{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2980", "width": "2164", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "Home of my heart, I sing of thee,\\nMichigan, my Michigan.\\nThy lake-bound shores I long to see,\\nMichigan, my Michigan.\\nFrom Saginaw s tall whispering pines\\nTo Lake Superior s farthest mines.\\nFair in the light of memory shines,\\nMichigan, my Michigan.\\nWak Song\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mrs. Jane W. Brent.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Michigan State Capitol.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "A PRIMER\\nIIOHIGAN HISTORY\\nB R I E F S K E T C H\\nMATERIAL RESOURCES OF THE STATE.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wnvc. cr. acD:K..\\n^.^K\\nHENRY R. PATTENGILL, PrsLiSHER,\\nLansing, Michigan.\\n188G.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "f^^^.\\n,c^i\\nCOPYRIGHT BY\\nWIM. J. COX\\n1886.\\nThorp Godfrey,\\nPRINTERS AND BINDERS,\\nLANSING, MICH.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nIt is believed that the youth who attend onr public\\nschools should acquire some knowledge of the chief\\nfacts in the history of the State which provides for\\ntheir education, and of which they are the future\\nguardians and citizens. That the pupils of the\\naverage school have received sufficient and systematic\\ninstruction in Michigan history, will scarcely be\\nclaimed by any one whose observation of the matter\\nhas been both wide and careful.\\nThe standard text-books of American history are\\nnecessarily silent upon many points of local interest\\nand importance; while, on the other hand, the\\nseveral histories of the State are too lengthy and too\\nexpensive for general class use. Owing to various\\ncauses, the place of a text-book on this subject is\\nrarely supplied by oral instruction. The attempt\\nhas been made, therefore, to present some of the\\nsalient points of Michigan history in a form\\nsutHciently concise and inexpensive to meet the needs\\nof the class-room, and of the busy private student.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "PKEPACE.\\nIt is believed that the Pkimer can be used without\\nencroaching upon the time properly given to the\\ngeneral study of American history. As this little\\nwork is designed to be used as a supplement to the\\nordinary text-book, subjects commonly treated in\\nthe latter are considered only in their local rela-\\ntions.\\nThe natural resources of Michigan are so many,\\nand the industrial pursuits of the various sections\\nare so different, that children reared in one part of\\nthe State have often little or no conception of tlie\\nconditions existing elsewhere. It has seemed proper,\\ntherefore, to include a chapter on this subject.\\nFor favors received during the preparation of the\\nPrimer, the compiler desires to acknowledge his\\nobligations to the Hon. Yarnum B. Cochran, former\\nSuperintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan\\nto the Rev. J. H. Pitezel, author of Lights and\\nShades of Missionary Life and other works; to\\nSupt. E. T. Curtis of Calumet; and to Henry E.\\nPattengill, the publisher. For the Map showing the\\nlocation of the chief Material Resources of the State,\\nthe Primer is indebted to Principal F. E. Wood\\nof this place.\\nFor the beautiful illustrations which adorn its", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PKEFACE.\\npages the Primer is indebted to the Detroit Cleve-\\nland Steam N avigation Company, who, through the\\ncourtesy of their agent, Mr. C. D. Whitcomb, of\\nDetroit, contributed the use of the plates.\\nIn prei3aring the following pages, the works of\\nFrancis Parkman, Judge Campbell, Judge Cooley,\\nMrs. E. M. Sheldon, and the Lanmans, and the\\nTransactions of the Old Historical Society of Michi-\\ngan, have been freely used, with proper credits for\\ndirect quotations.\\nW. J. C.\\nHancock, Mich., July, 1886.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nIntroduction 1-6\\nChapter I 7-16\\nFrench Period\u00e2\u0080\u0094 16 34 to 1760. The first explorer, 7.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French mis-\\nsionaries, 7.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fur traders, 10.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An early map of the great lakes.\\n13.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LaSalle and the vovaare of the Griffin, 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Founding of\\nDetroit, 15.- The French War, 15.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General note on the French\\nPeriod, 16.\\nChapter- II.. ..17-30\\nEnylish Period, 1760 to 1796. Taking possession, 17.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pontiac s\\nConspiracy, 18.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The leader, 19.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The plan, 19.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The attack, 20.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDetroit, 20.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 St. Joseph, 26.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michiliraackinac, 26.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General note\\non the struggle, 27.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Conclusion of the English Period, 28.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Map\\nof Mackinac Island, 30.\\nChapter ni 31-52\\nTerritorial Period, 1796 to 1837. Michigan as part of the North-\\nwest Territory, 31.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indiana Territory, 33.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan Territory,\\n34.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Second war with England, 36.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Capture of Fort Mackinac,\\n37.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General HulTs Canadian campaign, 39.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hull s surrender of\\nDetroit and Michigan, 4.O.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 British possession of Michigan for a\\ntime, 41.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Perry s victory and the recapture of Michigan, 42.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMichigan Territory under Governor ass, 43.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fort Mackinac,\\n45.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governoi% 45.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Condition of affairs, 46.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Survey and\\nsale of public lands, 47.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The printing press, 47.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The steamboat,\\n48.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Public roads, 48.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Erie Canal, 49.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Promotion of Gen-\\neral Cass and condition of the Territory in 1831, 49.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Close of the\\nTerritorial Period, 50.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Toledo War, 50.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State Conven-\\ntions, 51.\\nChapter IV .52-74\\nMiclxigan ax a State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1837 to 1886. First Constitution of Michi-\\ngan, .52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Internal improvement scheme, 53.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wild-cat baiik-\\ning, 55.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Education, 57.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pioneers, 62.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mormons m Michigan, 04.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Removal of the State Capital, 65.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Second Constitution of\\nMichigan, 65.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Political matters, 67.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reference lists of proral-\\nnent otficers of Michigan, 67.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan in the Civil War, 69.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMiscellaneous, 71.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reference lists of State institutions, 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nConclusion, 73.\\nChapter V 74-95\\nA Brief Sketch of the Material Resources of the State. Location\\nand size, 74.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Surface, 74.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Map showing location of chief nat-\\nural proilucts of Michigan. 75.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Soil, 78.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Climate, 78.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Farm\\nproducts, 79.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fruits, 80.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Value of the products of the soil, 81.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nForest products, 81.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Value of forest products, 84.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mineral pro-\\nducts, 84.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Copper, 85.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iron, 88.- Gold and silver, 91.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Slate, 91.-\\nSalt, 92.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gypsum, 93.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coal, 95.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stone, 93.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Value of mineral\\nproducts, 94.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fisheries, 94.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Conclusion, 94.\\nQuet?tt:s ;-liH)\\nIndex I M l():i\\nviii", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "A PRIMER OF MICHIGA]^^ HISTORY\\nINTRODUCTION.\\nAs the territory which forms the present State of\\nMichigan was first explored, settled and controlled\\nby Frenchmen, its earliest history is inseparably\\nconnected with that of the province of New France.\\nDuring the first quarter of the century Avhich\\nfollowed the discovery of America, while Spain and\\nEngland were deeply interested in projects of explo-\\nration and excited by dreams of gold and glory, the\\nkings of France were too deeply involved in Italian\\nwars to give much attention to the Western World.\\nBut after the defeat of 1521, King Francis I of\\nFrance found time to observe, in a spirit of envy,\\nthat his rival, Charles V of Spain and Germany,\\nw^as reaping profit and renown from explorations in\\nAmerica. Accordingly King Francis I fitted out an\\nexpedition under John Verrazzano, a Florentine\\nnavigator whom he had enlisted in the service of\\nFrance.\\n1524 This expedition crossed the ocean in the\\nearly part of the year 1524, making the voyage", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "2 A PRIMER OF\\nfrom Madeira Island to the coast of North Carolina\\nin fifty days. Verrazzano examined the coast from\\nCarolina to Nova Scotia in the hope of finding a\\npassage to Cathay as China was then called which\\nhad been one of the chief objects of the expedition.\\nBy the time they reached Newfoundland, provisions\\nbegan to grow short and they set sail for France.\\nVerrazzano s voyage is interesting to ns for two\\nreasons: First, he named the country New France;\\nand secondly, he wrote the first description of its\\ncoast.\\n1534 The next French movements of importance\\nin this connection were the voyages of Jacques\\nCartier a bold seaman of St. Malo. On his first\\ntrip to New France (1534) Cartier entered the Gulf\\nof St. Lawrence and sailed up as far as Anticosti\\nIsland, supposing all the time that he had found\\nthe long-sought i: assage to Cathay. But the weather\\nwas becoming cold and stormy, and the explorers\\nreturned to France for the winter. The next spring\\n(1535) Cartier came back with three vessels and\\nascended the St. Lawrence River to the present site\\nof Montreal. After visiting the Indians of the\\nneighboring village and making the ascent of the\\nmountain which he named Monf Royal Cartier\\nand his comrades sailed down to the spot now occu-\\npied by the city of Quebec, where they went into\\nwinter quarters. Before spring the scurvy broke\\nout, and not less than twenty-six of the company", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAIs^ HISTORY.\\nfound graves under the deep Canadian snows. In\\nthe early summer (1536) Cartier, with the rest of\\nthe survivors, returned to France.\\n1541\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Not dismayed by the hardships through\\nwhich he had passed, the courageous navigator of\\nSt. Malo made another voyage to the New World,\\nthis time for the purpose of planting a colony on\\nthe banks of the St. Lawrence. Roberval, who was\\nto have followed him shortly, failed to reach New\\nFrance until the following spring (1542), when he\\nfound Cartier just on the point of leaving for\\nFrance. Roberval tried to prevent the old navigator\\nfrom deserting the enterprise, but in vain, as Cartier\\nstole away under cover of night.\\nThe attempts of Roberval, La Roche, Pont crave\\nand Chauvin to found colonies in New France ended\\nin speedy failures.\\n1605\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first effort to plant an agricultural\\nisettlement on the shores of Acadia was made by\\nDe Monts, at Port Royal (now Anapolis), Nova\\nScotia. After a struggling existence of tAvo years,\\nthe enterprise was abandoned.\\n1608\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The next year after the planting of the\\nEnglish colony at Jamestown witnessed the founding\\nof Quebec\u00e2\u0080\u0094 where Cartier had spent the winter of\\n1535-36\u00e2\u0080\u0094 by Samuel Champlain. ^^Five years before,\\nhe had explored the St. Lawrence as far as the\\nrapids above Montreal. On its banks, as he thought,\\nwas the true site for a settlement, a fortified post.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "4 A PRIMER OF\\nwhence^ as from a secure basis, the waters of the\\nvast interior might be traced back toward their\\nsources, and a Avestern route discovered to China and.\\nthe East. For the fur trade, too, the innumerable-\\nstreams that descended to the great river might all\\nbe closed against foreign intrusion b}^ a single fort\\nat some commanding point, and made tributary to\\na rich and j)ermanent commerce while and this,\\nwas nearer to his heart, for he had often been\\nheard to say that the saving of a soul was worth\\nmore than the conquest of an empire countless\\nsavage tribes, in the bondage of Satan, might hy\\nthe same avenues be reached and redeemed.\\nDe Monts embraced his views; and, fitting out\\ntwo ships, gave command of one to the elder Pont-\\ngrave, of the other to Champlain. The former wa\\nto trade with the Indians and bring back the cargo\\nof furs which, it was hoped, would meet the expense\\nof the voyage. To the latter fell the harder task of\\nsettlement and exjiloration*.\\nChamplain and his party began their work at\\nQuebec earl}^ in July (1608), and after weeks of\\nvigorous exertion they were comfortably housed in\\nwooden buildings surrounded by a strong wall..\\nTwenty-eight persons went into winter quarters, but\\nthe scurvy broke out before spring, and only eight\\nof the founders of Quebec were alive at the close of\\nthe gloomy winter.\\nParkman s Pioneers of France in the New W^orld.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAJs HISTORY. 5\\nDuring the next few years Champlain devoted his\\ntime and energies to the strengthening of the colony\\n.and to the exploration of the great interior. He\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0discovered the lake which bears his name in 1611,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2and visited Lake Huron in 1015. In 1620 he brought\\nhis wife over to New France, and entered with\\nrenewed vigor upon all the enterprises connected\\nwith colonial life. The colonists were greatly en-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2couraged to find their governor willing thus to unite\\nall his interests with theirs, and pursued the arduous\\nlabors, and endured the privations of their lot with\\n-an energy and fortitude hitherto unknown*.\\nMeanwhile other settlements were planted, of which\\nMontreal was the most important; but, as the fur\\ntrade was the chief occupation of the colonists as\\nwell as the chief concern of the companies that sup-\\nported the enterprises, the growth and prosperity of\\nNew France by no means fulfilled the expectations\\nof its founders.\\n1626 About this time the company of New\\nFrance, consisting of one hundred associates with the\\nFrench minister, Cardinal Richelieu, at the head,\\nwas organized, with a capital of three hundred\\nthousand livres, and with many privileges from the\\nFrench crown.\\n1629 In 1629 Quebec was surrendered to the\\nEnglish, who espoused the cause of the Huguenots\\nin their revolt then in progress. Champlain and\\nSheldon s Early History of Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "6 A PKIMER OF\\nhis people were distressed by famine, and he deemed\\nit best to comply at once with the demand of the-\\nEnglish commander, and surrendered the post with-\\nout resistance. Some of the colonists remained at.\\nQuebec, and three years later (1632), by the treaty\\nof St. Germain, the territory was returned to tlio\\nFrench crown.\\nIn 1635 New France suffered a severe loss in the\\ndeath of Champlain, who for a third of a century\\nhad devoted the best energies of a strong mind and\\na warm heart to the French interests in the New\\nWorld.\\nOther governors came and went with the busy\\nyears, but, as it is not the purpose of this little\\nnarrative to follow the historic fortunes of New\\nFrance further than seems necessary for a starling\\npoint in Michigan history, their names and deeds\\nmust be left to the goodly volumes which dijicuss the\\nsubject at lenirtli.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAX HISTORY. 7\\nCHAPTER I.\\nKrenchi Period\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1634 to 1T60.\\nTHE FIRST EXPLORER.\\n1634: It is believed that the first white man\\nwho visited any i3art of the territory embraced in\\nthe present State of Michigan was Jean l^icolet\\nwho was in the service of Governor Champlain and\\nthat he first set foot upon the soil at the spot now\\noccupied by the toAvn of Sanlt de Ste. Marie.\\nNicolet ascended the Ottawa and Mattawan rivers,\\npassed through Lake Nipissing, descended French\\nRiver, coasted the northern shore of Lake Huron\\nand ascended the strait to the falls, where he prob-\\nably arrived in the summer of 1634. After a few\\ndays of rest and some friendly interviews with the\\nnatives, Nicolet descended the strait, made a brief\\nvisit at Michilimackinac the Mo-che-ne-mok-e-nung\\nof the Indians and passed on to other fields of\\nexploration not immediately connected with tliis nar-\\nrative.\\nFRENCH MISSIOJfARIES.\\n164:1 The next Europeans that came to this\\nregion were the Jesuit missionaries, Raymbault and\\nJougues, who arrived at the Sault in 1611. They\\nfound about two thousand Indians there, who gave", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "8 A PRIMER OF\\nthem a warm welcome and urged them to remain\\nbut this thej could not do, and after suitable relig-\\nious ceremonies, the priests returned to the eastern\\nmissions.\\n1660\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1G60, Pere Rene Men^ird resolved to\\nfound a mission on Lake Superior, and after a long\\nand tiresome voyage he reached the head of Kewee-\\nnaw Bay, in October. He spent the winter with the\\nIndians in that vicinity, and in the spring resumed\\nhis travels, intending, it is supposed, to visit La\\nPoint, on Madeline Island. He was accompanied by\\na single Indian guide, and was either lost or mur-\\ndered near the modern waterway lvnov\\\\^n as the\\nPortage Lake Ship-canal.\\n1665 Five years later, Pere Claude Allouez\\nreached La Point, established a mission and erected\\na chapel which was the first church edifice west\\nof Lake Huron.\\n1668 The second mission on Lake Superior\\n(called by the Indians Gitcliee Gomi, and by the\\nFrench Lac de Tracy) was founded at the Sault de\\nSte. Marie, by Pere Marquette,* in 1668. Inhabited\\n*Jacques Marquette was born at Laon, France, in 1637, and died at\\nthe mouth of the Pere Marquette River, on the eastern shore ot Lake\\nMichigan, May 18, 1675. He joined the order of Jesuits at the age of\\n17, and was sent to Canada as a missionary in 1666.\\nHaving a natural aptitude for learning languages, he acquired six\\nIndian dialects m the next two years, and was ready to engage in\\nmissionary work in 1668. The establishment of the mission at the\\nSault de Ste. Marie was one of his first public acts.\\nIn scholarship, intellectual vigor and religious devotion, Father\\nMarquette was the peer of the best men of his time, and his name is\\nrevered by all who know and appreciate the sterling qualities which\\nmake men good and great.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN^ HISTORY. 9\\nby Europeans from that time forth, the Sault is\\nthe oldest settlement in the State.\\n1669 jj^ ^(359 Marquette was joined at the Sault\\nby Pere Dablon, Superior of the mission, and tiiey\\n-are described as ^established in a square fort of\\nCedar pickets h* enclosing\\na chapel and a house, with growing crops of\\nwheat, maize, peas, etc.\\nIn the fall of the same year, Marquette took\\n^charge of the mission at La Point, Allouez went to\\nGreen Bay, and Dablon remained at the Sault.\\n1671 For the purpose of gaining a better foot-\\nhold in the region of the great lakes, and in order\\nto foster and perpetuate the spirit of friendship in\\nwhich the Ottawas had received the early mission-\\naries and explorers, M. Talon, Intendant of New\\nFrance, sent messengers to call a great council of\\nthe Indians at the Sault, in the spring of 1671.\\nFourteen tribes of the northwest sent representatives\\nto meet the French officers, who, with due ceremo-\\nnies, took formal possession of the country. After\\nraising the cross and the lilies of France, Pere\\nAllouez, who acted as interpreter on the occasion,\\nmade a speech, in the course of which he jDronounced\\n*a glowing panegyric on his king, Louis XIV, repre-\\nsenting him as the chief of chiefs, who had not\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2his equal in the world.\\nParkman s La Salle and tlie Discovery of the Great West.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "10 A PRIMEE OF\\nDuring this year (1671) Marquette lost the greater-\\nportion of his La Point people through removal, and\\nhimself accompanied a band of Hurons to the Straits\\nof Mackinac, where he founded the mission of St.\\nIgnatius.\\nFor the next nine years (1671-1680) Pere Druilletes\\nwas the leading spirit at the Sault. On several\\noccasions his little chapel was burned to the ground,\\nbut the aged missionary was full of energy, and\\ncontinued to work until, broken by ago, hardships\\nand infirmities, he found it necessary to return to\\nQuebec, where he died in 1C80.\\nThe achievements of the French missionaries in\\nthe wilds of this distant region in those early days\\nadded not a little to the geographical knowledge of\\nthe country; tlieir religious instruction, gentle man-\\nners and Christian character no doubt did much\\nto soften the savage nature of the Indians whom\\nthey taught, and thereby removed some of the diffi-\\nculties from the way of other explorers and although\\nthe visible results of tlieir attempt to Christianize\\nthe natives were few and discouraging, the zeal and\\nheroism of the men who braved danger without\\nflinching and endured suifering without complaining\\nentitle them to warm places in the hearts of all\\nwho love the good and admire the brave.\\nFUR TRADERS.\\nAs the first settlements in New France were mad\u00c2\u00a9", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 11\\nunder the auspices of companies organized for the\\ncarrying on of the fur trade^ the enterprising fol-\\nlowers of this traffic were early and frequent visitors\\nin the region of the great lakes. Induced by the\\nprospect of gain, and having perhaps a keen relish\\nfor adventure, the trader embarked with his mer-\\nchandise in birch canoes, coasted the shores of the\\nlakes, followed the winding courses of the rivers-\\nand penetrated the secluded retreats of the vast\\nwilderness.\\nThis trade gave employment to a large number of\\nboatmen and woodsmen known as coureurs des bois,*\\nA wild looking set were these rangers of the\\nwoods and waters I They had a genuine love\\nfor the occupation, and muscles that seemed never\\nto tire at the paddle and oar. From dawn to sun-\\nset, with only a short interval, and sometimes nO\\nmid-day rest, they would ply these implements,,\\ncausing the canoe or barge to fly through the water\\nlike a thing of life; and again they contended with\\nhead winds and gained but little progress in a day s\\nrowing. The labor of the oar was relieved by songs,\\nto which each stroke kept time with added vigor, f\\nBut owing to too great freedom from the restraints\\nof law and civilized society, many of the coureurs\\ndes hois became so reckless and dissolute as to\\nendanger the interests of their employers, to say\\nLiterally runners of the woods.\\nBela Hubbard, Michigan Pioneer Collections.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "12 A PRIMER OF\\nnothing of the corrnpting influences which they\\nexerted upon the Indians. Fortified posts were\\ntherefore established for the protection of the com-\\npanies.\\nAl^ EARLY MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES.\\n1( 69 Two of the Jesuit missionaries probably\\nAllouez and Marquette made a map of this region\\nabout 1669. This map, which was published in\\n1672, was remarkably accurate for that age. And\\nwhen we remember that its authors were not\\n-engineers by profession, and that the map of the\\ncountry was only an incidental part of their work,\\nwe can hardly understand how the task w^as so well\\nclone.\\nLA SALLE A^B THE VOYAGE OF THE GRIFFIIS\\n1679 Soon after his appointment to the governor-\\ngeneralship of New France, Count Frontenac directed\\nhis attention to the extension of the French power\\nand interests in the New World. And among the\\nstrong men who assisted in the exploration of the\\ninterior. La Salle acted a prominent part. After\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2establishing a trading post called Fort Frontenac, La\\nSalle decided to build a vessel suitable for the navi-\\ngation of the great lakes, for the purpose of\\nconducting an exploring expedition to the Mississij^pi\\nEiver. He resigned his command at Fort Frontenac\\nand went to a point two leagues above Niagara\\nFalls, where he began the construction of the vessel.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. iiy\\nlate in the autumn of 1678. The schooner, which\\nwas called the Griffin, was of sixty tons burden,,\\narmed Avith five guns. On the 7th of August, 1679,\\nshe set sail for the first voyage ever made by a\\nvessel on the great lakes. The Griffin was com-\\nmanded by La Salle,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 who was accompanied by\\nHennepin, the missionary, and manned by a crew\\nof fur-traders. They were ignorant of the depth of\\nthe water, and felt their way cautiously. They\\nreached the mouth of the Detroit Eiver on the 10th\\nof August, and sailing northward passed the Indian\\nvillage of Teuchsagrondie, on the site now occupied\\nby the city of Detroit. The place had been visited\\nby the French missionaries and traders, but no set-\\ntlement had been attempted.\\nThey passed on through Lake St. Clair,* ascended\\nthe St. Clair Eiver, and experienced a severe storm\\non Lake Huron.\\nAt length the tempest-tossed Griffin reached the\\nharbor of St. Ignace. ^Before her rose the house\\nand chapel of the Jesuits, enclosed with palisades;\\non the right, the Huron village, with its bark\\ncabins and its fence of tall pickets on the left, the\\nsquare, compact houses of the French traders; and,\\nnot far off, the clustered wigwams of an Ottawa\\nvillage. Here was a centre of the Jesuit missions,\\nand a centre of the Indian trade; and here, under\\nThey named it Sainte Claire, of which the present name is a per-\\nversion. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Parkman.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 A PRIMER OF\\nthe shadow of the cross, was much sharp practice in\\nthe service of Mammon.\\nEarly in September, La Salle resumed his A oyage,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2crossed Lake Michigan and cast anchor at some\\n23oint on Green Bay.\\nThe Griffin was loaded with furs, and sailed for\\nNiagara, with orders to return to the mouth of the\\nSt. Joseph River as soon as possible, but was never\\nheard of more. It is probable that she foundered\\nthe night of her departure, as at that time a violent\\nstorm swept over the lake.\\nLa Salle, with a few men, coasted Lake Michigan\\nto the mouth of the St. Joseph the site of the\\nmodern village of the same name and built a rude\\nfort. After spending nearly a month at Fort St.\\nJoseph, where they were joined by a party from\\nMackinac under Tonty, La Salle s trusted agent,\\nthey lost nearly all hope of the return of the Griffin\\nwith needed supplies. The near approach of winter\\nmade further delay dangerous, and the explorers at\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2once began the ascent of the St. Joseph River.\\nNear the- site of South Bend, Indiana, they made\\nthe portage, and descended the Illinois to the point\\nwhere they built Fort Crevecoeur.f\\n*Parkman s La Salle, and the Discovery of the Great West.\\nt In 1682\u00e2\u0080\u0094 having made a trip to Monti eal, returned and built a suit-\\nable vessel in the meantime\u00e2\u0080\u0094 La Salle embarked at Fort Crevecoeur\\nand descended the Mississippi to its mouth. About Ave years later\\n(1687). while engaged in the effort to plant French colonies at such\\npoints on the Mississippi as to give his nation control of the naviga-", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN^ HISTORY. 15\\nFOUXDIXG or DETROIT.\\n1701\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the 24tli of July,, ITOl, Antoine de la\\nMotte CadilLac founded the first European settle-\\nment at Detroit. He brought fifty soldiers and fifty\\ntraders and artisans. A stockade fort was imme-\\ndiately constructed, which ^^g\\nnamed Fort Pontchartrain, and log houses thatched\\nwith grass soon went up, in which the settlers\\nfound shelter and a home.\\nCadillac and the officers of the French fur com-\\npany quarreled from time to time, and on one\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2occasion, when he was at Montreal on business, in\\nthe fall of 1T04, he was arrested and detained from\\nhis post for about a year. He remained in charge\\nat Detroit until called away from the colony b}^\\nprivate interests, in 1710. Detroit continued to\\nexist, but did not grow much during the period of\\nFrench control.\\nTHE FREXCH WAR.\\n1754 to 1760\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meanwhile the rival claims of\\nFrance and England to the same territory, in the\\nvalley of the Ohio and elsewhere, led to quarrels\\nwhich finally culminated in war. During the strug-\\ngle, the French lost the forts of K iagara, Ticonder-\\ntion of the Great River, La Salle was assassinated by a treacherous\\nemploye.\\nFor a full and interesting account of the life and services of this\\nexplorer, the student is referred to Francis Parkman s fascinating\\nhistory, entitled, La Salle and the Discovery of the Ch^eat Westy\\nJudge Cooley s Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16 A PRIMER OF\\noga and Crown Point; and the surrender of Quebec-\\nin the fall of 1759 jjractically decided the contest.\\nIn September, 1760, the vast territory was abandoned\\nto the English, and Xouvelle France became a\\nBritish province.\\nGENERAL NOTE ON THE FRENCH PERIOD.\\nThe most prominent feature of the French man-\\nagement, or rather mismanagement, of the territory\\nwas the neglect to develop the agricultural and\\nother resources of the country. Very little land\\nwas cleared, few permanent improvements were-\\nmade, and the settlements were small and weak.\\nThe fur trade, which was the chief occupation of\\nthe people, was not calculated to build up and\\nsustain large and thriving settlements. And at the\\nclose of the French war, the little trading posts of\\nSault de Ste. Marie, Michilimackinac and Detroit\\nwere the meagre results of two hundred years of\\nFrench colonization and control in the future State-\\nof Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN^ HISTORY. 17\\nCHAPTER II.\\nKnglishi Period\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1T60 to 1T96.\\nTAKING POSSESSION.\\n1760 Shortly after the surrender of the terri-\\ntory to the English, Major Eobert Rogers was sent,\\nwith a military force, to take possession of the post\\nat Detroit. While journeying along the southern\\nshore of Lake Erie, the English were met by mes-\\nsengers from Pontiac* who forbade them to ad-\\nvance further without the consent of the chief.\\nPontiac, who was not far distant, soon a23peared in\\nperson and demanded why they had presumed to\\nenter his dominions without asking permission.\\nMajor Rogers explained that the sole object of the\\nexpedition was the removal of the French, who, he\\nsaid, had been the means of preventing friendly\\nintercourse between the Indians and the English.\\nAfter sleeping over the subject, Pontiac gave his\\nconsent and the British soldiers moved on to\\nDetroit.\\nAfter reading the articles of capitulation signed\\nby his superior officers, M. Bellestre, the French\\ncommandant, surrendered Fort Pontchartrain (De-\\n*This celebrated Indian chief, the originator and manager of the\\nConspiracy, lived at that time on Pechee island, about eight miles\\nabove Detroit.\\n2", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18 A PRIMER OF\\ntroit), in November, 1760, and the English took\\nquiet possession of the post. The population of\\nDetroit and vicinity was estimated at 2,500 persons\\nat that time.\\nThe forts at Michilimackinac, Sault de Ste.\\nMarie, and St. Joseph were not occupied by the\\nEnglish until the fall of 1761.\\nPONTIAC S CONSPIRACY.\\n1763 Although the French had surrendered the\\nterritory, and their chief military leaders had\\nreturned to France, the English were not long per-\\nmitted to possess the land before a dangerous\\nand secret foe sought their destruction. We have\\nhad occasion to notice the attitude of Pontiac,\\nwho regarded the French as friends and their con-\\nquerors as enemies of his people. Less than three\\nyears of intercourse served to deepen the hostility\\nof the Indians. With brusque manners, the English\\nfailed to make themselves popular in the wigwams\\nof the natives; as a rule their tastes did not lead\\nthem to marry the Indian women which was one\\nof the ways by which the French had woven ties\\nof friendship between the two races and in their\\ndealings with the red men, the English traders were\\nnot only unjust but too often arrogant and provok-\\ning. When the French traders cheated them, it\\nwas done in a graceful and pleasant manner; and,\\nrude children of the forest as they were, they could", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 19\\nnot appreciate the pleasure or propriety of being\\ncheated and abused at the same time. Many of the\\nFrench inhabitants remained in the settlements, and\\nas no effort had been made to win their favor they\\nhad little attachment for the new government, but\\nin common with the Indians hoped for its\\nspeedy overthrow. The fires of discontent were\\nsmouldering everywhere, and nothing was needed\\nbut the breath of a bold and daring spirit to blow\\nthem into flame.\\nTHE LEADER.\\nPontiac, the originator and leader of the Conspir-\\nacy, was an Ottawa chief. He was well fitted for\\nthe daring enterprise. An effective speaker; a bold\\nand crafty warrior, who had won the first place\\namong the Indians of his day; and, more than all,\\nhe was a thoughtful and far-seeing general who\\ncould originate and manage complicated plans. In\\nthe latter qualification, he was probably the greatest\\nchief that his race has produced. But his plans\\nwere founded upon treachery and assassination, he\\ncould violate a truce without shame, and in the\\nchief elements of true manhood, like most of the\\nsavages, he was anything but a hero.\\nTHE PLAN.\\nPontiac s plan was to attack all of the English\\nJudge Cooley s Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 A PRIMER OF\\nposts west of the Alleghany Mountains at about the\\nsame time. The Indians were to massacre the sol-\\ndiers of the garrisons, and thus, at a single stroke,\\nthey hoped and planned to rid themselves of the\\npresence of a people whom they hated and looked\\nupon as intruders in the valleys of the west. The\\nplan of operations included a line of posts scattered\\nfrom Niagara to Chicago, twelve forts in all, three\\nof which St. Joseph, Michilimackinac and Detroit\\nwere in Michigan. Pontiac s ambassadors visited\\nthe various Indian tribes between the Ottawa and\\nthe lower Mississippi, and succeeded in enlisting all\\nof the Algonquins, most of the Wyandots and some\\nof the southern tribes in the enterprise. Each\\ntribe was to dispose of the garrison of the nearest\\nfort, and then all were to turn upon the settle-\\nments.\\nA great council was held at a point on the Eiver\\nEcorces, near Detroit, April 27, 1763. Pontiac\\nmade a long speech in which he described the\\nwrongs that the English had done to the Indians,\\nand assured the latter that these dogs dressed in red\\nhad come to roh them of their hunting grounds and\\ndrive aivay the game.\\nArrangements were made to attack the posts in\\nMay.\\nTHE ATTACK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1763.\\nDetroit The attack on the fort in Detroit was\\nBryant s History of the United States.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 21\\nled by Pontiac in person. The crafty chief sought\\nan interview with Major Gladwyn, commander of\\nthe post, on the 7th of May, and was admitted.\\nHe was accompanied by a band of sixty warriors,\\nwho to all appearance were unarmed, as their\\nweapons were carefully concealed under their\\nblankets. It had been arranged that Pontiac should\\nmake a speech to the commander of the fort, and\\n.at the point where he should present a belt of\\nwampum wrong end foremost the Indians were to\\nstrike down the ofhcers, and the massacre was to be\\n-continued by the hosts of savages in waiting out-\\n.side. Happily for the garrison, however, the plot\\nhad been revealed to Major Gladwyn, by an Ojibwa\\ngirl, the evening before the proposed attack,* and\\nhe was prepared for it. When the Indians entered\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Inaians had cut off their rifles so that they could con-\\nceal them under their blankets. A few dajs before the time set for\\nthe massacre, a French lady happened to be at the Ottawa village\\nwhere she saw several Indians engaged in filing their gun barrels.\\nUpon her return she related the matter to her friends, and the black-\\nsmith said that the natives had recently borrowed a number of files\\nand old saws without explaining what they wislied to do with tliem.\\nThese facts were known to Major Gladwyn, and perhaps helped to\\nput him on his guard. But he was not fully convinced of the threat-\\nened danger until the plot was revealed to him by an Indian. Tradi-\\ntion has it that his informant was a beautiful Ojibwa girl, and\\nimaginative writers relate several romantic stories in connection with\\nthis incident: One is that the Indian girl had made some pretty\\nmoccasins for Major Gladwyn, and brought them to him on the day\\nbefore the threatened attack. He was much pleased with her skill\\nand rewarded her handsomely, asking her at the same time to take\\nwith her a fine deerskin belonging to him for the purpose of making\\nsome more moccasins for himself and friends. The girl hesitated,\\nand upon being questioned replied that he had been good to her and\\nshe could not take away the deerskin, as she woidd never he ahJe to\\nhring it back. After being assured that she would be safe in telling\\nliim what was the matter, she explained the plot which was to be\\nattempted on the morrow, and thereby saved the garrison. Other\\nwriters think that the disclosure was prompted by a more tender\\nReeling than gratitude.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 A PRIMER OF\\nthe fort they found the soldiers in arms and ready\\nfor duty at a moment s notice. Feeliag sure that\\nhis treacherous purpose was known, and that there\\nwas no chance to surprise the English, Pontiac\\nscarcely knew what to do or say, and made his\\nspeech very brief. Major Gladwyn told the Indians\\nthat they should have the friendship of the English\\n^^so long as they deserved it, but ^^that instant\\nvengeance would be taken for any hostile act.\\nOn the 9th of May the crafty chief tried to gain\\nan entrance with a larger party of his followers,,\\nbut was promptly refused. The Indians then set\\nup the war-whoop and proceeded to murder several\\ndefeuseless English persons who were outside of the\\nstockade, and after these fiendish acts they began\\nthe attack on the fort.\\nA re-enforcement, with provisions and ammunition\\nwas expected about the last of May; ^and, on the-\\n30th, the sentinel on duty announced that a fleet of\\nboats was coming round the point, at the Huron\\nchurch. The Avhole garrison flocked to the bastions,\\neagerly anticipating the arrival of their friends.\\nBut they were greeted with no sounds of joy. The\\ndeath-cry of the Indians, that harbinger of misery,\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The garrison at this time consisted of about one hundred\\nsixty men, three-fourths of whom were regular soldiers. The\\nIndian force has been estimated at not less than six hundred war-\\nriors. The English fort, of which Gladwyn was commander, was\\na large stockade, about twenty-five feet high, and twelve hundred\\nyards in circumference, including perhaps eighty houses. It stood\\nwithin the limits of the present city, on the river bank, commanding\\na wide prospect for nine miles above and below the city. Bancroft s-\\nHistory of the United States.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 23\\nalone broke upon the ear. The fate of the detach-\\nment was at once known. The Indians had ascer-\\ntained their approach and had stationed a party of\\nwarriors at Point Pelee. Twenty-three batteaux,\\nladen with all the stores necessary for the defense\\nof the town and the subsistence of the garrison,\\nand manned by a detachment of troops, landed at\\nthis place in the evening, ignorant of danger and\\nunsuspicious of attack. The enemy watched all\\ntheir movements, md, about the dawn of day,\\nrushed upon them. An officer, with thirty men,\\nthrew himself into a boat and crossed the lake to\\nSandusky Bay. All the others were killed or taken.\\nThe line of barges ascended the river on the oppo-\\nsite shore, escorted by the Indians upon the bank,\\nand guarded by detachments in each boat, in full\\nview of the garrison and of the whole French settle-\\nment. The prisoners were compelled to navigate\\nthe boats. As the first batteaux arrived opposite to\\nthe town, four British soldiers determined to effect\\ntheir liberation, or to perish in the attempt. They\\nsuddenly changed the course of the boat, and by\\nloud cries made known their intention to the crew\\nof the vessel. The Indians in the other boats, and\\nthe escort upon the bank, fired upon the fugitives,\\nbut they were soon driven from their positions by a\\ncannonade from the armed schooner. The guard on\\nboard this boat leaped overboard, and one of them\\ndragged a soldier with him into the water, where", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 A PRIMER OF\\nboth were drowned. The others escaped to the\\nshore, and the boat reached the vessel, with another\\nsoldier wounded. Lest the other prisoners might\\nescape, they were immediately landed and marched\\nup the shore to the lower point of Hog Island,\\nwhere they crossed the river, and were immediately\\nput to death with all the horrible accompaniments\\nof savage cruelty.\\nOne of the most note-worthy episodes in the\\nsiege of Detroit was the massacre at Bloody Eun.\\nCaptain Dalzell, who arrived at the post in July\\nwith re-enforcements and supplies, foolishly imag-\\nined that he could surprise the Indians in their\\ncamp by a night attack, and against the better\\njudgment of Major Gladwyn, the attem^ot was made.\\nAt two o clock in the morning of July 31, 1763,\\n250 men marched out of the fort and up the Eiver\\nEoad, protected in part on the river by two large\\nboats with swivels. Two miles above the fort the\\nroad crossed a bridge at the mouth of a stream\\nthen known as Parent s Creek, but since as Bloody\\nEun. t By some means Pontiac had learned of\\ntheir movements and had prepared an ambush for\\nthem. As soon as the troops reached the bridge\\nthey were assailed by a murderous fire, and the\\nravine became a scene of carnage. The darkness\\nGeneral Lewis Cass in Historical and Scientific Sketches of Mich-\\nigan.\\nJudge Campbell s Outlines of the Political History ef Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAlSr HISTORY. 25\\niDewildered them and they were compelled to\\nretreat, fighting against ambuscades all the way,\\nuntil they reached the fort again at eight o clock,\\nafter six hours of marching and fighting in that\\nshort road. Dalzell was killed while gallantly striv-\\ning to save a wounded sergeant. In this engage-\\nment seventy Englishmen were killed and forty\\nwounded.\\nThe siege lasted from early May until late Octo-\\nber, but the battle of Bloody Kun was the only one\\nfought outside of the stockade. Within the fort\\nthe watchful garrison had little to fear from Indian\\narms or valor. The chief danger was that the siege\\nmight be continued until their provisions were\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0exhausted; and this fear came near being realized\\nwhen scarcity of food in the Indian camp made it\\nnecessary for the natives to raise the siege and go\\non their annual hunt. Major Gladwyn at once laid\\nin a good supply of provisions for the winter, in\\nanticipation of a possible renewal of hostilities, but\\nthe Indians made no further demonstrations until\\nspring, when the negotiations of Sir William\\nJohnson and the approach of General Bradstreet\\ninduced them to relinquish their venge-\\nful purpose. t\\nJudge CampbeH s Outlines of the Political History of Michigan.\\nt Sheldon s Early History of Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "26 A PKIMER OF\\nST. JOSEPH.\\nFort St. Joseph was held by Ensign Schlosser and\\nfourteen men. On the 25th of May (1763) a band\\nof Pottawotamies gained admission to the fort\\nthrough pretended friendship, suddenly fell upon\\nthe unsuspecting garrison and massacred all except\\nthe commander and three men who were taken to\\nDetroit and afterwards exchanged.\\nMICHILIMACKIJs^AC.\\nThis fortj situated on the south side of the\\nstrait, about one-half mile southwest of the present\\nsite of Mackinaw City, was occupied by Major\\nEtherington, ninety-two soldiers, and four English\\ntraders.\\nThe commander had full and timely warning of\\nthe designs of the Indians, but foolishly disbelieved\\nthe reports and neglected all precautions. On the\\n2d of June (1763), the King s birthday, the savages\\nwere engaged in a game of ball near the gates of\\nthe fort. The officers and soldiers, unsuspicious of\\nNote,\u00e2\u0080\u0094* At that time the fort of Michilimackinac enclosed an area\\nof two acres. It was surrounded by pickets of cedar, was situated\\nnear the water, and when the wind was at the west the waves broke\\nagainst the foot of the stockade. On the bastions there were two\\nsmall pieces of brass cannon, taken some years before by a party of\\nCanadians in an expedition against the trading posts of Hudson s\\nBay. The stockade contained about thirty houses of commodious\\nform, and a chapel in which mass was regularly said by a Jesuit\\nmissionary. The inhabitants at that time derived their principal\\nsupport from the Indian traders, who congregated at that point in\\ntheir voyages to and from Montreal. Here the furs were collected\\nfor transportation from the upper lakes, and the outfits were pre-\\npared for Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, the Mississippi and the\\nremote north-west. It contained, in 1763, about thirty families.\\nJames H. Lanman s History of Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 27\\ndanger, were idle spectators of the sport. About\\nnoon the ball was thrown into the fort and the\\ndark-skinned players rushed after it through the\\nopen gate. A party of squaws standing near fur-\\nnished the assassins with tomahawks which had been\\nconcealed beneath their blankets, and the massacre\\nbegan. The amazed English had no time to think\\nor act. Some of the Indians assailed the\\nspectators without, while others rushed into the fort,\\nand all was carnage and confusion.^ Lieutenant\\nJamette and seventy men were killed. Major Ether-\\nington, three of the English traders, and twenty-three\\nsoldiers were taken prisoners and afterwards released.\\nAfter appropriating the goods of the traders and\\nburning Fort Michilimackinac, the savages sought\\ngreater security from the deserved vengeance of the\\nEnglish by encamping on Mackinac Island.\\nGEIs^ERAL NOTE OK THE STRUGGLE.\\nEight out of the twelve posts attacked by the\\nIndians, during the execution of Pontiac s plans,\\nwere captured, hundreds of Englishmen were killed,\\nand a reign of terror prevailed throughout the val-\\nleys of the west. But in the chief object at which\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Parkman s Conspiracy of Pontiac.\\nNote,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For a full and interesting account of Pontiac s Conspiracy,\\nthe student is referred to the excellent work of Francis Parkman, In\\nthe Travels of Alex. Henry, one of the English traders who sur-\\nvived the massacre at Fort Michilimackinac, there is a vivid descrip-\\ntion of that tragedy.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "^8 A PEIMER OF\\nit was aimer! the removal .of the English from the\\ngreat interior the scheme failed.\\nIn the summer of 1764, General Bradstreet arrived\\nat Detroit with an army of three thousand men.\\nThe Indians, perceiving that they could no longer\\ncontend against so powerful a foe, laid down their\\narms, and thus the war was brought to a close.\\nCONCLUSIOJ^ OF THE ENGLISH PERIOD.\\nFew noteworthy events took place during the\\nremainder of the English Period. Settlements grew\\nslowly. The influence of the fur companies, and\\nof the Quebec Act,f alike prevented the development\\nof the country.\\nDuring the American Eevolution the scene of con-\\nflict was too far distant from this region to permit\\nthe inhabitants taking an active part in the war but\\nthe posts of Michilimackinac and Detroit were still\\noccu^^ied by British garrisons, and the officers, by\\nevery means in their power, employed the savages in\\nthe fiendish work of assassinating and robbing de-\\nfenseless American colonists in Ohio and other\\nfrontier settlements.\\nAlthough the treaty of Paris, 1783, provided for\\nthe surrender of all these posts to the United States,\\nCharles Lanman s Red Book of Michigan.\\nPassed in 1774 by the British Parliament, and severely condemned\\nin the Declaration of Independence.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pontiac was assassinated at Cahokia, Illinois, in 1767, by a\\nKaskaskia Indian, who was bribed by an English trader to commit\\nthe deed for a barrel of whisky.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTOKY. 2^\\nGreat Britain retained possession of Detroit and\\nMichilimackinac until July, 1796, when Michigan,\\nfor the first time, became an American possession.\\nJudge Campbell s Outlines of the Political History of Michigan.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Porter of General Wayne s army had the honotof\\nfirst unfurling the stars and stripes in Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAJ?^ HISTORY. 31\\nCHAPTER III.\\nTerritorial F eriod\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1T96 to 183T.\\nMICHIGAN AS PART OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.\\nAlthough the ordinance creating the Northwest\\nTerritory was passed by Congress in 1787, the reten-\\ntion of Michigan posts by the British until 1796\\nmade the latter date the practical beginning of the\\nAmerican Territorial Period. This ordinance, pro-\\nviding for the government of the vast territory lying\\nbetween the Ohio River and Lake Superior, was\\nframed with such wisdom that it has received high\\npraise from an eminent modern jurist. No charter\\nhas so completely withstood the tests of time and\\nexperience; it had not a temporary adaptati:n to a\\nparticular emergency, but its principles were for all\\ntime, and worthy of acceptance under all circum-\\nstances. It has been the fitting model for all\\nsubsequent territorial governments in America.\\nThis ordinance contained six articles of compact\\nbetween the original States and the people and\\nStates of the territory, and it provides that these\\narticles shall forever remain unalterable except by\\ncommon consent. Provision was made for each of\\nthe following important objects:\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Judge Cooley s Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32 A PKIMER OF\\nI. Freedom of worship.\\nII. A bill of rights, with a provision making\\ncontracts inviolable.\\nIII. Eeligion, morality, and knoivledge heing\\nnecessary to good government and the happiness of\\nmanJcind, schools and the means of education shall\\nforever be encouraged.^^\\nIV. The States to be formed out of this territory\\nwere bound to remain in the Union and help to-\\nbear the expenses and obligations of the general gov-\\nernment, and all navigable waters should be free to\\ncommerce.\\nV. The fifth article provided that not less than\\nthree nor more than five States should be formed\\nfrom the Northwest Territory, and that these, as they\\nattained a population of sixty thousand, should be-\\nadmitted to the Union under republican constitutions.*\\nVI. The sixth article declared that neither slavery\\nnor involuntary servitude, except in punishment for\\ncrime, should ever he alloived in this territory or in\\nthe States to he erected therefrom.\\nThus at the very dawn of its political existence\\nunder the United States, this vast region was pledged\\nto education, freedom, f and equal rights for all.\\nJudge Cooley s Micliigan.\\nt Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ordinance was the beginning of the end of American\\nslavery. It checked at the banks of the Ohio the advance of a sys-\\ntem fruitful of countless evils, social and political and the opponents\\nof the system found in its mandate of uncompromising prohibition an\\ninspiration and a prophecy of final triumph in their subsequent war-\\nfare. Judge Cooley s Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 33\\nIn the fall of 1787 Congress appointed General\\nArthur St. Clair governor of the Northwest Territory.\\nOwing to the failure of the British to surrender\\nthe posts in this section until 1796, however, the\\nfirst pages of territorial history have slight connec-\\ntion with Michigan. After the Americans gained\\nactual possession of the country, the Lower Penin-\\nsula formed the single county of Wayne in the\\nNorthwest Territory, and was entitled to one repre-\\nsentative in the territorial legislature.\\niin^diain a territory.\\nIndiana Territory was organized by act of Congress\\nin 1800, and two years later (1802) the Lower Penin-\\nsula of the present State of Michigan was made a\\npart of the new territory, and so remained until\\n1805. Nothing of importance to Michigan history\\noccurred during the brief union with Indiana, except\\nthe passage of an act of Congress (1804) providing\\nfor the disposal of the public lands within the\\nterritory, to which the Indian title had been ex-\\ntinguished. By this act, section 16 in each\\ntownship was reserved for the use of schools within\\nthe same, and an entire township was to be located\\nin each of the districts afterwards forming Michigan,\\nIndiana, and Illinois, for a seminary of learning.\\nThis was the germ of the university fund in Mich-\\nigan, and of the primary school fund.^\\nJudge Campbeirs Outlines of the Political History of Michigan\\n3", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 A PRIMER OF\\nMICHIGAN TERRITORY.\\nOn the lltli of January, 1805, Congress passed an\\nact for the organization of Michigan Territory. ^^It\\nwas to embrace all that portion of Indiana Territory\\nlying north of a line drawn east from the southerly\\nbend or extreme of Lake Michigan, until it inter-\\nsected Lake Erie, and lying east of a line drawn\\nfrom the same southerly bend through the middle\\nof Lake Michigan to its northern extremity, and\\nthence due north to the northern boundary of the\\nUnited States. General William Hull was ap-\\npointed governor of Michigan Territory, and arrived\\nin Detroit in July, 1805. A few weeks before the\\narrival of the governor the town had been destroyed\\nby fire, and he found the people encamped in the\\nfields, with scanty food and little shelter. But they\\nwere not discouraged by misfortune, and at once\\nbegan to rebuild on the site now occupied by the\\nmetropolis of Michigan, f The population of the\\nterritory at that time did not exceed four thousand\\npersons, and unfortunately there seemed to be little\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Judge Cooley s Michigan.\\nt Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The plan of the city was drawn by Judge Woodward, an\\neccentric character, who was chief justice of the territorial court at\\nthat time. He regarded it as one tliat combined all the excellencies\\nwhich could be culled from previous plans, from that of Constantinople\\nto that of Washington city. It was upon a magnificent scale, and un-\\nfolded an outline which, he often declared, would require eight centuries\\nto fill up. This was assigning an ample period for the consummation\\nof almost any human project. But the plan, however admirable in\\ntheory, has proved inconvenient in practice. It has entailed embar-\\nrassment on the place, which will probably perpetuate the projector s\\nname through a long posterity, but without those encomiums which\\nwere, perhaps, anticipated. Major Henry Whiting, Historical and\\nScientific Sketches of Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 35\\ninducement for emigration from the eastern States.\\nDetroit was made the territorial capital.\\nAbout two years after the arrival of Governor\\nHull in Michigan^ the Indians, instigated by the\\nEnglish fur traders, began to show signs of evil\\nintentions concerning the frontier settlements. Te-\\ncumseh and his brother, generally known as the\\nProphet, were the leaders. The plan, which resembled\\nthe scheme of Pontiac, was not ready for execution\\nfor several years, but well-founded rumors of ill-\\nfeeling and evil designs reached the governor and\\npeople from time to time, which caused anxiety and\\nretarded the settlement of the territory.\\nGovernor Hull had made a fair record in the\\nEevolutionary War, but he was poorly fitted to man-\\nage discontented and crafty natives, or to guide the\\ndestinies of struggling pioneer settlements. Weak,\\nvacillating, and timid, his administration was equally\\nunfortunate for his own reputation and for the\\ninterests of the people of Michigan.\\nJudge Woodward, chief justice of the territory at\\nthat time, did much to bring the governor into dis-\\nrepute; and General Hull contributed to this end\\nby foolishly allowing himself to be drawn into fre-\\nquent and undignified quarrels with the eccentric\\nand testy justice.*\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judge Woodward was a queer genius. He was cliaracter-\\nized by one of his associates as a theorist, fit only to extract sunbeams\\nfrom cucumbers. But with all his oddities he rendered good service\\nto the people of Detroit during the dangerous period which followed\\nHull s surrender.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36 A PRIMER OF\\nTHE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND.\\nSuch was the condition of territorial affairs, and\\nsuch the leader, when the impressment of American\\nseamen and other British insults, furnished occasion\\nfor another struggle with England.\\nThe Indians were encouraged by the gathering\\nwar-clouds long before the breaking of the tempest,\\nand, in 1811, they assembled in considerable numbers\\non the banks of the Wabash River. Fortunately for\\nIndiana and the whole northwest. General Harrison,\\nthe governor of that territory, was a brave and\\nenergetic officer, and lost no time in taking vigorous\\nmeasures against the redskins. With an army of\\nabout nine hundred men lie marched to the Indian\\ncamp, called the Prophet s Town. He was met by\\nsome of the chiefs who professed surprise at his\\nwarlike movements, assured him that they had no\\nthought of fighting, and asked for a conference on\\nthe morrow. General Harrison replied that he would\\nbe glad to give them an opportunity to disperse in\\npeace, and would grant the desired council. In\\nselecting an encampment and in making arrange-\\nments for the night, however, every precaution was\\nwisely taken to prevent surprise in case of a treach-\\nerous attack. True to their nature, the wily savages\\nhad only requested a conference for the purpose of\\nthrowing the soldiers off their guard and gaining an\\neasy victory by a night attack. The Indians fell", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTOKY. 37\\nupon the camp about four o clock in the morning,\\nbut, contrary to their expectations, they found the\\narmy ready for action at a moment s notice. The\\nengagement, which is known in history as the battle\\nof Tippecanoe, took place on the 7th of November,\\n1811, and resulted in the total defeat of the Indians,\\nwho dispersed and made no more trouble for the\\ntime.\\nGovernor Hull spent the winter of 1811-12 in\\nWashington. He expressed deep anxiety concerning\\nthe exposed and defenseless condition of Michigan\\nin the event of the threatened war with England,\\nand urged the war department to place a strong\\nnaval force on Lake Erie. This advice was not\\nheeded. Governor Hull was offered the command of\\na military force for the protection of the frontier,\\nand the invasion of Canada if war should be declared.\\nThe command was first declined but afterwards\\naccepted. With an army of about fifteen hundred\\nmen. General Hull started from Dayton, Ohio, and\\nafter a tedious march of three weeks reached Detroit\\non the 6th of July (1812). War was declared on\\nthe 18th of June, but through some neglect General\\nHull was not notified of the fact until the 2d of\\nJuly.\\nCAPTUKE OF FORT MACKINAC*\\nFort Mackinac was garrisoned by a little band of\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This fort was removed from the mainland to Mackinac\\nIsland, by the English, in 1780, The new fort\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which has been familiar\\nto tourists for more than a century\u00e2\u0080\u0094 was completed about 1783.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 A PRIMER OP\\nfifty-seven men, under command of Lieutenant Porter\\nHanks. Situated in the heart of the Indian coun-\\ntry, this post was of great importance, and we can\\nhardly understand why the war department and the\\ncommanding general were so stupid as to make no\\neffort to send reinforcements. The British com-\\nmandant on St. Joseph s Island learned of the\\ndeclaration of war about the middle of July, and at\\nonce started for Mackinac with a force of nearly a\\nthousand men. The British landed in the night\\ntime, on the northwest side of the island,* and pro-\\nceeded to a commanding position above the fort,\\nwhere they planted their cannon and awaited the\\nlight of day. The sharp report of a hostile sunrise\\ngun announced to the garrison the presence of the\\nenemy, and before the distant forests had ceased\\nto re-echo the sound, a British officer, with\\nflag in hand, appeared and demanded a surrender,\\nemphasizing the demand by a statement of the over-\\nwhelming numbers of the invading army and a threat\\nof indiscriminate slaughter by the savages at the first\\nmotion toward resistance.\\nAs he was apparently at the mercy of the foe.\\nLieutenant Hanks was obliged to surrender, and him-\\nself and his men were paroled and sent to Detroit.\\nThus Fort Mackinac fell into the hands of the\\nBritish, on the 17th of July, 1812.\\n*At the place since known as the British Landing.\\nt Rev, J. A. Van Fleet s Old and New Mackinac.\\nI", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "michiga:n^ history. 39\\ngeneral hull s canadian campaign-1812.\\nGeneral Hull had orders to cross the Detroit River,\\ntake possession of Canada, and dislodge the British\\nat Fort Maiden.* His officers and men were impa-\\ntient to go at once, but the slow-going commander\\nwas not ready to move until the 12th of July. At\\nthat time every hour of delay enabled the enemy to\\ngather additional strength and lessened the chances\\nof American success. The garrison at Maiden was\\nsmall, and would probably have surrendered at once\\nif General Hull had moved forward in a vigorous\\nmanner. But there was nothing of a vigorous or\\nrapid nature in Hull s movements. Under pretext\\nthat heavy artillery was necessary to an attack on\\nthe fort at Maiden, the army lay inactive at Sand-\\nwich from the 12th of July to the 8th of August.\\nOne or two detachments were sent out in the mean-\\ntime, one of which, under the command of Colonel\\nCass, soon after the army crossed, drove in a picket\\nstationed on the bridge over the river Canard, only\\na few miles from Maiden, and took possession of it,\\nadvising General Hull of the movement, and recom-\\nmending an immediate attack on that place. The\\nrecommendation was slighted, and the detachment\\nordered to return, leaving the enemy to re-occupy a\\nsituation highly important to either party, in the\\nevent of a future attack. f\\nNear the present town of Amherstburg.\\nt Major Henry Whiting, Historical and Scientific Sketches of Mich-\\nigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 A PRIMER OF\\nWhile General Hull, Micawber like, was waiting\\nat Sandwich for something to turn up/ General\\nBrock moved toward Fort Maiden with a consider-\\nable military force. On the 9th of August Hull\\nrecrossed the river, entered the fort at Detroit, and\\nabandoned Canada after less than a month of inglo-\\nrious occupation.\\nThe next day after his arrival at Maiden, General\\nBrock moved up to Sandwich and summoned Gen-\\neral Hull to surrender. On the refusal of the latter,\\nthe British at once began a cannonade on the\\nAmerican fort, and the fire was returned, with little\\ndamage to either side.*\\nHULL S SURRENDER OF DETROIT AND MICHIGAN-1813.\\nOn the morning of July 16th General Brock\\ncrossed the river in plain sight and without resist-\\nance, and at once repeated his demand for the\\nsurrender of the fort. Brock had about thirteen\\nhundred men and Hull not less than a thousand.\\nWithout consulting his officers, and without waiting\\nto make any stipulations or terms. General Hull\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 During the cannonading it was noticed that a large pear\\ntree which stood at the corner of Woodbridge and Griswold streets\\nwas serving as a mark to direct the fire of the [?ritish guns. An order\\nwas therefore given to cut it down, and a soldier by the name of\\nMiller was sent to perform the task. The tree was tough, and the\\nblows of the ax made but little impression. A shot from an English\\ngun struck the tree at the spot where tlie soldier was chopping and\\ncut off two-thirds of the trunk. Miller stopped a moment and ex-\\nclaimed Fire away, John Bull You cut a great deal faster than\\nI can! He then went on and finished the work as if nothing had\\nhappened.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From. Silas Farmer s History of Detroit.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "michictAJnT history. 41\\nlioisted a white flag* and sent word to the British\\ncommander that he would surrender.\\nThe American officers and soldiers were provoked\\nbeyond measure at the cowardly action of the com-\\nmander. Complaints were both loud and deep, and\\nthese criticisms found an answering echo in every\\npart of the country.\\nHull was accused of treason, cowardice, and crimi-\\nnal neglect of duty; and although acquitted of the\\nfirst charge, he was convicted by court-martial of\\nthe second and third, and sentenced to be shot. The\\nPresident of the United States pardoned him in\\nconsideration of his services in the Eevolutionary\\nWar.\\nBRITISH POSSESSION^ OF MICHIGAN FOR A TIME.\\nOn taking possession of Detroit, General Brock\\nplaced Colonel Proctor, with a small force, in com-\\nmand of the fort and Territory. Proctor soon pro-\\nceeded to organize the civil government. He assumed\\nthe title of Governor, and appointed Judge Wood-\\nward Secretary. In this position the former chief\\njustice had some influence with the cruel Briton,\\nand won the gratitude of the people whose interests\\nhe tried to protect.\\nDuring the fall and winter following Hull s sur-\\nrender. General Harrison collected an army and\\nstarted northward for the recovery of the frontier\\n*A table clotli.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42 A PRIMER OF\\nposts. While at Sandusky, he sent General Win-\\nchester in advance to the Maumee. A few days\\nlater General Winchester moved forward and en-\\ncamped on the Eiver Kaisin. On the 22d of Janu-\\nary (1813) the camp was attacked by the British and\\nIndians, under Proctor. The Americans were sur-\\nprised and obliged to surrender, and during the fol-\\nlowing night the savages butchered the wounded\\nsoldiers and defenseless inhabitants of Frenchtown\\nwithout mercy. For this and other cruelties for\\nwhich Proctor was in a measure responsible, his name\\nis held in deserved contempt.\\nperry s victory and the recapture of MICHIGAN.\\nCommodore Perry s victory at Put-in-Bay, Sept.\\n10, 1813, by which the entire naval force of Com-\\nmodore Barclay was surrendered to the Americans,\\nwas a fortunate and decisive stroke. The engage-\\nment began a quarter before noon. At three o clock\\nthe British fleet surrendered, after one of the closest\\nengagements known in naval history. No entire\\nBritish fleet had ever been captured before. The\\nutmost bravery was shown on both sides. The\\nAmerican loss was 27 killed and 96 wounded; the\\nBritish, 41 killed and 94 wounded. The\\nbrave victor was as humane as he was valiant, and\\nthe dead of both fleets were buried together, with\\nthe same honors and the same solemn services, while\\nthe wounded were all tenderly cared for, and the", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 43\\nunfortunate British commander, who was severely\\ncrippled, was treated with the generous kindness\\nwhich he deserved/\\nImmediately after the surrender. Commodore Perry\\nwrote his immortal dispatch, We have met the\\nenemy and they are ours, and sent it to General\\nHarrison, who was on the lake shore about thirty\\nmiles distant.\\nThis victory prepared the way for the recapture of\\nMichigan and the entire northwest. General Harri-\\nson used the captured vessels to transport his army\\nacross Lake Erie, and prepared to clinch the advan-\\ntao e gained by a vigorous campaign in Canada.\\nMaiden and Detroit were evacuated by the British\\nand Proctor made a speedy retreat, much to the dis-\\ngust of Tecumseh, but was overtaken and thoroughly\\ndefeated at Moravian Town.f Tecumseh was killed\\nin the engagement, and Proctor fled.\\nOn the 29th of September (1813) the Americans\\nagain took possession of Detroit, and Colonel Lewis\\nCass was placed in command.\\nMICHIGAN TERRITORY UNDER GOVERNOR CASS-1813 TO 1831.\\nOn the 9th of October, 1813, LeAvis Cass was made\\nGovernor of Michigan territory, by appointment of\\nthe President.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Judge Campbell s Outlines of the Political History of Michigan/*\\nt Usually called Battle of the Thames.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44\\nA PRIMER OF\\nArch Rock, Mackinac Island.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 45\\nFOET MACKINAC.\\nIn the mid-summer of 1814 an attempt was made\\nto recover Mackinac Island, still held by the British.\\nLieutenant Croghan was sent to effect the recapture,\\nbut delayed the attack so long that the English\\ncommander had an opportunity to strengthen his\\nposition and increase his force, and the expedition\\nended in failure. During the engagement. Major\\nHolmes, a brave and accomplished American officer,\\nwas mortally wounded. The island remained in the\\npossession of the British until the year after the\\nclose of the war. The post was evacuated in the\\nspring of 1815, and the fort was again occupied by\\nAmerican soldiers.\\nTHE GOVERNOR.\\nThe appointment of General Cass to the office of\\nGovernor was a fortunate event for Michigan. No\\nbetter choice could have been made. The office at\\nthat time was one little to be coveted by any one\\nwho was afraid of difficulties, or unwilling to do\\nhard and patient work. A man of strong charac-\\nter thoroughly alive to the interests of the people,\\nenergetic, persevering, with large experience of\\npioneer life, and endowed with excellent judgment\\nsuch was the man who guided the destinies of\\nMichigan through the better part of her territorial\\nexistence.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 A PRIMER OF\\nCONDITION OF AFFAIRS.\\nAt the beginning of his term of office, Governor\\nCass found a small population, confined to a few\\nsettlements on the eastern border, while the great\\ninterior was not only an uninhabited, but an un-\\nknown wilderness.\\nWorse yet, it was often regarded as an impenetra-\\nble swamp, and people in the eastern states had no\\ndesire to gain a closer acquaintance with the coun-\\ntry. Some of the civil engineers sent out by the\\nUnited States Government to survey lands for the\\nbounty claims of soldiers, soon after the war of 1812,\\nwere responsible for false reports of this kind which\\nhelped to injure the territory. Governor Cass took\\npains to correct these wrong impressions, made\\ntreaties with the Indians, and secured the titles to\\ntheir lands for the United States Government\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1820 Governor Cass conducted an expedition to the Lake\\nSuperior region and the upper Mississippi, for tlie purpose of explor-\\ning the Territory and examining the natural resources of the countr5\\\\\\nAn incidental object was the selection of a site for a military post at\\nthe foot of Lake Superior. The Indians of the upper lakes were not\\nvery friendly to the United States, and during the council at the Sault\\nthey were disposed to question the right of the authorities to plant a\\ngarrison among them, notwithstanding the fact that the land had\\nbeen ceded to the government of the LTnited States by the treaty of\\nGreenville (1795). General Cass told them that as sure a.s the rising sun\\nshould set in the tvest there woidd be an American garrison establMied at\\nthat place. One insolent chief kicked away the presents which had been\\noffered him, and the council broke up in anger a few minutes later the\\nsame chief hoisted a British flag in the Indian encampment. The\\nplucky Governor, accompanied only by his interpreter, went at once to\\nthe spot, took down the insulting emblem and carried it away, telling\\nthe Indians that only the Amei-ican flag would he permitted to float over\\nthis soil, and that if they presumed to offer any further insults to our\\ngovernment the United States would set a strong foot upon their necks\\nand crush them to the earth.\\nThe courage and spirit of Governor Cass gained the day, and the\\nmatter was soon settled without bloodshed.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 47\\nalways treating them fairly and honorably. And\\nafter the necessary treaties had been made the lands\\nwere surveyed and opened for settlement.\\nSURVEY AND SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS.\\nThe survey of public lands was begun in 1816,\\nand, two years later, had i3rogressed sufficiently to\\npermit the authorities to begin the sale. This is\\nthe most important era in the history of Michi-\\ngan, and from it may be dated the commencement\\nof her march in the career of improvement.\\nFarmers would not come in large numbers until\\nthere was a chance to procure lands, and little\\ngrowth or prosperity could be expected without the\\ntillers of the soil. But with the settlement of\\nthe interior, which practically began in 1818, came\\nsubstantial growth and prosperity.\\nTHE PRINTING PRESS.\\nThe first printing press in Michigan was brought\\nfrom Baltimore by the Rev. Gabriel Richard a\\npublic-spirited man, who did much for the educa-\\ntion and enlightenment of the people. A printing\\noffice was fitted up at Detroit, and a weekly news-\\npaper, called The Micliigan Essay or Impartial\\nObserver,^ was started in 1809, with James M.\\nMiller as publisher. The price of the paper was\\na year to city subscribers, 14.50 by mail to resi-\\nMajor Jolin Biddle, Historical and Scientific Sketches of Michi-\\ngan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 A PEIMEE OF\\ndents of Upper Canada and Michigan^ and $4 to\\nmore distant subscribers So far as can be as-\\ncertained this paper perished after an existence of\\none week.\\nThe second Michigan newspaper^ started in 1817,\\nwas called The Detroit Gazette, and was published\\nfor a number of years, by Sheldon Eeed. It\\nwas a Democratic paper and was established at\\nthe suggestion and under the patronage of Governor\\nCass. That the publishers of the Gazette did\\nnot grow suddenly rich, may be readily accounted\\nfor, as the total number of subscribers in 1820 was\\n152, and the proprietors complained that only 90 of\\nthese were prompt in paying the annual subscrip-\\ntion.\\nTHE STEAMBOAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1818.\\nThe first steamboat on the great lakes the Wallc-\\nin-the- Water reached Detroit in the summer of 1818.\\nErom that time forth westward-bound settlers found\\nfewer difficulties in coming to Michigan. For, al-\\nthough the WalJc-in-the-Water was wrecked in 1821,\\nthe Superior and other steamers soon took her place,\\nand steam navigation contributed not a little to the\\ncommercial prosperity of the growing Territory.\\nPUBLIC ROADS.\\n^Another matter of immediate and pressing impor-\\ntance was that of roads. Immigrants could not come\\nSilas Farmer s History of Detroit.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "MICHIGA]^ HISTORY. 49\\ninto the Territory in any considerable numbers so\\nlong as they must find their way through the woods\\nby trails, or by roads cut out but never worked,\\nand which in a little while by use became nearly\\nimpassable. Roads around the west end of Lake\\nErie to Detroit, and from the latter place to Chi-\\ncago, and other highways of importance were built\\nas soon as possible, through the energetic and wise\\nmanagement of Governor Cass and his efficient\\nassistant. Secretary Woodbridge.\\nTHE ERIE CANAL-1825.\\nThe opening of the Erie Canal, in 1825, was an\\nevent of great importance to Michigan.\\nSteamers and sailing craft became abundant on the\\nlakes, and it was estimated that not less than 300\\npassengers a week were landed at Detroit during the\\nfall of 1825.\\nPROMOTION OF GENERAL CASS AND CONDITION OF THE\\nTERRITORY IN 1831.\\nIn 1831 General Cass accepted the office of Secre-\\ntary of War under President Jackson.\\nJudge Cooley s Michigan,\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1822 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was appointed Indian agent\\nand took up his residence at the Sault de Ste. Marie. For nearly\\ntwenty years Mr. Schoolcraft continued to be one of the distinguished\\ncitizens of Michigan. He lived at the Sault the greater part of the\\ntime, and afterwards at Mackinac Island. His writings, Thirty\\nYears With the Indian Tribes, Narrative Journal of Travels from\\nDetroit Northwest Through the Great Chain of American Lakes to\\nthe Sources of the Mississippi River, etc., are interesting to students\\nof Michigan history, Mr. Schoolcraft took a great interest in the\\nstudy of the Indian languages and character, and published several\\nworks on the subject.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "50 A PRIMEE OF\\nFor eighteen years he had managed the affairs of\\nMichigan Territory with satisfaction to the people\\nand honor to himself. He found the Territory suf-\\nfering from the ravages of war, with a population\\nof perhaps five thousand jDersons; he left it in pros-\\nperity, with more than thirty thousand inhabitants,\\nwith developing resources and a bright future.\\nCLOSE OF THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD.\\nGeo. B. Porter of Pennsylvania was then appointed\\nGovernor of Michigan Territory, and Stevens T.\\nMason, Secretary. As Governor Porter was absent\\na considerable portion of the time, the Secretary\\nwho was a beardless youth at the time of his ap-\\npointment was acting Governor; and after the death\\nof the chief executive, in 1834,* no change was\\nmade, and Mr. Mason continued to manage the\\nduties of the office until the close of the Territorial\\nPeriod.\\nMeanwhile the population of Michigan Territory\\nhad reached and passed the number fixed by the\\nOrdinance of 1787 60,000 as necessary to admission\\nas a State, and the people desired to be admitted\\ninto the Union.\\nTHE TOLEDO WAR.\\nAbout this time a dispute arose concerning the\\nboundary between Michigan and Ohio. Careless\\nmanagement had admitted Ohio, in 1802, with an in-\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Porter fell a victim to the cholera which visited\\nDetroit in 1833 and 1834.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAJ^ HISTORY. 51\\ndefinite northern boundary. The act of 1805, organ-\\nizing Michigan Territory, fixed the boundary at a\\nline running due east from the most southern bend\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of Lake Michigan. This included Toledo and a con-\\nsiderable strip of land which Ohio tried to claim.\\nIn 1835 Governor Lucas of Ohio issued a proclama-\\ntion assuming control, and the State Legislature\\npassed an act to organize the county of Lucas. Act-\\ning Governor Mason of Michigan Territory called\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2out the militia and proceeded to Toledo to prevent\\nthe Ohio officers from exercising control of the dis-\\nputed land. Several shots were exchanged, but no\\nblood was shed.\\nAnxious to settle the dispute without giving offense\\nto Ohio and India-na as a presidential election was\\n.soon to take place, and votes were valuable Con-\\ngress endeavored to satisfy both parties by giving to\\nMichigan the extensive territory known as the Upper\\nPeninsula. Michigan reluctantly accepted the terms,\\npermitted Ohio to fix the boundary as it is shown\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0on our maps, and herself acquired the title to the\\nrich and valuable mineral districts of the Lake Supe-\\nrior region.\\nSTATE GONVENTIOIs S.\\nThe first State Convention for the adoption of a\\nConstitution was held at Detroit, in May, 1835. An\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2election for the adoption of the Constitution, and\\nfor the election of State officers, was held on the\\nfirst Monday of the following October. The Consti-", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52 A PEIMER OF\\ntution was adopted by vote of the people, and Ste-\\nvens T. Mason was elected Governor, Edward Mundy,\\nLieutenant Governor, and Isaac E. Crary, Eepre-\\nsentative in Congress. The Legislature met in\\nNovember (1835), and elected John Norvell and\\nLucius Lyon L^nited States Senators for Michigan.\\nEverything was ready for admission into the Union,,\\nbut the unfortunate boundary dispute with Ohio\\nprevented the favorable action of Congress. Several\\nconventions were held in 1836, and in December of\\nthat year a body of men, mostly politicians, held a\\nconvention at Ann Arbor and decided to accept the\\nterms proposed by Congress. This was called the\\nfrost-bitten convention, but in spite of public ridi-\\ncule, the action of this body was accepted by Con-\\ngress, and Michigan was admitted into the Union,.\\nJanuary 27, 1837.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nNliclTLigarL as a State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ISST to 1886.\\nFIRST CONSTITUTIOIn^ OF MICHIGAN.\\nThe State Constitution under which Michigan was\\nadmitted into the Federal Union contained several\\npeculiar features, which deserve brief mention. The\\nSecretary of State, Auditor General and Attorney\\nGeneral were appointed by the Governor, with the^", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAI^ HISTORY. 53\\nadvice and consent of the State Senate. The Super-\\nintendent of Public Instruction was appointed by the\\nGovernor, with the advice and consent of the Legis-\\nlature, in joint vote. The Governor and Lieutenant\\nGovernor were elected, and all State officers above\\nmentioned were chosen for a term of two years, as\\nat present. Judges of the Supreme Court were ap-\\npointed by the Governor, with the advice and con-\\nsent of the Senate, for a term of seven years.\\nThe Constitution contained the following provis-\\nion, which had a considerable influence on the early\\nhistory of the State: Internal improvements shall\\nbe encouraged by the Government of this State and\\nit shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as\\nmay be, to make provision by law for ascertaining\\nthe proper objects of improvement in relation to\\nroads, canals and navigable waters, etc.\\ni:n^^ter:n^al improvement scheme.\\nIt so happened that the Hon. Stevens T. Mason\\n^the boy Governor of Michigan who was the\\nfirst chief executive of the young State, was in\\nhearty sympathy with the plan of internal improve-\\nments for which provision was made in the Consti-\\ntution. With his approval, the Legislature speedily\\npassed the necessary laws, and the scheme was put\\ninto execution. Arrangements were made to borrow\\nfive millions of dollars on bonds issued by the State,\\nand Governor Mason was authorised to negotiate the\\nloan. The Morris Canal and Banking Company", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54 A PRIMER OF\\nbought a portion of the bonds, and as agents, dis-\\nposed of the remainder to the Pennsylvania United\\nStates Bank. About half of the purchase money\\nhad been paid into the State treasury when both of\\nthe buyers failed, and the Michigan bonds v/hich\\nwere all in their possession were turned over to\\ntheir creditors. Here was a dilemma. It was highly\\nimportant that the credit of the State should be^\\nmaintained; and it was equally important to avoid\\nthe payment of several millions of dollars for which\\nthe State had received nothing. After due deliber-\\nation, Michigan statesmen decided to redeem the\\nbonds that had been bought, and to refuse to pay\\nthe bonds that had been seized before they had been\\npaid for. This decision, founded u]3on principles of\\nequity, was received with respect by the business-\\nworld, and the terms offered were soon accepted by\\nthe holders of the bonds.\\nAmong the various internal improvements which\\nwere begun and carried on for several years by the\\nState, two of the most important were the Michigan\\nCentral and Southern railroads. The first-named\\nroad was to begin at Detroit and extend to the\\nmouth of the St. Joseph Eiver, on Lake Michigan.\\nThe second was to extend from Monroe to New Buf-\\nfalo. After an experience of four or five years in\\nprosecuting these enterprises, and others of lesser\\nnote, it became evident to careful observers that it\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0would be better for the State to dispose of the rail-\\nroads to private corporations; and accordingly, thfr", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAi^ HISTORY. 55\\nMichigan Central and Southern railroads^ which were\\nonly partially completed, Avere sold, in 1846, for the\\nsum of two and a half millions of dollars. This was\\nless than they had cost the State, but nevertheless\\nthe sale was considered a good bargain. Under the\\nmanagement of their new owners the roads were\\nspeedily pushed forward to completion, with some\\nchanges in the western portions of their routes.\\nThe rising city of Chicago, like a great magnet,\\ndrew the iron bands to the southward, and St.\\nJoseph was left as a quiet monument of what\\nmight have been.\\nwild-cat baxkikg.\\nWhen Michigan became the twenty-sixth member\\nof the Union, there were fifteen banks doing busi-\\nness within her borders. But among other fanciful\\ntheories of that time was the notion that banking,\\nlike farming and store-keeping, should be free to\\nall. Accordingly, in the spring of 1837, a general\\nbanking law was passed by the Legislature. Under\\nthis act any ten or more freeholders might engage\\nin banking with a capital of not less than fifty thou-\\nsand nor more than three hundred thousand dollars.\\nThe provisions for the security of the public were\\nloosely framed, and proved utterly worthless in prac-\\ntice. Among other things, it was provided that\\nthirty per cent, of the entire capital should be paid\\nin, in specie, before commencing business; that debts\\nand bills issued should be secured by mortgages on", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "56 A PRIMER OF\\nreal estate, etc. The banks were subject to exami-\\nnation and supervision by commissioners. But all\\nprovisions of safety were successfully evaded by\\nshrewd rascals in one way or another. Banks were\\nstarted by persons who were mere adventurers, alike\\ndestitute of capital and credit. When the bank com-\\nmissioners started upon their rounds of inspection,\\nbags of coin were secretly and swiftly carried by\\nmessengers from one bank to another, so that they\\nwere constantly deceived. The requisite amount of\\ncoin would be found in the vaults, the commission-\\ners could discover nothing wrong, and the inspec-\\ntion was over. During the following night the coin\\nwould be spirited away to the next bank, and\\ncounted again as before. Meanwhile these fraudulent\\nbanks were issuing bills and getting them into cir-\\nculation as fast as possible.\\nThe year 1837 is memorable as the time of a great\\nfinancial panic in the United States. In June of\\nthat year, the Legislature of Michigan, in the hope\\nof relieving the financial difficulties for the time being,\\npassed a law authorizing the suspension of specie\\npayment until May 16, 1838. But the general bank-\\ning law remained in force, banks were organized,\\nand bills were issued as fast as possible during the\\nperiod of suspension. The fraudulent banker waxed\\nfat with his ill-gotten gains, and the irredeemable\\npaper currency generally known as wild-cat\\nnotes became almost as worthless as the paper\\nupon which it was printed. Banks were located", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN^ HISTORY. 57\\nanywhere and everywhere. One was found flourish-\\ning in an old saw-mill; and it was humorously\\nasserted that a hollow stump, to serve as a vault/\\nwas all that was needed for a bank in those days.*\\nThe commissioners proceeded to close all banks\\nthat they could discover to be in an unsound condi-\\ntion. And many of these fraudulent concerns only\\nwished to operate long enough to put their worth-\\nless bills upon the market. So, with those which\\nwere closed by the officers, and those which were\\nclosed voluntarily, the greater number of the wild-\\ncat banks had suspended operations by the end of\\nthe year 1839. But more than a million dollars of\\ntheir worthless bills had been put in circulation, and\\nwhatever had been received in return was practically\\nstolen from the people. In 1844 the general bank-\\ning law was declared unconstitutional, and wild-\\ncat banks caused no further trouble.\\nEDUCATION.\\nBy the Ordinance of 1787 creating the North-\\nwest Territory and subsequent legislation. Congress\\nmade provision for the support of public schools in\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Bank oe Singapore. No school-boy ever saw the\\nname of Singapore on his map of Michigan. It was one of the mag-\\nnificent cities of the days of which we write, and was located in\\nAllegan county. Its bank enjoyed an extensive cii culation and con-\\nsiderable popularity, from the fact that most people supposed it to be\\nin Asia. Tliat was a happy thought, in christening this particular\\nwild-cat, to give it a name with an East India flavor. It inspired\\nrespect. The bank would not, by any means, have smelled so sweet\\nby any other name. A gentleman, who took the bills because of the\\nmellifluous title of the bank, relates a mournful story of how the\\naforesaid bank bursted while he was traveling about in the western\\npart of the State looking for Singapore. H. M. Utley, in Michigan\\nPioneer Collections.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 A PRIMEE OF\\nthis part of the Union. The sixteenth section of\\nevery organized township* was set apart for the cre-\\nation of a permanent school fund, of which the\\ninterest only is used from year to year. Since 1858^\\nthe primary school fund/ as it is called, has been\\nincreased by the addition of one-half of the yearly\\ncash receipts from the sale of swamp lands belong-\\ning to the State. It is estimated that when all the\\nlands are sold, the primary school fund will reach\\nthe sum of four and a-half millions of dollars, and\\nearn an annual income of three hundred thousand\\ndollars for the support of schools. So much for\\nthe financial foundation of the Michigan school\\nsystem, f\\nAfter the State v/as admitted into the Union, one\\nof the first steps of interest in this connection was-\\nthe appointment of a Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction. By the advice of General Isaac E.\\nCrary, Governor Mason selected for this important\\noffice the Rev. John D. Pierce, a Congregational\\nclergyman, who was engaged in missionary work\\namong the pioneers of central Michigan. The first\\nState Superintendent of Public Instruction was a\\nman of sound culture, broad views, and good judg-\\nNote. One thirty-sixth of the total area, or about a million acres\\nof land in Michigan.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Since the State has been practically out of debt, a portion,\\nof the specific tax received from corpbraiions which formerly went\\ninto the sinking fund has been devoted to the support of schools.\\nIn some years this has exceeded JSOO,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 making, with the interest\\non the permanent fund, about two-thirds of a million per annum.\\nBut the larger part of the sum required to supixirt the best schools is\\ngenerously levied and raised as a direct tax, by vote of the people at\\nthe annual school meeting.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY.\\n5^\\nHon. John D. Pierce,\\nFoumler of the Michigan School System.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 A PRIMER OF\\nment. He had studied the school system of Prussia\\nwith care, and in mapping out a plan for Michigan\\nhe availed himself of whatever good things he could\\ndiscover anywhere. Under his careful guidance, laws\\nwere devised and plans perfected for an educational\\nsystem that has been a permanent blessing to the\\npeople of the State.\\nFather Pierce as the founder of the Michigan\\nschool system is reverentl} called wished (1) to\\nplace the primary school within the reach of every\\nchild in the State; and (2) to establish a State\\nUniversity* for the higher culture of advanced stu-\\ndents.\\nThe plan which was drawn up by Superintendent\\nPierce, and passed by act of the Legislature in 1837,\\ncontained most of the essential features of the pres-\\nent school system. And when it is remembered that\\nFather Pierce was the first State Superintendent of\\nPublic Instruction in the United States, we are the\\nbetter prepared to appreciate the wisdom and fore-\\nsight of the founder of Michigan schools.\\nAfter five years of hard work in the educational\\nfield, the worthy State Superintendent resigned his\\noffice to other hands, and resumed the work of the\\nChristian ministry.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State University had been a favorite project of Judge\\nWoodward, away back in the Territorial days. With tlie approval of\\nGovernor Cass, the eccentric jurist drew up a plan for an institution\\nwhich he called the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,\\nwhich was established by act of the Territorial Legislature, in 1817.\\nBut little progress had been made, however, in the realization of the\\nuniversity proper, when Father Pierce took charge of the educational\\naffairs of the State.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 61\\nOther educational institutions were provided from\\ntime to time. The State Normal School at Ypsi-\\nlanti was chartered in 1849; the Agricultural Col-\\nlege at Lansing in 1855. The latter was the\\nfirst agricultural college established in the United\\nStates. In providing for general education, the\\nunfortunate have not been forgotten. There are (1)\\nthe School for the Blind at Lansing; (2) the Insti-\\ntution for the Deaf and Dumb at Flint; (3) the\\nState Public School for Dependent Children at\\nColdwater.* Youthful criminals and unmanageable\\nchild^ en may be sent to the Eeform School for Boys\\nat Lansing or the State Industrial Home for Girls\\nat Adrian where they receive sound training, and\\noften become good members of society.\\nMeanwhile, one department after another has been\\nadded to the State LTniversity, eminent teachers have\\nbeen employed, and it has become one of the leading\\neducational institutions in America.\\nThe public schools have grown from the modest\\nbeginnings of pioneer days,f until their good influ-\\nNOTE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Hon. John D. Pierce passed the greater part of his life\\nin Michigan, and. flUed various positions of responsibility with credit\\nto himself and satisfaction to the people. Full of years, and crowned\\nwith the rich blessings earned by a well-spent life, he died in 1882.\\nHis remains rest in tLie cemetery at Marsliall.\\nNote. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In establishing this school for the maintenance and educa-\\ntion of dependent children, in 1871, Michigan was again the pioneer\\nState, not only of the American Union, but of the world.\\nt Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The walls of the pioneer school-house were made of logs\u00c2\u00bb\\nthe roof of shakes, and the floor of puncheons. Slabs with legs\\nin them were used for seats, and the desks were formed by fastening\\nrough boards upon pins driven into large auger-holes in the walL\\nChimneys, constructed of sticks and mortar, Avere used in place of\\nstoves. Sometimes amusing incidents happened at these fireplaces:\\nA certain teacher had carefuly impressed upon the minds of his pupils\\nthe importance of tlvinking three times before they spoke once. Coming", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "6^ A PRIMER OF\\nence, in some measure at least, has readied every\\nnook and corner of the State. The high schools of\\nthe cities and villages have done excellent service as\\nconnecting links between the primary schools and\\nthe higher institutions of learning, and in providing\\nthe means of fair culture to large numbers of stu-\\ndents who could not or would not secure it other-\\nwise.\\nIt is to be hoped that this educational system,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2established by the founders of Michigan, and nur-\\ntured by several generations of patriotic citizens,\\nmay be cherished in the future as in the past, for\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2education is the chief safeguard of a free State.\\nPIOKEERS.\\nMost of the early settlers of interior Michigan\\ncame from New England, New York, and Ohio.\\nEeared in the enjoyment of many of the blessings\\nof American citizenship, they were alive to the value\\nof the refining and ennobling influences of intellec-\\ntual, moral, and religious training. Hence, they were\\nthe firm friends of the school and the church. Some\\nof them came from the birth-place of the ^town\\nmeeting, and they took an active interest in the\\ninto the house one cold morning, he pulled, off his boots, and placed\\nthem before the fire to thaw. Soon they began to scorch and fry\\nbefore the intense heat of the fire. A thoughtful scholar, standing by,\\ndrawled out. Schoolmastei; I think.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I think\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I think\u00e2\u0080\u0094 your boots are\\nburning. By tt.is time the boots had burned to a crisp. and the boy\\nlearned that circumstances alter cases.\\nJ. S. Tibbits, in Michigan Pioneer Collections,\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The following denominational institutions should be men-\\ntioned as educational factors in Michigan Adrian College, Albion\\nCollege, Battle Creek College, Detroit College, Hillsdale College, Hope\\nCollege (Holland City), Kalamazoo College, Olivet College.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAI^ HISTORY. 63\\nwise and honest government of their adopted State.\\nIntelligent and public spirited, but prudent as well,\\nthey were good and safe citizens.\\nThe style of living was necessarily plain. For\\nclothing, cheap, coarse cloth answered the purpose,\\nand the wives and daughters made it up for use.\\nThe pioneers could not be particular about other\\nqualities of their cloth than those of wear and com-\\nfort, and nobody would criticise the style or the fit.\\nSilks for the woman and broadcloth for the man\\nwere rare extravagances; many a bridegroom, des-\\ntined to become an important personage in business\\nand political circles, went to the altar in Kentucky\\njean, and received his bride in calico; and the wed-\\nding journey, from the bride s home to the husband s,\\nwas made with an ox-team. There was little\\nsentimentality in this, but there was New England\\nhard sense, and good promise of domestic virtues and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2contentment.\\nThe first houses were log cabins, and the food of\\nthe pioneers, like the clothing, was plain and sub-\\nstantial. Hard work was the order of th6 day.\\nVillage loungers and corner loafers were scarce among\\nthe people who converted the forests and oak-\\nopenings of the past into the fine farms and fruit-\\nful orchards of the present.\\nHospitality and genuine friendship are usual char-\\nacteristics of pioneers, and the pathfinders of the\\nJudge Cooley s Michigan.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 A PKIMEE OF\\nMichigan wilderness were bright examples of the\\ngeneral rule. One who knew them says, they were\\na band of brothers in those times that tried men s\\nsouls. If one had a barrel of flour, it was divided\\nwith the others. No one was allowed to want for\\nwhat another had.\\nMORMONS IN^ MICHIGAN.\\nIn 1847, a colony of Mormons, under the leader-\\nship of James J. Strang, located on Beaver Island.\\nTheir settlement was on the shore of the beautiful\\nbay still occupied by the little hamlet of St. James\\nwhich they founded and named after their leader.\\nStrang styled himself King, and monopolized the\\noffices of ^apostle, prophet, seer, revelator, and\\ntranslator. At first the Morman colony consisted\\nof only five families, but a system of vigorous prose-\\nlyting increased their numbers to nearly two thousand\\npersons within the few years of their stay on the\\nisland. But internal dissensions arose, and Strang\\nwas assassinated in 185G. Soon after the death of\\nthe leader, the colony was dispersed by an armed\\nband of fishermen from the neighboring shores, and\\nHon. Charles D. Little, in Michigan Pioneer Collections.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 After trains had been running for several years on the Mich-\\nigan Central Railroad, the pioneers were startled one day by a strange\\nnoise. It came through the woods as swift as lightning and\\nits shrill and piercing voice was more startling than thunder.\\nWhat on earth could itbe? t One of the pioneers thought it was a\\nbear, and took his rifle and searched for hours for the animal with\\nthe big voice, but no bear was visible; and he soon discovered what was-\\ndoing the screaming. It was the steam whistle of the locomotive engine^\\nthen a new invention.\\nWilliam Nowlin, Michigan Pioneer Collections.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAIsr HISTORY. 65\\nthe Mormons were given only twenty-four hours to*\\nemigrate/ which they lost no time in doing.\\nREMOVAL OF THE STATE CAPITAI^1847.\\nFrom the time of Cadillac s occupancy of Fort\\nPontchartrain (1701) until 1847, the seat of govern-\\nment was at Detroit, but in the latter year the\\nLegislature decided to locate the permanent capital\\nof Michigan at Lansing then covered by a dense\\nforest, and forty miles distant from a railroad. The\\nproject was greeted with both ridicule and severe\\ndenunciation at first, but the decision was made and\\nthe location on the banks of the Grand River\\nproved to be pleasant and generally satisfactory.\\nSECOND CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN-1850.\\nAfter an experience of more than a dozen years\\nwith the State Constitution under which Michigan\\ncame into the Union, the people wished to make\\nsome changes in the supreme law of the Common-\\nwealth, and a convention for that purpose met at\\nLansing in June, 1850. After careful preparation,\\na new Constitution was submitted to the people, by\\nwhom it was adopted in due time.\\nAmong other changes, the second Constitution\\nprovides for the election, by the people, of all heads\\nof State Departments and Judges of the Supreme\\nCourt, thereby lessening the power formerly given\\nto the Governor, and placing the selection of the\\nprincipal State officers where it properly belongs\\nwith the people.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "66 A PRIMER OF\\nSuitable restrictions are placed upon the Legisla-\\nture to prevent the recurrence of any of the reckless\\nfinancial management that involved the State in\\ndebt and loss in the early days.\\nIn their desire to be economical^, the framers of\\nthe new Constitution fixed the salaries of State offi-\\ncers at low rates, and named the respective sums in\\nan instrument which cannot be changed without the,\\nconsent of a majority of the legal voters. The sal-\\naries of the Grovernor, State Treasurer, Auditor\\nGeneral, and Superintendent of Public Instruction\\nwere fixed at $1,000 each, per annum; the Secre-\\ntary of State, Commissioner of the Land Office, and\\nAttorney General at $800 each. These salaries were\\nlow at the time, and, with the changed conditions\\nof the labor market and cost of living, they have\\nlong been regarded as entirely out of keeping with\\nthe value of the services required, and not at all\\ncreditable to the great State of Michigan. Attempts\\nhave accordingly been made to amend this clause of\\nthe Constitution so as to offer a reasonable compen-\\nsation for services that at present are only rendered\\nby men of ability at a constant personal loss.*\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The poor policy of paying such low salaries has been fre-\\nquently noticeable in the office of State Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction. Men of ability, who might have wielded great influence\\nfor good in the educational interests of the State, have lelt unable to\\nhold the office for many years in succession, and frequent changes have\\nnaturally followed. Thus the office has lost the services of such men as\\nSuperintendents John M. Gregory, LL. D., Horace S, Tarbell, Cornelius\\nA. Gower, and Varnum B. Cochran.\\nDuring the Civil War, Governor Blair rendered excellent service to the\\nUnion by devoting his whole time to the duties of his office, almost\\nentirely at his own expense. The salary of $1,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a miserable pittance\\nat any time\u00e2\u0080\u0094 was made by war prices and the depreciation of currency", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTOKY. 67\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Strange to say, however, thus far (1886) the amend-\\nment has failed to pass.\\nPOLITICAL MATTERS.\\nWhen Michigan was admitted into the Union, the\\nDemocratic party was in power and the Governor of\\nthe State was a member of that party. Dissatisfac-\\ntion with the financial mismanagement of 1837 and\\n1838 caused a change in the political control of the\\nState, which was secured by the Whig party headed\\nhy William Woodbridge for a single term. From\\n1841 to 1854 the Democrats were again in power.\\nIn the latter year the newly organized Republican*\\nparty elected its candidates, and, with the exception\\nof a single term 1883-85 has continued in political\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0control of the State to the present time (1886).\\nREFERENCE LISTS OF PROMIl^ENT OFFICERS OF\\nMICHIGAi r.\\nGove7 nors of the State.\\nStevens T. Mason 1837 to 1840\\nWilliam Woodbridge 1840 1841\\nJ. Wright Gordon (acting) 1841 1842\\nJohn S. Barry 1842 1846\\nAlpheus Felch 1846 1847\\nWm. L. Greenly (acting) 1847 1848\\nbut a mere fraction of its ordinary value. The policy which prevents\\nmen of modest means from filling the offices of State is not only poor\\neconomy, but contrary to the cardinal principles of representative gov-\\nernment.\\nJudge Campbeirs Outlines of the Political History of Michigan.\\nNote.- -In the summer of 1854 a convention of Whigs, anti-Nebraska\\nDemocrats, and Free Soilers met at Jackson and organized the Republi-\\ncan party.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "68 A PKIMER OF\\nEpaphroditus Kansom 1848 1850\\nJohn S. Barry 1850 1852\\nRobert McClelland 1852 1855\\nAndrew Parsons (acting) 1853 1855\\nKinsley S. Bingham 1855 185^\\nMoses Wisner 1859 1861\\nAustin Blair 1861 1865-\\nHenry H. Crapo 1865 1869\\nHenry P. Baldwin 1869 1873\\nJohn J. Bagley 1873 1877\\nCharles M. Croswell 1877 1881\\nDavid H. Jerome -_1881 188a\\nJosiah W. Begole 1883 1885\\nEussell A. Alger 1885 1887\\nSuperintendents of Public Instriiction.\\nRev. John D. Pierce 1837 to 1841\\nFranklin Sawyer 1841 ^^1843\\nOliver G. Comstock 1843 1845\\nIra Mayhew 1845 1849\\nFrancis W. Shearman 1849 1855\\nIra Mayhew 1855 1859\\nJohn M. Gregory 1859 1865\\nOramel Hosford 1865 1873\\nDaniel B. Briggs.... 1873 1877\\nHorace S. Tarbell 1877 1878\\nCornelius A Gower 1878 1881\\nVarnum B. Cochran 1881 1883\\nHerschel R. Gass 1883 1885\\nRev. Theodore Nelson 1885 1887", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 69\\nU. S. Senators from Michigan.\\nLucius Lyon 1836 to 1840\\nJohn Norvell 1836 1841\\nAugustus S. Porter 1840 1845\\nWilliam Woodbridge 1841 1847\\nLewis Cass 1845 1848\\nAlplieus Felch 1847 1853\\nCharles E. Stuart 1853 1859\\nZachariah Chandler 1857 1875\\nKinsley S. Bingham 1859 1861\\nJacob M. Howard 1862 1871\\nThomas W. Ferry 1871 1883\\nIsaac P. Christiancy 1875 1879\\nZachariah Chandler .1879\\nHenry P. Baldwin 1879 1881\\nOmar D. Conger 1881 1887\\nThomas W. Palmer 1883 1889\\nMicliiga7i Members of Presidents^ CaMnets.\\nGeneral Lewis Cass, Secretary of State under\\nPresident Buchanan.\\nRobert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior\\nunder President Pierce.\\nZachariah Chandler, Secretary of the Interior\\nunder President Grant.\\nMICHIGAN IN THE CIVIL WAR-1861~65.\\nDuring the four years of the Civil War, Michigan\\nwas fortunate in having Austin Blair as her chief\\nexecutive. Every effort was made to lend all possible", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70 A PEIMER OP\\nsupport to the United States government in its\\nstruggle for existence. Few States were more prompt^\\nand none sent braver soldiers to the front. AIL\\ntold, Michigan furnished 90,747 men, of whom\\n14,855 died in the service of the Nation. The war\\nGovernor devoted his entire time and energy to*\\nthe performance of his public duties, and earned\\nthe respect and gratitude of all patriotic citizens.\\nThe veteran General Cass,* who had recently been\\na member of President Buchanan s cabinet, was\\npresent at the first ^^war meeting held in Detroit\\nand lifted his voice in support of the federal\\nunion.\\nAt that time, Zachariah Chandler was a member\\nof the United States Senate^ and no man exerted a\\nmore vigorous influence in opposition to the Eebel-\\nlion than the brave and outspoken war Senator of\\nMichigan. On the floor of the Senate, in public-\\nspeeches, in his^intercourse with the people and with\\nthe officials of the Nation everywhere. Senator\\nChandler was an active and influential supporter of\\nthe Constitution and an unflinching foe to treason\\nand disunion. He was the champion of whatever he-\\nbelieved to be right, and no threats or dangers were\\nsufficient to turn him from the path of honor or the-\\nperformance of duty. As the friend of the soldier,\\nhe rendered unnumbered services of kindness. A\\nblue uniform gained for its wearer prompt admit-\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General Cass died at his home in Detroit, June 17, 1866.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "MICHIGA^^ HISTORY. 71\\ntance to his room and a careful hearing for any\\nrequest/^\\nWith prudent and fearless leaders, and brave\\nsoldiers, Michigan made a good record in the war.\\nMISCELLAISTEOUS.\\nIn 1852, Congress granted 750,000 acres of land\\nto the State of Michigan for the construction of a\\nship-canal around the rapids of the St. Mary s Kiver.\\nThe contract was let to a private company and the\\ncanal and lock were completed in 1855. This opened\\nLake Superior to the navigators of the lower lakes\\nand exerted a great influence upon the development\\nof the Upper Peninsula. A new lock, with a single\\nHift instead of the two used in the old lock, was\\ncompleted by the United States government in 1881,\\nand has proved of great convenience to the shipping\\nof the lakes.\\nThe new State Capitol building was begun in\\n1873, and has been completed at a cost of about one\\nand one-half millions of dollars.\\nLife of Zachariah Chandler, by The Post and Tribune.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Chandler served three terms (18 years) in the Senate. He\\nwas made Secretary of the Interior in President Grant s cabinet (1875-\\n1877). For the fourth time he was elected to the United States Senate-\\nFebruary, 1879, upon the resignation of Senator Christiancy. During\\nthe spring and early summer. Senator Chandler was engaged in the\\npolitical canvass with his usual zeal, although his health was somewhat\\nimpaired. He died suddenly at the Grand Pacific hotel, Chicago, after\\nhaving made a ringing speech the same night (Oct. 31, 1879) at McCormic\\nHall.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As a matter of local curiosity rather than of importance, it\\nmay be remembered that in the fall of 1864 some of the rebels who were\\nthen sojourning in Canada made an attempt to capture the U. S. revenue\\ncutter Michigan. The plot failed in execution, and the people of the\\nlake ports were not called upon to witness the threatened destruction of\\ntheir cities.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 A PRIMER OF\\nUnder the present Constitution^ the State Legis-\\nlature consists of one hundred Eepresentatives and\\nthirty-two Senators, chosen at the general election\\nwhich is held on the first Tuesday after the first\\nMonday in November of every even year. The\\nLegislature holds one regular session every two years,\\nbeginning on the first Wednesday of January after\\nthe general election.\\nUnder the apportionment based upon the census\\nof 1880, Michigan is divided into eleven congressional\\ndistricts.\\nBy the revision of the criminal laAvs in 1846, the\\ndeath penalty for murder in the first degree was\\nchanged to imprisonment for life.\\nFrom 1855 to 1875 the State had a prohibitory liquor\\nlaw on her statute books. Since that time laws have\\nbeen enacted for the taxation and restraint of this trafiic.\\nREFERENCE LISTS OF STATE INSTITUTION S.\\nEducational.\\nState University Ann Arbor\\nAgricultural College Lansing\\nNormal School Ypsilanti\\nInstitution for the Deaf and Dumb Flint\\nInstitution for the Blind Lansing\\nPublic School for Depend t Children, Coldwater\\nMichigan Mining School Houghton\\nEducational and Reformatory.\\nState Eef orm School for Boys Lansing\\nIndustrial Home for Girls Adrian", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "MICHIGASr HISTORY. 73\\nGliaritable,\\nInsane Asylums Kalamazoo^ Pontiac, Traverse City\\nSoldiers Home Grand Rapids\\nPenal.\\nState House of Correction Ionia\\nPrison Jackson\\nMarquette\\nCOKGLUSIOK.\\nThe first half century of State history has wit-\\nnessed many wonderful changes. In 1837 the interior\\nwas sparsely settled, and the forests and prairies\\nshowed few signs of human industry. Wagon roads\\nwere scarce and poor, and there was no completed\\nrailroad. Postal arrangements were exceedingly in-\\nconvenient, and correspondence was an expensive\\nluxury. The population of the State was 174,467.\\nCities there were none. Schools, churches, and\\nnewspapers were few, and the privations of pioneer\\nlife were many and severe.\\nFifty years have changed the wilderness into more\\nthan a hundred thousand cultivated farms. Five\\nthousand miles of railroads afford good market and\\ntravelling facilities to the people of almost every\\ncounty in the State. The census gatherer reports a\\npopulation of nearly two millions of people. Ten\\nthousand schools afford instruction to about four\\nhundred thousand pupils.* Churches are numerous,\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In our gratitude for what has been accomplished, we should\\nnot forget that only about three-fourths of the youth of school age are", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "74 A PRIMER OF\\nand religions inflnences shonld be felt in every com-\\nmunity. Postal facilities have improved a hundred\\nfold, and the newspaper is abroad in the land.\\nTimes have changed, and the people of the pres-\\nent are enjoying numberless blessings gained by the\\ntoils and trials of the past. What are our duties to\\nthe future?\\nCHAPTER V.\\nA Brief Sketch of tine Nlaterial Re=\\nsoiarces of thie State.\\nLOCATION AND SIZE.\\nMichigan lies between 48\u00c2\u00b0 20 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 42 north\\nlatitude^, and between 90\u00c2\u00b0 32 and 82\u00c2\u00b0 25 longitude\\nwest from Greenwich. Bounded on three sides by\\nthe great lakes, it has a coast line of 1,620 miles.\\nAccording to the geograi^her of the tenth census,\\nthe area of Michigan is 58,915 square miles. In\\naddition to the mainlands of the two peninsulas, the\\npolitical limits of the State include 179 islands, from\\none acre in area upwards. Michigan consists of 82\\ncounties, including the island counties of Isle Eoyal\\nand Manitou.\\nSURFACE.\\nIn the Lower Peninsula the surface is generally\\nyet enrolled in the schools, Avhile the average daily attendance is con-\\nsiderably less. This is not as it should be, and it is the duty of all good\\ncitizens to improve this state of affairs by all possible means.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY.\\n75\\nI MAP I\\nSHOWING LOCATION OF\\nSCALE, 100 MILES-.\\nRAND, MC NAtLY CO.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": ".76 A PRIMER OF\\nlevel or gently rolling. The average elevation is\\nestimated at about 500 feet above the level of Lake\\nMichigan. T.ie highest point of the most elevated\\nplateau of this peninsula in Otsego county is 1,200\\nfeet above the same level. Although there are no\\nmountains and few hills of considerable height in\\nthis portion of the State, the surface is sufficiently\\nrolling to be well drained in most places by the\\nnumerous streams which flow toward the surround-\\ning lakes. So that, notwithstanding the false reports\\nof some of the early surveyors, central Michigan\\ncontains comparatively few swamps.\\nThe eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula is\\ngenerally low and level, while the western portion is\\nrocky, hilly, and even mountainous in some places.\\nThe highest knob of the Porcupine Mountains has\\nan altitude of 1,380 feet above the level of Lake\\nSuperior.\\nThe State contains 5,173 inland lakes.\\nThe Saginaw, Grand, and Muskegon rivers are the\\nmost important streams. In places the water-shed\\nis so narrow that several streams flowing|in opposite\\ndirections originate within a radius of three or four\\nmiles.*\\nMany of the rivers and creeks flowing through the\\npine forests are used as logging streams by the\\nlumbermen.\\nThat portion of the Lower Peninsula which lies\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Kalamazoo, Grand, St. Joseph, Raisin, and Maumee\\nrivers rise on Hillsdale Summit.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 77\\nsouth of a line* drawn from Grand Haven to the\\nmouth of the Saginaw Eiver is the region chiefly\\ndevoted to agriculture.\\nThis section originally consisted of oak openings/\\nprairies, and extensive forests of hard-wood timber.\\nBetween the first line and a line drawn from the\\nnorthwest corner of Manistee county to the north-\\neast corner of Alpena county lie the vast pine forests\\nof central Michigan.\\nThe remaining counties north of the last men-\\ntioned line consist chiefly of hard-wood lands, and\\nare adapted to agriculture.\\nThe eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula con-\\nsists of forests of pine and hard -wood timber, with\\nsome swamps and barren plains.\\nThe western portion contains valuable mineral\\ndeposits, and extensive forests of pine and hard-\\nwood timber.\\nThe shores of Lake Superior are bold and pictur-\\nesque in many places. The fantastic forms of the\\nPictured Rocks carved out of the precipitous\\nsandstone coast by the action of the waves are alike\\ninteresting to the geologist and to the unscientific\\ntraveler. Low sand hills or dunes have been thrown\\nup by the winds at various places on the shores of\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It should be clearly understood that these divisions are only\\napproximately correct, and made simply for the purpose of description.\\nThere is some pine south of the first line, and there are considerable\\ntracts of hard-wood timber in some of the counties of the pine belt. But\\nfor a rough generalization these divisions are believed to be as nearly\\ncorrect as can be made by straight lines.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 A PRIMER OF\\nthe great lakes, and are particularly noticeable on\\nthe Michigan shore of Lake Michigan.\\nSOIL.\\nThe soil varies so much in different localities, and\\nso many varieties are often found in the same neigh-\\nborhood or even on the same farm, that anything\\nlike a careful and accurate statement of the subject\\nwould far exceed the limits of this work.\\nIt may be stated, in general terms, that the\\nsoil varies from a sandy loam to a strong clay on\\nthe one hand, and to a light sand, in some places,\\non the other. In those sections covered exclusively\\nwith pine, the soil is usually light and poor. But\\nthe hard-wood lands, prairies, and oak openings of\\nthe Lower Peninsula are generally fertile and adapted\\nto the ordinary field, garden, and orchard crops.\\nThe eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula has\\nsome good soil; in the western portion the greater\\npart of the soil is light, and loses its strength after\\na few crops of vegetables.\\nCLIMATE.\\nThe climate of Michigan is considerably modified\\nby the large bodies of water on three sides of the\\nState. Owing to the fact that water parts with its\\nheat very slowly, the great lakes serve as reservoirs,\\nstoring up the heat rays of the sun through the\\nlong summer days and giving uj) their warmth to\\nthe atmosphere during the autumn and early winter.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAJ^ HISTORY. 79\\nThis accounts, to a considerable degree at least, for\\nthe late falls of this section. The vapor and warmth\\narising from the lakes serve to protect the crops of\\nthe neighboring shores from destructive frosts. And\\nas the prevailing winds are from the west, the east-\\nern shore of Lake Michigan is more fully protected\\nthan other parts, and is therefore a natural fruit\\nregion.*\\nThe mean annual rain-fall of the State is about\\n31 inches, f\\nThe average annual temperature of the State is\\n46 ^V/ Fah.t\\nFAEM PRODUCTS.\\nAmong the material resources of Michigan the\\nproducts of the soil claim the place of first impor-\\ntance. It is estimated that half of the labor of the\\npeople is devoted to this industry. And owing to\\nthe fertility of the lands under cultivation, combined\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 By reference to a map or chart showing the isothermal lines,\\nit will be seen that the line which passes through Chicago bends north-\\nward and crosses through Leelanaw Peninsula at Northport. (1) Wliat\\nis the meaning of the change in direction? and (2) what is the cause\\nAvhich underlies the condition represented by the line\\nNote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The severity and length of the winters, and the consequent\\ndepth of snow, gradually increase from the Indiana line to the extremity\\nof Keweenaw Point. In tlie southern half of the Lower Peninsula, the\\nsnow seldom reaches an average depth of more than 13 or 15 inches at\\nany time, and the ground is rarely covered with snow more than three\\nmonths during the year. In the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula\\nit is a common thing to see the snow 24 inches deep on the level, and tbe\\nground is usually covered for five months of the year. In the L,aiie\\nSuperior region an average depth of 48 inches of snow is a common ex-\\nperience, and the earth is usually covered during six months ot the year.\\nIn the latter region the nights are usually quite cool during the summer,\\nand overcoats and fires are sometimes needed in July and August.\\nt Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The mean annual temperature at Grand Haven is 47 2-100\u00c2\u00b0; at\\nDetroit, 48 28-100\u00c2\u00b0; at the Agricultural College, Lansing, 41) 64-100 at\\nAlpena, 41 60-100\u00c2\u00b0; at Escanaba, 40 60-100\u00c2\u00b0; at Marquette, 41 97-100", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80 A PKIMER OF\\nwith favorable climatic conditions and good market\\nfacilities, Michigan farms according to reliable\\nstatistics for a term of years have earned a greater\\naverage income per acre than those of most of the\\nother States in the Mississippi valley.\\nWheat is the leading crop and brings more money\\nthan all the other surplus field crops combined. In an\\naverage year, Michigan produces about twenty-five or\\nthirty million bushels of wheat. Winter wheat the\\nkind principally raised is usually sown in Septem-\\nber and harvested in the following July. The market\\nprice is generally not far from one dollar per bushel.\\nIndian corn is an important croj) in the southern\\nportion of the State.\\nOats, barley, clover-seed, hay, and garden vegeta-\\nbles are grown with profit.\\nPotatoes are raised in all parts of the State, but\\nreach greatest perfection and yield most abundantly\\nwhen grown on the newly cleared lands of the north-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ern counties.\\nStock-raising is carried on to a considerable extent.\\nFRUITS.\\nSince the time when it was found that peaches of\\nfine quality could be profitably raised on the western\\nborder of the State about the year 1840 fruit\\nNotes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The corn crop of 1884 was more than 33,000,000 bushels. The\\noat crop was over 25,000,000 bushels. The potato crop was about 14,000,000\\nbushels. The hay crop was over 1,600,000 tons. The wool clip exceeded\\n13,000,000 pounds. Large quantities of celery are raised near Kalamazoo\\nwhich is sometimes called Celeryville.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 81\\nculture has rapidly increased until Michigan is the\\nleading fruit producer of the Mississippi Valley.\\nApples grow in all sections and are raised in large\\nquantities in many of the counties of the Lower\\nPeninsula. A good crop yields four or five millions\\nof bushels. The average crop is a little less than\\nthree millions.\\nPeaches are grown now in considerable quantities\\nin some of the interior counties of southern Mich-\\nigan^ but the crop is considered more reliable near\\nthe western shore. The average yield for seven years\\n(1878 to 1885) was about two hundred thousand\\nbushels per annum.\\nSmall fruits raspberries blackberries, strawberries,\\netc. are raised in large quantities. Cherries, plums,\\nand pears are grown.\\nVALUE OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL.\\nThe total value of the agricultural products of the\\nState for an average year has been estimated at\\nabout eighty-eight millions of dollars.\\nFOREST PRODUCTS.\\nThe forest products of Michigan are second only\\nin importance to the fruits of the soil. During the\\npast thirty years, the lumbering business has been a\\nvaluable source of wealth. It is stated that the total\\nreceipts from this industry have exceeded one billion\\nNote,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1885 the apple orchards of Michigan covered an area of 237,-\\n703 acres, and the peach orchards 11,327 acres.\\n5", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82 A PBIMER OF\\nof dollars, or more than the lumber products of any-\\nother State.\\nIn 1854 there were 61 mills, many of them small,\\nand the ^cut of that year was estimated at 108,-\\n000,000 feet of lumber. The number of mills in\\noperation had increased twenty-five fold in 1872.\\nThe average yearly cut for several years has been\\nabout three billions of feet.\\nIn the various branches of the lumber manufacture\\nfrom fifteen to twenty thousand men find employ-\\nment.\\nThis industry follows the courses of the streams,\\nwhich serve to carry the pine logs from the forests\\nto the mills.* On the eastern side of the State the\\nSaginaw River is the most important stream. Its\\nvarious tributaries, the Tittabawassee, the Cass, the\\nFlint, the Shiawassee, the Bad, the Pine, the Chip-\\npewa, the Tobacco, and others, penetrate finely\\ntimbered regions, and as the Saginaw is navigable\\nfor large vessels, the shipping facilities are excellent.\\nIt is not strange, therefore, that this river should\\nbe lined with saT-mills and other wood-working\\nestablishments, some of them among the finest in\\nthe world. The Au Sable, Thunder Bay, and numer-\\nous other rivers flowing into Lake Huron are also\\nalive with this important industry.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The lumber cut of an average year would load a train of ca,rs\\nabout two thousand mi les long, with 10,000 feet to the car. It would build\\nsubstantial frame dwellings for a million of people.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Railroads have been constructed in some places where valu-\\nable timber is situated at a distance from any good logging stream,\\nand the logs are carried to the mills on cars.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 83\\nOn the western side of the State, Muskegon is the\\ncenter of greatest importance cutting, it is said,\\nmore lumber annually ^^than any other single city\\nin the world. The Manistee, Grand, and other\\nstreams flowing into Lake Michigan, carry large\\nnumbers of logs to the great saw and shingle mills\\nof that region.\\nThe Upper Peninsula lumbering interests have not\\nheen developed yet to the extent warranted by the\\nrich forests, but the annual product is an important\\nsource of wealth, and the industry furnishes employ-\\nment to a considerable number of men.\\nAlthough the cutting of pine lumber has received\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0chief attention in Michigan, the forests of hard-\\nwood trees cover a much greater area now than the\\nstanding pine.* The hard- wood forests yield sup-\\nplies of the several varieties of the maple including\\n\u00c2\u00a3L limited quantity of the beautiful bird s-eye\\nwhite ash, rock elm, oak, etc., all of which are\\nvaluable in various ways. The beech, used chiefly\\nfor fuel, is found in large quantities. The arbor\\nTitae, which is valuable for fence posts and telegraph\\npoles, grows in the swamps. The hemlock is prized\\nmore for its bark than for its lumber. The bark is\\nsold in large quantities to leather manufacturers.\\nThe maple sugar product of Michigan, iji a good\\nseason, amounts to four or five millions of pounds.\\nNote. \u00e2\u0080\u0094According to a recent forestry bulletin, the merchantable\\nine of Michigan is distributed over about 7,000,000 acres of land the\\nard-wood timber covers about 30,000,000 acres.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "84 A PRIMEE OF\\nSome intelligent observers think that before many\\nyears the products of the hard-wood forests will\\nequal in value the present returns of the pine.\\nCertainly the time is not far distant when hard-\\nwood saw-mills must become common^ and the\\ninnumerable industries into which such timber\\nenters must rapidly multiply. For years to come\\nMichigan will keep its rank as the great timber-\\nproducing State, and this interest will continue to\\nfurnish profitable investments for capital, remuner-\\native employment for the laborer, and a sure home\\nmarket for the produce of the farmer.\\nVALUE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS.\\nThe total value of the forest products of Michigan\\nis estimated at not less than sixty millions of dollars\\nper annum.\\nMINERAL PRODUCTS.\\nThe observations of the early missionaries and\\ntraders,* and the more accurate explorations of Grov-\\nernor Cass, Mr. Schoolcraft, Dr. Houghton, Colonel\\nLong and others, furnished good grounds for general\\nbelief in the mineral wealth of the Upper Peninsula\\nbefore Michigan became a member of the Federal\\nUnion. Immediately after the organization of the\\nState, the Legislature made a liberal appropriation\\nfor the purpose of beginning a thorough geological\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An English mining company was organized about 1770, with\\nMr. Alexander Henry as superintendent, and an attempt was made to\\nstart a mine near the mouth of the Ontonagon River, but the enterprise\\nwas soon abandoned. For a full account, see Henry s Travels.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAIs HISTORY. 85\\nsurvey. Dr. Douglas Houghton became the first\\nState Geologist of Michigan, and made such care-\\nful exploration of the south shore of Lake Superior\\nas to clear up the mists of tradition, illuminate the\\nsubject, and attract the attention of the people of\\nthe United States and of Europe to the new mineral\\nfields of North America. Dr. Houghton was\\nengaged on the surveys until the time of his death,\\nin the fall of 1845. f His first Geological Keport\\nwas made to the Legislature in 1841, and created\\ngreat interest in the mineral possibilities of Michigan.\\nCOPPER.\\nBy a treaty with the Chippewa Indians, made in\\n18*42, the lands of the Lake Superior region lying\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acast of Fond du Lac were ceded to the United States.\\nThis opened the way for the prosecution of explora-\\ntions, and the government was soon in receipt of\\nrequests for mining permits. Public interest\\nwaxed greater from time to time as new evidences\\nof the metallic wealth were discovered, and the years\\n1844, 1845, and 1846 witnessed no little excitement\\non Lake Superior. The beautiful and rock-bound\\nhaven of Copper Harbor became the first centre of\\nMineral Resources of Lake Superior, by A.. P. Swineford.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the autumn of 1845, while on his last expedition for the\\nseason, when approaching Eagle River In a small boat a sudden storm\\narose, and before his frail bark could find a safe landing place\\nit was capsized, and all on board perished save one man. The whole\\ncountry was shocked at this tragical event, and science mourned for one\\nof its brightest ornaments. Aside from personal considerations, his\\ndeath was to be deplored many of his field-notes were lost with him,\\nand the treasures of his well stored mind were irreparably beyond recall.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094[A. P. Swineford.]\\nThe body was found in the following spring and buried at Detroit.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "86 A PEIMER OF\\nmining operations, and presented a lively and pictur-\\nesque appearance during the few summers of its-\\nprosperity.\\nThe Trap Eange is a belt of dark-colored rock,\\nfrom one to seven miles in width, and extending\\nfrom the Porcupine Mountains to the extremity of\\nKeweenaw Point about one hundred forty miles\\nin length. In this trap rock the deposits of native*\\ncopper are found.\\nThe most important mines of the early days were\\nthe Cliff, of Keweenaw county, and the Minnesota,^\\nof Ontonagon. The former was opened in 1845 and\\nthe latter in 1848. The first general mining law\\nof the State Avas made in 1853.\\nOther mines were opened from time to time, and\\nthe copper product was rapidly increased. Tiie most\\nimportant event in the history of copper mining on\\nLake Superior was the discovery of the deposit at\\nthe Calumet and Hecla location, in 1865. This has\\nproved to be the most valuable copper mine in the\\nworld and produces the lion s share of Michigan\\ncopper.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 iVatfue copper is pitre copper, as distinguished from the ores\\nof the metal. It should be noted that the copper mined on Lake Superior\\nis not an ore at aU, but the pure metal. There are small beds of copper\\nore, but they are unimportant and have not been worked for years.\\nThis explanation seems the more necessary for the reason that writers\\nunacquainted with the subject are continually making the error, and one\\nof the texts of Michigan (Geography makes the same blunder.\\n1 Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 During their prosperous days, the CUff and Minnesota yielded\\nm^ore than $3 000,000 each to their stockholders, and thereby contributed\\nto the increase of public confidence in the profits of Lake Superior min-\\ning ventures at a time when the losses in other mines were exerting an\\nopposite influence,\\n2 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for 1883,\\nby Chas. E. Wright.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN- HISTORY. 87\\nAbout forty copper mines in Michigan have been\\nworked more or less since 1845. The low prices of\\ncopper for the past few years have interfered with\\nthe prosperity of the poorer mines, and many of\\nthem have been shut down. The number of\\nworking mines at the present time (1886) is about\\na dozen. The annual copper product is estimated\\nto be worth not less than eight millions of dollars\\na year.\\nIn quality, the native copper of Lake Superior is\\nunequaled by the product of any copper ore, and\\ntherefore commands a more ready sale and a better\\nprice in the markets of the world. The supply\\nshows no signs of exhaustion, and there is every\\nreason to believe that this important industry will\\ncontinue for many years to come.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From the commencement of mining operations on Lake Super-\\nior to May 1, 1884, the total dividends paid by Michigan copper mines\\nhad reached the sum of $37,140,000. The dividends for the year 1883 were\\nas follows\\nAtlantic Mine S80,000\\nCalumet and Hecla 2,000,000\\nCentral .-_ 60,000\\nOsceola 200,000\\nQuincy 380,000\\nTotal for the year $2,720,00*1\\nThe Tamarack, a new mine near the Calumet and Hecla, and on the\\nsame lode, bids fair to become one of the profitable mines at once.\\nIn the various operations connected with copper mining on Lake\\nSuperior, probably five thousand men find constant and remunerative\\nemployment. The work in the mines is dangerous, and many lives are\\nlost every year through accidents of one kind or another.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 During the 30 years of its active existence, the Calumet and\\nHecla has paid about $35,0;K),(X)0 in dividends. For a number of years\\nthe usual profit has been tf2,000,000 a year. Two thousand men are em-\\nployed, and all the operations of the mine are carried on upon the most\\nextensive scale. The machinery for hoisting the rock, pumping water\\nfrom the mine, etc., is magnificent. The mine has reached a depth of\\nabout two-thirds of a mile, on a slant of 39\u00c2\u00b0. Half a dozen railroads ex-\\ntend from top to bottom through the slanting tunnels or shafts which\\nhave been cut in the rock, and ponderous iron cars, called skips, are", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 A PRIMER OF\\niro:n\\nAlthough the presence of iron ore in some of the\\nmetamorphic rocks of the Upper Peninsula was not\\nunknown to Dr. Houghton when he made his Geo-\\nlogical Report, in 1841, it was supposed that the\\npercentage of metal was not sufficiently high to pay\\nfor mining. In 1844, a party of U. S. surveyors\\nrunning lines near the present site of Negaunee,\\nobserved great variations in the magnetic needle.\\nAfter placing the instrument in various places and\\nwitnessing rapid and remarkable changes, Mr. Burt,\\nwho was in charge of the work, called out, Boys,\\nlook around and see what you can find!\\nThey left the line, and after a brief search re-\\nturned with a number of specimens of magnetic iron\\nore, which was found to be both rich and abundant\\nin the neighborhood. To the government survey-\\nors, therefore, belongs the credit of having first\\ngiven to the world information of the existence of\\niron in considerable quantities in the country bor-\\ndering the south shore of Lake Superior.\\nIn 1845 a company was organized at Jackson and\\nexplorers were sent to the Lake Superior region to\\nlocate some mineral lands. They selected the prop-\\ndrawn up by steel- wire ropes at a speed of ten or twelve hundred feet\\nper minute. Each skip carries about two tons of rock at a load. The\\nbest rock yields about five per cent of copper. At the stamp-mills\\nthe rock is crushed fine by ponderous iron hammers, wator is turned on\\nand the powdered rock, being lighter than copper, is washed out and the\\ncopper, in fine grains, remains in the bottom of the trough. It is then\\nsent to the smelting furnace, where it is cast into ingots, etc.\\nMineral Resources of Lake Superior, by A. P. Swineford.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "MICHIGA?^ HISTORY. 89\\nerty afterwards known as the Jackson Mine. In the\\ncourse of the next three or four years mining oper-\\nations were begun on a small scale at the Jackson\\nand other mines which were opened from time to\\ntime in the neighborhood, and some iron was\\nsmelted* in the primitive forges or bloomeries\\nof Lake Superior, But extensive and profitable\\nmining was delayed until after the completion of\\nthe ship-canal and locks at the Sault de Ste. Marie,\\nwhich opened Lake Superior to the vessels of the\\nlower lakes, in 1855. The regular shipment of iron\\nore to lower lake ports began in 1856. The high\\nprice of iron during the Civil War stimulated the\\nindustry and made mines profitable that had not\\nbeen self-supj^orting.\\nThe iron mines of Michigan are located in three\\nseparate districts: (1) The Marquette; (2) the Me-\\nnominee; (3) the Agogebic.\\nThe mines in the Marquette district were first\\ndeveloped, and some of them have been and are very\\nproductive and valuable. Among the leading mines\\nare the Republic, the Cleveland, the Lake Superior, f\\nand the Jackson. The ore is carried by rail to Mar-\\nquette or Escanaba at both of which places may be\\nseen a considerable fleet of ore vessels almost any\\ntime during the season of navigation and thence\\nNote,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first iron smelted in this region was on Feb. 10, 1848, in a\\nlittle forge erected by the Jackson Mining Company near the Carp River,\\nten miles from the present city of Marquette.\\nNoTE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The yield of the Lake Superior Mine in 1882 was the largest\\never produced in a single year by any iron mine on this continent.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "90 A PRIMER OF\\nby water to the great furnaces of the lower lake\\nports.\\nActive and extensive mining operations were not\\nbegun in the Menominee district until about 1877.\\nSince that time, however, the development has been\\nremarkably rapid. It has advanced from an\\nalmost unbroken wilderness to a region of extra-\\nordinary activity and prosperity, containing many\\nthriving villages and numerous rich and productive\\nmines.\\nThe Agogebic district was almost wholly undevel-\\noped until 1885, when railroad advantages were\\nsecured. But the operations have been so vigorous\\nand the returns so encouraging that the Agogebic\\ncountry is rapidly assuming the importance of a\\nprosperous mining region. The deposits are, to\\nall appearances, very extensive, and the history of\\nthe Menominee range is likely to be repeated in\\nthat of the Agogebic, the ores of the two being\\nvery similar in appearance as well as quality. f\\nIn quantity of iron produced, Michigan ranks as\\nthe second State in the Union. In quality the iron\\nmanufactured from the best Lake Superior ores has\\nno equal. About sixty mines are working and the\\naverage output for the past four or five years has\\nexceeded two million tons per annum. The value\\nAnnual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for 1882,\\nby Chas. E. V^^rigbt.\\nt Annual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for 1884,\\nby A. P. Swineford.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 91\\nof this product has been roughly estimated at ten\\nmillions of dollars a year.\\nGOLD AND SILVER.\\nGold has been found in Marquette and other\\ncounties of the Upper Peninsula, and miriing, on a\\nsmall scale, has been carried on near Ishpeming.\\nThe Ropes mine has been worked for several years\\nand has yielded some rich gold-bearing quartz, but\\nunfortunately the quantity, thus far, has not been\\nsufficient to enrich the stockholders or to justify the\\nhope that gold mining is certain to become one of\\nthe important industries of the State. However, the\\ndiscoveries of a day may change the whole face of\\nthe matter, and some good judges have not yet lost\\nfaith in the future of Michigan gold mines.\\nSilver is found in small quantities in most of the\\ncopper mines of Lake Superior. At some of the\\nstamp-mills boys are employed to pick the little\\nsilver nuggets out of the copper, and the product\\nthus obtained amounts to several thousand dollars a\\nyear.\\nSLATE.\\nExtensive and valuable deposits of slate are found\\nnear Huron Bay, Lake Superior. The quarries have\\nbeen operated for only a few years and the work\\nhas not been pushed with much vigor, so that the\\nproduct is yet small; but the excellent quality of\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iron mining is, if possible, more dangerous than copper mining,\\nas the iron mines are not so well *tim.bered-up as a rule. Accidents\\nare numerous and often fatal.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "92 A PRIMER OF\\nthe slate, and the extent of the beds, warrant the\\nbelief that this will some day become an important\\nindustry.\\nSALT.\\nOwing to geological causes, a portion of the State\\nis underlaid by porous rocks which contain brine of\\ngood quality in almost unlimited quantity. The\\nmanufacture of salt was not begun until about the\\nyear 1860, but the business increased so rapidly that\\nMichigan has become the largest salt producing\\nState in the Union.\\nThree-fourths of the product is manufactured in\\nthe ^^salt-blocks along the banks of the Saginaw\\nEiver. Smaller quantities are made at the shore\\ntowns from White Kock to Caseville, and, on the\\nother side of Saginaw Bay, at Oscoda and Tawas\\nCity; also at St. Louis, Midland, and Manistee.\\nIn the vicinity of the Saginaws, the average depth\\nof the wells is about 900 feet. Steam is often used\\nto heat the pans in the evaporation and a saving\\nof fuel is effected by having the blocks connected\\nwith saw-mills.\\nThe salt product of Michigan in 1884 was more\\nthan three million barrels. The average value of\\nthe product is estimated at about two millions of\\ndollars a year.\\nNote. A single well has yielded 26,000 barrels of salt in a season of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0eight months. Michigan and its Resources.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAI^ HISTORY. 93\\nGYPSUM.\\nExtensive beds of gypsum are found in Kent and\\nIosco counties. In the first mentioned locality the\\nbeds have an area of ten to twelve square miles. In\\nIosco county the deposit is found in the bluffs on\\nthe lake shore, near Alabaster. Manufacturing\\nestablishments are in operation, converting the rock\\ninto ^^land plaster and plaster of Paris/ and\\nthe yearly product has become an important source\\nof wealtli.\\nCOAL.\\nAbout one-fifth of the Lower Peninsula is under-\\nlaid by beds of bituminous coal. But although the\\ndeposits are large in area, the seams appear to lack\\nsufficient thickness in most places to encourage min-\\ning on an extensive scale, and owing to the presence\\nof a large percentage of sulphur and other objection-\\nable ingredients the coal is unfit for the purposes of\\nsmelting and gas-making. Mining operations have\\nbeen attempted at several plac3s, but thus far the\\nJackson mines have yielded the principal share of\\nthe Michigan coal product.\\nSTONE.\\nBuilding stones are found in Calhoun, Eaton,\\nNote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1884, Michigan produced 27,412 tons of land plaster and 156,320\\nbarrels of calcined plaster or stucco.\\nNote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The location of the coal fields of Michigan may be roughly in-\\ndicated on a map as follows Draw a line from Sebewamg through\\nHolly, Jackson, Albion, Hastings, to Big Rapids; thence to the north-\\nwest corner of Clare county, and eastward to the northeast corner ot\\nGladwin county; and thence to the mouth of the Rifle River.\\nThe Michigan coal product for 1882 was 110,336 tons.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a294 A PRIMER OF\\nHougliton, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Marquette, and\\nMonroe counties.\\nGrindstones of good quality are cut from the\\nquarries of Huron county.\\nLimestones are found in great abundance in sev-\\neral places, and quick-lime is manufactured in large\\nquantities.\\nVALUE OF MII^^ERAL PRODUCTS.\\nThe value of the mineral products of Michigan is\\nprobably not less than twenty-five million dollars a\\nyear.\\nFISHERIES.\\nThe fresh-water fisheries of Michigan are more\\nvaluable than those of any other State in the Union.\\nSeveral thousand men are engaged in this industry,\\nand the yearly catch is worth about a million\\ndollars. Whitefish, Mackinac trout, lake herring,\\nsturgeon and pickerel are the fishes commonly taken.\\nOf these, the whitefish is the most valuable, and\\ncontributes largely to the profits of Michigan fisher-\\nmen.\\nCON^CLUSION\\nII\\nAs products and prices vary from year to year,\\nthe estimated values are presented merely for the\\npurpose of indicating the magnitude of the material\\nresources of the State and not as exact figures.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fishes are caught in gill-nets or in pound nets. As\\nthose caught in the latter are alive when the net is lifted, they are\\npreferred to the drowned, and sometimes partially decayed, fishes\\ncaught in the gill-nets.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 95\\nGathering up the estimates placed on the crude\\nproducts, we have the following summary:\\nProducts of the soil $88,000,000\\nProducts of the forest.. 60,000,000\\nMineral products 25,000,000\\nPish 1,000,000\\nTotal for an average year $174,000,000\\nAccording to the census of 1880, there were nearly\\nnine thousand manufacturing establishments in the\\nState, and many of the crude materials are greatly\\nincreased in value before they are exported. These\\nfactories employ large numbers of men, and thus\\nhelp to improve the local markets for labor and\\nprovisions.*\\nWith more than sixteen hundred miles of coast\\nline on the great lakes, and upwards of five thousand\\nmiles of railroad, the commercial advantages of\\nMichigan are excellent and freight rates are favorable.\\nUnsurpassed in richness and variety of material\\nresources by any other State in the Union, with\\ngrowing manufactures and good markets, Michigan\\ncompletes her first half century of State existence in\\na thrifty condition, and all things promise a pros-\\nperous future.\\nNote \u00e2\u0080\u0094In 1880 the number of manufacturing establishments was\\n8 873; number of employes, 77,591; capital invested in manufacturing,\\n\u00c2\u00ab92,930,959: wa^es paid during one year, $25,318,682; value of products,\\n\u00c2\u00ab150;692,025 per annum.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "96\\nA PRIMER OF", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HISTORY. 97\\nQUERIES\\nI. When and by whom was the first French explorine.- expedition sent\\nto America?\\n3. Who named New France and wrote the first description of its coast\\n3. What was the principal object of the early expeditions?\\n4. Wlio first attempted to plant an agricultural colony in Acadia?\\n5. When and by whom was Quebec founded\\n6. When and for what length of time was Quebec first under English\\ncontrol\\n7. Who was the Father of New France\\n8. Explain the purpose and give the date of the treaty of St. Germain.\\n9. Who was the first white man who visited Michigan? When and\\nwhere\\n10. Who founded the fii st mission and built the first church on Lake\\nSuperior\\nII. Who founded the mission at the Sault de Ste. Marie?\\n13. For what purpose was the French and Indian council of 1671 held\\nat the Sault\\n13. When and by whom was the mission established at St. Ighace\\n14. What is the oldest permanent settlement in the State\\n15. What influence was exerted on the Indians by the Jesuits? By\\nthe coureurs des bois f\\n16. What part did the fur traders play in the early exploration of this\\nregion\\n17. What was the name of. the first schooner on tl.e great lakes? By\\nwhom built When was the first voyage made, and what became of the\\nvessel\\n18. What Indian village covered a portion of the present site of Detroit\\n19. Where was Fort St. Joseph? When and by whom built?\\n30, Where, when, and how did La Salle lose his life\\n31. When and by whom was Detroit founded?\\n33. What caused the French War When did it begin and end What\\nbattle decided the contest, and what was the final result of the struggle\\non the history of North America\\n33. How long was Canada under French control\\n34. What was the principal occupation of the people during the French\\nPeriod\\n35. By whom and to whom was Detroit surrendered after the fall of\\nQuebec\\n36. When did the English take possession of the Other posts in Michigan?\\n37. What was the chief design of Pontiac s Conspiracy? Was it\\nachieved\\n28. How many posts were attacked How many captured\\n39. Who saved Detroit\\n30. Where did the savages act the part of cannibals\\n31. Why did the Indians abandon the siege of Detroit, and when\\n33. What was the Quebec Act, and what does the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence say about it?\\n33. How did the British officers at Detroit and Mackinac make them-\\nselves odious to the people of America during the Revolutionary War\\n34. What was the treaty of Paris, and when made", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "98 A PKIMER OF\\n35. When did Michigan become an American possession? Who first\\nunfurled the stars and stripes at Detroit\\n36. What was the ordinance of 1787\\n37. State some of its chief provisions.\\n38. How many and what States have been formed from the North-\\nwest Territory\\n39. Which French explorer died and was buried near the present city\\nof Ludington Whei e are the remains now buried\\n40. What Indian tribes lived in Michigan under French rule\\n41. What Englishman superintended the first modern attempt at cop-\\nper mining on Lake Superior\\n43. Who were the courenrs des hois\\n43. Who was the first Governor of the Northwest Territory\\n44. When and how long was Michigan connected Avith Indiana Terri-\\ntory\\n45. Describe the origin of the primary school fund.\\n46. When was Michigan Territory organized What were its bound-\\naries\\n47. Who was the first Governor\\n48. What .judge was said to be fit only to extract sunbeams from\\ncucumbers\\n49. What was the immediate cause of the war of 1812?\\n50. When, where, and by whom was the battle of Tippecanoe fought\\nWith what result\\n51. When was the fort first established on Mackinac Island?\\n52. When and how was this post captured by the English\\n53. Where was Maiden\\n54. When and where was a white tablecloth used as a sign of surrender?\\n55. Who said We have met the enemy and they are on^s f\\n56. How was Michigan recaptured from the British\\n57. Who was the second Governor of Michigan Territory and when\\nwas he appointed\\n58. When was the survey of the public lands begun in Michigan?\\n59. Who brought the first printing press into the State\\n60. When was the first permanent newspaper begun and what was it\\ncalled\\n61. What was the name of the first steamboat on the great lakes?\\nWhen was the first voyage made When was the steamer wrecked\\n62. What was the early name given to Monroe City What massacre\\ntook place there and what oflicer was responsible for the outrage\\n63. What causes retarded the settlement of Michigan in the early days?\\n64. What was the cause of the Toledo war The result\\n65. When and where was the frost bitten convention held, and\\nwhat action was taken\\n66. What was the incident in connection with General Cass and the^\\nBritish fi.ag at the Sault\\n67. When was Michigan admitted into the Union\\n68. Who was the boy Governor of Michigan?\\n69. What public improvements were undertaken by the young State?\\n70. What plague visited Detroit in 1832 and 1834\\n71. What territorial executive lost his life with the disease?\\n72. Who was the founder of the Michigan school system\\n73. Who were the first Michigan Representatives in Congress?\\n74. Who were the first U. S. Senators from this State?\\n75. Give a list of the educational institutions controlled and supported.\\nby the State.\\n76. What wa s the Catholepistemiad\\n77. Name the two oldest railroads in the State.\\n78. What were the wild cat banks?\\n79. What were the nail-keg reserves", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAJf HISTORY. 99\\n80. What portion of tlie land was set apart for the support of primarv\\nschools, and when j\\n81. What Michigan institutions were the first of the kind in the Union\\n8:i. From what portion of the United States did most of the pioneers of\\nMichigan come\\n83. When and where did the Mormons start a Michigan colony\\n84. here did the Quakers settle\\n85. What were the leading characteristics of the pioneer settlers?\\n8b. here was the capital of the State during the early davs When\\nwas It removed to Lansing\\n87. When was the second Constitution of the State framed\\n88. State the essential differences between the first and second Con-\\nstitutions of Michigan.\\n89. What legal difficulty prevents a poor man from serving as Gov-\\nernor of the State\\n90. Who was the war Governor of Michigan\\n91. Who was tlie war Senator of Michigan\\nno- Hr*^ many boys in blue did the State furnish during the Civil War?\\ndo. hen and how was Lake Superior opened to navigation\\n94. \\\\Mien was the new lock finished\\n^^^V-^V\u00c2\u00b0.^ many Senators and Representatives constitute the Legislature\\nof Michigan\\n96. For what length of time are the State officers elected\\n9i. When and how often do the regular sessions of the Legislature\\noccur\\n98. How many congressional districts has Michigan under the appor-\\ntionment based on the census of 1880?\\n^^^l\\\\\u00c2\u00ae^^ death penalty abolished in this State\\nnm l^rl^^^ made in regard to the liquor traffic\\ninV V,-. population when the State was admitted\\n10:2. vv hat is the population now\\n103. How many schools in the State\\n}n^- T^rJ^^^ center of population in the State\\nlOo. What IS the average population to the square mile in the State\\nIn your county\\n106. How many miles of railroad\\n107. Which is the longest railroad in the State\\n108. What IS the length of Michigan s coast line? Is it exceeded by\\nany other State m the Union\\n}?n- U^y^ many inland lakes in the State How many counties\\n110. Between what meridians and parallels is Michigan situated\\n111. How many islands belong to the Slate\\n11:2. What island counties\\n113. }Ytu^(^^ largest island in the State\\nlU. What States east of the Mississippi River are larger than Mich-\\nigan\\n^yi^ich is farther north, Isle Royal or the city of Paris\\n?i^J^\u00c2\u00ae, important rivers of Michigan.\\n}}L wv*^. f V-^^ original plan of Detroit, and after what models\\niln )Vt, Michigan ball game ended in a massacre\\n119. What five rivers rise on Hillsdale Summit\\n1 ,V }Yt^ annual rain-fall of the State\\n1x1. What IS the mean annual temperature\\niS? tXI^^^ important field crop in Michigan\\nlof -)^l^^? fruit raising begun on a large scale in this State\\nL24.^What portion of the State is best adapted to fruit growing, and\\n125. Name the chief logging streams.\\n.126. What place makes the largest quantity of lumber of any single\\nCity m Lii6 world r\\n127. Name the most valuable copper mine on the globe.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "100 A PRIMER OP\\n138. What proportion of the labor of the State is employed in agri-\\nculture\\n129. How naany men are employed in the lumber manufacture\\n130. Locate the agricultural, lumbering, and mining districts of Mich-\\nigan.\\n131. What is the average yearly lumber cut of the State\\n133. How does Michigan rank as a fruit producer? Lumber? Salt?\\nFish? Iron? Copper?\\n133. Who was the first State Geologist of Michigan\\n134. What discovery followed the command, Looh around hoys and\\nsee what you can find, and who said it\\n135. When was iron mining begun in Michigan, and where?\\n136. Name the earliest productive copper mines.\\n137. What is the difference between native copper and copper ore\\n138. How many copper mines are in operation in Michigan?\\n139. How many iron mines\\n140. Locate the iron districts of Michigan.\\n141. Where is gold mined in Michigan?\\n143. Locate the gypsum beds.\\n143. For what purposes is gypsum used\\n144. Where are the slate quarries\\n145. How does Michigan rank in the sale of fresh-water fish?\\n146. What Michigan men have filled places in the Presidents Cabinets\\n147. Where are grindstones quarried\\n148. What effect had the opening of the Erie canal on Michigan\\nhistory\\n149. When and where did a Yankee soldier and a British cannon ball\\ncut down a pear tree\\n150. Who was Henry Rowe Schoolcraft Where did he live and what\\ndid he write\\n151. What elective State officer receives $3,000 salary? How does it\\nhappen See note on page 103.)", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN HIvSTORT.\\n101\\nINDEX.\\nPAGES.\\nAdmission of State.- 52\\nAllouez, Pere Claude 8,9\\nAmerican Possession 29\\nArch Rock (Illustration) 44\\nBloody Run 24\\nBoundary of Michigan 51\\nBoy Governor of Michigan. 53\\nBritish Landing 38\\nBritish Possession 17\\nBrock, General 40\\nCadillac, La Motte 15\\nCartier, Jacques 2, 3\\nCass, Gen. Lewis.... 39, 43, 45, 49, 70\\nCatholepistemiad 60\\nChamplain, Samuel 3-6\\nChandler, Zachariah. 70\\nChicago. 55\\nClimate 78\\nCoal.... 93\\nCoast Line. 74\\nCommercial Facilities 95\\nCopper Mines. 85\\nCouncil at the Sault... 9\\nCouncil at Ecorces... 20\\nCounties in Michigan 74\\nCourcurs cles Bois 11\\nCrary, Isaac E... 52, 58\\nCrogiian, Lieut 45\\nDablon, Pere 9\\nDalzell, Captain 24\\nDeath Penalty 72\\nDe Monts 3\\nDetroit.... 13, 15, 18, 20, 28, 34, 40, 43\\nDruilletes, Pere 10\\nEducation 57, 58, 60, 61, 62\\nErie Canal.. 49\\nEtherington, Major 26\\nFarm Products 79\\nFinancial Panic. 56\\nFisheries 94\\nForest Products 81\\nFrontenac, Count 12\\nFrontenac, Fort 12\\nFrost-bitten Convention 52\\nPAGES.\\nFruits 80\\nFur Traders 10\\nGeographical location of Mich-\\nigan 74\\nGladwyn, Major 21\\nGold. 91\\nGovernors of the State 67\\nGriffin, The.... 13\\nGypsum 93\\nHanks, Lieut 38\\nHarrison, Gen. Wm. H....36, 37, 41\\nHennepin 13\\nHog Island 24\\nHolmes, Major... 45\\nHoughton, Dr. Douglas 85\\nHull, Gen. Wm 34, 39, 40\\nIndiana Territory... 33\\nInternal Improvements. 54\\nIron Mines ....88-91\\nIslands Belonging to State 74\\nJougues, Pere.. 7\\nLakes, Inland 76\\nLa Point 8\\nLa Salle.. 12\\nLeaning Rock (Illustration) 96\\nLegislature 72\\nLiquor Laws 72\\nLucas County, O.. 51\\nLyon, Lucius 52\\nMackinac, Fort 37,45\\nMaiden, Fort.... 39\\nManufacturing Interests 95-\\nMarquette, Pere .8-l(h\\nMason, Governor 50-53,58.\\nMap of Mackinac Island 30\\nMap of Michigan 75\\nMenard, Pere 8\\nMichilimackinac 7, 26, 28.\\nMichigan Centred R. R 54, 55\\nMichigan in the War 69\\nMichigan Members of Presi-\\ndents Cabinets. 69\\nMichigan Southern R. R 54, 55..", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "102\\nA PRIMER OF\\nPAGES.\\nMicMgan Territory 34\\nMineral Products 84\\nMormons in Michigan 64\\nMorris Canal and Banking Co. 53\\nMundy, Edward 53\\nNlcolet, Jean 7\\nNorthwest Territory 31,32\\nNorvell, John 53\\nOne Hundred Associates 5\\nOrdinance of 1787 .31, 33, 57\\nPast and Present Compared... 73\\nPennsylvania U. S. Bank 54\\nPerry s Victory 43\\nPictured Rocks. 77\\nPierce, Hon. John D. 58-60\\nPioneers....- 63, 63\\nPoint Pelee Massacre 23\\nPolitical Matters 67\\nPontchartrain, Fort. 15\\nPontiac, Chief 17, 19,28\\nPontiac s Conspiracy 18\\nPorter, Captain 29\\nPorter, Governor ,50\\nPrimary School Fund 33, 58\\nPrinting Press 47\\nProctor, Colonel-. 41\\nPublic Lands. 33, 47\\nQuebec 3,5,16\\nQuebec Act 38\\nQueries 97\\nRailroads 54, 55, 73, 95\\nRain-fall 79\\nRaymbault, Pere.. 7\\nReference Lists of Prominent\\nOfficers 67\\nReference Lists of State Insti-\\ntutions 72\\nRichard, Rev. Grabriel 47\\nRiver Raisin, Massacre of 43\\nRivers 76\\nRoads, Public 48\\nRogers, Major Robert 17\\nSt. Clair, Oen. Arthur 33\\nSt. Clair, Lake 13\\nSt. Ignace Mission... 10\\nPAGES.\\nSt. Joseph, Fort .14,36\\nSt. Mary s Ship-canal and\\nLocks 71,89\\nSalaries of State Officers 66\\nSalt 93\\nSault de Ste. Marie 8\\nSchoolcraft, Henry R 49\\nSchool Section 33\\nSilver 91\\nSlavery Prohibited 32\\nSlate Quarries 91\\nSoil 78\\nSpecie Payment, Suspension of .56\\nState, Admission into L^nion.. 53\\nState Bonds 54\\nState Capital, Removal of 65\\nState Capitol 71\\nState Constitution 51-53, 65\\nState Conventions .51, 53\\nState Officers.. 53,53\\nState Schools 61\\nSteamboat, The first 48\\nStone Quarries 93\\nStrang, James J 64\\nSummary of Values 95\\nSuperintendents of Public In-\\nstruction 68\\nSurface 74\\nTecumseh, Chief .35, 43\\nTemperature of Michigan 79\\nThames, Battle of 43\\nTippecanoe, Battle of 37\\nToledo War 50\\nTreaty of Paris 38\\nTreaty of St. Germain 6\\nUniversity Fund 33\\nU. S. Senators from Michigan 69\\nVerrazzano, John 1,3\\nWar, The French 15\\nWar, Revolutionary 38\\nWar of 1812 36\\nWar of Rebellion- 69-71\\nWayne County 33\\nWild-cat Banking 55-57\\nWinters 79\\nWoodward, Judge 34, 35, 41", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "illCHIGAJs^ HISTORY. 10?\\nOn page 16, m the tliiixl line from the foot of the page, read\\none hundred instead of two hundred.\\nThe Auditor General s salary was fixed by an act of the Leg-\\nislature, approved April 24, 1883, at $2,000 per year. In\\namending Article IX of the State Constitution so as to give\\nCircuit Judges $2,500 salary, the office of Auditor General was\\naccidentally omitted from the list of State offices, hence it\\nw^as left to the Legislature to fix the salary.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "THK\\nD\\nA Twenty-Four Page Semi-Monthly School Journal\\nFOR Teachers and Pupils.\\nTKR.MS, Sl.SO F E^R YKAR.\\n(30 Numbers Constitute a Year.)\\nTlie Official Organ of tlie State Department of Public\\nInstruction, of tlie State Teacliers Association,\\nof tlie City Superintendents Association, of\\ntlie State Reading Circle, and of tlie\\nMicliigan Sclioolmasters Club.\\nIt contains Abstracts of School, Law Decisions, State Cer\\nTiFiCATE Examination Questions, Full Reports of all Teachers\\nMeetings, Many Reports of Actual Class Work in the Schools,\\nSchool News, and Miscellaneous Reading.\\nSEND ROR A SANIPLE COF^Y.\\nOutline Maps, Charts, Globes, Erasers, Dissected Maps, Books\\nfor Teachers, etc. furnished at Low Prices.\\nAgents wanted in every township to canvass for The Moderator\\nand Primer of Michigan History. Good commissions given.\\nAddress\\nH. R. PAXTENaiLL,\\nLANSING, MICH.", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3036", "width": "2310", "jp2-path": "primerofmichigan00coxw_0120.jp2"}}