthey are in many of the coast regions or swamps of the\\nsister States, and that is saying a great deal but, again,\\nthere are other sections, notably in the high, inland pine\\nregions, where they are practically unknown.\\nJust as they are North, South, East and West, during\\nthe summer season troublesome after dark, when one sits\\nout on the porches so are they in Florida as a rule this\\nthing we know, we were more annoyed by mosquitoes in\\nour Northern village home, than we have ever been in our\\nfar South home.\\nWith ordinary mosquito-bars in the windows, and wire-\\nnet doors to keep the insects out when attracted by a light,\\nand with a net over the bed, the mosquito nuisance be-\\ncomes a very small one in the piney-woods home we have\\nknown it to be a much greater one outside of Florida.\\nWe wish we could say as much for the whole State but\\ntruth compels us to confess that we have heard of locali-\\nties in the hammocks and along the saw-grass shores of the\\nlarge lakes, where double nets were used at doors and win-\\ndows and over beds, and where the housewife, in making\\nup her bread or cakes, was fain to wrap a gauze veil over\\nher face for protection from a horde of hungry mosquitoes,\\nwho were anxious to make the most of her otherwise de-\\nfenseless condition.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "378 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWe have heard, too, of large, light frames, with nets\\nstretched over them, under which the family sat to eat their\\nmeals, to read, or to sew and these were not in Florida.\\nThe coast regions of Florida are very attractive in many\\nways the dancing blue billows are glorious to look upon,\\nand to sail over, the fresh salt air pleasant and invigorating,\\nthe fish and oysters and clams yielded up in generous abun-\\ndance by the sparkling waters form no small items of home\\ncomforts but the mosquitoes\\nThey love the salt air too. From the beautiful, health-\\nful shores of Charlotte Harbor comes the report, in re-\\nsponse to our inquiries\\nWe must confess that for several months of the year\\nthe mosquitoes are very trying but we keep them at bay\\npretty effectually with nets in our doors and windows, and\\ndouble nets over our beds. But this plague passes over;\\nand all the rest of the year it is so enjoyable here that we\\nforget the brief reign of terror of the mosquito regime.^\\nAnd up from the Indian River country, on the opposite\\ncoast, a voice reaches us, the voice of a new Florida house-\\nkeeper\\nWe are passing through an age of mosquitoes; they\\nare almost unendurable for two or three months yet we\\nwould rather have them, and do all our own work in addi-\\ntion, than deal with a willfully-obstinate human, such as\\nwe have often encountered in South Carolina.\\n[It is not only the Florida cooks that try one s pa-\\ntience, you see.]\\nBut, whether few or many, mosquitoes can be readily\\nconquered by the use of the omnipotent insect-powder.\\nPutting a little of it in a paper cone, and setting fire to\\nit, is one way to clear a room, not only of mosquitoes, but\\nfleas and flies puffing the powder toward the walls and\\nceilings is another way.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 379\\nStill a third method of driving off mosquitoes is to place\\na piece of gum camphor in a tin cup, and hold it over a\\nlamp until a vapor begins to rise (don t let it take fire) and\\nthen wave the cup to and fro about the room until the air\\nsmells strongly of camphor.\\nWe have found both powder and camphor very effective,\\nthough we have fortunately seldom been compelled to re-\\nsort to them, and never except from carelessness in leaving\\nwindows open and unprotected, with a bright light in the\\nroom.\\nEven in the worst places in Florida, and during the\\nheight of the mosquito season, no one need be driven to\\nthe last resort of the natives of Lower Senegal. They go\\nto roost, literally. During the several months when mos-\\nquitoes are on the war-path in deadly earnest, the unlucky\\nhuman beings of that region are taught their own insig-\\nnificance, and are compelled to retreat before their tiny\\nfoe. They set up regular roosts, or platforms, built on\\nhigh forked saplings, reached by ladders, and floored with\\nbranches, and under these lofty platforms perpetual fires\\nare kept burning here the poor people have to live night\\nand day, constantly enveloped in a dense smoke.\\nSquatted on their roosts they receive their friends during\\nthe day, passing hurriedly from one roost to the other, and\\nnever venturing out of range of the smoke, least they be\\neaten up alive at night they stretch themselves on their\\nplatform, and sleep in the midst of smoke and warm air,\\nwith the stars above them and a fire below them. Query\\nSuppose the children should roll out of bed It would be\\nsomething like, out of the frying-pan into the fire, would\\nit not?\\nAnd now, in bidding farewell to the mosquito question,\\nwe will quote from Sketches of Travel in Singapore,\\nMalacca, Java, by a well-known German traveler, F.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "380 HOJIE LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nJager an extract that will be found very useful to all\\nhunters, whether Florida or otherwise, since they are sure\\nto invade the haunts where mosquitoes most do congre-\\ngate.\\nA tincture prepared by macerating one part of Pyre-\\nthrum roseiim in four parts of dilute alcohol, and, when\\ndiluted with ten times its bulk of water, applied to any\\npart of the body, gives perfect security against mosquitoes\\nand all other vermin. I often passed the night in my boat\\non the ill-reputed rivers of Siam without any other cover,\\neven without the netting, and experienced not the slight-\\nest inconvenience. The buzzing, at other times so great\\na disturber of sleep, becomes a harmless tune, and, in the\\nfeeling of security, a real cradle-song. In the chase, moist-\\nening the beard and hands protects the hunter against flies\\nfor at least twelve hours, even in spite of the largely in-\\ncreased respiration due to the climate.\\nThe same traveler also refers to the power of the insect\\n(pyre thrum) powder over ants and, as these are another\\nof our household foes, sometimes quite troublesome in their\\npersistent visits to pantries and provision closets, we will\\nquote our author once more.\\nEspecially interesting is its [pyrethrum powder] action\\non that plague of all tropical countries, the countless ants.\\nBefore the windows and surrounding the whole house where\\nI lived at Albay, on Luzon, was fastened a board six inches\\nin width, on which long caravans of ants were constantly\\nmoving in all directions, making it appear an almost\\nuniformly black surface. A track of the powder several\\ninches in width, strewed across the board, or some tincture\\nsprinkled over it, proved an insurmountable barrier to\\nthese processions. The first who halted before it, were\\npushed on by the crowds behind; but immediately, on\\npassing over, showed symptoms of narcosis and died in a", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 381\\nminute or two, and in a short time the rest left the house\\naltogether.\\nAnd it is quite true, all this that Herr Jiiger has to say\\nabout the ants, as we have proved time and again in our\\nprovision and milk and butter closets.\\nInsect-powder scattered over the shelves will keep them\\nat a respectful distance, whether the marauders be the\\nsmall red ants or the large brown ones, whose nippers are\\nmade on the model of a lobster s, and are quite capable of\\nsnipping out bits of flesh very neatly. The small ants\\ncarry red-hot pincers concealed about their persons, and\\nuse them on occasion, when disturbed at their meals or\\notherwise offended step into one of their dwellings while\\ndigging or weeding, and you will find out all about it.\\nNevertheless, we were quite as much annoyed with ants\\nin our Northern country home, as ever we have been in\\nour Southern.\\nIf you have in your store-room a barrel of sugar, and\\nthe ants make a raid on it, as they will (for Southern ants\\nare not one whit more honest than Northern ones, and we\\nhave seen the latter thieving sugar) all you have to do is\\neither to sprinkle insect-powder on the floor around it, rub\\nsome in a circle on the staves, or make a chalk line an inch\\nwide on the barrel, using the common granular chalk.\\nSometimes the large ants make a nice, cosy nest in a\\nlittle-used box, or bureau-drawer, and fill it with shapely\\noblong eggs. Use the insect-powder among them, and\\nthey will each seize an egg and start ofl* on a journey to\\nmore hospitable regions. If the powder is good, they will\\nstagger and faint by the wayside and the place that once\\nknew them shall know them no more.\\nNow, as to flies Our experience has been that they are\\nnot nearly so troublesome in the Florida piney-woods home\\nas they are in most Northern homes. Of course they are", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "382 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nmore plentiful in the hammocks and on the coast, and also\\nin the towns, where the well-filled stores invite them to\\ncome and to tarry.\\nProbably the most annoying and tantalizing of all the\\ninsects of Florida at least we know it to be so in the pine\\nlands is a tiny fly, called in local parlance a gnat, al-\\nthough, properly speaking, it is a mosquito, and belonging\\nto the mosquito family only, should be so termed.\\nThese little flies, miniatures of the ordinary house-flies,\\nsing and buzz around one s ears, nose, mouth, and eyes,\\nAvith a persistence worthy of a better cause, and an appar-\\nent aimlessness worthy of no cause at all.\\nFor, they don t bite or, if they do, we have not yet\\ndiscovered it. We could feel more charity toward them\\nif they tormented us while in search of their living. A\\nmosquito stings but it is an honest, legitimate sting he\\nwants a good meal, and means to get it as best he may.\\nBut as to this horrid little gnat, all that he wants, so\\nfar as one can see, is to torment and annoy, and this he\\ndoes Avith a vigor and industry that must be pleasing to\\nthe Father of Evil, if he deigns to notice a little fly at all.\\nWe look back with a shiver of holy horror on certain\\nexperiences of our own in the cow-pen.\\nUntil we came to Florida we had dwelt in a great city,\\nand had never so much as seen a cow milked but we speed-\\nily discovered that this was one of the many things that\\nmust be learned, self-taught too, unless we were willing to\\nsee our whole family deprived of that powerful factor in\\nhousehold comfort and economy, milk, with all its accom-\\npaniments.\\nAs we have said, the art of milking was an unknown\\nquantity to us, the cow-pen a foreign country but at\\nleast we had some ideas on the subject that were less eccen-\\ntric than those held by a relative of ours when a little girl.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 383\\nGoing with her sister one day to witness the interesting\\nprocess of milking the family friend in the barn-yard,\\nthe milkmaid allowed the former, the elder of the two\\nchildren, to try her hand at milking.\\nChildren are a good deal like a flock of sheep let the\\nleader spring over an obstacle in his path, and though the\\nobstacle be immediately removed, every one of the flock\\nwill leap at the spot what one does, all want to do.\\nSo it was now: Mary, sitting on the milkiug-stool, no\\nsooner resigned her seat to its legitimate occupant, than\\neight-year old Maggie insisted on having her turn.\\nBut the milker had no more time to waste, and the pe-\\ntition was refused. Maggie pouted and withdrew, resigned\\nNot a bit of it She merely retreated in order to outflank\\nthe enemy, and outwit her in her own stronghold.\\nTwo strong hands were raining down two milk-white\\nstreams into the beautiful white foam that was rapidly fill-\\ning the generous pail, when stealthily another hand, a tiny\\nlittle hand, slipped in between the hind legs of the patient\\ncow, and grasped a third teat.\\nThis was too much for the gentle animal s equanimity\\none hind leg sent Maggie in a backward summersault, the\\nother deposited milkmaid, stool, and milk-pail in one con-\\nfused heap on the ground.\\nMary rolled upon the grass in a convulsion of mirth\\nthe astonished milker rose up, with the milk dripping from\\nher head downward, and Maggie, the dumbfounded cul-\\nprit, scrambled to her feet, sobbing, I didn t know ow,\\now she cared, where you stood to to milk her I did n t\\nNow, we Avere more than eight years old when we first\\nset foot in a Florida cow-pen, and we did know that a cow\\ncared where you to stood to milk her; but further than\\nthat we knew little, except that it was a lesson to be learned.\\nSo we taught ourself how to milk and it was well we", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "384 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\ndid, or the milk famine would have continued indefinitely,\\nfor we found that we could very seldom count upon help\\nother than our own.\\nEither our cooks, or young genermeu, were unable to\\nmilk at all, or else we soon discovered that our cows and\\ncalves were being badly treated, the former kicked, the\\nlatter beaten wath heavy sticks until their slender little\\nlegs were swelled and bruised.\\nSo, in common humanity, we were compelled to retain\\nour distasteful task three fourths of the time.\\nWe taught the Goddess how to milk, and as our pater\\naccompanied her to the pen to guard the calves while she\\nmilked their mothers, this plan worked very well and to\\nour great relief.\\nBut one day we bought a new cow with a beautiful\\nshiny black coat. Now, whether it was this similarity of\\ncolor, or some other cause of jealous antipathy, is to this\\nday a mystery, but certain it is that so far from allowing\\nthe Goddess to milk her, Stella, the new cow, resented her\\npresence in the pen so strongly that the moment she was\\npermitted to enter the inner pen, where her calf was await-\\ning her, she would lower her head and make a dash for the\\nGoddess, w^ho stood not on the order of her going, but\\nwent by rapid transit, whether through the bars or over\\nthe fence it mattered not at all, only so that she escaped\\nfrom those threatening horns.\\nWe hoped for a while that Stella and the Goddess would\\neventually become, reconciled, but it was a vain hope. As\\nit was at first, so it continued the entrance of Stella into\\nthe cow-pen was the signal for the hasty exit of the God-\\ndess, over or under or through the fence.\\nWe were sorely tried, for it meant the giving up of a\\nfavorite cow, or the renewal of our cow-pen ball-aud-chain\\nbut for all that the sitrht was so ludicrous we had to laugh.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 385\\nWe cliose the lesser of two evils, picked up our ball-and-\\nchaiu aud went back into the pen, aud there, as we inti-\\nmated awhile ago, before we wandered off into this by-way\\nof reminiscence, we met our worst experience with those\\nhorrid gnats, as we have often heard them called, and\\njustly so.\\nThere, Avhen w^e were helpless, and both hands occupied,\\nthese tiny imps of aggravation delighted to sing their loud-\\nest, and dance their liveliest around our ears and eyes and\\nmouth.\\nThey may always be found, during their season, swarm-\\ning around the cows, and, perhaps resenting our presence,\\nthey nearly drove us frantic during the milking process.\\nWe used to wonder what particular attraction the coavs\\nhad for them, since we were satisfied that they never stung\\nthem but after watching them for a while the reason be-\\ncame plain enough, they were watching their chance to\\ndine at the expense of the large horse-flies that rarely fail\\nto be in close attendance on the cows.\\nThese large flies are experts at searching out nice, full\\nveins and tapping them Avith their sharp proboscis, and,\\nwhen the bright red drop comes forth in response, the tiny\\ngnats sit down fearlessly in company with flies that are\\ngiants in comparison with themselves, and fill their trans-\\nparent bodies to repletion.\\nSo, observing this impudent proceeding on the part of\\nthe little gnats, it was easy to understand their attraction\\ntoward the cow-pen and their close friendship for the cows,\\nbut why they should dance a Highland fling around\\nthe innocent milker remains to this day a mystery.\\nBut let not the new settler congratulate himself on the\\nidea that these industrious gnats confine their persecutions\\nto the vicinity of the cow-pen, and that if he avoids that\\ndevoted spot he will also avoid tho tribe of winged tor--", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "386 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nments. There is nothing they like better than to assist at\\nthe family meals, especially if soups or meats are present\\non the board.\\nThey waltz hither and thither, whispering now in one\\near, now in the other then they take a flying trip up your\\nnose, and then come out to see what you think about it,\\nand if you open your mouth to give your opinion on the\\nsubject (it is sure to be a very decided one too), you are\\njust as likely as not to ingulf one or two of y\u00c2\u00a9ur tormentors.\\nWith a diabolical glee do they dance and circle around your\\nhead, and up and down, over and into your plate.\\nNow while this aggravating quadrille is in progress there\\nare just two alternatives to be faced and made the best of,\\none is to go without your dinner but we have never yet\\nseen any one choose this alternative the other is to eat\\nyour food with a few gnats thrown in, nay, dropped in, by\\nway of\\nPepper and spice,\\nWhich is [not] very nice.\\nFor there is no use in denying the fact that these omni-\\npresent gnats will fall into one s plate, with the practical\\neffect, if not the intention, of ending their lives there the\\nwarm vapors arising from the food exert an intoxicating\\neffect on the lively little torments, and as they waltz over\\nyour plate, they reel and pitch and tumble about like the\\ndrunken flies they are.\\nBut for all this, we would not have our readers exagger-\\nate the annoyances caused by these little gnats. They are\\nnot so bad but that they might be much worse neither are\\nthey always, nor every where.\\nMoreover, the netting, or cheese-cloth, which ought to\\nbe in the windows and doors of every country home in the\\nNorth or South, in England or in Europe, during the hot\\nseason, will keep these little nuisances at bay almost en-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 387\\ntirely. These Ave might call passive defenses, but there\\nare others more active.\\nHere, again, the famous insect-powder comes to the fore,\\nand a few puffs of it sent around the dining-room, with\\nclosed doors and windows, about fifteen minutes before sit-\\nting down to the table, will prove a very powerful w^eapon.\\nAnother remedy, that secures at least partial if not entire\\nrelief, is to rub spirits of camphor over the face and hands,\\nor sprinkle it about the clothing.\\nAnd just here, while considering this safeguard, it may\\nnot be amiss to step outside the house for a moment and\\ngo down into the stable.\\nThose dreadful little gnats are there, too, waltzing\\nwath diabolical glee around your horse s eyes, and all that\\npoor, helpless animal can do in reprisal is to wink at them\\nbut, strange as it may seem, they do not seem one whit\\nabashed by so mild a reproach.\\nBut, never mind there is a friend in need for the\\npoor horse as well as for his master, and it is this relief\\nthat we have come to bring him, in the shape of an oint-\\nment, made of powdered camphor and lard, rubbed lightly\\naround his eyes and forehead and nostrils; or you may tie\\na little bag filled with broken bits of gum camphor around\\nhis neck. Gnats object so strongly to the smell of cam-\\nphor, that they will retire from its neighborhood in disgust\\nand so will mosquitoes.\\nAnd now let us go back to the house and see what other\\ntrials and tribulations there aAvait the timid housekeeper.\\nWe use the word timid advisedly, because the few trials\\nremaining to be noted are such as would be little heeded\\nby one of strong nerves.\\nWe are done with the insect family, we have seen quite\\nenough of them, and have happily learned that we are not\\nentirely defenseless against their assaults.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "388 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nAnd now let us interview certain little creatures that\\nare very aj^t to intrude into Florida homes, especially new\\nhouses, built upon land recently cleared such very little\\nfellows, and innocent of all evil either in thought or deed,\\nyet often creating the Avildest confusion amidst the femi-\\nnine population.\\nWe ought to know all about it, for we have been hastily\\nsummoned time and again, even during this present writing,\\nin a most energetic manner, to the rescue of our more nerv-\\nous home companions\\nOh oh here s one of those dreadful little frogs Do\\ncome and catch it! It Avill jump on me; come quick!\\nAnd then, with towel, or some similar weapon, in hand,\\nwe run, ready to pounce on the unconscious intruder as he\\nhops serenely over the floor, or runs up the wall or window-\\ncurtains, intent upon one thought only, the sole object of\\nhis visit, which is to hunt for his dinner of flies and other\\nsmall insects.\\nA frog? Aye, even so a very mite of a frog, with\\na beautiful bright green coat, the brightest of bright eyes,\\nthe quickest of red tongues, and the most earnest resolve\\nto catch flies and not be caught himself on the fly.\\nHe intends no harm, and he does none, except to the\\nnerves of the new-comer who does not understand the per-\\nfect innocence of his character and intentions, or to the\\ntimid sisters who can never get used to such terrible mon-\\nsters as roaches, bugs, frogs, or lizards.\\nThere is nothing repulsive about his looks either he is\\none of the daintiest, prettiest little frogs to be seen any\\nwhere; sometimes his bright green coat is spotted with\\nolive, and a grayish yellow streak runs from the eyes to-\\nward the sides until it merges in the general green color\\nof his coat he wears a very white shirt-bosom, edged with\\nblack, and a beautiful crimson brooch under his chin, whose", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 389\\nexistence no one would suspect till in a particularly happy\\nmoment he lifts his head and puffs out the gay brooch be-\\nneath. Sometimes, too, his coat changes to a much darker\\nhue, as though he had been essaying the lofty profession\\nof a chimney-sweep, and a Florida chimney-sweep at that,\\nsuch a dusty, untidy creature as he is at such times and\\ndo you know what it means\\nJust this that his coat has become old-fashioned, and\\nhe has ordered a new one, w^hich, unlike our own clothing,\\nis fitted on underneath the old, and some fine day, if you\\nwatch closely, you will surely see this comical little fellow\\ndeliberately pulling off* his coat and selling it to the old-\\nclothes man, do you suggest No, not that but eating it I\\nOur green friend is a true tree-frog, and right well does\\nhe know how to sing when a rain is coming, and at other\\ntimes too he is a merry, happy creature, and can readily\\nbe tamed so as to come at a signal and eat flies or other in-\\nsects from one s hand.\\nHe is not easily abashed nor diverted from his course.\\nAVe know of one little chirper who for months made it a\\npoint of honor to take up his residence on the spout of the\\ntoilet pitcher in our bed-room, and he did not care at all\\nhow many scares he gave one occupant of the room, nor\\nhow many hasty excursions to the rescue he inflicted on\\nthe writer he merely twinkled his bright eyes at us, flung\\nout his slender little legs in a futile leap as the enveloping\\ntowel descended over him, and then, when we dropped him\\nout of the door, hopped indignantly away.\\nBut for all that it would not be long before we heard a\\nvoice, and such a voice, issuing from inside the pitcher,\\ndeep or shallow, according to the water-line within. If it\\ncame from down in the depths, the resonance of that\\nvoice was wonderful, and reminded us of the famous bull-\\nfrog who lived in the well.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "390 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nSometimes he would go on a journey from his favorite\\npitcher into our study adjoining the bed-room, climb the\\ndesk, and hop serenely over books and papers, snapping\\nup a fly or mosquito or marauding spider here and there\\noccasionally he had even the impudence to sit on our hand,\\na proceeding not much to our fancy, for our merry little\\nfrog, Puck we called him, was cold and clammy to the\\ntouch, and the tiny disks on his toes, which enabled him to\\ncling to walls or ceilings, did not feel very pleasant.\\nWe had not the heart to injure the pretty little creature\\n(he was very small, like all his family, hardly half an inch\\nlong), and therefore handled him very gently. But one\\nday, alas for Puck a wicked trespasser, in the shape of a\\nhen, saw him hopping under the window, returning from\\nan out-door excursion to his beloved perch on our pitcher,\\nsaw him, pounced upon him and swallowed him\\nIt seemed almost ridiculous to feel regretful for a frog\\nbut we did. And to this day we hope the unfortunate little\\nfellow made that lawless marauding hen uncomfortable by\\nkicking.\\nSo you see this trial, the frog bugbear, is not very heavy\\nto be borne. Even if a tiny frog does intrude once in a\\nwhile, it is harmless, and only comes to help free you from\\ntroublesome insects.\\nWe have been taken in and done for more than once\\nin the course of our experience, but we Avere never more\\ncompletely deceived than by one of these very same tiny\\ngreen frogs.\\nIt was soon after our arrival in Florida, and during that\\ntransition period to which we have already referred, when\\nthe free razor-back citizens of the Flowery State were de-\\nvouring all our young chicks who strayed outside the\\npoultry-yard fence.\\nA heavy summer shower was pouring down from the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 391\\nskies, such a slio\\\\Yer as we have never seen elsewhere than\\nin Florida and on the Isthmus of Panama genuine trop-\\nical showers, solid sheets of rain that pelt and drench and\\nblind the unlucky wight who is caught out in them with-\\nout protection.\\nIn the very midst of the down-pour we heard the pitiful\\ncry of a little chick, one that had evidently strayed outside\\nthe fence, and was not only in imminent danger of being\\ndrowned or chilled to death by the rain, but also of being\\ncaught by one of a bunch of razor-backs that had been\\nseen close by just before the shower.\\nWe could not turn a deaf ear to that pitiful appeal for\\nhelp, even though it was uttered only by a little chick, so\\nwe donned water-proof, rubber-cap, and rubber-shoes, and\\nboldly went forth to the rescue, battling with wind and\\nrain, and almost losing our breath in the struggle.\\nWe followed the sound of that mournful cheep, cheep,\\nchee-eep, as best we could across a belt of sand-spur grass,\\nacross another of rough, plowed ground, and along the\\nfence in the high grass, full of pity for the unhappy little\\nwretch crying alone in the storm, wet, and frightened, and\\nmiserable as it must be.\\nThe sad cheep, cheep, chee-eep! never faltered nor\\nceased, as we made our way toward it, and at last our per-\\nseverance, our errand of mercy, was rewarded we found\\nthe poor little w^aif.\\nIt was not crouching in the grass as we expected, far\\nfrom it the unhappy chicken was perched on a fence-post,\\nand it was the queerest looking chick that w^e ever saw\\nIt had four legs, and it had pulled out or the wind had\\nblown away all its feathers, if ever it had any, which Ave\\nvery much doubt, and was dressed in a smooth coat of\\nbright green.\\nAnd there it sat on the fence-post, utterly regardless of", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "392 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nour dripping presence, singing its plaintive song of clieep,\\ncheep, chee-eep, and winking at us as if it knew all about\\nit, and enjoyed the joke at our expense.\\nThe poor little chick looked and acted so very like a\\nfrog, and seemed to chuckle over our taking in with\\nsuch merry glee, that we just cast one reproachful glance\\nat it and then retraced our steps to the house in a very\\ndignified manner, a sadder, a wiser, and a very much wet-\\nter individual than the one who had set out so bravely to\\nrescue an unhappy wanderer from an untimely death.\\nWe laughed then, and we often laugh now at the recol-\\nlection of that fruitless expedition yet several times since\\nthen, w^e and others have been deceived (but never so to-\\ntally) by the peculiar, chicken-like cry of the little tree-\\nfrog.\\nOnce yes, we must tell it, for misery loves company\\nour honored mater was victimized too.\\nWe were then hatching our chickens in an incubator\\nthe Perfect Hatcher and raising them in a brooder to\\nwhich a glass run was attached. There were nearly two\\nhundred lively chicks to be looked after and guarded, and\\nsometimes, after the run was closed for the night, a pitiful\\ncry outside would reveal the fact that one of the flock was\\nshut out.\\nThis was the case one evening about dusk; the chicks\\nwere supposed to be all safely gone to bed beneath the\\nwarm, cosy mother inside the brooder, and so the run\\nwas closed in. Soon after, however, from outside, came\\nthe pitiful, mournful cry of a chicken in distress.\\nOh we have shut out one of tliose poor little things\\nexclaimed the mater, and together we hastened to the res-\\ncue. We unhooked the wire netting, and the mater, after a\\nlively chase, finally picked up a little brown thing, that\\nkept jumping against the glass sides. Poor little wretch", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 393\\nshe cried, how cold and wet it is; it must have tumbled\\ninto the drain ugh ugh boo-ooh And down went\\nthe poor little wretch on the ground with much more\\ncelerity than it was picked up.\\nIt s it s a frog! gasped the mater, such a horrid\\nsensation, I feel it crawling all over me!\\nWe are afraid that instead of sympathizing with the\\nvictim of this terrible mistake, we were unfeeling enough\\nto drop down on the grass and laugh till our eyes were dim\\nat the picture of disgust before us, until the latter joined\\nin the fun, and a chorus of small, startled voices in the\\nbrooder gave point and emphasis to our impromptu glee\\nclub.\\nThe poor little wretch in question, this time, was not\\none of the very small tree-frogs, but the large kind, for\\nthere are two, the larger ones are usually green, but have\\nthe power of changing their color at will, and as a rule,\\nwill be found matching in hue Avhatever object they rest\\nupon, through all the shades of green or brown.\\nAnd now let us pass on from this very froggy subject\\nto another, but still within the reptilean era.\\nLizards.: what a horror some of our Florida sisters have\\nof these innocent, graceful creatures\\nThere is no harm in them, not a particle, even in the\\nlarger striped species that live altogether out of doors;\\nthey have no wish to attack any one, and if they had,\\ncould do no injury. In the first place, the very largest\\nof them all are only a few inches in length in the second\\nplace, they have no teeth to bite Avith. The utmost they\\ncan accomplish in the way of defense, when attacked, we\\nhave seen them do when our pet cat has come to us crying\\nfor help, with a striped three- or four-inch lizard hanging\\nto its under lip; it could not bite, but only pinch hard\\nenough to sustain its own weight and to w^orry its assailant.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "394 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nBut the slender little chameleon lizard can not do even so\\nmuch as this. The nearest approach to it that it is capable\\nof we saw once when two of them fell to fighting right\\nunder our very eyes they twitched their long tails about,\\nironed each other s coats with their toes for smoothing-\\nirons, played leap-frog or die over one another, and\\nfinally locked their jaws together Avith so fierce a grip that\\na light touch from a twig made them fall apart.\\nSo you see what very formidable adversaries they are\\nfor the human family to encounter.\\nThey often venture inside the houses, seeking, like the\\ntree-frogs, for flies, and it is curious to note how expert\\nthey are. They usually stay near the windows and remain\\nperfectly quiet for five or ten minutes at a time, or until\\nan unwary fly appears close by, then, with a dart like a\\nflash, the chameleon proves that he can not only change\\nhis skin, but his spots as well.\\nSome people, many people, we fear, will try to catch a\\npoor little frog or chameleon, and kill it. Now that is a\\nthing we can not understand.\\nIt is more blessed to give than to receive what then\\nis it to take violently that which it is out of our power to\\ngive back again? What good does it do, what pleasure\\ndoes it give to any one, to destroy an innocent, harmless\\nlife, even if it does belong to only a frog or a lizard\\nIt is theirs, not ours, and the same Hand created them that\\ncreated us they come near us to help us in destroying the\\ninsects that really do annoy us, and we (some, not all of\\nus) show our gratitude by robbing them of all they have,\\ntheir innocent little lives.\\nThere was a chameleon, a graceful, pretty creature who\\nwore sometimes a green coat, sometimes a yellow, some-\\ntimes a brown, and at other times a spotted coat, w^ho used\\nfor one whole summer and fall to come regularly every day", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 395\\nto sit on our study window and catch flies. It was a timid,\\nfearsome little thing at first, but we caught flies several\\ntimes and dropped them near it on the sill, and bye and\\nbye it seemed to understand that we were friendly then\\nwe whistled to it and played soft music on a little mouth-\\nharmonica.\\nChameleons like music, even such simple music as this,\\nand it was odd to note how intently our unbidden but not\\nunwelcome guest would listen to it, its tail moving gently\\nwhen the music w^as slow and in quick jerks when the notes\\nw^ere loud or fast its head would turn from side to side,\\nits bright eyes twinkle, and ever and anon its slender neck\\nwas uplifted and an odd ruby-colored sack under its throat\\nswelled out to a wonderful extent; and just so long as we\\nkept up the music just that long would it remain in the\\nsame spot in rapt attention, especially so if we were whist-\\nling.\\nBut, alas! our pet chameleon went the way that one s\\npets do mostly go. After one unusually cold night, we\\nfound it lying stiff* and still on the floor beneath the win-\\ndow, frozen to death, its bright eyes dim, its green coat\\nturned to the sable hue of one in mourning.\\nBut ever and anon, during the warm, sunny summer\\ndays, other chameleons come darting in to see us, and even\\nthough they jump on our desk we find nothing alarming\\nabout them. They are very like one of our young dish-\\nwashers, who naively confessed, regarding a cat that showed\\nits fear of him, I m m-ighty more skeered of the cat, than\\nthe cat s skeered of me\\nAnd thus, trusting that we have laid the bugbear of\\nthose dreadful little lizards, we will take a flight in the\\nair, and see how it is about the busy mud-wasps who adorn\\nour ceilings and walls after their own fashion.\\nVeritable busy-bodies are they from the coming of", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "896 HOME LIFE IN FLOPJDA.\\nthe warm weather to the end thereof, buzzing in and out\\nof doors and Avindows, carrying little bits of soft mud in\\ntheir mouths, sticking them up on the walls behind pic-\\ntures, inside of closets, on the ceilings, or any where else\\nthey may fancy for the future birthplace of their larv2e.\\nFor that is the whole object of their mud-houses, and the\\nskill with which they build them, with their numerous cube-\\nlike tunnels, is well worth noting, as is the ludicrous en-\\nergy they expend in kneading and pummeling the mud\\nwith their heads, and then smoothing it over with their\\nfeet.\\nThe places they choose for building-sites are sometimes\\nexceedingly eccentric glass jars, tea-pots, bonnet-boxes,\\ntrunks, old hats, clothing hanging long undisturbed, all\\nthese are commonplace and fade into insignificance when\\ncompared with the site chosen by one wildly eccentric wasp.\\nNo one would e\\\\eY guess where it was, for it was located\\non in no less a place than the clustering curls surrounding\\nthe head of that devoted member of our family already\\nalluded to, as having a horror of roaches, ants, fleas, frogs,\\nchameleons, wasps, and others of their numerous family,\\nand therefore receiving their especial attentions.\\nThis wasp, we might well call it a crank, came flying\\nin a window at which habitually sat our companion. It\\npaused over her head, and then gently dropped on it the\\nfirst bit of mud, the intended corner-stone of its j)rojected\\nbuilding.\\nThat was supposed, of course, to have been dropped by\\naccident but when the same thing was repeated several\\ntimes, and on successive days, that charitable view of the\\nmatter became impossible, and finally we were compelled\\nin self-defense, or rather in defense of another, to shoot\\nthe persevering intruder with the omnipotent powder-gun,\\nand that put an end to the projected castle in the (h)air.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "TEIALS AND TRIBULxVTIONS. 397\\nFor, in all the great family of insects, there are none that\\nsuccumb more quickly to a puff of the powder than the\\nwasps.\\nWhenever we hear the peculiar buzz, buzz, that tells\\nthe story of the hidden, muddy piece of work in progress\\nbehind a picture, in a closet or corner, we go there straight-\\nway, gun in hand, and send some of the powder flying,\\nand if the least particle of it touches the wasp, as it inva-\\nriably does, it ends the building of that particular mud-\\nhouse.\\nNeither is it difficult to keep the wasps at a distance\\nthe netting with which the doors and windows of every\\ncountry house should be provided, whether North or South,\\nwill prevent their entrance, except perhaps a stray one\\nnow and then.\\nAdd to this that the mud-wasps never sting of malice\\nprepense, but only when a hand is actually placed on them,\\nand it Avill be seen that they need cause but little annoy-\\nance to the housekeeper.\\nThe same is true of scorpions, of which so many persons\\nhave an exaggerated idea they are seldom seen at all, and\\nthen usually in hasty flight. Like the wasps, they will\\nstrike back if you lay your hand on them but are they to\\nblame for that? our own laws justify self-defense.\\nSnakes? Well, they can hardly be classed under the\\nespecial head of a housekeeper s trials, and yet they are\\noften one of her first and most awful tribulations.\\nWe know of one who for weeks after being domiciled in\\nFlorida would not allow her children to leave the broad\\npiazzas that surrounded the house, because of her fear of\\nsnakes but after watchiug for their dreaded appearance\\nin vain, she came to the conclusion, arrived at by every\\none who lives in Florida and knows it as it is, that snakes\\nare actually less numerous, especially in the pine lands,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "398 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nthan they are in the fields and mountains of the Northern\\nStates.\\nIt is entirely a work of supererogation to confine one s\\nself or family to the piazzas in order to avoid snakes, for,\\nif they are about and take a fancy to visit one there, they\\ncan easily do so.\\nHow well we recollect, one day during our first summer,\\nhearing an unearthly shriek, accompanied by a scampering\\nover the porch. We rushed out, and there, dancing on\\nthe lofty summit of a tool-chest, with her skirts drawn\\ntightly around her, we found our mater.\\nA snake there s a snake in the netting under my ham-\\nmock. I stepped right on it. Oh I m cold all over\\nWe looked, and there, sure enough, was a poor, fright-\\nened black-snake, about three feet long, quite as much\\nskeered as the mater was, and in a great deal more dan-\\nger it was struggling vainly to escape from the folds of\\nthe ample net which hung over the hammock and lay on\\nthe floor beneath it, a net used much more for flies than\\nmosquitoes.\\nThere is no harm in these black-snakes, on the contrary\\nthey are our friends, and always on the watch to destroy\\nthose who are our real enemies.\\nIt is not so generally known as it ought to be, that there\\nare two of our Florida snakes which ought to be protected\\nrather than destroyed, the black-snake and the king-snake,\\nthe latter being much the larger of the two.\\nWherever they encounter a poisonous snake they give\\nit battle, and, which is still more to the purpose, they inva-\\nriably come out of it victorious. The utmost of harm that\\nwe have ever heard charged to their account (and we have\\nnever seen it verified) is that they occasionally steal eggs\\nand young chickens. But even if this be so, what is this\\nin comparison with the important service they render us", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "TKIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. 399\\nAVe would rather encourage, than otherwise, the presence\\nof a few black-snakes on our premises, knowing full well\\nthat they will do good service in destroying such of our\\nreal foes as may be lurking in the grass.\\nWe have sometimes killed a black-snake the largest we\\nhave ever seen in Florida in the pine lands measured four\\nfeet and was too slender to have swallowed any but a very\\nyoung chicken we have killed them, but it was with re-\\ngret, and out of regard to others who could not conquer\\nthe innate aversion Ave all feel toward snakes.\\nOnly very seldom is a moccasin or spread-adder met\\nwith. These are both slow, sluggish reptiles, and we have\\nfrequently heard it asserted that even teasing with a stick\\nwill not provoke them to strike.\\nThe only real fear one need have with regard to these\\noccasional visitors to our fields and groves lies in their slug-\\ngish nature. Other snakes, seeing or hearing a person ap-\\nproach, will dart away like a flash, these will merely lie\\nstill and look at you, and if you step on them they punish\\nyour temerity or carelessness.\\nThe spread-adder will warn you to keep your distance\\nby uttering a low hissing that can not be mistaken, like a\\nlocomotive blowing off steam in the far distance. Three\\ntimes only, during all our long years of residence in Flor-\\nida, have we come to close quarters- with the spread-adder,\\nand each time it gave us the warning to Beware! and\\neach time, also, we hastened away, and returned, exclaim-\\ning Hoe as we brought that handy weaj^on down upon\\nthe enemy s back, and then used it to dig a little grave for\\nhis remains.\\nli es, in nine years we have encountered near our piney-\\nwoods home just three spread-adders and five moccasins,\\nand in each instance we could say, with Commodore Deca-\\ntur, We have met the enemy, and he is ours", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "400 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nWith the simple, common-sense precaution of looking\\nwhere you walk, no one need have any fear of snakes here;\\nwe have seen less of them, as an actual matter of fact, than\\nwe used to see during our summer outings at the North.\\nAnd so we bury the much exaggerated bugbear of snakes,\\nand with them close our list of trials and tribulations\\nlikely to be met with by the Florida housekeeper.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE BEST OF IT. 401\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nMAKING THE BEST OF IT.\\nIf, during the perusal of the preceding j)ages, our read-\\ners have not come to realize the fact that the new Florida\\nhome and its surroundings must of necessity be full of\\nchanges from the old routine they have elsewhere been ac-\\ncustomed to, then have we failed in our purpose.\\nIt is so much better to expect little and find more, than\\nto expect much and find little, that we have endeavored\\nto point out the disadvantages and drawbacks very plainly.\\nThere are, of course, many of these as regards mere phys-\\nical comforts and indulgences, in comparison with the sur-\\nroundings of old settled communities; but, as compared\\nwith any other new country, the Florida home has very\\nfew, and none of them involving actual personal suffering\\nsuch as must come to the Northern or Western pioneer, if\\nonly through the medium of the cold, bleak months that\\nmake up so large a portion of each year.\\nThat the mild, genial climate of Florida ofiers great com-\\npensation for many minor drawbacks in the new home, few\\nwill deny, and those who come, resolved to stay and make\\nthe best of things, until they can be improved, will find\\nthe drawbacks true to their name, inasmuch as tliey\\nwill retire further into the background, until finally the\\nquestion will arise, Where and what are they?\\nThe settler, whether man or woman, who resolves to be\\ncontented and carve out a true home from such crude ma-\\nterials as may be obtainable, will surely find the task com-\\nparatively an easy one. The w^hole secret is in their\\nstarting right, and in coming here just as they would to\\nany other State to settle.\\n26", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "402 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nTo expect to find the same soil and conditions of life and\\nsociety here as those left behind would be foolish indeed.\\nNo man will find money growing on the bushes along the\\nroadsides, vegetables that plant and cultivate themselves,\\nor orange trees that come into bearing in two or three years\\nfrom the seed; neither w^ill he find desirable lands and\\nbearing groves to be given away, as though of no value\\nto the owner.\\nThe settler who is well-to-do and seeks a Florida home,\\nnot to mend his broken fortunes, but simply for his own\\nor his family s health, will have no difficulty in finding\\nplenty of beautiful, healthful, desirable places, located\\nnear the cities or transportation facilities, where every\\ncomfort and luxury can be procured but he will have to\\npay for these things just as he would any w^here else.\\nIf he wants to farm and turn the soil to his profit,\\nhe must study its nature and capabilities, learn the ways\\nand means of semi-tropical products, and not be above\\ntaking advice from his neighbors, even though they may\\npossess but little of the book-learning Avhich has served\\nhim elsewhere, but w^ill prove here an insufiScient guide.\\nIf he wants to go into business or procure employment,\\nhe must go about it exactly as he would up North, or\\nany where else look out for localities where there is busi-\\nness to be done of the kind he desires to enter into, and\\nthen, having found it, advertise the fact that he is there\\non the spot and ready to supply the demand.\\nThese are the kind of settlers that Florida wants, as we\\nhave said elsewhere not tramps, here to-day, there to-mor-\\nrow, nor wild enthusiasts mounting high on a hobby-horse,\\nand then, after a brief gallop, plunging headlong into the\\nSlough of Despond.\\nWe have recorded enough in these pages, and in those of\\na former work Florida Fruits and How to Raise Them", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE BEST OF IT. 403\\nto prove that our beautiful State has Avonderful capabilities\\nof climate, soil, and varied resources but it needs money,\\npluck, common sense, and common industry to develop\\nthese advantages. Men and women must work for their\\nliving here as elsewhere, although here the chances for\\npresent comfort and ultimate success are greater than in\\nany other State in the Union, and opportunities for the safe\\nand profitable investment of capital not only moneyed\\nbut physical capital can no where be excelled.\\nNo industrious man of good habits and ordinary health,\\nhowever lacking he may be in worldly gear, need be\\nwithout a cosy, comfortable home in Florida, neither his\\nwife nor his children. And here too a large family of\\nthe latter ceases to be a burden, for there is much they can\\ndo to help.\\nThe one tiling most needful is, the resolve to make the\\nbest of it, to accept one s surroundings Avithout discontent,\\nto meet the changed condition of things in the new home,\\nand gradually evolve comfort out of discomfort and order\\nout of disorder, with patience, and without that constant\\nfretting and repining which will wear out one s own life\\nand throw a heavy cloud over one s w^hole family.\\nFlorida is pre-eminently a harbor of refuge, a shipyard\\nwhere barques, beaten and battered on the stormy finan-\\ncial seas, have put into port for repairs. These repairs will\\ncome in due time, and the ship Avill sail again as good as\\nnew, if the ship-builder is industrious and tempers his\\ntools with judgment but there must perforce be an inter-\\nval of hardship and discomfort for the crew, and it has to\\nbe lived through somehow. The situation has to be faced\\nit would be a much harder one, remember, under the same\\ncircumstances in any other section of the country it has\\nto be faced, and there are two ways of doing it. The one\\nis by perpetual and irritable complaint, fretfulness, de-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "404 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nspondency, and worry, which crushes all life, hope, and en-\\nergy, and makes home not a home, but a miserable prison-\\nhouse, whose inmates would be thankful to flee if they could\\nfrom the jailor to whom they are chained, and who makes\\ntheir lives almost unendurable and cheerfulness impossible.\\nThe other way is to face the inevitable changes quietly\\nand calmly to consider the blessings surrounding the new\\nhome rather than those left behind in the old to take each\\none of the present difficulties and shortcomings in detail,\\nexamine into cause and effect, and use whatever remedies\\nmay suggest themselves. If none can be found, why then\\nlet it go, and don t fret over it.\\nAs we have noted in previous chapters, it is upon the\\nwomen of the household, those who have been heretofore\\nunaccustomed to work, that the difference in their sur-\\nroundings weighs most heavily. Take any city-bred lady,\\nwhether of America or Europe, one who has lived all her\\nlife with every convenience and comfort so close at hand\\nthat they have become as it were component parts of that\\nlife, set her down suddenly in any country home, in the\\nmidst of farm-work and rough, hungry farm hands, and\\nleave her to perform all the work consequent thereon, and\\nif she does not feel the yoke to be even more galling if\\nborne near her old home, with its bleak climate, than she\\nwould in far-away Florida with its genial winters then\\nare we much mistaken.\\nAs a rule the wife and daughters of a farmer, be the\\nscene of their labors where it may, live in a chronic state\\nof weariness, and we are fain to say that a great deal of\\nthis is their own fault; and before turning finally from\\nthis phase of our subject we are going to have a little plain\\ntalk with our Florida sisters, both of the present and future,\\nbecause we have seen again and again, and not alone in\\nFlorida, the wearing out and laying away of the wife and", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "iMAKiNG THE BEST OF IT. 405\\nmother, simply because she had not learned to sacrifice the\\nlower things to the higher.\\nFirst of all, we want to ask our sisters a few questions.\\nWhen the plants are too thick in your flower-beds, what\\ndo you do Thin them out, of course. When a fruit-tree\\nsets fruit too thick Thin it out again. Of course, that\\nis the only proper thing to do common sense teaches that.\\nThen why not apply common sense to something higher?\\nDo you rise in the morning feeling worn and tired, as if\\nyou had just completed your day s work, and were more\\nthan ready to rest?\\nSays a farmer, If you should happen out our way,\\ndoctor, I wish you would just look in at my wife. She\\nseems kind of out of sorts.\\nAh What seems to be the trouble\\nWell, seems as if she is n t so strong as she used to be.\\nFor instance, this morning, after she had milked the cows,\\nand got breakfast for us men folks, and washed up the\\ndishes and started in at the washin she complained of\\nfeeling sort o tired and weary like. I reckon her blood\\nwants thinnin.\\nOh! blind man, blinder than a bat! Her blood needs\\nthinning! Rather does it need thickening, and yours the\\nthinning.\\nSome thinning is needed, it is true, needed at once, too.\\nBut it is the work, and not the blood, that must be thinned.\\nAVife and mother, tired at noonday, tired at night, tired\\nin the morning, w^hen you should be bright and buoyant,\\ntake heed\\nAre you wasteful of food, of money? Nay, you are\\ncareful, you guard against waste; if the one is limited,\\nyou try to make the best of it if the other is scarce, you\\nseek to make it go as far as possible by living frugally and\\ncutting down every possible expense.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "406 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nNow tell US, sisters, would you wear a silk dress in the\\nkitchen to save a calico one Yet that is exactly what you\\nare doing, and worse, when you are so frugal of food and\\nmoney and so spendthrift of strength and life. The first\\ntwo may be replaced, the latter never.\\nIt is all right to cut down expenses, when money is run-\\nning out too fast but your strength is worth money, and\\nmore than money yet you keep on wasting it as though\\nyou owned all the life, health and strength of the world.\\nCut down your work, thin it out search, and you will\\nfind any amount of it that had better be pulled up and\\ncastaway. Sit down and ask yourself, How much of\\nmy toil is done for my neighbors? How many stitches do\\nI take to be looked at and admired by others How many\\nruffles do I put on my little girl s dresses that other people\\nmay see them When one ruffle is neat and pretty, do I\\nthink the other two make her more comfortable? If I\\nhave a lot of fruit, I do not want to waste it but is it not\\nbetter to do that than to waste my strength Is it not\\nworth more than fruit. If I can myself w^ith the berries,\\nstiffen myself with the jellies, evaporate myself with the\\ndried fruit is all that true economy Is not my work,\\nmy guidance, my advice, worth more to my family than\\nall the ruflftes and fruit put together and can I give them\\nmy services if I trample on my health, stew my strength\\nto shreds, and get myself into a broil generally? Think\\nit over these are homely similes, but significant ones.\\nKeep clean for the sake of health and self-respect but\\nif there is only a little dust here and there, and it is going\\nto be the straw that breaks the camel s back to get rid\\nof that dust, shut your eyes and let it lie.\\nDo what is necessary for comfort, but if you will lop off\\nall the unnecessaries, the concessions to Mrs. Grundy, there\\nwill be no trouble to thin out your work.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "MAKING THE BEST OF IT. 407\\nOnce upon a time (our grandmother saw and told the\\nincident) a fire broke out in a country town two or three\\nhouses were burned, many others were in danger. In the\\nmidst of the excitement an old lady, Aunt Patsey, she was\\ncalled, ran out from one of the threatened dwellings, bear-\\ning under one arm an old cracked toilet pitcher, under the\\nother the basin belonging to it. She ran here and there,\\nat last darted across the street, and set her precious load\\ndown on our grandmother s door-step. There Thank\\nthe Lord, that s safe, any how! she panted. Then she\\nvanished, and directly was seen to emerge from her house\\nagain, bearing the remainder of that valuable toilet set and\\nher comb and brush. Too excited to remember where she\\nhad deposited her first load. Aunt Patsey finally placed the\\nsecond in the gutter, and sat down on the curb to guard it,\\nwith a satisfied expression on her face, and a murmured\\nThank the Lord! even though she saw her house, with\\nall its valuable contents, burning to the ground before her\\neyes. For the time, crazed with fright and excitement,\\nshe was contented to have saved the old toilet set, where\\nshe might have saved the old family silver plate.\\nSisters, are all the Aunt Patseys dead yet?\\nLearn ye to sacrifice the lower things to the higher.\\nMake the best of it in this way, and add to the sys-\\ntematic thinning out of household duties a resolve to be\\nbright and cheerful, and to search out blessings rather than\\nthe reverse, and then you need not fear being unhappy in\\nthe new home, or finding its few drawbacks too heavy to\\nbe borne. After all they are only such as are found more\\nor less in every country home where means or neighbors\\nare restricted, except that the genial glow of a mild climate\\nis always present in Florida.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "408 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nHELPFUL HINTS.\\nAnd now, in conclusion, let us point out some of the\\npractical ways of making the best of whatever means and\\nsurroundings the Florida settler may possess.\\nTaking it for granted, as is usually the case, that money\\nis not plentiful, it behooves the settler to help himself\\nwithout the expenditure of money, so far as it is possible.\\nWith a little skill and knowledge many things can be\\ndone and made at home, that are usually either dispensed\\nwith or obtained by hired labor which can be ill-afforded.\\nFirst of all, let us see how the expense of hiring a painter\\ncan be avoided. In Shoj^pell s Modern Houses a quar-\\nterly magazine devoted to views and building plans for mod-\\nern dwellings, and of great value to intending builders,\\npublished by the Co-operative Building-plan Association,\\n191 Broadway, New York, at $1 a volume we find the\\nfollowing common-sense directions for\\nTHE AMATEUR HOUSE PAINTER.\\nFor one who wishes to do his own painting, the best\\nplan in most cases is to buy ready mixed paints, of which\\nthere are a number of good brands in the market he can\\nselect his colors from the sample cards furnished, or order\\nthem as specified by the architects. In this way he obtains\\nthe colors desired and avoids the difficulties of mixing.\\nIf he prefers to mix the colors, thereby effecting a\\nsaving of money, he can have the pigments ground to the\\ndesired tints, then by adding the oil (raw linseed is the\\nbest) bring the paints to the proper consistency for using.\\nWhite lead is good to lighten any color, and also makes\\nthe best body for white paint and some other colors.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 409\\nWhen using dry lampblack, saturate it with spirits of\\nturpentine and there will be no difficulty in mixing it with\\noil afterward no more turpentine should be used than is\\nnecessary to make a paste, as turpentine is bad for outside\\nwork. A small amount of lampblack is good to set the\\nolive greens and make them durable.\\nIt is important that the work to be painted be perfectly\\nclean and free from grease, oil or tar spots. All knots\\nshould be covered with a coat of strong shellac varnish\\nbefore priming. If the work is new let the priming stand\\na week or two before laying on the second coat.\\nThe following will be found useful in computing the\\namount of paint required\\nQuantities required to paint one hundred square yards\\nFor priming, if tinted white lead is used, there will be re-\\nquired twenty pounds of lead and five quarts of raw lin-\\nseed oil. For second coat twenty pounds of lead and one\\ngallon of oil.\\nIf three-coat work is intended, the amount of material\\nrequired for priming and completing the work will average\\nfifty pounds of lead and two and a half gallons of oil to\\ncover one hundred square yards, or about one half pound\\nlead per square yard. As painting is sometimes measured\\nby the square of 10x10 feet (or one hundred square\\nfeet), we give the following rule for computing the quan-\\ntities required, viz. five pounds of lead and one quart of\\noil to the square for three-coat work.\\nWhen paint is already mixed and ready for the brush\\nthere is required one gallon per coat for each twenty-five\\nsquare yards.\\nPutty for stopping nail-holes, etc., one half pound to the\\nsquare, or four to five pounds for each one hundred yards.\\nIn regard to the brushes required: It is economy to\\nhave enough brushes so that there will be one for each color,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "410 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nbesides a few sash tools with which to touch up and for use\\nin small spaces and corners. It is a waste of time and\\nan annoyance to be obliged to wash or rub out brushes in\\nchano-ino; from one color to another. No brush should be\\nwashed with soap and water it destroys its elasticity and\\nusefulness. If water is to be used in cleaning a brush, let\\nit be well mixed with ammonia and used as warm as is com-\\nfortable to the touch. If brushes are washed in turpentine\\nor benzine, they must be cleansed from same and laid out for\\na little time to allow the spirits to evaporate before painting\\nis resumed. Turpentine endangers the durability of paint.\\nOne who does his own painting is not likely to be stint-\\ned in time, and consequently will not need to spend money\\nfor such large brushes as painters generally use. Brushes\\nmade with a selected quality of Russia bristles and bound\\nwith wire are considered the best, though there are very\\ngood brushes bound with cord or twine,\\nA very good kind of flat brush, like a kalsomine or\\nwhitewash brush, can be obtained, that answers quite well\\nfor painting or oiling shingles or large surfaces they are\\ncheap and quite substantial, being bound in a 2:)atent rub-\\nber composition, and need no extra binding or bridling.\\nFor laying on the body colors a round brush, not less\\nthan 0000 in size, should be used, one for each color, also\\none for the trim.\\nNo better firm for the purchase of building supplies of\\nall kinds, and oils, paints, varnishes, can be found than\\nthat of S. B. Hubbard Co., of Jacksonville, Florida.\\nNot every one is able to afford oil paints, however, and to\\nvery many the cheap yet durable paints given below will\\nprove of great value.\\nMILK PAINT.\\nThe cheapest and best farmer s paint that I have any\\nknowledge of, says a well-known agriculturist, isnoth-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 411\\ning but sweet skimmed milk aud water-lime (cemeut) The\\nchemical union that takes place between the lime aud the\\ncaseiue of the milk probably produces the film of stone\\nwhich endures the weather in this country for years. I\\nbuilt a building in 1859, or 1860, for a carriage-house, sta-\\nble, and granary, of well-sawed, unplaned lumber\u00e2\u0080\u0094 stock\\nboards one foot wide, battened with square, undressed two-\\ninch battens\u00e2\u0080\u0094 put two coats of this paiut on the body of\\nthe building, aud painted the trimmings (the base, cornice,\\ndoor and window-frames) with peroxide of iron and oil, a\\nreddish brown, and it was not until last year that I thought\\nit needed another coating of the same, whicb cost me, for\\nbrown paint, oil, and puttiug on, $4.50 for skimmed milk,\\nwater-lime, and putting on, $3.25; total, S7.75.\\nThe building is fifty-two feet front and twenty-four\\nfeet deep, and high gables with sixteen-feet side posts.\\nThe water-lime and skimmed milk are mixed together to\\na proper consistency to apply with a brush. This paint\\nadheres well to wood, whether rough or smooth to stone,\\nmortar, or brick, where oil has not previously been used\\nand forms a very hard substance, as durable as the best oil\\npaint any color may be given to it by using colors of the\\ntint desired. If a red is preferred, mix Venetian red with\\nthe milk, not using any lime. It will look well for fifteen\\nyears, and is too cheap to estimate.\\nANOTHER DURABLE PAINT\\nFor outside work Take two parts (in bulk) of water-\\nlime, ground fine; one part (in bulk) of white lead in oil;\\nmix them thoroughly by adding the best boiled linseed oil,\\nenough to prepare it to pass through a paint-mill, after\\nwhich, temper with oil till it can be applied with a common\\npaint-brush. Make any color to suit. It is said that this\\nwill last three times as long as lead paint.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "412 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nFIEE-PROOF PAINT.\\nTake six quarts of finely sifted slacked lime, one quart\\nrock salt, and one gallon of water. Boil all together, and\\nstir well when boiled take off the scum and dirt that rises,\\nadd one pound alum and eight ounces copperas, finely pul-\\nverized, and mix in slowly, while stirring, twelve ounces\\npowdered potash, and finally add four pounds wood ashes,\\nwell sifted. This becomes quite hard after it has been ap-\\nplied with a brush, and will do for wood or iron.\\nTHE HOESE AND ITS ADJUNCTS.\\nAmong the very first j^urchases that should be made by\\nthe settler are a horse and a wagon. They are so nearly a\\nnecessity of Floi-ida life that they ought to be secured, even\\nif some other desirable things must be sacrificed in order\\nto obtain them.\\nTo undertake to make a grove, or raise vegetables or\\nfruit of any sort, without a horse, is like trying to raise a\\nheavy load with one s hands tied. And of little less im-\\nportance is the wagon. Without it, how can the family pro-\\nvisions be brought from the neighboring tow^ns, a distance,\\nmost likely, of several miles?\\nWithout a horse and Avagon, the settler is compelled to\\nwait upon the comings and goings of a neighborly neigh-\\nbor, if such there be, or else all the family food must be\\ncarried in a basket on one s arm. We have seen that tried,\\nand it Avas a terrible strain on a strong man to walk through\\nthe summer sun and yielding sand for four miles, two of\\nthem the return trip, with a heavy basket on his arm.\\nNo, the horse and w^agon must be bought, if within the\\nbounds of possibility, even if the house has to be a little\\nsmaller or rougher, or the outside improvements less exten-\\nsive in consequence neither the property nor the family\\ncan be proj^erly cared for if these two adjuncts are missing.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 413\\nHorses, good, strong, sturdy horses can be purcliased in\\nmost sections of the State for from $125 to $150, large\\nhorses, either imported from some of the Southern or West-\\nern States, or the offspring of such, born in Florida. If\\nthe latter, they are thoroughly acclimated and there is no\\nfear for their health, if they are treated with the consider-\\nation that should be given them, whether in Florida or\\nelsewhere. If the former, ascertain, if possible, how long\\nthey have been in the State. It is running a risk to buy\\nahorse just brought over the border, except, indeed,\\nfrom Southern Georgia, whose climate and forage plants\\nare so like those of Florida as to be practically the same.\\nThe time is not distant when the Land of Flowers\\nwill be able to boast of her horse as well a^ cattle ranches;\\nand meantime she has already at least two reliable and ex-\\ntensive breeders of trotting and running horses, Schrader\\nBrothers and Captain Patrick Houston, both of Tallahas-\\nsee, to whom we have already referred as breeders of Dur-\\nham, Jersey, and Guernsey cattle. Then there are the or-\\ndinary Florida ponies, a breed of horses rather smaller\\nthan those in common use at the North, where heavy draft\\nanimals are required, yet strong and sturdy, requiring less\\nfeed to keep them in good condition than do the larger\\nhorses. While less able to haul heavy loads than the latter,\\nthey have quite as much, if not more, endurance, and are\\nwell fitted for all the ordinary hauling and cultivation of\\nthe farm or grove, or for driving purposes.\\nThese Florida ponies can usually be purchased for from\\n$80 to $125.\\nBe certain, before concluding the bargain, that the ani-\\nmal has been broken not only to the saddle and plow, but\\nalso to pull a cart or top-wagon. We have known more\\nthan one too-ready purchaser who found himself the dis-\\nmayed owner of a horse who declined to pull cart or wagon,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "414 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nor, if all right on these points, would refuse to allow itself\\nto be geared to a top-buggy occasionally they are not even\\ntrained to the plow. As a general thing they are broken\\nto all these uses but it is well to be on the watch for the\\nexceptions that prove the rule. It all depends upon\\nwho trained the horses, and with what object in view for\\nsome unambitious or lazy owners are quite content to break\\ntheir colts to the saddle only, depending on the older ani-\\nmals for use on the farm and road.\\nAnd now as to a vehicle. Strange as it may appear,\\nthere is hardly any other manufactured article, especially\\none in such common use, of which the majority of people\\nknow so little as to what goes to make up its true value\\nas the every-day wagon or carriage. Considering their cost\\nand the heavy amount of wear and tear they must neces-\\nsarily endure, people are ver}^ careless, as a rule, in their\\npurchases in this line, and there is too much of what we\\nmay call random buying of unknown irresponsible builders.\\nTo be serviceable and durable, nay, even to be safe, a ve-\\nhicle, whether Avagon, cart, or carriage, should be made\\nthroughout of the best materials and best workmanship\\nthese can only be assured by purchasing direct from a well-\\nknown manufacturer who has a reputation to sustain, and\\nhence, for his own sake, is sure to see that his name is con-\\nnected only with honest, well-made articles.\\nA large, expensive establishment, where thousands upon\\nthousands of dollars are at stake, can not afford to risk the\\nloss of the business on which so large an amount is depend-\\nent, and hence can not safely deal otherwise than honestly.\\nWe have seen so many badly built rattle-traps in Flor-\\nida, so-called cheap, but to our mind very dear, at $40\\nto $50, that we have taken especial pains to look about\\namong the old reliable firms for vehicles suitable for our\\nsandy State their first cost more than the sums named", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 415\\nabove, but their ultimate cost far less. Aud we have found\\nin the great manufactory of Bradley Co., Syracuse,\\nNew York, two vehicles especially adapted for Florida\\nuse. One of these is a wagon, six feet in body length\\nand thirty-two inches wide, aptly named the Handy\\nWagon, because, say the manufacturers, it is some-\\nthing for the multitude, correct in principle, simple in con-\\nstruction, with great strength in proportion to its weight\\nit hangs low and is adapted to a greater variety of uses\\nthan any vehicle ever introduced.\\nSolid steel axles are used in this wagon, and the body\\nrests on a half-elliptical spring, so that the weight of the\\nload is brought near the ends of the axles that is why it\\nis so strong. Then, instead of the body being perched high\\nup in the air, so that it requires a complicated gymnastic\\nfeat to climb into it, it hangs low, only thirty-one inches\\nfrom the ground, so that it is easy to load or unload, a\\nfeature that he who handles fruit or vegetable crates will\\nknow how to appreciate as a matter of course there is a\\ndrop tail-board to further facilitate loading or unloading.\\nSo much for the business view of the wagon. Looking\\nat it now from the social side, we note that it has two com-\\nfortable, movable seats, both full-back if desired, English\\ncorduroy or imitation leather an oil-carpet in the bottom,\\ncarriage-step, and, if a canopy top were added, one that\\ncould be put on or off at pleasure, no one need want a\\nmore comfortable, easy-riding family carriage than this\\nvery handy wagon, which weighs, with the two seats,\\nabout three hundred and fifty pounds.\\nIt is not an expensive vehicle either in fact, consider-\\ning its durable qualities and good workmanship, it is very\\nlow in price, on the principle of large sales and small\\nprofits. Here are the prices given wagons with one seat\\n$70, with two seats, one full-back, $75, or with two full-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "416 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nback seats $77.50. These prices are with shafts only for\\na double team, the j^ole complete costs $10 more.\\nThe above description applies also to a smaller size of\\nHandy Wagon, only live feet long and with one (movable)\\nseat. This is a lighter wagon than the two-seat, and for\\none horse would be even better for our Florida roads, since\\nif more than the one seat was occasionally required, a cush-\\nioned board laid across from side to side would suffice.\\nThere are carts and carts; and if ever there was one\\ncountry more than another where that popular little car-\\nriage, the road-cart, is in place, it is Florida.\\nThe old-style buggy is all very well where the roads are\\nfirm and straight but even there we like the road-cart\\nbest, for it is just as pleasant to ride in, just as roomy and\\na great deal easier on the horse.\\nWe w^ould like to see the buggy banished from our Flor-\\nida roads. They are for the most part sandy, and where\\nthere is much travel, soft and yieldiug, and four wheels\\nfor the horse to pull through the sand are just two more\\nthan are necessary.\\nIn driving here and there through the country, where,\\nas is the case throughout the State, the roads are little\\nmore than wagon-tracks, and very eccentric ones at that,\\nwinding in and out around fallen trees, it frequently be-\\ncomes necessary to turn short and about face, as cul-de-\\nsacs are not uncommon. Eight here is one great advan-\\ntage of the two wheels over the four in a carriage another\\nis, that if the horse becomes frightened and wheels about,\\nthere is no upsetting, as there is with the four wheels, with\\ndanger to life and limb.\\nThe first of these carriage-carts that were introduced\\nwere not easy to ride in, and hence a prejudice was excited\\nagainst them, and not unjustly either, for certainly the\\njogging horse-motion was far from pleasant.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 417\\nIn the present dainty Bradley Two-wheeler, however,\\nthis objectionable motion is entirely overcome and the car-\\nriage is as easy to ride in as the easiest bnggy, there is ab-\\nsolutely no horse-motion at all.\\nThese two-wheelers are handsome little vehicles, just the\\nvery things to gear a pony to and flee as a bird over the\\ncountry.\\nThere are several styles of the Bradley two- wheelers,\\nwith buggy tops, Avith canopy tops, or Avithout either, bug-\\ngy bodies or phaeton bodies, bodies swung higher or lower,\\nas desired the latter is best for ladies or children.\\nWe can not conceive a more perfect carriage for two per-\\nsons than these two-wheelers. They are not only just the\\nthing to go visiting in, but they are roomy enough to carry\\nordinary packages, whether dry goods or light groceries.\\nThe prices range from $80, without top or lamps, to $145\\nwith both.\\nThere is one point we have not yet mentioned, and it is\\na very important one in common humanity let the wheels\\nof every vehicle you use, whether cart, wagon, or two-\\nwheeler have broad tires. Do not use the ordinary nar-\\nrow ones employed on the hard turnpiked Northern roads\\nor paved streets remember that Florida roads are sandy\\nroads, and be merciful to your horse.\\nFor cart or wagon the tires should be three inches wide,\\nthen the horse will be able to pull twice as much with half\\nthe fatigue for the buggy or two-wheeler, two inches will\\nbe wide enough. Do not overlook this point, or you will\\nregret it we know whereof we speak from personal ex-\\nperience Ave have used broad tires and noted their value.\\nAnother thing do not trust the care of your vehicles\\nto ignorant farm hands above all, look after the greasing\\nof the Avheels yourself, for of this you may be certain, if\\nyou do not, they will either be totally neglected, to their\\n27", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "418 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nown injury and that of the horse, or else smothered to\\nthe extent of clogging. In this case, as in many others,\\nenough is better than a feast.\\nAfter your carriage or wagon has been used a year or\\ntwo (or even longer if they have been cared for as they\\nshould be), they will look a little the worse for wear so far\\nas paint and polish go. Then they should be done up.\\nCan t afford it. No coach-painter near.\\nWell, you think so, doubtless. But we dispute both as-\\nsertions. You can afford it, and there is a coach-painter\\nnear. He is as close as your own good right arm you\\ncan do it yourself, when once you know how.\\nHow to renovate the carriage or wagon Let us suppose\\nthe body to be black, the wheels and running-gear red.\\nFirst procure the following materials: One pound of\\ndrop-black ground in Japan if you can not get it ground\\nin Japan, get it in linseed oil one pound of Indian red, for\\nthe w^heels and running-gear one quart of good varnish,\\nseveral sheets of member one and a half sand-paper, and\\nnumber five and a quarter ground pumice-stone (very fine).\\nRub the body first with sand-paper, then mix your drop-\\nblack with turpentine and varnish, and paint the body\\nwhen thoroughly dry, rub it well with the pumice-stone and\\nwater on a rag then paint again, and when thoroughly dry\\nvarnish with clear varnish, Avithout the drop-black added.\\nMix the Indian red with linseed oil and turpentine, and\\npaint the Avheels and running-gear when thoroughly dry\\nvarnish with clear varnish.\\nIt is best to do this Avork during the winter months, when\\nthere are no small insects to light upon it and impair its\\nappearance, which will be equal to new. If there is a pat-\\nent-leather dasher to be looked after, rub in two or three\\ncoats of castor oil, or sweet oil, and, after it is well dried,\\na coat of varnish.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 419\\nYou will also find, if you try, that you can re-stufFand\\ncover cushions, line curtains, and fix up your vehicles\\ngenerally, not only improving their appearance, but con-\\ntributing to their longevity.\\nA thrifty farmer can also avoid having unsafe wheels,\\nby soaking them thoroughly once a year with hot linseed\\noil, hiid on with a paint-brush keep it as hot as possible\\nwhile using it a small iron j^ot set on top of glowing em-\\nbers is the best way. Wheels treated in this simple man-\\nner will last a life-time, and shrunken spokes and loose\\ntires will be things obsolete.\\nOf scarcely, if any, less importance than a good vehicle\\nis harness of a similar character. From faults in these two\\nparticulars come more than half the accidents on the road\\nthat we see chronicled from time to time. Thanks to de-\\nfective harness which gave way, frightening the horse, the\\nwriter was once thrown from a cart and dragged beneath\\nit, holding fast to the reins, until the runaway brought up\\nagainst a tree, as a Florida runaway is certain to do sooner\\nor later. Yet that harness was supposed to be of excellent\\nquality but it Avas not, as what might have been a fatal\\nexperience proved and so many like instances have come\\nto our knowledge that we deem it a duty to our readers\\nto put them on guard, and advise the purchase of harness\\ndirect from reliable manufacturers who have reputations\\nto lose by sending out faulty harness.\\nThat there are many who come under this head we have\\nno doubt but, personally, we only know of one, and are\\nquite satisfied; and, as the State Granges of New Hamp-\\nshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut give their\\nunqualified indorsement of the manufacturing firm of King\\nCo., of Owego, New York, we feel no hesitation in fol-\\nlowing in their lead, as, both for quality and low prices,\\nwe have been unable to find their equal.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "420 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nA reliable firm and offering specially good advantages\\nto purchasers, says the committee of these Grangers and\\nour Florida settlers who do not know where to turn for a\\ngood honest set of harness, that is sure, to be all that is\\nclaimed for it, will be wise to send to the manufacturers for\\ntheir catalogue. Every body knows, or ought to know,\\nthat goods bought direct from the manufacturer, wdiose\\nwhole fortune rests uj^on his reputation for fair dealing, are\\nsure to be honest and their prices lower than when sold at\\nsecond or third hand, where each handler has to make his\\nprofit from the purchaser. King Co. make harness of\\nall kinds, for carts and carriages, wagons and drays, single\\nor double also saddles and bridles, and in all of these their\\nretail prices are lower than can be found elsewhere for an\\ninferior article offered as the best.\\nIn ordering harness, do not make the mistake of select-\\ning the breast-strap instead of the collar and hames the\\nformer is suitable only for firm, smooth roads where the\\nlabor of pulling is light and easy, but is entirely out of\\nplace on sandy highways, bruising the muscles of the breast\\nand crippling the horse. Neither draw the check-rein tight\\nthat is a needless cruelty at any time, but especially so\\nwhere the animal needs full freedom of every muscle in\\norder to haul with the least fatigue. Tie your own head\\nback and then try to pull a loaded Avheelbarrow behind\\nyou, the wearisome strain of the muscles of the neck and\\nshoulders will soon teach you something of the unneces-\\nsary cross borne by the faithful horse who is tight-reined.\\nWe would dispense with the check- rein entirely, or else\\nuse the overdraw check very loose.\\nSo, also, whether in Florida or any where else on the face\\nof the globe, would we consign those barbarous blinkers,\\nwinkers, or blinders, to the tomb of the past. The lat-\\nter of these several names is literally the true one blind-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 421\\ners they are in every sense of the word and the idea that\\na horse will be less frightened if he hears a noise without\\nseeing its origin is simply ridiculous. Apply it to yourself:\\nAre you more courageous in the dark, hearing a noise you\\ncan not understand, than if you were to see its cause\\nWe most heartily indorse the paragraph below, written\\nby the eminent naturalist, the Kev. J. G. Wood\\nI unhesitatingly condemn blinkers as being among the\\nsilliest of the silly devices whereby man has contrived to\\nlessen the powers of the horse. The notion that horses are\\nguarded by them from taking fright at alarming objects is\\nutterly absurd, the horse being nervously timid when its\\nsenses are partially obscured, and dauntlessly courageous\\nwhen facing a known danger. The horses employed on\\nthe Midland Railway wear no blinkers, and yet they walk\\nabout among the screaming whistles, snorting and puffing\\nengines, as composedly as if they were in their own stables,\\nnot even requiring to be led. To be consistent, the horse s\\nears ought to be furnished with stoppers, so as to prevent\\nthe animal from hearing any sound that might frighten it.\\nThe only excuse for blinkers that has the least sense in it\\nis, that they may possibly save the eyes of horses from the\\nwhips of brutal drivers. But as no man who would flog a\\nhorse about the head ought to be intrusted with a horse,\\neven this very lame defense breaks down.\\nThe proper care of harness is another point upon which\\nevery one is not well informed, and it is an important one\\ntoo, iuvolviug its long-continued usefulness.\\nTO PRESERVE HARNESS.\\nThere is nothing that looks nicer in its way than a clean,\\nbright-looking set of harness, nor is there any thing more\\nquickly damaged by neglect. Harihess should be washed\\nand oiled frequently. To do this effectually the straps", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "422 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nshould be unbuckled and detached and then washed with\\nsoft water and Castile soap, or crown soap, and hung by a\\nslow fire or in the sun until nearly dry, then coated with a\\nmixture of neatsfoot oil and tallow, and allowed to remain\\nfor several hours until perfectly dry, then rubbed thor-\\noughly with a woolen rag. The rubbing is important, as\\nit, in addition to removing the surplus oil and grease, tends\\nto close the pores and gives a finish to the leather. In hang-\\ning harness long wooden pegs should be provided and the\\nstraps allowed to hang always at their full length twisting\\nup the traces, for instance, is a bad practice.\\nHOME-MADE FURNITURE.\\nAmong our Florida settlers, as elsewhere, the money is\\nfrequently lacking to supply such household goods as re-\\nfined taste would dictate, and packing-boxes and lumber\\nfrom the neighboring saw-mill are often the only resources\\navailable. Many, however, are able to purchase, and for\\nthese we can point with pride to the firm of Cleaveland\\nSon, Jacksonville, dealers in furniture and bedding, as the\\nlargest and oldest house in the State of Florida, and the\\nonly one issuing a complete illustrated catalogue. Not only\\ncan we heartily indorse this house as being an honorable\\none, and its prices wonderfully low, but of late it has made\\na specialty of supplying incoming settlers, whether in col-\\nonies or as individuals, with goods sold on the popular in-\\nstallment plan. This inducement, coupled with the low\\nprices at which they are placed, efiectually disposes of the\\nquestion we have frequently been asked, Is it cheaper to\\nbring one s furniture, or to buy it in Florida? If pur-\\nchased of Cleaveland Son, we believe the balance of ex-\\npense would be in favor of buying it in Florida, except-\\ning only such special pieces of furniture as are valued for\\nassociation s sake.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 423\\nFor stoves and other hardware, S. B. Hubbard Co.\\nwill be found ready to meet every call satisfactorily.\\nBut for those who must trust to making the most of the\\nmaterials at hand, the following directions will be found\\ninvaluable in creating order out of disorder, comfort out\\nof discomfort, softness and beauty out of hard, angular\\nugliness, and plenty out of scant materials.\\nAnd now let us see how to go to work to do all this.\\nBED-ROOM FURNITURE.\\nSuppose you have no bed Avell, make one. Go out to\\nthe nearest hammock and get some strong, ^^liable saplings,\\nhickory or oak, two for the sides of the bedstead, two for\\nthe ends for the legs you want thicker saplings, sawed off\\nto the height you wish the posts to be if you want a head-\\nboard, let the posts run up accordingly. Of course the\\nbark must be peeled off from the saplings before they are\\nfit to use. Into one side of each post cut a notch at the\\nheight from the floor that you desire your bed to be re-\\nmembering to allow for the height of the mattress of such\\na size as to allow the side and end saplings to fit neatly\\nwithin them, then a few nails or screws will render them\\nsecure, and if you have a firm foundation to work upon,\\nif the posts are stout enough, and if you can get an auger\\nthat will bore a hole through them large enough for the\\nsaplings to slip into, so much the better in this case, use\\nhot glue in the holes liberally before putting in the side\\nand end pieces. A light hempen rope run in and out in\\na net-work from one end of the frame-work to the other,\\ntightly drawn, makes a first-rate spring. This is for a\\ntural-lural bedstead that need not cost a penny, unless\\nit is for rope and cutting the saplings but if you prefer\\nto procure lumber from a mill, the bedstead can be made\\non the same plan in this case the rope can be dispensed", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "424 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nwith, the side pieces made deeper, a slat nailed on the bot-\\ntom and battens laid across from side to side to support the\\nmattress. But this would not give as much spring as the\\nrope. If you have a fence made of pickets and wires, go\\nand look at it and get an idea. There is a good deal of\\nspring in that, and by driving staples in the ends of your\\nhome-made bedstead, weaving some pliable wire in and out\\naround the laths or battens, and twisting the ends of the\\nwires through the staples, you will have a veritable spring-\\nbed. All cracks can be filled up with common brown soap,\\nand then there will be no trouble about vermin.\\nAbout the head-board If you are making the rustic\\nbedstead, stretch tightly across from post to post (a slat\\nnailed across at the top is an improvement) a piece of\\nmuslin, satin or calico, plain satteen or muslin, a floral\\ndesign worked on it in outline stitch in the center makes\\na very neat finish. If, however, the bedstead is made of\\nour Florida pine lumber, a pretty head-board could be\\nmade from selected pieces nailed across from j^ost to post,\\nand the top board could be sawed into an arched form,\\nthen, if oiled and varnished, or stained with walnut stain,\\nno one need wish for a neater looking bedstead.\\nThe mattress Florida moss, pine needles, palmetto\\nleaves, or excelsior, are all good materials for the filling.\\nThe moss should be buried for a month or more, then\\nwashed and dried the pine needles should be washed and\\nthen thoroughly dried, this is^all the preparation they need\\nfor palmetto, procure the green leaves, cut them from the\\nmidrib and strip each blade, a three-tined fork is a good\\nimplement to use, let them dry thoroughly. Of these three\\nhome products we prefer the latter, it makes a clean, sweet,\\nspringy mattress that will last for years, so that the trouble\\nof gathering and preparing them is fully repaid. If you\\nhave excelsior -at hand, this, also, will serve the purpose,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 425\\neither by itself, or used in connection with one of the other\\nstuffing materials but it is the least desirable.\\nAs to the making of the mattress, here are directions\\nfurnished by one of our Florida housekeepers, which have\\nborne the test of eight years experience Make the tick\\nfor a double bed in two sections, it is so much easier to\\nhandle, and then there is never any sagging or ridge in\\nthe middle of the bed. If possible, buy a good article of\\nticking, for, if properly made, it should last a life-time.\\nIn cutting, allow a good margin both in length and breadth,\\nelse it will draw up in the stuffing, and be too short and\\ntoo narrow.\\nCut out and sew up, box shape a glance at a ready-\\nmade mattress will show you how put the seams inside to\\navoid harbors for insects; leave one end half open in the\\nmiddle of the seam. Have ready strong tape or strips of\\nticking cut in lengths of about six inches sew these to\\nthe wrong side of the tick with stout thread, about nine\\ninches apart place a folded bit of the ticking or bright-\\ncolored cloth or leather on the top side, and sew through\\nall very securely. Be very careful that each strip on the\\ntop-side is exactly opposite the corresponding one on the\\nbottom side. K^ow, keeping your tick wrong side out, or\\nrather, turned back to the first row of strings, stuff the\\ninterval between these and the end with your moss or pal-\\nmetto, or whatever else you use, and do not spare it, stuff\\nin all you possibly can remember it will settle with use\\nthen tie the strings securely, slip the ticking along to the\\nnext row of strings, and proceed as before, and so continue\\nuntil the stuffing is completed then sew uj) the end, and\\nyour mattress is an accomplished fact.\\nIn lieu of springs, an under-ticking may be made, leav-\\ning one half the seam oj)en in the middle of the top, and\\nfilled with pine needles. The odor of the pine is very pleas-", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "426 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nant and healthful, and by pushing a broom-stick in the\\nopen slit the needles are stirred up and kept from packing.\\nThe great advantage of this method of making the tick-\\ning lies in the facility with which it may be emptied, the\\ncontents j^icked over and replaced, making each time a\\ngood as new mattress, without the labor of a new tick-\\ning there is no ripping to be done except at the end which\\nwas sewed up last, only the strings to untie and tie again.\\nBolsters and pillows For bolsters and pillows, the same\\nmaterials as for the mattress pine needles, palmetto, moss,\\nshavings are often used but for those who can procure\\nthem, feathers are far preferable, especially for the pillows.\\nThey need not be geese feathers to be comfortable those\\nof chickens, killed for the table, are good enough if prop-\\nerly cured, and this is a simple matter scalding does not\\nhurt them all that is necessary is to dry them very thor-\\noughly. A good way is to put them in a bag and lay them\\nin a moderately warm oven the small feathers are all right,\\nbut the pen-feathers (wings and tail) need to be stripped.\\nThe bureau For the bureau, a box of suitable size is\\njust the thing, and four blocks glued and nailed at the\\ncorners will make the feet if you have casters, so much\\nthe better always use them, if possible, on heavy furni-\\nture, it saves all around, the furniture itself, the floor, the\\ncarpet and, more than all, your own strength. Many a\\nwoman has made herself an invalid for life by pushing or\\npulling or lifting heavy furniture. Sisters, don t do it if\\nyou can not have casters, let the dirt be better that than\\ninjure your health.\\nInstead of drawers, which are difficult for an amateur\\nto fit properly, put in shelves. Strips nailed on the inside\\nof the box for the shelving to rest on are best it is best,\\ntoo, not to fasten the shelves, but slip them in, so that they\\ncan be readily taken out to clean. A front nailed on the", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 427\\nouter side of the shelves, three or four inches high, will\\nkeep clothing and small articles from falling out, while a\\nneat curtain, parting in the center, Avill conceal the shelves\\nand their contents. The same material can be tacked\\nsmoothly on the sides, or the latter can be painted, var-\\nnished, or stained with walnut stain. If one is skillful\\nenough to make doors for the bureau, so much the better.\\nThen, if a mirror is forthcoming, make a frame that will\\nfit around it, the two side pieces running down and being\\nscrewed to the back of the bureau. To fasten the glass to\\nthe uprights, put a strip across the back, screwed to the\\nframe of the mirror and also to the uprights. The top\\ncan be finished like a pointed arch or straight across, as\\npreferred. The uprights should be at least three inches\\nwide, and this will allow a small bracket to be fastened to\\neach one to hold candles, toilet bottles, vases or jewel boxes.\\nThe washstand As good a washstand as one need want\\ncan be made from a box stood on end, with a top made of\\nboards, if not large enough without. Around the top nail\\na strip that shall project about half an inch above the sur-\\nface, so as to form a ledge, omitting it in front of course.\\nA narrow shelf, raised up a little, running across the back,\\nfurnishes a good resting-place for the soap-cup, tooth-brush\\nholder and cup, leaving the top free for pitcher and basin.\\nOne or two shelves fitted inside the box make a nice closet\\nfor medicine bottles, salve, old linen handkerchiefs (handy\\nfor binding up the wounded heroes of the family), and\\nother odds and ends of a like nature.\\nToilet table A barrel with a couple of boards nailed\\nacross will make an excellent foundation for a toilet table.\\nThe top, if planed, may be painted or varnished if rough,\\nsome kind of cloth or muslin should be drawn smoothly\\nover it and tacked at the edges then full around it mate-\\nrial to match, and you will have a very pretty toilet table.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "428 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nA mirror, if you prefer it here instead of on the bureau,\\nadds very much to its appearance, especially if set off by\\na half-circle shelf above it, fastened to the wall, from\\nwhich depends some graceful drapery, parted in the center\\nand sweeping to either side of the table. A square hole\\ncut in the front or side of the barrel at the base, makes a\\nconvenient receptacle for shoes or a hat-box, which is en-\\ntirely concealed by the drapery.\\nTHE ROSS NOVELTY RUG MACHINE.\\nThis is a subject that excites our enthusiasm, and well it\\nmay, as we look around us upon the handsome rugs of wool-\\nen yarn and rags, and the silk chair covers, and table cov-\\ners, that our household owes to this little wonder-worker.\\nWith this simple machine in hand (it is so very simple\\nthat a child can use it), there is not a scrap of cotton, silk,\\nor woolen rags, old coats, merino stockings or dresses, that\\ncan not be utilized, with ease, and converted into handsome,\\ndurable rugs, mats, chair, ottoman, lounge or table covers\\nand the lighter shades of these otherwise waste pieces\\ncan be readily dyed by the aniline dyes of any color or\\nshade desired.\\nThe Ross Novelty Machine costs but one dollar by mail\\n(Ross Co., Toledo, Ohio, are the manufacturers), but\\nthe number of dollars that may be saved by its use are in-\\nfinite. Let us see how it works.\\nThe first thing after getting your machine first catch\\nyour hare is to get a frame, a very simple aflfair, four\\nstrips, one and a half inches wide, one inch thick two of\\nthe four strips should be six or seven feet long the latter\\nis safer, if you want large rugs and the other two, three\\nfeet long; bore auger-holes through them, about three\\ninches apart, of a size to fit the four common iron bolts,\\nwith nuts, which complete the frame if stained with black", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 429\\nwalnut, the latter will look very neat yellow pine, how-\\never, will only need to be sand-paj^ered and varnished. Of\\ncourse, having the frame made this way, it can he put to-\\ngether, by means of the bolts, to suit any size rug desired.\\nThe manufacturers supply regular patterns for rugs, lap-\\nrobes, and foot-stools, stamped upon burlap all ready for\\nworking, and also carpet yarn of the proper colors. These\\nmake soft, thick, beautiful rugs serviceable enough for\\ndoor-mats, handsome enough for the parlor, and they are\\nnot expensive either. At the same time, it is not necessary\\nto purchase these armed with the little machine, and an\\noat or corn sack, and some woolen rags cut about a quarter\\nof an inch wide (not sewed) you can make as handsome a\\nrug as any one need desire, without its costing one cent.\\nTurn the edges of the oat sack, stitch them down to make\\nthem strong, then set the frame so that it will be about an\\ninch larger than the prepared piece, and then with strong\\ntwine, fastening the four corners first, and a stout needle,\\na sail-needle or short ui^holsterer s needle, sew in the sack-\\ning, drawing it as tight and straight as possible. Then\\nyou are ready to go to work, having your rags cut and\\nhandy in a basket at your side. Nearly all the work can\\nbe done sitting in a chair neither is there any hard push-\\ning, but just a quiet simple motion of the hand pushing\\nthe needle and loop in and out; the stitch is automatic,\\nthe same size each time.\\nYou can work the colors just as they come, hit or miss,\\nor you can lay the sacking on the floor after it is stretched\\nand draw on it any design you fancy work right on the\\npattern, it will be thrown out on the other, or right side,\\nand also turn the hemmed-down edge toward you, so that\\nthe right side will be smooth, no ravelings to work up and\\nspoil the neatness of the rug.\\nThe writer has made rugs on the stamped burlap patterns,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "430 HOME LIFE IN FLOKIDA.\\nusing woolen rags, and the result is almost if not quite\\nequal to the effect of the carpet yarn. A pattern one yard\\nlong and half as wide costs forty cents and makes a good-\\nsized rug, the yarn for this costs ninety cents a rug pat-\\ntern one yard and three quarters by one and a half yards\\ncosts seventy-five cents, and the yarn about two dollars and\\na half. Of course the yarns are nicer for parlor use if they\\ncan be afforded, but if not, the woolen rags, especially if\\nsome silk be mixed with them, are almost as haudsome.\\nArmed with this little rug machine, oat sacks, and rags,\\nthe work of brightening up the floors and covering the\\nfurniture of the plainest houses will not only be easy but\\npleasant. The work is really fascinating. For ten cents,\\nthe manufacturers send a little book of colored patterns\\nfrom which to order.\\nWe find so much rest and relief for mind and body, and\\nso much profit for our home surroundings, in this light,\\npleasant occupation, that can be taken up or dropped at a\\nmoment s notice, the frame and chairs standing always\\nready, that we feel grateful to the little rug machine, and\\nwould like to see one in every home all over the laud no\\nbetter investment could be made of a dollar.\\nThe making of rugs and covers by no means exhausts\\nthe list of its virtues added to these are tidies, lap-robes\\nfor carriages, lamp-mats, wrist-warmers, winter caps for\\ngirls and boys, slippers, warm smoking caps for men, and\\nnice mittens for these last and the caps the manufacturers\\nfurnish patterns. In fact, there seems to be hardly any limit\\nto the articles that may be made with this little machine,\\nwith its two Avorking parts, the needle and loop-holder.\\nWe have heard of a crumb-cloth and stair-carpet being\\nmade with it but that seems a waste of time, when they\\ncan be bought so cheaply a silk bed-spread could be made,\\nhowever, one that would be very handsome and durable.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 431\\nTHE BARREL CHAIR.\\nNo list of home-made furniture would be complete with-\\nout the famous old-time barrel chair, which is really, if\\nproperly made, one of the most cosy resting-places imagin-\\nable.\\nYou want a good, strong barrel for the foundation, sugar\\nbarrel for instance, and the first thing to do is to nail the\\ncentral hoop firmly to the staves, clinch nails are best to\\nuse then secure the bottom hoop half way across the bar-\\nrel intact, to serve as a back, which can be varied in height\\nand shape as desired, and made with arms or without. The\\nseat is formed by nailing stout pieces of wood to the sides\\nof the barrel of the proper height to reach from the bot-\\ntom to the seat, when placed on end three or four placed\\nat equal distances around the inside will make a good found-\\nation for nailing across stout strips of webbing, two or three\\neach way interwoven. If you have not got the Avebbing,\\nstrips of strong ticking, doubled and stitched, from two to\\nthree inches wide, will do as well. Over this tack strong\\nbagging an oat sack will do very well.\\nMake sure that this is not slighted, for it is not condu-\\ncive to comfort or good temper to sit down on an empty\\nspace, as sometimes happens if the seat of a chair is not\\nsecurely made.\\nThe next step is to make a cushion of the same shaj)e as\\nthe back, and another for the seat, and tack them in place.\\nThen cover the rest of the chair neatly with the same ma-\\nterial, chintz or cretonne are best. If one is willing to\\ntake the trouble to tuft the cushions, they will be all the\\nmore comfortable, and the chair will look like an expen-\\nsive, regularly upholstered piece of furniture.\\nTwo or three of these barrel chairs will be found very\\ncosy in the family sitting-room, and half-barrels, treated\\nthe same way, make comfortable chairs for the little folks.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "432 HOME LIFE IN FLORIDA.\\nStrong packing-boxes also can be transformed into very\\ndesirable chairs, by sawing them into the proper shape and\\nthen proceeding as with the barrels. If the bottom of the\\nbox as it stands in position for the chair is left intact, and\\nthe seat made of solid board and hinged, a first-class shoe\\nor hat-box results. The cushion should be tacked to the\\nlid so as not to be displaced.\\nEockers Why, yes, of course you can have rockers.\\nThey can be sawed out from a thick board, and made as\\ngood as a bought rocker.\\nA divan, as pretty as it is comfortable, may be easily\\nmade if you have a spare mattress, and if you have not\\nit will pay to make one, only, in this case, it might be as\\nwell to make it in tAvo sections, the one for the back, the\\nother for the seat.\\nBut supposing that you have the spare mattress on hand,\\nthis is the way to make the divan place the mattress so\\nthat one third of it rests against the wall, then fold the\\nother part over toward it, and fasten the folded parts in\\nproper positions, the back and seat at right angles. If you\\ncan place it on a box or platform about a foot high, so\\nmuch the better, but it will do very well without. With\\na pretty cover of some cheap material and one or two\\nsquare pillows to match, you will find that you have one\\nof the most cosy resting-places imaginable.\\nA HOME-MADE REFRIGERATOR.\\nObtain tw^o common dry-goods boxes, of such sizes that\\nthe smaller one will be large enough to hold the ice and\\nfood you wish to keep within it, and the other will be\\nabout four inches larger around. The smaller one must\\nbe lined with zinc, or it will absorb moisture from the ice\\nand soon make trouble. Near one corner of the bottom\\nof the smaller box bore a hole an inch in diameter, and,", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "HELPFUL HINTS. 433\\nwhen the box is lined with zinc, have a tube about seven\\ninches long securely fastened in this hole. There must be\\nno crevice into which the water can soak. A cover, which\\nalso should be zinc-lined, must be fitted to the box. Then\\nj^rocure some charcoal, broken finely, and fill the larger\\nbox (in which a hole has first been bored to receive the tube\\nfrom the inner box) with the powdered charcoal to a depth\\nof about four inches. Place the smaller box on the char-\\ncoal, and fill the space between the sides of the two boxes\\nwith the charcoal, up even with the inner box, and cover\\nthe space with a neat strip of board. This will give you a\\nbox with double bottom and sides filled with charcoal, the\\nvery best of non-conductors. With an outer cover, the\\nsize of the larger box, and four blocks to raise the whole\\nfrom the floor, so that a pan may be placed under the tube\\nto catch the water which comes from the melted ice, the\\nwhole will be done, except to add shelves as desired.\\nAn improvement on this plan could be made by arrang-\\ning the boxes so that the ice would be at the top, with the\\nshelves below, the outer cover becoming a door, and the\\ntop hinged to admit the ice.\\nHow to preserve food with sulphur is another good thing\\nto know, especially where ice is not obtainable.\\nIt is very simple, yet effective. Take an ordinary wood-\\nen box, make the joints air-tight, hinge the lid and make\\nthat also air-tight then bore a series of holes around the\\nsides, inside, not through, but deep enough to drive wood-\\nen pegs into. On these pegs hang any meat, fish or game,\\nthat you wish to keep place in the box a tin plate with\\nsome sand and a few live coals, sprinkle on the latter a\\nlittle sulphur, close the box and the work is done. Food,\\ncooked or raw, can be kept in this way for a week or more.\\nThere is no taste or smell.", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3370", "width": "2127", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3671", "width": "2257", "jp2-path": "homelifeinflorid00warn_0450.jp2"}}