{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3115", "width": "2039", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Mass E-^\u00c2\u00a3\\nBook l _w \u00c2\u00a3~ih\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "J/ o S", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE\\nEARLY HISTORY\\nOF\\nMICHIGAN,\\nFROM THE FIRST SETTLEMENT TO 1815.\\nBY E. M. SHELDON.\\nNEW YOEK\\nA. S. BARNES COMPANY, 51 53 JOHN-ST.\\nDETEOIT KEEE, MOKLEY CO.\\n1856.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0009.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year lS5o,\\nBt a. s. BAENES CO.,\\nIn the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern\\nDistrict of New York.\\nRICHARD C VALENTINE,\\nbTEREOTYPER AND ELECTROT Y P 1ST, GEORGE W. WOOD, Pn\\n17 Dutch-street, corner of Falt.cn. 2 Dutch-street\\nNEW YORK..\\napt", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0010.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TO\\nHON. LEWIS CASS,\\nSECOND GrOVERNOE OF MICHIGAN,\\nWHOSE JUDICIOUS MANAGEMENT OF THE\\nNUMEROUS INDIAN TRIBES OF THE NORTHWEST\\nSECURED TO THE\\nPENINSULAR STATE\\nITS PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT AND CONTINUED PROSPERITY,\\nf Ms Mnm\\nIS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "flLsS?\\n**t2l\\nT XIVER\\nDETROIT IN 1796.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThree years since, while editing a literary periodical in Detroit,\\nI commenced the publication of such facts as I could obtain con-\\ncerning the early history of Michigan. Hon. Lewis Cass becom-\\ning interested in them, generously presented me with a large col-\\nlection of manuscripts, containing official and narrative letters\\nrelating to the early French settlement, which he procured from\\nthe Colonial Archives at Paris, during his residence there as\\nMinister Plenipotentiary. On examination of these papers, I\\nfound them interesting and valuable, furnishing many links in\\nthe broken chain of the early history of the Northwest.\\nEncouraged by the commendation and proffered assistance of\\nEev. H. D. Kitchel, Capt. E. B. Ward, Rev. 0. C. Thompson, and\\nMessrs. U. Tracy Howe, George F. Porter, Henry Hurlbut, and\\nRobert E. Roberts, of Detroit, I undertook the task of translating\\nand compiling the manuscripts, hoping thereby to be of some\\nservice to the American reader, and especially to the inhabitants\\nof Michigan and other portions of the great Northwest.\\nIn this translation I was assisted by a native Parisian, and by\\nan accomplished French scholar from Boston, Mass. The trans-\\nlation was made with the greatest possible care, every sentence\\nbeing revised and compared with the original. Whatever the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nwork may lack in beauty of diction, and gracefulness of expres-\\nsion, unwearied pains have been taken to make it bistorically\\ncorrect.\\nI bave cbosen to embody in tbe work tbe manuscripts them-\\nselves, ratber tban to give tbe facts in a more modern style,\\npartly because tbe unique mode of expression often used bas at-\\ntractions to my own mind, and partly because most bistorical\\nreaders love tbat wbicb bas tbe savor of antiquity, and prefer tbe\\noriginal of an old book to tbe most polished modern version.\\nTbe names of all persons and places, and of some few words hav-\\ning a local signification, have been spelled as in the original\\nmanuscripts, except Michilimackinac, which in some instances\\nwas spelled Missilimakina but, this being an Indian word, I\\nhave preferred Schoolcraft s orthography.\\nThough a large portion of this volume is composed of the\\nmanuscripts, much research has been necessary to obtain cor-\\nroborating testimony and connecting facts. The principal author-\\nities which have been consulted for tbat purpose, are Hennepin s\\nTravels, Wynne s History of the British Empire, Parkman s\\nConspiracy of Pontiac, Schoolcraft s Thirty Years with the\\nIndian Tribes, Lanman s History of Michigan, Ingersoll s\\nSecond War, and Bancroft s History of the United States.\\nThe facts concerning Detroit, after its occupation by tbe Amer-\\nicans, were obtained from Hon. S. Conant, Major Joshua Howard,\\nMajor Abraham Edwards, and Hon. B. F. H. Witherell and\\nfrom Mrs. M. McCarty, and Mrs. Piobert Abbott, daughters of\\nPeter Audrain, first Secretary of the Territory, all of whom were\\nthen residents of Detroit. By the politeness of Mr. Amos T.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nHall, Register of the city of Detroit, I have also had access to\\nthe old records, and have brought thence a bundle of gleanings.\\nI am under many obligations to the Mechanics Library As-\\nsociation of Detroit, and to the New York Historical Library,\\nMercantile Library Association, and Astor Library of the\\ncity of New York, for the use of books contained in their several\\nvaluable collections. Mr. Joseph G. Cogswell, librarian of the\\nAstor Library, has also kindly rendered essential service, by a\\npatient examination of many of the manuscripts, and by reliable\\nadvice concerning the plan of the work.\\nAnd by no means of the least account in the sum of obliga-\\ntion, is the gratitude due to Rev. Joseph P. Thompson for an in-\\ntroduction to my publishers to whom I am indebted for the\\nhandsome appearance of this volume, and by whose liberality the\\npublic are presented with the life-like portraits of some of those\\ndistinguished men, whose names are well known in connection\\nwith the early American history of Michigan.\\nHon. Lewis Cass, second Governor of Michigan whose por-\\ntrait, engraved from a daguerreotype taken during the present\\nsession of Congress, will be immediately recognized, retained\\nhis office as governor, from the time of his appointment in 1813\\ntill he was appointed Secretary of War in 1831. Inl836he\\nwas appointed Minister to France, and returned in 1842. In\\nJanuary, 1845, he was first elected to the United States Senate.\\nHon. James Witherell, one of the Board of Governor and\\nJudges, was a native of Massachusetts, and was appointed a\\nJudge of the Territory of Michigan, April 23d, 1808. His term\\nof office expired July 1st, 1824, after which he was reappointed", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nfor four years. On the 1st of February, 1828, he was appointed\\nSecretary of the Territory. He died January 9th, 1838.\\nHon. James May was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of\\nCommon Pleas, about the year 1800. He held that office for\\nseven years and his name often appears in the subsequent pub-\\nlic records of the Territory. He died in January, 1829.\\nRev. Gabriel Richard, Vicar-general, Sulpitian, was born at\\nSaintes, in France, October 15th, 1764. He was educated at\\nIssy, near Paris, and became a priest of the Society of St. Sulpitius\\nin 1791. With a number of priests of the same order, he ar-\\nrived at Baltimore, in the United States, June 24th, 1792. After\\nlaboring some time as missionary among the Catholic missions of\\nElinois, he came to Detroit in June, 1798. He closed a long\\nand laborious life at Detroit, on the 13th of September, 1832.\\nAll efforts to obtain a portrait of Hon. Augustus B. Woodward,\\none of the first judges, and author of the Woodward Code of\\nLaws, have been unsuccessful, and it is believed that none exists.\\nHe was a native of Virginia, and was appointed a Judge of the\\nTerritory of Michigan in 1805. His term of office expired in\\n1824, and he was soon after appointed one of the Judges of the\\nTerritory of Florida, and died there three years later.\\nFar from considering this volume above criticism, yet believing\\nthat it contains historical facts which will be appreciated by the\\nreading public, and especially by the inhabitants of the great\\nNorthwest, this portion of the Early History of Michigan is re-\\nspectfully submitted.\\nNew York, March, 1856.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER L\\nFrancis I. grants a commission to Jacques Cartier Voyage of discovery\\nSecond voyage Ceremony of embarkation Tempestuous voyage\\nDiscovery and naming of the river St. Lawrence Island of Hochelaga\\nIndian account of the Far West Cartier names New France Charter\\ngranted to Roberval He proceeds to America, Erects a fort on the\\ncoast Colonization Company formed in 1603 Expedition under the\\ncommand of Champlain Emigration of the Franciscans Jesuits\\nChamplain appointed governor Missionaries visit Saut Ste. Marie\\nDeath of Eaymbault at Montreal Jogues attempts to return to his\\nmissionary work Taken prisoner by hostile savages Eansomed by\\nthe Dutch E6ne Mesnard visits Lake Superior Mysterious disap-\\npearance Establishment of a mission at Saut Ste. Marie by Allouez\\nand Marquette Speech of Allouez Death of Marquette 17\\nCHAPTER H.\\nCount Frontenac appointed Governor-General of New France Fort\\nFrontenac built La Salle appointed Commandant Resigns his com-\\nmand Crosses Lake Ontario Ascends the Niagara river Builds the\\nGriffin Traverses lakes and rivers to Michilimackinac Indian vil-\\nlages on the Detroit Storm on Lake Huron Michilimackinac Sig-\\nnification of the name Murder of two French traders Arrest of the\\nmurderers Their trial and execution 38\\nCHAPTER IH.\\nCount Frontenac removed from office Succeeded by M. le Barre Le\\nBarre recalled, and De Nonville appointed M. du Lhut ordered to\\nestablish a fort on the Detroit Count Frontenac reappointed to the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10 CONTENTS.\\ngovernment of Canada Attempts a reconciliation with the Illinois\\nInvasion of Canada by the English in 1690 Attack on Montreal\\nUnsuccessful expedition against Quebec- Frontenac invades the coun-\\ntry of the Iroquois M. la Motte Cadillac appointed commandant at\\nMichilimackinac Kemonstrates against the prohibition of the sale of\\nbrandy to the Indians General account of the country, its condition,\\nand inhabitants 60\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe peace of Ryswick France retains her possessions in America\\nCommercial rivalry between the French and English Cadillac s man-\\nagement of the Indians Their attachment to the French Upper\\nNations send envoys to Montreal in 1700 Written treaty made and\\nsigned by the governor-general and envoys Importance of a fort on\\nthe Detroit: M. la Motte Cadillac goes to France Recital of his plans\\nto Count Pontchartrain Project approved by the king Cadillac ap-\\npointed commandant Returns to Canada Leaves La Chine for De-\\ntroit Establishes Fort Pontchartrain in 1701 Company of the colony\\norganized 83\\nCHAPTER V.\\nDifficulty between the Jesuits and Franciscans Character of M. Ca-\\ndillac Letter to Count Pontchartrain Account of religious affairs\\nRemoval of the savages to Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hurons Miamis Messages from\\nthe Outawa-Sinagos and Kiskakons Necessity of presents to the sava-\\nges Trade in buffalo-skins Mulberry-trees on Grand river Fine\\nharvest at Detroit Indian chiefs wish to visit France Plan to form\\na company of Indian soldiers Establishment of a seminary for the\\nsavages Settlement by the Canadians Cadillac complains of the\\nlarge number of permits Massacre of the Miamis by the Sious\\nOther Indian difficulties arising from the permits 99\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nLetter from M. Cadillac to M. la Touche Complains of the Jesuits that\\nthey do not occupy their Mission at Detroit Danger of opposing\\nthem The Company of the Colony make a new contract with M.\\nCadillac His account of the agreement M. Cadillac detects two of\\nthe commissioners in fraud and embezzlement, and reports them to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 11\\nthe Directors Descends to Montreal, and is arrested on charges pre-\\nferred by the Directors Suit not decided till 1705 M. Tonti com-\\nmands in his absence 133\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nExamination of M. Cadillac before Count Pontchartrain Cadillac re-\\nceived with reproaches His defense Gives a minute account of the\\nsettlement of Detroit Journey thither\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Conduct of Father Vaillant\\nDanger of mutiny Harmony restored Arrival at Detroit Popula-\\ntion of the Indian villages in the vicinity in 1704 Great number of\\nbeaver Complains of the duplicity of the Jesuits in seeking the de-\\nstruction of Detroit All arises from personal enmity Account of the\\nembezzlements of the two commissioners Nineteen packs of furs found\\nOther proofs of their guilt Cause of Cadillac s arrest 142\\nCHAPTER VIH.\\nM. Cadillac s defense continued Count Pontchartrain investigates the\\nconduct of Cadillac s accusers Questions Cadillac concerning the price\\nand sale of goods Requires a minute account of all the circumstances\\nwhich caused the difficulty between him and the Company of the\\nColony Cadillac details facts, and gives explanations and argu-\\nments^ Conduct of M. Denoyer His imprisonment by Cadillac M.\\nVincelot sent to Detroit His character 164\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nCadillac s defense continued He gives his reasons for appealing to a\\nhigher court Narrates the measures taken to secure the destruc-\\ntion of Detroit Offer of a pension to M. Tonti Government sends\\nM. Decouverte to the Ottawas and Miamis with goods M. Mantet\\nsent with presents and necklaces M. Vincennes sent to the Miamis\\nwith three canoes loaded with goods Ruin of Detroit determined at\\nQuebec Fort at Detroit set on fire Church, house of the Recollets,\\nand dwelling of M. la Motte Cadillac burned All the provisions of\\nthe fort consumed Generosity of the savages Miamis attack the\\nDetroit savages M. Cadillac negotiates a peace between the several\\nnations War-party of the Illinois made prisoners by the French\\nBrought to the fort Whipped with rods Ottawas of Michilimackinac\\nremove to Detroit Sixty Ottawas make a descent upon the Iroquois\\nat Fort Frontenac Paganism of the savages 187", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "1 2 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nDisaffection of the Iroquois toward Detroit Detroit Indians invited by\\nthe English to Albany, in 1703 Keturn disaffected toward the French\\nFiring of the fort The consequences Letter from Father Marest,\\nat Michilimackinac Additional account of the difficulties with the\\nIndians Fears for the safety of the French- M. Chartier resolves to\\nleave the mission-house at St. Ignace, and go alone to Fort Michili-\\nmackinac Prevented by the offer of Merasilla, an Outawa-Sinago\\nHe assures the missionary of his own safety Asks a flag and letters\\nto the French at Michilimackinac Three Frenchmen return with\\nhim Michilimackinac more securely fortified M. Arnaud makes\\npresents to the savages The old men in council disapprove of the\\nconduct of their tribe in going to Detroit Great anxiety about the\\nmissionaries at St. Joseph Friendship of Koutaouiliboe Onaske\\nsends an apology to the governor-general for his seeming remissness\\nin duty to the French\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Savages returned from Detroit report two\\nFrenchmen killed, one a Eecollet priest 205\\nCHAPTER XL\\nLa, Motte s reply to two letters of the governor-general Gives an ac-\\ncount of the attacks of the savages mentioned by Father Marest\\nJean le Blanc demands peace by a branch of porcelain M. Bourmont\\nreceives the branch, and refers the affair to the decision of M. la Motte\\nM. la Motte thinks this outbreak no sudden freak- Savages proba-\\nbly instigated by others Desertion of the French soldiers on their\\nway to Detroit Expresses thanks that powder is no longer allowed to\\nbe sold to the hostile savages by the traders Arrival of one hundred\\nwarriors, Sauteurs and Amikouecs Numerous councils held between\\nthem and the French M. la Motte demands of them the death of\\nLe Pesant and three or four others Hurons and Miamis determined\\nto plunder the traders at Michiliniackinac 218\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe governor-general orders the principal chiefs of the tribes engaged\\nin the attack on Detroit, to descend to Montreal They arrive June\\n17, 1707 Governor-general refuses to see them Council called the\\nnext day Jean la Blanc s speech Second council, June 20th, speech\\nof the governor-general Third council, Jean le Blanc s reply Fourth", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 13\\ncouncil, governor-general again addresses the savages Demands the\\ndeath of Le Pesant Finally refers the affair to M. la Motte Cadillac\\nat Detroit Last council Jean le Blanc consents to the demands of\\nthe governor-general 232\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nThe chiefs proceed to Detroit First council held by M. la Motte, August\\n6th, 1707 M. la Motte addresses the savages Second council Oton-\\ntagon replies Third council M. la Motte addresses the Hurons and\\nMiamis Sastarexy replies Fourth council a general council of the\\nOutawas, Hurons, and Miamis M. la Motte s speech Otontagon,\\nSastarexy, and Onaske address the council M. la Motte demands the\\ndelivery of Le Pesant into the hands of the French The chiefs finally\\naccede to the demand 251\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nOutawas and Kiskakons return to Michilimackinac M. St. Pierre and\\nsoldiers from Detroit accompany them Grand council convened\\nDifficulties settled Le Pesant delivered up Sent under guard to\\nDetroit M. St. Pierre returns to Quebec with Koutaouiliboe and\\nSakima They arrive at Quebec, Octoher 7th, 1707 Council convened\\nSpeech of Koutaouiliboe, giving a minute statement of affairs at\\nDetroit and Michilimackinac Second council, governor-general s\\nreply Dismisses the chiefs with presents -Letter from the governor-\\ngeneral to Father Marest, missionary at Michilimackinac 263\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nM. la Motte pardons Le Pesant Dissatisfaction of the Miamis They\\ndemand vengeance upon Le Pesant Kill three Frenchmen and com-\\nmit other depredations Hurons and Iroquois raise war-parties to at-\\ntack the French M. la Motte complains that it is Jesuitical influence\\nwhich occasions these disturbances Asks for a re-enforcement of\\ntroops and a better fort Advises the destruction of Fort Frontenac\\nThinks a new fort below Fort Frontenac would afford better protec-\\ntion to the passage to Detroit and Montreal Complains of the Cou-\\nreurs des Bois Inspection of the several posts by M. d Aigrement He\\nremains nineteen days at Detroit Accuses M. la Motte of tyranny\\nMeasures the valuable lands at Fort Pontchartrain Only twenty-nine\\nof the inhabitants landholders Taxes Asserts that the mainte-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14: CONTENTS.\\nnance of Detroit must be prejudicial to all Canada Trouble at Detroit\\nwith tbe Miamis Detailed account Proceeds to Micbilimackinac\\nConsiders it an important post Describes its location and advantages\\nUrges tbe necessity of sending a commandant witb a good garrison\\nApproves of tbe permits 276\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nWar between France and England Englisb attempt tbe reduction of\\nNew France Port Eoyal taken Fifty thousand crowns raised by tbe\\nmerchants of Quebec to complete tbeir fortifications Englisb unsuc-\\ncessful Outagamies suddenly make tbeir appearance In 1712, Outa-\\ngamies and Mascoutins attack Detroit Long siege Garrison relieved\\nby tbeir allies Tbe enemy routed, and nearly all destroyed Letter\\nfrom Fatber Marest to tbe governor-general, giving an account of tbe\\nattack Urges tbe re-establisbment of Micbilimackinac Memorial\\nof M. Begon, opposing tbe immediate re-establisbment of Micbili-\\nmackinac 295\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nFrance cedes to England large portions of territory in New France\\nEnglisb attempt to conciliate the savages Fail, through tbe influ-\\nence of Fatber Kane, a French Jesuit English set a price on the\\nhead of the priest Savages exasperated Make incursions upon the\\nEnglish Destroy their crops, but spare life Outagamies trouble the\\nFrench In 1716, M. Louvigny proceeds to their country and obliges\\nthem to capitulate Hostages die of small-pox at Quebec M. Lou-\\nvigny again visits the country of tbe Outagamies Official report of\\nM. Tonti s return from Quebec to Detroit 311\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nChiefs of the three villages at Detroit assembled in council Orders of\\nM. Vaudreuil Speech of Sastarexy, the Huron orator Unusual state\\nof tranquillity in all New France Increased number of settlers at\\nDetroit Enlargement of the stockade Barracks erected Canada in\\n1725\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Commencement of the old French war Extensive warlike\\npreparations made in the colonies Arrival of French and English\\nfleets off the coast of Newfoundland Quebec taken by the English\\nMontreal and all the French possessions in the northwest ceded to\\nEngland Major Rogers takes possession of Detroit Lieut. Leslie", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 15\\ntakes possession of Michiliinackinac-Description of Mickilimackinac\\nby Henry-Conspiracy of Pontiac-Massacre at Michilimackmac-Its\\nreoccupancy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Removal of the fort to the island 320\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nDetroit in 1763-Description by Bancroft-Number of French inhabit-\\nants-Enumeration in 1764-French farms-English fort-Gladwyn\\ncommander-Pontiac s plan for its destruction-His attempt and de-\\nfeat-Major Campbell s captivity and death-Continuation of the\\nsie-e-Battle of Bloody Bridge-Indians obliged to disperse in search\\nof food-Gladwyn provisions the garrison-Comparatively quiet win-\\nter-Fort le Noult built in 1778-Detroit in 1793-Description by\\nSpencer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Americans take possession of Detroit in 1796 340\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nLocalities of Detroit-The city in 1701-In 1763 and 1796-Eiver Savoy-\\nard-Settlements at Grosse Point, along the St. Clair river-French\\ninhabitants-Domestic life-Increase of immigration-Settlements on\\nthe Detroit-Improved appearance of the country-Social life at De-\\ntroit-Business-French characteristics-Summer recreations -Le\\ngrand marais-Wmtev amusements-Easy life in the fort-Establish-\\nment of the civil government-Michigan territory organized-Detroit\\nburned-Arrival of the government officers-Act of Congress for the\\nrelief of the sufferers by fire-Legislative board organized 365\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nJudge Woodward s plan for the new city of Detroit-Survey of the city\\n-Apportionment of lots-Incorporation of the Bank of Detroit-First\\ncode of laws published called the Woodward Code -Bank charter\\nrevoked in 1809-Land granted for St. Anne s church, Eoman Catho-\\nlic-Building lots granted for boys and girls schools-Resolution to\\ngrant building lots to foreigners-Peter Desnoyers-Buildmg lot\\ngranted for a Protestant church-Tecumseh plans the destruction of\\nDetroit-Disaffection of the Shawanese and Wyandots induces the in-\\nhabitants to build a stockade around the new city-Governor Hull\\neffects a treaty with the Indian tribes in 1807-Facetious resolution\\nof Jud\u00c2\u00b0-e Woodward\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resolution concerning American manufactures\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAnswe\u00c2\u00b0r to an official communication from Governor De Witt Clinton,\\nand others, of the State of New York 378", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16 CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nRenewed disaffection of the Indians Resolution to increase the mili-\\ntary force William Hull appointed commander-in-chief of the military-\\nforce of the northwest Army of twelve hundred raised in Ohio Gen.\\nHull proceeds to Detroit Vessels containing valuables captured by\\nthe British Orders from the Secretary of War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Army cross the river\\nto Sandwich Col. Cass takes Canard Bridge Gen. Hull returns to\\nDetroit without attacking Maiden Surrenders Detroit to the British\\nFacts concerning the surrender obtained from an eye-witness Col.\\nLewis Cass appointed governor 393", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "EARLY\\nHISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nFrancis I. grants a commission to Jacques Cartier Voyage of discovery\\nSecond voyage Ceremony of embarkation Tempestuous voyage\\nDiscovery and naming of the river St. Lawrence Island of Hochelaga\\nIndian account of the Far West Cartier names New France Charter\\ngranted to Eoberval He proceeds to America Erects a fort on the\\ncoast Colonization Company formed in 1603 Expedition under the\\ncommand of Champlain Emigration of the Franciscans Jesuits\\nChamplain appointed governor Missionaries visit Saut Ste. Marie\\nDeath of Eaymbault at Montreal Jogues attempts to return to his\\nmissionary work Taken prisoner by hostile savages Eansomed by\\nthe Dutch Rene Mesnard visits Lake Superior Mysterious disap-\\npearance Establishment of a mission at Saut Ste. Marie by Allouez\\nand Marquette Speech of Allouez Death of Marquette.\\nThe enthusiasm awakened in Spain and England, at\\nthe beginning of the sixteenth century, by the discover-\\nies of Christopher Columbus and Sebastian Cabot, was\\nsoon communicated to impulsive France, and Francis I.\\ngranted a commission to Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, to\\nprosecute discoveries in the unknown regions of the ISTew\\nWorld.\\nCartier s outfit for this expedition consisted of two\\nships, of sixty tons burden each, and a crew of sixty-one", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCartier s Voyage of Discovery Second Voyage.\\nefficient men. He set sail from St. Malo on the 20th of\\nApril, 1534.\\nThe Spaniards. already occupied Florida the English\\nhad taken possession of the middle portion of the con-\\ntinent; the more northern regions, therefore, alone re-\\nmained for the French, and thither the adventurous\\ncommander directed his course. His first voyage was\\nmerely a survey of the northern coast of Newfoundland,\\nwhich was prosperously accomplished but fearing the\\ndisastrous effects of the autumnal storms upon his ships,\\nhe turned prow homeward, and arrived safely at St.\\nMalo on the 15th of September, 1534. The favorable\\naccount which he gave of the voyage was well received\\nat court, and preparations were immediately commenced\\nfor a second expedition.\\nDuring the winter of 1534-5, three vessels were fitted\\nout, which were to constitute the squadron of M. Car-\\ntier. They were the Great Hermina, of about one hun-\\ndred and twenty tons, which was the flag-ship the Little\\nHermina, of sixty tons and the Hermirillon, of forty\\ntons.\\nThe day of embarkation, May 15th, 1535, at length\\narrived a most important day at St. Malo. The ad-\\nventurers, who were about to embark for the just-discov-\\nered, yet almost unknown world, were objects of general\\nand enthusiastic interest and in this hour of separation", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 19\\nCeremony of Embarkation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 St. Lawrence Hochelaga.\\nfrom kindred and country, the priests of their religion\\nhad prepared a gorgeous pageant for their future support\\nand consolation. The officers and crew of the whole\\nsquadron, having confessed and received the sacrament,\\npresented themselves before the altar in the spacious\\ncathedral of St. Malo, where the bishop, arrayed hi sa-\\ncerdotal robes of the most costly magnificence, bestowed\\non them his benediction.\\nThe voyage was very tempestuous. When the fleet\\narrived within sight of Newfoundland, they still con-\\ntinued to sail to the westward, and entered a broad gulf\\non St. Lawrence day, in commemoration of which event\\nthey gave the name of St. Lawrence to the gulf, and to\\nthe river that flows into it.\\nCrossing the gulf, Cartier ascended the river to the\\nisland of Orleans, where he arrived in September. Here\\nthe natives made him bountiful presents of corn and\\nfish, but strongly opposed his farther progress. Disre-\\ngarding their opposition, he continued his course until\\nhe reached the island of Hochelaga. He found this\\nbeautiful island in the possession of a band of Wy-\\nandot Indians. Their principal village was circular in\\nform, and contained about fifty houses, built of wood,\\nand thatched with strips of bark ingeniously joined\\ntogether. This village was at the base of a hill which\\ncommanded a magnificent prospect, to which Cartier", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCartier names New France Roberval s Charter.\\ngave the name of Mont-royal the site of the present\\ncity of Montreal.\\nCartier was told by the natives that there was, far\\naway to the westward, a country called Saquenay\\n(Saginaw?), where were great stores of gold and cop-\\nper and that there were three great lakes, and a sea\\nof fresh water so large that no man had ever found\\nthe end.\\nBefore leaving the island of Hochelaga, Cartier erect-\\ned a cross, and a shield emblazoned with the Fleur-de-lis,\\nemblems of Church and State, and named the region of\\nhis discoveries New France.\\nHe departed on the 5th of October, wintered on the\\nSt. Croix river, and the following summer returned to\\nFrance. On his arrival he reported that the country\\nhe had explored was destitute of gold and silver, and\\nthat its coast was bleak and stormy.\\nThe representations of Cartier, whose candor was\\nknown to be equal to his judgment and energy, so far\\nchecked the progress of French enterprise, that not until\\nfour years after his return was another expedition at-\\ntempted.\\nEarly in the year 1540, Francis I. granted to Francois\\nde la Roque, Seigneur de Roberval, a charter covering\\nall the region north of the British occupancy, and in-\\nvesting him with supreme power within its bounds.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 21\\nFort erected 1603, Colonization Company formed\\nDuring the summer of the same year, a squadron, con-\\nsisting of five vessels, under the command of Admiral\\nCartier, and furnished with all the necessary men and\\nprovisions for founding a colony, bore Itoberval to his\\nnew possessions. The voyage was prosperous. On their\\narrival, a fort was erected the location of which is now\\nunknown and Cartier was appointed commandant.\\nRoberval immediately returned to France, and the\\nsame year brought thence a reinforcement of men, and\\na large supply of stores and arms, for the relief and\\nprotection of the fort. Nothing farther is known of\\nthis colony: indeed the history of New France, from\\nthat period to the founding of Quebec, is almost en-\\ntirely lost.\\nIn 1603, a number of merchants of the city of Rouen,\\nin France, formed a Colonization Company, designing\\nto realize large profits from the fur-trade. A charter\\nwas obtained granting them the same privileges which,\\nsixty years previously, had been bestowed upon H. de\\nla Roque.\\nThe first expedition of this company was made the\\nsame year that the charter was granted, under the com-\\nmand of Samuel Champlain, a member of the company,\\na bold, energetic man, and one well fitted for the ar-\\nduous duties with which he was intrusted.\\nIn 1608, Champlain founded the city of Quebec. His", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nQuebec founded Franciscans Jesuits.\\ntime seems to have been employed during a few of the\\nsucceeding years in strengthening and improving the\\ncolony, and in making farther explorations. In 1611,\\nhe discovered the beautiful lake which still bears his\\nname.\\nChamplain made a voyage to France in 1612, and on\\nhis return brought with him four Franciscans, or Recol-\\nlets, for the conversion of the savages in the vicinity of\\nQuebec. Five years later he brought over his family,\\nand entered with renewed vigor upon all the enterprises\\nconnected with colonial life. The colonists were greatly\\nencouraged to find their governor willing thus to unite\\nall his interests with theirs, and pursued the arduous\\nlabors, and endured the privations of their lot, with an\\nenergy and fortitude hitherto unknown.\\nThe adventure-loving and persevering Jesuits had\\nformed a part of each emigrating band, and, in 1611,\\nhad established a mission among the savages. During\\nmany subsequent years, despite the efforts of Champlain\\nand others who favored the Franciscans, the Jesuits ex-\\nerted a controlling influence throughout New France\\nthough Hennepin asserts that from the arrival of the\\nEeverend Father Martin de Yalence, one of the first of\\nthe Franciscan priests, to the year 1621, there had been\\nfive hundred converts of the Eecollets established in the\\nNew World.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 23\\nJesuit College founded Death of Champlain.\\nIn 1622, the Duke cle Ventadour, who had taken\\norders for the avowed purpose of aiding in converting\\nthe savages, sent over to Canada a large number of the\\nJesuits and in 1635 a college of the order was founded\\nat Quebec, under the direction of the Marquis de Ga-\\nmache.\\nSamuel Champlain, first governor of New France,\\ndied in 1635. Under his administration the colony had\\nbeen uniformly prosperous, and his loss was justly con-\\nsidered a great calamity. Laninan, in his History of\\nMichigan, pays the following tribute to his memory\\nWith a mind warmed into enthusiasm by the vast\\ndomain of wilderness which was stretched around him,\\nand the glorious visions of future grandeur which its\\nresources opened, a man of extraordinary hardihood\\nand the clearest judgment, a brave officer and a sci-\\nentific seaman, his keen forecast discerned, in the mag-\\nnificent prospect of the country which he occupied, the\\nelements of a mighty empire, of which he had hoped to\\nbe the founder. With a stout heart, and ardent zeal, he\\nhad entered upon the project of civilization he had dis-\\nseminated valuable knowledge of its resources by his\\nexplorations, and had cut the way through hordes of\\nsavages for the subsequent successful progress of the\\nFrench toward the lakes.\\nM. de Montmagny succeeded Champlain as governor.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 EAELY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN\\nProsecution of the Fur-trade Jesuits visit Saut Ste. Marie.\\nThe fur-trade was the principal object of his attention,\\nand to prosecute this most effectually, the wilderness in\\nthe region of the St. Lawrence was explored and rude\\nforts were erected as a means of defense to the trading-\\nhouses. Not far remote a never-failing auxiliary\\nwas the chapel of the Jesuit, surmounted by a cross.\\nGradually these explorations were extended westward\\nuntil, in 1632, Father Sagard, a Jesuit missionary, as-\\ncended the great river of the Ottawas, and after\\nenduring many hardships, reached the shores of Lake\\nHuron.\\nIn September, 1641, Charles Raymbault and Isaac\\nJogues, two other Jesuit missionaries, who had pre-\\nviously established a mission at the head of Pentangui-\\nshine Bay at that time the western terminus of the\\ntraveled route between Montreal and Lake Huron,\\nby the way of the Ottawa river and Lake Simoe\\nembarked in a frail birch canoe, and pursued their\\ncourse northwest, through the Georgian Bay and among\\nthe countless islands of the St. Marie s river. After a\\nvoyage of seventeen days, amid scenery of unequaled\\nbeauty, the crowning glory of all, Saut Ste. Marie,\\nburst upon their enraptured vision. Here, where the\\nevergreen of the unbroken forest was contrasted with\\nthe matchless beauty of the foam-crested waters, and\\nthe handiwork of Deity was everywhere strikingly man-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 25\\nIndian Account of the Lake Superior Kegion.\\nifest, the weary voyageurs found a settlement of two\\nthousand of nature s own children, the hospitable Chip-\\npewas. The chiefs of the tribe gave the travel-worn\\nmissionaries a cordial reception. We welcome you as\\nbrothers, and will profit by your words, was their as-\\nsurance, when the object of the long, wearisome journey\\nhad been explained.\\nA few days observation convinced the missionaries\\nthat the peculiar facility afforded by the rapids for\\ncatching the white-fish that abounded in those wa-\\nters, more than any other advantage of the location,\\nwas the great attraction which made the Saut de Ste.\\nMarie the abiding-place of so large a number of the\\nroving Aborigines^\\nThe Chippewas informed their guests that, beyond the\\nfoaming rapids and the clear, placid Ste. Marie s river\\nabove, was a lake, called by them Gitchi Gomee (Great\\nWater), larger than either Lake Huron or Lake Michi-\\ngan, which was then called by the French Lac dcs Illi-\\nnois. Beyond the western limits of Gitchi Gomee, the\\ncountry was said to be destitute of trees, while countless\\nherds of deer and buffalo roamed over the vast prairies.\\nBut that favored portion of the earth was inhabited by\\nthe Sioux, a warlike band, between whom and the Chip-\\npewas had long existed a deadly hatred. Thus were\\nthose choice hunting-grounds, to the Chippewas, like", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDeath of Eaymbault\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jogues Captivity and Ransom.\\nparadise to our first parents, protected from intrusion by\\nthe weapons of destruction.\\nVery late in the autumn of the same year, 1641, the\\ntwo missionaries returned to Pentanguishine, intending\\nto revisit the Saut early the following spring. But the\\ndevoted Eaymbault was already the victim of that in-\\nsidious disease, consumption, induced, no doubt, by the\\nexposures and privations he had suffered and the fol-\\nlowing year Father Jogues accompanied him to Quebec,\\nwhere he died, in October, 1642.\\nAfter the death of Eaymbault, Father Jogues attempt-\\ned to return to Saut Ste. Marie, but while ascending the\\nSt. Lawrence he was captured by a marauding band of\\nMohawk Indians. A small number of Huron Indians,\\nwho were with him, were also captured, and were\\nburned at the stake. The missionary himself was sub-\\njected to the most ignominious treatment, but was finally\\nransomed by the Dutch in the vicinity of Albany. He\\nreturned to France, and subsequently revisited the scene\\nof his labors in the New World.\\nOn the 28th of August, 1660, Eene Mesnard, another\\nJesuit missionary, left Quebec, resolved, if possible, to\\nmake greater progress than his predecessors in the ex-\\nploration of the Northwest. He took with him only a\\nscanty supply of the necessaries of life; for, said\\nhe, I trust in that Providence which feeds the little", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 27\\nMesnard s Explorations\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mysterious Disappearance.\\nbirds of the air, and clothes the wild-flowers of the\\ndesert.\\nSoon after his arrival at Sant Ste. Marie, he ascended\\nthe river in a birch canoe, and coasted along the south-\\nem shore of GitcM Gomee. On the 15th of October he\\nreached the head of Keweenaw Bay, to which he gave\\nthe name of St. Theresa\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the day of his arrival being the i\\nanniversary of that patron saint.\\nHere in the wilderness, far removed from the comforts\\nof civilization, did the old man (for he was past the me-\\nridian of life) spend the long dreary winter, with no\\nother companions than the untutored red men.\\nIn the spring, accompanied only by a single Indian,\\nhe started for Chaquamegon Bay, near the head of the\\nlake. They took the route through Portage Lake and\\nwhile the Indian was engaged in carrying the canoe\\nacross the portage to Lake Superior, Father Mesnard\\nwandered into the woods, and was never again heard of.\\nThe presentiment that he should never return to Quebec,\\nwhich he had often expressed in letters to his friends,\\nwas thus verified, August 20th, 1661.\\nUndaunted by the melancholy fate of his predecessors,\\nresolved to gratify his own love of adventure, and at\\nthe same time benefit his fellow-men, Claude Allouez\\nembarked at Three Eivers, August 8th, 1666, in com-\\npany with about four hundred Indians, who had been to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nClaude Allouez First Map of Lake Superior.\\nQuebec for the purposes of trade, and were now returning\\nhome. Allouez was devotedly attached to the Order of\\nJesuits, and unwilling that any of their plans should fail\\nto fully accomplish the desired object. No doubt his\\nenthusiastic mind, in its solitary day-dreams, pictured\\nhordes of savages converted from heathenism by his in-\\nstrumentality.\\nThe missionary and his savage companions arrived\\nsafely at Saut Ste. Marie early in September. From\\nthence Father Allouez proceeded immediately to Lake\\nSuperior. This lake, said he, shall henceforth bear\\nthe name of M. de Tracy, in token of the obligations\\nthe people of this region owe to him. Accordingly,\\nthe first map of Lake Superior, drawn in 1668, and\\npublished in 1672, supposed to be the work of Al-\\nlouez and Marquette, bears the name of Lac Tracy ou\\nSwperieit/r.\\nOf this map, Dablon says It was got up by two\\nFathers, very intelligent and observing, who did not wish\\nto incorporate any thing except what they had seen with\\ntheir own eyes. That is the reason why they have only\\ninserted the upper parts of Lakes Huron and Illinois,\\nalthough they had coasted much on both.\\nIn Foster and Whitney s Report of the Lake Superior\\nRegion, are the following observations When it is\\nconsidered that these men were not engineers, and that", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 29\\nLake Superior a divinity\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Copper region.\\nto note the geographical features of the country formed\\nno part of their requirements, this map may, for that\\nage, be regarded as a remarkable production although,\\noccasionally, points are laid down half a degree from\\ntheir true position. The whole coast, sixteen hundred\\nmiles in extent, as well as the islands, were explored.\\nEven Caribou, a low island in the midst of the lake, and\\nnot visible except within a few leagues, did not escape\\ntheir observation.\\nThe savages, remarks Allouez, respect this lake as\\na divinity, and offer sacrifices to it because of its size, for\\nit is two hundred leagues long, and eighty broad and\\nalso in consequence of its furnishing them with fish, upon\\nwhich all the natives live, when hunting is scarce in\\nthese quarters.\\nThat the discovery of copper in those regions is not a\\nrecent event, is evident from the following description of\\nAllouez. He says It frequently happens that pieces\\nof copper are found, weighing from ten to twenty pounds.\\nI have seen several such pieces in the hands of the sava-\\nges and, since they are very superstitious, they regard\\nthem as divinities, or as presents given to them to pro-\\nmote their happiness, by the gods who dwell beneath\\nthe water. For this reason, they preserve these pieces\\nof copper, wrapped up with their most precious articles.\\nIn some families they have been kept for more than fifty", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nEock of Copper Chaquamagon Bay.\\nyears in others, they have descended from time out of\\nmind, being cherished as domestic gods.\\nFor some time there was seen near the shore a large\\nrock of copper, with its top rising above the water, which\\ngave opportunities to those passing by to cut pieces from\\nit but when I passed that vicinity, it had disappeared.\\nI believe that the gales, which are frequent, like those of\\nthe sea, had covered it with sand. One savage tried to\\npersuade me that it was a divinity, who had disappeared,\\nbut for what cause he was unwilling to tell.\\nAt the bay called by Father Mesnard Ste. Theresa,\\nFather Allouez found two Christian women, witnesses\\nof Mesnard s labors, who had preserved their faith, and\\nsparkled like two stars in the midst of the darkness of\\ninfidelity. Having refreshed their memories with our\\nmysteries, we proceeded on. After having traveled one\\nhundred and eighty leagues along the border of the lake,\\non the southern side, where the Lord often tried our pa-\\ntience by means of gales, famine, and fatigue, both day\\nand night, we landed, on the first day of October, at\\nChaquamagon, a beautiful bay, on whose margin dwelt\\nnumerous savages. Their warriors amounted to eight\\nhundred men.\\nChaquamagon is the old La Pointe of the voyageurs.\\nThere this self-denying missionary lived two years. He\\nbuilt a chapel, and zealously prosecuted the work of win-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "EAELT HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 31\\nAllouez visits Fond du Lac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Interview with the Sioux.\\nning converts to his own faith. When he first arrived,\\nhe learned that the Chippewas were about making a\\nwarlike expedition against the Sioux but being permit-\\nted to advise, he had the satisfaction of diverting them\\nfrom their bloody enterprise.\\nThe fame of Allouez extended to all the surrounding\\ntribes, who gathered around the mission-house to gratify\\nthat curiosity which is an inherent quality in every\\nhuman breast, mingled, no doubt, with an indefinable\\ndesire to be benefited by his insfructions.\\nSome time during the two years of his sojourn, he vis-\\nited Fond du Zac, where he met a number of the Sioux,\\nwho informed him that there was a vast country still\\nfarther west, spread out in beautiful prairies, over which\\nroamed immense herds of buffalo. They also told him\\nof a great river called Messepi (Mississippi), along whose\\nbanks dwelt the beaver.\\nAllouez also extended his labors to the Nipissisiniens,\\non the north shore of the lake. Becoming more and\\nmore deeply interested in the spiritual necessities of\\nthe Indians, he returned to Quebec in the fall of 1667,\\nto obtain aid in establishing missions in different parts\\nof the Northwest. So successful were his appeals, that\\nonly two days after his arrival, having accomplished\\nhis object, he again set out on his return to the wil-\\nderness.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMission established at Saut Ste. Marie Grand Council\\nThe following year, 1668, Claude Dablon and James\\nMarquette proceeded to Saut Ste. Marie, and established\\na permanent mission. From this period, therefore, Saut\\nSte. Marie dates its actual settlement, being, according\\nto Bancroft, the oldest in the State of Michigan.\\nIn 1669, Marquette succeeded Allouez at Chaquama-\\ngon, or La Pointe, and the latter established himself at\\nGreen Bay.\\nr In May, 1671, says Foster and Whitney s Report,\\na grand council assembled at Saut Ste. Marie. The\\nchiefs from fourteen of the tribes of the North-west and\\nthe soldiers of France sat in council together. M.\\nFallon, then governor-general of New France, had sent\\nthere M. de Lusson, to take possession, in the name of\\nHis Majesty, of all the lands lying between the east and\\nwest, and from Montreal to the south, as far as it could\\nbe done. When the tribes were assembled, the ambas-\\nsador selected a hill above the village, planted the\\nstandard of the cross, and raised the arms of the king.\\nThe cross was blessed with all the ceremonies of the\\nChurch, by the superior of the missions; and while\\nbeing raised, the Vexilla was chanted by the assembled\\nFrenchmen, to the great delight of the savages. The\\nBhield of France was suspended from a cedar post above\\nthe cross, while they chanted the Msaudiat, and prayers\\nwere offered for the sacred person of His Majesty.\\nI", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 33\\nSt. Lusson takes possession of the Country.\\nSt. Lusson formally took possession of the lands\\nafter which guns were fired, and other manifestations of\\njoy exhibited.\\nFather Allouez was present, mindful of the interests\\nof his divine as well as temporal master. He pro-\\nnounced the following panegyric on the king, which is\\nworthy of being preserved\\nIt is a most important affair that calls us together.\\nCast your eyes on that cross which is high above your\\nheads. It is there where the Son of God was willing to\\nbe attached and to die, in order to satisfy His eternal\\nFather for your sins. He is the master of our lives, and\\nalso of heaven, and earth, and hell. It is He of whom\\nI have often spoken, and whose name and word I have\\nborne into these distant lands.\\nBut, at the same time, look upon that other column,\\nto which are attached the arms of that great chief of\\nFrance whom we call king. He lives beyond the sea.\\nHe is the chief of chiefs, and has not his like in the\\nworld. All the chiefs of whom you have heard are but\\nchildren compared with him. He is like a great tree,\\nwhile they are mere shrubs which we tread upon. You\\nknow Onontio (the governor-general), the renowned chief\\nof Quebec. You know that he is the terror of the Iro-\\nquois, and that his name is sufficient to make them\\ntremble, since he has desolated their lands, and carried", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nAllouez panegyric on the King of France.\\nfire among their settlements. There are beyond the\\nsea, ten thousand Onontios like him, who are but war-\\nriors of the great chief, our king, of whom I speak.\\nWhen he says, I go to war, everybody obeys, and\\nthese ten thousand chiefs raise bands of warriors both\\nfor the land and the sea. Some embark in ships, like\\nthose you have seen at Quebec. Your canoes will hold\\nbut four or five men, twelve at the utmost. Our vessels\\ncarry four or five hundred, and even a thousand.\\nAnother portion go to war on land, but in such\\nnumbers that when arranged in double ranks, they\\nwould reach to Mississaquenk, which is twenty leagues\\nfrom here. When he attacks, he is more fearful than\\nthunder. The earth trembles, and the air and sea are\\non fire from the discharges of his cannon. He has been\\nseen in the midst of his squadron covered with the blood\\nof his enemies; so many of whom has he put to the\\nsword, that he does not number their scalps, but merely\\nthe rivers of blood which he causes to flow. He carries\\nsuch a number of captives with him that he does not\\nvalue them, but lets them go when they please, to show\\nthat he does not fear them. Nobody dare make war on\\nhim. All nations beyond the sea have sued for peace\\nwith great submission. They come from every quarter\\nof the globe to listen to him, and to admire him. It is\\nhe who decides upon the affairs of the world.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 35\\nMission at St. Ignace\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Exploration of Marquette.\\nWhat shall I say of his riches You think your-\\nselves rich when you have ten or twelve sacks of corn,\\nand hatchets, and kettles, and other things of the kind.\\nHe has more cities than you have men, which are scat-\\ntered over a space of more than five hundred leagues.\\nIn each city there are hatchets enough to cut all your\\nwood, kettles enough to cook all your caribou, and sugar\\nenough to fill all your wigwams. His house extends\\nfarther than from here to the Saut, is higher than the\\ntallest of your trees, and contains more people than the\\nlargest of your settlements ever contained.\\nThe same year Marquette removed to St. Ignace,\\nnorth of Mackinac. Here he built a chapel and gath-\\nered about him the wandering Hurons. Marquette and\\nDablon made numerous excursions to the tribes which\\ndwelt in the territory now embraced in northern Illinois\\nand eastern Wisconsin.\\nMarquette, like Allouez, had heard marvelous ac-\\ncounts of the region beyond the great lake, and longed\\nto explore it but it was not until the year 1673 that he\\nwas enabled to carry his project into execution. His\\nroute lay up the Fox river through Lake Winnebago,\\nand thence down the Wisconsin into the Mississippi.\\nIn this expedition he was accompanied by Joylet, a\\ncourtier of France. They descended the mighty current\\nas far as the Arkansas, and then turned back. They", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nChicago Death of Marquette.\\nrepresented that they were hospitably entertained by the\\nIllinois, who dwelt npon its banks, while by other tribes\\nthey were repulsed.\\nThe relation of this voyage of Marquette was not\\npublished until some time after his death, and by some\\nwas considered fabulous, but Bancroft is disposed to\\nadopt it as worthy of entire credence.\\nLate in the season, the voyageurs reached Chicago.\\nJoylet hastened to Quebec to announce the result of\\ntheir discoveries, while Marquette remained to plant the\\nstandard of the Cross among the Miamis.\\nThe manner of his death is thus narrated by Ban-\\ncroft. In sailing from Chicago to Mackinac during\\nthe following spring, he entered a little river in Mich-\\nigan. Erecting an altar, he said mass after the rites of\\nthe Catholic Church then begging the men who con-\\nducted his canoe to leave him alone for half an hour\\n1 In the darkling wood,\\nAmid the cool and silence, he knelt down\\nAnd offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks\\nAnd supplication.\\nAt the end of half an hour they went to seek him,\\nand he was no more. The good missionary, discoverer\\nof a world, had fallen asleep on the margin of a stream\\nthat bears his name. Near the mouth, the voyageurs\\ndug his grave in the sand.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 37\\nAllouez, Marquette, and Jogues Catholic Converts.\\n_ f,\\nThis event. happened May 18th, 16T5.\\nAllouez died soon after, in the midst of his labors\\namong the Miamis.\\nAllouez, Marquette, and Jogues were remarkable\\nmen and had their lots been cast in a different sphere,\\nthey would have left a more durable impress upon the\\nage in which they lived. Their efforts to win the tribts\\nof the Northwest to the standard of the Cross, prose-\\ncuted with great zeal, and under circumstances of pri-\\nvation and suffering, may be regarded as abortive.\\nThere is something impressive in the rites of the\\nCatholic Church, something in its mysteries calculated\\nto overawe the wild men of the woods. So long as the\\nmissionary was in then* midst and superintended their\\nlabors, they yielded to his guidance and adopted his\\nrecommendations, so far at least as conduced to their\\ncomfort; but when he withdrew, with equal facility\\nthey glided into their former habits. The superstruc-\\nture, raised with so much care, fell to the ground the\\nmoment the sustaining hand was withdrawn.\\nThe effect of the contact of the two races has been\\nto afford the Indian additional incentives to vice, while\\nhis intellectual and moral elevation has been little ad-\\nvanced and at this day, it cannot be said that he stands\\nhigher in the scale of civilization than when first known\\nby the white man.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nCount Frontenac appointed Governor-General of New France Fort\\nFrontenac built La Salle appointed Commandant Eesigns his com-\\nmand Crosses Lake Ontario Ascends the Niagara river\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Builds the\\nGriffin Traverses lakes and rivers to Michilimackinac Indian vil-\\nlages on the Detroit Storm on Lake Huron\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michilimackinac Sig-\\nnification of the name Murder of two French traders Arrest of the\\nmurderers Their trial and execution.\\nFrequent changes occurred in the administration of\\nthe colonial affairs of New France, from the death of\\nChamplain, in 1635, to the year 1672, when the Count\\nde Frontenac was appointed governor-general. He was\\nthe god-son of Louis XIII., and was honored with his\\nname.\\nBrave, judicious, and energetic, Frontenac was well\\nqualified to manage the affairs of this new province.\\nHis first efforts were directed to the extension of the\\nFrench interests in the region of the great lakes. Under\\nhis guidance and encouragement, the posts at Michili-\\nmackinac and Saut Ste. Marie were established, former\\nexplorations perfected, and conciliatory treaties made\\nwith the immense hordes of Indians who roamed through\\nthat far-off wilderness.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 39\\nOld Route to the Upper Lakes La Salle Fort Frontenac.\\nThe route by which the Jesuits and traders penetrated\\ninto these wilds was by way of the Ottawa river, with\\nits numerous rapids, and consequent toilsome portages,\\nas far as Little River. Ascending this stream, they\\ncrossed numerous small lakes to Lake Nepissing, thence\\ndown the French river to Georgian Bay, which forms\\nthe eastern portion of Lake Huron. Birch canoes, so\\nlight as to be carried over the portages on the shoulders\\nof one or two men, were their ships while their stores,\\nand munitions of war, consisted only of such articles as\\ncould be transported in like manner.\\nWhile Mesnard, Allouez, Marquette, and others were\\nthus exploring the far Northwest, La Salle, with another\\nband of adventurers, ascended the St. Lawrence to Lake\\nOntario. Near the outlet of the lake, on the northern\\nshore, they established a trading-post to which they gave\\nthe name of Fort Frontenac, in honor of the governor-\\ngeneral.\\nRobert, Chevalier de la Salle, was appointed comman-\\ndant. He was a man of genius, enterprise, undoubted\\ntalent, and indomitable perseverance, and the originator\\nof the plan for a chain of fortifications afterward estab-\\nlished on the water-line in the Northwest. Ambitious\\nto complete the exploration of the Mississippi which\\nhad been begun by Marquette, and unwilling to under-\\ntake the voyage in the frail canoes hitherto employed,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nGriffin, first Vessel on Lake Erie\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Louis Hennepin.\\nhe formed the design of building a vessel suitable for\\nhis purpose. Accordingly, he resigned his command at\\nFort Frontenac, traversed the length of Lake Ontario,\\nascended the Niagara river to the great cataract, where\\nhe made the portage. Two leagues above the great\\nfall he erected a rude fortification, and commenced his\\nwork, undaunted by the numerous difficulties that sur-\\nrounded him. Late in the autumn of 1678 the keel of\\nthe vessel was laid, and on the 7th of August, 1679, she\\nset sail on the first voyage which had ever been made\\nby Europeans upon that inland sea, amid the sound of\\nTe Deums and the discharge of arquebuses.\\nThe vessel was called the Griffin, and the image of\\nthat mythological animal was carved upon her prow.\\nShe was of sixty tons burden, and carried five guns.\\nLa Salle was her commander, and Louis Hennepin, the\\nmissionary, ardently zealous in the pursuit of new dis-\\ncoveries, was the journalist of the expedition. The crew\\nconsisted of fur-traders belonging to the Canadian colo-\\nnies. Ignorant of the depth of the water, they sounded\\nfrequently while dashing along over Lake Erie s foam-\\ncrested waves. On the 10th of August they reached the\\nislands which are grouped at the entrance of Detroit\\nriver, where they anchored.\\nHennepin says of these islands They are the finest\\nin the world. The strait (detroit) is finer than Niagara,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 41\\nDetroit Eiver\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Teuchsagrondie Storm on Lake Huron.\\nbeing one league broad, excepting that part which forms\\nthe lake that we have called St. Clair.\\nAscending the river, the explorers found along its\\nbanks several Indian villages, belonging to different\\ntribes who were at peace with each other. A large\\nvillage of the Hurons, called Teuchsagrondie, stood on\\nthe present site of Detroit. These villages had been\\nvisited by the Jesuit missionaries, and the coureurs des\\nhois, but no settlement had yet been attempted.\\nOn Lake Huron, La Salle s vessel encountered a vio-\\nlent storm, and was in imminent danger of shipwreck.\\nThe pilot was a skillful and experienced seaman. While\\nthe rest were saying their prayers and preparing for\\ndeath, he stood at the rudder, cursing La Salle, who\\nhad brought him hither to perish in a dirty lake, and\\nlose the glory he had acquired by his long and prosper-\\nous navigation of the ocean.\\nAt length the storm abated, and the following clay the\\nGriffin lay anchored in a little cove opposite the island\\nof Michilimackinac, sheltered on the north by a point of\\nthe peninsula on which stood a village of the Hurons.\\nThe word Michilimackinac* (great turtle) is a most\\nSchoolcraft says that the present Indian signification of the name of\\nthis island is Place of the Dancing Spirits, and that the popular ety-\\nmology, which derives the word from big turtle, dates still farther\\nback, and is founded on the fact that the michi were turtle spirits.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMichilimackinae\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Signification Habits of the Savages.\\nsignificant name for this island. It is nearly round, and\\nrises high above the water, at first view appearing not\\nunlike a gigantic specimen of the animal whose name it\\nbears. The French gave the same appellation to all the\\ncountry in the immediate vicinity, both on the upper and\\nlower peninsula.\\nFather Hennepin says Michilimackinae is a neck\\nof land to the north of the strait through which the lake\\nof the Illinois discharges itself into Lake Huron. We\\nlay between two different nations of the savages those\\nwho inhabit the point of Michilimackinae are called\\nHurons, and the others, who are about three or four\\nleagues more northward, are Outawas.\\nDescribing the habits of the savages, he says They\\nsow Indian corn, which is their ordinary food, for they\\nhave nothing else to live upon, except the fish they take\\nfrom the lakes. They boil their fish with their saga-\\nmittee, a kind of broth made of water and the flour of\\ncorn, which they beat in a mortar made of the trunk of\\na tree, which they make hollow by fire.\\nIn 1683 two French traders, Jacques le Maire and\\nColin Berthot, left Saut Ste. Marie with a large quantity\\nof merchandise, which they were carrying to Kiaonan,\\nan Indian village and trading-post on the shore of Lake\\nSuperior. They were murdered on the way by three\\nIndians, belonging to two different tribes, who secreted", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 43\\nMurder of French Traders\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bravery of Du Lhut and Pere.\\ntheir bodies and the merchandise which they had in\\ntheir custody.\\nAs soon as a knowledge of the affair reached M. du\\nLhut, commandant at Michilimackinac, he at once set\\nabout bringing the offenders to justice. Almost alone,\\nin the far-off wilderness, with but a handful of French-\\nmen in the whole region, at the mercy of countless\\nhordes of savages, the daring intrepidity exhibited by\\nM. du Lhut and M. Pere has scarcely a parallel in the\\nhistory of the settlement of this country.\\nThe following letter from M. du Lhut to Count Fron-\\ntenac, governor-general of Canada, gives a minute and\\ninteresting account of the occurrence\\nMichilimackinac, April 12, 1684.\\nMonsieuk I did myself the honor to write to you\\nin September and October of last year, giving an ac-\\ncount of a murder committed by the children of Achi-\\nganaga. Allow me now to inform you of the means I\\nused to avenge the death of the two assassinated French-\\nmen of whom I spoke.\\nTo follow the affair step by step, be pleased to know,\\nsir, that on the 24th of October last, I was told that\\nFolle-Avoine, accomplice in the murder and robbery of\\nthe two Frenchmen, had arrived at Saut Ste. Marie, with\\nfifteen families of the Sauteurs, who had fled from Cha-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n__\\nM. du Lhut, with only six men, proceeds to the Saut.\\nouamigon, on account of an attack which they, together\\nwith the people of the land, made last spring upon the\\nNadouecioux.\\nHe believed himself safe at the Saut, on account of\\nthe number of allies and relatives he had there. f Rev.\\nFather Albanet informed me that the French at the\\nSaut, being only twelve in number, had not arrested\\nhim, believing themselves too weak to contend with\\nsuch numbers, especially as the Sauteurs had declared\\nthat they would not allow the French to redden the land\\nof their fathers with the blood of their brothers.\\nOn receiving this information, I immediately re-\\nsolved to take with me six Frenchmen, and embark at\\nthe dawn of the next day for the Saut Ste. Marie, and,\\nif possible, obtain possession of the murderer. I made\\nknown my design to the Rev. Father Enialran and at\\nmy request, as he had some business to arrange with\\nRev. Father Albanet, he placed himself in my canoe.\\nHaving arrived within a league of the village of the\\nSaut, the Rev. Father, the Chevalier de Fourcille, Car-\\ndonniere and I, disembarked. I caused the canoe, in\\nwhich were Baribaud, Le Mere, La Fortune, and Magons,\\nto proceed, while we went across the wood to the house\\nof the Rev. Father, fearing that the savages, seeing me,\\nmight suspect the object of my visit, and cause Folle-\\nAvoine to escape.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 45\\nArrest of Folle-Avoine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Council called Achiganaga accused.\\nFinally, to cut the matter short, I arrested him,\\nand caused him to be guarded day and night by six\\nFrenchmen.\\nI then called a council, at which I requested all the\\nsavages of the place to be present, where I repeated what\\nI had often said to the Hurons and Ottawas since the\\ndeparture of M. Pere, giving them the message you\\nordered me, sir, that in case there should be among\\nthem any spirits so evil- disposed as to follow the exam-\\nple of those who have murdered the French on Lake\\nSuperior and Lake Michigan, they must separate the\\nguilty from the innocent, as I did not wish the whole\\nnation to suffer, unless they protected the guilty.\\nI informed them that I expected those present to\\ndeclare themselves that if there were any factious\\nspirits who intended to shield Folle-Avoine, I might\\nknow them, and they would see that I did not fear them\\nenough to prevent me from doing my duty.\\nThe savages held several councils to which I was\\ninvited but their only object seemed to be to exculpate\\nthe prisoner, in order that I might release him. All\\nunited in accusing Achiganaga and his children, assu-\\nring themselves with the belief that M. Pere, with his\\ndetachment, would not be able to arrest them, and wish-\\ning to persuade me that they apprehended that all the\\nFrenchmen might be killed.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFrench threatened Intrepidity of M. du Lhut.\\nI answered them, in respect to Folle-Avoine, that I\\nwas not obliged to believe a man whom I looked upon\\nas having helped to shed the blood of my brothers that\\nmeanwhile, in consequence of the submission to the orders\\nof Onontio, their father, which they manifested, I should\\ndetermine nothing, until I might be better informed of\\nthe facts and, moreover, if I had no more convincing\\nproof against him than that which was already known\\nto me, I would give him back to them. If, on the con-\\ntrary, it was true that he was of the number of the\\nassassins, I would see in what way I would dispose of\\nhim. As to the anticipated death of M. Pere, as well\\nas of the other Frenchmen, that would not embarrass me,\\nsince I believed neither the allies nor the nation of Achi-\\nganaga would wish to have a war with us to sustain an\\naction so dark as that of which we were speaking. So,\\nhaving only to attack a few murderers, or at most those\\nof their own family, I was certain that the French would\\nhave them, dead or alive. This was all the answer they\\nhad from me during the three days that the councils\\nlasted; after which I embarked, at ten o clock in the\\nmorning, sustained by only twelve Frenchmen, to show\\na few seditious persons, who boasted of taking the pris-\\noner away from me, that the French did not fear them.\\nI received accounts daily of the numbers of savages\\nthat Achiganaga drew from his nation to Kiaonan, under", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 47\\nM. Pero arrests Achiganaga and his four Sons.\\npretext of going to war in the spring against the Na-\\ndouecioux, to avenge the death of one of his relatives,\\nson of Onenaus, but really to protect himself against us,\\nin case we should become convinced that his children\\nhad killed the Frenchmen. This precaution placed me\\nbetween hope and fear respecting the expedition which\\nM. Pere had undertaken.\\nOn the 24th of November he came across the wood,\\nat ten o clock at night, to tell me that he had arrested\\nAchiganaga and four of his children. He said it was\\ntrue that they were not all guilty of the murder, but he\\nhad thought proper, in this affair, to follow the custom\\nof the savages, which is, to seize all the relatives.\\nFolle-Avoine, whom I had arrested, he considered the\\nmost guilty, being without doubt the originator of the\\nmischief.\\nI immediately gave orders that Folle-Avoine should\\nbe more closely confined, and not be allowed to speak to\\nany one for I had also learned that he had a brother,\\nsister, and uncle in the village of the Kiskakons.\\nM. Pere informed me that he had released the\\nyoungest son of Achiganaga, aged about thirteen or\\nfourteen years, that he might make known to their\\nnation, and to the Sauteurs who were at Nocke and in\\nthe neighborhood, the reason why the French had ar-\\nrested his father and brothers. M. Pere bade him", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nPrisoners brought to Saut Ste. Marie Council called.\\nassure the savages that if any one wished to complain\\nof what he had done, he would wait for them with a\\nfirm step for he considered himself in a condition to\\nset them at defiance, having found at Kiaonan eighteen\\nFrenchmen who had wintered there. However, no one\\nopposed his design.\\nOn the 25th, at break of day, M. Pere embarked at\\nthe Saut, with four good men whom I gave him, to go and\\nmeet the prisoners. He had left them four leagues from\\nthere, under a guard of twelve Frenchmen, and at two\\no clock in the afternoon they arrived. I had prepared a\\nroom in my house for the prisoners, in which they were\\nplaced under a strong guard, and were not allowed to\\nconverse with any one.\\nOn the 26th, I commenced proceedings and this,\\nsir, is the course I pursued. I gave notice to all the\\nchiefs and elders to appear at the council which I had\\nappointed, and gave to Folle-Avoine the privilege of\\nselecting two of his relatives to support his interests\\nand to the other prisoners I made the same offer.\\nThe council being assembled, I sent for Folle-Avoine\\nto be interrogated, and caused his answers to be written\\nand afterwards they were read to him, and inquiry made\\nwhether they were not, word for word, what he had said.\\nHe was then removed from the council under a safe\\nguard. I used the same form with the two eldest sons", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 49\\nTestimony committed to writing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Confrontation of the Prisoners.\\nof Achiganaga; and as Folle-Avoine had indirectly\\ncharged the father with being accessory to the murder,\\nI sent for him, and also for Folle-Avoine, and bring-\\ning them into the council, confronted the four. Folle-\\nAvoine and the two sons of Achiganaga accused each\\nother of committing the murder, without denying that\\nthey were participators in the crime. Achiganaga alone\\nstrongly maintained that he knew nothing of the design\\nof Folle-Avoine, nor of his children, and called on them\\nto say if he had counselled them to kill the Frenchmen.\\nThey answered JSTo\\nThis confrontation, which the savages did not ex-\\npect, surprised them and seeing the prisoners had con-\\nvicted themselves of the murder, the chiefs said It is\\nenough, you accuse yourselves the French are masters\\nof your bodies.\\nThe next day I held another council, in which I\\nsaid there could be no doubt that the Frenchmen had\\nbeen robbed and murdered that the murderers were\\nknown, and that they knew what the practice was\\namong themselves on similar occasions. To all this\\nthey said nothing, which obliged me on the following\\nday to hold another council in the cabin of Brochet,\\nwhere, after having spoken, and seeing that they would\\nmake no decision, and that all my councils ended only\\nin reducing tobacco to ashes, I told them that since", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nSavage Customs French Council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Threats of the Savages.\\nthey did not wish to decide, I should take the responsi-\\nbility, and that the next day I would let them know the\\ndetermination of the French and myself.\\nIt is proper, sir, you should know that I observed\\nall these ceremonies only to see if they would feel it\\ntheir duty to render to us the same justice that they do\\nto each other, having had divers examples of similar\\ncases in which, when the tribes of those who had com-\\nmitted the murder did not wish to go to war with the\\ntribe aggrieved, the nearest relations of the murderers\\nkilled them themselves, that is to say, man for man.\\nOn the 29th of November I gathered together the\\nFrench that were here, and after the interrogations and\\nanswers of the accused had been read to them, the guilt\\nof all three appeared so evident, from their own con-\\nfessions, that the vote was unanimous that all three\\nshould die. But, as the French, who remained at\\nKiaonan to pass the winter, had written to Father\\nEnialran and to myself, to beg of us to treat the affair\\nwith all possible leniency, the savages declaring that if\\nthey made the prisoners die they would avenge them-\\nselves on the French.\\nI told the gentlemen who were with me in council,\\nthat this being an affair without a precedent, I believed\\nit was expedient, for the safety of all the French who\\nwould pass the winter in the Lake Superior country, to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 51\\nThe Decision\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Council of the Chiefs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Speech of M. du Lhut\\nput to death only two, as the death of the third might\\nbring about grievous consequences while, on the con-\\ntrary, the putting to death of man for man could give\\nthe savages no cause for complaint, since this is their\\nown custom under the circumstances.\\nM. de la Tour, chief of the Fathers, who had served\\nmuch, sustained my opinions by strong reasoning and\\nall the gentlemen whom I had called in council decided\\nthat two should be shot, namely, Folle-Avoine, and the\\nelder of the two brothers, while the younger should be\\nreleased, and hold his life as a gift from you, sir.\\nI then returned to the cabin of Brochet with Messrs.\\nBoisguillot, Pere, De Kepentigny, De Manthet, De la\\nFerte, and Macons, where were all the chiefs of the\\nOutawas du Sable, Outawas Sinagos, Kiskakons, Sau-\\nteurs, Mississagues, D Achiliny, a part of the Hurons,\\nand Oumamens, chief of the Amikoys. I informed them\\nof our decision, telling them, that, not being ignorant\\nof the murder committed on the two Frenchmen, and\\nknowing all the murderers, I was surprised that no one\\ndared to decide for us, and cause justice to be done.\\nMeanwhile, Onontio had lost his blood, it was yet warm,\\nand it was necessary to have other blood to satisfy him.\\nI then informed them that the Frenchmen having\\nbeen killed by two different nations, one of each nation\\nmust die, and that the same death they had caused the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 EARLY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN.\\nTwo Murderers sentenced to Death\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Surprise of the Savages.\\nFrench to suffer, they must also suffer therefore they\\nmust be shot that, to the third prisoner, you, sir, would\\ngive his life, on condition that he would tell all his allies\\nthe great kindness you had clone him. I told them that\\nif I did not relax the rigor of our laws, I should put to\\ndeath all six of those who had participated in the theft,\\nand perhaps contributed to the murder by their wicked\\ncounsel, but for this time I hoped you would not con-\\ndemn me for my mildness.\\nThis decision, to put the murderers to death, was a\\nhard stroke to them all, for none had believed that I\\nwould dare undertake it.\\nThe Outawas du Sable, and the Outawas Sinagos, in\\norder to have no trouble with you, sir, had appeared to\\nblame their conduct, and not to care what became of\\nthem but then, Falon Seleva, chief of the Outawas du\\nSable, after a long harangue, concluded that, if I dared,\\nI would give them life.\\nThe chief of the Outawas Sinagos said that he had\\ncaptured some of the Iroquois, and that M. Courcelle\\nasked him to deliver them over to him, promising that\\nthey should have their life, and that I ought to do the\\nsame by the prisoners. The Sauteurs having left the\\nSaut, had appointed Oumamens, chief of the Amikoys,\\nto speak for them. He thanked me that I had satisfied\\nmyself with so little, praising the Frenchman for his", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 53\\nReasons given in Council for condemning the Murderers.\\ngood heart, winch prompted him to release the father\\nand three of his children. The other nations said\\nnothing.\\nThe diiferent sentiments expressed, made me reply\\nto the first, that if the accused were prisoners of war, I\\nshould do myself the pleasure to give them their life\\nbut, being murderers, it was necessary they should die,\\nas an example to those who might have similar de-\\nsigns, and, by this fear, would be prevented from com-\\nmitting murder so easily, especially from taking the\\nlives of Frenchmen. I told them they knew very well\\nthat I loved all men, but that I did not fear them enough\\nto prevent me from executing your orders, which are,\\nto cause those to die who kill the French that, having\\n3 5 O\\nbecome master of those who had killed your first chil-\\ndren, if I did not cause them to be put to death, you\\nwould believe it was the fear I had of men and that as\\nsoon as I should come into your presence, you would\\nmake me suffer the death which their crime deserved.\\nBesides, I was not the author of their death, but only\\nspoke the sentiments of all the elders.\\nI also reminded them that this was but the fruit of\\ntheir own teachings they had taught their youth that\\nto kill a Frenchman was not an affair of much im-\\nportance, since one was acquitted for a captive or a\\npack of beaver for, till now, no more troublesome con-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 EARLY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPrisoners baptized Executed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Goods found.\\nsequences than these had befallen those who had mur-\\ndered. But, had they taught their young men that\\nmurder was a wicked thing, and, if committed, the\\nnation would abandon them, they would have been\\nmore wise, and the Frenchmen would still be alive.\\nI then left the council, and asked the Rev. Fathers\\nif they wished to baptize the prisoners, which they\\ndid.\\nAn hour after, I put myself at the head of forty-two\\nFrenchmen, and in sight of more than four hundred\\nsavages, and within two hundred paces of their fort, I\\ncaused the two murderers to be shot.\\nThe impossibility of keeping them till spring, to\\nsend them to you, sir, made me hasten their death,\\nbeing persuaded that in such cases prompt execution is\\nnecessary to calm all things, and not to give time to\\ninterested persons to take measures to get away the\\nprisoners.\\nWhen M. Pere made the arrest, those who had\\ncommitted the murder confessed it and when he asked\\nthem what they had done with our goods, they answered\\nthat they were almost all concealed. He immediately\\nproceeded to the place of concealment, and was very\\nmuch surprised, as were also the French who were with\\nhim, .to find the goods in fifteen or twenty different\\nplaces. By the carelessness of the savages, the tobacco", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 55\\nTobacco and Powder destroyed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Discovery of the Bodies.\\nand powder were entirely destroyed, having been placed\\nin the pinery, under the roots of the trees, and being\\nsoaked in the water caused by ten or twelve days con-\\ntinued rain, which inundated all the lower country.\\nThe season for snow and ice having come, they had all\\nthe trouble in the Avorld to get out the bales of cloth.\\nThey then went to see the bodies, but could not remove\\nthem, these miserable wretches having thrown them into\\na marsh, and thrust them down into holes which they\\nhad made. Not satisfied with that, they had also piled\\nbranches of trees upon the bodies, to prevent them from\\nfloating when the water should rise in the spring\\nhoping that, by this precaution, the French would find\\nno trace of those who were killed, but would believe\\nthem drowned, by being upset, as they reported that\\nthey had found in the lake, on the other side of the\\nPortage, a boat with the sides all broken in, which they\\nbelieved to be a French boat.\\nThose goods which the French were able to secure,\\nthey took to Kiaonan, where were a number of French-\\nmen, who had gone there to pass the winter, and who\\nknew nothing of the death of Colin Berthot and Jacques\\nle Maire, until M. Pere arrived. The ten who formed\\nH. Pere s detachment, having conferred together con-\\ncerning the measures they should take to prevent a total\\nloss, decided to sell the goods to the highest bidder.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nRescued Goods sold\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Pere and the Savages.\\nThe sale was made for 1100 Uvres, which amount was\\nto be paid in beavers, to M. de la Chesnaye, to whom I\\nsend the names of the purchasers.\\nThe savages who were present when Achiganaga\\nand his children were arrested, wished to dance the\\ncalumet to M. Pere, and give him captives to satisfy\\nhim for the murder committed on the two Frenchmen;\\nbut he knew their intention, and would not accept their\\noffer. He told them neither a hundred captives nor a\\nhundred packs of beaver would give back the blood of\\nhis brothers that the murderers must be given up to\\nme, and I would see what I would do.\\nI caused M. Pere to repeat these things in the\\ncouncil, that in future the savages need not think by\\npresents to save those who commit similar deeds. Be-\\nsides, sir, M. Pere showed plainly, by his conduct in\\ninvestigating this affair, that he is not so strongly in-\\nclined to favor the savages as was reported. Indeed I\\ndo not know any one whom they fear more, yet who\\nflatters them less, or knows them better.\\nThe criminals being in two different places, M. Pere\\nbeing himself obliged to keep four of them, sent Messrs.\\nde Repentigny, Manthet, and six other Frenchmen, to\\narrest the two who were among their people eight\\nleagues in the woods, which they did promptly and\\nvigorously. Among others. M. de Kepentigny and M.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 57\\nChevrotiere\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Peace Councils\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mutual Gifts.\\ncle Manthet showed that they feared nothing when their\\nhonor called them.\\nM. de la Chevrotiere has also served well in person\\nand by his advice, having indicated the place where the\\nprisoners were. Achiganaga, who had adopted him as\\na son, had told him where he should hunt during the\\nwinter.\\nTwo days after the murderers were shot, the Kjs-\\nkakons, Outawas du Sable, and the Outawas Sinagos\\nheld a council, in which they gave me six strings of\\nwampum, each nation two, to cover the dead French-\\nmen and dry up their blood, that the earth might be\\nbeautiful in future.\\nAn hour afterwards, they made the same presents to\\nAchiganaga, and to the friends of Folle-Avoine, who\\nwere still here.\\nThe next day I had a great festival of corn and\\ntobacco in the cabin of Brochet, in order to take away\\nthe sickness of heart that he had, because I pronounced\\nthe sentence of death on two savages in his house, with-\\nout even speaking to him about it.\\nTo this feast, all the chiefs and elders of the nation\\nbefore-mentioned were invited. The Hurons gave me\\nthree strings of wampum for the same reason that the\\nothers were given. They also gave three for the Sau-\\nteurs and the Folle-Avoines.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPresents to Achiganaga\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Departure and Death.\\nIt still remained for me to give to Achiganaga and\\nhis three children the means to return to their family,\\nwhich they could not do without my assistance. Their\\nhome, from which they were taken, was nearly twenty-\\nsix leagues from here. Knowing their necessity, I told\\nthem you would not be satisfied with giving them life.\\nTou wished also to preserve it, by giving them all that\\nwas necessary to prevent them from dying with hunger\\nand cold by the way, and that your gift was made by\\nmy hands. I gave them blankets and shirts, guns and\\nammunition, tobacco, meat, hatchets, knives, twine to\\nmake nets for beavers, and two bags of corn, to supply\\nthem till they could kill game.\\nThey departed two days after, the most contented\\ncreatures in the world but God was not, for when only\\ntwo days journey from here, the old Achiganaga fell\\nsick of the quinsy and died, and his children returned.\\nWhen the news of his death arrived, the greater part\\nof the savages of this place attributed his death to the\\nFrench, saying we had caused him to die. I let them\\ntalk, and laughed at them.\\nIt is only about two months since the children of\\nAchiganaga returned to Kiaonan. I gave them letters\\nto the French there, requesting them to say nothing to\\nthe savages about the death of their companions, having\\ntaken the satisfaction that I believed to be just.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 59\\nAchiganaga s Children The Sauteuxs.\\nTlie Sauteurs gave them necklaces, to remind them\\nthat they should take good care to avoid agitating the\\nsubject of the death of their brother and in case any\\nshould have a wicked design, the necklaces, of which\\nthey were the bearers, would deter them from its exe-\\ncution.\\nAs for me, I doubt not this example will make them\\nwiser, and that it may produce good results.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nCount Frontenac removed from office Succeeded by M. le Barre Le\\nBarre recalled, and De Nonville appointed M. du Lhut ordered to\\nestablish a fort on the Detroit Count Frontenac reappointed to the\\ngovernment of Canada Attempts a reconciliation with the Illinois\\nLivasion of Canada by the English in 1690 Attack on Montreal\\nUnsuccessful expedition against Quebec Frontenac invades the coun-\\ntry of the Iroquois M. la Motte Cadillac appointed commandant at\\nMichilimackinac Bemonstrates against the prohibition of the sale of\\nbrandy to the Indians General account of the country, its condition,\\nand inhabitants.\\nA man of Count Frontenac s abilities could not long\\noccupy an exalted position without making enemies\\nand so successful were his enemies in their intrigues, that\\nthey accomplished their design of causing his removal\\nfrom the government of Canada, in the summer of 1684.\\nM. de la Barre, his successor, arrived at Quebec the\\nsame season. He was entirely unacquainted with the\\nIndian character, and commenced his administration by\\nattempting to overcome the Five Nations by force of\\narms. The consequences were most disastrous to the\\nFrench and in 1685 La Barre was recalled, and the\\nMarquis de Nonville appointed in his place.\\nIn 1686 M. du Lhut, who still commanded at Michili-\\nmackinac, was succeeded by M. Perot, and received,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 61\\nM. Perot succeeds Du Lhut Detroit\\nthrough M. Durantaye, special commissioner, the follow-\\ning orders concerning his future movements\\nLETTER TO M. DU LHUT.\\nMonTreai, 6th June, 1686.\\nMonsieur Although I have ordered you to come\\nto me this autumn, that I might confer with you con-\\ncerning many things that may not be written, yet Rev.\\nFather Anjolran having come here, and being obliged\\nto return to Hichilimackinac as soon as the restitution of\\nprisoners shall have been made, your presence is much\\nmore necessary to the Outawas than to me. Therefore,\\nI now direct you to remain, and unite with M. de la\\nDurantaye, who is to be at Michilimackinac, in the\\nexecution of the orders which I send him, for the safety\\nof our allies and friends.\\nYou will see by the letter which I have written to\\nM. Durantaye, that I wish you to establish a post on the\\nDetroit, near Lake Erie, with a garrison of fifty men.\\nI desire you to choose an advantageous place to secure\\nthe passage, which may protect our savages who go to\\nthe chase, and serve them as an asylum against their\\nenemies and ours.\\nYou will do and say nothing to the Iroquois, unless\\nthey undertake something against us and our allies.\\nYou will also see that my intention is, that you go to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nOrders concerning the Establishment of a Trading-post\\nthis new post as soon as possible, with twenty men only,\\nwhom you will establish under the command of your\\nlieutenant. You will select such a man for this station\\nas shall best suit you, one whom you consider most suit-\\nable for the command.\\nAfter having given all the orders that you may\\njudge necessary for the safety of this post, and having\\nwell secured obedience from the soldiers, you will return\\nto Michilimackinac, there to await Kev. Father Anjolran,\\nby whom I will communicate what I wish of you there.\\nYou will then return to the said post, with thirty other\\nmen, whom you will receive from M. Durantaye, in\\norder to fully establish the position. You will take care\\nthat each provide himself with provisions sufficient for\\nhis subsistence at the said post, where, I doubt not, you\\nmay trade for peltries therefore your men will not do\\nill to carry some goods there also.\\nI strongly recommend you to maintain a good under-\\nstanding with M. Durantaye, without which our designs\\nwill come to nothing, and the service of the king and\\nthe public will suffer much. The post to which I send\\nyou is of much more importance, as I expect it will\\nbring you in contact with the Illinois, to whom you\\nwill make known those things of which you will be\\ninformed by Kev. Father Anjolran. Consider nothing\\nof so much importance as the proper execution of all", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 63\\nFort St. Joseph built\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Abandoned in 168S.\\nwhich I now command you, and which I shall make\\nknown to you by the Rev. Father on his return to\\nMichilimackinac.\\nI send you the necessary commission for the com-\\nmand of this post, also one for your lieutenant. Con-\\ncerning your own interests I say nothing but you may\\nexpect that I will do with pleasure all that will be for\\nyour advantage.\\nAllow me to repeat to you once more, that you can-\\nnot use too much diligence to succeed in all that I shall\\nrequire of you for the service of the king. If you can\\nso arrange your affairs that your brother can be near\\nyou in the spring, I shall be very glad. He is an intel-\\nligent lad, and might be a great assistance to you he\\nmight also be very serviceable to us.\\nI beg you to avoid, in conversation, any allusion to\\nour designs.\\nIn obedience to these instructions, M. du Lhut pro-\\nceeded to the entrance of the strait from Lake Huron,\\nwhere he erected a fortified trading-post, which he\\nnamed Fort St. Joseph. This fort was abandoned in\\n1688, only two years after it was built. It stood on the\\npresent site of Fort Gratiot.\\nThis letter is without signature, but every thing causes us to think\\nthat it was from the governor-general. Note on the MS.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nWar in Canada Far Indians Frontenac reappointed.\\nMeanwhile, affairs in Canada waxed worse and worse.\\nThe English traders, who had become quite numerous\\nin the region of the Iroquois, instigated that powerful\\nnation, or rather confederacy of nations, to an attack\\nupon the French settlements in Canada. An open war\\nensued. In almost every skirmish for the Indians sel-\\ndom fight open battles the French were the most\\nsevere sufferers.\\nThe Far Indians, as those in the vicinity of the great\\nlakes were called, began to manifest dissatisfaction and\\ndistrust of the French. In this critical state of affairs,\\nM. de JSTonville was recalled, and Count de Frontenac\\nreappointed governor-general. He arrived at Quebec\\nOctober 15th, 16S9, to the great joy of the colonists.\\nThe arrival of Frontenac, says the McDougall\\nMS., was hailed by the French as the dawn of a\\ndeliverance from their calamities. The wise policy pur-\\nsued by him during his former administration was now\\napparent to every one. A more judicious selection\\ncould not have been made in the present desperate situ-\\nation of affairs.\\nNew and unforeseen troubles began to arise. The\\nabdication of James II. involved France in a war with\\nEngland. The example set in Europe of forming na-\\ntional alliances was greatly improved in America for,\\nwhile the English colonies had become the allies of the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 65\\nFrontenac s Proposals for Peace rejected by the Iroquois.\\nFive Nations, they, in turn, became the allies of the Far\\nIndians.\\nCount Frontenac first attempted to bring about a\\nreconciliation with the Illinois. For this purpose, he\\nsent ambassadors to their country to inform them that\\ntheir old friend Frontenac had returned; that he had\\nbrought back Tawerahet, the Cayuga sachem, and twelve\\nof their tribe, who had been sent to France by De Non-\\nville that he was sorry the tomahawk had been dug np\\nduring his absence and that he was desirous of plant-\\ning the tree of peace, and burying the hatchet under its\\nbranches.\\nThe savages, encouraged by the English, and fur-\\nnished with guns and ammunition, instead of listening to\\nthese propositions, assumed, if possible, an aspect more\\nterrific than ever and Frontenac soon found that he\\nhad to contend, not only with the English colonies and\\nJroquois, but with the Ottawas, Hurons, Miamis, Illi-\\nnois, Pottawatomies, and several other tribes of western\\nIndians.\\nThe good old governor, now in the sixty-eighth year\\nof his age, did not once suffer his fortitude to forsake\\nhim. His mental and physical abilities were undimin-\\nished and by his indefatigable exertions, several of the\\noutposts, which had been partially demolished and aban-\\ndoned, were rebuilt.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "6Q EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nInvasion of Canada by the English and Iroquois.\\nEarly in 1690, an invasion of Canada was planned\\nby the New England and New York colonies, in con-\\njunction with their allies. The New York troops and\\nIndians were to march by land and attack Montreal,\\nwhile the New England forces were to proceed by water\\nand storm Quebec.\\nAccordingly the land forces, under the command of\\nMajor Schuyler, left Albany about midsummer. Hav-\\ning arrived at Chambly, they were discovered by a\\nFrenchman, who proceeded with all possible speed to\\nMontreal with the intelligence, so that a day or two was\\nallowed to prepare for the invaders. Monsieur Callieres\\nwas commandant at Montreal, and, fortunately, the gov-\\nernor himself was there at that time.\\nThe attack was commenced on the militia, which\\ngave way but as soon as the regulars were brought\\ninto action the English were repulsed at every point,\\nand finally dispersed, not, however, without the loss of\\nthree hundred men.\\nOn receiving intelligence that a large armament\\nwas in the St. Lawrence, Frontenac, with three hundred\\ntroops, repaired forthwith to Quebec and by rowing\\nnight and day, arrived there a day or two before the\\nattack was made. This fleet, consisting of thirty-four\\nsail and two thousand men, commanded by Sir William\\nPhipps, arrived on the 7th of October. The town con-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 67\\nFrontenac Sir Wm, Phipps at Quebec.\\ntained but few troops, and would have surrendered at\\ndiscretion, bad an attack been made at once but with\\nthe same imbecility which prevented a co-operation with\\nMajor Schuyler, Sir William continued to disgrace the\\nexpedition. He accordingly came to anchor, and lay in\\nthe bay five days, and did nothing but send a flag on\\nthe fourth day to Frontenac, with an insulting letter,\\nrequiring an unconditional surrender.\\nThe next day it was discovered that Sir William was\\nlanding twelve or fifteen hundred men four miles below\\nthe town. The French and Indians repaired to a wood\\nthrough which the English must pass, and concealed\\nthemselves. The unsuspecting invaders had proceeded\\npart way through the wood, when suddenly they were\\nassailed in every direction. They fled precipitately, in\\nthe utmost confusion, leaving nearly four hundred dead\\non the spot. The total loss of the French and Indians\\nwas only sixteen\\nOn the following day, Sir William landed four\\npieces of artillery, with one thousand men, to force the\\nwood, while he commenced bombarding the town.\\nThese were again met and completely repulsed, with\\nthe loss of between three and four hundred of the enemy\\nand all their artillery, while the loss of the French was\\nbut forty. Sir William, having kept up the fire for\\ntwenty-four hours, raised the siege, proceeded down the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "OS EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSavage Incursions Frontenac s Retaliation.\\nSt. Lawrence, and arrived at Boston on the 13th of\\nNovember.\\nThe savages continued their incursions all along the\\nSt. Lawrence, laying waste plantations, and carrying- off\\nmany scalps. The farmers could not cultivate their\\nland, provisions became scarce, and the inhabitants were\\nobliged to feed the soldiers, while their own children\\nwere famishing.\\nIn the summer of 1693, Frontenac invaded the\\ncountry of the Iroquois, destroyed three castles, and, two\\nyears afterward, rebuilt Fort Cadaraqui. The following\\nyear, 1696, he destroyed a strong fort at Onondaga,\\nerected by the English about six years previously, to-\\ngether with several Indian villages. He also made a\\nnumber of prisoners.\\nThus the war was continued, with varied success,\\nuntil the peace of Ryswick restored order in Em-ope,\\nwhich soon extended to America.\\nDuring this eventful period in the history of New\\nFrance, while many of the French trading-posts were\\nabandoned, Saut Ste. Marie and Michilimackinac, though\\nsuffering much from constant anxiety and privation, with-\\nstood the tide of war, and maintained their position. M.\\nPerot, commandant at Michilimackinac during the first\\nyears of the war, was a man of great ability yet he\\noften found his powers fully taxed in maintaining order", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 69\\nSaut Ste. Marie Michilimackinac.\\nand subordination amid the discordant elements of his\\nlittle garrison, consisting of soldiers, fur-traders, and\\ncow eurs des hois, deprived of their former exciting oc-\\ncupations, and surrounded as they were with every pos-\\nsible discouragement. The disaffection of many of their\\nIndian allies, and the frequent incursions of the hostile\\nIroquois, almost destroyed the fur-trade, while nearly all\\nintercourse with Quebec and Montreal was cut off. Yet\\nthe heroic commandant remained firm at his post\\nthough at one time, for many months, the fish, which\\nwere abundant in the waters almost beneath their feet,\\nconstituted the only food of the garrison.\\nAbout the year 1691, M. de la Porte Louvigny was\\nappointed commandant in place of M. Perot, and was\\nhimself superseded by M. de la Motte Cadillac in 1696.\\nSince the year 1684 the Iroquois had kept up an\\nalmost continual state of warfare with the French and\\ntheir allies and Count Frontenac found there was no\\nway to terminate this harassing state of affairs, except\\nby treating the prisoners of war according to the Indian\\ncustoms, and M. de la Motte Cadillac received orders\\naccordingly.\\nRepresentations of the bad effects produced upon the\\nIndians by the sale of intoxicating drinks had been re-\\npeatedly made to Louis XIV. In 1694 the king and\\nbishops began seriously to question the propriety of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "TO EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDecision of the Sorbonne Cadillac s Remonstrance.\\nallowing brandy and other intoxicating drinks to be\\ntransported to Michilimacldnac as an article of traffic.\\nAfter much discussion, the subject was finally referred\\nto the Sorbonne for decision. Upon mature deliberation,\\nthis august body decided the question in the negative,\\nand the king immediately issued an edict forbidding the\\ntransportation of brandy to Michilimackinac as an article\\nof traffic.\\nThe French at that post submitted to this prohibition\\nwith a very bad grace, and the following letter from M.\\nde la Motte Cadillac gives his view of the subject. It\\nalso contains an interesting history of the condition of\\nthe fort and its surroundings, with an account of his\\nobedience to the barbarous but perhaps necessary orders\\nof Count Frontenac. The letter appears to have been\\nwritten to a personal friend, at Quebec.\\nFort Buade, Michilimackinac, August 3, 1695.\\nMonsietjk You already know, without doubt, that\\nCount Frontenac appointed me, last year, to the com-\\nmand of this country, in the place of M. Louvigny and\\nthat the convoy which I conducted revolted, the season\\nbeing bad, and very far advanced.\\nMy departure was on the 24th of September, and I\\ncould only go twenty-five leagues in twelve days, on\\naccount of the continued rains and contrary winds that", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 71\\nMutiny Voyageurs return Cadillac proceeds.\\nprevailed. I did all I could to encourage the voyageurs\\nto proceed on the journey, but to no purpose and, not\\nknowing what else to do, I took the resolution to send\\nthem back, in good condition foreseeing that they\\nwould not fail to go, even without my permission. I\\nwas not sorry afterward that I resolved upon this course,\\nthough the remainder of the journey seemed frightful,\\non account of the quantities of floating ice in the large\\nlakes which we must cross. However, I decided, with-\\nout hesitation, to accomplish the journey, or perish by\\nthe way. Accordingly, I made choice of five of the\\nmost vigorous men in the convoy, and two savages and\\ntaking only sufficient food for two months, I continued\\nmy journey, and at length reached my destination.\\nI immediately found myself in circumstances of\\ngreat embarrassment, in consequence of the departure of\\nthe convoy that goes down to Montreal yearly, and by\\nthe arrival of the one that comes from that place. This\\npost is the rendezvous of the chiefs of all the nations in\\nthe surrounding country, and I was obliged to be in their\\ncouncils to decide all their different propositions. These\\ncircumstances caused me so great heaviness, that I\\nsought relief by fully informing Count Frontenac of\\naffairs here, and you, without doubt, have received bet-\\nter information from him than I could give, whatever\\ncare I might devote to the subject.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nRenewal of the SVar with the Iroquois Prisoners burned.\\nAs there was a cessation of hostilities, on proposi-\\ntions of peace made by the Iroquois, with much appa-\\nrent submission, it was necessary to make great efforts\\nto induce all these nations to recommence the war, ac-\\ncording to the orders I had received. Although there\\nwent out from here, and from the villages depending\\nupon this post, about eight or nine hundred men, in\\ndifferent parties, they only brought in fifty-six scalps,\\nand made four prisoners, whom we burned, according\\nto their custom, notwithstanding all the assurances the\\nvictims could give that a treaty of peace had already\\nbeen made at Montreal.\\nAs the Iroquois are not to be trusted, our allies\\nwere not disposed to believe the assurances of the pris-\\noners, and finally subjected them to the usual treat-\\nment of those who fall alive into the hands of their\\nenemies. There are several parties which have not yet\\nreturned if they bring any prisoners to me, I can\\nassure you their fate will be no sweeter than that of the\\nothers.\\nFrom the orders he gave me, I am persuaded that\\nthe Count will prosecute the war with greater energy\\nthan ever before. Nor do I believe that in future he\\nwill be in a mood to listen to any propositions from\\nthe Iroquois, who have at last yielded to the powerful\\nefforts made by the English to dissuade them from com-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "EAELT HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 73\\nManathe Condition of Michilimackinac.\\npleting the treaty of peace for which they had been so\\nvery solicitous.\\nI am fully persuaded of the necessity of taking\\nManathe. As long as that place stands, we shall never\\nbe masters of these nations. Experience has taught me,\\nbetter than I had before known, that, so long as Manathe\\nstands, occasions will always be found for its people to\\nannoy us.\\nIn regard to the decision made by the court, con-\\ncerning the transportation of liquors to this place, I am\\nfar from daring to disapprove of it; but nothing can\\ninduce me to be entirely silent on a subject involving so\\ndeeply the interest of the king.\\nIt is a great mistake, if people have an idea that this\\nplace is deserted if it be possible that any are in this\\nbelief, I think it my duty to correct the erroneous im-\\npression. It is very important that you should know,\\nin case you are not already informed, that this village is\\none of the largest in all Canada. There is a fine fort\\nof pickets, and sixty houses, that form a street in a\\nstraight line. There is a garrison of well-disciplined,\\nchosen soldiers, consisting of about two hundred men,\\nthe best-formed and most athletic to be found in this\\nNew World besides many other persons who are resi-\\ndents here during two or three months in the year.\\nThis being an indubitable fact, it seems to me that", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMichilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Food of the Inhabitants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Population\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Products.\\nthis place should not be deprived of the privilege which\\nHis Majesty has accorded to all the other places and\\nvillages in Canada the privilege of furnishing them-\\nselves with the necessary drinks for their use. If there\\nare but few places which should enjoy this liberty, this\\nwould undoubtedly be one, as it is exposed to all kinds\\nof fatigue. The situation of the place, and the food\\nalso, require it.\\nThe houses are arranged along the shore of this\\ngreat Lake Huron, and fish and smoked meat constitute\\nthe principal food of the inhabitants, so that a drink of\\nbrandy, after the repast, seems necessary to cook the\\nbilious meats, and the crudities which they leave in the\\nstomach. The air is penetrating and corrosive, and\\nwithout the brandy that they use in the morning, sick-\\nness would be much more frequent.\\nThe villages of the savages, in which there are six\\nor seven thousand souls, are about a pistol-shot distant\\nfrom ours. All the lands are cleared for about three\\nleagues around their village, and perfectly well culti-\\nvated. They produce a sufficient quantity of Indian\\ncorn for the use of both the French and savage inhab-\\nitants. The question is, then, what reason can there be\\nfor this prohibition of intoxicating drinks, in regard to\\nthe French who are here now, and who only go and\\ncome once a year? Are they not subjects of the king,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 75\\nCadillac s argument for sale of Brandy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War customs of the Savages.\\neven as others In what country, then, or in what land,\\nuntil now, have they taken from the French the right to\\nuse brandy, provided they did not become disorderly\\nAnd if, by chance, some should become so, the com-\\nmandants know how to apply the remedy. They can\\nimprison, fetter, and chastise disorderly persons here as\\nwell as elsewhere.\\nNow what reason can one assign that the savages\\nshould not drink brandy bought with their own money as\\nwell as we Is it prohibited to prevent them from becom-\\ning intoxicated or is it because the use of brandy reduces\\nthem to extreme misery placing it out of their power to\\nmake war, by depriving them of clothing and arms If\\nsuch representations in regard to the Indians have been\\nmade to the Count, they are very false, as every one\\nknows who is acquainted with the ways of the savages.\\nIt is an undeniable fact, that the law strictly forbids\\nany one to trade with the savages for their arms, under\\npain of a large pecuniary fine. As for their clothing,\\ncan any one assert that clothing is necessary for them\\nwhen they go to war, since everybody knows that it is\\nthe custom of all the nations here, when they go to eat\\ntheir enemy on his own land, they go naked, and paint\\ne When the husiness is to declare war, in form, between two or three\\nnations, the manner of expressing it is, to hang the kettle over the\\nfire which has its origin, without doubt, in the barbarous custom of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "V6 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nWar-paint Disposal of Property Rendition to the Victors.\\nthemselves black and red from head to foot, if they are\\nrich enough to do it.\\nIt is the custom, when the moment comes for their\\ndeparture on warlike expeditions, for each warrior to\\ndispose of all his clothing, making presents of the dif-\\nferent articles to those who remain at home and on\\ntheir return, while they are singing their songs of war,\\nof prowess, and of victory, it is permitted to each of\\nthem to gather all that belongs to him, such as guns,\\nbows and arrows, kettles, and even all they can seize of\\nthe spoils of their enemies, which consist only of such\\narticles as I have mentioned.\\nIt is bad faith to represent to the Count that the\\nsale of brandy reduces the savage to a state of nu-\\ndity, and by that means places it out of his power to\\nmake war; since he never goes to war in any other\\ncondition.\\nIt is certain that the bravest of their warriors have\\nnever used more than half a pound of powder, and a\\npound of balls, in one battle. Their manner is to fire\\neating their prisoners, and those they have killed, after hoiling them.\\nThey likewise say, simply, that they are going to eat such a nation,\\nwhich signifies that they are going to make war against them in the\\nmost destructive and outrageous manner and indeed they seldom do\\notherwise. When they intend to engage an ally in the quarrel, they\\nsend him a porcelain or wampum, which is a large shell, in order to\\ninvite him to drink the blood, or, as the terms made use of signify, the\\nbroth of the flesh of their enemies. Charlevoix.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSavage mode of Fighting Great Council Indian Speech.\\nthree or four times, and when thej have the advantage\\nof their enemy, they rush upon him. They are very\\nstrong and quick, and, as they never rally, their battles\\nare soon ended.\\nFinally, this prohibiting the transportation of brandy\\nto this place, has much discouraged the Frenchmen who\\nare here, from trading in future. Ceasing to sell liquor\\nto the savages has caused a universal commotion among\\nall the nations, as will be seen by what took place here\\non the 21st of last March. All the chiefs, and a large\\nnumber of the inhabitants of all the surrounding villages,\\nassembled here, and addressed me as follows\\nO chief, what evil have thy children done to\\nthee, that thou shouldst treat them so badly 1 Those that\\ncame before thee were not so severe upon us. It is not\\nto quarrel with thee that we came here, it is only to\\nknow for what reason thou wishest to prevent us from\\ndrinking brandy. Thou shouldst look upon us as thy\\nfriends, and the brothers of the French, or else as thy\\nenemies. If we are thy friends, leave us the liberty of\\ndrinking; our beaver is worth thy brandy, and the\\nMaster of Life gave us both, to make us happy. If\\nthou wish to treat us as thy enemies, or as thy slaves,\\ndo not be angry if we carry our beaver to Orange, or\\nCorland, where they will give us brandy, as much as we\\nwant.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCadillac s reply\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hurons go to the English for Brandy.\\nThis speech, did not fail to embarrass me, and I\\nthought best to make them the following answer\\nMy children, I am a good father I have a very\\ntender heart, and I hear from afar the cries of my chil-\\ndren. I do not wish to wrong you, still less to treat you\\nas my enemies, or my slaves. Do not be angry if you\\nhave no brandy this year. The reason for it is, that the\\ntrees which produce it on the other side of the great\\nwater, have frozen this year, and the vessels only brought\\na very little, so that the French could scarcely have\\nwhat they wanted for themselves. The frost that de-\\nstroyed your corn this year, has also destroyed the fruit\\nfrom which they make the liquor it is to be hoped that\\nnext year you will not lack. Take courage, do not be\\ndisheartened Onontio will send you a sufficient quantity\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2to rejoice you.\\nThey replied that they wished me to write to the\\ngovernor-general, which I promised. Meanwhile, to\\nshow you that this people care only for the present, and\\nnever regard the future, I ought to tell you that on the\\n4th of July, twenty Hurons departed from here without\\nthe knowledge of any one, and have gone to the Iroquois\\nto make negotiations of peace, in order to facilitate the\\npassage to the English, where they can trade and get\\nbrandy.\\nThis is the effect produced by the bad counsel given", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "EAKLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 79\\nIndignation of Cadillac Contentment of the Savages Missionaries.\\nto the Count and, indeed, there is nothing more pro-\\nvoking than to witness the manifestation of a wish to\\ntake from a people not yet civilized, the rights they\\nhave enjoyed ever since they have known the French.\\nIt seems very strange that they should pretend that\\nthe savages would ruin themselves by drinking. The\\nsavage himself asks why they do not leave him in his\\nbeggary, his liberty, and his idleness he was born in it,\\nand he wishes to die in it it is a life to which he has\\nbeen accustomed since Adam. Do they wish him to\\nbuild palaces, and ornament them with beautiful furni-\\nture He would not exchange his wigwam, and the\\nmat on which he camps like a monkey, for the Louvre I\\nAn attempt to overthrow the present state of affairs\\nin this country, would only result in the ruin of com-\\nmerce and the destruction of the colony.\\nPerhaps it will be said that the sale of brandy makes\\nthe labors of the missionaries unfruitful. It is necessary\\nto examine this proposition. If the missionaries labor only\\nfor the extension of commerce, pursuing the course they\\nhave hitherto, I agree to it but, if it is the use of brandy\\nthat hinders the advancement of the cause of God, I\\ndeny it; for it is a fact which no one can deny, that\\nthere are a great number among the savages who never\\ndrink brandy, yet who are not, for that, better Christians.\\nAll the Sioux, the most numerous of all the tribes", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSioux s hatred of Eeligion Death of Count Fronteuac.\\nwho inhabit the region along the shore of Lake Superior,\\ndo not even like the smell of brandy are they more\\nadvanced in religion for that? They do not wish to\\nhear the subject mentioned, and when the missionaries\\naddress them, they only laugh at the foolishness of\\npreaching. Yet these priests boldly fling before the\\neyes of the Europeans, whole volumes filled with glow-\\ning descriptions of the conversion of souls by thousands,\\nin this country, causing the poor missionaries from Eu-\\nrope to run to martyrdom, as flies to sugar and honey.\\nI am an eye-witness to all that passes here, yet I do\\nnot believe I shall ever be in humor to write on this\\npoint.\\nCount Frontenac, who had devoted the best portion\\nof his life to the service of New France the friend and\\nadviser of the struggling colonists the guide and con-\\ntroller of those rash, enthusiastic adventurers, whose zeal\\nin prosecuting distant explorations seemed unquench-\\nable the safe director of the intricate workings of\\ncolonial home-policy, and the successful general, having\\nconducted his country through a most perilous and dis-\\ntressing war, lived only to conclude a peace with his\\nsavage neighbors, and died, in 1699, in the seventy-\\neighth year of his age. His death was universally la-\\nmented.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 81\\nFrontenac s Valor in early Life\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Subjugation of the Iroquois Bravery at Quebec.\\nAt the age of fifteen, says a note in the Cass MSS.,\\nCount Frontenac signalized himself in Holland, where\\nhe served his apprenticeship of arms. He was recalled\\nto France for the service of the king. He commanded\\nthe regiment of ISTonnandie, and in the several battles\\nwhich were fought in Germany and Italy, he merited,\\nby his valor and his talents, to be successively promoted\\nas master and marshal of the camp, and even to com-\\nmand a separate corps of the army.\\nWhen the Venetians sent to ask aid of Louis XIY.,\\nthis prince consulted Marshal Turenne on the choice of\\na commanding officer for the troops of the Republic,\\nand M. de Frontenac was the one designated by the\\ngreat captain.\\nIn Canada, he justified his reappointment to its\\ngovernment, by subduing the Iroquois, and by re-\\npulsing the English. When the English envoys de-\\nmanded of him the surrender of Quebec, giving him a\\ncertain time in which to decide, placing his watch in\\nhis hand to mark the time, his haughty answer was,\\nMy reply is from the mouth of my cannon notwith-\\nstanding Quebec was almost without ammunition and\\nfood.\\nM. de Frontenac had his arm broken at Orbitelle.\\nHis grandfather was one of the most distinguished of\\nthe French nobility, and all his connections and family", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCallieres succeeds Frontenac His sudden Death Appointment of M. Yaudreuil.\\nalliances were sufficient recommendations for any ordi-\\nnary man but the Count added to all these illustrious\\nnames the glory of his own services.\\nM. de Callieres succeeded Count Frontenac in the\\ngovernment of Canada. He occupied the post of gov-\\nernor-general until early in the summer of 1703, when\\nhe died suddenly. The Marquis de Vaudreuil was ap-\\npointed his successor.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nThe peace of Ryswick France retains her possessions in America\\nCommercial rivalry between the French and English Cadillac s man-\\nagement of the Indians Their attachment to the French Upper\\nNations send envoys to Montreal in 1700 Written treaty made and\\nsigned by the governor-general and envoys Importance of a fort on\\nthe Detroit M. la Motte Cadillac goes to France Eecital of his plans\\nto Count Pontchartrain Project approved by the king Cadillac ap-\\npointed commandant Returns to Canada Leaves La Cbine for De-\\ntroit Establishes Fort Pontchartrain in 1701 Company of the colony\\norganized.\\nThe peace of Ryswick, ratified Sept. 11th, 1697, al-\\nlowed France to retain all the places of which she had\\npossession at the beginning of the war, but it did not\\nquiet the restless spirit of the English colonists. They\\nwere not willing to pursue the same conciliatory course\\nwhich had given the French an almost unbounded in-\\nfluence over the savages, yet were exceedingly jealous\\nof that power which thus retained the profits of the\\nfur-trade. This commercial rivalry, and strife for dom-\\nination, kept the French and English colonies, even\\nduring the brief peace, in a state of inimical excitement.\\nBy the prudent management of M. de la Motte\\nCadillac, who was commandant at Michilimackinac from\\n1695 to 1699, permanent treaties of peace had been", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84: EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nIndian Envoys sent to Montreal Written Treaty Cadillac proceeds to Versailles.\\nmade with the tribes in that distant region, and they\\nhad become strongly attached to the French. In July,\\n1700, four of these upper nations sent envoys to Mon-\\ntreal to weep for the French who had died in the war.\\nThe governor-general took advantage of this visit, and\\nof the conciliatory sjririt recently manifested by the\\nIroquois, to make a written treaty with the Five\\nNations, and these allies from the Northwest. All\\nthe preliminaries were amicably settled, and the treaty\\nwas signed by each nation, with its own to-tem, or\\nsymbols.\\nThe sad experiences of the recent war with England\\nand the Iroquois, and the evident disaffection which still\\nexisted, though restrained by the treaties from absolute\\noutbreak, rendered more than ever apparent to the\\nFrench, the importance of a fort on the Detroit, which\\nshould command this channel of communication with\\nthe great lakes, thus preventing the English from having\\naccess to the Far Indians. The attempt of M. du Lhut\\nhad failed, and M. de la Motte Cadillac, fearing that a\\nwritten petition would meet w T ith a repulse, proceeded\\nin person to Versailles, and presented the subject to the\\nconsideration of Count Pontchartrain, the colonial min-\\nister. The count received the self-appointed envoy with\\ngreat kindness, and listened attentively to the plan of\\nhis proposed enterprise. The following conversation", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 85\\nInterview between Cadillac and Count Pontcbartrain.\\nthen ensued, which Cadillac afterward committed to\\nwriting.\\nCount. What reasons have you for wishing to estab-\\nlish a fort on the Detroit\\nLa Motte. I have many the first, and perhaps most\\nimportant object, would be to make it a permanent post,\\nnot subject to frequent changes as are many of the\\nothers. To effect this, it is only necessary to have a good\\nnumber of the French, soldiers and traders, and to draw\\naround it the tribes of friendly Indians, in order effec-\\ntually to conquer the Iroquois, who, from all time, have\\nruined the colonies, and prevented the advancement of\\ncivilization.\\nCount. That would be well, if what you propose\\ncould be executed without great difficulty but it seems\\nto me that, instead of fortifying the colony by this estab-\\nlishment, you will only weaken it.\\nLa Motte. That would be true, if the Iroquois were\\nthe friends of the French inhabitants, but they are the\\nenemies. The forces of the French are too much scat-\\ntered they live too far apart. It is absolutely neces-\\nsary to draw them together, because when it is desirable\\nto attack the Iroquois in their villages, the French must\\nmake great movements, and march in large numbers,\\nwhich causes the king very heavy expenses. Often, the\\nresult of such a march consists in killing four or five", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAdvantages of securing the passage to the upper Lakes Iroquois.\\nunhappy wretches, because great movements cannot be\\nmade without noise, and without the savages knowing\\nit. They retire into the woods when their forces are\\ninferior, and by this means render useless the expense\\nand preparation of the French.\\nCount. I see that you are right, since the great en-\\nterprises which have been undertaken in Canada, and\\neven the general movements of the whole colony have\\nbeen unsuccessful, having done no other harm to the Iro-\\nquois than merely pillaging their grain, which they had\\nleft to pursue the chase along the Detroit; and their\\ngame has furnished them subsistence till the following\\nharvest. I see that you will tell me, if Detroit were for-\\ntified with a good number of French and savages, they\\nwould deprive the Iroquois of the resources of the chase\\nand by the continual incursions they would make upon\\nthem, on account of the proximity of the post, the Iro-\\nquois would be reduced to the last extremity, and often\\nperish with hunger.\\nLa Motte. Sir, your penetration has anticipated my\\nspeech I am persuaded that when you have heard the\\nother reasons for this establishment, you will be still\\nmove deeply convinced of the necessity for it. It is in-\\ncontestable that all the waters of the great lakes pass\\nthrough this strait, and this is the only practicable path\\nby which the English can carry on their trade with the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN. 87\\nLow price of English goods Improvidence of the Savages.\\nsavage nations, which have correspondence with the\\nFrench. The English use every possible means to ob-\\ntain trade, but, if that post were fortified in form, the\\nEnglish would entirely abandon the hope of depriving\\nus of its advantages.\\nCount. I understand what you intend your design\\nis good. You would deprive the enemies of the state, of\\nthe means of prosecuting the fur-trade in that country\\nbut how will you prevent the savages from going to\\nthem, if they wish, and if they are drawn by the advan-\\ntageous price of goods\\nLa Motte. I confess that is a great attraction for them\\nbut experience shows us that although the savages in the\\nneighborhood of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal,\\nare perfectly well informed that their furs sell better\\nwith the English, and that they can obtain goods at a\\nlower price, yet they make all their trade with us.\\nThere are many reasons for this. One is, that each sav-\\nage, one with another, kills, per year, only fifty or sixty\\nbeavers, and as he is neighbor to the Frenchman, fre-\\nquently borrows of him, paying in proportion to his\\nreturns by the chase. With the little that remains to\\nhim, he is compelled to make purchases for his family.\\nThus he finds himself unable to go to the English, be-\\ncause his remaining goods are not worth the trouble of\\ncarrying so far, not being sufficient to pay him for the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFrench cunning Extent of the Hunting-grounds Variety of Furs.\\nexpense of his journey. Another reason is, that in fre-\\nquenting the French he receives many caresses; they\\nare too cunning to allow his furs to escape, especially\\nwhen they succeed in making him eat and drink with\\nthem.\\nThe will to go to the English still exists among the\\nsavages, hut they are skillfully reduced to the impossi-\\nbility of its execution. If Detroit is not established, sir,\\nwe shall soon see all the savages of the country going to\\nthe English, or inviting them to come and establish\\nthemselves in the Indian country.\\nCount. Have you not still other reasons\\nLa Motte. One cannot deny that our savages have\\nhitherto hunted north of Lake St. Clair, but by this es-\\ntablishment, they would pursue the chase as far as two\\nhundred leagues south of Lake Erie, toward the sea.\\nConsequently, those furs that make the greater part\\nof the trade of the English by means of their savages,\\nwould be conveyed by ours into the French colony, and\\nmake a very considerable increase in its commerce.\\nCount. What furs are there in that country\\nLa Motte. The skins of the stag, deer, elk, roebuck,\\nblack bear, and buffalo, with wolf, otter, wildcat, beaver,\\nand other small furs.\\nCount. Are those larger skins worth money, and do\\nthe traders find sale for them Could we not find means", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 89\\nBeaver prohibited Merchandise in France Value of other Furs.\\nto occupy the savages in the pursuit of these animals,\\nand cause them to abandon that of the beaver, which\\nis now prohibited merchandise The vast accumulation\\nof beaver fur is becoming burdensome to France.\\nLa JHfotte. Those skins are actually in favor the\\nskins of the deer and the stag are worth sixteen fraucs\\na-piece those of the elk, twenty francs the black bear,\\nten francs the roebuck, five francs, and the rest in pro-\\nportion therefore it is certain that we could easily oc-\\ncupy the savages in this pursuit, provided we furnish\\nthem with goods to the value of their peltry. This\\nwould be an unfailing means of making sale for the\\nbeaver in the kingdom, since, instead of one hundred and\\nthirty thousand now received every year at the store-\\nhouse in Quebec, there would be but about seventy\\nthousand, which would be a large yearly diminution. I\\ndo not include the inferior beaver of Canada.\\nCount. Tou have given many excellent reasons, the\\nmeans of humbling the Iroquois, and causing them to\\nrespect the French the exclusion of the English com-\\nmerce and consequent French domination, and their in-\\ncreased profit by trading for different furs. It is abso-\\nlutely necessary to establish this post.\\nIf the king approves this project, I will give you\\ntwo hundred chosen men, of different trades, with six\\ncompanies of soldiers, in order that the place may be in", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nIroquois Enmity of the Jesuits Cadillac receives orders to found Detroit\\na condition to hold the Iroquois in subjection in time\\nof peace, and to destroy them if they wish for war;\\nand particularly that our allies may be secure un-\\nder this protection. Therefore, prepare yourself to re-\\nturn to Canada, and commence the establishment of\\nDetroit.\\nLa Motte. I will go, since you command me, but I\\nshall find many difficulties to overcome in the accom-\\nplishment of this enterprise, as the Jesuits of that coun-\\ntry are, personally, my enemies.\\nCount. Only go, do not place yourself in difficulty\\nvigorously prosecute this affair, and if you find obstacles\\nwhich prevent your success, you have only to return and\\nrender me an account of them.\\nAfter some time, M. de la Motte Cadillac was again\\nsummoned into the presence of Count Pontchartrain,\\nwho remarked\\nThe king has examined your project, and has given\\nme orders to send you back, without delay, to take\\nprompt possession of Detroit, wishing you to command\\nthere until further orders. You will, therefore, depart\\nimmediately for Rochefort, whence you will embark.\\nPardon me, sir, replied La Motte, but I beg you\\nwill take into consideration the expense of the two j ain-\\nful voyages I have already made, which have exhausted\\nmy own purse and the liberality of my friends also, the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 91\\nCommission from the King\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Returns to Quebec\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arrives at Detroit.\\nexpenditures I shall be obliged to make in perfecting\\nthis establishment.\\nI will take care of you only pursue such a course\\nas will insure you success, said the count.\\nProvided I am supported by the honor of your\\nprotection, I am sure of perfecting this work, was La\\nMotte s enthusiastic rejoinder.\\nCount Pontchartrain then presented him with a com-\\nmission as commandant, and a grant from his majesty,\\nLouis XIV., of a tract of land, fifteen acres square,\\nwherever on the Detroit the new fort should be es-\\ntablished.\\nM. Cadillac arrived at Quebec on the 8th of March,\\n1701 thence he proceeded to Montreal, where he was\\noccupied until June in making the necessary prepara-\\ntions for his expedition. He left La Chine on the 5th\\nof June, with fifty soldiers, and fifty Canadian traders\\nand artisans. His officers were M. de Tonti as captain,\\nand Messrs. Dugue and Chacornacle as lieutenants. A\\nEecollet priest accompanied the troops as chaplain, and\\na Jesuit went as missionary to the Indians. In com-\\npliance with the orders of the governor-general, he took\\nthe old route by the Ottawa river, and arrived at Detroit\\non the 24th of July, 1701.\\nThe fortification erected by M. de Cadillac was noth-\\ning more than a strong stockade of wooden pickets.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFirst Fort Detroit in 1701 Object of the Establishment\\nThe space inclosed was nearly square, with wooden bas-\\ntions at each angle, only two of which seem to have been\\nserviceable, according to M. d Aigrement, who says\\nthere are two bastions, so small and of such irregular\\nfigure as to be of little use. Within this inclosure,\\nwhich was dignified with the name of Fort Pontchar-\\ntrain, M. de la Motte caused a few log huts to be erected,\\nthe roofs of which were thatched with grass. Such was\\nDetroit in 1701.\\nAs the principal object in the establishment of this\\npost, as well as Forts Frontenac, Michilimaekinac, and\\nSaut Ste. Marie, was to secure to France the immense\\nfur-trade of the great Northwest, of necessity one of the\\nfirst acts of the colonial executive at Quebec must have\\nbeen to make such arrangements as would best promote\\nthe interests of the government, and at the same time\\nmost effectually guard against oppression on the one\\npart, and disaffection on the other, among the officers,\\nsubordinates, and traders, occupying points so remote\\nfrom the capital.\\nThe most natural, and probably the most effectual\\nmethod of accomplishing these objects, would be the\\ns The first fort erected at Detroit inclosed the portion of ground ex-\\ntending from where the house of Mr. Joseph Campau now stands, on\\nJefferson Avenue, to a few feet below Shelby-street, and thence to Wood-\\nbridge-street, which was then very near the margin of the river.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 93\\nOrganization of the Company of the Colony of Canada.\\norganization of the traders, occupying any such post, into\\na company with certain privileges and restrictions. In\\naccordance with this universal business principle, a com-\\npany was formed by the merchants interested in the\\ntrade at Fort Frontenac and Fort Pontchartrain, known\\nas the Company of the Colony of Canada, and the\\nfollowing contract was duly confirmed at Quebec, Oc-\\ntober 31st, 1701\\nCOMPANY OF THE COLONY OF CANADA.\\nContract made with the Company of the Colony of Canada concern-\\ning Fort Frontenac and Detroit, to enable said Company to traffic\\nfor beaver and other peltries, in conformity to the agreement made\\nin a convention held at Quebec, October hist, 1701.\\nBefore the royal notaries, at Quebec, in New\\nFrance, appeared M. le Chevalier Callieres, lieutenant-\\ngovernor for the king in this country of New France,\\nand Monsieur Champigny, administrator of justice, po-\\nlice, and revenue of the said country, who testify that,\\nin consequence of orders which they have this year re-\\nceived from his majesty, to intrust to the Company of\\nthe Colony of this said country the posts of Detroit and\\nFort Frontenac, there was held at the Chateau St. Louis,\\nin this city, on the eighth of the present month, a\\ngeneral assembly of all the inhabitants of this country\\nwho have a deliberative voice in the said company, that\\nall the arrangements might be made in their presence,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94: EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nContract of the Colony Seven Directors-general.\\nif the company should decide to accept the said posts of\\nDetroit and Fort Frontenac.\\nThere were present at this assembly the seven direc-\\ntors-general of the said company, the governors of Mon-\\ntreal and Three Rivers, many civil and military officers,\\nand the merchants and other inhabitants interested in\\nthe company.\\nAfter mature deliberation, the result was declared to\\nbe the acceptance of these posts by the company, for the\\npurposes of trade in beaver and other peltries, to the\\nentire exclusion of all private individuals, who are now,\\nor may hereafter become, residents of that country and\\nthat the act of said acceptance shall be passed between\\nthe governor-general and intendant, and the directors-\\ngeneral of the said company.\\nIn consequence of said decision, the following arti-\\ncles of agreement have been made between the governor-\\ngeneral and intendant on the one part, and Messrs.\\nd Auteuil, procureur-general of the king in the sovereign\\ncouncil of this country, Lotbinieres, lieutenant-general\\nof this city of Quebec, Irazeur, Gobin, Macart, and\\nPierre, gentlemen, merchants of this city of Quebec, all\\ndirectors-general of the said company, on the other part.\\nBe it known, that the governor-general and intend-\\nant, in consequence of the express orders which they\\nhave this year received from the king, do\u00e2\u0080\u009e by these pres-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 95\\nExclusive traffic in Furs ceded to the Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eadisson and Arnault overseers.\\nents and acceptances, in the name of His Majesty, cede\\nand convey to the directors of the said Company of the\\nColony the said posts of Detroit and Fort Frontenac,\\ngiving into the possession of the said Company of the\\nColony, from this day forth, the said posts in the state in\\nwhich they now are, for their use, to traffic in furs, to the\\nexclusion of all other inhabitants of said country, so long\\nas it shall please His Majesty.\\nIt shall be the duty of the said company to complete\\nthe construction of the fort at Detroit, and the buildings\\nproperly belonging thereto; and the company shall in\\nfuture keep said fort and buildings in good repair, that\\nthey may be maintained and rendered in the same state\\nin which they are now, and better, if possible, whenever\\nHis Majesty shall judge proper to receive them, if in\\nthe course of time he so order.\\nThe Company of the Colony is also to take charge of\\nthe goods which have been sent to the said place, obey-\\ning the conditions that have been agreed upon Messrs.\\nKadisson and Arnault to be overseers of the storehouse\\nof the said goods which the intendant has placed in the\\nhands of the directors of the company. They are also\\nto have charge of the other advances made by the king\\nfor this establishment, and to make payment for the said\\ngoods, and advances to the intendant from the first bills\\nwhich shall be returned from Detroit and in case said", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nBills of Exchange King s gift to poor Settlers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Garrison supported by the King.\\nbills should not be sufficient, on the first of October,\\n1702, the said overseers shall give bills of exchange for\\nthe remainder, which shall be drawn npon the directors\\nand commissioners of said company in Paris, payable to\\nthe securities and overseers of the storehouses, for the\\npurpose of liquidating the claims against the said com-\\npany, conformably to the agreement made with the said\\nlord-lieutenant.\\nThe intendant shall deduct from the amount due, six\\nthousand livres, French money, being the gift ordered\\nby His Majesty for the support of honest families in this\\ncountry who may need assistance.\\nThe payment of the said sum of six thousand livres\\nshall be made by the said company every year, on the\\nsaid first uf October, so long as it shall enjoy the com-\\nmerce of the said post of Detroit.\\nIt is also agreed that the king shall support, at his\\nexpense, the garrison which the governor shall order for\\nthe protection of the said fort of Detroit, and that the\\ncommandant and one other officer only, shall be main-\\ntained by the company.\\nThe said commandant and soldiers shall not make\\nany trade for furs with the savages nor French, directly\\nnor indirectly, under any pretext whatever, under pain\\nof confiscation of the said furs, and other punishment\\nprescribed by the king.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 97\\nTransportation of Goods by the Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fort Frontenac Inventory of Goods.\\nMoreover, the said company binds itself to cause\\nto be conveyed from Montreal to Detroit, at its own\\nexpense, the provisions and other articles which His\\nMajesty shall furnish to the said garrison, with the help\\nof fifteen livres per hundred weight, which the intendant\\nshall cause to be paid from the treasury of His Majesty\\nto the company.\\nIn regard to Tort Frontenac, it will remain as it now\\nis, fully and entirely at the disposal of His Majesty, un-\\nless the company can advance some better claim than\\nthat of placing deputies there to make commerce in furs\\nfor their profit, to the exclusion of all others.\\nUntil His Majesty s orders shall be received, the\\ndeputies shall be lodged, and their goods stored, in the\\nstorehouses of the fort, as the magazine guard and the\\ngoods of the king have been heretofore.\\nThere shall be made an inventory of all the effects\\nwhich shall be found at the said fort, for the commerce\\nof the said place, after the return of the last convoy for\\nthis year, which effects shall remain for the company,\\nwho shall be bound to pay for them at the price ex-\\npressed in the invoice and statement which is in the\\nhands of the intendant. The said amount to be paid\\nduring the year 1702, from the returns of the commerce\\nand in case that the said returns shall not be sufficient,\\nthe balance shall be paid in bills of exchange, which shall\\n7", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFort Frontenac Exclusive Fur-trade secured to the Company Provisions of Contract.\\nbe drawn upon the said commissioners of the said com-\\npany, and its director in Paris.\\nThe said company shall be required to pay the sum\\nof seven livres and ten sous, French money, per hundred\\nweight, for the transportation of effects from Montreal\\nto the said fort; and the said company enjoying, as\\nhereinbefore stated, the privilege of trading for furs at\\nthe said place of Fort Frontenac, exclusive of all others,\\nwill be required to transport to the said Fort Frontenac\\nthe articles necessary for the subsistence of the garrison\\nof the said place, conformably to the orders of the king,\\ncontained in his dispatches of the present year. The\\ncommandant, officers, and soldiers which the governor-\\ngeneral shall hold there in garrison, shall make no trade,\\ndirectly or indirectly, on pain of confiscation of their\\nfurs, and other punishments prescribed by the laws of\\nthe king, until the agreement be revoked.\\nExecuted and conveyed at Quebec, Chateau St.\\nLouis, in the forenoon of the thirty-first day of October,\\n1701, the said gentlemen interested and the notaries\\nhaving signed at the time, the agreements remaining in\\nthe office of M. de Chamblon, one of the notaries.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nDifficulty between the Jesuits and Franciscans Character of M. Ca-\\ndillac Letter to Count Pontchartrain Account of religious affairs\\nEemoval of the savages to Detroit Hurons Miamis Messages from\\nthe Outawa-Sinagos and Kiskakons Necessity of presents to the sava-\\nges Trade in buffalo-skins Mulberry-trees on Grand river Fine\\nharvest at Detroit Indian chiefs wish to visit France Plan to form\\na company of Indian soldiers Establishment of a seminary for the\\nsavages Settlement by the Canadians Cadillac complains of the\\nlarge number of permits Massacre of the Miamis by the Sioux\\nOther Indian difficulties arising from the permits.\\nThe directors of the Company of the Colony were\\nJesuits, and it was by their solicitation, aided by the\\nunited petition of the Jesuit missionaries already estab-\\nlished in different portions of the Northwest, that they\\nsucceeded in obtaining from the governor-general the\\nappointment of Father Yaillant to accompany M. de la\\nMotte Cadillac, and establish himself as missionary at\\nDetroit.\\nM. Cadillac was a zealous Catholic, as his correspond-\\nence abundantly testifies but he was a Franciscan, and\\na cordial hater of the Jesuits. This fact was undoubt-\\nedly well known, as he did not hesitate to speak his sen-\\ntiments in his official letters, and in his private corre-\\nspondence and a disposition to thwart his plans and", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 EAELT HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCharacter of M. la Motte Cadillac Hia voluminous MSS.\\npurposes was soon manifested by that powerful and com-\\npletely organized body. Many of the difficulties which\\nsubsequently arose in the colony, are clearly traceable\\nto these personal dislikes.\\nM. de la Motte Cadillac was a bold, ambitious, enthu-\\nsiastic man; somewhat visionary in his plans, prompt\\nin action, fearless in speech, and of that decided cast\\nof mind that always gives its possessor many enemies.\\nTet he was kind-hearted and, if the decision of a supe-\\nrior court is any evidence, more frequently right than\\nwrong in the course he pursued in the management of\\nthe affairs of the colony.\\nA man s writings usually contain the impress of his\\nmind, at least in a sufficient degree to enable one to\\njudge quite correctly of his habits of thought, and thence\\nto infer, with some certainty, his general course of con-\\nduct. The voluminous MSS. of M. la Motte are deeply\\ninteresting. Thev give the reader a more correct idea\\nof the man as he was, than any mere individual opinion\\ncould do, while a life-like picture of those early scenes is\\nhere preserved, which would otherwise have been lost\\nin oblivion.\\nThe following letter, addressed to Count Pontchar-\\ntrain, shows the state of the colony two years after its\\nsettlement, and details the plans of the zealous com-\\nmandant for its future welfare", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 101\\nLetter to Count Pontchartrain Jesuits\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Superior of Quebec.\\nFort Pontchartrain, Aug. 31, 1703.\\nMonseigneiir I had the honor to write you, last\\nyear, a full account of all the affairs of this post aucl I\\nwrite you again, not knowing what arrangements you\\nmay have made concerning it.\\nDoubtless you have noticed the regulations which\\nwere made by M. le Chevalier de Callieres, between\\nRev. Father Bouvert and myself, while I was at Quebec,\\nand have supposed that all its stipulations were fulfilled\\non both sides.\\nThese regulations prove, with evidence, the oppo-\\nsition which the Jesuits in this country have raiser!\\nagainst the settlement of the savages at this post and I\\ndid hope that they would keep the promises which they\\nmade by public compact.\\nYou had the kindness to write me that the king\\nwishes the savages to be served by the Father Jesuits\\nand that the Superior of Quebec would give me those\\nwho would enter into my plans better than did Father\\nVaillant.\\nOne would suppose that your orders would have\\nsufficed to engage the services of the Superior in pro-\\nviding for this mission immediately especially when\\nyou had so kindly favored him by permitting Father\\nVaillant to remain in this country after opposing, as he\\ndid, the intentions of His Majesty.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAccount of Religious affairs Salary of Missionaries.\\nThe regulations of M. Callieres seem also to require\\nhim to provide for the missions, as it is clearly ex-\\npressed there. Yet you will see that till now, the\\nJesuits have done nothing towards executing the in-\\ntentions of His Majesty, though you have plainly ex-\\npressed them to M. de Callieres and the Superior of\\nQuebec, and have also been pleased to inform me of\\nthem.\\nI do not know whether you have been informed that,\\nin consequence of these regulations, the Company of the\\nColony have agreed to pay to the missionaries on the\\nDetroit, the yearly sum of eight hundred francs each,\\nand furnish them with necessary food and clothing, to be\\ntransported to their stations at the expense of the com-\\npany lodging them in the villages of the savages until\\nmore commodious houses can be erected for them.\\nI am satisfied, on my part, in regard to the meas-\\nures they have taken and the company seems to be\\nsatisfied on its own part, having this spring, in con-\\nformity to the regulations, sent an express canoe for\\nFather Marest, Superior of Michilimackinac. He pre-\\ntended to have very important reasons for not coming\\nhere and the company incurred the expense of the\\nvoyage to no purpose, as they had before done for\\nFather Yaillant.\\nYou wished me to be a friend of the Jesuits, and to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 103\\nw\\nCadillac s opinion of the Jesuits Immigration of the Sauteurs and Mississagues.\\nhave no trouble with them. After much reflection, I\\nhave found only three ways in which this can be accom-\\nplished the first is, to let them do as they please the\\nsecond, to do whatever they desire and the third, to\\nsay nothing of what they do.\\nIf I let the Jesuits do what they please, the savages\\nwill not establish themselves at Detroit nor would any\\nof them ever have settled here. If I do what they would\\ndesire, it will be necessary to have this post abandoned\\nand if I say nothing of what they do, it will only be\\nnecessary for me to pursue my present course. Notwith-\\nstanding this last essential point, I cannot yet engage\\nthem to be my friends.\\nIt is for you, my lord, to say whether you wish me\\nto continue to induce the savages to establish themselves\\nhere, that this post may be preserved and sustained with\\neclat. If these are your sentiments, as I believe they\\nare, perhaps I am the proper person to carry your plans\\ninto execution. But, I dare say to you, that the opinions\\nof the Jesuits in this country are totally opposed to\\nyours, at least on this point.\\nAll these things have not prevented the Sauteurs\\nand Mississagues from coming here again this year, to\\nbuild a village on this river. By my advice, these two\\nnations have united into one. I judged this proper,\\nthinking their union would be better for themselves, and", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nHurons of Michilimackinac Father Carheil.\\nfor us, if any rupture should occur between these colo-\\nnies and their enemies.\\nThirty Hurons of Michilimackinac arrived here on\\nthe 28th of June, to unite themselves with those already\\nestablished here. There remain only about twenty-five\\nat Michilimackinac. Father Carheil, who is missionary\\nthere, remains always firm. I hope, this fall, to pluck\\nout the last feather of his wing, and I am persuaded that\\nthis obstinate old priest will die in his parish, without\\nhaving a single parishioner to bury him.\\nSeveral small bands of the Miamis have established\\nthemselves here, and also a few of the Kepisserinieux\\nsome have joined the Hurons, and others the Outawas,\\nand the Oppenagos, or Loups.\\nThe remainder of the Outawa-Sinagos, who are still\\nat Michilimackinac, have sent me a necklace, in secret,\\nto tell me they will come to join their brothers at De-\\ntroit, after they have gathered in their harvest. Six\\nwigwams of Kiskakons have sent me the same mes-\\nsage. I have replied, by necklaces, that I was going\\nto mark out the land where they could make their\\nfields.\\nThis, proceeding on the part of the savages, shows\\nhow much the Jesuits intimidate them, by causing the\\napprehension to creep into their minds that some bad\\ntrick will be played upon them if they come here.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 105\\nSix thousand Francs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Presents for Savages\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Supply of Goods necessary.\\nWhen it pleases you that I should make an entire\\nreunion of our allies at this place, it will be very easy to\\naccomplish it though on account of the extraordinary\\nwar of Canada, it will now be necessary to have about\\nsix thousand francs placed at my disposal, to be em-\\nployed as I judge expedient, for the success of this\\nenterprise and of which I will give an exact ac-\\ncount to M. de. Callieres, and M. Beauharnais, the in-\\ntendant.\\nI have already had the honor to write you concern-\\ning the presents and necklaces which we give the sava-\\nges. These are especially given to induce their trans-\\nmigration, and are, to them, pledges of our fidelity to\\nthe promises we make them and are titles which give\\nthem the right to possess, or abandon, as contracts do\\namong civilized people.\\nYou know that, to this day, the company have not\\ncontributed a farthing for gifts, to put the savages in\\nmotion. It is true that they have placed in my hands a\\nconsiderable stock of goods, to give an appearance of\\nprosperity to this establishment, without cost to the king\\nand I believe they have reason to be satisfied with my\\nmanagement, since it is certain that they have rather\\ngained than lost. I am better informed concerning this\\nthan any one else at any rate, if they complain of the\\nexpenses which it has been, or may be, necessary to in-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCadillac pledges Indemnification Desires some Service as proof of bis Sincerity.\\ncur to sustain this post, I willingly pledge myself to in-\\ndemnify them, and to urge on affairs here as your High-\\nness may desire.\\nIf you doubt it, I will, whenever you please, give\\nyou such proof, that I dare flatter myself you will fully\\nbelieve my statement.\\nIf this portion of the country had not been excluded\\nfrom commerce, it would have fortified itself.\\nI think the shortest way by which I could inspire\\nyou with confidence, would be by actual service. Have\\nthe kindness to employ me in some enterprise, and sus-\\ntain me with the honor of your protection and if, in\\nspite of all the malice and trickery of my enemies, I do\\nnot succeed, never use me again.\\nMy enemies are continually attempting to overthrow\\nmy plans, or at least to produce vexatious delays, by\\npresenting numerous arguments against them, represent-\\ning the obstacles to be insurmountable, while I am em-\\nployed in proving the fallacy of their objections.\\nI do not know that the trade in buffalo-skins could\\nbe sustained, on account of the contempt in which they\\nare held by the company. They do not pay the savages\\nfor them more than six francs a-piece. This does not\\nplease the hunters, because a package of hides, weighing\\ntwo hundred and fifty or three hundred pounds, must\\nbe transported from three to four leagues inland, which", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 107\\nCopper on Lake Huron\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Facilities for obtaining the Ore Plan of Exploration.\\nthey find too much labor. They therefore prefer to em-\\nploy themselves in hunting beavers and other animals,\\nwhose skins are lighter and easier to transport.\\nIf the company does not increase the price of buffalo-\\nskins, I think the savages will follow this chase only at\\na time when they can obtain no other furs.\\nWe have found a mine of copper on Lake Huron, of\\nwhich I send you a specimen, which seems to me very\\npure. I have sent as much to M. de Callieres, and to\\nthe directors of the company, in order that they may\\ntake measures to know if it is sufficiently abundant to\\ninduce them to make an enterprise of it. The conveni-\\nences would be great, as the boats, and even the vessels\\ncould go to the places where it is, not being very far\\ndistant from this post.\\nIf you will permit me to explore the mines in the\\nneighborhood of the lakes and rivers, I will devote my-\\nself to the exploration, visiting the different localities in\\nperson, that you may be more certainly informed of the\\nfacts. I am not able to incur the expense, but will only\\nask permission to choose for this enterprise twelve capa-\\nble men, in Canada, who shall have the liberty to carry\\ngoods to the amount of four hundred francs each, and\\nno more, into the places which they shall visit. In con-\\nforming myself to your wishes, I will close the mouth of\\nall my enemies. By this means, perhaps, there will", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMulberry-trees on Grand Eiver Cultivation of Silk Abundant harvest.\\nremain to the envious, only the vexation of seeing me\\nsucceed.\\nIn any case, this attempt will cost nothing to the\\nking, nor to the public consequently, they will have\\nlittle ground of complaint.\\nThe Grand river, so called, on Lake Erie, near the\\nfarther extremity, is about fifteen leagues from here\\nand along its shores, and extending into the depths of\\nits forests, are great numbers of mulberry-trees the land\\nis also perfectly good. If you will have the kindness to\\ngrant me six leagues on each side of the river, and as\\nmuch in the forest, in title of marquisate, with the rights\\nof hunting, fishing, and trade, I will undertake the cul-\\ntivation of silk, by having people come from France who\\nunderstand the business, and who will bring with them\\nthe necessary quantity of silkworms. Should you grant\\nme this kindness, I will take measures to have them\\ncome by the first vessels, in order that they may, arrive\\nhere before winter.\\nAs to trade, I will not make any till after the lease\\nof the company expires.\\nWe have made a fine harvest this year, and have\\nabundant supplies for a garrison of one hunch-eel and\\nfifty men, but I do not believe we shall be at that trou-\\nble, on account of the objections that are made to giving\\nme soldiers.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 109\\nMilitary importance of Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chief of the Hurons Indian soldiers.\\nI Lave contented myself with asking for only fifty\\neffective men they left me but twenty-five, and I do\\nnot know as they will grant me even the additional\\ntwenty-five. I beg you to order M. de Callieres to grant\\nme fifty more next year, that this garrison may be com-\\nposed of one hundred effective men.\\nThis post should be equal to all emergencies, not\\nonly on account of our enemies, but also on account of\\nour allies, whom it is necessary to hold in abeyance. It\\nwould be still better if you would send me some troops\\nfrom France.\\nThe principal chief of the Hurons, who is very\\nabsolute in his nation, told me to write to you that\\nhe would be very glad to go to France, to assure His\\nMajesty of his fidelity, and of his earnest desire to\\nengage in the French service. He proposes to form a\\ncompany of fifty men, of his nation, provided the\\nFrench will make him captain, and give him a lieu-\\ntenant and ensign. He also requires that we should\\npay him and his soldiers, by the month, the same wages\\nthat the officers and soldiers of the army are paid in this\\ncountry.\\nThere is another chief, of the same nation, who ob-\\nligates himself to do the same thing. They beg of you\\nalso to give them a passage on a vessel, to visit the king.\\nI believe they intend to have a hunting expedition for", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nMessage of the Outawa Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian soldiers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chiefs request Clothing, c.\\nthe purpose of obtaining furs for a present to yourself,\\nas an expression of their good-will.\\nThe principal chief of the Outawas, who is one of\\nthe noblest looking men I have seen among all these\\nnations, and who is Frenchified in his habits, requested\\nme to write you, that he also is anxious to visit you, but\\nhis age will not permit him to take so long a journey.\\nHowever, he will send his nephew, with another friend,\\nto France, to offer his services to the king. If His Ma-\\njesty wishes to incur the expense, I think it will be the\\nbest means by which to secure the entire subjection of\\nthese two nations.\\nI think it would be necessary to spare these Indian\\nsoldiers a little in the beginning, and only oblige them\\nto do military duty once a month, when they would be\\nreviewed with the other troops. It might even be expe-\\ndient to release them entirely from military duty for\\nthree months during the winter, when they are engaged\\nin hunting but it would be necessary to be very exact\\nin paying these companies every month.\\nThe chiefs who propose to form these companies,\\nwish to have standards and clothes like the other sol-\\ndiers; and they hope you will also furnish them with\\narms. They have assured me that they would obey me\\nin all things pertaining to the service of the king, and\\nhave also promised obedience to all others who are", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. Ill\\nResidence of the Huron Chief\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Outawa Chief visits Montreal.\\ncommissioned by him. I have fully explained to them\\nhow they must behave as soldiers, and especially that\\nthey would be exjjected to exercise a spirit of subordina-\\ntion. They expressed themselves satisfied with all my\\ninstructions.\\nNone need be astonished at their ready acquies-\\ncence, for all men, in whatever state they are born,\\nlack neither vanity nor ambition and there are always\\nenough who are anxious to make themselves esteemed\\nand renowned among their fellow-men.\\nThe chief of the Hurons is already so inflated by\\nthis proposition, that he has requested M. de Callieres to\\ncause him to live in French fashion. I received an\\norder, when in Quebec, to build him a house of oak,\\nforty feet long, and twenty-four feet wide. This house\\nis delightfully situated on the margin of the river it\\nstands on a little eminence, and overlooks the village of\\nthe Hurons. His example has induced the chief of the\\nOutawas to go to Montreal, to ask the same favor of\\nM. de Callieres. He has not yet returned, but, without\\ndoubt, his request will be granted.\\nYou will perceive, by what I have written, that my\\nplans seem to be working well. My opinion is, that\\nthese things are the most sure to render this people per-\\nmanently subject to the king, and afterward to make\\nthem Christians. These projects will have a better effect", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nGood result? of the efforts of the Missionaries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian Seminary needed.\\nthan the preaching of the missionaries, since it is certain\\nthat they do not make any progress, and that all the\\ngood they do, is that which arises from the baptism of\\nthose children who die after having received it.\\nPermit me to insist upon the great necessity there\\nis for the establishment of a seminary at this place, for\\nthe instruction of the children of the savages with those\\nof the French instructing them in piety, and, at the\\nsame time, teaching them our language.\\nThe savages, being naturally proud, seeing their\\nchildren placed among ours, would dress them in the\\nsame manner, and make their attendance at the semi-\\nnary a point of honor. It is true that it would be neces-\\nsary, at first, to allow these little savages great liberty,\\nand only confine ourselves to the design of civilizing\\nthem, and rendering them capable of receiving instruc-\\ntion and leave the rest to Him who made the heart.\\nThis expense would not be very great I believe if\\nHis Majesty would grant a thousand crowns to the sem-\\ninary at Quebec, that institution would commence this\\npious and holy work. Those gentlemen are so full of\\nzeal for the service of God, and of charity for all that\\nregards the subjects of the king in this colony, that we\\ncannot help admiring them. All the country is under\\ninexpressible obligations to them for the good education\\nthey give the youth, together with their good example", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 113\\nCadillac pledges himself for the future Support of the Seminary No lack of Hunters.\\nand doctrine. It is these efforts which have produced\\nvery good subjects in the service of the Church in New\\nFrance.\\nI think you cannot commence this work too soon,\\nand, if you object to it on account of the expenses which\\nmay arise afterward, I will pledge myself to raise, in this\\ncountry, the amount necessary to continue to the savages\\nthis gratification, without any farther cost to the king.\\nThere is no reason to fear that savages will be want-\\ning to do the hunting necessary to supply beaver and\\nother furs. There are many nations in the vicinity of\\nthe lakes, and in the depths of the immense forests, who\\nwill never, perhaps, be reached by civilization, quite\\nsufficient to kill all the animals whose furs are useful in\\ntrade.\\nIf these nations immediately around us are brought\\ninto subjection to the service of the king, in the manner\\nI have proposed, it would not prevent them from doing\\ntheir hunting at the proper time. These things will\\nonly bring them into a state to be Frenchified, and en-\\nable them to take arms in the service of the king, when\\nhe shall need them.\\nOne can easily perceive that if the savages were\\nto-day upon the proposed footing, it would be of great\\nadvantage to the colony since it is certain that, at the\\nfirst beat of the drum, we could place under arms those", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAdvantages of firm Union with Indian allies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Decisive Orders necessary.\\nsavages who are disciplined, and their example would\\neasily attract all the rest to follow them, and do like\\nthem. Thus, in the present war, these people, if united\\nwith us, would make incursions and terrible inundations\\nupon the English colonies. Instead of that, they are\\ndivided among themselves, and are content to see us\\ndo, while we are only too happy if we can continue to\\nhold them in that state.\\nI foresee that there will be many objections to the\\nplans which I have the honor to lay before you. I can-\\nnot prevent them, but can only assure you that the plans\\nshall succeed if you wish.\\nTo come to the point, it will be necessary for you to\\nsend good orders, very decisive and exact, and to speak\\na little with the great teeth.\\nIf these plans were proposed by some one who has\\nthe protection of the Jesuits, they would have an ex-\\ncellent relish for them, and nothing would appear more\\neasy to be put in execution. But, because I have not\\nconsulted them, or rather, because I have not been dis-\\nposed to allow myself to be treated as a slave, as some\\nof my predecessors were, who commanded in this coun-\\ntry, they represent as impossible every thing that I pro-\\npose. It seems to me, nevertheless, that if the Count\\nwould pay attention to these plans which I have the\\nhonor to present, and of which M. de la Touche is", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 115\\nSynopsis of Memorial Change in the Fur-trade.\\nwell-informed, it could be clearly seen whether I reason\\nwisely or extravagantly.\\nI will not repeat the different designs I have pre-\\nsented to the Count, I will only speak of Detroit. When\\nI had the honor to present my memorial to you, remem-\\nber, if you please, what trouble there was on account of\\nthe too great quantity of beaver, for which they could\\nnot find sale in France. The old traders complained\\nthat, on this account, they would not be able to sustain\\ntheir lease. I mentioned this in my memorial, asking\\nfor the establishment of Detroit, and pledged myself to\\nemploy the savages in hunting other animals, such as\\nthe deer, the wild goat, the Canadian elk, the roebuck,\\nthe black bear, and the wolf, together with the lynx,\\notter, pecquans, and other small furs, for three years,\\nwithout hunting the beaver, in order that they might, by\\nthis means, have time to sell a considerable quantity of\\nthe furs already amassed. I have so far executed what\\nI promised, that there have been sent out from Detroit\\nonly about eight thousand beaver-skins in three years\\nand the surplus trade has been of large skins and small\\nfurs. The books of the company show that this fact is\\nindisputable.\\nThe second design that I had in projecting this es-\\ntablishment, was not so much to have another post for\\ncommerce, as to afford a protection to commerce since", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nGood garrison indispensable\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grants of Land to Soldiers Canadians.\\nfrom this place we can go by canoe to all the nations\\nthat are around the lakes. It is a door by which one\\ncan go in and out, to trade with all our allies.\\nI confess that to give success to this establishment,\\nit will be necessary to make it a substantial post; to\\nkeep here a good garrison, to give the liberty to settle\\nhere, and not to allow any other establishment in the\\nupper country.\\nAs several of the soldiers desire to establish them-\\nselves in this place, and for this purpose have asked of\\nme grants of land, have the kindness to inform me if\\nyou wish me to comply with their request. They would\\ntake the confirmation of the grant from M. de Callieres\\nand M. de Beauharnais.\\nDo you wish the soldiers to marry here, when they\\nshall be in a condition to support a family I think it\\nwould be policy to settle a certain number of them every\\nyear.\\nBe pleased also to inform me if you wish dwelling-\\nplaces granted to the Canadians there are several who\\npersecute me continually for them.\\nIt is for you to speak decidedly on this point, for I\\ncannot conceal from you that the company do not wish\\nto do any thing about it. They pretend that this emi-\\ngration would weaken the posts on this side of Quebec\\nand Montreal. As for me, I do not believe that forty or", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 117\\nInhabitants needed at Detroit French Settlements Jesuits.\\nfifty men, more or less, in those larger places, would\\nmake much difference, or prevent the execution of any\\nof their projects, while at this post they would, without\\ndoubt, be a great assistance. Nothing can ever be ac-\\ncomplished here without more inhabitants. Our allies,\\nwho are already established here, and those who are on\\nthe way, would soon consider it a bad omen, and draw\\nvexatious inferences concerning the faithfulness of our\\npromises, as we have told them this should be a very\\nconsiderable establishment.\\nPerhaps you are already aware that there are no\\nFrench settlements in this country, even to the habita-\\ntion of M. Juchereau,* where there are not Jesuits.\\nDetroit is the only exception. As they express so much\\nearnest zeal in serving the missions, this fact shows the\\ngood-will they have toward me. As they trouble them-\\nselves so much with my affairs, I do not desire to see\\nthem here yet they should choose for themselves, and\\nmake known their decision, that measures might be\\ntaken to have other missionaries come.\\nIt is proper that you should be informed that more\\nthan fifty years since, the Iroquois, by force of arms,\\ndrove away nearly all of the other Indian nations from\\nM. Juchereau s was the most distant trading-post of the Northwest,\\nand was, I think, at the western extremity of the country of the Illi-\\nnois, beyond Lake Michigan.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "1-18 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nLake Superior region Micbilitnackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Cadillac Montreal.\\nthis region to the farther extremity of Lake Superior a\\ncountry five hundred leagues north of this post, and\\nfrightfully barren and inhospitable. About thirty-two\\nyears ago, these exiled tribes collected themselves to-\\ngether at Michilimackinac, which is also an ungrateful\\nland. There they were obliged to subsist principally\\nupon fish, in the manner that I explained to you in a\\nstatement which I made when in France, and with\\nwhich you had the kindness to tell me you were well\\nsatisfied.\\nIt seems that God has raised me as another Moses to\\ngo and deliver this people from captivity, or rather, as\\nCaleb, to bring them back to the country of their fathers,\\nto their ancient dwelling-place, of which there remained\\nto them but a faint idea.\\nMeanwhile, Montreal plays the part of Pharaoh he\\ncannot see this emigration without trembling, and he\\narms himself to destroy it. But I hope the Count, no-\\nticing that he is a ferocious beast without a guide, and\\nwithout light, will smooth my path, and break through\\nthe impediments only to inundate and submerge those\\nwho have the rashness to desire the overthrow of a de-\\nsign so just.\\nThe people of Montreal do not know what they ask.\\nThey have broken the scepter of their first king, who is\\nGod himself. They wished to reject, and even stone", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 119\\nIroquois abandon that region Company of the Colony.\\nHim, who caused exquisite food to be rained upon the\\nmost ungrateful lands, and broke the rocks to satisfy\\ntheir thirst.\\nOf what do they complain, since the post of Detroit\\nis established in an abandoned country, which has long\\nremained in the possession of the Iroquois and the\\nwolves\\nThe Iroquois pursued the chase in all that region,\\nand brought the beaver and small furs to the English.\\nThis is an indubitable fact, and one must be full of\\nstubbornness to dispute it. I have, therefore, taken the\\nright time to commence this establishment. The Iro-\\nquois have entirely withdrawn, or if any remain, they\\nare intermingled with our allies. All the hunting is\\ndone by our savages, and all the trade returns to us. It\\nis, then, a benefit to the kingdom of France, and a source\\nof profit which we have torn from England.\\nIndividuals have complained that the Company of\\nthe Colony have the sole profit. I do not deny it I\\nleave them the liberty to clamor I only wish that they\\nmay have eyes to distinguish that it is not the fault of\\nthe establishment, nor of him who planned it.\\nI confess to some degree of boldness in coming to\\nerect a trading-post for the company, in the midst of\\nan ungoverned people. They now begin to have some\\nfirst ideas of subordination, but these will soon be ef-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCommissioners\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cadillac s management of the Allies.\\nfaced, since the company have suddenly reduced them\\nto the necessity of accepting whatever the commissioners\\nfeel disposed to give. The savages are also exposed to\\nthe insults of these commissioners of the company, who\\ntreat them according to their whim, or rather according\\nto the brutal disposition which this kind of people usually\\npossess.\\nI wish to believe that the affairs of the kingdom\\nhave induced the Count to adopt the present system for\\na time, with the intention of uniting this post to His\\nMajesty s domain, after the lease has expired. It is in\\nthis belief that I have devoted myself here to the service\\nof the king. In managing our allies, I endeavor to\\nmake them understand that this second captivity, or\\nrather this barbarous tyranny, will soon end. I do not\\nknow whether all our promises can induce them to be\\npatient till that time. I fear that this kind of servitude\\nwill cause them to trade with the English, and form\\nalliances with them. It will not be just to blame me\\nif this should be the case.\\nIf this establishment is bad, it would be well for the\\nCount to decide its fate at once. I have spoken my\\nopinion about it; I have explained the circumstances of\\nthe case you have been convinced of the necessity for\\nerecting this fort, and its utility in the service of the\\nking, the progress of religion, and the advancement of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 121\\nCadillac requests special Kegulations for his Post\\nthe colony. It only remains for me now to imitate the\\ngovernor of the Holy City take water and wash my\\nhands of the aiFair.\\nHad it been the pleasure of my lord to grant me the\\ngovernment of this colony, it would have been in my\\ncase as in all others. Cries and complaints would have\\nbeen changed into congratulations and compliments\\nbecause those who envy me, and who, without cause,\\nfear my advancement, have sufficient power to blacken\\nall I do, with the desire to effect my removal while, if\\nthey saw their hopes frustrated, they would follow the\\nordinary course of people, and applaud the very project\\nagainst which they had inveighed.\\nIf you would yourself make the regulations for this\\npost, instead of sending general orders to Canada, every\\nthing would go much better; for, not being near the\\ngovernor-general and intendant myself to urge my own\\nclaims, they always have some private reason for not\\ngranting me the protection which I ask of them. All\\nthis is done, in order to manage those who oppose me.\\nIt is not in my power to prevent this, whatever measures\\nI may take.\\nThey continue to send out traders among our allies,\\nunder the plausible pretext of a continuation of the\\npermits. The traders, finding themselves at greater\\nliberty now than ever before, are guilty of conduct", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDisgraceful Conduct of the Traders\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Disaffection of the Allies Robbery of M. Boudor.\\ndisgraceful to the French nation, and enormities are\\ncommitted that deserve correction. These things cause\\ngreat disaffection among our allies, which it will be diffi-\\ncult to remedy.\\nLast year they sent M. Boudor, a Montreal mer-\\nchant, into the country of the Sioux, to join Le Sueur.\\nHe succeeded so well in that journey that he transported\\nthither twenty-five or thirty thousand pounds of mer-\\nchandise, with which to trade in all the country of the\\nOutawas. This proved to him an unfortunate invest-\\nment, as he has been robbed of part of the goods by the\\nOutagamies. I believed it necessary that you should be\\ninformed of this affair, that you might apply a remedy.\\nThe occasion of this robbery by one of our own allies\\nwas as follows I speak with a full knowledge of the facts,\\nas they occurred while I was at Michilimackinac. From\\ntime immemorial, our allies have been at war with the\\nSioux; and on my arrival at Michilimackinac, in con-\\nformity to the orders of M. Frontenac, the most able\\nman who has ever come into Canada, I attempted to\\nnegotiate a truce between the Sioux and all our allies.\\nSucceeding in this negotiation, I took the occasion to\\nturn their arms against the Iroquois, with whom we were\\nthen at war and soon after, I effected a treaty of peace\\nbetween the Sioux, and the French and their allies,\\nwhich lasted two years.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 123\\nSioux visit the Miamis Take their departure Return and massacre three thousand.\\nAt the end of that time, the Sioux came, in great\\nnumbers, to the villages of the Miamis, under pretense\\nof ratifying the treaty. They were well received by\\nthe Miamis, and after spending several days in their\\nvillages departed, apparently perfectly satisfied with\\ntheir good reception, as they certainly had every reason\\nto be.\\nThe Miamis, believing them already far distant,\\nslept quietly but the Sioux, who had premeditated the\\nattack, returned the same night to the principal village\\nof the Miamis, where most of the tribe were congregated,\\nand, taking them by surprise, slaughtered nearly three\\nthousand, and put the rest to flight.\\nThis perfidy irritated all the nations. They came to\\nMichilimackinac with their complaints, begging me to\\njoin with them and exterminate the Sioux. But the war\\nwe then had upon our hands did not permit me to listen\\nto their proposition, so it became necessary for me to\\nhold a great council, and play the orator in a long\\nharangue. In conclusion, I advised them to weep\\ntheir dead, and wrap them up, and leave them to\\nsleep coldly till the day of vengeance should come\\ntelling them that we must sweep the land, on this side,\\nof the Iroquois, as it was necessary to extinguish even\\ntheir memory, after which the allied tribes could more\\neasily avenge the atrocious deed that the Sioux had", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAllies complain that the French Traders carry Munitions of War to the Sioux.\\njust committed upon them. In short, I managed them\\nso well that the affair was settled in the manner that I\\nproposed.\\nBut the twenty-five permits still existed, and the\\ncupidity of the French induced them to go among the\\nSioux to trade for beaver. Our allies complained bit-\\nterly of this, saying it was gross injustice to them, as\\nthey had taken up arms in our quarrel against the Iro-\\nquois, while the French traders were carrying munitions\\nof war to the Sioux, to enable them to kill the rest of\\nour allies, as they had the Miamis. They begged me to\\nremedy this, especially as the French were passing over\\ntheir land and before their villages, which was a viola-\\ntion of their rights.\\nI immediately informed M. Frontenac and M.\\nChampigny having read the communication and noticed\\nthe reasons that I gave, commanded that an ordinance\\nbe published at Montreal, forbidding the traders to go\\nto the country of the Sioux for the purpose of traffic,\\nunder penalty of a thousand francs fine, the confiscation\\nof their goods, and other arbitrary penalties, according\\nto the opinion which I might give on the subject. This\\nordinance was sent to me at Michilimackinac, with\\norders to publish it there, and in all the other remote\\nposts. This was faithfully executed.\\nThe same year I descended to Quebec, having asked", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 125\\nFrench traders carry goods to the Sioux\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cadillac reminded of his promise.\\nto be relieved. Since that time, in spite of this prohibi-\\ntion, the French have continued to trade with the Sioux,\\nbut not without being exposed to affronts and indignities\\nfrom our allies themselves, which bring dishonor on the\\nFrench name.\\nAll the nations, remembering the promise which I\\nmade to go with them against the Sioux as soon as\\nthe war with the Iroquois was ended, have now called\\non me to fulfill it. As the season furnished me a good\\nexcuse, I have made use of it also telling them that to-\\nday I was fighting against the English, and they must\\nbe patient a while longer.\\nThey replied, that, if I would not enter into their\\nquarrel, they had one request to make, which they\\nhoped I would grant, namely, to prevent the French, as\\nI did at Michilimackinac, from going to the homes of\\nthe Sioux to cany them arms and munitions of war.\\nThey thought I ought to be the more determined in my\\norders, as they had recently had a combat with the\\nSioux, and had found among the slain the bodies of two\\nFrenchmen, who had fought with the Sioux against our\\nown allies.\\nI have given my opinion on this subject to M.\\nCallieres and M. Beauharnais, and explained to them\\nclearly that it is important that we should not thus vio-\\nlate our promises, and that we cannot do so without", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCadillac requests that commerce with the Sioux be prohibited Le Sueur.\\nexposing ourselves to the danger of losing the confidence\\nof our allies. I do not consider it best any longer to\\nallow the traders to carry on commerce with the Sioux,\\nunder any pretext whatever, especially as M. Boudor has\\njust been robbed by the Fox nation, and M. Juchereau\\nhas given a thousand crowns, in goods, for the right of\\npassage through the country of the allies to his habita-\\ntion. They assert that they have a right to demand this,\\nas he carries succor to their enemies and I believe they\\nreason correctly.\\nThe allies say that Le Sueur has gone to the homes\\nof the Sioux on the Mississippi that they are resolved\\nto oppose him, and if he offers any resistance they will\\nnot be answerable for the consequences. It would be\\nwell, therefore, to give Le Sueur warning by the gover-\\nnor of Mississippi.\\nAll these disorders arise solely on account of the\\nremote trading-posts, which are all useless, or rather\\nvery injurious, since they serve only as pretexts for ob-\\ntaining permits. When these are obtained, instead of\\ngoing directly to their several posts, they traffic for\\nbeaver and smaller furs along the great river of the\\nOutawas, on the shores of Lakes Huron, Superior, and\\nMichigan, and all through the country of the Outawas.\\nIt is thus they have been in the habit of doing, and still\\ndo. Messrs. de la Forest and De Tonti, and now Juche-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 127\\nLawless conduct of the Canadians Country of the Illinois granted to La Salle.\\nreau and Pascaud, who are associated with them, trade\\nin all this country, even to the environs of Detroit.\\nThese things cause public jealousy, and give license\\nto all the pranks of the lawless Canadians, who say,\\nwithout ceremony, that it is only the circumspect and\\nobedient who are dupes. In truth, they are not entirely\\nwrong for it is grievous to them to see the traders,\\nwith permits, skimming the very cream of the country,\\nwhich had previously been given to themselves. I have\\nwritten often on this subject, but a perfect silence has\\nthus far been maintained in all my instructions from\\ngovernment.\\nYou know that the country of the Illinois has been\\ngranted to M. la Salle, with stipulations and conditions,\\nby none of which, however, did he consider himself\\nbound; and that post has only served to cause many\\ndisputes among His Majesty s traders, on account of the\\nbad quality of beaver there. This is the reason that the\\nCount has forbidden Messrs. la Forest and Tonti to estab-\\nlish themselves there, while, at the same time, he permits\\nthem to trade for small furs which excites much sur-\\nprise, since it is well known that there are no other furs\\nthan the skins of the buffalo and roebuck. Of these,\\nhowever, they can find enough elsewhere, as they have\\nalways had the liberty of trading where they pleased,\\nwithout any reproof.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nWar between the Sauteurs, and Sacs and Foxes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Goods for presents withheld.\\nThe Sauteurs, being friendly with, the Sioux, wished\\nto give passage through their country to M. Boudor and\\nothers, permitting them to carry arms and other muni-\\ntions of war to this nation but the other nations being\\nopposed to it, differences have arisen between them,\\nwhich have resulted in the robbery of M. Boudor. This\\nhas given occasion to the Sauteurs to make an attack\\nupon the Sacs and Foxes, killing thirty or forty of them.\\nSo there is war among this people.\\nI sliould have remedied all these disorders, and put\\nan end to these differences, if I had not been here with\\nmy baton Mane, with no instructions from the king to\\nemploy it in favor of the savages, to whom we never\\nspeak on subjects of importance with empty hands.\\nSimilar massacres have been committed formerly, but\\nI have been able to settle all difficulties, because M. Fron-\\ntenac sent me, every year, a considerable amount of\\ngoods, to be disposed of according to circumstances, the\\nintendant taking certificates of the distributions as I\\nmade them.\\nSince his death, the government has pursued a dif-\\nferent course, sending me nothing to Detroit for such\\nemergencies. I have written to the governor-general\\nand intendant for such a fund, but they have not\\ndeigned to reply. There being, in all this region, no\\nother establishment than this, of which M. Callieres has", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 129\\nSpecial envoys sent into the Wilderness Perversion of the orders of Government\\ngiven me the general command, this authority will be\\nbut a shadow, if they continue the practice that they\\nhave commenced, which is to send special envoys to the\\nhomes of the nations with presents.\\nThese envoys cannot go without expense or, at\\nleast, the government must permit those who go on such\\nan embassy to load their canoes with goods for the pur-\\nposes of trade. The effect is, that these persons have no\\nother object than to obtain the greatest possible number\\nof beaver, even employing the presents with which they\\nare charged, for their own profit, having no person to\\ninspect their conduct.\\nIt w r ould be much more natural that all such com-\\nmissions should be addressed directly to Detroit, and\\nthat every thing should pass through my hands, because\\nI should order the chiefs of the nations to come here and\\nsettle all their disputes. In regard to the distribution\\nand use which I should make of the presents that might\\nbe committed to my care, I would give my certificate\\nfor them, and the other officers, the missionaries, and\\neven the agents, might give theirs so there would be\\nno abuses committed. Besides, who can be chosen to\\nsettle the quarrels of the savages, that knows their man-\\nners, their habits and inclinations, better than I, or in\\nwhom they have more confidence\\nWould it not be expedient for you to send me a", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nNews of the death of M. de Callieres received at Detroit.\\ncommission for the general command of this post, and of\\nother remote ones, in order to put an end to the present\\nsystem of injustice?\\nThe savages have just informed me that four loaded\\ncanoes have recently been sent into the north of Lake\\nSuperior, past a village of the Sauteurs I do not know\\nfor what purpose, but probably, as usual, on some plau-\\nsible pretext. The Sioux, to whom these canoes are\\nprobably sent, are a people of no value to us, as they\\nare too far distant to be in any way advantageous to our\\ncommerce.\\nAs the convoy that comes from Montreal usually\\nremains here only two or three days, I had written this\\nletter thus far, in order not to delay it. I have fre-\\nquently mentioned M. de Callieres, not knowing that he\\nwas dead, which I have just learned with sorrow. His\\ndeath will be a loss to the colony, which had need of a\\nperson of such experience.\\nSome time since I wrote to M. Callieres, not being\\naware of his death, requesting him to increase this gar-\\nrison to fifty men, that it might be in a state of effectual\\ndefense in case of an attack. A sufficient number of\\nmen for this purpose seems peculiarly necessary at a\\npost, that is liable to be deprived of all external aid.\\nM. Vaudreuil, the present governor-general, has replied\\nthat he could not spare any soldiers, since many of them", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 131\\nDesertion of Soldiers Cause The returning Deserters received.\\nhad died the past year, and some had deserted. Nine\\nsoldiers have also deserted from this post however, they\\nhave requested permission to return. Some of them say\\nthat they took this course because they had been prom-\\nised, on leaving Montreal, that after three years service\\nthey should be discharged. In fact, M. de Callieres\\ngave them -his word for it in public. Others say that\\nthe cause of their desertion was, that they were overbur-\\ndened with work that they were required to do other\\nthan military service and that they were vexed to see\\nthe profits of their labor returning to a company which\\ntreated them, in their need, as Turk treats Moor. There\\nare yet others, who speak of promises to give them\\nlands, and of allowing them to establish themselves here,\\nand that, finding themselves deceived, they resolved to\\ndesert.\\nIt is very certain that when I left Montreal, Messrs.\\nde Callieres and Champigny encouraged me to hope for\\nan increased number of troops therefore I thought best\\nto refresh the memory of M. de Callieres in my letter.\\nOn that account, Messrs. Yaudreuil and Beauharnais\\nallowed me to receive the deserters, supposing that the\\nnew ordinance against deserters had not been published.\\nM. de Callieres had also granted my request that six\\nfamilies might be sent to settle here but this has been\\nrefused me since his death, with the excuse that none", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFamilies not permitted to emigrate to Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Petition for Cattle not granted.\\nhave offered to go although I am credibly informed\\nthat as many families as could be wished, would gladly\\ncome, if they had the liberty to do so. I had also asked\\nfor cattle. The company were very willing to bear the\\nexpense of their transportation, and the directors inform\\nme they had borrowed two boats for conveying them\\nbut M. Yauclreuil does not see fit to grant them.\\nI do not know whether any one has written you that\\nthe directors made a new contract with me the past year,\\nby which, in consideration of the care that I am to take\\nof their interests at this post, preventing fraud and em-\\nbezzlement on the part of the employees of the com-\\npany, and, as far as is in my power, hindering others\\nfrom trading in this vicinity, they pledge themselves to\\npay me the sum of two thousand francs a year, and to\\nfurnish subsistence to myself and family during the time\\nof its tenure.\\nAsking for myself only the continued honor of your\\nprotection, I am, with very profound respect, sir,\\nYour very humble, and\\nVery obedient servant,\\nLA MOTTE CADILLAC.\\nP. S. M. de Tonti, who is at Quebec, informs me\\nthat M. Yaudreuil and M. Beauharnais have forbidden\\nhis writing to you at length concerning this post.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nLetter from M. Cadillac to M. la Touche Complains of the Jesuits that\\nthey do not occupy their Mission at Detroit Danger of opposing\\nthem The Company of the Colony make a new contract with M.\\nCadillac His account of the agreement M. Cadillac detects two of\\nthe commissioners in fraud and embezzlement, and reports them to\\nthe Directors Descends to Montreal, and is arrested on charges pre-\\nferred by the Directors Suit not decided till 1705 M. Tonti com-\\nmands in his absence.\\nAccompanying M. la Motte s account of the condi-\\ntion of the establishment at Detroit was the following\\nletter, addressed to Count Pontchartrain s first clerk,\\nM. la Touche.\\nAugust 31, 1703.\\nMonsieur I gave to the minister a very exact ac-\\ncount of all that concerns the fort at Detroit, and would\\nhave informed you likewise, if I had not feared to make\\na superfluous repetition, being well persuaded that he\\nsends you all the information concerning the affairs of\\nthis colony.\\nYou will see, by the accompanying letter, which I\\nhave the honor to write him, the state of this establish-\\nment, the obstacles that are brought against it, and the\\nmeans I take to overcome them.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCadillac complains that the Jesuits clo not occupy their Mission at Detroit\\nIt appears evident that the Rev. Father Jesuits have\\nasked of the court the privilege of preserving their mis-\\nsions at this post, and there were reasons for granting\\ntheir request yet, although the savages are established\\nin sufficient numbers to have at least two missionaries,\\nthey have not succeeded in obtaining one.\\nAll things are arranged, as you will see by the copy\\nof regulations that I send to M. de Pontchartrain, dated\\nSeptember 25th, 1702.\\nThe envoys from the colony who went to France last\\nyear, have doubtless informed you of the measures which\\nthe directors of the Company of the Colony have taken\\nto induce these Fathers to come and establish themselves\\nin this place, offering to give them eight hundred francs\\na year each, besides the compensation they have from\\nthe king, who sends, at his own expense, the necessary\\nprovisions for their subsistence. M. le Chevalier de\\nCallieres had also gained the consent of their Superior\\nat Quebec (if they had one) and of myself; but all that\\namounts to nothing at all. Father Marest, to whom the\\ncompany sent an express canoe, has found reasons to\\nexcuse himself from coming to the mission which they\\nhad designed for him.\\nYou can see, by the councils held at this fort, and by\\nthe copies of the letters that I send to M. de Pontchar-\\ntrain, what is the genius of this country and if the Rev.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 135\\nLetters of the Rev. Fathers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Danger of opposing them.\\nFathers attempt to recognize any other Superior than\\none of themselves, I will take care to preserve the origi-\\nnals of any such papers, in case the Count should desire\\nto see them. I showed the letters, which I send, to the\\ngovernor-general last year, and he did not appear satis-\\nfied with their conduct. It was on that account that he\\nmade the present arrangement, which has been signified\\nto them, but they do not pay any attention to it,\\nCan any one believe that I would, without strong\\nreasons, vex any of the Jesuits, or that I would take it\\ninto my head to attack this formidable society? I have\\nnot lived till now without knowing perfectly well how\\ndangerous it is to cross their path. Is it not true that I\\nhave not imprudently nor inconsiderately attacked all\\nthe Jesuits in this country, but rather have been anima-\\nted with zeal for the service of the king I always had\\ngood ground for the differences that I had with them\\nwhile I had the honor to command at Michilimackinac,\\non which all the distant posts then depended. The same\\nis true since I have been at Detroit. I have decided to\\nwrite all my reasons for my course, and, if they wish,\\nthey can give their own. They have never seemed to\\nwish to have their course understood, that they might\\navoid a decision.\\nWas I not right so to arrange my plans as to permit\\nall kinds of workmen to labor in the vineyard of our", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nClaims of the Jesuits Thesis of all their Missionaries Father Carheil.\\nLord The Jesuits will say that the soul of the savage\\nis their own domain if so, they ought to cultivate it,\\nand not leave it a prey to rapacious wolves. What pre-\\ntext can they have to excuse themselves from doing their\\nduty at this post The service of God can be found here\\nas well as elsewhere, and the service of the king agrees\\nwith it, because he wishes them to come. It is their\\nduty to obey the commands of the governor-general.\\nBut this is the thesis of the missionaries of the society in\\nthis country they say it is necessary that the orders of\\nthe king should be conformed to the will of God and\\nthey pretend to have the right to decide what is the true\\nwish of the king. As to their knowledge by which they\\nmake this decision, they say they have the true will\\nof God.\\nIt is on this assumption that the Jesuits have clam-\\nored, and still continue to clamor, against the sale of\\nbrandy to the savages and they seem to have satisfied\\nthe Count on this subject. Here is a passage from the\\nsermon of Father Carheil, of the 25th of March, 1697\\nThere is, said he, neither divine nor human power,\\nwhich can permit the sale of this drink. Hence you per-\\nceive that this Father passes boldly on all matters of state,\\nand will not even submit to the decision of the Pope.\\nI do my best to make the Jesuits my friends, wishing\\ntruly to be theirs but, if I dare say it, all impiety apart,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 137\\nUnforgiving spirit of the Jesuits Probable reason for delaying their Decision.\\nit would be better to speak against God than against\\nthem, because, on the one side, a person might receive\\nHis pardon, but on the other, the offense, even though\\ndoubtful, is never forgiven in this -world, and would not\\nbe in the other, if their credit were as good there as it is\\nin this country.\\nI think, if the Jesuits have so little desire to assume\\nthe duties of missionaries at this post, it is because they\\ndo not like the proximity of the French establishment.\\nThey give many false reasons for neglecting this duty\\nbut, at least, if they do not wish to come to Detroit, why\\ndo they oppose other missionaries who desire to come and\\ntake possession? They delay making any decision, in\\nthe vain hope that the savages will return to their old\\nhaunts, panic-struck by the terrors which the Jesuits\\nendeavor to instill into their minds. I am willing to\\nstake my life that this will never happen they have not\\nsufficient control over the minds of the savages to pro-\\nduce this result.\\nPermit me, in closing this letter, to beg of you to\\nimpart to me the knowledge by which I may gain the\\nfriendship of the Eev. Father Jesuits. For myself, it\\nwould be better to walk in the way which dazzles the\\neyes of all the earth, and yield to the current toward\\nwhich all men suffer themselves to be drawn. This\\nwould be easy for me, if I considered only my individual", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nNew contract between the Company of the Colony and M. Cadillac.\\ninterest but when the object is to have the king s inte-\\nrest advanced, they will oppose every movement, saying\\nthey know better than I. In that case, what shall I do to\\nremain in the path of their friendship This is what I\\nhave not yet been able to do, but perhaps you may\\nmake some suggestions that will enable me to do better\\nin future.\\nI beg of you to grant me the honor of your recom-\\nmendation to M. Pontchartrain, concerning the kind-\\nnesses that I ask of him. You have been pleased to do\\nme good in the past, for which you have my deepest\\ngratitude I hope you will continue the same favor.\\nI am, with very great respect, sir,\\nYour very humble,\\nVery obedient servant,\\nLA MOTTE CADILLAC.\\nFort Pontchartrain, Aug. 31, 1703.\\nThe Company of the Colony, becoming dissatisfied\\nwith the first contract which gave them the exclusive\\ncommerce of Detroit, subsequently entered into a new\\nagreement with M. Cadillac. The substance of that\\ncontract is thus given by him to Count Pontchartrain\\nI agreed with the directors, by the advice and con-\\nsent of the governor-general and intendant, that I would\\ntake one-third of the commerce of this post, and the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 139\\nProvisions of the Contract Commissioners detected in Embezzlement.\\ncompany should be released from all pecuniary respon-\\nsibility toward the other officers.\\nSome envious persons obtaining knowledge of this\\nagreement, reported to the directors that it was burden-\\nsome to the company. Accordingly another contract\\nwas made, by which the company agreed to pay me the\\nsum of two thousand francs a year, and furnish the ne-\\ncessary supplies for myself and family. It was also\\nagreed that they should pay M. de Tonti the sum of one\\nthousand three hundred and thirty-three francs per year.\\nIn consideration of the payment of these sums, I\\npledged myself not to traffic with the savages, directly\\nnor indirectly, and to hinder, as much as should be in\\nmy power, any other person from trading at that post\\nalso to prevent any frauds or embezzlements on the part\\nof the employees of the company. The surplus funds\\nof the company the directors left to my care and man-\\nagement for their interest.\\nThis last agreement was made in 1702, and was con-\\ntinued, to the entire satisfaction of all parties, until the\\nclose of 1703.\\nIn the early part of the year 1703, M. la Motte Ca-\\ndillac discovered that M. Tonti and two of the commis-\\nsioners had traded with the Indians, contrary to contract.\\nHe also detected these two commissioners, Arnaud and\\nNolan, in embezzling the furs of the company. Having", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "14:0 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCadillac informs against them Goes to Montreal Arrested Trial delayed.\\nproved these embezzlements against them, M. de Ca-\\ndillac reported the occurrence to the directors by the\\nnext convoy which went to Montreal, also informing the\\ngovernor-general and intenclant of the circumstances.\\nThe accused commissioners were near relatives of\\nMessrs. Lotbinieres and Delino, the principal directors\\nof the company. In order to shield them, the directors\\nsent M. Yincelot, another relative, to Detroit, to investi-\\ngate the subject. It is very easy to infer what report\\nwould be made on his return.\\nM. cle la Motte Cadillac having gone to Montreal\\nearly in the autumn of 1704, was arrested, by the or-\\nders of the governor-general and intendant, on various\\ncharges preferred against him by the directors of the\\ncompany. The principal charge was, that he had trans-\\ncended his duty as military commandant, and played the\\npetty tyrant. The suit against him was not decided\\nuntil June 15th, 1705. He was acquitted by the intend-\\nant, and immediately asked permission of the governor-\\ngeneral to return to Detroit, which, during his absence,\\nhad been under the command of M. de Tonti but, on\\nsome plausible pretext, his request was not granted.\\nImpatient at the delay, and aware of the powerful\\ncombination against him, M. la Motte appealed to the\\ncolonial minister. By the next vessels he received\\norders to appear before Count Pontchartrain at Quebec.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 141\\nM. la Forest appointed second in command at Detroit.\\nIn consequence of this new delay, M. la Motte asked the\\ngovernor-general to send M. Boivrmont to command at\\nDetroit. The request was granted, and M. Bourmont\\nimmediately proceeded to Detroit.\\nOn the 25th of September, 1705, M. la Forest was\\nappointed second in command at Detroit, and the long-\\ndelayed permission was also given to M. de la Motte to\\nreturn to his post but, preferring to have a full inves-\\ntigation of his affairs before the highest tribunal, he\\nobeyed the orders of Count Pontchartrain, and remained\\nat Quebec.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nExamination of M. Cadillac before Count Pontchartrain Cadillac re-\\nceived with reproaches\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His defense Gives a minute account of the\\nsettlement of Detroit Journey thither Conduct of Father Vaillant\\nDanger of mutiny Harmony restored Arrival at Detroit Popula-\\ntion of the Indian villages in the vicinity in 1704 Great number of\\nbeaver Complains of the duplicity of the Jesuits in seeking the de-\\nstruction of Detroit All arises from personal enmity Account of the\\nembezzlements of the two commissioners Nineteen packs of furs found\\nOther proofs of their guilt Cause of Cadillac s arrest.\\nHighly indignant at the supposed failure of all his\\nplans in regard to the establishment of Detroit, Count\\nPontchartrain met Cadillac with bitter reproaches. He\\nwas, however, permitted to make his defense, and the\\nconversation which ensued between them, was soon after-\\nward committed to writing bj M. la Motte, accepted by\\nthe minister as correct, and is still preserved among the\\ncolonial archives in Paris. The reader will find the\\nfollowing translation more satisfactory than any more\\nmodern statement of facts.\\nWhence comes it, exclaimed the Count, when M.\\nCadillac was brought into his presence, whence comes\\nit that you have failed to establish Detroit I am in-\\nformed that it is through your neglect that the project\\nhas not succeeded. Tou have sufficient genius to accom-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 143\\nCadillac s defense before Count Pontchartrain.\\nplish it, if you had wished. I will punish you for your\\nindolence, and will teach you to give me a detail of\\nplans which you have no desire to execute.\\nTo this, M. Cadillac indignantly replied\\nMonseigneur, unjust reproaches do not seem to sat-\\nisfy you you even add threats these things do not in-\\ntimidate me, they only show that my enemies have be-\\nlied me to your highness. I can assure you that I have\\ndone my utmost to make the enterprise successful, and\\nhave prosecuted my plans with all imaginable activity,\\nbut I have been obliged to yield to the torrent. If I\\nmay have the honor of repeating to you what I have\\nalready said in the assembly, I think you will justify my\\nconduct.\\nThe complaints of M. Cadillac s accusers had indeed\\ninfluenced the mind of the colonial minister but he was\\na just man, and, aware that M. Cadillac had a right\\nto a patient hearing in his own defense, he acceded to\\nthe request, and question and answer elicited a state-\\nment of facts which, to the present generation, is so\\nmuch history that otherwise would have been irrecover-\\nably lost.\\nWas it not in 1699, asked Count Pontchartrain,\\nthat you first proposed to establish a trading-post on\\nthe strait, which forms the connection between Lakes\\nErie and Lake Huron", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nReception by the Jesuits at Quebec.\\nLa Motte. It was, my lord.\\nCount. How were you received on your arrival in\\nCanada\\nLa Motte. Perfectly well. The Jesuits, having been\\nadvised by the first vessel, that you had resolved to es-\\ntablish Detroit, came down to the quay to welcome me\\nwith many civilities, which I took good care to recipro-\\ncate. As soon as they were assured of the confirmation\\nof the report concerning the proposed establishment,\\nthey devoted themselves to the work of petitioning the\\ngovernor-general to send Jesuits to Detroit to establish\\nthemselves as missionaries among the savages, to the\\nexclusion of all other religious orders. Their request\\nwas immediately granted, and they appointed Father\\nYaillant.\\nCount. At what time did you leave Quebec to go to\\nDetroit\\nLa Motte. I left on the 8th of March, 1701, and ar-\\nrived at Montreal on the 12th, where some changes were\\nmade in our arrangements, the Recollets having obtained\\npermission to have one of their priests accompany me,\\nand remain at Detroit in the capacity of chaplain to the\\ntroops, while the Jesuit went as missionary. This trans-\\ngression against the Jesuits set them in commotion, and\\nthey sought to persuade themselves that I had caused\\nthe change and this circumstance was the commence-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 145\\nJourney to Detroit Eev. Father Vaillant.\\nment of their opposition to the establishment, which\\nstill continues.\\nOn the 5th of June I left La Chine with fifty sol-\\ndiers and fifty Canadians, with M. de Tonti as captain,\\nand Messrs. Dugue and Chacornacle as lieutenants. I\\nhad orders to go by the Grand river of the Outawas,\\nnotwithstanding the entreaties which I made against it.\\nWe arrived at Detroit on the 24th of July, and I imme-\\ndiately commenced fortifying myself there causing the\\nnecessary buildings to be erected, and the soil to be\\nbroken up and prepared for sowing in autumn.\\nCount. I have heard that Father Yaillant, by his\\nexhortations, contributed much to the advancement of\\nthis work.\\nLa Ifotte. He employed himself so well, that if the\\nsoldiers and Canadians had been willing to believe him,\\nthey would have departed, two days after their arrival,\\nto return to Montreal, upon the strength of the promise\\nwhich this Father made them, that he would cause the\\nintendant to pay their wages for a year, though they\\nhad only been employed six weeks.\\nCount. How did you discover his ill-will, and un-\\nravel this intrigue\\nLa Ifotte. I perceived it by the discouragement\\nwhich everybody manifested in regard to the estab-\\nlishment, which caused me to sound one of the most\\n10", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nDiscovery of his Perfidy Mutiny prevented.\\nhonest men privately, and he revealed to me, in good\\nfaith, the arguments which the Jesuit had employed to\\ninduce them to quit the post, and return with him.\\nCount. Did you not make known to this Father that\\nyou had discovered his perfidy\\nLa Ifotte. With your permission, I will relate the\\ncircumstances. We were still encamped at the mouth of\\nthe Sable, when I called together the soldiers and Cana-\\ndians Father Yaillant was present he did not know\\nmy design, and was ignorant that I had discovered his.\\nI asked the Canadians why they wished to return to\\nMontreal begging them to tell me who could have in-\\nspired them with sentiments so adverse to the king s in-\\nterests. Then addressing myself to an officer, I requested\\nhim to tell me what he knew of it. Father Yaillant\\nsaw plainly by this proceeding that his plot was known,\\nand that the moment was approaching when he would\\nbe overwhelmed with shame and confusion. He rose\\nfrom his seat, placed himself in the shadow of my\\ntent, from whence he took a bee-line for the woods, run-\\nning with all his might, while the soldiers and Cana-\\ndians who saw him go, were almost convulsed with\\nlaughter. My tent prevented me from seeing him, and\\nwhen I asked them the cause of their excessive laughter,\\none of them said, he did not know what dreadful pun-\\nishment I had threatened to inflict on Father Yaillant,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 147\\nConfidence restored Cadillac and Father Yaillant.\\nthat he should escape to the woods in such haste hut,\\njudging from the speed with which he went, we should\\nnot probably see him again very soon. I contented\\nmyself with explaining to these people the intentions of\\nthe king, and the advantages of his service after which\\nthey confessed, without hesitation, that their discourage-\\nment had arisen from the instigations of this Father.\\nAfterward, I had reason to be better satisfied with them.\\nCount. But did you not afterward make known to\\nhim his error by reprimand, or in some other way which\\nmight be disagreeable to him\\nLa Motte. No. I believed it expedient to keep\\nsilence. I paid him as many civilities as I would an\\narchbishop, being satisfied with informing the governor-\\ngeneral of the affair, and rendering an account of it\\nto you.\\nCount. I remember that you wrote me of it I was\\nalso otherwise informed, and his Superior had orders to\\nsend him to France, and give you another man, who\\nwould better enter into your plans.\\nLa Motte. Your orders would have produced the\\ndeSired result, if they had been fully executed. How\\nstrangely that religious order dares to set aside its service\\nto the king This Jesuit has been permitted still to re-\\nmain in Canada, more than ever opposed to me, and\\nusing every means in his power to instill his own hatred", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nJesuits offended Conspiracy discovered Contract.\\ninto the minds of the society. Although your order\\nwas not fully carried out, the Jesuits were greatly of-\\nfended by it; and it is not difficult to perceive that they\\nhave sworn to effect my ruin in some way or other.\\nCount. It appears, however, that M. de Callieres\\nwrote an agreement, containing many articles, which\\nwould enable you to live in perfect harmony with the\\nJesuits and I have been informed that all the difficul-\\nties which might at any time occur, would speedily be\\nremoved, if the contract were fulfilled on both sides.\\nLa Motte. It is time that this agreement might have\\nput an end to all disputes between us, but the fox eats\\nthe hen sooner or later. The bad conduct of Father\\nYaillant having caused the king to order hiin to return\\nto France, and I, on my part, having discovered a con-\\nspiracy against me, entered into by the governor-general,\\nthe intenclant, and the Superior of the Jesuits my plans\\nhaving been betrayed to them by M. de Tonti, captain\\nof the troops, who was given to aid me the Superior\\nwas under the necessity of subscribing to the agree-\\nment with a view of continuing the peace until the\\ndeparture of the vessels. He then intended to csffry\\nout his plans for the immediate destruction of the post at\\nDetroit.\\nCount. I see plainly that the orders of the king lose\\ntheir force as soon as they have passed the Grand Bank", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 119\\nAssumed authority of the Jesuits\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Company of the Colony.\\nand the governor-general and intendant make others ac-\\ncording to their own ideas.\\nLa Matte. Yet even they do not give such orders as\\nthey wish they are obliged to yield to the authority i 1\\nthe Jesuits. It is true that in conforming to the will of\\nthe Jesuits, by a blind acquiescence in all they require,\\nboth parties fish in the same fishery, while the people\\nsuffer. Yet the sufferers are forced to applaud what in\\ntheir hearts they condemn.\\nCount. It was not possible to avoid giving the com-\\nmerce of Detroit to the Company of the Colony they\\npromised to use every effort to make the establishment\\nsucceed.\\nLa Motte. If you had known them as I do, you\\nwould have hoped nothing from them. That company\\nis more knavish and chimerical than any ever organ-\\nized. I would as soon see Harlequin emperor in the\\nmoon. It is they who have entirely upset my plans, by\\nunitedly and secretly opposing your intentions; being\\nslily aided by the Jesuits in the country.\\nCount. At what time did you learn that the king-\\nhad granted to this company the commerce of that\\nplace\\nLa Motte. I received the first notice of it on the 18th\\nday of July, 1702. I was desired by a letter, which I\\nreceived with some relics from Montreal and Quebec, to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nTwo thousand savages at Detroit No expense to the King\\ncome to an understanding with the company concerning\\nthe interests of the establishment.\\nCount. I wrote to the company that the king desired\\nthem to make a handsome addition to your salary, it\\nbeing unreasonable that you should sustain that estab-\\nlishment at your own expense, after being deprived of\\nits commerce, which had hitherto been your only means\\nof indemnification. Are there many savages at De-\\ntroit\\nLa Motte. The villages in the immediate vicinity of\\nthe fort contain more than two thousand souls. We\\nnumber four hundred good men, bearing arms.\\nCount. How have you induced these people to leave\\ntheir former villages, their fields, and their grain It\\nmust have been at great cost to the king. I judge so by\\nthe immense expense incurred for the savages who settle\\nat Montreal and Quebec. They are allowed soldiers\\nrations, even to the little children besides the frequent\\npresents they receive.\\nLa Motte. I hardly know how I have managed, but\\nI have not expended a sous. The governor-general and\\nintendant have not been willing to allow me the value\\nof a pistole to use for presents on the contrary, they\\nand the Jesuits have exhausted all their skill in vain\\nattempts to prevent the savages from coming to settle\\nthere.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 151\\nMisrepresentations Imputed to Jesuitical artifice.\\nCount. If these hinderances were removed, it appears\\nthat the better part of the savages would be united at\\nthat place\\nLa Mbtte. Without doubt, they all know that the\\nclimate is good, and the soil productive.\\nCount. You say the country is good, and produces\\nabundantly but I have been informed, repeatedly, that\\nthe land is good for nothing, producing very little grain\\nthat there is scarcely any game or fish, consequently,\\nbut a small settlement could ever be sustained there.\\nSuch accounts have induced me to make efforts to obtain\\nall possible information before urging forward this es-\\ntablishment.\\nLa Mbtte. When a man wishes to kill his dog, he\\nsays he is mad. This report of the country is merely an\\nartifice of the Jesuits, who have succeeded in attaching\\nthe governor-general and intendant to their party. The\\nrest of the inhabitants are of no account with them in-\\ndeed, the people always say Amen, to all, and for all,\\nthat the society propose in regard to the country.\\nSir, you might have learned the real state of the\\nestablishment, and the truth in regard to the country,\\nby secretly sending an honest man to investigate. If\\nhe were known as being sent out by you to report\\nconcerning the state of affairs, it would be necessary\\nthat he be well supplied with good preservatives to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDetroit Soil Grain Population Game.\\nprevent his being affected by the pestilential air of the\\ncountry. On his return, he would have assured you,\\nas I do now, that in all New France there is no bet-\\nter land; finer grain cannot be found, nor in greater\\nquantity. In regard to the number of the inhabitants,\\nthere are enough to the right and left of the fort, and\\nextending into the depth of the land, to settle all\\nPersia.\\nThey must have been very bold and rash to dare\\ntell you such falsehoods, but it all shows how the plow\\nis held in that country.\\nAs for game, there are no beaver that equal those\\nobtained there, and it cannot be denied that in three\\nyears, there have been more than thirty thousand of\\nthem killed. There is no habitable land that furnishes\\nmore game than Detroit.\\nCount. I am convinced of the truth of your state-\\nment. Enlighten me also concerning the offense which\\nthis establishment gives to the Iroquois.\\nLa Mbtte. That is merely a ruse of the enemies of\\nthe post. Being informed that the Count wishes peace\\nto exist between the French and the Iroquois, in order\\nto produce a vascillation concerning the augmentation of\\nthe forces at Detroit, they have industriously circulated\\na report that the Iroquois are dissatisfied with it. So\\nfar from this being true, there are now at Detroit thirty", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 153\\nIroquois at Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Council at Quebec.\\nfamilies of that nation, who have settled there. So long\\nas Detroit is fortified by the French and their allies, the\\nIroquois will never make war against it. The Jesuits\\nknow this well, though they intimate otherwise, and to\\naccomplish their designs they would not hesitate to in-\\nstigate our savages to attack the Iroquois, who them-\\nselves desire peace.\\nCount. Nevertheless, at the council which was held\\nat Quebec by order of the kiug, that all doubtful points\\nin regard to this establishment might be discussed and\\nsettled, all were of the opinion, that the disaffection of\\nthe Iroquois was the greatest obstacle to sustaining the\\npost at Detroit. Why did you not then make known\\nyour opinion, and set aside the difficulty 1\\nLa Motte. I had no knowledge of such a council\\nbeing held, therefore I was not able to refute what was\\nsaid. The letter which you did me the honor to write\\nunder date of June 20th, 1703, was not delivered to me\\ntill July, 1704. I then called together all the people in\\nDetroit who were present at the council at Quebec, and\\nthey signed a statement that the governor-general guard-\\ned the place of meeting, and allowed no one to depart\\ntill he had signed against this post.\\nAll the French who are settled at Detroit, asked per-\\nmission of me to settle there, from their own personal\\nknowledge of the goodness of the soil, as you saw T by", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCount convinced of Intrigue Governor gencral and Intendant.\\nthe affidavits which I took the liberty to send you under\\ndate of June 14th, of this year.\\nCount. I can no longer doubt that every thing in\\nthat country is managed by intrigue and faction. Had\\nyou been called to that council, as I wished and ordered,\\nthis affair might have terminated differently. The or-\\nders of the king seem to become greatly weakened be-\\nyond the Grand Bank I will provide against it. It\\nsurprises me that the governor-general and intendant\\nhave not decidedly declared themselves either for the\\npreservation or the destruction of Detroit. Have they\\nnot some private reason for acting thus\\nLa Motte. The governor-general and intendant have\\nwisely held themselves in a state of apparent neutrality.\\nThey have satisfied themselves with making the people\\nspeak, who were so managed as to sign the death-war-\\nrant of this establishment, while the chief officers did\\nnothing directly, the better to gild the pill for you.\\nCount. What you say may be true, but you should\\nhave warned me sooner. Perhaps they may also have\\nother reasons for not loudly declaring themselves against\\nthat post.\\nLa Motte. JSTo doubt they have displayed so much\\ndiscretion only from fear that, in causing this establish-\\nment to fail by authority, the colony might also be over-\\nthrown. Then, if it should happen that our savages", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "ft\\nEAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 155\\nNeutrality of Government Officers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Letters intercepted.\\nshould go to the English, or rather, if the latter should\\ncome to establish themselves at Detroit, the Court would\\nhave just reason to reproach them for it. Therefore,\\nthey have kept silent, and apparently neutral, that in\\ncase of any untoward event, they might throw the blame\\nupon the council, which was convened at Quebec by\\norder of the king and colonial minister. My own opin-\\nion is, that the savages will not leave Detroit, and I have\\nthought that the Jesuits, in despair of success, perhaps\\nin concert with the governor-general and intendant, may\\nattempt to instigate our allies to revive the war against\\nthe Iroquois, to induce you to decide upon the final aban-\\ndonment of Detroit. This is merely a conjecture of my\\nown I may be mistaken.\\nCount. It is shameful that you were not present at\\nthat council, which I had ordered for the sole purpose\\nof informing myself fully concerning that post. I am no\\nbetter satisfied that my letter to you was so long de-\\nlayed.\\nLa Motte. Apropos to the letter, they have inter-\\ncepted and opened that which I had the honor to write\\nyou last year, and taken copies of it, which have become\\npublic. This shows how little respect they have in that\\ncountry for His Majesty s minister it is also a violation\\nof the rights of men, never tolerated except by enemies\\nin time of war.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLetters copied Confidential plans made known.\\nCount. What do you say is it really true that\\nthere are persons bold enough to open letters addressed\\nto me Do they not know that letters are sacred, and\\nthat such curiosity is a crime, and an outrageous in-\\nsult to a minister of the State No person is permitted\\nto open a letter sent me by a commanding officer, with-\\nout first being requested to do so.\\nLa Motte. No one could be ignorant of this; but\\nit is entirely beyond doubt that my letters have been\\nopened, and that copies of them have been taken. I do\\nnot even know whether the originals have ever been sent\\nyou. The copies are exactly the tenor of my letters by\\nthis means, all my business plans have become w T ell\\nknown.\\nCount. It is not difficult to understand, that this\\nwould enable your personal enemies, and those opposed\\nto the establishment, to use all their influence against you.\\nI recollect that in your letters, you informed me of their\\nreal character, and their reasons, public and private, for\\nopposing your plans. Their opposition seems to arise\\nfrom motives of individual interest, and the hatred they\\nbear you and this hatred seems to have increased in\\nproportion to your success. I fear that, although the\\nIroquois hold in respect the fortifications at Detroit, these\\ndesigning men will induce other tribes than those settled\\nat Fort Pontchartrain, to make war upon the Iroquois,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 157\\nOrigin of difficulty between Cadillac and the Company.\\nand thus bring about the destruction of that post, which,\\naccording to the best of my knowledge, is not well gar-\\nrisoned.\\nLa Jfotte. No doubt there is danger to be appre-\\nhended in that direction and I thank you for the justice\\nyou are disposed to do me, in thus penetrating the de-\\nsigns of my enemies.\\nCount. I wish you to tell me, without any disguise,\\nwhether the complaints of the directors are true. Have\\nyou contravened the orders of the king, and engaged in\\ntrade at Detroit or have you been guilty of those em-\\nbezzlements from the company, of which you are ac-\\ncused If you are guilty, acknowledge it if innocent,\\njustify yourself, and you shall suffer no injury for having\\ndone your duty and executed my plans.\\nLa Motte. If I were guilty of any of these offenses\\nyou have mentioned, I should deserve condign punish-\\nment but I can assure yon, sir, I am as innocent of all\\nthese accusations as the angels are of sin. The origin of\\nall my difficulties with the company is, that I have con-\\nvicted M. de Tonti and two commissioners of the com-\\npany, of having traded with the savages at Detroit, for\\ntheir own benefit, although they had bound themselves\\nby contract to abstain from all such traffic.\\nCount. Is there proof of the existence of such a\\ncontract", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 EAKLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nEmbezzlements of the Commissioners Seizure of Furs.\\nLa Motte. Proof incontestable has been obtained\\nto that effect, which they have not been able to\\ndeny.\\nCount. You have doubtless seized the furs which\\nthese commissioners have attempted to smuggle.\\nLa Motte. That has indeed been clone but what\\nmakes the crime more enormous, is, that the furs have\\nbeen taken from the very storehouse of the company, or\\nrather the commissioners have sold the goods of the\\ncompany to the savages, and appropriated the product\\nto themselves.\\nCount. Where did you find the packs of furs which\\nyou speak of having seized\\nLa Motte. I found nineteen packs of a prime article,\\nwhich had been concealed by two of the commissioners\\nin a hut in a Huron village.\\nCount. Have these commissioners confessed that\\nthese nineteen packs belong to them, and resulted from\\ntheir trade\\nLa Motte. They have not only confessed the fact to\\nme, but they signed a deposition to that effect, M hich is\\ntheir own condemnation.\\nCount. Does it appear that these furs are the profits\\nof their own goods fraudulently conveyed, or of the\\ngobds of the company\\nLa Motte. Their statements differ very much but", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 159\\nFurs found bearing the mark of M. Arnaud.\\nit appears evident that the goods were stolen from the\\nstorehouse of the company.\\nCount. Is that the only seizure yon have made\\nLa Motte. There are also four pacts of beaver and\\nother furs, which I seized even in the storehouse of the\\ncompany, bearing the mark of M. Arnaud, principal\\ncommissioner.\\nCount. How did you discover the theft of these four\\npacks in the storehouse\\nLa Motte. There were two beaver-skins found with\\nthe mark of the company, and the number 229 upon\\nthem. They had served as an envelope for forty pre-\\npared roebuck-skins. The two beavers were not yet\\nspoiled, although they had been thrown into a cellar, full\\nof water, belonging to an unoccupied house. Finding\\nthem in such a place made me suppose that the store-\\nhouse had been robbed accordingly, I went to make\\nan examination, and found these four packs, which M.\\nArnaud had concealed. No doubt he had also stolen\\nNo. 229, and many others.\\nCount. Do you not suppose that these commissioners\\nhave been guilty of other embezzlements, though these\\nare enough to cause them to be hung\\nLa Motte. I know they have stolen from the com-\\npany, or defrauded them of about one hundred and\\neighteen packs of furs.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nValue of the Furs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cadillac informs against the Commissioners.\\nCount. What! one hundred and eighteen packs\\nthat is a great number. What would be the probable\\nvalue of that quantity of furs\\nLa Motte. According to my estimate, at the current\\nprice, the average value of each pack would be at least\\nforty crowns. Hence the loss to the company is about\\nfourteen thousand francs.\\nCount. No doubt you have given information of this\\nfraud to the proper authorities, that the evil might be\\nremedied, and the two commissioners, Arnaud and No-\\nlan, severely punished.\\nLa Motte. I have only too faithfully performed that\\nduty it would have been better for me if I had re-\\nmembered the proverb, Every one must live, thieves as\\nwell as others.\\nI wrote a statement of the affair to M. Callieres, but\\nhe died before my letter reached Montreal consequent-\\nly it was delivered to M. Yaudreuil, commander-in-\\nchief. At the same time I also sent a detailed account\\nto M. Lotbinieres, one of the directors. In my letter, I\\nbegged him to send me his orders concerning the affair,\\nbefore the departure of the convoy from Fort Pontchar-\\ntrain for Montreal informing him that if he and the\\ncommissioners could settle the matter between them, I\\nwas satisfied, provided the}* shielded me from all blame.\\nCount. But why is it that you did not inform all the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 161\\nOrders of M. Yaudreuil Censured by the Count.\\ndirectors instead of writing only to the governor-general\\nand M. Lotbinieres\\nLa Motte. I thought best to do so for two reasons.\\nAn officer being engaged in this bad business, it seemed\\nproper to notify the governor-general only, as a mark\\nof deference to him and I wrote to H. Lotbinieres, be-\\ncause M. Arnaud, who was the author of all this mis-\\nchief, is his son-in-law.\\nCowit. I have seen no reason to blame your conduct\\nuntil now but, as M. de Callieres was dead, and M. de\\nYaudreuil, the commander-general, received your letter,\\ndoubtless he sent his orders informing you what course\\nto pursue.\\nLa Motte. He wrote me not to precipitate matters,\\nas he wished first to see the intendant, who was at\\nQuebec.\\nCount. M. Yaudreuil was wrong, for I noticed that\\nyou particularly requested an answer before the de-\\nparture of the convoy from Fort Pontchartrain but by\\nthis reply you had no guarantee that you would be ex-\\nculpated by the directors. What course did you pur-\\nsue in this dilemma?\\nLa Motte. I was indeed very much embarrassed by\\nthe reception of such an order. I wished to obey it, yet\\nthere were many considerations against it. First, if I\\ndeferred notifying the directors of the nefarious conduct\\n11", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "163 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAccusation against the Commissioners.\\nof their commissioners, by the convoy which was to be\\nconducted by Nolan himself, they could not be informed\\nof it, and obviate the difficulty, till ten months there-\\nafter, which would have been so long a delay that it\\nmight have proved a serious injury to the company.\\nSecondly, the wages of the commissioners being once\\npaid to them, the company would not be able to obtain\\nany compensation for their losses, as both of the com-\\nmissioners were insolvent merchants. This would have\\ngiven the directors just cause of complaint against me,\\nbecause the contract declares that the commissioners\\nshall lose their wages if they are detected in any pre-\\nmeditated fault. And, thirdly, M. de Yaudreuil being\\nthen only commandant, his order was not sufficient\\nto release me from my obligations to the directors,\\nwho might have sued me for a breach of contract. I\\naccordingly sent an accusation against the commission-\\ners to all the directors, accompanied with vouchers. It\\nwould have been better for my own interests, if I had\\nallowed them to pillage the storehouse of the company,\\nwithout saying a word for, doubtless, the directors kept\\ntheir relatives there for this very purpose.\\nM. de Lotbinieres replied to my letter, regretting\\nthe fault of his son-in-law, Arnaud, but desired me to\\npardon him, and he would agree to settle all things with\\nM. Delino, in regard to Nolan, his brother-in-law, without", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 163\\nLetters of Messrs. Lotbinieres and Monseignat.\\nany one knowing it. M. de Monseignat, also a brother-\\nin-law of Arnaud, wrote me in the same style, but I did\\nnot receive their letters until some time after the convoy,\\nby which I had sent an account of the seizure, had left\\nDetroit.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nM. Cadillac s defense continued Count Pontchartrain investigates the\\nconduct of Cadillac s accusers Questions Cadillac concerning the price\\nand sale of goods Kequires a minute account of all the circumstances\\nwhich caused the difficulty between him and the Company of the\\nColony Cadillac details facts, and gives explanations and argu-\\nments Conduct of M. Denoyer His imprisonment by Cadillac M.\\nVincelot sent to Detroit His character.\\nCount. Explain to me who are the two commission-\\ners, Arnaud and Nolan.\\nLa Mbtte. They are two merchants, who conducted\\ntheir business so badly, that they became overwhelmed\\nwith debts. M. Nolan is brother-in-law of Messrs. De-\\nlino and Lotbinieres. M. Lotbinieres is the father-in-law\\nof M. Arnaud, and uncle of M. Yaudreuil, the governor-\\ngeneral. M. Monseignat is also brother-in-law of M.\\nArnaud. Messrs. Lotbinieres and Delino are directors,\\nand bosom friends. The first has the full protection of\\nhis nephew, the governor-general, and the second is\\nequally the favorite of the intendant, though not related\\nto him. This, at least, is public opinion.\\nCount. I see that you have been unfortunately situ-\\nated, especially in your official station but I am much\\ndeceived if these persons do not pay dearly for their", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 165\\nCadillac accused of selling goods under price.\\nrashness. Let us investigate farther. Who are your\\naccusers and of what do they complain\\nLa Motte. The directors of the company preferred\\nthe complaint; and the very commissioners whom I\\nhave convicted of fraud and embezzlement, are their\\nprincipal witnesses.\\nCount. Did the commissioners accuse you to the\\ngovernor-general and directors of any wrong-doing be-\\nfore you detected them in their embezzlements\\nLa Motte. None at all. It was ten months after I sent\\nthe directors an account of that procedure, signed by\\nthemselves, before a complaint was preferred against me.\\nCount. That being the case, their testimony is not\\nadmissible, and ought at once to be rejected; but I\\nwould like to know of what the directors accuse you.\\nLa Motte. The first accusation is, that I have com-\\npelled their commissioners to sell goods to the savages\\nunder price, consequently at a loss, and to the injury of\\nthe company.\\nCount. Have you ever done this intentionally\\nLa Motte. The accusation is the greatest falsehood\\nin the world, for, in 1702, the directors, far from com-\\nplaining of me concerning the interests of the company,\\nwere perfectly satisfied. I can prove this by their\\nown writings; such proof it is impossible for them to\\ndeny. It is also true, that they have paid me my salary", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDirectors satisfied till close of 170\\nto the end of the year 1703, which shows that they were\\nsatisfied. The whole affair is a trick of Messrs. Lot-\\nbinieres and Delino, who govern the other three direc-\\ntors. I have convicted their near relatives of fraud, and\\nnow they seek to screen these friends, by destroying my\\nreputation for uprightness.\\nCount. That, I call sport unto the death but it is\\nbringing their friends out of difficulty in a most shameful\\nway. Their injustice shall be punished as it deserves, if\\nyou succeed in proving what you have asserted. You\\nsay that the directors appeared satisfied with your course\\nuntil the close of 1703 did you not use coercion toward\\nthe commissioners in 1701-, and cause them to sell goods\\nat low prices? If so, confess it frankly, and give your\\nreasons no doubt they were sufficient to justify you.\\nLa Motfe. If I had done so, I could easily confess it\\nwithout running any risk, having for a guarantee the\\norder of the governor-general, signed also by the inten-\\ndant, and even the directors. These are the very words\\nThe commandant will leave to the commissioners of the\\ncompany the liberty to traffic for furs, observing only\\nthat this is done according to the orders of M. de Cal-\\nlieres. He will also prevent the sale of goods at higher\\nprices than those decided upon by the principal commis-\\nsioners of the company. This order was in reply to a\\nparagraph in a long memorial presented to Messrs. Vau-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 167\\nOrders of Governor-general and Intendant.\\ndreuil and Beauharnais. The following is the substance\\nof the orders returned The directors consider it ad-\\nvisable that the commissioners confer with the comman-\\ndant on all business of importance to the interests of the\\ncompany but they think the principal commissioner\\nought to decide in regard to whatever concerns the com-\\nmerce of the company, according to the orders which he\\nmay receive from the directors, or which he may find\\nmost advantageous always excepting those specific cases\\nin which the commandant has a right to require obedi-\\nence to his orders.\\nCount. These orders of the governor-general and in-\\ntendant were judicious otherwise, no doubt the com-\\nmissioners would have sold goods to the savages at an\\nexorbitant price, without troubling themselves about\\nthe removal of the savages from our interests to the\\nEnglish. Have you caused the sale of goods to be con-\\ntinued at the same prices as those directed by M. de\\nCallieres, when you commenced the settlement at De-\\ntroit\\nLa Motte. No. The orders of M. de Callieres were,\\nto sell to the savages at Fort Frontenac at twenty-five\\nper cent., and to those at Detroit at fifty per cent. He\\ndid this with a design. On the ratification of a general\\npeace between the French and their allies, and the Iro-\\nquois, our savages would, at once, think of the commerce,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nExtract of letter from M. Vaudreuil.\\nand to retain them still in our interest, it would be policy\\nto give them goods at reasonable prices. Messrs. Vau-\\ndreuil and Beauhamais, from the orders they have given,\\nseem to be of the same opinion. Even the company, in\\nwriting to their commissioners, acknowledge that they\\ncannot disapprove of the course which I have sought to\\nhave them pursue.\\nThe last letter of M. de Vaudreuil, dated April 24th,\\n1704, contains these words Although I directed you,\\nsir, to allow M. Denoyer to execute the orders which he\\nhad recently received from the directors, I always sup-\\nposed that, in consequence of the contract, the service of\\nthe king would not be affected by them, I will now say\\nto you, sir, that in some circumstances it would not be\\nbad policy to sell goods even at the old rates. Endeavor\\nto manage as well as possible for the interests of the\\ncompany.\\nCount. With the orders that you have received, to-\\ngether with the letters of the directors, you certainly\\ncannot be accused of using violence, even if you have\\ncaused these orders to be obeyed to the letter.\\nLa Motte. Perhaps you will rather think me repre-\\nhensible for allowing the commissioners to add so much\\nto the wealth of the company. Instead of selling their\\ngoods according to the orders of M. de Callieres, con-\\nfirmed by those of M. de Vaudreuil, at the rate of fifty", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 169\\nPrices of goods\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cadillac censured.\\nper cent., the powder of the company has been sold at\\nfour hundred per cent. balls, at six hundred per cent.\\ntobacco, at three hundred vermilion, glass beads, cut-\\nlery, iron-ware, and old iron, at two hundred no kind\\nof goods has been sold at less than one hundred per cent.,\\nthe whole tariff of prices being regulated by the price of\\nfurs at Quebec, which the directors send to me as well\\nas to the commissioners.\\nCount. You surprise me I cannot help blaming\\nyou for allowing the commissioners to sell their goods to\\nour savages at such exorbitant prices; especially at a\\ntime when we need to conciliate them, on account of our\\nwar with the English. I fear this conduct of the com-\\npany will lead the savages to commit some act of re-\\nvenge against the colony.\\nLa Mottc. You ought rather to blame the governor-\\ngeneral and intendant, who, forgetful of their own orders,\\nhave done much more for the company than they could\\nexpect me to do in such a troublesome juncture, hav-\\ning allowed the commissioners to continue to vex me by\\nsuch prices, even when they knew that the English had\\nsent necklaces to the savages at Fort Pontchartrain, with\\na tariff of their prices, in which they offered to sell goods\\nto our savages two-thirds less than our commissioners\\nsell them.\\nCount The company having sold their goods at such", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLosses of the Company Bad management.\\nexorbitant prices, have, no doubt, derived great profits\\nfrom the commerce of that post.\\nLa Jfotte. On the contrary, they have lost. The\\ndirectors have conducted the business of the company\\nvery badly, not knowing how to manage the commerce\\nof that country. They have also incurred incredible ex-\\npenses in order to favor their relatives and friends, and\\ngain credit to themselves. Then, the price of certain\\nfurs has diminished every year, though this is an event\\nattendant on all trade, and one that cannot be foreseen\\nand avoided. And, finally, the commissioners, relatives\\nof the directors, and protected by them, have levied\\nlargely on the supplies of the storehouse. Who knows\\nhow much has been plundered\\nMessrs. Lotbinieres and Delino have instituted pro-\\nceedings against me, to enable them to impeach my\\ntestimony against them and their relatives. They\\nare pretending to investigate the affair concerning\\ntheir commissioners, and have chosen a deputy to\\ngo to Detroit, and collect testimony against them, or,\\nrather, against me their design being to extricate them-\\nselves and their relatives from this difficulty, by im-\\nposing on me atrocious calumnies which they cannot\\nprove.\\nCount. Whom have they sent to Detroit to make this\\ninvestigation", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 171\\nM. Vincelot sent to Detroit.\\nLa Motte. His name is Yincelot. He was proposed,\\nby the directors, and deputed by the intendant. He\\nsprang from a degraded race, and is a man of no ability.\\nHe is cousin-gerinan to M. Pinard, one of the directors,\\nand, consequently, my adversary. This fact nullifies the\\nprocedure, making it illegal.\\nCount No doubt your detection of those embezzle-\\nments is indeed the true cause of the procedure, and M.\\nde Yaudreuil, finding himself involved in the affair, is\\nquite willing it should turn thus but, if you have done\\nyour duty as a good officer and an honest man, you must\\nnot suffer for your faithfulness. Have you any writing\\nto show that you have not used violence toward the com-\\nmissioners I have thoughts of prosecuting both the\\ndirectors and commissioners.\\nLa Motte. I have an agreement, made with the com-\\nmissioners, signed by them, by the chaplain of the fort,\\nby M. de Tonti, and myself, which proves conclusively\\nthat I have used no violence.\\nCount. What other accusations do they bring\\nLa Motte. They accuse me of a capital crime. They\\nsay I have used abusive words toward their commission-\\ners, because they did not render me certain acts of re-\\nspect, which I pretended were my due.\\nCount. I do not understand that could the directors\\ndoubt that their commissioners owed you the highest re-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFarther charges Denoyer and Radisson.\\nspect in a place where you are commandant, by the\\nauthority of the king\\nLa Motte. They doubt it so much, that they have\\npreferred this charge. It is true that I have sometimes\\nreproved their commissioners, but it has been when I\\nhave surprised them in flagrant offenses as when I con-\\nvicted them of embezzlement.\\nThe third charge is, that, M. Denoyer having been\\nsent to fill the place of their principal commissioner,\\non his arrival at Fort Pontchartrain, I detained him\\nmore than two hours in my room, while I read and\\ndeclaimed against the letters which he had brought from\\nthe directors, in order that M. Eadisson, the former prin-\\ncipal commissioner, might have time to conceal the\\npapers which he and I did not wish to have seen. By\\nthis means, they say, the directors have not been able\\nto obtain the necessary information concerning the state\\nof their affaire.\\nThe facts are simply these M. Denoyer, having de-\\nlivered to me the letters which the governor-general, in-\\ntendant, directors, and private individuals had written,\\nI invited him to take breakfast, while I was occupied in\\ntheir perusal, and he accepted the invitation. The let-\\nters were long that of the directors covering fourteen\\npages and I was engaged more than half an horn* in\\nreading; them. As soon as I had finished, I assured this", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 173\\nInterview with M. Denoyer Concealed Papers.\\nnew commissioner of all the protection he might need in\\nthe discharge of his duties. I also informed him, that it\\nwould be proper for him to execute the orders with\\nwhich he was charged, as quietly as possible, on account\\nof the savages. I told him they had never yet seen seals\\nset upon coffers, closets, and caskets, nor even upon the\\ndoors of the storehouse, nor had they ever seen a guard\\nplaced there. They would consider such things an in-\\nfringement of the liberty which is so precious among\\nthese nations. I then dismissed M. Denoyer to execute\\nhis orders. He hastened to the house of M. Raclisson,\\nwhom he found conversing with Messrs. Chatellerault and\\nDemeule, two other commissioners who had come in the\\nsame boat with M. Denoyer, and who were relatives\\nof Messrs. Delino and Lotbinieres.\\nCount. Then it is not true that M. Radisson had con-\\ncealed any papers\\nLa Motte. I have no knowledge of his doing so.\\nM. Radisson maintains that it is all an imposition of M.\\nDenoyer. It is true that neither he nor the directors\\nhave been able to prove it. But even if M. Raclisson\\nhad concealed any papers, what right have the directors\\nto accuse me of connivance with this commissioner\\nThe fourth accusation is, that, the directors having\\naccused M. Radisson of misconduct in regard to the in-\\nterests of the company, I have become his protector,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCadillac, Eadisson, and the Savages.\\ncausing the savages to demand the dismissal of M. De-\\nnoyer, and the reinstatement of M. Eadisson. They also\\nsay that I have instructed the savages to ask that my\\nwife, and the wife of M. Radisson, be permitted to re-\\nmain at Detroit, hoping, by this means, to secure my\\nown and M. Radisson s return to that post. What sem-\\nblance of truth can they present for the assertion that I\\nhave influenced the savages to demand the dismissal of\\nM. Denoyer in favor of M. Radisson, when the directors\\nacknowledge that I am not satisfied with the latter? It\\nis certain that M. Denoyer, whom I had only known\\nthree days, during which he had enjoyed my hospitality,\\ncould not in that time have done or said any thing to\\nseriously displease me. It is an absurd subterfuge to say\\nthat the savages demanded his dismissal so soon after\\nhis arrival. Equally ridiculous is the assertion of the\\ndirectors, that I influenced the savages to ask that my\\nwife, and the wife of M. Radisson, might remain at the\\nfort, to secure our return. There might be some degree\\nof probability in such an assertion, if I had received any\\norders from the governor-general, or the Count, to leave\\nthe post or even if I had been ordered to descend to\\nQuebec or Montreal, to render an account of my conduct.\\nOn the contrary, when I asked permission to go to Mon-\\ntreal, on my own business, M. Vaudreuil granted my\\nrequest, at the same time expressing his approbation of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 175\\nTestimony of Savages not admissible.\\nmy conduct. My arrest, soon after my arrival, was en-\\ntirely unexpected to me.\\nCount. I should judge, from your account of the\\naffair, that the directors, failing to find other proof suf-\\nficient to condemn you, now seek it among the pagan\\nsavages. I believe such testimony has never been re-\\nceived in a court of justice.\\nLa Motte. How could a judge allow the testimony\\nof a people who have neither faith nor law who will\\ntestify to any thing, provided they are paid for it and\\nwill unsay the same thing in half an hour, if, for the\\nservice, they can be baptized in a drink of brandy\\nCount. Is that all the directors have to say in ref-\\nerence to the savages\\nLa Motte. No. They assert that I have influenced\\nthe savages to object to the removal of the furs from\\nthe fort, until the storehouse was filled with merchan-\\ndise, and all the French had the liberty to traffic with\\nthem. The directors say my object was to compel the\\ncompany to make large imports of merchandise to\\nthat post, of which I intended to make myself master,\\nas usual.\\nCount. Did the savages really make any such de-\\nmand, and for what reason\\nLa Motte. Soon after the arrival of M. Denoyer, and\\nthe two commissioners who came with him, they mali-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nGoods of the Company appropriated.\\nciously made the savages understand that they came to\\nsend away the furs, and did not intend to bring any\\nmore merchandise. This offended the savages, who had\\nalways been promised the rights of an extensive com-\\nmerce, by the establishment of Detroit. In this course\\nof conduct, no doubt the commissioners obeyed the secret\\norders they had received from those under whose author-\\nity they were sent out.\\nCount. But what do the directors mean when they\\nassert that your object has been to cause them to make\\nlarge importations to that post, in order that you might\\nbecome master of them, as usual\\nLa Motte. Who can divine what they mean If I\\nhad appropriated their goods to myself, or wasted them,\\nthese charges would be well founded but even they do\\nnot accuse me of this. What difference would it make\\nto me whether the company made large or small impor-\\ntations, since I had no interest in them? On the con-\\ntrary, if I were trading on my own responsibility, as\\nthey have dared to assert, it would have been better for\\nme that they should send only a few goods, as it would\\nenable me to sell mine (if I had any) more advantage-\\nously and easily.\\nCount. Is there any really substantial article in the\\naccusations of the directors\\nLa Motte. They exclaim loudly against my pre-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 177\\nArrest and imprisonment of M. Denoyer.\\nsumption in imprisoning M. Denoyer, their principal\\ncommissioner, who was sent to succeed M. Radisson.\\nThey recalled M. Radisson because I accused him of\\nmisconduct. Yet the directors say this accusation was\\nmade by me with his consent, to cover our mutual em-\\nbezzlements. Would M. Radisson consent that I should\\nprefer an accusation against him, that would revoke his\\noffice, which was worth to him eighteen hundred francs\\na year besides his expenses thus involving him in the\\nloss of his wages, a sullied reputation, and the difficulties\\nand expenses of a lawsuit? I leave it to the judgment\\nof infants.\\nCoimt. It appears as you say but let me understand\\nabout the imprisonment of M. Denoyer. First, let me\\ninquire if you were forbidden to imprison, or if you had\\nthe power to inflict this punishment upon the officers and\\nothers at your post\\nLa Motte. My powers were very ample. They gave\\nme authority to punish, according to the circumstances,\\nby reprimand, arrest, imprisonment, suspension, or, in\\ncase of a clear, positive disobedience to orders, to rim\\nmy sword through the body of the offender. This extent\\nof power has been given me on account of the great dis-\\ntance of that post from the seat of government, and it\\nhas enabled me to immediately suppress all seditions and\\nfactions.\\n12", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCause of the Arrest Insubordination.\\nCount. Now tell me why you were obliged to im-\\nprison M. Denoyer, the principal commissioner\\nLa Motte. A soldier of the garrison having been\\nkilled by some of our enemies, our savages reported\\nthat they had found the stake to which he was tied. A\\nparty of one hundred savages of the different nations\\nliving around the fort, was immediately formed to pur-\\nsue the enemy, and avenge the death of the soldier.\\nThey came to me, and demanded seven or eight French-\\nmen to go with them. I ordered M. de Tonti to assem-\\nble the temporary servants of the company, and call for\\nvolunteers. From them he was to select eight good\\nmen, and give them food and ammunition from the\\nstorehouse of the company, as had been customary. M.\\nDenoyer pretended that I could not take any detach-\\nment from the servants of the company, even for the ser-\\nvice of the king, without his permission. He forbade\\ntheir leaving the fort, without first asking him. This\\nshould be so, or he would burn his books. The Cana-\\ndians, who had been drafted, were pledged to the service\\nof the company they, therefore, informed M. de Tonti\\nof the orders of the commissioner, and he brought the\\ncomplaint to me. I immediately sent for the Canadians,\\nand, having taken their several depositions in the pres-\\nence of witnesses, I sent for M. Denoyer. I asked him\\nif he pretended that I could not draft the servants of the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 170\\nInsolence of ML D^noyer.\\ncompany for the service of the king, without his permis-\\nsion. He had the impertinence to maintain to my face,\\nM. de Tonti being present, that he did so pretend and\\nasserted that he did not now believe I had the power.\\nThis reply, made with all possible arrogance, obliged\\nme to send him to prison. Therefore, I said to him I\\nwill teach you, little commissioner, to neglect your own\\nduty and act the seditious, by attempting to alienate\\nother minds from obedience.\\nCowit. Is it possible that this commissioner dared\\nshow such insolence and that a seditious person is so far\\nprotected by the company, that they even wish to accuse\\nyou of a crime for inflicting so slight a punishment If\\nyou had done otherwise, you would have deserved to\\nsuffer the penalty of military law. There is nothing so\\ninjurious, as to allow a revolt to go unchecked at its\\ncommencement; and it is of great importance that a\\ncommandant be very watchful, and that he do not permit\\nthe authority of the king to be in any degree diminished.\\nHas the governor-general received full information of all\\nthis? It seems incredible that he should allow it. How\\nlong did you keep this commissioner in confinement\\nLa Motte. Soon after my arrival at Montreal, I ren-\\ndered to the governor-general a very exact account of\\nthe whole transaction. Some time afterward, he knew\\nthat the directors had preferred this charge, among", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nConnivance of the Governor-general.\\nothers, against me. He manifested no opposition to it,\\nwhich proves that, on account of M. Lotbinieres, his\\nuncle, the whole plan has his connivance and protection.\\nAt least, it shows the little skill he possesses in main-\\ntaining the authority of the government, and protecting\\nthose officers in its service who understand their duty.\\nAs for the prison, it is nothing more than the sergeant s\\nroom, in which this illustrious commissioner Denoyer\\nremained only about three hours\\nCount. Really, that was a great punishment Be\\nassured, I will not pass by in silence the small degree of\\nattention paid by the governor-general to this affair. Did\\nthe imprisonment take place before, or after the savages\\ndemanded the dismissal of M. Denoyer\\nLa Motte. These are the facts M. Denoyer arrived\\nat Fort Pontchartrain, on the 5th of June. On the 8th,\\nthe savages demanded his removal, by a necklace, which\\nhe accepted against my entreaties, and, if I may use the\\nterm, remonstrances. I told him I would settle the affair\\nwith the savages, not doubting that I understood their\\nreasons for making the request, and thinking I could re-\\nmove the bad impressions of him which they had re-\\nceived. He would not yield to my persuasions but\\ngave up his instructions, all his papers, and the effects\\nof the company, into the hands of a man named Cha-\\ntellerault, second commissioner. So true is this, that he", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 181\\nSavages demand the Di mi- sal of M. Demyer.\\nhas stated these facts himself, which makes me believe\\nthat he had instructions to conduct in such a manner as\\nto cause the savages to demand his dismissal, and then\\ncharge the blame upon me, in my contemplated absence.\\nThe directors and their commissioners had in view my\\nremoval, and the consequent failure of the establishment.\\nM. Denoyer was imprisoned on the 22d of June, fourteen\\ndays after the savages demanded his dismissal. Some\\ndays later, I imprisoned him a second time, for having\\ndisobeyed a standing order, that no officer or other per-\\nson should leave the post without my permission. M.\\nDenoyer, as if to continue his former disobedience, caused\\nhis canoe to be put into the water and loaded for Mon-\\ntreal. He had not mentioned the subject to me, as he\\nalways pretended not to be subordinate to me. I found\\nthis canoe, belonging to M. Denoyer and the other two\\ncommissioners, ready loaded and manned with eight\\nmen, while its owners were yet under arms, according to\\nthe custom of distant posts. M. Denoyer and the other\\ntwo commissioners were immediately arrested and sent\\nto prison.\\nCount. You did right to punish such an infringe-\\nment of the universal rule in distant posts. Was M. de\\nChatellerault the second commissioner in fault\\nLa Motte. Yes, since he had received the instruc-\\ntions, papers, and effects of the company, it was real-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFrequency of Revolts Twelve years Service.\\nly his duty to ask permission for this boat to descend\\nto Montreal. This contempt of my orders, together with\\nthe fact that they had not, since their arrival, paid me\\nthe customary visit of respect always considered due the\\ncommandant of a fortified town, especially so at these re-\\nmote posts, caused me to perceive the intrigue between\\nthese commissioners. The order that no one shall leave\\nthe post without permission, is necessary to prevent the\\nembezzlements that might otherwise be made.\\nCount. Are factions and revolts frequent in that\\ncountry? Have you a good garrison? You ought, at\\nleast, to have a hundred tried soldiers at your fort.\\nLa Ifotte. The preceding year, the commissioners\\nand temporary servants of the company revolted against\\nM. de Tonti, who commanded during my absence, and\\nhe permitted the sedition to go unpunished and proba-\\nbly these new ones thought I would not dare to punish\\nthem. There is not another commandant in that coun-\\ntry who has not experienced very strong rebellions.\\nDuring the twelve years that I have commanded in that\\nregion, no open rebellion has occurred. The beginning\\nof a revolt has been checked by the immediate punish-\\nment of the instigator, for which I have always, till now,\\nbeen commended. As for the garrison, the governor-\\ngeneral, intendant, and directors, have done so well by\\ntheir treatment of the soldiers, that they have reduced", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 183\\nTreatment of the Soldiers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Company s Servants.\\nthe number to fourteen. They are treated like galley-\\nslaves. For three years past they have received neither\\nclothes nor pay.\\nCount. At the time of the meeting at Quebec, were\\nnot the temporary servants of the company more numer-\\nous than your garrison\\nLa Motte. Yes there were at that time thirty ser-\\nvants of the company, who might have raised a sedition\\nthat would have been serious in its consequences, if they\\nhad been disposed to second the movements of the com-\\nmissioners. The directors say that these acts of violence\\nfor so they designate the punishment which I inflicted\\nupon their commissioners prove that I have interests\\nseparate from those of the company, and for this reason\\nthey are opposed to my return to Fort Pontchartrain.\\nThey even objected to my remaining at Montreal, at the\\ntime of the departure of the convoy for that post, lest\\nI might have some communication with those going\\nthither, and inspire them with opinions contrary to the\\ninterests of the company.\\nCount. Have they demanded any thing more\\nLa Motte. Yes; they ask that I be ordered to re-\\nmain at Quebec, to reply to any accusations which they\\nmay hereafter bring against me. Finally, they have\\nconcluded to hold me responsible for all the harm that\\nhas befallen the company. They have obtained the con-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCadillac s vouchers Absurdity of Charges against him.\\nsent of the intendant to grant them a hearing, and he\\nhas commanded me to remain in Quebec till farther\\norders.\\nCount. Strange that they should inform against you\\nupon points which can be vindicated immediately. I see,\\nby your account, that you have vouchers for your con-\\nduct in every thing that affects the interests of the com-\\npany. Indeed, I know they were satisfied with your\\nconduct until the close of 1703. This is also fully evi-\\ndent from the fact that they have paid you four thousand\\nfrancs for your services. Doubtless, the directors have\\npreferred these charges against you to retaliate for the\\ninformation you gave against the two commissioners,\\nArnaud and Nolan, their relatives. But it is absurd\\nthat they should inform against a commandant for an\\nact of imprisonment, when he holds the full power to in-\\nflict that punishment, especially when the offense tends\\nto rebellion. It cannot be that the intendant has con-\\nsented to grant their request\\nLa Motte. On the contrary, he has permitted the\\ndirectors to institute a complaint against me, on every\\nhead contained, in their memorial, and ordered a copy\\nto be transmitted to me, that I might prepare myself to\\nanswer. He has also requested M. Kamesay, comman-\\ndant at Quebec, to require me to remain in that city till\\nI had given satisfaction to the directors.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 185\\nIllegal arrest Official intrigue.\\nCount. It appears, from this, that the intendant has\\nissued orders for your arrest, on a mere complaint, with-\\nout any legal process. Has M. Ramesay really caused\\nyou to be arrested on this requisition of the intendant\\nLa Motte. He has though not without first repeat-\\nedly informing the intendant that he could see nothing\\nin the memorial of the directors, but a mere complaint\\nwithout any proof; therefore, he did not believe he\\nought to arrest an officer holding his commission from\\nthe king himself, and esj)ecially the commandant at Fort\\nPontchartrain, a distant post established at the head of\\nthe colony. He also wrote to the governor-general con-\\ncerning the affair. In rejily, the governor-general in-\\nformed him that he had done right in executing the\\norder of the intendant and ordering my arrest.\\nCount. I no longer doubt that the governor-general,\\nintendant, and directors, have connived together, their\\nobject being to save the two commissioners, at the\\nexpense of your reputation, and to overthrow the estab-\\nlishment at Detroit, by depriving you of the com-\\nmand. All things at that post would then be under the\\nundisputed management of the Jesuits, who, it is re-\\nported, really possess all the authority in the govern-\\nment, and in the administration of justice. Do not be\\ndiscouraged if yom* statements are true, which I do not\\ndoubt, you shall not suffer for having obeyed my in-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 EAELY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDirectors and Commissioners.\\nstructions and maintained strict integrity. Have you\\nany thing to say against the proceedings of M. Vincelot,\\nwho was delegated by the intendant to investigate your\\naffairs at Detroit?\\nLa Ifotte. M. Yincelot is cousin-german to M. Pi-\\nnaud, one of the directors, who is my enemy this is suf-\\nficient to make the whole proceeding absolutely null and\\nvoid. Then the governor-general sent M. Louvigny, an\\nofficer of Quebec, and brother-in-law of M. Nolan, under\\nthe specious pretext of commanding the convoy to De-\\ntroit though the real object was to aid M. Yincelot in\\nhis efforts against me, hoping that their united influence\\nmight effect the abandonment of the post. It is also\\nnecessary for me to say that, when Messrs. Arnaud and\\nNolan were recalled, their places were filled by two\\nother relatives, Messrs. Chatellerault and Demeulle.\\nCount. Pray, stop I shall soon believe that all who\\nare in the employ of the company at Detroit, and wish\\nto retain you at Quebec, are the relatives of the three\\ndirectors, and also allied to the governor-general.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nCadillac s defense continued He gives his reasons for appealing to a\\nhigher court Narrates the measures taken to secure the destruc-\\ntion of Detroit Offer of a pension to M. Tonti Government sends\\nM. Decouverte to the Ottawas and Miarnis with goods M. Mantet\\nsent with presents and necklaces\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Vincennes sent to the Mianiis\\nwith three canoes loaded with goods Ruin of Detroit determined at\\nQuebec Fort at Detroit set on fire Church, house of the Kecollets,\\nand dwelling of M. la Motte Cadillac burned All the provisions of\\nthe fort consumed Generosity of the savages Miarnis attack the\\nDetroit savages M. Cadillac negotiates a peace between the several\\nnations War-party of the Illinois made prisoners by the French\\nBrought to the fort Whipped with rods Ottawas of Michilimackinac\\nremove to Detroit Sixty Ottawas make a descent upon the Iroquois\\nat Fort Frontenac Paganism of the savages.\\nCount. What were your reasons for bringing your\\ncause before a higher court\\nLa Motte. I have taken exceptions to the intendant,\\nbecause, upon the complaint of the directors, without\\nproof, he caused me to be arrested at Quebec, thus pre-\\nventing my return to Fort Pontchartrain a proceeding\\ncontrary to law, and a manifest act of violence, which\\nproves him my adversary. He cannot pass sentence\\nwhere he has no legal power to judge. Holding my\\nauthority directly from the king, and having always had\\nthe power to imprison or otherwise punish offenders, dur-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFur.- mortgaged to die Intendant.\\ning the twelve years that I have commanded the posts\\nin that distant region, for which I was never before in-\\nformed against, I consider myself amenable only to the\\ngovernor-general and the court.\\nThe intendant having lent the directors considerable\\nsums by orders on the Exchequer, the furs at Detroit are\\nmortgaged to him, he being surety to the office of the\\nExchequer for the sums lent. Therefore, the surety is no\\nless interested than the creditor in preserving the prop-\\nerty of the debtor. The testimony of the intendant is\\nquite necessary to me, as he possesses private knowledge\\nwhich would be unfavorable to the directors.\\nI have also objected to M. Yaudreuil, because M. Lot-\\nbinieres, first director of the company, is his uncle, and\\nfather-in-law of M. Arnaud, one of the commissioners\\nconvicted of embezzlement. Also, because Messrs. Yau-\\ndreuil and Lotbinieres, especially the first, have letters\\nconcerning those embezzlements, which they will sur-\\nrender only by the orders of a superior. I have pro-\\ntested against the procedure of M. Yincelot, because he\\nis a man of no character or ability. His parents were\\npeople of bad reputation. Besides, the testimony of M.\\nYincelot is objectionable, as he is cousin-german to M.\\nPinaud, one of the directors.\\nFinally, I have appealed to a higher power on account\\nof the plot between the governor-general, intendant, di-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 189\\nArnaud ami Xolan sent to Michiliinackinac\\nrectors of the company, and the Jesuits. They were un-\\nable to overthrow the establishment while I remained\\nthere, and no doubt they believed that, by causing me\\nto be detained here as prisoner, under these diabolical\\npretexts, they would succeed in shielding their guilty\\nrelatives, by preferring against me the same accusation\\nof which I convicted them.\\nHaving been unable, with all their authority, to\\nprove any thing against me, and thus consummate their\\nplans, they have sent M. Louvigny, major of Quebec,\\nto Detroit, to corrupt the savages, and cause them to\\ntake part against me. M. Louvigny himself has been\\nconvicted, by the sovereign council, of commercial trans-\\nactions, and of contravening the orders of the king.\\nThe commissioners, Arnaud and Nolan, having\\naccused me to the directors, left Quebec as soon as\\nthey heard of my arrival at Montreal. The directors\\nsent them to Michilimackinac in a boat, belonging to\\nthe Jesuit Fathers, heavily loaded with goods. By this\\nmeans, an opportunity was afforded to M. Arnaud to\\nbring his beaver and other furs from Michilimackinac,\\nwhither he had transported them, after having stolen\\nthem from the storehouse of the company at Detroit.\\nThese peltries were in the house of one of the Jesuit\\nFathers at Michilimackinac, which proves the protection\\nextended by the governor-general, the Jesuits, and di-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nWitnesses vent to the Outawa country.\\nrectors, to these commissioners. I spoke of it one day\\nto the governor-general, who replied that the com-\\nmissioners had gone to Michilimackinac without his\\nknowledge, the Jesuits having said nothing to him\\nabout it.\\nNearly all the witnesses who deposed at Detroit\\nconcerning the dishonesty of the commissioners, having\\narrived at Montreal, were immediately sent to the coun-\\ntry of the Outawas, charged with goods, to prevent the\\nconfrontations and proofs. The depositions of all those\\nwho have accused me, having been taken, they also have\\nbeen sent to the Outawas. In the mean time I arn per-\\nsecuted, imprisoned, and deprived of the little property\\nI possessed. All this is done to gain time, in which to\\neffect the overthrow of Detroit. They also wish to annoy\\nme, and make me ask their pardon, and beg for mercy.\\nBut I will do no such thing. I await your judgment\\nand that of the king. I wish to have this affair fully in-\\nvestigated. They have attacked my reputation, and I\\ndemand satisfaction. I have served the king with indus-\\ntry, zeal, and assiduity, in proof of which I have many\\ncertificates. All the letters of my superiors are full of\\nexpressions of satisfaction in regard to my conduct and\\nservices.\\nCount. Will you now inform me, minutely, concern-\\ning the measures that have been taken for the destruc-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 191\\nTreatment of M. Tont; Private contract.\\ntion of Detroit? Speak plainly, and be assured of my\\nprotection, provided you accuse justly, and alter the\\ntruth in nothing.\\nLa Motte. I will not depart from this principle. My\\npatroness is Truth, and I believe myself invincible while\\nI fight under her banner. I will simply give you the\\nfacte, and you may draw your own inferences the pub-\\nlic have drawn theirs.\\nLast year M. de Tonti, having descended from De-\\ntroit to Montreal and Quebec, found himself denounced,\\nwith the commissioners of the company, for trade and\\nembezzlement. Far from punishing him, the directors\\nhave sent him back again to Detroit, finding him a good\\ninstrument to use secretly against me, and against that\\npost. As an additional encouragement, they gave him\\na pension of six hundred francs a year, by contract, un-\\nder private seal. The understanding was, that he should\\nsend his wife back to Montreal, as a means of making\\nthe savages believe that they intended to abandon De-\\ntroit. As soon as I heard of it, I proposed to send my\\nfamily to Quebec or Montreal, for the same sum; but\\nthey woidd not listen to it. I did this to try them.\\nAt the time of M. Tonti s return, they sent M. Mantet\\nto Michilimackinac, with two canoes loaded with goods\\nand brandy, under the pretext of conveying thither the\\namnesty. Yet he departed for the Outawas six or seven", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nM. Mantet\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Goods sent to Michilimaekinac.\\nweeks before the arrival of tlie vessels that brought the\\nnews of the said amnesty. They also sent M. Decouverte\\nto the Outawas and Miamis, with two canoes loaded with\\ngoods and brandy, under pretext of settling some differ-\\nences between our allies.\\nAccording to the confession of M. Yaudreuil, M.\\nMantet was charged with presents and necklaces to set-\\ntle these difficulties. It is therefore evident that the\\nmission of M. Decouverte to the Miamis has only been\\nto prevent that nation from coming to settle at Detroit,\\nand, in case of ill success, to create disturbance.\\nM. Yincennes was also sent to the Miamis, with or-\\nders to go by the way of Detroit, being really sent to\\nM. Tonti. He had three canoes loaded with goods, and\\nmore than four hundred quarts of brandy. His pretext\\nwas, that he was going to terminate the war commenced\\nby the Miamis at Ouyatanon, against the nations settled\\nat Detroit, and against the Iroquois. This war was al-\\nready ended, and the governor-general and intendant\\nwere so informed. Besides, it would be strange to send\\nan ensign ad honores to settle difficulties between nations\\nat a distant post, where there was already a commandant\\nappointed by the court.\\nWhen I questioned M. Yincennes concerning his er-\\nrand, he told me that the governor-general had an in-\\nterest in the goods which he carried. I mentioned this", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 193\\nFather Marest\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Euin of Detroit\\nto M. Vaudreuil, who replied that he would discharge\\nM. Yincennes, as lie had only given him permission to\\ntake two canoes.\\nFather Marest, Superior of Michilimackinac, and of\\nall the missions to the Outawas, M. Tonti, captain at De-\\ntroit, and M. Mantet, met at Quebec and it was there\\nand then that the ruin of Detroit was determined upon\\nby the Superior of the Jesuits at Quebec, the governor-\\ngeneral, intenclant, and directors. To effect this, they\\ndecided to issue permits, and re-establish the mission at\\nMichilimackinac. That their plans might not fail, Father\\nMarest returned with a boat-load of goods. M. Mantet\\naccompanied him with two other boats, and M. Tonti\\nwent with them as far as Detroit.\\nM. Callieres had made an arrangement, to which the\\nSuperior of Quebec had subscribed, fixing the destina-\\ntion of Father Marest at Detroit; yet the governor-\\ngeneral and intendant wrote me that they could not pre-\\nvent his return to Michilimackinac, for several strong\\nreasons. Thus you perceive that Father Marest has had\\npermission to take one boat-load of goods to Michili-\\nmackinac, thus preventing the savages from coming to\\nDetroit to trade.\\nM. Mantet has taken two boats, M. Decouverte two,\\nM. Vincennes three, and M. Boudor one. M. Boudor\\nhas the savages quite at his disposal, and has carried\\n13", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nOutawas supplied with Goods and Brandy.\\ninto the country of the Outawas more than twenty thou-\\nsand francs worth of goods and brandies.\\nM. Tonti has also been well paid. He has sent\\nthree boat-loads of goods to the Outawas, where they\\nhave been sold for his benefit. Twelve boat-loads of\\ngoods have been sent to the Outawas, beside large quan-\\ntities carried thither by the savages. It is true that per-\\nmission has been given, under pretense of their going to\\nthe Illinois, who are too far distant to come to us but\\nit was only a pretense.\\nOrders were, some time since, issued by government,\\nforbidding any one in all the colonies to sell brandy to\\nthe savages, under any circumstances whatever and the\\npenalties attached to the law were inflicted with all pos-\\nsible severity. While they punish with rigor all viola-\\ntions of this ordinance at any of the posts, they allow\\ngreat quantities of brandy to be carried into the depths\\nof the forests and the Jesuits do not complain of it.\\nThey now maintain a strict silence on the subject,\\nafter having made so much noise about it in the days of\\nCount Frontenac and M. de Callieres. They did not then\\nso rule the country.\\nThe fort at Detroit has been partially burned. The\\nfire was the work of an incendiary. It was set in a\\nbarn, which was filled with Indian corn and other grains.\\nThis barn was flanked by two of the bastions.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 195\\nFort at Detroit fired\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Repaired.\\nThe flames being increased by a high wind, the\\nchnrch, the house of the Recollets, M. Tonti s house, and\\nmy own, were all consumed. My loss was about four\\nhundred pistoles. I might have saved my house, if I\\nwould have allowed the storehouse of the company and\\nthe property of the king to burn. I had one hand se-\\nverely burned, and lost most of my papers.\\nThe fort was repaired in two or three days, all the\\nsavages assisting me with the best possible grace. They\\nalso manifested their generous feelings toward me on this\\noccasion. Having lost all my own provisions, and the\\nsupplies of the garrison and of the servants of the com-\\npany, the savages made to me, personally, a present of a\\nhundred bushels of corn. They also furnished all the\\ngrain necessary for the subsistence of the garrison, at the\\nusual prices, taking no advantage of our necessities.\\nThe garrison of one hundred men that was given me in\\n1701, had become reduced, at that time, to fourteen, so\\nthat it was impossible for me to guard all the fort in-\\ndeed, I could fully protect only two of the bastions, and\\nthat with much fatigue to the soldiers. Having received\\nneither clothing nor pay for three years, they were also\\nmuch discouraged. One of the soldiers fired upon the\\nsavage who set fire to the barn but we could not leam\\nwho he was, nor have we since been able to obtain any\\ndefinite information concerning him. All the nations", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nMiamis atiack Detroit Flag of Truce.\\nsettled around Detroit aver that it must have been a\\nforeign savage, or some Frenchmen who will be well\\npaid for committing the deed.\\nSoon after the attempt to burn the fort, the Miamis of\\nOuyatanon came to Detroit, and made an attack on the\\nsavages there. They killed an Outawa, two Hurons, and\\na Pottawatomie. This act of hostility exasperated all\\nthe nations at Fort Pontchartrain, and warlike prepara-\\ntions were immediately made. I succeeded in persuading\\nthem to wait a few clays, and then dispatched a messen-\\nger to the camp of the Ouyatanons, who were four hun-\\ndred strong, telling them if they did not come promptly\\nand make reparation for this insult, I would go myself\\nand exterminate them but, if they would come, I would\\nsend them a white flag for their protection. They im-\\nmediately sent their chiefs to Detroit, replaced the dead\\nwith the living, according to their custom, and made\\nlarge presents to the relatives of those who were killed.\\nThus a bloody war was prevented. Father Mermet,\\nJesuit, is missionary to the Ouyatanon Miamis. This\\nattack was made after the Miamis of the river St. Jo-\\nseph had left their villages to come and settle at Detroit.\\nAbout the same time that the Ouyatanons attacked\\nDetroit, the Illinois also sent thither a war-party of\\nfifteen persons. They were discovered and made pris-\\noners.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 197\\nPrisoners whipped by the French Outawa chief.\\nWhen they were brought to the fort, the French con-\\ntented themselves with whipping the prisoners with\\nsmall rods, giving them to understand that I treated\\nthem as a father, preserving to them the lives which\\nthey deserved to lose. I then sent four of them back to\\ntheir tribe, with the demand that some of the principal\\nchiefs should come and give their reasons for presuming\\n.to make war against the nations of Detroit. They were\\nso much intimidated by this, that a treaty of peace was\\neasily concluded, which still continues.\\nThe Illinois stated that Elouaousse, one of the chiefs\\nof the Outawas, had been sent to their country, to per-\\nsuade them to engage in a war against his own nation at\\nDetroit. He had induced these fifteen young men to\\njoin him, and they departed on the expedition without\\nthe knowledge of the old men of the nation, who would\\nhave nothing to do with the affair.\\nFather Gravier is missionary to the Illinois, and M.\\nDelieta, a relative of M. Tonti, also resides there. Prob-\\nably their design in instigating the destruction of the na-\\ntion of Detroit, by the Illinois and Miamis, was to cause\\nthe savages to retire to Michilimackinac to avoid the\\nwar. The Illinois who are not boatmen, would not be\\nable to cross the straits which unite Lake Huron with\\nthe Lake of the Illinois. Elouaousse, of whom I spoke,\\ndid not leave Michilimackinac for the Illinois till some", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nHurons Outawas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Memorial of Jesuits.\\ntime after the arrival of Father Marest and M. Mantet.\\nThe few Hurons who remained at Michilimackinac, have\\nleft that place, and joined those at Detroit. All that na-\\ntion are now established there. I had the honor to assure\\nyou, by letter, last year, that this would be so in spite\\nof the declarations to the contrary, made by the famous\\nFather Carheil, their missionary.\\nThe Outawas of Michilimackinac, with the excep-\\ntion of seventy or eighty, have also come to Detroit.\\nThis transmigration has surprised the whole body of\\nthe Jesuits in that country. They did not expect it.\\nThe governor-general and intendant were quite unpre-\\npared for such intelligence, as they had placed full con-\\nfidence in Messrs. Mantet and Decouverte; and espe-\\ncially in the representations of Rev. Fathers Marest and\\nCarheil.\\nLast year I had the honor to send you a copy of a\\nmemorial of the Jesuit Fathers, particularly of those of\\nMichilimackinac, in which they intimated to me that if\\nthe savages came to Detroit, they would follow. The\\nsavages have come, but the Fathers remain immovable\\nin their parishes.\\nSixty warriors of the Outawas, who still remained\\nat Michilimackinac, made a descent upon the Iroquois,\\nand surprised and captured nearly forty of them, under\\nthe very walls of Fort Frontenac. Having killed one", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 199\\nSixty Outawas attack the Iroquois.\\nof the Iroquois, they placed a Huron tomahawk upon\\nhis body, to signify that he must have been killed by\\nsome of the Hurons of Detroit. The Outawas could\\nnot reach the villages of the Iroquois by the usual,\\nroute, without passing Detroit, where they would be\\nopposed by the nations dwelling there so they crossed\\nover to the other side of the river, and descended to\\nFort Frontenac.\\nIt is not at all probable that sixty men would have\\nhad the boldness to declare war against the five nations\\nof the Iroquois, unless instigated to such an act by those\\nwhom they considered wiser than themselves. Probably\\nthe motive presented, was the hope of the re-establish-\\nment of Michilimackinac, by depopulating Detroit. The\\ninstigators knew very well that Detroit could not sus-\\ntain itself against the hordes of the Iroquois, without a\\nstrong French garrison, and that the savages would\\nvery naturally return to their old hunting-grounds, to\\nescape the dreaded Iroquois. This event occurred after\\nmy descent to Quebec, and while I was detained there\\na prisoner. Soon after the attack, M. Mantet arrived\\nat Montreal and fifteen days after, M. Decouverte\\ncame also. Both brought a number of boats loaded\\nwith beaver and other furs the recompense for such a\\nfine errand.\\nM. Vincennes is now actually at Detroit, with four", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200 eak\u00c2\u00a3y history of Michigan.\\nPayment of an Envoy New interpreter.\\nhundred quarts of brandy, and is keeping a public house.\\nHe was the precursor of M. Louvigny, major of Quebec,\\nand of M. Vincelot, sent by the intendant to obtain evi-\\ndence against me. In corrupting the savages, brandy\\nhas not been spared.\\nThe directors have paid M. Louvigny two thousand\\nfrancs for making this journey, which occupied him only\\nfifty-five days. An officer was never before known to\\nreceive pay for escorting an envoy. M. Vincelot has\\nalso received the sum of one thousand francs for the voy-\\nage. He returned with M. Louvigny. See the gener-\\nosity of the directors, at a time when the company is\\noverwhelmed with debt, and the colony in the greatest\\ndistress, and without resources\\nThe interpreter sent by M. Callieres to Detroit, was\\nM. Champigny. He has been withdrawn, because he\\nwas an honest, able man. They have put in his place a\\nman named Rivan, who does not understand the Outawa\\nlanguage, of which he is the interpreter but he is a\\nbrother-in-law of M. Yaudreuil.\\nThe Outawas accused Quarante Sous, a chief of the\\nHurons, of having told them that it was I who had in-\\nstigated the demand for the dismissal of M. Denoyer.\\nQuarante Sous denied it, and asserted, in the presence of\\nM. Louvigny, M. Yincelot, and all the French, that the\\naccusation was false that I had never spoken to him of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 201\\nQuar.mte Sous Oath administered to Savages.\\nM. Denoyer. I do not understand the language of\\nM. la Motte, said he, neither does M la Motte under-\\nstand mine, and where is the interpreter? The Outa-\\nwas hung their heads, and confessed that they knew\\nnothing about it. All of my witnesses from Detroit,\\nsaid boldly that every thing had been done to intimi-\\ndate them, yet they all testified decidedly in favor of my\\nacquittal.\\nIn taking the testimony of the Outawas, M. Yincelot\\nmade them raise the hand and take an oath that, by\\ntheir hopes of Paradise, they would speak the truth.\\nSuch a thing was never before known among the Outa-\\nwas. I would be willing to stake my life against the\\nproduction of one previous example. They would as\\nsoon raise the foot as the hand and would be baptized\\na hundred times a day for a hundred drinks of brandy.\\nWe may infer the value of their oath. It is an indis-\\nputable fact, that there is no wigwam without its divin-\\nity as the eagle, the serpent, the bear, and many other\\nanimals to whom they sacrifice in their necessities,\\nespecially in times of war and sickness. The only good\\nthat the missionaries do, consists in the baptism of chil-\\ndren who die after having received it, and perchance\\nadministering the same rite to some old man at the hour\\nof death.\\nWhat officer would command in that country, if the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMartial feast at Fort Frontenac.\\ntestimony of the savages was received in the courts of\\nlaw It would have been more prudent for M. Yaudreuil\\nto recall me at once, if he wished to destroy this post\\nand protect his relatives in their dishonesty, than to\\nproceed in this manner because, hereafter, the savages\\nwill have neither respect nor fear for the commanding\\nofficers.\\nM. Yaudreuil has not been sufficiently cautious he\\nhas not foreseen the consequences of this affair, nor the\\nsevere blow which his conduct gives to the authority of\\nthe king. Messrs. Frontenac and Callieres would not\\nhave made such a mistake.\\nM. Lacorne, lieutenant of the troops, whom the gov-\\nernor-general has appointed to the command at Fort\\nFrontenac, made a martial feast to the Iroquois put\\nthe hatchet into their hands, and directed them to go\\nand make war against the nations at Detroit. He is a\\ngood officer and understands the colonial service, and\\nwould never have declared war against the savages at\\nDetroit, without orders from the governor-general, either\\nverbal or written.\\nThis last attempt to destroy that post is outrageous,\\nand proves, too well, that the war which the Illinois and\\nOuyatanons had commenced against our savages, and\\nthe attack of the sixty Outawas from Michilimackinac\\nupon the Iroquois, and M. Lacorne s declaration of war,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 203\\nM. Vaudreuil s illegal Traffic\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Land leased.\\nall emanated from the same source. The only evidence\\nwe had of the instigation of the Jesuits in the other diffi-\\nculties, was the word of the savages but M. Lacorne s\\nproceedings unravel the mystery.\\nM. Yaudreuil himself, has sent an Outawa named\\nSans Souci, formerly a soldier under his command, to\\nMichilimackinac, with two canoes/ loaded with seven\\nor eight thousand francs worth of goods and brandy,\\nunder pretense of bringing Ouendigo, a savage belong-\\ning at Michilimackinac. If this sort of pretext is\\ngood to cover an illegal traffic, there was no need of\\nsuppressing the permits. Can any one doubt that Sans\\nSouci is interested with the governor-general in this\\ncommerce\\nM. St. Germain has leased M. Yaudreuil s grant of\\nland, and gives him for it three thousand francs a\\nyear, besides having built a house, which is to become\\nthe property of M. Yaudreuil when the lease expires.\\nThere is not more than a quarter of an acre of the\\nland broken up therefore, the tenant must of necessity\\ntraffic with the Indians, otherwise he could not pay\\nso large a rent, or build so good a house, for the\\nbenefit of M. Yaudreuil. Indeed, it is notorious that M.\\nSt. Germain has earned his beaver to the English, and it\\nis a greater vexation to the neighboring inhabitants, who\\nare forbidden to make any trade with the savages.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204: EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nBeaver brough: by M. Decouverte.\\nM. Decouverte, on his return from the country of\\nthe Outawas, brought with him beaver to the amount of\\nsix thousand francs, as any one may see at the office\\nof Receipt. Of this, M. Vaudreuil has received a thou-\\nsand crowns.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "Mpn\\n(S. 1BI", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nDisaffection of the Iroquois toward Detroit-Detroit Indians invited by\\nthe English to Albany, in 1703\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Return disaffected toward the French\\nFiring of the fort The consequences Letter from Father Marest,\\nat Michilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Additional account of the difficulties with the\\nIndians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fears for the safety of the French\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Chartier resolves to\\nleave the mission-house at St. Ignace, and go alone to Fort Michili-\\nmackinac Prevented by the offer of Merasilla, an Outawa-Sinago\\nHe assures the missionary of his own safety\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Asks a flag and letters\\nto the French at Michilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Three Frenchmen return with\\nhim\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michilimackinac more securely fortified\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Arnaud makes\\npresents to the savages\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The old men in council disapprove of the\\nconduct of their tribe in going to Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Great anxiety about the\\nmissionaries at St. Joseph\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Friendship of Koutaouiliboe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Onaske\\nsends an apology to the governor-general for his seeming remissness\\nin duty to the French\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Savages returned from Detroit report two\\nFrenchmen killed, one a Eecollet priest.\\nThe settlement of Detroit in 1701, called forth the re-\\nmonstrances of the Iroquois, which were entirely un-\\nheeded by the French. Disaffection on the part of that\\npowerful confederacy of nations was the consequence,\\nthough they still continued to observe the conditions of\\nthe treaty made at Montreal the previous year.\\nIn 1702, war was declared against France by England,\\nGermany, and Holland. This renewal of hostilities had\\nno perceptible effect upon the colonies in America, until\\nthe following year, 1703. In the summer of that year,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0217.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "206 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nIndians invi:ed to Albany\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Disaffection.\\nthe Indian nations in the vicinity of Detroit were invited\\nby the English to Albany, and a number of the chiefs\\nof the Outawas accepted the invitation. They returned\\ndisaffected toward the French, having been induced to\\nbelieve that the post at Detroit was established for the\\npurpose of effecting their subjugation.\\nThe firing of the fort, soon after their return, and be-\\nfore M. la Motte s departure for Montreal, was, no doubt,\\nan outburst of their aroused indignation and the subse-\\nquent attacks upon Fort Pontchartrain, during his pro-\\nlonged absence, by the Miamis of Ouyatanon, and the\\nOutawas of Michilimackinac, are no doubt traceable to\\nEnglish as well as Jesuitical influence.\\nIn addition to the account of these difficulties, given\\nby M. la Motte to Count Pontchartrain, is the following\\nletter, written by Rev. Father Marest, missionary at\\nMichilimackinac, to the governor-general\\nMichilimackinac, August 14, 1706.\\nJ. M. J.\\nMonsieur I did myself the honor to write you, by\\nToupikanich, concerning the bad news we had heard from\\nDetroit, that a war had broken out between the Hurons,\\nMiamis, and Outawas. At the time I wrote, we were\\nignorant of the fate of the French at Detroit, and also at\\nMichilimackinac.\\nu The savages whom we sent to Michilimackinac, re-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0218.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 207\\nLetter of Rev. Father Marest\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Cliartier.\\nturned after going almost to the very gates of the fort,\\nwithout bringing us any assurance of the safety of the\\nFrench.\\nM. Chartier, though he had cause to fear the savages\\nat Michilimackinac, on account of some captives who\\nwere there, was the first to offer to go on this hazardous\\nmission, saying he was ashamed to remain, and rely\\nsolely on the reports of the savages, for every one knew\\nthat they always mix the false with the true in any news\\nthey undertook to report.\\nBut an opportunity was providentially afforded us of\\nlearning all we wished to know, without incurring any\\nrisk. Merasilla, an Outawa-Sinago, who was going to\\nDetroit with the people of Toupikanich to avenge the\\ndeath of his brother, who was killed the day after he\\nwas made chief, and by this means restore the name of\\nKischkouch, when he heard that we intended to go to\\nMichilimackinac, begged of us to ask the savages to re-\\nlease him, that he might accompany us thither. The\\nsavages granted our request, but reproached him with\\nhaving no love for his brother. But, nothing daunted,\\nhe requested an interview with M. Menard and myself.\\nThe parley took place the next morning, which hap-\\npened to be St. Ignace day, after mass had been said for\\nthat saint. All the French who wished, were permitted\\nto be present.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0219.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "208 EAKLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nMerasilla an Outawa-Sinago.\\nNo one could have spoken in a more engaging, sen-\\nsible manner, than did Merasilla. He said there really\\nwas cause to fear for us, and for the French at Michili-\\nmackinac but he hoped to be able to relieve all the\\nFrench from any trouble they might be in. He re-\\nquested us to give him a flag, and a letter to the French\\nthese would be sufficient evidence to them that he had\\nnot come to imbrue his hands in their blood. He said,\\nif he found the French at Michilimackinac still alive,\\nand desirous to revenge themselves upon their enemies,\\nif all things were favorable to such an attempt, he would\\nreturn immediately with the letter which the French\\nwould undoubtedly send in answer to ours. If he found\\nthat the French had already been massacred, without\\nallowing the savages there to suspect that he had seen\\nus, he would come with the utmost dispatch and warn\\nus, that we might retire to a place of safety and if there\\nwere any immediate danger of an attack upon us, he\\nwould aid us in defending ourselves.\\nYou may judge how gladly his proposition was re-\\nceived, though it is always said that a man risks his life,\\nif he trusts to the fidelity of a savage. But we made\\nhim such promises, in our own name and in yours, that\\nthe hope of reward was to him a very strong induce-\\nment to keep his word. We told him that as soon as he\\nreturned, we would recompense him abundantly, whether", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0220.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 209\\nHostages French give presents to Merasilla.\\nthe condition of things were good or bad, and that we\\nwould inform you of the essential service he had ren-\\ndered us, and you would never forget it.\\nTo give us every possible assurance of his fidelity,\\nMerasilla left his whole family with us as hostages, and\\nwith only three savages, departed in a canoe for Michili-\\nmackinac. He executed his commission with the utmost\\nsecrecy. He said nothing to the savages, nor to the\\nFrench, except to the one to whom he gave the letter,\\nuntil after he was fully informed of the state of affairs.\\nAll the French at Michilimackinac greatly admired his\\njudicious conduct. On his return to the mission, each\\nof the Frenchmen there made him a present to the value\\nof four beavers for which it is but just that the king\\nshould remunerate us, as it is in his service that we are\\nexposed to so many dangers. You will greatly oblige\\nall of us, myself in particular, if you will also recompense\\nhim liberally. He will then feel, that to render good\\nservice to the French who are under your orders, and\\nespecially to a missionary, is a matter of some im-\\nportance.\\nThree Frenchmen returned with Merasilla from\\nMichilimackinac, who informed us it was not without\\nreason that we had been told that we risked much in at-\\ntempting to go to Michilimackinac. For eight days the\\noccupants of that post had been as if the tomahawk were\\n14", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0221.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "210 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nImminent danger\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Outawas go :o De.roit\\nsuspended over their heads. Two of the principal wo-\\nmen in the village, who had always until then appeared.\\nvery friendly to the French, went weeping from hut to\\nhut, demanding the death of the French who had killed\\ntheir brother. Three or four times the French had been\\nobliged to make presents to the Indians, who considered\\nthese gifts as a kind of contribution, or honest plunder.\\nThey had also been obliged to sell goods to the savages\\nat their own price. But, since the last news from De-\\ntroit, by which it appeared that the French there had\\nnot shared in the second attack made on the Outawas,\\naffairs at Michilimackinac had been more quiet.\\nThe day before the Frenchmen left Michilimackinac\\nto come to us, all the Outawas in the village, about one\\nhundred and sixty in number, including those who\\ncame to invite them, started for Detroit. If the French\\nthere should take any part in the difficulties between\\nthe different tribes, there would be more reason than\\never to fear for the safety of the French at Michili-\\nmackinac.\\nNotwithstanding this news, we all resolved to pro-\\nceed together to Michilimackinac. For my own part, I\\nconsidered it quite as safe to risk being detained as a\\nhostage by the savages, as to incur their displeasure,\\nwhich I should most certainly do if I attempted to go to\\nMontreal. Besides, I believed that my presence would", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0222.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 211\\nFrench fortify Michilimackinac.\\nserve as a restraint upon the savages, and thus be some\\nsecurity to the French.\\nOn our arrival at Michilimackinac, on the 9th of\\nAugust, every one seemed rejoiced. The savages de-\\nclared that they were now convinced that their father\\nOnontio would not abandon them that whatever might\\nhappen at Detroit, the French would always be secure\\nhere. Indeed, they said they did not believe Onontio\\nhad any thing to do with the affair at Detroit, since,\\nthough he had knowledge of it, he had sent them good\\npromises, and the missionary had returned to them, in\\nspite of all the dangers of the way.\\nThe French have been actively engaged in fortifying\\nthis establishment for the safety of themselves and their\\neffects, as no one can depend on the word of the savages,\\nsince the chiefs, however good their intentions, are not\\nmasters. For our better security, M. Arnaud has found\\nit necessary to make presents to all the savages. In this\\nhe has acted for the public good, and deserves to be re-\\npaid. He will present his bill to yourself and the in-\\ntendant. You are not ignorant how zealous M. Arnaud\\nis for the public good, especially when he knows that\\nhis services will meet your approval. His generosity\\nought not to go unrewarded. M. Menard, who came up\\nwith me from Montreal, will also present you with his\\nbill of expenditures in the service of the king.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0223.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "212 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPresents Old men in Council.\\nIt is not just that these two men should be obliged\\nto defray the expense of presents to the savages espe-\\ncially as the king in these troublous times has provided\\nno presents with which to settle difficulties. I have my-\\nself paid the value of a score of beavers, for services. You\\nwill permit me to say that, as I came here by your or-\\nders, in the midst of so many dangers, it seems only\\nright that some provision should have been made for my\\njourney, and I hope hereafter this subject may receive\\nyour attention. Still, I am very glad to be here, and\\nhope my presence will be of service to the French.\\nI believe, if M. Menard and myself had arrived\\nhere before the departure of the Indians for Detroit, we\\nmight have prevented their going, by informing them of\\nsome things we heard by the way but this was not per-\\nmitted. The old men in council have condemned the\\ndeparture of their tribe, but say they could not restrain\\nthe young men, after they had learned the treason of the\\nHurons. Besides, they went to aid their relatives, by\\ntheir tomahawks and with provisions.\\nBefore we left St. Ignace, Toupikanich informed us\\nthat a party of a hundred men would soon arrive, on\\ntheir way to Detroit but they did not appear while we\\nremained there. Therefore M. la Motte ought not to\\nfind fault because we did not stop them.\\nAbout that time, a party of warriors were to leave", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0224.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 213\\nExpedition against the Miatnis prevented.\\nMichilimackinac, and, having engaged the Sacs and\\nFoxes to join them, intended to attack the Miamis on\\nthe river St. Joseph. M. Arnaud induced them to wait\\nuntil our arrival and we were enabled entirely to divert\\nthem from their object. To effect this, we gave them\\nthe necklace you had sent to settle their difficulty with\\nDetroit, and prevent their going thither. This necklace,\\nwith tobacco, had the effect to stop Onaske and Kou-\\ntaouiliboe, who were living beyond the precincts of the\\nvillage and through their influence the whole project\\nwas easily overthrown. Several canoes have indeed de-\\nparted since, but there was not a sufficiently large num-\\nber of savages to make a successful attack.\\nI asked the savages if I could send a canoe manned\\nwith Frenchmen to the river St. Joseph, with any degree\\nof safety They replied that I could, and urged me to\\ndo so, seeming to take an interest in the Fathers who\\nare there. The truth is, they do not feel at liberty to\\nmake war upon the Miamis while the missionaries re-\\nmain there, and for that reason would prefer that they\\nshould come to us. I had previously engaged some\\nFrenchmen to carry the news to the river St. Joseph,\\nand to relieve our Fathers if they were in any difficulty\\nbut one of them has been so much intimidated by the\\nrepresentations of his friends, that he dare not trust him-\\nself among the savages.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0225.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "214 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFrench Commandant desired by the Savages.\\nAs affairs are at present, I do not think the removal\\nof the Fathers is advisable, for that is the most import-\\nant post in all this region except Michilimackinac and\\nif the Outawas were relieved from the restraint imposed\\nupon them by the existence of the mission, they would\\nunite so many tribes against the Miamis, that in a short\\ntime they would drive them from this fine country.\\nAll the old men of this village who are friendly to\\nthe French, among whom is Koutaouiliboe, have be-\\nhaved so well during all the trouble at Detroit, that they\\ndeserve to be rewarded for their zeal. Koutaouiliboe\\nhas long been our friend. He possesses sound sense and\\na good reputation, and has affection enough for us to\\ndeserve our consideration. He desires me to say, to you\\nin particular, that he cannot settle all these bad affairs\\nalone, and he wishes you, next autumn, to send the\\nFrench chief you intend for them, and they will pay the\\namount in beaver. They no longer know where to find\\nmartens and wild-cats. He says, they all wish to have\\nno more difficulties here.\\nOnaske wishes me to inform you that the reason he\\nhas appeared to grow remiss, was from the fear that\\nsome trouble might occur in his absence, and there\\nwould be no one to settle it. He says, that while he\\nwas at the Isle en Huronne, the smallpox desolated his\\nvillage, and he invited the Kickapoos of Detroit to re-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0226.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 215\\nMessage of Onaske to the Governor-general.\\nturn here but they did not obey him, and now they\\nhave been killed by the Hurons. He took the French\\nin his arms, when the people who came from Detroit\\nhad a bitter heart toward them for that reason I found\\nthem in good condition. He was very glad to see me,\\nand hoped I would remain. He was glad that the\\nFrench had made a fort for me, and for themselves. It\\nwould strike fear into the hearts of their enemies, and\\ncause jealousy among the tribes at Detroit. He had\\ndone all he could to prevent the young men from de-\\nscending to Detroit and since I was here, he had noth-\\ning to fear from those who should come from there, and\\nhe would not allow any trouble to originate here. If Le\\nPesant left Detroit, he did not believe he would come\\nhere, but would probably go to Manitoulin. Onaske\\nbegs you always to love his village, and not to believe\\nthe representations of Le Pesant, who gave six packs of\\nbeaver to the Iroquois to induce them to come with him\\nand destroy Michilimackinac. He hopes you will con-\\ntinue to hinder the Iroquois from coming here, and in-\\nstruct them not to receive the Huron, if he wishes to re-\\nturn to his wigwam. You will, of course, manage these\\nthings as you think proper.\\nI have, at last, found another Frenchman who is\\nwilling to go to the river St. Joseph, and I hope the four\\nwill now depart immediately. We have reason to feel", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0227.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "216 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nGreat battle fought at Detroit.\\nanxious concerning the safety of the Fathers, on account\\nof so many war-parties going down on that side. At\\nleast, we shall have news from St. Joseph, unless our\\nmen find too many dangers in the way.\\nMichilimackinac, August 27, 1706.\\nA few canoes of the savages of this place, who went\\nto Detroit, having returned, I am permitted to give you\\ntheir report they arrived here on Monday, August 23d.\\nThe chiefs of Michilimackinac, who remained at home,\\nhave always maintained that their men had not gone to\\nfight, but to withdraw their brothers, the young men,\\nfrom Detroit. Those who went last, report that they\\nmet these young men on their way home. Five or six\\ndays had already elapsed since they left Detroit, and\\nthey were nearly exhausted with hunger. Ten canoes\\nhave gone to Saginaw for provisions. Le Pesant and\\nJean la Blanc, with many others, are still delayed by\\nthe wind. Those who have arrived, say that a great\\nbattle was fought at Detroit, and that the French were\\ngoing out with the Miamis and Hurons to attack the\\nOutawas in their fort. Two Frenchmen had been killed\\nin the combat, by a Miami. The Outawas feared that\\nthey had killed some of the Iroquois of the Saut, if any\\nwere with the Hurons.\\nv\\nThe savages all say that the Miamis were masters in", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0228.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 217\\nOutawa captives burned.\\nthe fort of the French, stealing their corn and other pro-\\nvisions, and committing all manner of depredations. It\\nwas also reported that they had burnt an Outawa. The\\nHurons burned a young Outawa woman in their fort.\\nThey sent four Outawas captive to the Miamis of St. Jo-\\nseph two of them escaped but they said the Miamis\\nhad not ill-treated them, and the blame of the whole\\naffair must rest on Quarante Sous. The same Hurons\\nhad two other Outawa prisoners, whom they wished to\\ngive either to the Miamis, who were soon to return from\\nDetroit, or to M. la Motte.\\nThe greater part of the fields at Detroit had been\\nravaged. Only a few of the Miamis remained at De-\\ntroit, and the Loups had withdrawn. No news had yet\\nbeen received from M. la Motte. M. Menard will give\\nall the circumstances at length you may depend upon\\nhis report.\\nWe are impatiently awaiting the return of M. Bou-\\ndor and the Outawa chiefs. I have not yet sent to the\\nriver St. Joseph, but hope to very soon.\\nI hasten to close this long letter, by assuring you that\\nI am with respect, sir,\\nYour very humble, and\\nVery obedient servant,\\nJOS. T. MAREST.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0229.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nLa Motte s reply to two letters of the governor-general Gives an ac-\\ncount of the attacks of the savages mentioned by Father Marest\\nJean la Blanc demands peace by a branch of porcelain M. Bourmont\\nreceives the branch, and refers the affair to the decision of M. la Motte\\nM. la Motte thinks tins outbreak no sudden freak Savages proba-\\nbly instigated by others Desertion of the French soldiers on their\\nway to Detroit Expresses thanks that powder is no longer allowed to\\nbe sold to the hostile savages by the traders Arrival of one hundred\\nwarriors, Sauteurs and Amikouecs Numerous councils held between\\nthem and the French M. la Motte demands of them the death of\\nLe Pesant and three or four others Hurons and Miamis determined\\nto plunder the traders at Michilimackinac.\\nOn the reception of the first letter from Father Marest,\\ncontaining an account of the trouble at Detroit, the\\ngovernor-general wrote two letters to M. la Motte, who\\nwas returning to his post at that place. To these com-\\nmunications M. la Motte wrote the following reply\\nFort Pontchartrain, August 27, 1706.\\nMonsieur I received, on my way hither, the two\\nletters with which you were pleased to honor me, dated\\n27th of June and 3d of July. By the first, you inform\\nme that you are not surprised at the attack which the\\nOutawas have made upon us, and upon the Miamis.\\nNot so with me, for I confess frankly that I was ex-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0230.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 219\\nLetter from Cadillac to the Governor-general.\\ntremely surprised at this undertaking of a nation which\\nnever before manifested a warlike disposition toward us.\\nThe affair of the Mississaques of which you speak\\nwas a quarrel between this nation and the Mi amis, who\\nhad nothing in common with the Outawas. The com-\\nmandant of this post had pacified the parties, and settled\\nthe difficulty. In fact, as soon as the Outawas had com-\\nmenced the attack, the Mississaques drew outside of\\nDetroit, that they might not be suspected of having\\ngiven any aid to the Outawas. They have even come\\nhere, since my arrival, to lament our dead, according\\nto their custom.\\nIt appears that the Outawas premeditated what they\\nhave done and according to the letter of M. Bourmont,\\nof which he has shown me a copy, it appears equally\\ncertain that they intended to destroy the French, for they\\nkilled the Eev. Father Constantine, who was in his gar-\\nden outside the fort, and La Riviere, a soldier who had\\ngone to give warning to the missionary. This soldier\\nreceived a wound from the knife of a savage and while\\nattempting to save himself, he was pierced by three or\\nfour gun-shots before he could reach the gate of the fort.\\nWho does not know that the savages are cunning\\nand perfidious The old men, say the Outawas, did\\nnot meddle in this affair it was the young men. Fine\\nexcuse, if we can make up our minds to receive it.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0231.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "220 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAttack of the Outawas on Detroit.\\nHow is it then, sir, after committing this black deed,\\nJean la Blanc, who is the second chief, and the old man\\nof the village, comes to demand peace by a branch of\\nporcelain M. de Bourmont received it, referring him\\nto what you and I would do about it on my arrival.\\nOnly four hours after, Jean la Blanc, who is the second\\nchief, and the old man of the village, came to attack the\\nfort with a great number of warriors. They kept up a\\nbrisk fire upon it from five o clock in the afternoon until\\nmidnight. In short, they continued the siege forty or\\nfifty days, even to the day of their departure.\\nThe porcelains in this country are shells these are found on the\\ncoasts of New England and Virginia. They are channeled, drawn out\\nlengthwise, a little pointed, without ears, and pretty thick. The fish\\ncontained in these shells are not good to eat but the inside is of so\\nbeautiful a varnish, with such lively colors, that it is impossible to imi-\\ntate it by art\\nThere are two sorts of these shells, or, to speak more properly, two\\ncolors, one white and the other violet. The first is most common, and\\nperhaps on that account less esteemed. The second seems to have a\\nfiner grain when it is wrought the deeper its color is, the more it is\\nvalued. Small cylindrical grains are made of both, which are bored\\nthrough and strung upon a thread, and of these, branches and collars,\\nof porcelain, or wampum, are made. The branches are no more than\\nfour or five threads or small straps of leather, about a foot in length, on\\nwhich the grains or beads of wampum are strung. The collars are in\\nthe manner of fillets or diadems, formed of these branches sewed together\\nwith thread, making four, five, six, or seven rows of beads, and of pro-\\nportionable length all of which depends on the importance of the affair\\nin agitation, and the dignity of the person to whom the collar is pre-\\nsented. Charlevoix.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0232.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 221\\nFlag of Truoo Indian forts.\\nWhat did this same Jean la Blanc mean, when he\\nreturned to the fort Avith a flag-staff in his hand, and\\nhaving approached the bastion, said to M. Bourmont,\\nWith what I hold in my hand I fear nothing, for it\\ncomes from M. Yaudreuil. It is not you who will settle\\nthis affair, it is he I listen to his word, and do what he\\nbids me. After which he entered the fort, having de-\\nmanded admission of M. Bourmont, where he repeated\\nthe same thing.\\nWhat language is that who can understand it Is\\nit the young men, or the old, who have been concerned\\nin this action\\nThe whole course which the old men, or rather this\\nnation, have pursued, proves only too well that this reso-\\nlution has not been taken suddenly. I think this design\\nwould never have been executed, if M. Tonti had not\\npreviously laid out two large forts, one for this nation\\nand the other for the Hurons, on which he made the\\nFrench work in spite of themselves. I learned his de-\\nsign before my departure from Detroit, and advised him\\nto do nothing about it, because it was not prudent, on\\nthe right and left of ourselves, to fortify nations upon\\nwhom we could not rely. On the contrary, our fo7 y t\\nshould have kept them in dependence. It was a great\\nmistake, but there was a remedy, and I had proposed to\\nmyself a means of causing these forts to be abandoned.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0233.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "222 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nBesieged fort destitute of Gunpowder.\\nBut M. Tonti committed a much greater mistake by\\nselling to the Outawas, for the benefit of the company,\\nso much powder that at the time of the attack there\\nremained only thirty-one pounds, as appears by the in-\\nventory with his signature. Fortunately M. Bourmont\\nhad fifty pounds which he brought from Quebec the\\npreceding autumn. Great strength! mighty means of\\ndefense A royal fort established by order of the king\\nin a wilderness teeming with savages, yet destitute of\\ngunpowder\\nThe Outawas were well informed of this fact they\\nalso knew that the garrison consisted of only fifteen men\\nBut, sir, even with a knowledge of these facts, why\\nshould the savages make an attack on the fort, and kill\\nthe French? Why fight the Miamis, who have lived\\nthere peaceably for five years, eating and drinking to-\\ngether every day and who had never for twenty or\\nthirty years quarreled among themselves\\nIt was said that the attack was made on the Missis-\\nsaques but that could not have been, as the Mississaques.\\nhave not only shown no disposition to avenge themselves,\\nbut have gone away, not wishing to be in any way con-\\ncerned in the bad conduct of the Outawas.\\nYou were right in supposing that I would find no\\nOutawas here on my arrival. I was of the same opinion\\nas soon as I learned, at the distance of two days journey", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0234.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 223\\nSavage outbreak preconcerted.\\nfrom Montreal, that they had made an attack on the\\nfort, and had killed the poor Father, the soldier, and the\\nMiamis. The report that some of the Outawas had been\\nleft at the fort as hostages, until my arrival, was false.\\nThey were not so well disposed toward the French as\\nthat would signify.\\nThere is no doubt, sir, as you have said, that if M.\\nla Forest or myself had been on the spot, these difficul-\\nties would not have occurred. Perhaps we might have\\nbeen able to detect those secret plans, by means that\\nescaped the observation of M. Bourmont.\\nBut this outbreak is no sudden freak and if the\\nsavages have become so seriously disaffected as present\\nappearances indicate, no doubt the cause may be imputed\\nto my unjust detention at Quebec by your order, in con-\\nsequence of a well-concerted series of charges preferred\\nagainst me by the company of the colony. I am aware\\nthat at first you might have believed me guilty; but\\nafter I was acquitted by the intendant, I had the honor\\nto request, with all possible earnestness, your permission\\nto return to the post to which I was appointed by the\\nking not having been the choice of any governor but\\nyou refused to grant my request. I must believe you\\nhad good reasons for so doing, though I have not the\\nhonor of knowing them.\\nYour orders to go to Fort Pontchartrain were not", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0235.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "224 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPimabanso Deserters More, troops needed.\\ngiven to M. la Forest until the 25th of September, just\\nafter I had received an order from Count Pontchartrain\\nto come to Quebec, if I were at Detroit consequently it\\nwas my duty to remain, and M. Bourmont was sent to\\ncommand until I could return.\\nYou are already aware that M. Bourmont, who left\\nQuebec on the 29th of September, did not arrive here\\nuntil the 29th of January. If he, young and vigorous,\\nhad so much difficulty in accomplishing the journey,\\nwould M. la Forest, who is between fifty and sixty years\\nof age, have been able to succeed, especially as he was\\nthen in ill health I am more vigorous than he, because\\nI am younger, but my duty to the colonial minister com-\\npelled me to remain at Quebec.\\nOn my way hither I passed Sonnontouan, the village\\nof that dangerous spirit Pimabanso. I had some disposi-\\ntion to give him trouble but he is an evil spirit, and\\nalways gets himself out of difficulty. I have just learned\\nthat he is near here, coming from Orange laden with\\nbrandy, as is his custom.\\nI have no doubt that you will cause some of the\\ndeserters from this post to be punished, and that you\\nwill send the rest back, or replace them, in order to\\ncomplete the number that you granted me. May I not\\nalso hope for an increase of fifty men I trust you will\\neither grant me that number, or else release me from", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0236.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 225\\nConduct of St. Jean and Parisien.\\nthe responsibility of any troubles that may arise at this\\nfort.\\nI hope you will be able to arrest, and return to me,\\ntwo men of my company named St. Jean and Parisien,\\nwho ran away from me on our way to Detroit. After\\nwe had crossed the Grand Traverse, I left four or five\\ncanoes which did not go as well as the others, ordering\\nM. Dufiguier to tell them that I would go on to the\\nFort du Sable, and await them there, as they could\\ncome thus far with perfect safety. The other boats soon\\narrived. But St. Jean and Parisien entered the Goya-\\ngouin bay, and proceeded to the great village of Sonnon-\\ntouan to carry letters to the Jesuit who resides there, and\\nwho, it appears, had charged them with his letters to\\nMontreal. I awaited them at the Sable eight entire\\ndays, because I heard by the Iroquois that there were\\nOutawas at the Portage. I have written evidence of all\\nthis. They did indeed come to the Port du Sable after\\nthey were sure I had left, though I first obtained a pro-\\nmise from the Iroquois that if the deserters should come,\\nthey would escort them to the portage of Niagara.\\nSeven or eight Hurons went to the Fort du Sable and\\noffered themselves as an escort, but St. Jean and his\\nparty would have nothing to do with them. Do not\\nthese rascals deserve to pass the winter in a dungeon,\\nand to be sent back here in the spring\\n15", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0237.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "226 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nTraders forbidden to carry Powder to the Savages.\\nI am very much obliged to you for having forbidden\\nthe four canoes which have gone to Michilimackinac, to\\ncarry powder there. I do not know whether your orders\\nhave been executed, for a hundred well-armed Missis-\\nsaques came here with a letter to me from Father Marest,\\nwho furnished them with powder for their journey.\\nThey say the French were not willing to receive their\\nbeaver, but traded with them for all their martens. I\\nhave forbidden them to trade for powder here, fearing\\nthey might be but the messengers of the Outawas, or, at\\nleast, would share the powder with them.\\nA hundred other warriors have also arrived, Sauteurs\\nand Amikouecs, whom Father Marest and Maurice Me-\\nnard had collected around Toupikanich. It is believed\\nthat they come to assist the Outawas, as they had with\\nthem two Outawa men and one squaw. When they saw\\nthe Outawa fort on fire, they conferred together, and\\nseemed to decide that it was necessary to hold a parley\\nwith us. For that purpose they raised three good white\\nflags of such cloth as they would not be apt to purchase,\\nand I granted them permission to land near the fort. As\\nthey had not appeared to be concerned in the affair with\\nthe Outawas, we felt obliged to receive them but the\\nresult was the holding of many councils, and sometimes\\nI was under the necessity of using very large words.\\nThe Hurons and Miamis, who are no fools, from the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0238.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 227\\nPeace with the Miamis Savages go to the English.\\nfirst opposed these councils, for they were confident this\\nmovement had only been made by the Mississaques and\\nSauteurs to favor the Outawas. Their reasoning was\\nvery good. They said, if these tribes had come on a\\npeaceful errand, they would not have come as soldiers,\\nnor in such large numbers neither would they have\\nbrought with them two Outawas, whom we at once\\nrecognized as among those who had fought against us.\\nI made great efforts to destroy this idea. I knew our\\nallies had good reasons for thinking as they did, but\\nconsidered it best, under the circumstances, to tell them\\nI would not permit them to kill people whom I knew to\\nbe innocent I would rather die with them.\\nUpon hearing my decision, the Miamis armed them-\\nselves and left the fort, and went to the village of the\\nHui-ons. I immediately caused the gates to be shut, and\\ndoubly guarded. Finally, the Miamis met us in council,\\nand I settled the affair peaceably all now appear\\nsatisfied.\\nI learned accidentally at Sonnontouan, on my way\\nhere, that five Outawas, two Miamis, and two or three\\nHurons had gone to Orange to get brandy. I do not\\nknow what has become of the Outawas the Miamis\\nhave returned, and report that the English detained\\nthem there, on account of the difficulties at this post.\\nThe Hurons, Ouyatanons, and some of the Miamis", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0239.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "22S EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nNations refuse to make peace with the Ontawas.\\nare here, and have, in all the councils, expressed the\\nfollowing sentiments We will never listen to a treaty\\nof reconciliation with the Outawas. We will hear, on\\nthis subject, neither the governor nor you. Onontio\\nmight give us all the goods in Quebec and Montreal,\\nand we would reject them (I very much doubt it, how-\\never). We beg you to join us. We are killed for wish-\\ning to give life to your fort, and to avenge you. M.\\nBonrmont had no powder we gave him ours to defend\\nyou. We do not wish for peace it must not be spoken\\nof. If you make peace with the Outawas, we shall have\\nbad thoughts.\\nThis last sentence means, in good French, that if I\\nmake peace with the one, I may expect war with the\\nother. But I do not trouble myself about that. I shall\\nsucceed in my designs not, however, without some dif-\\nficulty. I replied to them as follows\\nWe have been struck by the same hand but I do\\nnot wish to make war in your mode, I wish to do it in\\nmine. Tou go in small parties, and often put over the\\nfire little kettles. As for me, I declare to you all, Uu-\\nrons, Miamis, Ouyatanons, Chavouanons, and Iroquois,\\nto all who hear me speak, I wish to boil only one great\\nkettle, and to put all the Ontawas into it at once. ISTow,\\nlisten to me if they discover us on our march and flee,\\nthey cannot sow if they have sown, we will destroy", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0240.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 229\\nCadillac promises the destruction of the Outawas.\\ntheir com. The governor will give them no powder,\\nand these people cannot live by the bow and arrow.\\nThey are dead men, without costing you the loss of a\\nsingle man. If they shut themselves up in their villages\\nand fortify themselves there, I promise to fire the pal-\\nisade, and give you admittance. I will do it myself, at\\nthe head of the French soldiers and of your warriors,\\nand I promise you not to leave a single Outawa on the\\nearth.\\nSince that time, it has been necessary to pass day\\nand night in council, and I am quite exhausted. I\\nscarcely know how I have found time to write so long a\\nletter I cannot take a copy of it.\\nThese nations wished to proceed immediately to\\nMiehilimackinac with a hundred warriors, and desired\\nme to go with one hundred French soldiers. I have\\npersuaded them to defer the expedition imtil next\\nspring, when they have concluded to go with an army\\nof eight hundred warriors. w\\nIt is for you, sir, it is for you to decide what is best,\\nto be done. You still have time to send your orders this\\nautumn, by a light canoe, which would probably reach\\nhere before winter sets in but if they should be over-\\ntaken by cold weather, the men could come by land.\\nMy own opinion is, that this attack of the. Outawas\\nought not to go unpunished. In order to completely", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0241.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "230 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPunishment ol Le Pesant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Expenses defrayed.\\nquiet these troubles, it will be necessary to put Le Pe-\\nsant and three or four others to death, and to pardon the\\nrest. This punishment would render the chiefs of each\\nnation more wise and circumspect, since the chiefs are\\nalways the authors of such mischief. Le Pesant is\\nold, and his missionary will pray God for him after\\nhis death, and give him absolution at death, if he de-\\nmand it.\\nI should have immediately sent a canoe-load of men\\nto inform you of all the events transpiring here, that you\\nmight take such measures as you should think necessary,\\nif the soldiers, who were sent by M. Bourmont, and also\\nmy correspondents at Montreal, had not assured me that\\nno one troubled himself to send them back, or even to\\nassist in defraying the expenses of their voyage. There-\\nfore, sir, unless you think proper to give me some certain\\nassurance that the envoys whom I send to inform you of\\nwhat is passing here in your own government, shall have\\ntheir expenses defrayed by the king, conlent, if you\\nplease, to receive reports from me only by such opportu-\\nnities as may present themselves. I am not rich enough\\nto do otherwise.\\nWhy is it that since last January each soldier has\\nonly been allowed three sous a day for food This has\\nnot been the case before in ten years. Why does not\\nthe intendant feed these troops as well as he does those", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0242.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 231\\nHurons and Miamis plunder the Traders.\\nat Quebec Will you have the kindness to give atten-\\ntion to this matter\\nAllow me to inform you that the Hurons and Miamis\\nare going to Hichilimackinac, determined to plunder all\\nthe French traders who are on their way thither, and\\nthus prevent them from carrying powder and ball to the\\nOutawas.\\nFinally, sir, it appears to me that your action in re-\\ngard to the Outawas is of great importance. Of this\\nyou are already well aware, knowing, as you do, our\\ninterests, and the manners and customs of this people.\\nYour very humble, and\\nVery obedient servant,\\nLA MOTTE CADILLAC.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0243.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nThe governor-general orders the principal chiefs of the tribes engaged\\nin the attack on Detroit, to descend to Montreal They arrive June\\n17, 1707 Governor-general refuses to see them Council called the\\nnext day Jean le Blanc s speech Second council, June 20th, speech\\nof the governor-general Third council, Jean le Blanc s reply Fourth\\ncouncil, governor-general again addresses the savages Demands the\\ndeath of Le Pesant Finally refers the affair to M. la Motte Cadillac\\nat Detroit Last coimcil Jean le Blanc consents to the demands of\\nthe governor-general.\\nIn accordance with the advice of M. la Motte, the\\ngovernor-general ordered the principal chiefs of the\\nOutawas to come to Montreal, that he might examine\\ninto the affair. Obedient to the command, Jean le\\nBlanc, and a number of other chiefs, made the journey\\nin the spring of 1707. They arrived on the 17th of June,\\nand proceeded immediately to pay their respects to the\\ngovernor-general. To their great dismay, he refused to\\nsee them. The next day, however, a council was called,\\nand Jean la Blanc, the second chief of that powerful na-\\ntion, the Outawas, made the following speech\\nMy father, my father I am so embarrassed that I\\nknow not if I shall have strength to speak to you. Our\\ncustom is, as soon as we have debarked, to come and sa-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0244.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 233\\nProvocation to the Attack on Detroit\\nlute you. We were surprised, yesterday, to leam that\\nyou did not wish to receive us.\\nMy father You see your children, the Outawas;\\nbehold in what state we are to come here below We\\nhave no more of the old people and of all our chiefs,\\nwhom you have seen here at other times, there now re-\\nmains to us only Le Brochet, who is on his way hither.\\nMy father, my father, M. de Yaudreuil I wish you\\nto hear me, and listen to me tranquilly. I have com-\\nmitted one fault, which is very great. I cannot say that\\nI was intoxicated, for I had not the water of life of the\\nEnglish to induce me to do this bad action. But I will\\ntell you, with all truth, what was the cause of my mis-\\nfortune.\\nWe had departed, as you already know, our father,\\nto make war upon the Sioux, to avenge the Sacs, our\\nallies. After having passed the fort of the French,\\nas we were near that of the Hurons, a savage came to\\ntell us that our children were dead that after three\\ndays inarch of our warriors, the Ouyatanons would come\\nto eat our women and children. Then, my father, we\\nsaid, We will strike the Miamis before they strike us,\\nor we are indeed dead.\\nYou have known, my father, from Mishonaky, and\\nyou ought to have known by your letters, all that has\\npassed in this affair; and especially our great misfor-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0245.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "234 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nInterview between Jean le Blane and M. Bourmont.\\ntunes, as the gray coat and the soldier have been killed,\\nthough without design.\\nWhen they had finished fighting, that is to say, sev-\\neral days after we had attacked the Miarnis, I went alone\\nto the fort, to speak to M. Bourmont. I carried a branch\\nof porcelain, and entreated him to be willing to listen\\nwell to me. I told him it was to be wished that Onon-\\ntio M. Vaudreuil, and even the great Onontio, the king,\\ncould hear me, as they would listen to my reasons. I\\ndemanded of him the coat which you gave me when I\\ncame here below, and which I had left in the care of the\\nbest of my friends. I demanded of him this coat, my\\nfather, in order to make use of it to find the nations\\nclothed in the coats of my father, and to settle all the\\nbad affaire. He would not listen to me. The day fol-\\nlowing, I returned six times, and each time I took with\\nme a man of the different nations, and presents of neck-\\nlaces and beavers, in order to be able to speak to him\\nbut he refused to listen to us, as on the preceding day.\\nMy father, my father You have known all that has\\nhappened, and how all has occurred. I have nothing to\\nfear, because I have a good father therefore, I conceal\\nnothing from you I show you all that is in my heart.\\nHere is my body do with it what you will put me in\\nthe big kettle, if you think proper. But I am not the\\nmost guilty for what I have done, was done as by a", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0246.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 235\\nMerits and Services of Talon pleaded.\\nman without his senses. It is Le Pesant, that bear, who\\nis above upon his bed, who has not been willing to listen\\nto all the reasons which we brought, to prevent him\\nfrom obliging us to commit this bad act.\\nMy father Since I have commenced speaking, I am\\ngaining courage. I beg you to remember that it was\\nmy father Talon, my own father, who first came from\\nthe upper regions to find the French. He came across\\nthe woods to Three Rivers, where he was well received\\nby him who commanded there. The next year he re-\\nturned, and found there M de Courcelle, who gave him\\nthe name of Talon, saying it was necessary to bind the\\ncommerce together and, since the door was open, they\\nmust continue to see each other, as it gave him a key to\\nthis door, in order to open it when he should think\\nproper, whatever difficulties might occur.\\nMy father I keep this key, being one of his chil-\\ndren. I make use of it to-day to open your door. It is\\ntrue that I have almost closed the door against myself,\\nby my bad conduct but of what use is this key, if it\\nmay not serve me in an affair of consequence and who\\nis permitted to use it, if not I, to whom my father has\\nleft it?\\nMy father I have left Michilimackinac, to come to\\nsee you. I have come by the old way, so much traveled\\nby our ancestors. I found it all filled with impedi-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0247.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "236 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nObstacles removed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Guilt confessed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pardon sought.\\nments. I have cleared it I have taken away the trees\\nthat obstructed it. I have removed the .rocks in the\\nrapids I have rooted out all the bad plants, in order to\\nmake it, in future, a fine passage for mj brothers, the\\nFrench, and for ourselves. I give you this necklace, my\\nfather, that this gate may remain open to you. We\\nhave lost every thing, in losing our old men we have\\nno wisdom to conduct us. How can we have, being\\nwithout a leader? At Michilimackinac we have seen\\nM. Louvigny, M. la Motte, M. Tonti, M. Mantet, and\\nM. la Forest, with the Illinois. While they remained\\nthere, we always lived peaceably, and were always obe-\\ndient to the will of our father. What has happened to\\nus at Detroit is very painful I am vexed with myself\\nwhen I think of it. I killed myself when I killed the\\nsoldier, and the gray coat, the child of the father who\\ngives us life Have pity on us, our father, for I am in\\ndespair at the bad conduct which I have committed.\\nBehold all your children here present; they say the\\nsame thing. We have killed the gray coat, it is true,\\nbut we hope to bring him to life again. When I say\\nthat we will bring the gray coat again to life, it is not\\nwith necklaces and furs for I know well that, though\\nwe might have a house full of them, they would not be\\na sufficient recompense for the blood of our father.\\nWhat then can I do I can only satisfy you, my father,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0248.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 237\\nCaptives offered\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Quaranto Sous\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hurons.\\nby giving you these two captives, who are our own blood,\\nsince we have adopted them. Receive them, my father,\\nto cover that of Father Recollet else take my body. I\\ncan offer you nothing more have pity upon me Re-\\nstore tranquillity to the lakes and rivers, that all your\\nchildren may be in peace and that they may cook their\\nmeat, and drink of the wave, with all safety.\\nThere are those, my father, who call themselves your\\nchildren, who have wished to astonish me, by taking me\\nby the end of the finger but you, my father, have al-\\nways held me by the hand. It is true that I have\\nthought to escape you. I beg you now to take my hand\\nmore strongly than ever. What can I fear, if you do\\nnot abandon me\\nMy father Tou must have seen, by your letters,\\nand by what Mishonaky has told you, how many nations\\nQuarante Sous has invited to eat us. I confess to you\\nthat the Hurons, after having been so long our friends,\\nhave villainously betrayed us. I am cut to the heart,\\nand I can only be healed by telling you all my thoughts.\\nThe Hurons have not only killed us in battle, but what\\ntouches me the most, they have killed our men who, for\\nthe love of them, went with them to war against the\\nFlat Heads. The Hurons would, long since, have been\\nno more, if I had left their interests. Many nations\\nhave asked of me this roebuck, to eat it but I have not", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0249.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "238 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nOutawas Reproaches of the Hurons and Miamis.\\nbeen willing to give it up. Yet it is he who has betrayed\\nme to-day.\\nMy father The Hurons have committed four trea-\\nsons in succession, in what has passed at Detroit. I\\nknow not the number of people I may have killed for\\nthem but they have killed for me thirty men.\\nMy father It is I, it is the Outawas, who have killed\\nthe gray coat by mistake, indeed, but we have killed\\nhim and the soldier, and we have caused all the misfor-\\ntunes which have occurred at Detroit. As for Techenet,\\nit is M. Bourmont wdio has killed him, seeing him fight\\nagainst us for the father and the soldier were both\\nkilled in the first fire and all that happened afterward\\nwas done coolly, as M. Bourmont caused it to be done.\\nMy father All my bad feeling toward the Miamis\\nand Hurons arises from their having often reproached\\nme with being without a father. They said you had for-\\nsaken me and a proof of that was, that I had no longer\\nany powder, while they were treated to it in abundance.\\nWhat said I to myself, am I not the oldest of my\\nfather s children? Why should he abandon me?\\nM. la Motte has invited me, by Beauvais, to come to\\nsee his village. M. d Argenteuil has also sent me word\\nthat he could not come to see me now, but he hoped he\\nmight do so soon. I have replied to M. la Motte, that\\nif I had two bodies, I would willingly divide into two", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0250.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 239\\nReply of the Governor-general to the Chiefs.\\nparts, to go to see him but that, having only one, and\\nbeing called by my father, I was going to learn his\\nwishes.\\nIn accordance with the Indian custom, the governor-\\ngeneral deferred his answer until a future time. Two\\ndays after, on the 20th of June, the council again met,\\nand M. Yaudreuil made the following reply to the\\nsj eech of Jean le Blanc, addressing himself alike to Le\\nBlanc, and to all the other chiefs who had accompanied\\nhim to Montreal\\nI am not surprised, Jean le Blanc, after what has\\nhappened at Detroit, to see you embarrassed in speak-\\ning to me you should have foreseen at that time what\\nwould be the consequences of such conduct. If I did\\nnot wish to receive you immediately on your arrival, as\\nI received Le Brochet, Meyaouka, and two others, it is\\nbecause I regarded them as obedient children, who, in\\nthese bad affairs, always maintained good principles.\\nBut as for you, I can yet regard you only as a rebellious\\nchild one who has displeased me with his bad conduct.\\nI know all that has passed at Detroit every thing has\\nbeen told me by M. la Motte, M. Bourmont, and Father\\nMarest, as well as by yourself.\\nDid you say the truth yesterday when you told me\\nthat you would give me your body to do with it what-\\never I might wish, even to put you in the big kettle, if", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0251.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "240 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAccuses Jean le Blanc of Perfidy.\\nI thought proper In this, you betray your despair of\\nmy forgiveness for those things that you have done that\\nis something, but it is not enough. I am a good father,\\nit is true but for that very reason, when one offends\\nme, the offense is very great.\\nIn coming here, you have given me a proof of your\\nobedience, and also of your confidence in my kindness.\\nBut I have not yet received any evidence of your true\\nand sincere repentance, and perseverance in well-doing.\\nTherefore, what have I to depend upon when you have\\nreturned to Michilimackinac What pledge will you\\ngive that you will not, on the very first day, insult my\\nchildren\\nWhen you came here two years ago, you, Jean le\\nBlanc, with Le Pesant, did you not tell me that the\\nOutawas of Michilimackinac were not like those of De-\\ntroit, who had attacked the Iroquois without cause that,\\nalthough the Miamis had struck you twice, your broken\\nhead was quite closed up since the peace, and wherever\\nyou might find the Miamis you would not attack them,\\nunless they first attacked you, but then you would avenge\\nyourselves. Did I not then tell you, that in case of any\\nfarther trouble it would be necessary for me to refer you\\nto the commandant of Detroit, who, knowing all the cir-\\ncumstances of the case, and having my orders, could\\nalways tell you my wishes", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0252.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 241\\nExpresses confidenco in the other Chiefs.\\nHave you kept your word? Did you inform M.\\nBourmont before you attacked the Miamis Is it true\\nthat the Miamis made the first attack upon you, and you\\ntried to prevent it\\nNo All this is only a pretext, of which Le Pesant,\\nthe bear, who is now at Michilimackinac, high up in his\\nbed, was glad to make use, in order to give trouble.\\nSince you failed then to keep your word, what ground\\nhave I to believe you now I ought rather to think that\\nonly the danger in which you are now makes you prom-\\nise so fairly.\\nThe more I examine into the events that have trans-\\npired at Michilimackinac, the more I see of your disobe-\\ndience. Sometimes I behold my children, the Iroquois,\\nbound and ready to be burned sometimes I see the\\nFrench, whole families, taken prisoners and held as host-\\nages. These are every-day occurrences and if I forbid\\nyou to go to war, it is to restrain those among you who\\nare constantly seeking occasions for war.\\nIt is not that among the large tribe of the Outawas\\nthere are none who listen to my voice I know that\\nMeyaouka, who is here, loves peace, and Le Brochet\\nalso. I know that Sakima has a good mind, and since\\nhe has come here he shows a disposition to satisfy me.\\nI know that there are still some others above who have\\ngood sentiments.\\n16", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0253.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "242 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLe Pesant s life demanded Blood for Blood.\\nBut who will satisfy me that, when you have re-\\nturned, Le Pesant, that hear, who dreams upon his mat\\nonly of making war, will not spoil the present peaceful\\nspirit you possess, and prevail upon you to commit a\\ngreater fault than that which you have already com-\\nmitted\\nTour present offense is much greater, since you have\\nnot only without cause attacked the Miamis, my allies,\\nand armed in my service, but you have also attacked\\nmyself by killing a missionary, whose loss can hardly be\\nrepaired. He was of so much value among us that if\\nLe Pesant, who is the sole cause of all this mischief, had\\ncome here, I do not know what I might have done. But\\nI leave to you the care of avenging me, and rendering\\nsuitable satisfaction. You should have brought me his\\nhead. My blood still flows. I see it continually before\\nmy eyes and though you have come here, I cannot yet\\nstaunch it. The two captives whom you present to me,\\nthough adopted by you, are foreign blood. Father\\nRecollet and the soldier were my blood my own blood.\\nThe blood of the French is usually repaid among us\\nonly by blood. Thus, you see, I ought not to be satisfied\\nwith what you have done indeed, it is almost impossible\\nto satisfy me at all for the loss which I have sustained,\\nunless it be by sacrificing the head of him who caused it.\\nYou have told me yourself that he caused all your", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0254.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 243\\nSecond speech of Jean le Blanc.\\nmisfortunes} and so long as he lives will only make quar-\\nrels for you with all the nations, and will finally be the\\ncause of your ruin. Keflect on what I have said to you,\\nand give me your reply.\\nThe next day, June 21st, 1707, the council having\\nagain convened, Jean le Blanc made the following re-\\njoinder to the speech of the governor-general\\nMy father, my father I come again before you.\\nCount Frontenac always told our old men, that we would\\nstill be his children, although they were dead. I speak\\nto you as if they were present.\\nWe are your children, my father we come to you\\nby a necklace. I am in despair, my father, about being\\nable to repair the evil I have done. I speak for my\\npeople, I lend them my voice.\\nI have nothing to offer you but my body. I am in\\ndespair, being unable to make amends for my faults.\\nI follow in the footsteps of our old men I fullow in the\\nfootsteps of my own father they have always been obe-\\ndient, I will be so too. I have committed a great fault\\nbut can it be repaired? My father 1 am desperate\\nabout what has happened. You have demanded the\\nhead of that bear who is above. True, it is he who is\\nguilty it is he himself; but I cannot promise you\\nsatisfaction.\\nIf I were to say to my father, I will give you", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0255.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "244 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLe Pesant allied to all the savage Nations.\\nthe head of that great bear, it would be impossible for\\nme to keep my word, and I should be sorry to lie to you.\\nI dare not promise you, my father, to do what you\\ndemand, because that great bear is allied to all the\\nupj er nations. ISTot that I would fear him if he were\\nthere alone, for none of us love him, as he is the guilty\\none. But, as he is allied to all the lakes, my father, I\\nam troubled about the consequences. As all his allies\\nprevented me from making efforts to bring him here, I\\ncannot do with him what I would desire.\\nMy father My consolation is that he is old, and\\ncannot go far, and when he is dead we shall have no\\nmore trouble. But while waiting, we promise you to\\nlisten to him no more. And, if we can appease your\\nanger, we will give you our word that he shall not cause\\nus to commit any fault.\\nMy father, my father We are your children, we\\nare all French it is terrible that we must perish for the\\nlove of our brothers. This is the first fault that we have\\ncommitted the first fault with which any one can re-\\nproach the Outawas.\\nMy father We have always been friendly to the\\nFrench shall we now perish by their hand\\nAll of us who are here, my father, are chiefs and\\nprincipal men we are resolved to do your will. Par-\\ndon us, our father! We promise you that you shall", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0256.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 245\\nFourth Council Speech of M. Vaudreuil.\\nnever have sorrow on our account, and that we will have\\nno other will than yours.\\nAnother council was held, June 22, 1707, when the\\ngovernor-general addressed the savages of Michilirnacki-\\nnac, as follows\\nI have thought upon what you replied to me yester-\\nday. I am very willing to believe that you cannot de-\\nliver to me the head of Le Pesant, as I requested you.\\nYet his blood is necessary to satisfy me the death\\nof a missionary can be expiated only with blood.\\nI pity you for all the nations have seen your fault,\\nand are waiting in suspense to hear what satisfaction I\\nmay require of you. All the nations, therefore, must\\nknow how penitent you are for your fault, and how sub-\\nmissive you are to my will.\\nIt was at Detroit that you offended me it was\\nthere that you killed Father Recollet and my soldier\\nand it is there that I wish you to make satisfaction.\\nFor that purpose, I wish you to carry to M. la Motte\\nthe two captives, whom you brought here to present\\nto me.\\nThat I may be certain of your obedience, and that\\nall the nations may also witness it, you must not return\\nby the great river of the Outawas at least, not all of\\nyou. It is necessary that you, Jean le Blanc, and some\\nothers, with the captives, should go by the way of the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0257.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "246 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDifficulty referred to M. la Motte.\\nlakes. I will give you letters to M. la Motte and the\\nFrench, fcr your security.\\nBut, by whatever means M. la Motte may settle the\\ndifficulties which you have made, and also satisfy the\\nnations whom, as well as myself, you have offended, I\\nwill order him not to include Le Pesant in the pardon,\\nwhich, perhaps, he may grant you on my account.\\nI will agree to any settlement that M. la Motte may\\nbe able to make between you and the other nations, if\\nLe Pesant be not included. I am very willing to grant\\nyou a general amnesty of all the past. Jean le Blanc,\\nbehold the open door see that you make use of it\\nThe necklace which you gave me yesterday, I return\\nto you. When you have done what I have commanded\\nyon, and when La Motte has found means by which to\\ngrant you the pardon of your fault, and to settle the\\naffair with those nations whom you have attacked, bring\\nback the necklace to me by the way of the lakes or the\\ngreat river. Both these ways will be open to you, in\\ncase I shall myself confirm the pardon which may have\\nbeen granted you in my name. When the necklace is\\nreturned, I will willingly forget your fault. But if you\\nall, Outawas of Michilimackinac, do not give me this\\nproof of obedience, you have every thing to fear from\\nmy just resentment.\\nFather Marest has informed me that he intends to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0258.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 247\\nOutawas caused their own Afflictions.\\nbring me some captives to satisfy his brothers, the Iro-\\nquois, and that he would come down now, but for that.\\nI charge thee, only thee, Brochet, to tell him that I de-\\npend upon his word.\\nAs to the complaint that you make against the Hu-\\nrons, it is not they who have killed you, it is yourselves.\\nIf the Outawas had not attacked the Miamis, as you did,\\nwithout cause, the Huron nation would still be our ally,\\nFather Recollet would be living, and you would be at\\nDetroit enjoying an abundance, and not in misery, as\\nyou now are.\\nJean le Blanc, M. la Motte knowing what you have\\ntold me, has invited you to go and see him profit by\\nthe good opinion which he has of you.\\nAlthough you have offended me in the most tender\\npoint, having plunged the poniard into my bosom, you\\nsee that I yet have pity for you, by furnishing you the\\nmeans of settling the difficulty which you have made.\\nOutawas, profit by my pity 1\\nI have given my orders to M. la Motte, to remember\\nall who are here present Outawas, Kiskakons, Sinagos,\\nyou of the Nations du Sable, and of the Fourche.\\nRemember, all of you, the word which I gave you\\nyesterday, no longer to recognize Le Pesant in any thing,\\nand to regard him in future as a decayed, rotten mem-\\nber, and separated from your body.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0259.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "248 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLast Council Chiefs express Submission.\\nRemember that you have promised me to make no\\nmore trouble, and never to give me cause of sorrow.\\nOutawas the blood of the French is of value re-\\nmember well all my words\\nThe last council of this long session was held on the\\n23d of June, and to the clear statement of the terms and\\nconditions of peace made by the governor-general, Jean\\nla Blanc replied\\nMy father I am sorry that M. Bourmont is not here\\nto give you his statement, as I do mine. I believe he is\\nashamed, since he has not come, like me, to tell you his\\nstory.\\nMy father, my father I beg you to listen to me\\nand you, interpreters, take good care that you forget\\nnothing, and that you correctly interpret what I shall\\nsay unto you.\\nLast year, when I arrived at Michilimackinac, I said\\nto Father Marest, that I should die for the loss of my\\nfather. But when I saw the little Fox arrive, I said to\\nhim that I no longer feared any thing; for my father\\nhad called me, and I was going to offer him my body.\\nMy father I see plainly that my complexion is not\\nto your liking. I go to obey your will. I go to find M.\\nla Motte, and to die with my brother, Father Recollet.\\nMy father I am a child of obedience I go to De-\\ntroit. I have already said to you that I will deliver to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0260.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 249\\nJean le Blanc desires an Envoy.\\nyou my body. I am going to Detroit, and from there I\\nwill go to Michilimackinac, in order to make smooth the\\nold way. I will do your will, my father and, since I\\ndo what you require of me, I beg you to grant me what\\nI ask of you.\\nMy father We have not yet determined who are to\\ngo to Detroit with me I have brought them here, that\\nyou may decide. My father, I obey your will.\\nMy father Our people will be in trouble about me.\\nWhen I departed they came to see me, in great distress\\nlest I should never return. I beg you, since I obey you,\\nto send one of your chief men to assure them that I have\\nonly gone to do your will.\\nI ask this, my father, because the boat that goes by\\nthe great river will reach Michilimackinac sooner than\\nI shall and when he shall say to the people that I have\\ngone to see La Motte, the old men will send a boat to\\ninform the other nations, and to explain to them the ob-\\nject of my journey.\\nThe Sacs, the Malominies, the Mascoutins, the Kick-\\napoos, the Outagamies, and the Pottawatomies, are peo-\\nple who will like to hear the good news. They are our\\nallies, and are those to whom our old men will give no-\\ntice, that the land may be united.\\nI came to bring you my body. I have always be-\\nlieved that I should not return by the same route that I", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0261.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "250 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nRefusal of the Request Council terminated.\\ncame. My design has always been, after having seen\\nyou, to go to see M. la Motte.\\nMy father, rny father M. la Motte has acted like\\nthe porcupine he would not go to see his little ones.\\nHe called us the four Outawa nations to Detroit but,\\nafter having made an opening in the tree, as does the\\nporcupine to give food to her children, he left us. If he,\\nor M. Tonti, or M. la Forest, had been at Detroit, all\\nthis trouble would not have happened.\\nMy father I beg you to send by the great river, a\\nman who will be attentive to our interests and to give\\nme an interpreter who understands me well, that I may\\nnot be wearied by the way. Give me also men strong\\nand swift, that we may go the quicker.\\nThis request for an envoy was well understood by the\\ngovernor-general, as a mere subterfuge of the savages\\nto enable them to get possession of a French hostage for\\ntheir own security. Aware that a discussion of the sub-\\nject and a continuation of the councils, could not be pro-\\nductive of any good, he merely replied to the chiefs that\\nhe had no envoy to give them, and that they were now\\nperfectly aware of his wishes.\\nWith assurances of protection on his part, and fidelity\\nnd submission on theirs, the council was dismissed.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0262.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nThe chiefs proceed to Detroit First council held by M. la Motte, August\\n6th, 1707 M. la Motte addresses the savages Second council Oton-\\ntagon replies Third council M. la Motte addresses the Hurons and\\nMiainis Sastarexy replies Fourth council a general council of the\\nOutawas, Hurons, and Miamis M. la Motte s speech Otontagon,\\nSastarexy, and Onaske address the council M. la Motte demands the\\ndelivery of Le Pesant into the hands of the French The chiefs finally\\naccede to the demand.\\nObedient to the orders of the governor-general, Jean\\nle Blanc, Kinonge, Meaninan, and Menekoumak, four\\nchiefs of the Outawas, proceeded to Detroit, to meet M.\\nla Motte. The remainder of their party returned to\\nMichilimackinac by way of the Ottawa river.\\nOn the arrival of the chiefs at Fort Pontchartrain, a\\ngreat council was convened, August 6th, 1707, and con-\\ntinued from day to day until August 10th.\\nM. la Motte Cadillac, who had been fully acquitted by\\nCount Pontchartrain of all the charges preferred against\\nhim, and restored to his official station as commandant,\\nwas now convinced, by the course pursued by M. Vau-\\ndreuil, that it was deemed expedient by the colonial gov-\\nernment to wear, at least, the appearance of friendship.\\nGratified at the favorable change, whatever might be", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0263.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "252 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nChiefs arrive at Detroit Council.\\nthe motives, he brought all the energy of his mind and\\nthe fruit of his long experience to bear upon the adjust-\\nment of this difficult and important affair.\\nAdapting his mode of expression to the customs of the\\nsavages, he oj)ened the first council with the following\\ncharacteristic speech\\nOtontagon, Kinonge, and others, hear me patiently.\\nI will not repeat the words you have said to Onontio, nor\\nhis replies you know as well as I what they were.\\nM. Yaudreuil writes me that he sends you here with\\nthe two captives you offered him. He makes me master\\nof peace, and leaves the whole matter with me, telling\\nme to use whatever means I think best to restore tran-\\nquillity to the nations.\\nOtontagon, hear me I have lighted a great fire. I\\nhave planted four great trees near this beautiful fire, two\\non my right hand and two on my left.\\nOutawas you are the largest tree I have said to\\nmyself, It is well now I will often repose under the\\nshadow of this tree I will refresh myself there under\\nits shadow I shall have only good thoughts\\nCould I believe that any one had attached to the top\\nof this great tree a sharp and heavy hatchet, which I did\\nnot see, because it was covered with foliage\\nWhile I slept peacefully, and dreamed only of peace,\\na wicked bear climbed to the top of this tree. He shook", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0264.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 253\\nSpeech of M. la Motte\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Demands Le Pesant\\nit -with all his might, and the hatchet which hung there\\nfell upon my cabin, and crushed it.\\nWhen I saw my cabin in ruins, my heart was dis-\\npleased it darted to the right and to the left it ascended\\neven to my throat. I then said, I will cut down this\\ntree, I will root it out, I will reduce it to ashes. But\\nwhen my heart had nearly regained its place, I said,\\nWhy destroy this tree, its leaves, and its fruits I pity\\nthe women and children. This drunken bear has done\\nall the mischief; he has intoxicated all the children he\\nhas deprived them of their senses. He must die, and I\\nmust give the others life.\\nOutawas listen well to my final resolution. I de-\\nmand that you deliver to me Le Pesant, he whom you\\ncall the wicked bear that you place him at my disposal\\nhere in this place where he has offended me. I wish\\nyou to give me full power over him, to give him life or\\nto put him to death.\\nIf he refuses to embark, I command you to cut off\\nhis head in your own village. This is the only means by\\nwhich I can give you peace. I do not kill him, but he\\nkills himself.\\nOutawas! avoid the perils which threaten you!\\nSave your own lives Have pity on your women and\\nchildren! Nothing can make me change my deter-\\nmination. It is your business attend to it Deliberate", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0265.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "25i EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSecond Council Speech of Otoutagon.\\namong yourselves decide on the course you will pur-\\nsue, and give me a reply in a few words, before the\\ngoing down of the sun.\\nOnontio and I have one heart, and the same thoughts.\\nThose that say differently of us are liars he will confirm\\nall I do, whether for peace or war.\\nA second council was held in the afternoon of the\\nsame day. Otontagon s speech\\nMy father We are surprised at your require-\\nments. The bear whom you demand of us is very\\npowerful in our village. He has strong alliances with\\nall the nations of the lakes. He is a great tree Who\\nis strong enough to root it up\\nWe have thought on this subject it is difficult but\\nas nothing can move you, and as your heart is hard as a\\nrock, we must obey you. We only beg of you to spare\\nus the pain of bringing him to you ourselves. Send a\\nboat with us to Michilimackinac, and we will put Le\\nPesant into it, as you demand and you will be master\\nof his life or of his death. If he refuse to embark, we\\nwill cut off his head. He is my brother, my own\\nbrother but what can I do You must be obeyed, and\\nthis is what you have demanded, and what we have de-\\ncided among ourselves.\\nM. la Motte immediately replied\\nBy this means you will have peace your women", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0266.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 255\\nThird Council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hurons and Miamis.\\nand children will rejoice, and I will forget the mischief\\nyon have done me.\\nThe third council was held August 7th. M. la Motte\\naddressed the Hurons and Miamis\\nSastarexy Miamis, listen to me I have promised\\nyou that I would never make peace with the Outawas,\\nexcept by the death of Le Pesant, because I have always\\nregarded him as the author of all the mischief which has\\nbeen done here. You have said that you would be con-\\ntent with this satisfaction.\\nI have demanded Le Pesant of the Outawas, and\\nthey have given me a favorable reply.\\nLa Motte then repeated to the Hurons and Miamis\\nthe proceedings in the councils held with the Outawas.\\nReply of Sastarexy, chief of the Hurons\\nMy father Let us say to you that we cannot be-\\nlieve that the. Outawas will do what they have promised\\nfor who is he that can overturn so great a tree, whose\\nroots, they themselves say, are so deep in the earth, and\\nwhose branches extend over all the lakes There is meat\\nhere, why go farther to seek it One is certain, the other\\nuncertain.\\nM. la Motte s rejoinder\\nYou have always told me that you would be satis-\\nfied if Le Pesant were destroyed. I have promised you\\nthat it shall be done. The more difficult the thing ap-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0267.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "256 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFourth Council All the Nations.\\npears, the more it will convince you of the great power\\nof Onontio and myself, and that nothing can resist the\\nmight of the French.\\nThe fourth council was held August 7th a general\\ncouncil of the Outawas, Hurons, and Miamis. M. la\\nMotte s speech\\nOtontagon, and all the Outawas, listen to me\\nHere are the Hurons and Miamis who listen to the\\nFrench, and who regard us. I have related to them the\\nproposition I have made to you, and your replies, and\\nthe promise you have given to do me a favor.\\nOtontagon, you who bear the words of your people,\\nrelate to the Hurons and Miamis what you have decided\\nin regard to Le Pesant.\\nOtontagon replied\\nIf I were not in the presence of my father, I should\\nbe angry, because our brothers, the Hurons, take us for\\nliars and you also, Miamis, our allies.\\nWe are a people strong and resolute it were to be\\nwished that Le Pesant were here present I would my-\\nself immediately cut off his head, and he should not\\nagain see the light It is enough that La Motte requires\\na thing; he never changes his mind, and can we\\nchange\\nReply of Sastarexy, the Huron\\nMy father For a long time the Outawas have con-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0268.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 257\\nCaptives offered to the Hurons and Miamis.\\nturned to kill us. They have always said to us, wait,\\nwait I beg you to render us justice. Our chiefs have\\nbeen killed; they are yet extended, bleeding, on the\\nground.\\nLa Motte then brought forward a captive, whom he\\noffered to the Hurons, saying\\nSastarexy, my son, here is a little meat, which I give\\nyou to resuscitate the dead. I do not say it will entirely\\nrestore them. As soon as the Outawas have made the\\nsatisfaction which I have demanded of them, I will throw\\nwater upon the earth, and that will wash it. I will so\\nentirely cover the blood, that it shall appear no longer.\\nHe also presented a captive to the Miamis, addressing\\nthem in like manner. The Miamis made the following\\nanswer\\nMy father I have already said that Pakoumakoua\\nwas to come to hear and answer you. He has fallen\\nsick but he said to us, My children, go and see what\\nyour father wishes, and return and bring us the news.\\nI will say to the old men, that it is well that peace\\nis made. I beg of you that I may leave this meat here\\ntill the old men shall come they may take it them-\\nselves, if they think proper. For me, I can decide on\\nnothing I came here only to hear.\\nThe news brought to Michilimackinac, by the Outa-\\nwas who returned from Quebec by way of the Outawa\\n17", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0269.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "258 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nReception of the Kiskakons at Detroit.\\nriver, created the utmost consternation among the tribes\\nconcerned in the difficulty. After consulting together,\\nand asking the advice of Father Marest, their mission-\\nary, Onaske and Koutaouiliboe, two chiefs of the Kiska-\\nkons, resolved to descend to Detroit, under the protection\\nof a flag of truce, and add their influence to conciliate\\nM. la Motte, whose resolute character was well known.\\nThey arrived on the 8th of August, in the midst of the\\ncouncils, very much to the surprise of all parties. Their\\nwhite flag was respected, and they were admitted into\\nthe council. The manner of their reception may be in-\\nferred from the colloquy which took place between M.\\nla Motte and Onaske\\nWhat brings you here, Onaske? Did Onontio tell\\nyou to come Is peace made Are we friends Am\\nI avenged\\nOnaske replied My father, you have long known\\nme I go everywhere with my head lifted up, because I\\nnever have any bad affairs. I said within myself, M. la\\nMotte, my father, knows me; I believe I risk nothing in\\ngoing to see him. I have confidence in him.\\nM. la Motte. How dare you say that you never have\\nbad affairs that you never make war Your people,\\nyour nation, did they not come to Detroit to aid the Outa-\\nwas, who have killed me I think you are very bold\\nto come here, while my land is still smoking with my", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0270.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 259\\nContinuance of the Indian Councils.\\nblood and that of my children. When people grow old,\\nthey usually grow wise but you have grown foolish.\\nTell me, then, your real design in coming here you\\nmust have other reasons than those you have given.\\nSpeak I\\nOnaske immediately responded: It is the misery\\nin which I am, that has caused me to throw myself into\\nyour arms. We are wretched. Our children have eaten\\ngrass all summer; they are compelled to boil it and\\ndrink the soup Misery is a strange thing\\nI have risked every thing, even death Death, did\\nI say I will die by the hand of my father perhaps he\\nwill have pity on me. We shall have no Indian corn\\nthis year, and our children will all die! But for me,\\nthe whole nation would have come to Detroit but I said\\nto them, be patient and await my return.\\nLa Motte, assuming an appearance of great displeas-\\nure, exclaimed If you die of famine, so much the\\nbetter You have killed my children you have struck\\nme and Heaven punishes you for it. I will soon other-\\nwise avenge myself. Go away you are very bold\\nThe next day, August 9th, La Motte held a council\\nwith the Hurons, and related to them the proceedings of\\nthe previous day, in the council with the Kiskakons. He\\nthen addressed Sastarexy, the Huron orator, as follows\\nSastarexy, my son, I have never had any thing con-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0271.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "260 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSpeech of Sastarexy Professes obedience.\\ncealed from you my heart has always been yours, even\\nto the palm of my hand. I beg you now to tell me your\\nthoughts not entirely I am satisfied if you only show\\nme what are your designs whether for peace or for w r ar.\\nOpen your heart to me to-day.\\nAfter some deliberation, Sastarexy replied\\nMy father We have always told you that we would\\nfollow your footsteps you shall always be our guide.\\nWe are your obedient children we are under your pro-\\ntection. You have given us a good land, and you were\\nunder many obligations to do so. Nothing can induce\\nus to leave this land, and we will never disobey your\\nwishes. Make peace or make war, we will approve of\\nwhatever you do it is not for a good child to find fault\\nwith what his father does. We have all confidence in\\nyou.\\nM. la Motte. I thank you, Sastarexy. It is true that\\nformerly the Outawa was my eldest son but since then\\nhe has removed his fire from here, and committed an\\nenormous disobedience. If he returns to his duty, he\\nshall be my younger son.\\nAnd you, Hurons, congratulate yourselves that to-\\nday, by your obedience, you have taken the place of\\nyour elder brother in my heart and in my favor. Con-\\ngratulate yourselves in having profited by a goodly\\nheritage.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0272.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 261\\nGeneral Council La Motte s terms accepted.\\nThe last council was held by M. la Motte Cadillac,\\nwith the four Outawa chiefs from Montreal, and the two\\nchiefs of the Kiskakons from Michilimackinac. M. la\\nMotte first addressed the Outawa chief, Otontagon\\nYou, Kinonge, and the other chiefs, are well in-\\nformed of my resolution, and you know the promise you\\nhave made me. Upon the fulfillment of that promise\\ndepends the peace which you desire. Onaske! Kou-\\ntaouiliboe listen while Otontagon tells you the result of\\nthe councils, and decide what you will do.\\nHave pity on your children, who have eaten grass\\nall summer, and for whom you have felt such tenderness\\nthat you were willing to risk your life by coming here.\\nOtontagon then tremblingly related, in a few words,\\nthe demand of M. la Motte, and the engagement into\\nwhich they had entered for its accomplishment.\\nOnaske immediately replied I thank you, my broth-\\ners, Otontagon, and all the Outawa chiefs. It is very\\ntrue that this affair is of great importance but our fa-\\nther, M. la Motte, demands Le Pesant s life; if he\\nwishes, it must be so. I know my father, and he\\nknows me when he wishes a thing, it must be done\\nhe does not change his mind. In this I agree with\\nhim.\\nOtontagon, my nephew, Le Pesant is your flesh\\nKinonge is also your flesh. Be firm it is just- that this", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0273.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "262 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nChiefs dismissed with Threats and Promises.\\ndog, who has bitten both of us to the bone, should be\\ndestroyed.\\nWho can effect any thing in my nation but me? I\\nspeak in the hearing of Manitouabe, of Koutaouiliboe,\\nof Sakima, and of Nanakouena. I am strong! I thank\\nmy father for having declared to me his thought. I\\nthank you, my brothers, for the promise you have made\\nhim. We must either keep it, and live in peace, or die\\nLa Motte then remarked I had resolved to cause\\nyour furs to be taken away I would not have given you\\neven a bone to gnaw, and you should have had nothing\\nto support your children. But, on account of your words,\\nI allow you to trade, and to take away with you what\\nwill be necessary for your subsistence but do not abuse\\nmy kindness.\\nIf you fail to fulfill your promise, you will fall into\\ngreater misery than before. I shall have dull ears for-\\never, and will never again entertain thoughts of peace.\\nTell your people that peace will be concluded only when\\nthe satisfaction which I demand shall be rendered and\\nuntil then, they must come here no more.\\nAfter the surrender of Le Pesant, you may all come\\nwith a high head I will smooth the way.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0274.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nOutawas and Kiskakons return to Michilimackinac M. St. Pierre and\\nsoldiers from Detroit accompany them Grand council convened\\nDifficulties settled Le Pesant delivered up Sent under guard to\\nDetroit M. St. Pierre returns to Quebec with Koutaouiliboe and\\nSakima They arrive at Quebec, October 7th, 1707 Council convened\\nSpeech of Koutaouiliboe, giving a minute statement of affairs at\\nDetroit and Michilimackinac Second council, governor-general s\\nreply Dismisses the chiefs with presents Letter from the governor-\\ngeneral to Father Marest, missionary at Michilimackinac.\\nFinding themselves compelled to accept the terms of\\nM. la Motte, the chiefs of the Outawas and Kiskakons\\nreturned to Michilimackinac, accompanied by M. St.\\nPierre. On their arrival a grand council was held by\\nthe French envoy and the surrounding nations, which\\nhad been gathered by the instrumentality of Koutaou-\\niliboe. All difficulties were satisfactorily adjusted, and\\nLe Pesant was delivered into the custody of the soldiers\\nsent from Detroit for that purpose.\\nM. St. Pierre, whose mission was accomplished, im-\\nmediately set out on his return to Quebec, accompanied\\nby Koutaouiliboe, chief of the Kiskakons, and Sakima,\\nchief of the Sinagos. These chiefs were charged with a\\nletter to the governor-general from Father Marest, mis-\\nsionary at Michilimackinac. They arrived at Quebec,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0275.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "264 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nSpeech of Koutaouiliboe in Council at Quebec.\\nOctober Yth., 1707. In a council held soon after their\\narrival, Koutaouiliboe gave the following minute account\\nof the proceedings at Detroit and Michilimackinac\\nMy father Sakima and I have finally arrived before\\nyou, to show you how obedient we are to your orders,\\nand to inform you of all that has occurred at Michili-\\nmackinac and Detroit during the past summer.\\nMy father When we sent Jean le Blanc and the\\nother chiefs from Michilimackinac to appease your\\nanger, they promised to use the utmost diligence to re-\\nturn, as we were waiting very impatiently to know your\\nwill. But you thought proper to send Jean le Blanc and\\nthe principal chiefs to Detroit. As soon as the rest of\\nthe party, who came by the great river, arrived at Mich-\\nilimackinac, they gave us an account of their voyage,\\nand told us that M. St. Pierre, whom you had sent with\\nJean le Blanc to Detroit, was to return by the way of\\nMichilimackinac and speak to the nations.\\nI rose up then, my father for you know I have\\nalways had a French heart and demanded of the young\\nmen, as well as the old, whether they were all asleep,\\nand if they did not understand the news which was\\nbrought to them from Montreal. What, said I, M. St.\\nPierre in Detroit, and coming this way to speak to the\\nnations, and you pay not the least attention to the word\\nof your father Go, young men, bear this news to the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0276.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 265\\nArrival at Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reception by M. St. Pierre.\\nSauteurs, the Noquens, the Folle-Avoines, the Pottawa-\\ntornies, the Sacs, the Pucms, and the Outagamies that\\non the arrival of M. St. Pierre he may find them all\\nhere, that nothing may retard the will of Onontio. We\\nwaited long, and St. Pierre did not come then I said\\nto the old men, What does this mean Can it be that\\nsome accident has befallen M. St. Pierre, and thus the\\nmessage of our father is delayed I will go to Detroit\\nto meet M. St. Pierre, and if he has not arrived I will\\nwait for him.\\nMy father When I arrived at Detroit I found M.\\nSt. Pierre acting as interpreter for M. la Motte. He\\ndemanded of me, in an angry tone, where I was going.\\nMy heart was frozen by the manner in which M. St.\\nPierre spoke to me, when I had come to Detroit only on\\ngood business, and had left Michilimackinac only to be\\nsooner informed of the will of my father. The next day\\nM. la Motte sent me word by M. St. Pierre, that I might\\nreturn with Onaske, if I wished, but the women and\\nchildren, and all my peltries, must remain till affairs\\nshould be settled. I replied to M. la Motte, that the\\nbusiness on which Onontio had sent M. St. Pierre was\\nimportant, but my peltries were of no consequence that\\nas I had come to Detroit in good faith, if he would not\\nlet me barter them there, I could easily carry them back\\nagain.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0277.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "266 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nConference between Jean le Blanc and Koutaouiliboe.\\nMy father When I saw that M. la Motte would not\\nreceive my furs, I was convinced that something had\\nbeen concealed from me for our people had told us, on\\ntheir return from Michilimackinac, that you, my father,\\nhad demanded the head of Le Pesant. I then asked\\nJean le Blanc why the Kiskakons, being French, were\\nnot permitted to trade at Detroit, while the Outawas,\\nwho had caused all the trouble, had entire freedom. He\\ntold me he was very glad to see me, and would hide\\nnothing from me. He said that you, Onontio, had de-\\nmanded the head of Le Pesant to atone for the blood of\\nFather Eecollet. Not being quite able to promise you\\nfull satisfaction because this wicked bear was like a\\ngreat tree, having such strong roots that it was difficult\\nto tear it up Onontio had sent him to Detroit to meet\\nM. la Motte in council, that they might find means to\\ngive satisfaction to Onontio, and make peace with the\\nother nations. But La Motte, who, in Detroit, was\\nanother Onontio, sternly demanded Le Pesant as the\\nonly satisfaction, and he had finally concluded to sur-\\nrender him.\\nThe next day Otontagon and Kinonge, or, as you call\\nthem, Jean le Blanc and Brochet, Onaske and I, met M.\\nla Motte in council, and we all promised to deliver up\\nLe Pesant to M. la Motte and I told them if Le Pesant\\nwould not come to Detroit, I would cut off his head in", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0278.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 267\\nSt. Pierre and Chiefs arrive at Michilimackinac.\\nour own village. M. la Motte then told me that I might\\ntrade with my furs. What, then, was his thought Did\\nM. la Motte suppose that, by retaining my furs, he would\\ncause me the sooner to execute his will Does he not\\nknow that interest is nothing to me, but that I am always\\nobedient to my father? I told M. la Motte that Le Pe-\\nsant was not our relative, therefore it was for Jean le\\nBlanc and Kinonge to deliver him up. As for us, we\\nshould always be ready to give them all the help they\\nmight need. It was enough for us that we were doing\\nthe will of Onontio.\\nIn the evening M. la Motte told us that M. St. Pierre\\nwould depart for Michilimackinac on the morrow, and it\\nwould be best for us to embark and follow his flag, as\\nthere were three bands of Miamis who might easily at-\\ntack us on the way. When M. St. Pierre drew near\\nMichilimackinac, he said that he would not land he\\nwould only draw his boat upon the sand, and Le Pesant\\nmust be delivered to him immediately, or have his head\\nbroken. I replied: My brother What you say is of\\nvalue; but all men have not the heart placed alike,\\nhence business is not always as quickly done as one\\nmight wish. Although we have given our word to\\nOnontio and M. la Motte, this affair is of the utmost im-\\nportance, and we cannot be too cautious in our move-\\nments in regard to it. When M. Louvigny came to take", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0279.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "268 EARLY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN.\\nGeneral Council of the Northwestern Tribes.\\naway the Iroquois, he found it necessary that he should\\nknow all hearts, and listen patiently to all the reasons.\\nI need not tell you all that took place but on land-\\ning, M. St. Pierre found that the young men whom I\\nsent out before going to Detroit had notified the nations,\\nand there were assembled the Kiskakons, the Sinagos,\\nthe nations of the Sable and Fourche, the Sauteurs, the\\nNoquets, the Folle-Avoines, the Pottawatomies, the Sacs,\\nthe Puans, and the Outagamies. They had come to\\nmeet M. St. Pierre in council, having forgotten all their\\nold quarrels between themselves, and meeting together\\nas real brothers.\\nThree days after our arrival, when the distant na-\\ntions had departed for their homes, we brought this\\naffair of Le Pesant into the council. We had not dared\\nto speak of it while the nations were assembled, as he is\\nallied to almost all of them. I will boldly say to you,\\nmy father, that it was Onaske, Sakima, Meyagila, and I,\\nthe chiefs of the Kiskakons and Sinagos, who obliged Le\\nPesant to embark for Detroit to meet M. la Motte, ac-\\ncording to your wish. If there had been only Jean le\\nBlanc, he would never have dared attack this great tree.\\nBut your children of Michilimackinac were all resolved\\nto break his head if he would not embark, rather than\\nto see ourselves, for the love of him, exposed to your\\nanger.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0280.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 269\\nSpec-ch of M. Vaudreuil Le Pesant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 La Motte.\\nMy father\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Our fear is that M. la Motte will not put\\nLe Pesant to death and that, remembering that we de-\\nlivered him up, he will seek to avenge himself.\\nMy father Sakima begs that you will pardon him\\nfor not having brought with him captives to offer to his\\nbrothers the Iroquois. He would not have come down\\nnow, if the desire of testifying to you his obedience had\\nnot overcome his fear that you would reproach him for\\nhaving failed to fulfill his promise. He renews that\\npromise to you, my father, and you will not have cause\\nto complain of him.\\nThe next day the council was again convened, and the\\ngovernor-general replied as follows\\nKoutaouiliboe I have learned from the account\\nyou gave me yesterday, also from M. St. Pierre, and\\nfrom the letters of M. la Motte, all that has occurred at\\nMichilimackinac and Detroit in regard to Le Pesant,\\nthat bear who has made trouble for so long a time. I\\nam glad that my children at Michilimackinac have at\\nlast opened their eyes to their own interest; and that\\naccording to my will they have sent to M. la Motte the\\nonly obstacle that prevented my making a solid peace\\nwith them.\\nAt Detroit, M. la Motte is another myself, as he has\\nmy orders, and I am persuaded that he will follow them\\nin every point, and that, having Le Pesant in his hands,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0281.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "270 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nExpre sions of kind feeling Peace General orders.\\nhe will dispose of liim as sliall be necessary to promote a\\nlasting peace.\\nI am glad to see you here. I always knew that\\nKoutaouiliboe had a good mind and a French heart, and\\nI have for him a real esteem. I have not the less for\\nSakima, although he has not brought me by this voyage\\nthe captives he promised, to give to his brothers the\\nIroquois. I will not speak of it, however, on condition\\nthat he will send them to me as soon as possible next\\nyear, that the Iroquois may not reproach me with telling\\na lie, and seeking to deceive them.\\nI will not detain you, my children the season is\\nfar advanced, depart when you please. Carry to your\\nbrothers the good news that peace is made that by\\ntheir obedience in sending Le Pesant to M. la Motte,\\nthey have entirely disarmed my anger.\\nYou can now go to Detroit and come to Montreal\\nthese two doors are open to you only remember all your\\nlife, and tell it to all your nation, that the blood of the\\nFrench is valuable, and the people who in future shall\\nshed it shall not have my pardon, unless they bring me\\nthe head of him who has committed the deed. I am\\nvery glad that all the nations were assembled to meet\\nM. St. Pierre, and that you were united, as real brothers\\nought to be. Continue in sentiments that are so advan-\\ntageous to you; and since the country is once more", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0282.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 271\\nDeputation dismissed with Presents.\\nunited, take care to do nothing in future that might dis-\\nturb its quiet. Always listen to my words, and to what\\nM. la Motte shall say in my name, when you are at De-\\ntroit, and listen also to Father Marest, when he shall\\ncarry you my message. As you all have the French\\nheart, I recommend Father Marest to your protection,\\nthat you prevent any insult being offered him. On your\\narrival at Montreal, I will cause two blankets to be given\\neach of you also powder and balls, tobacco, and provi-\\nsions sufficient for your journey. They will also give you\\nten pounds of tobacco to carry to Father Marest. Be\\ncareful always to remember what I have said to you.\\nOn the return of Koutaouiliboe and Sakima to Michi-\\nlimackinac, M. Yauclreuil sent the subjoined letter to\\nFather Marest. It shows the perfect understanding\\nwhich existed between them, and in some respects con-\\nfirms the statements of M. la Motte\\nRev. Father I received your letter of the 8th of\\nSeptember by M. St. Pierre, who arrived here the 7th\\nof this month with Koutaouiliboe, Sakima, and another\\nyoung man. I have showed many attentions to Kouta-\\nouiliboe and you will see by my reply to them in coun-\\ncil, of which I send you a copy, that I expressed myself\\nwell pleased with the conduct of the Outawas in sending\\nXe Pesant to M. la Motte.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0283.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "272 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLetter from the Governor-general to Father Maresu\\nWhat you say of Jean le Blanc gives me much\\npleasure, though M. St. Pierre endeavored to make me\\nsuspicious of him. I hardly believe, after what I have\\nsaid to him, and what he has promised, that he will, in\\nfuture, make any trouble. I believe he will do his best\\nto settle this difficulty with M. la Motte.\\nAs the court wishes the establishment of Detroit,\\nthat, of course, is also my pleasure and it is for M. la\\nMotte to decide whether it will be more advantageous\\nto his post to have the Outawas return there, or to allow\\nthem to remain at Michilimackinac.\\nAlthough M. Pontchartrain found fault with you for\\nbeing absent two years from your mission at Michili-\\nmackinac, he, at the same time, signified to me that his\\nmajesty wished the permanent settlement of Detroit by\\nthe French, and that the savages should also be estab-\\nlished there. It is therefore necessary to allow them\\nvery great liberty on this point, that they may not com-\\nplain that they have been retained and that M. la Motte\\nalso, may not report to the court that the savages have\\nbeen in any way prevented from coming to establish\\nthemselves at his post.\\nI was interested in your account of the assembling\\nof the different nations at Michilimackinac, awaiting the\\narrival of M. St. Pierre. He also spoke of it. I am\\nvery glad affairs have so terminated that they, at least", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0284.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 273\\nApproves of the Council of Nations Disposal of Le Pesant.\\nin appearance, have separated good friends. If they\\ncome to Montreal next year, as you inform me they pro-\\npose to do, I will use every means in my power to estab-\\nlish a permanent peace. I shall also inform Ounkima-\\nvendelle, that he must keep himself quiet if he wishes to\\ngain my favor and to render himself respectable. I am\\nglad you gave two pounds of powder to the chief of the\\nSacs if he comes here, I will assure him that a man\\nwho enjoys your approbation is certain of my favor. You\\nknow, Reverend Father, that hitherto I have paid atten-\\ntion to all those whom you have recommended to me.\\nI agree with you, Reverend Father, that the affair\\nof Le Pesant is one of the most important that has ever\\noccurred in the upper country. I have always regarded\\nit as such. Whether M. la Motte causes him to be put\\nto death, or not, I am persuaded that there is nothing to\\nfear for you, since it is by their own act that the Outawas\\ndelivered him to M. St. Pierre, in order that M. d Argen-\\nteuil might take him to Detroit. They have thereby\\nsubmitted to whatever might occur.\\nI have noticed, Reverend Father, what you spoke of\\nin regard to H. la Motte s accusing you of being the\\ncause of the quarrel that occurred at Detroit and that\\nyou returned to your mission, well aware that you would\\nfind, on your arrival, not only the Outawas of Michili-\\nmackinac, but also those of Detroit.\\n18", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0285.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "274 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nAssures the Missionary of justification at Court.\\nM. Baudot and myself will render to you, at court,\\nthe justice you deserve and if M. la JVlotte has no other\\naffront or grievance against you, it will not be very diffi-\\ncult to destroy what he may advance in regard to this\\nmatter. I exhort you to live on good terms with him as\\nfar as possible the service of the king, and even the\\nadvancement of your mission, depending very much on\\nthe good understanding between the officers of the upper\\ncountry and the missionaries.\\nI cannot give you any definite orders in regard to\\nthe course you are to pursue, if your savages leave the\\nmission I think, however, that while awaiting the orders\\nof the court, if they go to Detroit or elsewhere, you can-\\nnot do better than to go with them. I cannot see, Rev-\\nerend Father, what inconvenience you will experience\\nby writing to me your sentiments upon what passes\\nabove I need the information, and it seems to me, if\\nany one ought to be well informed concerning what is\\npassing at Michilimackinac, it is you.\\nSay to Rev. Father Chardon that I am very glad he\\nhas resolved to continue at his mission.\\nOur vessels have not yet arrived, therefore I can\\nsend you by this opportunity only ten pounds of powder,\\nwhich I beg you to share with Onaske, and such others\\nas you think fit. I will also send you ten pounds of\\nblack tobacco, if it is to be found in Montreal, in part", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0286.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 275\\nChiefs receive Presents from the Governor-general.\\npayment of the twenty pounds that M. St. Pierre was to\\nremit to you.\\nI have given to Koutaouiliboe, Sakiina, and the\\nyoung man who came with them, each a coat, a calico\\nshirt, some provisions, and powder and balls, for their\\nreturn journey and to each of the first two, a blanket.\\nThe season being so far advanced, I apprehend that they\\nmay not be able to reach you, therefore this prevents\\nme from sending you any thing more by thern. I am,\\nwith all possible consideration,\\nRev. Father,\\nYours, c.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0287.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nM. la Motte pardons Le Pesant Dissatisfaction of the Miamis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They\\ndemand vengeance upon Le Pesant Kill three Frenchmen and com-\\nmit other depredations Hivrons and Iroquois raise war-parties to at-\\ntack the French M. la Motte complains that it is Jesuitical influence\\nwhich occasions these disturbances Asks for a re-enforcement of\\ntroops and a better fort Advises the destruction of Fort Frontenac\\nThinks a new fort below Fort Frontenac wovdd afford better protec-\\ntion to the passage to Detroit and Montreal Complains of the Cou-\\nreurs des Bois Inspection of the several posts by M. d Aigrement He\\nremains nineteen days at Detroit Accuses M. la Motte of tyranny\\nMeasures the valuable lands at Fort Pontchartrain Only twenty-nine\\nof the inhabitants landholders Taxes Asserts that the mainte-\\nnance of Detroit must be prejudicial to all Canada Trouble at Detroit\\nwith the Miamis Detailed account Proceeds to Michilimackinac\\nConsiders it an important post Describes its location and advantages\\nUrges the necessity of sending a commandant with a good garrison\\nApproves of the permits.\\nUnfortunately for the settlement at Detroit, M. la\\nMotte was induced to pardon Le Pesant. This injudi-\\ncious leniency provoked the Miamis, who accused M. la\\nMotte of a breach of contract. They demanded ven-\\ngeance upon Le Pesant. Finding that their wishes were\\nentirely disregarded, they killed three Frenchmen, and\\ncommitted other depredations in the vicinity of Detroit.\\nM. la Motte was making preparations to avenge him-\\nself, when he received intelligence that the Hurons and", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0288.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "EAELT HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 277\\nTreaty with the Miamis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Difficulties with the Jesuits.\\nIroquois had raised war-parties to come and massacre all\\nthe French. This new danger, from an unexpected\\nsource, induced M. la Motte to effect a treaty of peace\\nwith the Miamis. The treaty was soon violated by the\\nsavages. M. la Motte then marched against them with\\na large force, and compelled them to offer terms of sub-\\nmission.\\nThese frequent outbreaks on the part of the savages,\\nwere not the only difficulties in the way of the comman-\\ndant of Fort Pontchartrain. The old feud between the\\nJesuits and Franciscans, though smothered by the stern\\ncommand of government, was not forgotten.\\nJesuitical intrigue was often apparent, not only in the\\nviolation of treaties on the part of the savages, but also\\nin the disaffection of the French and to counter-plot suc-\\ncessfully, required the utmost exercise of M. La Motte s\\ningenuity. Of this he complains, in a letter to Count\\nPontchartrain. A summary of the letter is preserved in\\nthe Colonial Archives at Paris, from which the following\\nextract is taken. It is dated Detroit, Sept. 15, 1708.\\nLa Motte still complains that the Jesuits are so much\\nopposed to the establishment of Detroit, that they must\\neither leave, or he will abandon the fort demanding,\\nhowever, that the government indemnify him, if he\\nshould leave.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0289.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "278 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSummary of a Letter from Cadillac to the Governor-general.\\nHe asserts that the Jesuit Fathers have prevented\\nthe Outawas from coming to Detroit to settle, and offers\\nto prove it by a letter written to him by Father Mantet,\\nmissionary of Michilimacldnac, dated October 23, 1677,\\nbnt not received by La Motte until 1707. He says that\\nthe letter has been written thirty years, yet no one has\\ndared to contradict its contents.\\nHe also thinks it necessary for the firm establish-\\nment of Detroit, that there should be five or six hundred\\ninhabitants, and troops in proportion that a good fort of\\nearth be made on the site of the present insecure fortifi-\\ncation, and a smaller one on the other side of the river,\\ndirectly opposite, as these defenses would certainly make\\nthe French masters of this passage of the nations. He\\nadvises to destroy Fort Frontenac, and build another\\ntwenty-five leagues farther down, at a place named La\\nGalette, which would be in every respect a good depot\\nbetween Montreal and Detroit.\\nHe says he knows a passage by which a canal could\\neasily be constructed to form a connection between Lake\\nErie and Lake Ontario. But he complains that it is im-\\npossible for him to accomplish any of his purposes, be-\\ncause the great project of the people of Canada is the\\nestablishment of Michilimackinac, with the permits and\\neoureurs des hois. This proposed re-establishment has\\ngreat allurements for the governor-general, because it", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0290.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 279\\nComparative advantage^ of Michilirnackinac and Detroit\\nmakes him master ot the commerce. If Michilirnackinac\\nwere abandoned, the savages \u00e2\u0080\u00a2would no longer resort to\\nMontreal, and, consequently, the governor-general would\\nnot receive his annual presents from them. All Canada\\nregards Detroit as an obstacle to the re-establishment of\\nthe permits hence their opposition to it.\\nHe says Michilirnackinac could not sustain itself in\\ncase of a war with the Iroquois, because it could have\\nno communication with Montreal. But Detroit does not\\nlabor under that embarrassment he can go to Montreal\\nwhenever he wishes, and he can put so many armed\\nenemies on the war-path of the Iroquois, whenever it\\npleases him, that they will be glad to leave him in\\nrepose.\\nAfter a recapitulation of the plans which he pro-\\nposed in 1703, La Motte complains of the many expenses\\nwhich he has been obliged to defray, individually, and\\nasks that some provision may be made by government\\nfor such contingencies. He says he is under no obliga-\\ntion to bear the expense of the new fort, which he is\\nbuilding at Detroit, nor to erect the church. He offers,\\nhowever, to build the choir of the church, and to give\\nthe land on which it stands, provided he may have the\\nadvowson of it.\\nHe says if His Majesty is not willing himself to give\\nany thing for the nave, he might order the inhabitants", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0291.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "280 EA.RLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nInspection of the Posts by M. d Aigrement.\\nand merchants to contribute a given sum for that pur-\\npose, and offers to donate five hundred francs as his part.\\nA few days prior to the date of M. la Motte s letter to\\nCount Pontchartrain, M. d Aigrement, who had been\\nsent by M. Vaudreuil to inspect the several posts on the\\nfrontier, having spent nineteen days at Detroit, passed\\non to Michilimackinac. On his return, the result of his\\ninvestigations was sent to France. The following tran-\\nscript gives the other side of the picture\\nu Summary of an inspection of the Posts of Detroit and Michili-\\nmackinac, by M. d Aigrement, dated Quebec, Nov. 14, 1708.\\nM. d Aigrement left Niagara, June 29, 1708. He\\nsailed along the north coast of Lake Erie, a distance of\\nninety leagues, and arrived at Detroit on the 15th of\\nJuly. He remained at Fort Pontchartrain of Detroit\\nnineteen days,* and became convinced during his stay\\nthat M. la Motte Cadillac, who commands there, is gen-\\nerally disliked by the French and savages, with the ex-\\nception of three or four of the former, whom he employs\\nin his secret trade, and whom he influences more than\\nLa Motte contends that this sojourn was not sufficient to gain any\\ncorrect knowledge of the country. He says that during his stay, they\\ndid not have two hours conversation together, and that M. d Aigrement\\nmade secret inquiries in regard to him, a course well calculated to call\\nforth discreditahle remarks from the French and savages.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0292.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 281\\nAccuses M. la Motte of Extortion and Tyranny.\\nthe others. This hatred is in consequence of the tyranny\\nwhich he exercises over the entire settlement. Among\\nthe many instances which came under his notice, are\\nthe following\\nLa Motte requires of a blacksmith, named Parent,\\nfor permission to work at his trade, the sum of six hun-\\ndred francs and two hogsheads of ale, and the obligation\\nto shoe all the horses of M. la Motte, whatever number\\nhe may have, though at present he keeps but one.\\nOf a gunsmith named Pinet, he requires three hun-\\ndred francs a year, and the repairing of twelve guns per\\nmonth, which makes one hundred and forty -four a year.\\nEstimating this work at one pistole per gun, M. la Motte\\ndraws from the work of these men, seventeen hundred\\nand forty francs.* Evidently this state of things cannot\\nlast long, for they will be obliged to leave Detroit.\\nM. la Motte has caused a windmill to be erected, in\\nwhich he takes the eighth minot as toll, while others\\ntake only the fourteenth. He gives for his reason, the\\ngreat cost of the mill.f\\nc M. la Motte says that he made agreements with these workmen at\\nMontreal, when they were in no wise under his control that some time\\nafter their arrival at Detroit, they themselves desired a different com-\\nmission the very one of which they now complain. Besides, the taxes\\nthat he requires of them are not new, the Company of the Colony hav-\\ning used the same prerogative.\\nf This reason of M. la Motte s deserves attention yet one does not\\nfeel quite satisfied with it he appears too covetous.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0293.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "282 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nValuable Lands measured\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Complaints of the Savages.\\nM. d Aigrement caused the valuable lands at Fort\\nPontchartrain to be measured, and found three hundred\\nand fifty -three roods of it in all. La Motte has one hun-\\ndred and fifty-seven the French inhabitants, all togeth-\\ner, have forty-six and the Hurons one hundred and fifty.\\nThe one hundred and fifty roods of La Motte have been\\nbroken up by the soldiers and savages, nineteen roods of\\nwhich belonged to the company so the cultivation of it\\nhas cost La Motte nothing.\\nThere are but twenty-nine of the inhabitants of De-\\ntroit who have taken ground-plots within the fort, where\\nthey have built small log-houses, thatched with grass.\\nThe whole number of the French settlers is sixty-three,\\nthirty -four being traders. It is certain that if M. la\\nMotte had not introduced the trade in brandy, but very\\nfew of the traders would remain, and no more would go\\nthere. Brandy and ammunition are the only profitable\\narticles of commerce to the French, the English furnish-\\ning all others.\\nThe savages make great complaints against M. la\\nMotte they say plainly, that if he remains there they\\nwill not settle at Detroit. They demand the lieu-\\ntenant, M. d Argenteuil, as commandant. This man\\nhas much influence among them, but has little manage-\\nment. The savages promise great faithfulness to the\\nking.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0294.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 283\\nMode of selling Brandy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Immense profits.\\nIn order to prevent the disturbances which would\\narise from the excessive use of brandy, M. la Motte\\ncauses it all to be put into the storehouse, and to be sold\\nto each in his turn at the rate of twenty francs per quart.\\nThose who will have it, French as well as Indians, are\\nobliged to go to the storehouse to drink, and each can\\nobtain, at one time, only the twenty-fourth part of a\\nquart. It is certain that the savages cannot become in-\\ntoxicated on that quantity. The price is high, and as\\nthey can only get the brandy each in his turn, it some-\\ntimes happens that the savages are obliged to return\\nhome without a taste of this beverage, and they seem\\nready to kill themselves in their disappointment.\\nM. la Motte has bought of four individuals one hun-\\ndred and four quarts, at four francs a quart, and sold it\\nat twenty francs thus making a profit of four-fifths.\\nThe inhabitants of Detroit pay M. la Motte two francs\\nten sous a year for each lot of land measuring one rood,\\nfronting on the river, by twenty in depth and for the\\nground in the fort, they pay two sous for each foot of\\nfront, and double that amount when this plot borders on\\ntwo streets. All the inhabitants also pay to M. la Motte\\na tax of ten francs a year, which he claims for himself.\\nThis tax is levied for the privilege of free trade with the\\nIndians. M. d Aigrement also recounted many acts of\\npetty tyranny on the part of M. la Motte, especially ex-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0295.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "284 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nOutbreak of the Miamis Treaty of Peace.\\nercised toward the poor soldiers that were under his\\nimmediate control.\\nThis inspector asserted that there can be no doubt\\nthat maintaining the establishment at Detroit must be\\nhighly prejudicial to Canada for, said he, our allies,\\nthe Hurons, even now carry their peltries through the\\ncountry to the English and they have also introduced\\nto the English the Miamis, of whom they formerly made\\nsuch good use in the war which we had against them.\\nIn the month of April, 1707, the Miamis having\\nkilled three Frenchmen, M. la Motte sent orders to the\\nOutawas to come to his aid, having heard that the Iro-\\nquois, Hurons, and Miamis were determined on the de-\\nstruction of the French. Three hundred good men of\\nthe Outawas immediately set out, under the command\\nof the two officers sent by M. la Motte but they were\\nsurprised to learn, before they reached Detroit, that M.\\nla Motte had already made peace with the Miamis.\\nThe conditions of the peace were, first, to deliver\\nup the murderers within forty days second, to return,\\nwithin fifteen days, a little Outawa whom they had\\ntaken captive third, to pay for the cattle which they\\nhad killed fourth, to restore the goods which they had\\nstolen from the French.\\nThe fifteen days having elapsed and the little Ou-\\ntawa not having been sent back, M. la Motte resolved to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0296.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 285\\nViolation of Treaty\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French attack the Fort of the Miamis.\\nmake war upon the Miamis, although the forty days that\\nhe had given them for the delivery of the murderers had\\nnot yet expired. He called together the French and\\nsavages, and after having lifted the tomahawk in council,\\nhe departed with four hundred men to attack the fort of\\nthe Miamis. But he conducted the march without that\\norder and precaution which were necessary, despising all\\nthe advice given him by the chiefs and his own officers.\\nWhen he arrived near the fort of the Miamis, which he\\nexpected to take without opposition there being but\\nsixty warriors of the Miamis, and his force amounting to\\nfour hundred men he found the Miamis ready to de-\\nfend themselves. They fired on the advancing army,\\nwounding many persons, and obliging La Motte to re-\\ntreat to some distance from the intrenchment. At this\\njuncture the Miamis raised a white flag, that M. la Motte\\nhad given them the previous year, which rendered it\\nnecessary for him to hold a council with them.\\nThe principal chief of the Miamis who came to the\\ncouncil reproached La Motte for having broken his\\nword, the forty days which he had given them not hav-\\ning expired. La Motte replied that he had a right to\\nattack them, as they had failed to bring back the little\\nOutawa who was among them within fifteen days, as\\nthey had promised. He demanded that this little Ou-\\ntawa should now be restored, and that they should also", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0297.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "286 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nNegotiations Frenchmen retained as Hostages.\\ngive him three captives to replace the dead. They not\\nonly complied with these requisitions, but they also\\npromised him that they would deliver up the murderers\\nwithin six weeks, if possible, but if not, they would come\\nafter their harvest and settle at Detroit. As a pledge of\\ntheir truthfulness, they gave three of their chiefs into the\\ncustody of the French as hostages. They also presented\\nto M. la Motte fifty packs of different kinds of furs, for\\nhimself and for the troops and allies. In this affray\\nthere were seven Frenchmen wounded, and four savages\\nkilled and two wounded.\\nAfter his return to Detroit, M. la Motte, not having\\nheard from the Miamis, sent a canoe with four French-\\nmen to their camp. The Miamis kept two of the\\nFrenchmen, and sent back two of their own men in-\\nstead, to signify to M. la Motte that they would do as\\nthey had promised but this is improbable, as they have\\nabandoned their fort. If they come to Detroit, it will be\\nvery difficult for them to agree with the Outawas, as no\\none can bring about a good understanding between all\\nthe different nations which La Motte has intended to\\nassemble here. There are ancient enmities that will\\nalways prevail over all he can say to them. If it were\\npossible to succeed in causing them to live together in\\npeace, there would arise another difficulty. The Iroquois\\nwould gain all these nations over to the English, on", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0298.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 287\\nSavages of Detroit trade with the English.\\naccount of their greater facilities for commerce. An\\nexample of this is already seen. Detroit has not sent to\\nthe office at Montreal more than seven hundred weight\\nof bearer this year, while Michilimacldnac has sent\\nforty thousand pounds. It is certain, however, that the\\nDetroit tribes have traded as much as usual, therefore\\nthe rest must have passed to the English.\\nIf Michilimacldnac is abandoned and the Outawas\\ngo to Detroit, as M. la Motte intends, it is certain that\\nthe low price of the English goods will cause the trade\\nin beaver to pass into their colony, without our being\\nable to prevent it. We should also lose the beaver from\\nnorth of Lake Superior, which is the best there is it will\\npass to the English at Hudson s Bay.\\nM. d Aigrement disputes the account given of the\\nsoil about Detroit, by M. la Motte and others. He de-\\nscribes it as consisting of a sandy surface, nine or ten\\ninches deep, beneath which is a clay so stiff that water\\ncannot penetrate it. The timber, he says, is small,\\nstunted oaks, and hardy walnuts he acknowledges that\\nthe land produces good Indian-corn, but says that is be-\\ncause the soil is new. He does not believe that the fruits\\nof Europe can be brought to perfection there, because\\nthe roots of the trees stand in water. Considerable cider*\\nDoubtless made of crab-apples a spontaneous production of the\\ncountry.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0299.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "288 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nClimate Soil Facilities of Commerce.\\nis made there, but it is bitter as gall. It is true that\\nthe country is warm, being only forty- three degrees\\nnorth latitude but the difficulty arises from the fact that\\nthe ground is new and full of water. There are some\\nsmall chestnuts which are pretty good to the taste, but\\nthey are the only kind of fruit that is good. The grass-\\nhoppers eat all the garden-plants, so that it is necessary\\nto plant and sow the same thing even to the fourth time.\\nEven if the land were ever so productive, there\\nwould be no market, and the trade of this post would\\nnever be useful to France the result of which would be\\nthat the establishment would always prove a burden to\\nthe colony, and of no use to the kingdom. It may be\\nsaid that, if we abandon it, the English will take pos-\\nsession; but that is not to be feared\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it being more\\nadvantageous to them that we should incur the expenses\\nand let them reap the benefit, as they now do. The\\nIndians are very willing to make use of the goods of the\\nEnglish, but they would not suffer the English to take\\npossession of their lands, even for the purposes of trade.\\nThe former interpreter at Detroit, brother of the sec-\\nretary of M. Vaudreuil, has been discharged. His suc-\\ncessor is much better he is an upright man.\\nAfter having remained nineteen days at Detroit, M.\\nd Aigrement started for Michilimackinac, August 3d,\\nand arrived there on the 19th of the same month.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0300.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 2^0\\nMichilimackinac Favorable situation Fish and Game.\\nMichilimackinac is one hundred and thirty leagues from\\nDetroit. Here he remained four days, during which\\ntime he observed that this is the advance post of all\\nCanada the most important, as well for its advantageous\\nposition, as for the commerce that might be made there.\\nIt is the rendezvous and highway of all the nations of\\nLake Superior, and the entire upper country. If the\\nnations wish to make war upon each other, the Outawas\\nwho inhabit Michilimackinac would be capable of pre-\\nventing them, and might be the mediators in their dif-\\nferences, as has been the case in the past.\\nThis post is inaccessible to the most powerful ene-\\nmies of the Outawas, who are to the south, and are\\nnot boatmen. The fish are very good, and very abun-\\ndant. The land is not very good, but the savages raise\\nfrom it enough Indian corn for their own use and that of\\nthe traders. The beaver found there is the best in North\\nAmerica; but to insure its passage into France, it is\\nnecessary to establish a French commandant there, with\\nat least thirty soldiers. The savages desire this. It\\nwould- also be necessary to induce the Hurons to return,\\nwhom M. la Motte decoyed away, as they are much bet-\\nter qualified to cultivate the land than the Outawas.\\nThese Hurons would never have abandoned this\\ncountry, if there had been a French commandant they\\nleft solely on account of their hatred of the Outa-\\n19", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0301.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "290 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nFurs of Miclriliniackinac go to Hudson s Bay.\\nwas, who held them in a kind of slavery. Those whom\\nM. d Aigrement saw at Detroit, say they like much bet-\\nter to be at Michilimackinac, and would attach them-\\nselves to a French commandant there. They hate the\\nOutawas, but appear to have a real affection for the\\nFrench.\\nIf we do not send a commandant with a garrison to\\nMichilimackinac, it is to be feared that the Hurons who\\nare at Detroit will settle with the Iroquois, in conse-\\nquence of their feeling of dissatisfaction toward M. la\\nMotte. They would have done so before this, if the\\nIroquois would have permitted them to make a distinct\\nvillage among them. Thus far the Iroquois have not\\nbeen willing to allow the Hurons to come among them,\\nexcept on condition of combining with them, and the\\nname of Huron becoming extinct. Since there are now at\\nMichilimackinac only a few wanderers, the greater part of\\nthe furs of the savages of the north go to the English\\ntrading-posts on Hudson s Bay. The Outawas are unable\\nto make this trade by themselves, because the northern\\nsavages are timid, and will not come near them, as they\\nhave often been plundered by them. It is therefore\\nnecessary that the French be allowed to seek these\\nnorthern tribes at the mouth of their own river, which\\nempties into Lake Superior. It would be advisable to\\nre-establish the permits, to give only twelve the first", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0302.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 291\\nEe-establishment of Permits beneficial to the French.\\nyear and after that to increase them even to twenty,\\nbut not to exceed that number. This would suffice for\\nthe quantity of beaver we should need. These permits\\nwould be sold at a fixed price, and the amount given to\\nindigent families, as heretofore. It would be necessary\\nto forbid the governor-general granting private permits,\\non any pretext whatever.\\nTo be still more certain of obtaining the beaver, it\\nwould be expedient for the contractor to give more than\\nthirty sous a pound it might be necessary to increase\\nthe price even to forty sous, in which case he would be\\nable to purchase as much as he would desire. All this\\ntrade would come to Michilimackinac and it would be\\nnecessary, in order to prevent any of the furs being sub-\\nsequently carried to the English, that the commandant\\nof that post should keep an exact account of the quantity\\nof furs, more or less, which should be loaded into each\\ncanoe to be sent to the intendant. By this means, each\\ncanoe would be obliged to deliver, at the office at Mon-\\ntreal, the same quantity which had been charged at\\nMichilimackinac. The contractor should remunerate\\nthe commandant for this service.\\nThere still remain at Michilimackinac fourteen or\\nfifteen Frenchmen, who could not possibly subsist there,\\nif the merchants and others in Montreal did not send\\nthem goods. These are not the only ones who trade", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0303.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "292 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nIntoxication of a Band of Outawas.\\nthere many canoes go up under pretext of government\\nservice, which are really loaded with goods. As those\\nwho conduct the canoes are usually the favorites of M.\\nVaudreuil, there is reason to believe that he has an in-\\nterest in this trade. It is certain that if there were no\\nFrench at Michilimaekinac, most of the beaver now\\nbartered there would go to the English.\\nPrevious to the departure of M. d Aigrement from\\nMichilimaekinac, a band of the Outawas, who had been\\nto Montreal, arrived there. They had with them five\\ncasks of brandy, and were all so much intoxicated the\\nnext night, that they set fire to their own wigwams,\\nwhich would all have been burned, but for the timely\\naid of the French, and who for this service were much\\nabused by the savages.\\nThe government at Montreal should prevent the sav-\\nages from carrying away such large quantities of brandy,\\nas it is the cause of most of the quarrels arising among\\nthem. They also squander the greater part of their\\nbeaver in presents and in brandy, and have not enough\\nremaining to purchase half the articles that are indis-\\npensable to their comfort. The Outawas informed M.\\nd Aigrement that they obtained permission to bring\\naway their brandy, by means of large presents which\\nthey made to M. Yaudreuil. He does not know cer-\\ntainly that this is true, but he is certain that the other", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0304.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 293\\nOutawa Chief complains of M. la Motte.\\npresents received by M. Yaudreuil this year will amount\\nto more than five hundred pistoles.\\nA chief of the Outawas, who has been at Detroit,\\nand is now at Michiliinackinac, complained that M. la\\nMotte refused to deliver to him a necklace of porcelain,\\nand a feast-kettle which the chief had given to one\\nof La Motte s agents, in security for five beaver-skins\\nwhich he had borrowed. The chief wished to return\\nthe loan two-fold, and receive back his property, but\\nwas refused. He thinks the refusal arises from the fact\\nthat he did not wish to return to Detroit. M. la Motte\\ntuld this chief, and many of his nation, that if they\\nwould not return to Detroit, they would all die. The\\nsavages are so superstitious that they now believe, when\\nany of their people die, that M. la Motte has cau ed\\ntheir death. Some have even gone to reside at LJetroit,\\nto avoid this death which M. la Motte pretends to have\\npower to inflict.\\nM. d Aigrement begs to be believed that the account\\nhe has given of the conduct of many individuals, has\\nbeen quite against his own inclination, not having any\\nreason to complain of them on his own account, but be-\\ncause he must obey the orders of His Majesty. He in-\\nfers, from all he has seen, that Fort Frontenac, on Lake\\nOntario, ought to be maintained, unless it is thought\\nadvisable, hereafter, to establish a post at La Galette,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0305.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "294 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDetroit injurious, Michilimackinac beneficial to the Colony.\\ntwenty-five or thirty leagues lower down. He con-\\nsiders the post at Detroit very injurious to the colony,\\nand to the commerce of the kingdom but thinks it very\\nimportant to preserve the trade at Michilimackinac,\\nwhere the Outawas are established.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0306.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nWar between France and England English attempt the reduction of\\nNew France Port Koyal taken Fifty thousand crowns raised by the\\nmerchants of Quebec to complete their fortifications English unsuc-\\ncessful Outagamies suddenly make their appearance In 1712, Outa-\\ngamies and Mascoutins attack Detroit Long siege Garrison relieved\\nby their allies The enemy routed, and nearly all destroyed Letter\\nfrom Father Marest to the governor-general, giving an account of the\\nattack Urges the re-establishment of Michilimackinac Memorial\\nof M. Begon, opposing the immediate re-establishment of Michili-\\nmackinac.\\nThe war between France and England, which con-\\ntinued until 1713, had a most disastrous effect upon the\\ngrowth of their respective colonies in America. To keep\\nthe savages, especially the Iroquois, in a state of neu-\\ntrality, seemed to be the greatest difficulty encountered\\nby the English, while the French, more successful in\\nmaking treaties, were no more fortunate in securing their\\nobservance.\\nKeligious intolerance and jealousy kept the French\\noutposts in a state of ferment, and prevented that de-\\ncisive and united action which might have effectually\\ncontrolled then- savage allies, and repulsed their English\\nenemies.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0307.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "296 EAKLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nEnglish expedition against Canada\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Quebec fortified.\\nIn the summer of 1710, the English resolved to end\\nthe war in America by the subjugation of New France.\\nExtensive preparations were made for an expedition\\nagainst Port Royal. About the middle of September\\nthe whole armament sailed from Boston. It consisted\\nof thirty-six sail, having on board the land forces. The\\nwhole army numbered about three thousand four hun-\\ndred. This force was under the command of General\\nNicholson and Adjutant-general Yetch.\\nOn the 5th of October the fleet anchored before Port\\nRoyal. This fort, with a garrison of only two hundred\\nmen, was in no condition to withstand the great army\\nbrought against it. A show of resistance was made as\\nthe English advanced, and they were obliged to retire\\nbefore the fire of the French artillery. For some time a\\ncannonading was kept up on both sides, and an English\\nfire-ship was blown up while entering the harbor. Aware\\nthat he could not long resist the invaders, M. Subercase,\\ncommandant of the fort, sent out a flag of truce, and a\\ncapitulation was agreed upon, by which the English be-\\ncame masters of Port Royal. In 1711, an unsuccessful\\nexpedition was made by the English against Quebec and\\nPlacentia though Port Royal was still retained.\\nIn 1712, the sum of fifty thousand crowns was raised\\nby the merchants of Quebec, to complete the fortifica-\\ntions of that city.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0308.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 297\\nOutagamies and Mascoutins attack Detroit.\\nThe ill success of the English expeditions increased\\nthe attractions of the French in the eyes of the savages,\\nand the Iroquois sent a deputation to Quebec to assure\\nthe ffovernor-seneral of their sincere attachment. At\\nfirst M. Yaudreuil gave them a cool reception, but finally\\ndismissed them with numerous presents.\\nAbout this time the Outagamies, who for a number of\\nyears had scarcely been heard from, suddenly made\\ntheir appearance. They formed an alliance with the\\nFive Nations; and being won over to the English in-\\nterests, engaged to surprise Detroit, and surrender it into\\ntheir hands. Fort Pontchartrain was then commanded\\nby M. du Buisson, who succeeded M. la Motte Cadillac\\nn the summer of 1711.\\nEarly in May, 1712, a large body of the Outagamies\\nand Mascoutins proceeded to Detroit, and threw up an\\nintrenchment about fifty paces from Fort Pontchartrain.\\nThe French garrison consisted of only thirty men, and\\nthe Outawas and Hurons, their most reliable allies, had\\nnot returned from their winter hunt. Frequent sallies\\nwere made against the fort by the besiegers, keeping the\\nbesieged occupants in a state of constant anxiety and\\nalarm. The church, storehouse, and some other build-\\nings outside the fort, and so near as to endanger it if set\\non fire by the savages, were pulled down by order of the\\ncommandant.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0309.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "298 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDefeated Horrid treatment of tbe Captives.\\nWhen nearly worn out by unremitted watchings, the\\nbesieged garrison was relieved by the arrival of large\\nnumbers of their allies, who soon turned the tide of war.\\nThe Ontagamies and Mascoutins were obliged to retreat\\nto their own fortress, where they were in turn besieged.\\nThe siege lasted nineteen days, the firing being kept up\\nday and night. Exhausted by hunger, thirst, and fa-\\ntigue, they finally manifested a desire to capitulate. A\\ngreat council was held, but no satisfactory arrangement\\ncould be made, and hostilities were resumed. At last\\nthe Ontagamies took advantage of a dark rainy night,\\nand escaped from their fort. They proceeded to Presque\\nIsle, twelve miles above Detroit, where they again in-\\ntrenched themselves. Thither they were pursued by the\\nFrench allies, and, after a four days siege, were obliged\\nto surrender at discretion. ~No quarter was given; all\\nthe men were killed, and the women and children were\\nmade captives. The allies returned with their captives\\nto Fort Pontehartrain, where they amused themselves\\nwith shooting four or five a day. ISTot one of those taken\\nby the Hurons was spared.\\nAs soon as the news reached Michilimackinac, Father\\nMarest dispatched Koutaouiliboe to Quebec with letters\\nto the governor-general. In these dispatches he makes\\nuse of the trouble at Detroit as an argument for the re-\\nestablishment of Michilimackinac.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0310.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 299\\nLetter from Father Marest to M. Vaudreuil.\\nExtract of a letter from Father Marest, missionary at\\nMichilimackinaCj to M. Vaudreuil, governor-general\\nJune 21, 1712.\\nNo doubt you have already learned the news of the\\nrecent attack on Detroit, by the Sacs, Foxes, and Mas-\\ncoutins, by a canoe sent from that place. The Rev.\\nFather Recollet of Detroit informs me that about eight\\nhundred men, women, and children of the Foxes and\\nMascoutins have been destroyed. Tet, in this large\\nnumber, I presume he does not reckon forty warriors,\\nsixty women, and more than a hundred children of the\\nMascoutins, who are reported to have been killed near\\nthe great river. I only give the report of others. Saki-\\nma is going to Montreal he and Makisabe, a Pottawa-\\ntomie, who is also going down from Detroit, were the\\nchiefs principally concerned they will give you their\\nown account of affairs.\\nAlthough the number of the dead is very great, the\\nFox nation is not destroyed. There still remain a great\\nnumber of them near the Bay some say there are two\\nhundred warriors, besides those who have gone to the\\nIroquois. Their brothers, the Kickapoos, to whose vil-\\nlages ten families of the Mascoutins have retired, have\\nmore than a hundred good warriors; the Sacs, eighty\\nmen, boatmen the Puans, sixty brave men, also boat-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0311.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "300 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMichilimackinac unsafe Commandant and Garrison needed.\\nmen. If these all unite, as is natural, they may yet ex-\\ncite terror, especially here. They would indeed be truly\\nformidable, because so many of them are boatmen.\\nMichilimackinac would no longer be a place of safety,\\nas hitherto. It is not far from this post to the Bay, and\\nthe savages could come here both by land and water,\\nand not only the savages, but the French, who were the\\nfirst movers in this war, having joined with the Outawas\\nto destroy the Foxes. We believe, however, that the\\nFoxes at the Bay, having heard of the attack upon those\\nat Detroit, will flee and it is not difficult to believe that\\nthe Sacs and Puans will take the part of the Foxes\\nagainst the French and Outawas; but these are only\\nconjectures. It is certain that, in this region, there will\\nalways be cause to fear an attack, either from the sav-\\nages at Detroit, at the Bay, or from the Illinois. The\\nFrench, if they go, as is their custom two men alone in\\na boat to make the tour of the lakes will always be in\\ndanger, for the Foxes, Kickapoos, and Mascoutins are\\nfound everywhere, and they are a j eople without pity\\nand without reason.\\nIf this country ever needs M. Louvigny, it is now\\nthe savages say it is absolutely necessary that he should\\ncome for the safety of the country, to unite the tribes,\\nand to defend those whom the war has already caused\\nto return to Michilimackinac. The Indians of the great", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0312.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 301\\nArrival of French at Detroit Effect on the Savages.\\nriver, those of Saginaw and many from Detroit, have\\ngone to Manitoulin with Le Pesant. But if M. Louvig-\\nny returns here, no doubt they will all quit Manitoulin,\\nwhere they have planted but little, and return here.\\nThe savages told me that all the Outawas at Detroit\\nwould have come here, but for the recent arrival of fifty\\nor sixty Frenchmen, who said they were soon to be fol-\\nlowed by hundreds of others. This news, though prob-\\nably not entirely true, has changed the purpose of many\\nwho wished to leave Detroit, and/they have now invited\\nthe Outawas and Pottawatomies to come and establish\\nthemselves there. Sakima has had a quarrel with all\\nthe Outawas, both here and at the great river. I do not\\nknow what course the Pottawatomies will take nor even\\nwhat course those will pursue who are here, if M. Lou-\\nvigny does not come, especially if the Foxes come to at-\\ntack them or us.\\nSakima very much desired to come and present his\\nrespects to you but the French have thought it best for\\nhim to remain for the safety of this village. In his ab-\\nsence, the enemy might attack us, while his presence\\nwould arrest all such designs, as he is greatly feared.\\nThey have believed it quite sufficient for Koutaouiliboe\\nto go down and inform you of all that has passed not\\ndeeming it expedient for both to leave Michilimackinac\\nat such a time as this.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0313.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "302 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nOutawas complain of the abandonment of Michilimaekinac.\\nJuly 2, 1712.\\nThis morning Koutaouiliboe came to see me, deter-\\nmined to prosecute a German quarrel. What does our\\nfather Onontio mean? he demanded. It is already\\nfive years since he promised us M. Louvigny still, he\\nwishes to deceive us this year, as he has done in all the\\nothers. He tells us that the great Onontio, the king,\\nespecially loves his children of Michilimaekinac, yet il\\nseems that he abandons them entirely. Formerly, be\\nfore the establishment of Detroit, we were a powerful\\nnation. All the other nations were obliged to come\\nhere to obtain necessaries, and there was no trouble, as\\nthere is now. But the most savage and unreasonable of\\nthe nations, such as the Foxes, Kickapoos, Mascoutins,\\nMiamis, and others, who do not use the canoe, have the\\npower of going on foot to Detroit, in as great numbers\\nas they wish, to buy their powder and trouble their\\nallies. Yet the French desire more than ever to estab-\\nlish Detroit.\\nA canoe, which arrived yesterday from Detroit,\\nbrought the news that M. de la Forest had already ar-\\nrived with fifty men. He has not come to remain, but\\nonly came beforehand to hold a council with the sav-\\nages. Some time hence there is to come another French\\nchief, a young man, who has bought all the movables of\\nM. la Motte, his plate, his cattle, and other property he", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0314.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 303\\nPartiality shown to Detroit French Allies remonstrate.\\nhas also bought all the land of Detroit. This chief is to\\ncome with four hundred French to build a city, in which,\\nafter four years, they are to sell goods at the same price\\nas at Montreal. Only two canoes are ordered to come\\nto Michilimackinac. It is also said that a few persons\\nwill steal away, and come here to settle. This, then, is\\nthe preference which the French give to Michilimacki-\\nnac. It is because Detroit has always been a theater of\\nwar, and because it always will be so, that they think\\nonly of its establishment. Does our father wish that we\\nshould leave a place of security like this, and go to De-\\ntroit to be killed, ourselves and our children\\nIf our father loves us, why does he not establish us\\nhere, and give us him whom he has so long promised\\nus, to give spirit to those who have it not, and to\\nstrengthen us against our enemies Does not our father\\nknow that all the Outawas of the great river have re-\\nturned here, almost all those of Saginaw, and many of\\nthose from Detroit, all except Jean le Blanc, whose wife\\nis already here Does he not know that all the Outa-\\nwas of Detroit had already pitched their canoes, in order\\nto come here, with half of the Hurons, while the other\\nhalf of the tribe were to go to the Iroquois, not consider-\\ning themselves safe at Detroit any more than the Sau-\\nteurs and the Mississaques, who all left that place after\\nthe attack made by the Foxes But when they received", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0315.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "304 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nRumor of a general Peace in Europe Discredited.\\nthe news of the coming of the French, they resolved to\\nremain. I could only tell him that you would know\\nhow to reply to him when he should come into your\\npresence. He said that the only satisfactory reply which\\nhis father could make, was to grant him the commandant\\nwho had been promised long since, and whom he was\\nnow going to seek.\\nKoutaouiliboe has also told me another fine piece of\\nnews that there was peace in all Europe, and that the\\ngreat Onontio of the French had given one-half of his\\nchildren to the English, but that he had requested the\\nEnglish not to give them bad medicine. He said he was\\nindifferent whether he went to Boston or Montreal, as\\nthere was nothing but powder at Montreal, and that the\\nFrench themselves went to purchase goods at the stores\\nof the English. Already at Detroit, he said, they gave\\ntwo hands of tobacco for a beaver, and a scarlet blanket\\nfor five or six beavers, and so with other goods.\\nThere is one thing, however, which makes all this\\nnews suspicious those who told it brought no letters,\\nand that makes many believe that it is news made ex-\\npressly for the occasion, either by the French inhabitants\\nof Detroit, or by the savages who remain there in such\\nsmall numbers that they wish to cause others to return\\nthere for their safety. He also told me that M. la Motte\\nhad gone to Quebec, and that he told the people at De-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0316.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 305\\nFolle-Avoines\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit Savages and Kickapoos.\\ntroit, at parting, that he was not leaving them forever,\\nbut, at the expiration of four years, they would see him\\nagain. See how the savages make news according to\\ntheir interests or inclinations\\nThe Folle-Avoiues have made an attack upon Cha-\\ngouamigon and his wife, the adopted brother and sister\\nof Durange they have killed the one, and carried off\\nthe other. Durange is coming here to recover the pris-\\noner. It is said that the peojDle of Detroit are coming to\\nmake war against the Kickapoos, and that they have in-\\nvited the Sauteurs to join them.\\nPardon me, sir, if I bring you only savage news;\\nKoutaouiliboe will be able to tell you some other. He\\nwill be sure to make you remember that he is the only\\none who has observed your words and that he had reason\\nto tell you last year, that all your children would forget\\nthem as soon as they should be beyond the region of\\nMontreal, and would not fail to kill each other. I am,\\nwith profound respect, sir,\\nYour very humble, and\\nVery obedient servant,\\nJOSEPH T. MAREST,\\nOf the Society of Jesus.\\nThe request of Father Marest for the re-establishment\\nof Michilimackinac seems to have excited but little at-\\ntention until the following year, when the governor-\\n20", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0317.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "306 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMemoir of M. Begon concerning Michilimackinac.\\ngeneral began to feel the necessity of strengthening the\\nnorthwestern frontier against the encroachments of the\\nEnglish. M. Begon, the intendant, to whom belonged\\nthe duty of deciding this question, then drew up the fol-\\nlowing memorial, fully discussing the subject:\\nIt appears from the letter of Father Marest, mission-\\nary of the Society of Jesus, dated July 19th, 1712, that\\nthe post at Michilimackinac had been abandoned since\\nthe establishment of Detroit, but its re-establishment\\nwould be useful to the colony and that M. Louvigny\\nis expected there to gather the savages together, which\\nwill be easily accomplished, as they have great confi-\\ndence in him. M. Lignery, in his letter of the 20th of\\nJuly last, also states that it is necessary that Michili-\\nmackinac should be reinforced with a garrison of trained\\nsoldiers, without which no commandant could succeed.\\nThere are at present at that post about forty deserters,\\nwho, in all their conduct, only consult their own interest.\\nHe expresses great impatience for the arrival of M. Lou-\\nvigny, feeling assured that he will not come without a\\ngarrison. M. Lignery says the allied nations have gone\\nto war with the Foxes, and he will give the result of the\\nexpedition when they return.\\nIt does not appear that the war among the nations\\nrequires much attention at present, as no action can be", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0318.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 307\\nOpposes the present re-establishment of Michilimackinac.\\ntaken in the matter till the final result is known. Let us\\nnow examine the advantages which, there is reason to\\nhope, will be derived from the re-establishment of Mich-\\nilimackinac, and whether it is best to send M. Louvigny\\nthere with troops, or without. It is certain that troops\\ncannot be sent there at present, because their expenses\\nfor clothing and other necessaries would be very great,\\nand there is no order from the king for such an outlay.\\nNor does it seem best to send M. Louvigny without\\ntroops, as, by the letter of M. Lignery, it appears that\\nthe principal object of the journey of M. Louvigny\\nwould be to bring a garrison with him, that he might be\\nable to overcome the forty coureurs des hois, who will\\nremain masters there as long as there are no troops.\\nUnder existing circumstances it seems far better that\\nthe journey of M. Louvigny should be deferred until\\nspring. If he should attempt the journey this fall, he\\nmust leave between this and the 15th of next month\\nand should he be two months in ascending the river, as\\nthe canoes were last year, he would not reach Michili-\\nmackinac before the 15th of November. The savages\\nwould then be hunting, and w T ould not return till May,\\nwhen they come to plant their corn and not till then\\ncould M. Louvigny hold a council with them concerning\\nthe affairs of the colony.\\nM. Louvigny could not undertake the journey at his", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0319.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "308 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\ntf\\nTransportation of Troops too expensive in Autumn.\\nown expense. Provisions and clothing for himself and\\nthe troops, and presents for the savages, would require a\\nconsiderable sum, and there are at present no funds, the\\nstorehouses are empty, and all kinds of merchandise are\\nvery dear. By waiting until spring, he would be able\\nto supply himself from the stores which His Majesty will\\nsend this autumn. Besides, the principal object of the\\njourney of M. Louvigny being the re-establishment of\\nMichilimackinac which has been delayed until the\\npeace, because it was not considered expedient to\\nweaken the colony during the war it seems necessary,\\nbefore proceeding further, to know the intentions of His\\nMajesty. There must necessarily be great expense in-\\ncurred for the officers, for the garrison, and in presents\\nto the savages, and if the project meet His Majesty s\\napprobation, he will appropriate funds for that purpose.\\nMichilimackinac might be re-established without ex-\\npense to His Majesty, either by surrendering the trade of\\nthe post to such individuals as will obligate themselves\\nto pay all the expenses of twenty-two soldiers and two\\nofficers, to furnish munitions of war for the defense of\\nthe fort, and to make presents to the savages. Or, the\\nexpenses of that post might be paid by the sale of per-\\nmits, if the king should not think proper to grant an\\nexclusive commerce. It is absolutely necessary to know\\nthe wishes of the king concerning these two propositions;", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0320.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 309\\nCoureurs des Bois a benefit to the Colony.\\nand as M. Lignery is at Michilimackinac, it will not be\\nany greater injury to the colony to defer the re-establish-\\nment of this post, than it has been for eight or ten years\\npast.\\nThe conduct of the coureurs des hois is an evil which\\nhas lasted a long time, and we must learn whether the\\nking will grant them a general amnesty, or punish them\\naccording to the rigor of the ordinance, which is cor-\\nporal punishment, and the confiscation of their goods.\\nUntil this decision is made, their trading at Michili-\\nmackinac will not injure the colony any more than if\\nthey pursued the same course elsewhere. It seems ne-\\ncessary, in order to prevent the savages from goiug to\\ntrade with the English, where goods are cheaper than\\nthey are at Montreal, that our goods should be carried\\nto them. Therefore, though the coureurs des hois de-\\nserve punishment for disobeying the orders of the king,\\nno doubt the trade which they carry on with the nations\\nis advantageous to the colony. This trade, during the\\nwar, has brought beaver and other furs to Montreal that\\nwould otherwise have gone to the English, had there\\nbeen no French in the upper country. Besides, the prin-\\ncipal object being to prevent any intelligence passing\\nbetween the Outawas and Iroquois, the French should\\ncarry all that the savages might need, lest they be at-\\ntracted to the English, first by necessity, and afterward", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0321.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "310 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nMichilimackinac re-established in 1714.\\nby the cheapness of their goods and it being impossible\\nto prevent their going, the fur-trade in Canada, which is\\nour principal dependence, would be ruined. The sav-\\nages would also array themselves against us in the first\\nwar, as they always take the part of those with whom\\nthey trade.\\nWritten at Quebec, Sept. 20th, 1713.\\n(Signed) BEGON.\\nThere seemed good reasons for adopting M. Begon s\\nsuggestion, to defer sending men to Michilimackinac\\nuntil another season but early in 1714, M. Yaudreuil\\ndispatched the long-wished-for garrison and comman-\\ndant. New life was thus given to the settlement, yet the\\nFrench could not regain their influence over the savages.\\nEnglish goods were cheaper and more abundant, and\\nthe low state of financial affairs in France was alleged\\nas the reason that the merchants of Quebec and Mon-\\ntreal did not receive a supply of goods equal to the de-\\nmand. Hence, the largest portion of the northwestern\\nfur-trade passed to the English.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0322.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nFrance cedes to England large portions of territory in New France\\nEnglish attempt to conciliate the savages Fail, through the influ-\\nence of Father Eafle, a French Jesuit English set a price on the\\nhead of the priest Savages exasperated Make incursions upon the\\nEnglish Destroy their crops, but spare life Outagamies trouble the\\nFrench In 1716, M. Louvigny proceeds to their country and obliges\\nthem to capitulate Hostages die of small-pox at Quebec M. Lou-\\nvigny again visits the country of the Outagamies Official report of\\nM. Tonti s return from Quebec to Detroit.\\nBy the treaty of Utrecht, ratified April 11, 1713,\\nFrance ceded to England a large extent of territory,\\ncomprising Nova Scotia or Acadia, and Port Royal,\\nwith all the adjacent country included in the ancient\\nboundaries.\\nBancroft says On the surrender of Acadia to Eng-\\nland, the lakes, the rivulets, the granite ledges of Cape\\nBreton of which an irregular outline is guarded by\\nreefs of rocks, notched and almost rent asunder by the\\nconstant action of the sea were immediately occupied\\nas a province of France, and in 1714, fugitives from\\nNewfoundland and Acadia built their huts along its\\ncoasts, wherever safe inlets invited the fishermen to\\nspread their flakes, and the soil to plant fields and gar-\\ndens", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0323.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "312 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nEnglish and French contend for the favor of the Savages.\\nFrom Cape Breton, the dominion of Louis XIV. ex-\\ntended up the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, and from\\nthat lake, through the whole course of the Mississippi, to\\nthe Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Mobile.\\nWhile the hardy Canadians were forming new settle-\\nments in the inclement North, the attention of the Court\\nof France was more particularly directed to the settle-\\nment of Louisiana. Treasures were lavishly expended in\\nfitting out expeditions to that El Dorado, while the al-\\nready established posts of the whole northwest were left\\nto struggle on, almost unaided.\\nAfter the treaty of Utrecht, no efforts were spared, on\\nthe part of the English, to conciliate the savages. The\\nAbnaquais, who remained true to the French, continued\\nto ravage New England. The English continued to use\\nevery means to win their favor, and among other pro-\\njects, they established a free-school at the mouth of the\\nKennebec, where the young Abnaquais could be boarded\\nand educated without expense. But all in vain. Father\\nRafle, an active, zealous Jesuit, had long dwelt among\\nthem as missionary, and so strongly were they attached\\nto him, that they followed his dictates in every respect.\\nEnthusiastically attached to his country, as well as to his\\nreligion, he used every means to excite in the minds of\\nthe savages a continued hostility to the English.\\nAll remonstrances were unavailing. At last the Eng-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0324.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 313\\nReward offered for the Head of a Priest\\nlish attempted to gain possession of his person, and, fail-\\ning in that, they set a price upon his head. The savages\\nwere highly exasperated at this attack upon their favor-\\nite priest, and immediately sent out messengers to all\\ntheir allies to meet them at Narrantsouak. From thence\\nthey made incursions upon the English settlements along\\nthe rivers, demolishing the houses and destroying the\\ncrops, but sparing the lives of the inhabitants. They\\ntook four or five prisoners, and held them as hostages to\\nsecure the lives of some of their messengers, who had\\nbeen captured and retained prisoners at Boston.\\nLess forbearing than their savage enemy, the English\\nbroke down the fortifications about Narransouak, shot\\nthe offending missionary, burned the wigwams, and\\nplundered the church. The destruction of this settle-\\nment, for a time, restored tranquillity to New England,\\nbut made the Abnaquais deadly foes to the British gov-\\nernment.\\nThe severe chastisement which the Outagamies re-\\nceived from the Erench in 1712, instead of subduing,\\nonly exasperated them. Their scouting-parties infested\\nevery line of communication between the distant posts,\\nrobbing and murdering the traders. So well did they\\nsucceed in their outrages, that the Sioux were induced\\nto form an open alliance with them, and many of the\\nIroquois secretly favored them. Indeed, there seemed", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0325.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "314 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nExpedition of the French against the Outagamios.\\nto be great danger of a general conspiracy among all the\\nsavage nations against the French. As the only means\\nof safety, M. Vaudreuil resolved upon the utter extermi-\\nnation of the Outagamies. Accordingly, in the spring\\nof 1716, an expedition was fitted out, consisting of an\\narmy of eight hundred men, under the command of M.\\nLouvigny, lieutenant of Quebec. Proceeding to the\\ncountry of the Outagamies, they found that nation in-\\ntrenched within a fort of palisades, evidently aware of\\nthe enemy s approach, and expecting no mercy. There\\nwere about five hundred warriors, and nearly three\\nthousand women and children.\\nM. Louvigny, having brought with him two or three\\nsmall pieces of ordnance, commenced a formal siege.\\nIn spite of the governor-general s avowed determination\\nto exterminate the Outagamies, he had given secret in-\\nstructions to M. Louvigny, not to prosecute the war any\\nfarther than was necessary to obtain advantageous terms\\nof peace. After a few days siege, the Outagamies de-\\nsired to capitulate. Their terms were rejected, and the\\nsiege was continued until, at last, the savages were com-\\npelled to accept peace upon the terms proposed by the\\nFrench. By one of these stipulations, six sons of six of\\nthe principal chiefs were delivered to M. Louvigny, as\\nhostages, to secure their sending deputies to Montreal\\nthe ensuing year, to ratify the peace. A written treaty", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0326.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 315\\nSmall-pox in Canada\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Death of three Hostages.\\nwas made, containing the cession to the French of all\\nthe country of the Ontagamies. It is probable the sav-\\nages were entirely ignorant of this clause in the treaty.\\nThe following winter, the small-pox raged in Quebec\\nand Montreal. Among the victims were the famous\\nOutagamie chief, Pemoussa, and three of the hostages.\\nFearing the consequences of this mortality, M. Vaudreuil\\nwent on the ice from Quebec to Montreal, to give orders\\nto M. Louvigny to set out for Michilimackinac at the\\nearliest moment practicable.\\nM. Louvigny found it impossible to commence his\\njourney till late in May, 1717. He took with him one\\nof the surviving hostages, who had lost an eye by the\\nsmall-pox, that he might convince his nation that his\\ncomrades had not died for want of care. Immediately\\nafter their arrival at Michilimackinac, the hostage and\\ntwo French interpreters, well supplied with presents to\\ncover the dead hostages, were dispatched to the coun-\\ntry of the Ontagamies. The deputation was very cor-\\ndially received, and the Outagamies expressed their\\ngratitude to Onontio for his forbearance toward their na-\\ntion, and gave repeated assurances of a lasting peace\\nwith the French. They said that for certain reasons\\nthey could not wait on Onontio till the next year, but\\nthey would never forget their obligations to him.\\nThe hostage set out with the interpreters on their re-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0327.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "316 EARLY HISTOEY OF MICHIGAN.\\nBreach of Faith M. Tonti returns to Detroit\\nturn to Michilimackinac, but, after traveling a few\\nleagues, he left them, saying he must return home to\\nmake his countrymen keep their promise. No more\\nwas heard of him, nor did the deputies make their ap-\\npearance at Montreal. The reason afterward given by\\nthe Outagamies for this breach of faith was, that an\\nenemy, provoked beyond a certain degree, could never\\nbecome a reconciled friend.\\nAbout the time that M. Louvigny started on his jour-\\nney to Michilimackinac, M. Tonti, commandant at De-\\ntroit, set out on his return to that post. An official report\\nof his voyage was sent to M. Yaudreuil, bearing date\\nOctober 12th, 1717. This report was submitted to the\\nCouncil of Marine, and, as was customary, a summary\\nwas made by the secretary, and approved by the coun-\\ncil. The following copy throws a ray of light upon the\\nstate of affairs at Detroit at that time\\nOctober 12th, 1717.\\nAt the same time that M. Louvigny left Montreal to\\ngo to Michilimackinac, M. Tonti also started for Detroit,\\nthe commerce of that post having been granted to him\\nonly on condition that he should not extend his trade be-\\nyond his own jurisdiction, nor employ others to carry\\ngoods to sell to more distant tribes.\\nIn conformity to the orders of the council, M. Tonti", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0328.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 317\\nSavages go to Orange\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Management of M. Tonti.\\ntook tlie route of the lakes, and met, on Lake Ontario,\\nthree canoes from Michilimackinac, three from Detroit,\\nand three from Saginaw, which were going to Orange.\\nHe succeeded, by fair words and presents, in persuading\\nthem to follow him to Detroit. Two days later, when\\nhe was six miles from Niagara, he met seventeen canoes\\nof savages bound for Detroit, but who were first going to\\nOrange. He induced them also to abandon their design,\\nby the promise that the price of merchandise at Detroit\\nshould be diminished, and he would also give them some\\nbrandy. Ten canoes followed him to Detroit, and seven\\ntook the route to Montreal. L Oranger, the interpreter,\\nwas dispatched to accompany these last, and prevent\\ntheir going to the English. He was only able to con-\\nduct six of them to Montreal the seventh escaped and\\nwent to Orange.\\nAccording to his promise, M. Tonti made satisfactory\\narrangements with the merchants. He also permitted\\nthe savages to buy two or three quarts of brandy each,\\nto take to their villages. But they first agreed that it\\nshould be carefully distributed by a trusty person. He\\nhoped the council would not disapprove of what he had\\ndone, nor of the continuance of the same course, as he\\nhad no other intention than merely to hinder the savages\\nfrom going to the English.\\nM. Tonti arrived at Detroit, July 3d, and immedi-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0329.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "318 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nCouncil at Detroit Complaints of the Savages.\\nately held a council with the nations which are estab-\\nlished there, in order to engage the chiefs to come to\\nMontreal, to testify concerning what had passed in the\\nwar with the Foxes hut they were unable to come, on\\naccount of an affair which occurred a short time before,\\nwhich obliged them to remain in their own village.\\nThey have promised to come next year, without fail.\\nThey complained that the French had sold their goods too\\nhigh, but they hoped the change of commandant would\\nreduce the prices if not, they should go to the English.\\nM. Tonti then called a meeting of the merchants, and\\nthey all agreed upon a price for certain kinds of mer-\\nchandise, with which the savages appeared satisfied.\\nThe difficulty which hindered the principal chiefs\\nfrom going from Detroit to Montreal, was caused by an\\nOutawa of this post and four other savages. All five of\\nthem pretended to start on a war excursion against the\\nFlat Heads; but, while they were in the river of the\\nMiamis, they killed an Iroquois and his wife, who was a\\nMiami, and two children. This bloody deed would cer-,\\ntainly have caused a war, for the Iroquois and Miamis\\ntook the part of their murdered people against the Outa-\\nwas and other nations at Detroit. M. Tonti persuaded\\nthe nations at Detroit to join him and go to Saginaw for\\nthe murderers, and deliver them up to the Miamis. For\\nthis purpose the Outawas and Pottawatomies each sent a", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0330.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 319\\nDifficulty between the Outawas and Miamis..\\ncanoe, to which M. Tonti added one of the French, and\\nplaced the whole under the command of Lieut. Brage-\\nlonne. The three murderers were arrested and brought\\nto Detroit, where M. Tonti kept them in custody till he\\nobtained news from the Miamis, to whom he immediately\\nmade known the satisfaction the Outawas were ready to\\noffer them. By this means, and by the presents which\\nthe nations of Detroit and even the French will make to\\nthe Miamis, M. Tonti hopes that nation will be concili-\\nated, and the war prevented.\\nApproved by the Council of Marine, January 18, 1718.\\nL. A. DE BOURBON.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0331.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nChiefs of the three villages at Detroit assembled in council Orders of\\nM. Vaudreuil Speech of Sastarexy, the Huron orator Unusual state\\nof tranquillity in all New France Increased number of settlers at\\nDetroit Enlargement of the stockade Barracks erected Canada in\\n1725 Commencement of the old French war Extensive warlike\\npreparations made in the colonies Arrival of French and English\\nfleets off the coast of Newfoundland Quebec taken by the English\\nMontreal and all the French possessions in the northwest ceded to\\nEngland Major Rogers takes possession of Detroit Lieut. Leslie\\ntakes possession of Michilimackinac Description of Michilimackinac\\nby Henry Conspiracy of Pontiac Massacre at Michilimackinac Its\\nreoccupancy Removal of the fort to the island.\\nFkom 1717 to the close of 1724, there was a constant\\nsuccession of difficulties between the French and the dif-\\nferent tribes of Indians. As soon as one bad affair\\nwas adjusted, some other real or supposed injury would\\ncall forth savage indignation and revenge. The forts at\\nDetroit and Michilimackinac, though still maintained,\\nwere in a very low state, and, to the savages, were ob-\\njects of contempt rather than of terror. It is impossible\\nto trace a connected chain of events at these posts, and\\nonly now and then can we find an isolated fact concern-\\ning them.\\nOn the 7th of June, 1721, M. Tonti, who still com-\\nmanded at Fort Pontchartrain, assembled the chiefs of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0332.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 321\\nCouncil at Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War proposed against the Outagamies.\\nthe three villages in the immediate vicinity of Detroit\\nHurons, Ottawas, and Pottawatomies and communi-\\ncated to them the orders of M. Vaudreuil, which he\\nhad just received. An important item in the business\\nunder debate, was a request from the governor-general\\nto the three villages, to give their consent that no more\\nbrandy should be sold to them, as it had been expressly\\nprohibited by the Council of Marine. It was also pro-\\nposed that all the nations should unite with the French\\nin a war against the Outagamies, who were again com-\\nmitting depredations upon the more remote posts. This\\nwarlike tribe had also driven the Illinois from their\\nhunting-grounds on the Mississippi, and made dangerous\\nthe whole passage to Louisiana.\\nAccording to custom, the chiefs required two days\\nto consider the words of Onontio, when they reassem-\\nbled in vast numbers at the council- house, and Sastarexy,\\nthe great Huron orator, replied to Onontio in an eloquent\\nspeech. He remarked that the French had a perfect\\nright to do as they might think proper about selling\\nbrandy to the savages; acknowledged that it would\\nhave been far better for them if the French had never\\ntaught them to use it; and portrayed, in a vivid man-\\nner, the many evils it had brought upon all the nations\\nbut they had now become so much accustomed to its use\\nthat they could not do without it. Hence, it was easy\\n21", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0333.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "322 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nSpeech of Sastarexy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Difficulties with Outagamies adjusted.\\nto infer that, if the French would not sell them their\\nfavorite beverage, they would obtain it of the English.\\nIn regard to the war with the Outagamies, he said\\nnothing could be determined, except in a general coun-\\ncil of all the nations which acknowledge the authority\\nof Onontio. Perhaps all would be agreed in thinking a\\nwar necessary, but they would have great difficulty in\\nagain placing confidence in the French. All would re-\\nmember that, having once united the nations to assist in\\nexterminating this enemy, the French had granted them\\npeace without even consulting the allies, and without\\nsufficient reason for such a proceeding.\\nSoon after this council at Detroit, the difficulties with\\nthe Outagamies were adjusted. The Mississippi scheme\\nlost much of the enthusiastic interest it had awakened in\\nFrance, and, with the exception of occasional outbreaks\\namong the Indians, which were soon quelled, for many\\nyears New France remained in a state of unwonted\\ntranquillity.\\nFrom this period until 1760, when the whole of the\\ngreat northwest passed into the hands of the British, no\\nveiy serious calamity of any kind befell the establish-\\nment at Detroit. As the number of settlers increased,\\nthe stockade that inclosed the town and constituted the\\nfort, was enlarged and strengthened, until it inclosed\\neighty or one hundred small houses, closely crowded to-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0334.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTOKY oF MICHIGAN\\nLoss of the ship Camel Death of M. Vaudreuil.\\ngelhcr aud thatched with straw. The new palisades\\nwere twenty-five feet high, having a wooden bastion at\\neach corner. Over each of the two gateways a block-\\nhouse was erected. Barracks for the soldiers were also\\nbuilt on the spot where the first rude fort was constructed\\nin 1701. Near these barracks was the council-house.\\nThe only other public building was St. Anne s Church, a\\nsmall rude structure. The streets were very narrow, ex-\\ncept a wide carriage-road called the chemin du ronde,\\nwhich encircled the town just within the palisades.\\nIn 1725, while all Canada was rejoicing in the rapid\\nincrease of its population and wealth, the loss of the French\\nship-of-war Camel, which was wrecked near Louisburg,\\nproduced the utmost grief and consternation. Besides\\nthe destruction of the rich cargo, the whole colony mourn-\\ned the greater loss of many valuable lives. M. Louvig-\\nny, for many years lieutenant of Quebec, and afterward\\nintendant of Canada, who had recently been appointed\\ngovernor at Three Rivers, a son of the late governor of\\nMontreal, a large number of colonial officers, and many\\necclesiastics of all denominations, perished in the wreck.\\nIn the autumn of the same year, an additional calam-\\nity befell the colony, in the death of M. Vaudreuil, the\\ngovernor-general. This sad event took place October\\n10, 1725. M. Yaudreuil had governed Canada for\\ntwenty-one years, to the general acceptance of the peo-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0335.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "32-i EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSuccession of M. Beauharnais British colonial Army.\\npie, who deeply mourned his loss. He was succeeded\\nin the government by M. Beauharnais. The almost un-\\nbroken quiet of more than twenty years, though greatly\\nenhancing the prosperity of the country, became at\\nlength very irksome to the restless spirit of the French.\\nThey had long been jealous of the rapidly increasing set-\\ntlements of their English neighbors, and had often mani-\\nfested their dislike by petty annoyances but, in 1746,\\nthey made such encroachments upon the undoubted\\nproperty of the English, that the British government\\nwas aroused.\\nBy order of His Majesty James I., the Secretary of\\nState required all the governors of the English colonies\\nin America, to raise a large number of independent\\ncompanies of soldiers. The troops of New York, New\\nJersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, were to be\\nformed into one corps, under the command of the Lieu-\\ntenant-governor of Virginia, Brigadier-general Gooch.\\nThe colonies were to furnish levy money and provisions,\\nand His Majesty was to bear the expense of arming,\\npaying, and clothing the troops. The army was to be\\naided by a suitable armament sent from Europe, and the\\nwhole to be under the command of General Sinclair.\\nThe object was nothing less than the entire subjugation\\nof Canada.\\nOn their part, the French made equally extensive", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0336.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 325\\nFrench and English fleets Commencement of War.\\npreparations collecting troops, erecting new fortifica-\\ntions, even within the British territory, and doing every\\nthing in their power to harass the English. In the mean\\ntime, the French and English commissaries were at Paris\\ndisputing about the claims of their respective nations, but\\nbringing about no adjustment. At length the English\\ngovernment received intelligence that a French fleet was\\nabout to sail from Brest, bound to America. Accord-\\ningly, Admiral Boscawen was ordered to set sail with\\ntwelve ships-of-war, and watch their movements. This\\narmament was soon after reinforced by six ships-of-the-\\nline-and a frigate, under the command of Admiral IIol-\\nbourne. The French king had instructed his ambassa-\\ndor that, should the British show signs of acting on the\\noffensive, intimation was to be immediately given that\\nthe firing of the first British gun would be considered by\\nthe French as a declaration of war.\\nIn due time, Admiral Boscawen arrived at Newfound-\\nland, and took his station off Cape Race. Soon after-\\nward M. Bois de la Motte arrived with the French\\nsquadron. On account of a dense fog, the English did\\nnot see the French fleet but two French vessels, named\\nthe Alcide and the Lys, being separated from the rest,\\nwere captured. About 8,000 francs were found on\\nboard. Thus commenced the war known as the old\\nFrench War, during whose sanguinary continuance the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0337.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "326 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nSuccess of the English Canada surrendered.\\nname of Washington was first recorded in the book of\\nfame. For ten long years the war continued. With the\\nexception of that rashness which resulted in Braddock s\\ndefeat, the war was conducted with marked success to\\nthe English. Yet Canada could never be conquered\\nwhile Quebec and Montreal, the strongholds of the\\nFrench, still remained in their possession, and thither\\nthe English force was gathered the lion in search of his\\nprey.\\nEvery scene of the battle on the plains of Abraham,\\nwhere fell the brave Wolfe, and his great adversary, the\\nyoung and chivalrous Montcalm, is familiar as house-\\nhold words. On the 18th of September, 1759, Quebec,\\nthe rock-built citadel of Canada, j: assed forever from\\nthe hands of the French.\\nQuebec, Niagara, Frontenac, and Crown Point, were\\nnow in the possession of the English but Montreal and\\nthe adjacent country still held out, and early in the year\\n1760, three divisions of the British army entered Canada\\nat three different points, and, conquering as they went,\\nconverged toward Montreal. By a singular coincidence,\\nall three reached the neighborhood of that city on the\\nsame day. The enfeebled and disheartened garrison could\\noffer no resistance, and on the 8th of September, 1760,\\nMontreal and all its dependencies were surrendered to\\nthe British crown. This capitulation included not only", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0338.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 327\\nEnglish take possession of Detroit French Commandant.\\nthe surrender of Montreal and its immediate vicinity,\\nLnt of Detroit, Michilimackinac, and all other portions\\nof Canada still in the possession of the French.\\nOn the 12th of September, 1760, Major Kobert Kogers\\nreceived orders from General Amherst to advance, with\\na sufficient force, and take possession of Detroit, Michil-\\nimackiuac, and indeed all the northwest, and administer\\nthe oath of allegiance to the inhabitants. During the\\nwar, the distant tribes of the northwest had continued\\nallies of the French, and, as a consequence, Detroit and\\nthe other outposts in that region had remained unmo-\\nlested. So entirely unacquainted with the progress of\\nevents were the soldiers, and even the officers, that Cap-\\ntain Bellestre, commandant at Detroit, was at first quite\\ninclined to dispute the authority by which Major Rogers\\ndemanded the surrender of Fort Pontchartrain. Indeed,\\nso sure was the French officer that the demand was in-\\nformal, that he not only placed himself in a hostile atti-\\ntude, but attempted to rouse the fury of the Indians, by\\nerecting on a pole an effigy of a crow pecking a man s\\nhead, representing the manner in which the French\\nwould treat the English if they continued to advance.\\nAt last, becoming satisfied by letters furnished by\\nMajor Rogers from the governor-general of Canada, that\\nthe fort must indeed be surrendered, Captain Bellestre,\\nwith ill-disguised chagrin, declared his garrison at the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0339.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "328 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nIndian allies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French troops\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Canadian inhabitants.\\ndisposal of the English commander. The French garri-\\nson defiled upon the plain, and laid down their arms.\\nThe Canadian militia were called together, disarmed,\\nand the oath of allegiance administered. The Jleur-de\\nlis, which bad for sixty years waved over this little for-\\ntress, beneath whose folds had been acted many a stir-\\nring scene in life s drama, was lowered from the flag-\\nstaff, and the red cross of St. George became the symbol\\nof the ruling power.\\nWith that facile transfer of favor which is everywhere\\npaid to power, seven hundred Indians, but a few days\\nsince the fast allies of the French, now sent up a shout\\nof exultation, and tauntingly signified that the English-\\nman was the crow, and the French captain the victim.\\nThe French troops were sent as prisoners of war to Phila-\\ndelphia, and the Canadian inhabitants were permitted\\nto retain their houses and farms, on condition of taking\\nthe oath of allegiance. Major Rogers, with a small de-\\ntachment of troops, attempted to prosecute his journey\\nto Michilimackinac, but the advanced season rendered\\nthis impossible. Leaving Captain Campbell in com-\\nmand at Detroit, he set out on his return to Pittsburg,\\non the 23d of December, 1760.\\nIn the spring of 1761, the British troops, under the\\ncommand of Lieutenant Leslie, took possession of Mich-\\nilimackinac, Green Bay, and the Saut Ste. Marie, and the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0340.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 329\\nMichilimackinac in 17G1 Description by Henry.\\nwhole northwest passed forever from under the dominion\\nof France. The French troops gave place to the Eng-\\nlish, and, as at Detroit, the cross of St. George floated\\nwhere the fleur-de-lis had so long held sway. The\\njealousy of the Indians was excited by this change of\\nrulers but the Canadian inhabitants, who had gathered\\nwithin and around the fort at Michilimackinac, preserved\\ntheir tranquillity, while the coureurs des hois were quite\\nwilling to enjoy the favors of their new allies. A fresh\\nimpetus was given to the fur-trade, by the reduced prices\\nof English goods, and the whole trade at Michilimacki-\\nnac was monopolized by four English traders. One of\\nthese traders, Alexander Henry, who arrived there just\\nbefore the .troops, and who was one of the few that\\nescaped the massacre in 1763, thus describes the fort\\nand its surroundings\\nFort Michilimackinac was built by order of the\\ngovernor-general of Canada, and garrisoned with a small\\nnumber of militia, who, having families, soon became\\nless soldiers than settlers. Most of those whom I found\\nin the fort, had originally served in the French army.\\nThe fort stands on the south side of the strait which is\\nbetween Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. It has an\\narea of two acres, and is inclosed with pickets of cedar-\\nwood and it is so near the water s edge that, when the\\nwind is in the west, the waves break against the stockade.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0341.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "330 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDefenses of the Fort Inhabitants L Arbre Croche.\\nOn the bastions are two small pieces of brass cannon,\\ntaken some years since by a party of Canadians who\\nwent on a plundering expedition against the posts of\\nHudson s Bay, which they reached by the route of the\\nRiver Churchill. Within the stockade are thirty houses,\\nneat in their appearance and tolerably commodious, and\\na church, in which mass is celebrated by a Jesuit mis-\\nsionary. The number of families may be nearly equal\\nto that of the houses, and their subsistence is derived\\nfrom the Indian traders, who assemble here in their voy-\\nages to and from Montreal. Michilimackinac is the\\nplace of deposit, and point of departure, between the up-\\nper and lower countries. Here the outfits are prepared\\nfor the countries of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi,\\nLake Superior and the northwest and here the returns,\\nin furs, are collected and embarked for Montreal\\nAt the entrance of Lake Michigan, and at about\\ntwenty miles to the west of Fort Michilimackinac, is the\\nvillage of L Arbre Croche, inhabited by a band of Otta-\\nwas, boasting about two hundred and fifty fighting men.\\nL Arbre Croche is the seat of the Jesuit mission of St.\\nIgnace de Michilimackinac, and the people are partly\\nbaptized and partly not. The missionary resides on a\\nfarm attached to the mission, and situated between the\\nvillage and the fort, both of which are under his care.\\nThe Ottawas of L Arbre Croche, who, when compared", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0342.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 331\\nDisaffection of the Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Delaware Prophet\\n_ 7 _\\nwith the Cliippewas, appear to be much advanced in\\ncivilization, grow maize for the market of Michilimacki-\\nnac, where this commodity is depended upon for pro-\\nvisioning the canoes.\\nHenry says Fort Michilimackinac and the Mission of\\nSt. Ignace were on the south side of the straits, which is\\ncorroborated by the ruins still visible, while Father Ma-\\nrest, M. Cadillac, and others, distinctly state that these\\nplaces were on the north side. The exact period at\\nwhich the change was effected, cannot be determined\\nprobably it took place at the time of the re-establishment\\nof Michilimackinac by the French in 1714. The spirit\\nof disaffection with which the Indian tribes at first re-\\nceived their new rulers, was continually increased by the\\nhaughty and often unjust treatment of the English. Set-\\ntlers took possession of the choicest hunting-grounds,\\nwithout even a semblance of treaty or purchase. The\\nDelawares and Senecas were most exasperated by these\\nacts of aggression, and every means was used by the\\nFrench to add fuel to the flame. A prophet arose\\namong the Delawares. By his visions and interpreta-\\ntions he aroused the savage hordes, who had been brood-\\ning over their wrongs, but feared to avenge themselves.\\nIn 1761, an abortive attempt was made to destroy the\\nposts along the frontier. During the year 1762 many\\noutbreaks occurred, but no decisive blow was struck. It", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0343.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "333 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPontiac plans the destruction of the British forts.\\nwas then that Pontiac, a celebrated chief of the Otta-\\nwas, conceived a plot for the extirpation of the English\\naggressors. Comprehensive in design, and minute in\\ndetail, the scheme of Pontiac would have reflected honor\\non any civilized mind. He possessed courage, resolu-\\ntion, a certain kind of wisdom, a quick perception and\\nready adaptation, and the gift of convincing eloquence.\\nHis plans once perfected in his own mind, he persever-\\ningly addressed himself to their accomplishment. Re-\\nvenge and ambition urged him on. With the close of\\nthe year 1762, Pontiac s arrangements were complete.\\nFar and near he dispatched his swift messengers with\\ngifts of tobacco and belts of wampum, to call the tribes\\nto a great council on the banks of the River Ecorces, a\\nshort distance from Detroit. The villages of Pontiac s\\ntribe, the Ottawas, and the wigwams of the Hurons and\\nPottawatomies, his more immediate allies, were near the\\nplace of meeting. Hither came deputations from the\\nIroquois, Delawares, and Senecas of the east, and from\\nthe Illinois, and all the other numerous tribes of the\\nnorthwest. The council fire was lighted, and the pipe\\nof peace was passed around the dusky circle. Then\\nPontiac, the tall and stately chieftain, arose and ad-\\ndressed the assemblage in strains of impassioned elo-\\nquence. He spoke of their former happiness under the\\nmild sway of the French, and detailed the wrongs in-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0344.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 333\\nGreat Council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pontiac unfolds his plan.\\nflicted on them by the English. He repeated the fabri-\\ncation of the traders, that Onontio, their great French\\nfather, was hastening on his soldiers to help them subdue\\nthe English. He described the numbers and prowess of\\nthe tribes represented in council, and spoke of the ease\\nwith which their united efforts could crush the English,\\nand restore to the Indian tribes the undisputed possession\\nof the hunting-grounds of their fathers. Then unfolding\\nhis plan, he assigned to the representatives of each tribe\\ntheir part in the great tragedy. The destruction of\\nMichilimackinac was allotted to the Ojibwas and Sacs,\\nFort St. Joseph to the Illinois, the forts east and south of\\nLake Erie to different tribes of the Six Nations, while\\nDetroit, the most important of them all, was reserved by\\nPontiac for himself and his allied tribes.\\nThe assembled chiefs expressed their approbation,\\nother preliminaries were settled, and with war-dance and\\ncarousal the vast assemblage dispersed.\\nThe destructive blow was to be everywhere simultane-\\nously struck, each chief devising his own plan for the\\nexecution of his part of the scheme. Minavavana, chief\\nof the Ojibwas, to whom was assigned the destruction of\\nMichilimackinac, adopted a very sinrple expedient,\\nwhich proved but too successful. On the morning of\\nthe 4th of June, the birthday of King George, a large\\nnumber of Ojibwa chiefs came to the fort, and invited", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0345.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "334: EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nMinavavana Game of Ball at MichilimackiEac.\\nthe officers and soldiers to be present at a great game of\\nball which was to be played between their nation and\\nthe Sacs. It being a holiday, the discipline of the gar-\\nrison was relaxed, and the fort was soon half deserted.\\nThe gates were wide open, and the soldiers stood in\\ngroups near the palisades, watching the progress of the\\ngame, many of them unarmed. A large number of the\\nCanadians were also present, and a multitude of squaws,\\nwrapped in blankets, wandered about among the crowd.\\nCaptain Etherington and Lieutenant Leslie stood in the\\ngateway, the former betting on the success of the players.\\nThe game progressed to its finale. Parkman thus graph-\\nically describes the scene\\nThe plain in front was covered by the ball-players.\\nThe game in which they were engaged, called haggatta-\\nway by the Ojibwas, is still, as it always has been, a\\nfavorite with many Indian tribes. At either extremity\\nof the ground a tall post was planted, marking the sta-\\ntions of the rival parties. The object of each was to de-\\nfend its own post, and drive the ball to that of its adver-\\nsary. Hundreds of lithe and agile figures were leaping\\nand bounding upon the plain. Each was nearly naked,\\nhis loose black hair flying in the wind, and each bore\\nin his hand a bat of a form peculiar to this game: At\\none moment the whole were crowded together, a dense\\nthrong of combatants, all struggling for the ball at the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0346.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 335\\nGarrison massacred\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Officers taken Prisoners.\\nnext, they were scattered again, and running over the\\ngrounds like hounds in full cry. Each, in his excite-\\nment, yelled and shouted at the height of his voice.\\nRushing and striking, tripping their adversaries, or hurl-\\ning them to the ground, they pursued the animating con-\\ntest amid the laughter and applause of the spectators.\\nSuddenly, from the midst of the multitude, the ball\\nsoared into the air, and, descending in a wide curve, fell\\nnear the pickets of the fort. This was no chance stroke.\\nIt was part of a preconcerted stratagem to insure the sur-\\nprise and destruction of the garrison. As if in pursuit\\nof the ball, the players turned and came rushing, a mad-\\ndened and tumultuous throng, toward the gate. In a\\nmoment they had reached it. The amazed English had\\nno time to think or act. The shrill cries of the ball-\\nplayers were changed to the ferocious war-whoop. The\\nwarriors snatched from the squaws the hatchets which\\nthe latter, with this design, had concealed beneath their\\nblankets. Some of the Indians assailed the spectators\\nwithout, while others rushed into the fort, and all was\\ncarnage and confusion. At the outset, several strong\\nhands had fastened their gripe upon Etherington and\\nLeslie, and led them away from the scene of massacre\\ntoward the woods. Within the area of the fort the men\\nwere slaughtered without mercy.\\nA mere handful of men escaped from this dreadful", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0347.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "33G EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nGreen Bay evacuated Prisoners released Beach Montreal.\\ncarnage. For a short time they were held prisoners by\\nthe Indians, but were finally set at liberty, or ransomed\\nthrough the friendliness of the Ottawas of L Arbre\\nCroche. Captain Etherington, the unfortunate com-\\nmander of Michilimackinac, was permitted to send a\\nletter to Lieutenant Gorell, commander at Green Bay,\\nacquainting him with the disastrous condition of af-\\nfairs.\\nOn the reception of these tidings, Lieutenant Gorell\\nimmediately resolved to evacuate his post, and return to\\nMontreal. Accordingly, on the 21st of June, he em-\\nbarked, with his troops, in batteaux, accompanied by\\nabout ninety Indians in canoes. They crossed Lake\\nMichigan in safety, and arrived on the 30th at L Arbre\\nCroche. Here they found Captain Etherington, Lieuten-\\nant Leslie, and eleven men, detained as prisoners by the\\nOttawas, yet treated with great kindness. By dint of\\npersuasion on the part of Lieutenant Gorell, the prisoners\\nwere set at liberty, and on the 18th of July, 1763, about\\nsix weeks after the massacre, the English left L Arbre\\nCroche, escorted by a fleet of Indian canoes. They\\nreached the portage of the Ottawa river in safety, and\\narrived at Montreal on the 13th of August.\\nSaut Ste. Marie had been partially destroyed by fire\\nthe previous winter, and was at this time unoccupied\\nby the English. The post at Detroit now contained", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0348.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 337\\nNorthwestern posts re-established by the English.\\nthe only British, soldiers to be found in all the region of\\nthe lakes.\\nFor a little more than a year, the forts at Michili-\\nmackinac, Green Bay, and Saut Ste. Marie, were only\\noccupied by the coureurs des hois, and those Indian\\nbands which chose to make them a temporary residence.\\nAfter the treaty of peace with the hostile Indians at\\nDetroit, made by General Bradstreet in 1761, Captain\\nHoward was dispatched with a sufficiently large detach-\\nment of troops, to take possession of these deserted\\nposts and once more the cross of St. George was the\\nrallying point, and the protection of the adventurous\\ntraders.\\nIn 1779, a party of British officers passed over from\\nthe point of the peninsula to the island of Mickilimacki-\\nnac, to reconnoiter, with the intention of removing the\\nfort thither. After selecting a location, they asked per-\\nmission of the Indians to occupy it. Some time elapsed\\nbefore their consent could be obtained consequently,\\nthe removal was not effected until the ensuing summer.\\nA government house, and a few other buildings, were\\nerected on the site of the present village, and the troops\\ntook possession on the 15th of July, 1780.\\nThe removal of the inhabitants from the main land\\nto the island was gradual, and the fort, which was built\\non the site of the present one, was not completed until\\n22", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0349.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "338 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nFort Holmes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Isle of the dancing spirits.\\n1783. This fortification, standing on a high cliff which\\noverlooked the village, occupied a controlling and pro-\\ntecting position in regard to the assaults of the In-\\ndians but, during the war of 1812, another fortifica-\\ntion was erected on a still more elevated point, the\\napex of the heights, and named Fort George subse-\\nquently called by the Americans, Fort Holmes, in\\nhonor of a gallant officer, a Kentuckian, who fell in the\\nunsuccessful attempt of Colonel Croghan to retake the\\nisland in 1S14.\\nLike Detroit, Michilimackinac has been the theater\\nof many a bloody tragedy. Its possession has been dis-\\nputed by powerful nations, and its internal peace has\\ncontinually been made the sport of Indian treachery,\\nand of the white man s duplicity. To-day, chanting\\nTe D euros beneath the ample folds of the fleur-de-lis, to-\\nmorrow yielding to the power of the British lion, and, a\\nfew years later, listening to the exultant screams of the\\nAmerican eagle, as the stars and stripes float over the\\nbattlements on the isle of the dancing spirits. As a\\nmilitary post in time of war, the possession of Michili-\\nmackinac is invaluable but as a commercial mart, now\\nthat the aboriginal tribes have passed away, the location\\nis one of little consequence.\\nIn these later days, to the invalid and the pleasure-\\nseeker, the salubrity of the pure atmosphere, the beauty", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0350.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 339\\nMichilimackinac It present importance.\\nof the scenery, the historical reminiscences which render\\nit classic ground, and the many wild traditions, peopling\\neach rock and glen with spectral habitants, combine to\\nthrow around Michilimackinac an interest and attrac-\\ntiveness unequalled by any other spot on the Western\\nContinent.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0351.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "CHATTER XIX.\\nDetroit in 1763 Description by Bancroft Number of French inhabit-\\nants Enumeration in 1764 French farms English fort Gladwyn\\ncommander Pontiac s plan for its destruction His attempt and de-\\nfeat Major Campbell s captivity and death Continuation of the\\nsiege Battle of Bloody Bridge Indians obliged to disperse in search\\nof food Gladwyn provisions the garrison Comparatively quiet win-\\nter Fort le Noult built in 1778 Detroit in 1793 Description by\\nSpencer Americans take possession of Detroit in 1796.\\nBanckoft gives the following beautiful description of\\nDetroit and its surroundings, in 1763, just before the\\nconsummation of the conspiracy of Pontiac\\nOf all the inland settlements, Detroit was the largest\\nand most esteemed. The deep majestic river, more than\\nhalf a mile broad, carrying its vast flood calmly and\\nnoiselessly between the strait and well-defined banks of\\nits channel, imparted a grandeur to a country whose\\nrising grounds and meadows, plains festooned with pro-\\nlific wild-vines, woodlands, brooks, and fountains, were\\nso mingled together that nothing was left to desire. The\\nclimate was mild, and the air salubrious. Good land\\nabounded, yielding maize, wheat, and every vegetable.\\nThe forests were natural parks stocked with buffaloes,\\ndeer, quails, partridges, and wild turkeys. Water-fowl of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0352.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "EAKLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 341\\nBancroft s description of Detroit French population.\\ndelicious flavor hovered along its streams, which yielded\\nto the angler an astonishing quantity of fish, especially\\nthe white fish, the richest and most luscious of them all.\\nThere every luxury of the table might be enjoyed by the\\nsole expense of labor.\\nThis lovely and cheerful region attracted settlers,\\nalike white men and savages and the French had so\\noccupied the two banks of the river, that their numbers\\nwere rated even so high as twenty-five hundred souls, of\\nwhom were five hundred men able to bear arms three\\nor four hundred French families. Yet an enumeration\\nin 1764 proved them not so numerous, with only men\\nenough to form three companies of militia and in 1768,\\nthe official census reported but five hundred and seventy-\\ntwo souls an account which is in harmony with the best\\ntradition. The French dwelt on farms which were about\\nthree or four acres wide on the river, and eighty acres\\ndeep indolent in the midst of plenty, graziers as well as\\ntillers of the soil, and enriched by Indian traffic.\\nThe English fort, of which Gladwyn was commander,\\nwas a large stockade, about twenty-five feet high, and\\ntwelve hundred yards in circumference, including per-\\nhaps eighty houses. It stood within the limits of the\\npresent city, on the river bank, commanding a wide\\nprospect for nine miles above and below the city.\\nIn maturing his plans for the destruction of the Eng-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0353.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "342 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPontiac s plot divulged to the English.\\nlisli posts, Pontiac had reserved Detroit for his own\\nspecial field of action, partly because his village was on\\na little island just above He au Cochon, or Belle Isle,\\nas it is now called, but more especially because Detroit\\nwas the most important post, and would require the\\ngreatest degree of caution and skill to secure its capture.\\nThat he failed in this most important part of his vast\\nproject was not owing to any deficiency in his plan, nor\\nlack of energy in its execution, but was entirely the result\\nof circumstances beyond his control. The treacherous\\nchief was himself betrayed. His well-arranged plot was\\ndivulged to the English. Catharine, a beautiful O/ibwa\\ngirl who dwelt in the village of the Poftawatomies,\\nhad become much attached to Major Gladwyn, and\\nthe day before the intended massacre she brought to\\nthe fort a pair of moccasins which she had wrought for\\nhim. Improving the opportunity thus afforded, she re-\\nvealed to him the impending danger. The same after-\\nnoon William Tucker, a soldier at the fort, who had been\\ncaptured in his boyhood, and adopted into the tribe of\\nhis captors, received from his Indian sister intimations\\nof the designs of Pontiac, Avhich he communicated to\\nGladwyn. Strict secrecy was enjoined on Tucker by the\\ncommander. The little time which remained was dili-\\ngently employed in preparing for the assault. The\\nguards were doubled, officers were on the alert, soldiers", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0354.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 343\\nEnglish preparations for defense\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian war-dance.\\nand inhabitants were ordered to be ready for immediate\\nservice, yet the nature and extent of the danger was un-\\nrevealed. The garrison consisted of only one hundred\\nand twenty-two men, and eight officers. There were also\\nabout forty traders and engagees who resided in the fort.\\nTwo small vessels, the Beaver and the Gladwyn, lay\\nanchored in the river, though it is not known that their\\ncommanders were apprised of Pontiac s design.\\nThe day had been rainy, but toward evening the clouds\\nwere swept away, and the sun se t gloriously. During\\nthe afternoon, the Pottawatomies, Hurons, and Ottawas\\nhad gradually withdrawn from their villages and congre-\\ngated at the council-ground of their chief. Only a few\\nsquaws and little children remained. And now, when\\nthe light of day had departed, and the curtains of night,\\ngemmed with stars, closed around the beautiful earth,\\nfierce, discordant notes were borne on the breeze to the\\nears of the wakeful sentinels and anxious officers of that\\nfeeble fort in the wilderness. jSTot unfamiliar were the\\nbooming sounds of the Indian drum and the cadence of\\nthe war-song, now wailing out the dying agony of the\\nvictim, now shouting the fierce cry of triumph. Then,\\nindeed, the garrison needed no explanation of the un-\\nwonted preparations too well they understood the reason\\nfor the vigilance of their officers.\\nAware of the vast superiority of the Indian force,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0355.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "344 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPontiac and his Allies cross the Detroit.\\nGladwyn feared that, in the excitement of their fiendish\\norgies, they might break over the authority of their chief,\\nand make an immediate attack on the fort. But the\\nnight of anxious suspense passed away, and the morning\\nof May 6th, 1763, dawned upon a quiet landscape. The\\nmisty vail which hung over the river and obscured the\\nsouthern shore was scarcely lifted, when a large flotilla\\nof birch canoes was discovered crossing the river at some\\ndistance above the fort. Only two or three savages\\ncould be seen in each, yet the convoy moved slowly, as\\nif deeply laden. Every canoe was indeed filled with\\nwarriors, lying flat on their faces, that their great num-\\nbers might not excite suspicion. Pontiac and his nume-\\nrous chiefs landed just above Parent s Creek, out of sight\\nof the fort, while the other canoes were drawn up along\\nthe shore nearer the town, and the occupants soon found\\ntheir way to the common behind the fort. They were\\njoined by the women and children from the villages, and\\nwhile it was yet early, the extensive area presented an\\nanimated spectacle. The savage throng moved hither\\nand thither as if preparing for a game of ball, a favorite\\npastime with the Indians. Yet there was an uneasy rest-\\nlessness, then a suddenly assumed indifference manifested\\nby the warriors, which was never apparent in peaceful\\ntimes.\\nMeanwhile the brave Gladwyn was on the alert. No", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0356.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 345\\nPontiac and sixty Chiefs demand admittance to the Fort\\none was permitted to leave the fort. The impending\\ndanger was fully known. Every soldier was under arms,\\nand Sterling and the other fur-traders closed their store-\\nhouses, and armed themselves and those in their employ.\\nEvery thing was in the most complete readiness, and the\\nlittle handful of brave-hearted men calmly awaited the\\nresult.\\nAbout ten o clock, sixty chiefs, with Pontiac at their\\nhead, came marching down the river-road in Indian file.\\nThey moved slowly on, with solemn and stately tread,\\ntheir faces begrimed with paint, and their heads fantas-\\ntically adorned. All were wrapped to the throat in\\ncolored blankets, beneath which were concealed the\\nrifles they had shortened for that purpose. Reaching\\nthe eastern gate of the fort, they demanded admittance.\\nIt was readily granted. As Pontiac entered the gate,\\nand traversed the short distance which intervened be-\\ntween it and the council-house, he became half convinced\\nthat his plot was discovered. Around the gate, at the\\ndoor of the council-house, and far down St. Anne-street,\\nwas an unwonted array of armed soldiers. The guns on\\nthe bastions were also manned, yet all was calm, sternly,\\nfearfully calm.\\nWhen they arrived at the door of the council-house,\\nthe savages found Major Gladwyn and his officers wait-\\ning to receive them. Why do I see so many of my", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0357.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "346 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCouncil convened\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eloquent speech of Pontiac.\\nfather s young men standing in the streets with their\\nguns? demanded Pontiac. Gladwyn answered by M.\\nla Butte, the interpreter, that it was customary to exer-\\ncise the soldiers every day. After some hesitation, Pon-\\ntiac and his chiefs seated themselves on the mats prepared\\nfor them, and the business of the council commenced.\\nThe customary pause ensued, then Pontiac arose and\\nbegan his harangue. He assured the English of his\\nunchanging friendship, and, addressing the commandant,\\nsaid he and his chiefs had come to smoke the pipe of\\npeace and strengthen the cords of friendship.\\nAt any other time, the great Ottawa might have com-\\nmanded admiration. His tall, majestic form was drawn\\nup to its full height as he spoke of the number and\\nprowess of his braves, and the lightning flashed from his\\neye while he rehearsed their deeds of valor. When he\\nspoke of the English, his reverence for their superior\\nknowledge, and his desire to conciliate their favor, the\\nsubdued expression, bowed head, and half-supplicating\\ngestures, were the very personification of graceful, ap-\\npropriate eloquence. But life and death hung upon a\\nsingle movement of the treacherous hand which held\\nthat sacred emblem of peace, a belt of wampum. With\\nthe keenest vigilance was every gesture watched by the\\nofficers as they listened to his hollow words. Once Pon-\\ntiac raised the belt to give the preconcerted signal of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0358.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 347\\nDiscomfiture of Pontiac Gladwyn s reply Rage of the Savagi s.\\nattack, but the quick eye of Gladwyn caught the motion,\\nand he passed his hand across his brow. A sudden clash\\nof arms was heard without, the drum rolled the charge,\\nand the rapid tramp of armed men resounded along the\\nstreet, Pontiac stood in mute astonishment, while Glad-\\nwyn sat unmoved, with his calm eye fixed on the treach-\\nerous chief. A few more professions of friendship were\\nstammered out, and the belt was presented in the usual\\nmanner.\\nAfter a pause, Gladwyn commenced a brief reply.\\nHe assured his savage auditors of the friendship and\\nprotection of the English so long as they continued to\\ndeserve it, but threatened the most fearful vengeance\\nfor any act of perfidy or aggression. The council broke\\nup. The gates of the fort, which had been closed during\\nthe interview, were thrown open, and the baffled savages\\ndeparted. !No sooner were they beyond the precincts of\\nthe fort than their rage burst forth in most terrific yells.\\nA small party rushed madly to a lone house on the com-\\nmon, where dwelt an Englishwoman and her two sons,\\nwhom they massacred. Others ran to the water s edge,\\nsprang into their canoes, and proceeded to He au Cochon,\\nand wreaked their vengeance on a discharged sergeant\\nand his family, who resided there. Meanwhile, the main\\nbody of the Indians, consisting of about one thousand\\nwarriors, stationed themselves behind the picket fences,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0359.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "34:8 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nRemoval of Pontiac s camp Detroit besieged.\\nand the houses and barns on the common, and com-\\nmenced firing upon the garrison.\\nIt is said that Pontiac took no part in these demon-\\nstrations, but sullenly walked away alone, embarked in\\nhis canoe, and paddled to the Ottawa village on the\\nsouthern shore. With every expression of demoniac\\nrage, he ordered the immediate removal of the camp\\nto the opposite shore. His commands were obeyed with\\nthe utmost alacrity, and before nightfall the wigwams of\\nPontiac s camp occupied the rising ground beyond Pa-\\nrent s Creek. No watery barrier now intervened between\\nthe blood-thirsty warrior and his beleaguered foe. Detroit\\nwas in a state of siege. Day and night an incessant\\nfiring was kept up by the Indians, and a simultaneous\\nattack upon the fort was hourly expected.\\nWhen the council was held in the fort, Gladwyn was\\nby no means aware of the extent of Pontiac s schemes,\\nand considered the attack on Detroit merely as one of\\nthose impulsive outbreaks which frequently occurred;\\nbut he was soon undeceived by the commission of an\\nact of treachery for which even the Canadians were\\nunprepared.\\nMajor Campbell, who had held the command since\\nthe country passed into the hands of the British, still re-\\nmained at the fort. He was highly esteemed, both by\\nthe Canadians and Indians. Pontiac formed the design", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0360.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 349\\nTreachery of Pontiac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Major Campbell retained as Hostage.\\nof getting this officer into his possession, and making his\\nlife an equivalent for the surrender of the fort.\\nThe Canadians were the means of communication be-\\ntween the British and Indians. By them Pontiac sent a\\nrequest that Major Campbell would visit him in his\\ncamp, that they might settle all difficulties, and smoke\\nthe pipe of peace together. He gave the most positive\\nassurances that Campbell should be permitted to go and\\nreturn in perfect safety. Messrs. Godfroy and Chapoton\\nwere deputed to visit Pontiac, and assure themselves of\\nhis sincerity. Conversant as they were with the Indian\\ncharacter, they were deceived by his consummate du-\\nplicity, and advised Major Campbell to accept the invi-\\ntation. Anxious to terminate this vexatious warfare,\\neven at the hazard of his own life, Major Campbell, ac-\\ncompanied by Lieutenant McDongall, and a number of\\nCanadians, repaired to Pontiac s camp.\\nAt first they were well received, but soon became\\naware that they were in the power of a treacherous foe.\\nThe Canadians were sent back, with a message from\\nPontiac to Major Gladwyn, that Major Campbell and\\nLieutenant McDougall would be held as hostages for the\\nsurrender of the fort. The prisoners were detained at\\nthe house of M. Meloche, near the bridge which spanned\\nParent s Creek. They were permitted to walk out occa-\\nsionally, and during one of these walks, Lieutenant", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0361.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "350 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nMajor Campbell massacred by an Ottawa.\\nMcDougall proposed making an attempt to escape. The\\nIndians were so numerous that there was little prospect\\nof success; and, fearing that his own defective vision\\nmight impede the progress of his friend, Major Camp-\\nbell declined. They parted, and Lieutenant McDougall\\nreached the fort in safety.\\nThe weary days of Major Campbell s captivity passed\\non. All attempts at negotiation with Pontiac received\\nbut one reply Surrender the fort, and Major Camp-\\nbell shall be set free. But those tedious hours were\\nnumbered deliverance was near. One day, while\\ntaking his accustomed walk, he was met by an Ottawa,\\nwhose uncle, a celebrated chief, had been killed by the\\nEnglish at Michilimackinac. Fired with the spirit of\\nrevenge, the blood-thirsty savage rushed upon Major\\nCampbell, and by one blow of the tomahawk put an end\\nto his valuable life. Apprehending the vengeance of\\nPontiac, the murderer fled to Saginaw. In vain was\\nevery effort made by the indignant chief to apprehend\\nthe miscreant, whose own life would have paid the pen-\\nalty of his temerity. The death of Major Campbell was\\na sad blow to the besieged and almost disheartened\\ngarrison.\\nOn the 21st of May, the schooner Gladwyn was dis-\\npatched to Niagara, to hasten the arrival of the supplies\\nwhich were daily expected. On the 30th, a convoy of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0362.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 351\\nConvoy captured News of the destruction of other Forts.\\nboats was descried coming around the point, and the\\nwhole garrison joyfully flocked to the bastions. A sa-\\nlute was fired from the fort, but, instead of the answering\\nguns, the Indian death-cry came wailing across the\\nwaters. The convoy, consisting of twenty-two batteaux\\nladen with provisions and munitions of war, and manned\\nby a re-enforcement of troops, was in the hands of the\\nenemy. The prisoners were taken to He au Cochon,\\nand put to death with all the horrors of Indian barbarity.\\nThis loss was a terrible calamity. Then came the news\\nof the destruction of Michilimackinac and St. Joseph s\\nat the north, and the capture of Forts Sandusky, Miami,\\nand Presqu ile at the south. West of Niagara and\\nFort Pitt, Detroit was the only remaining post.\\nAbout this time, a large body of the warlike Ojibwas\\njoined themselves to the Pottawatomies, Hurons, and\\nOttawas, and Pontiac felt certain of success. Still the\\nlittle fort held out. Every building outside the ramparts\\nwhich could shelter the Indians, was burned with hot\\nshot fired from the fort, or by sorties made for that pur-\\npose by the garrison. Every man was on duty. For\\nsixty days and nights, said William Tucker, one of the\\nsoldiers, I was a sentinel on the ramparts, catching a\\nfew hours sleep, with my clothes on and a gun by my\\nside.\\nThe news of peace between France and England, and", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0363.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "352 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nNeutrality of Canadians Attempts to burn the Vessels.\\nthe cession to the English of all the French possessions\\nin Canada, reached Detroit on the 3d of June. It was\\nimmediately communicated to the French inhabitants,\\nwho found their relations essentially changed. From\\nbeing prisoners by capitulation, they now had the power\\nto continue their neutrality, or take part with the con-\\ntending parties. They chose to remain neutral nor\\ncould all the persuasions or threats of Pontiac induce\\nthem to join him.\\nOn the 30th of June, the vessel which had been sent\\nto Niagara for aid, after having been twice attacked by\\nthe Indians, succeeded in reaching Detroit in safety.\\nShe brought a re-enforcement of sixty troops, with pro-\\nvisions and ammunition.\\nPontiac now saw the necessity of destroying the two\\nvessels which again lay anchored before the fort. For\\nthat purpose, rafts were constructed of materials obtained\\nby demolishing the barns of some of the inhabitants.\\nPitch and other combustibles were added. The rafts\\nwere towed to a proper position above the vessels, and\\nset on fire, with the expectation that the current would\\nbring them in contact, thus securing the destruction of\\nthese formidable foes. Twice was the attempt repeated,\\nbut by the precautions of the English, the rafts passed\\nthe vessels without inflicting the slightest injury.\\nOn the 29th of July, another fleet of boats was seen", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0364.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 353\\nCaptain Dalzell and three hundred Troops reach Detroit\\nascending the river. Former experience had moderated\\nthe hopes of the weary garrison, but had by no means\\ndiminished their anxiety. A gun was fired from the\\nfort, and, to the great joy of the eager throng, an an-\\nswering salute was returned by the boats, each of which\\ncarried four swivels and two mortars. On board was a\\ndetachment of three hundred regular troops, under the\\ncommand of Captain Dalzell, an aid-de-camp of the\\nBritish commander-in-chief, Sir Jeffrey Amherst.\\nOn the very day of his arrival, Captain Dalzell sought\\nan interview with Major Gladwyn, and asked permission\\nto attack Pontiac in his camp. Fresh, vigorous, and en-\\nthusiastic, he endeavored to convince the more cautious\\nGladwyn that the time had come when one decisive\\nblow would terminate this vexatious war. Gladwyn\\nhesitated, explained the position of affairs, and the dan-\\nger of such an attempt, but was, at last, persuaded to\\nyield a reluctant consent.\\nBy the carelessness of some of the officers, Dalzell s\\ndesign became known to the Canadians, and Pontiac was\\nsoon apprised of it. He had recently removed his camp\\nfarther back from the river, beyond the grand marais, a\\nlocality subsequently well known to the citizens of De-\\ntroit. The camp was immediately broken up, and the\\nIndians repaired to the vicinity of the creek, and sta-\\ntioned themselves along the route winch their enemy", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0365.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "35-i EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nExpedition against Pontiao s camp Parent s Creek.\\nwould traverse. One party of warriors concealed them-\\nselves behind the outhouses and cord-wood on a farm\\njust beyond the creek another was stationed within the\\npickets that lined the road on the farm of M. Dequindre.\\nIndeed, wherever there was a place of shelter, beyond\\nthe range of the cannon at the fort, there a band of In-\\ndians was concealed.\\nOn the morning of the 31st of July, about two o clock,\\nthe gates of the fort swung open, and three hundred sol-\\ndiers marched silently forth. In double file and perfect\\norder, they proceeded along the river road, while two\\nlarge batteaux rowed up the river abreast of them.\\nEach boat was full-manned, and bore a swivel in the\\nbow. The advanced guard of twenty-five men was led\\nby Lieutenant Brown Captain Gray commanded the\\ncenter, and Captain Grant s detachment brought up the\\nrear. The night was dark, still, and sultry. On the\\nright of the advancing troops lay the broad, placid river,\\nand on their left the farm-houses and picketed fields of\\nthe Canadians appeared in dim outline.\\nParent s creek entered Detroit river about a mile and\\na half from the fort. At that point its course lay through\\na deep ravine, and only a few rods from its mouth,\\nwhere the road crossed, it was spanned by a narrow\\nwooden bridge. For a little distance beyond the bridge,\\nthe ground was rugged and broken. Along the summit", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0366.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nNight march\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bloody Bridgo Indian ambuscade.\\nof the highest ridges were rude intrenchments, which\\nhad been thrown up by Pontiac to protect his former\\ncamp.\\nThe troops pushed rapidly forward, unsuspicious of\\ndanger, till they neared the bridge. As they passed the\\nfarm-houses of the Canadians, the wolfish watch-dogs,\\nroused from their slumbers, barked furiously, and some-\\ntimes a head would be seen cautiously protruded from\\na dormer window, but naught gave token of the pres-\\nence of an invisible foe. The bridge was nearly gained.\\nOn the left stood the house of Meloche, where Major\\nCampbell had been held prisoner; in front was the\\nbridge, scarcely visible, and beyond rose the banks of\\nthe ravine, dark as a wall of night. Still onward the\\nadvanced guard had reached the farther extremity of\\nthe bridge, and the main body was just entering upon\\nit, when the fearful war-whoop burst forth, and Indian\\nguns sent out a volley of leaden death. Half the ad-\\nvanced guard fell, and the survivors shrank back ap-\\npalled. Captain Dalzell immediately advanced to the\\nfront, his clear voice rose above the din, and the troops\\nrallied, and rushed madly across the bridge and up the\\nascent beyond. But their foes had fled. In vain they\\nsought chem in the gloom yet their guns flashed almost\\nincessantly, and the war-cry rang out with undiminished\\nferocity. The English were unacquainted with the lo-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0367.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "356 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nIndians attack the British Captain Gray killed.\\ncality, and were soon bewildered in the darkness. At\\nevery pause of the soldiery, the unseen enemy renewed\\ntheir fire. Farther advance was useless, and the only\\nalternative was to retire to the fort, and resume the at-\\ntack by daylight.\\nCaptain Grant withdrew his company across the bridge\\nand stationed them in the road. A small detachment\\nremained to keep the enemy in check while the dead\\nand wounded were conveyed to the batteaux, which,\\nduring the action, had been rowed up to the bridge, and\\nthe remaining troops recrossed the bridge and joined\\nCaptain Grant. During these proceedings a sharp firing\\nwas kept up on both sides and in attempting to dislodge\\nthe enemy from one of their positions, Captain Gray was\\nkilled. Suddenly, volley after volley was heard in Cap-\\ntain Grant s vicinity. A large body of Indians had taken\\nshelter in the house of Meloche, and in the adjoining\\norchards. The brave Grant and his no less courageous\\ntroops advanced and dislodged the foe at the point of the\\nbayonet. From two Canadians whom Captain Grant\\nfound in the house of Meloche, he learned that the In-\\ndians were resolved to effect the complete destruction of\\nthe English, and had gone in great numbers to occupy\\ndifferent points below. An immediate retreat was there-\\nfore necessary, and the men resumed their marching\\norder. Captain Grant was now in advance, and Dalzell", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0368.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 357\\nTerrible slaughter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Retreat of the English\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dalzell s death.\\nin the rear. About a mile from the fort, on the right as\\nthey descended, was a cluster of houses and barns in-\\ntrenched within strong picket fences. The river ran\\nclose on the left, and there was no way of escape except\\nalong the narrow passage that lay between. To many\\nof the retreating soldiers it was the way of death.\\nHundreds of Indians lay in ambuscade. The troops\\nwere suffered to advance unmolested till they were di-\\nrectly opposite, when, with terrific yells, the Indians\\npoured volley after volley upon them. The troops broke\\ntheir ranks, and but for the presence of Dalzell, himself\\ntwice wounded, they would have fled, and thus secured\\ntheir complete destruction. Encouraged by the voice of\\ntheir leader, the soldiers again rallied, and comparative\\norder was restored. A little farther on, the brave Dalzell\\nstepped aside from the ranks to aid a wounded soldier,\\nand was shot dead by a ball from the enemy.\\nThe Indians still pressed on in hot pursuit, and de-\\nstruction seemed inevitable, when Major Rogers and his\\nrangers succeeded in gaining possession of the house\\nof M. Campau, which commanded the road and covered\\nthe retreat of the regulars.\\nMeantime Captain Grant had moved forward half a\\nmile, and was able to maintain his position within the\\ninclosure of an orchard until the arrival of the remaining\\ntroops. All the men he could spare were detached to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0369.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "358 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSurvivors reach the Fort Bloody Run.\\ndifferent points below, and the constantly arriving troops\\nenabled him to reinforce these posts till a line of com-\\nmunication was formed to the fort, effectually securing\\nthe retreat. But Major Rogers and his men found them-\\nselves besieged in the house of Campau by about two\\nhundred Indians.\\nThe two batteaux, which had brought the dead and\\nwounded to the fort, now returned and opened a fire\\nfrom their swivels, which dispersed the savages and\\ncovered the retreat of Rogers. At eight o clock in the\\nmorning the survivors entered the fort, having lost sev-\\nenty men killed and forty wounded.\\nThus disastrously terminated the sanguinary battle of\\nBloody Bridge, the most terrible conflict on record in\\nthe annals of Detroit. Fearfully appropriate is the\\npresent name of that little stream. Though the bridge\\nis gone, the way-marks are all there, and many an eastern\\ntraveler turns aside to call up reminiscences of the past\\non the very spot where trod the renowned Pontiac, and\\nwhere the life-tide of many victims crimsoned the waters\\nof Bloody Run.\\nNo other battle was fought, but from early in May\\nuntil the end of September, Detroit continued in a state\\nof siege. Yet the garrison still held out. At last, when\\nhope had almost expired, the advanced season obliged\\nthe Indians to seek in the chase that sustenance which", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0370.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 359\\nTermination of the Siege Treaty of Peace.\\nthey could no longer find in the vicinity of the fort. By\\ngreat efforts the indefatigable Gladwyn obtained from\\nthe Canadians sufficient provisions for the town during\\nthe winter. This longf dreary, hopeless season was passed\\nin comparative quietude.\\nWith the opening of spring the Indian tribes again\\nbegan to move toward Detroit, but the negotiations of\\nSir William Johnson, and the approach of General Brad-\\nstreet, a dreaded name among the Indians, induced them\\nto relinquish their vengeful purpose. Treaties of peace\\nwere at length made, and Michilimackinac, Green Bay,\\nand Saut Ste. Marie, were again garrisoned.\\nThe war of the revolution had no other effect on De-\\ntroit and the more distant posts, than to subject them to\\ngreater annoyances from the Indian tribes, though the\\nprogress of the tide of war was watched with some de-\\ngree of anxiety. The success of the American arms at\\nYincennes in 1778, and the prospect that the victorious\\ntroops would continue their course onward to Detroit,\\ninduced Major Le Noult, the commanding officer, to\\nerect a fort on the rising ground, or second terrace,\\noutside of the palisades, and back of the city. This large\\nand efficient fortification was called Fort le Noult until\\nafter the war of 1812, when it assumed the name of Fort\\nShelby.\\nBy the treaty of peace made in 1783 between Great", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0371.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "360 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nIndian war Northwest Territory organized.\\nBritain and the United States, it was claimed that Michi-\\ngan was within American bounds but minor questions\\nsprang up between the two governments producing mu-\\ntual dissatisfaction, and when President Washington sent\\nBaron Steuben to Quebec to make arrangements for the\\ntransfer of the northwestern forts, he was informed by\\nSir Frederick Haldimand that the surrender of the forts\\ncould not take place at that time, and was refused pass-\\nports to Niagara and Detroit.\\nThe Indian tribes, greatly dissatisfied with the aggres-\\nsions of the American settlers upon their lands, and\\nprobably instigated by the British, made frequent at-\\ntacks upon the feeble settlements on the borders of Ken-\\ntucky and Ohio. An Indian war was the result, and\\nHarmar, St. Clair, and Wayne prosecuted their several\\ncampaigns before peace was established.\\nIn 1787, the whole region claimed by the Americans\\nlying northwest of the Ohio river, though still occupied\\nby the British, was organized by Congress into a North-\\nwest Territory, and Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed\\ngovernor.\\nUnder the British rule, there was a constant improve-\\nment in the appearance of Detroit, but more especially\\nin the military appointments. New barracks for officers\\nand soldiers were built, and a handsome esplanade, and\\ntwo or three military gardens, were laid out between the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0372.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 361\\nDescription of Detroit in 1793 by Spencer.\\nfort and the town. The palisades which surrounded the\\ntown were extended so as to intersect the corners of the\\nfort, and thus afforded additional protection to the in-\\nhabitants.\\nThe following minute description of Detroit in 1793 is\\ngiven by Rev. 0. M. Spencer, who was then a lad twelve\\nor thirteen years old. While at play with other boys\\nnear Cincinnati, Ohio, he was taken captive by a band\\nof Miami Indians, and brought to their village, near the\\npresent site of Fort Wayne. By General Washington s\\nrequest, General Simcoe, commander-in-chief of the Bri-\\ntish forces in the northwest, ordered Colonel England,\\nwho then commanded at Detroit, to ransom the lad.\\nAfter a few months sojourn with his kind British friends\\nat Detroit, he was safely returned to his parents. Though\\na mere child, young Spencer kept a written journal du-\\nring his captivity, which forms the basis of a narrative\\nsince published, and from which this remarkably correct\\nextract is taken.\\nDetroit, says Mr. Spencer, was then a small town,\\ncontaining only wooden buildings, but few of which were\\nwell finished, surrounded by high pickets, inclosing an\\narea of probably half a mile square, about one-third of\\nwhich, along the bank of the river, as the Strait was\\ncalled, was covered with houses. There were, I think,\\nfour narrow streets running parallel with the river, and", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0373.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "362 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCitadel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Esplanade\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Size and construction of the Fort\\nintersected by four or five more at right angles. At\\neach end of the second street was an entrance into the\\ncity, secured by heavy wooden gates. North of this\\nstreet, at the west end of the town, was a space about\\ntwo hundred feet square, inclosed on a part of two\\nsides with palisades, within which a row of handsome\\ntwo-story barracks, for the accommodation of the offi-\\ncers, occupied the west side, and buildings of the same\\nheight for the soldiers quarters, stood on the north and\\na part of the east side. The open space was occupied as\\na parade-ground, where the troops were every day ex-\\nercised by the adjutant. In the northwest corner of the\\nlarge area, inclosed with pickets, on ground slightly\\nelevated, stood the fort, separated from the houses by an\\nesplanade, and surrounded first by an abatis of tree-tops\\nabout four feet high, having the butts of the limbs\\nsharpened and projecting outward then by a deep\\nditch, in the center of which were high pickets; and\\nthen by a row of light palisades, seven or eight feet\\nlong, projecting horizontally from the glacis.\\nThe fort itself, covering not more than half an acre\\nof ground, was square, having a bastion at each angle,\\nwith parapets and ramparts so high as to entirely shelter\\nthe quarters within, which were bomb-proof. Its en-\\ntrance was on the south side, facing the river, over a\\ndrawbridge, and through a covered way, over which, on", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0374.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 363\\nArtillery Officers Garrison Shipping.\\neach side, were long iron cannon, carrying twenty-four\\npound shots, and which the officers called the British\\nlions, while on each of the other sides were planted two,\\nand on each bastion four cannon of various caliber six,\\nnine, and twelve pounders. By the side of the gate,\\nnear the end of the officers barracks, was a twenty-four\\npounder and, for the protection of the south side of the\\ntown, there were two small batteries of cannon on the\\nbank of the river.\\nThe fort was garrisoned by a company of artillery,\\nunder the command of Captain Spear, while two com-\\npanies of infantry, and one of grenadiers of the twenty-\\nfourth (Colonel England s regiment), were quartered in\\nthe barracks the balance of the regiment was at Mich-\\nilimackinac and other northern posts.\\nIn the spring of 1793, there were anchored in the\\nriver in front of the town, three brigs of about two hun-\\ndred tuns each the Chippewa and the Ottawa, new ves-\\nsels, carrying eight guns each, the Dunmore, an old ves-\\nsel of six guns, and a sloop, the Felicity, of about one\\nhundred tuns, armed with only two swivels, all belong-\\ning to His Majesty George III., and commanded by\\nCommodore Grant. There were, besides, several mer-\\nchantmen, sloops, and schooners, the property of private\\nindividuals.\\nBy the stipulations of the treaty of Greenville, made", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0375.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "361 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nBritish evacuate Detroit Americans take possession.\\nby Gen. Wayne with the Indian tribes in August, 1795,\\nDetroit and all the region of the northwest became the\\nundisputed property of the United States.\\nBefore evacuating the fort at Detroit, the British sol-\\ndiery filled the wells with stones, broke the windows of\\nthe barracks, and locked the gates of the fort, commit-\\nting the keys to the care of an old negro, in whose pos-\\nsession they were afterward found.\\nIn 1796, Captain Porter, with a detachment of troops\\nfrom General Wayne s army, took possession of Detroit,\\nand flung out to the breeze the first American banner\\nthat ever floated over the soil of the Peninsular State.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0376.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0377.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0378.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nLocalities of Detroit The city in 1701 In 1763 and 1796 River Savoy-\\nard Settlements at Grosse Point, along the St. Clair river French\\ninhabitants Domestic life Increase of immigration Settlements on\\nthe Detroit Improved appearance of the country Social life at De-\\ntroit Business French characteristics Summer recreations Le\\ngrand marais Winter amusements Easy life in the fort Establish-\\nment of the civil government Michigan territory organized Detroit\\nburned Arrival of the government officers Act of Congress for the\\nrelief of the sufferers by fire Legislative board organized.\\nTo enable the reader who is familiar with Detroit as\\nit now exists, to trace the boundaries of the old town by\\nthe well-known localities of the new, we will describe as\\naccurately as possible the site of Fort Pontchartrain in\\n1701 the boundaries of Detroit as it existed in 1763\\nand the localities indicated on the map of 1796.\\nOld Fort Pontchartrain, built by M. la Motte Cadillac\\nin 1701, occupied the ground where now stand the\\nCooper block, and the Farmers and Mechanics and\\nPeninsular banks, and extended west a little below the\\nMichigan Exchange thence running south to Wood-\\nbridge-street, which was then the margin of the river,\\nthence east and north to the place of beginning, includ-\\ning a space about equal to one square block of the pres-\\nent city.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0381.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "366 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDetroit at the time of Pontiac s conspiracy.\\nAt the time of Pontiac s conspiracy in 1763, the origi-\\nnal fortifications had been greatly enlarged (the whole\\ntown was inclosed in palisades and was called the fort),\\nand extended from the river bank, on Griswold-street,\\nnorth to the alley between Jefferson Avenue and Larned-\\nstreet, thence as far as the western boundary of the first\\nfort, thence south and uniting with the old palisade, in-\\nclosing a space about twelve hundred yards in circum-\\nference. Pontiac s Gate was the eastern entrance to\\nthe town, and occupied the site of the United States\\nCourthouse. This gate received its name from the fact\\nthat here the renowned chief entered when he came to\\nhold a council with Major Gladwyn, and through it he\\nretreated, crest-fallen, when he found that his perfidy\\nwas discovered. St. Anne s church, a rude chapel, stood\\non the north side of St. Anne-street, nearly in the mid-\\ndle of the present Jefferson Avenue, and in front of the\\nConant block. Opposite the church, on the south\\nside of St. Anne-street, was a large military garden, in\\nwhich stood a blockhouse, where all the councils with\\nthe Indians were held. It was also the place of meet-\\ning for deliberative consultations among the officers\\nof the garrison. These two were the only public build-\\nings in the town.\\nIn 1796, the eastern boundary of the town remained\\nthe same as far north as Congress-street, then taking an", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0382.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 367\\nLocalities indicated on Map of 1796.\\nangular direction, intersected the southeastern angle\\nof Fort le Noult or Shelby. The southern angle of the\\npalisade, which marked the western boundary of the\\ncity, was at Cass-street. It extended from the river\\nnorth, and intersected the western angle of the fort, giv-\\ning the town a triangular form. The fort extended from\\nWayne-street to about half way between Shelby and\\nGriswold streets, thence north to Lafayette-street. The\\nsouth side fronted on Fort-street, the southeast angle ex-\\ntending across to about half way between Fort and Con-\\ngress streets.\\nThe River Savoyard ran between Congress and Larned\\nstreets, and emptied into the Detroit near Kendrick s\\nfoundry. This stream was sufficiently large to float\\ncanoes, and parties of officers and their ladies often em-\\nbarked from the beautiful esplanade, and passed down\\nits rippling waters to the broad, placid Detroit. Hither\\nand thither, ever within range of the protecting guns of\\nthe fort, danced the tiny barks with their light-hearted\\nvoyagers, and the wild song of the Canadian boatmen\\nwoke the slumbering echoes of the distant shore.\\nThe large grants of land offered to actual settlers, with\\nrations from the fort for a specified time after their arri-\\nval, had, during the British domination, induced a few\\nScotch and English families to immigrate, and settle\\nalong the banks of the Detroit and St. Clair rivers. The", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0383.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "368 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nFrench Inhabitants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Settlements along the St. Clair.\\nFrench inhabitants, many of whom had intermarried\\nwith the Indians, had been permitted to retain and enjoy\\ntheir farms above and below the city, and when the\\nAmerican eagle became the symbol of the riding power,\\nthey were in a prosperous condition. They owned large\\nherds of cattle and wild horses, and numerous flocks of\\nsheep, and raised sufficient grain to supply their own\\nnecessities. Of the manufacture of wool they were en-\\ntirely ignorant, using the fleeces to protect their cellar\\nwindows from the frost, and like strange appropriations\\nof that valuable article. The women were indifferent\\nhousekeepers, sewing being their principal employment,\\nmany of them earning considerable sums by the manu-\\nfacture of rude garments for the Indian traffic.\\nSoon after the stars and stripes began to wave above\\nthe fort, a number of emigrants from France, who had\\nspent some years in the colonies, removed to Detroit, and\\nabout the same time a few Americans also ventured to\\nfind homes in this far-off wilderness. From 1796 to 1805\\nthere was a constant, gradual accession to the number of\\ninhabitants in the town and surrounding country. A\\nsmall settlement had already been formed at Grosse\\nPoint, twelve miles above Detroit on Lake St. Clair, and\\na few adventurous farmers had even dared to find homes\\non the St. Clair river, in the vicinity of the present vil-\\nlage of Newport.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0384.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 5G9\\n\u00c2\u00a51010117 of Detroit Agriculture Mills.\\nAlong the banks of the Detroit new farm-houses\\narose, and agriculture assumed a better character un-\\nder a more enlightened cultivation yet the progress\\ntoward independence was very much slower than in\\nnew settlements at the present day. The great number\\nof Indians compelled the inhabitants to settle in close\\nproximity along the rivers, and prevented them from\\nselecting the richer lands of the interior. The lack of\\nwater-power also obliged them to depend solely upon\\nthe rudely constructed windmills of the French for the\\nflouring of their grain; while their lumber was sawed\\nby the slow and laborious method of whip-sawing. Six\\nmiles below the city, on the river Rouge, was a windmill\\nknown as Baby s mill, afterward Enoggs mill,\\naround which was gathered a considerable settlement.\\nAnother mill was built by a Mr. Peltier on the Savoyard,\\na little way from its entrance into the Detroit.\\nWithin the town all was bustle and business some of\\nthe French traders still remained, and they and the- Brit-\\nish merchants had full possession until 1799. Joseph\\nCampau, Robert Gonier, George Moniot, Jean Baptiste\\nle Duke, Gabriel Cote, Jacques Allaird, Conrad Ten\\nEyck, Hugh Martin, and Meldrum and Park, comprised\\nthe whole list, and they were very prosperous. All\\nkinds of merchandise brought good prices and met with\\nready sales. Coffee sold for thirty-eight cents a pound,\\n24", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0385.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "3 TO EARLY HISTOKY OF MICHIGAN.\\nBusiness within the City Social Life.\\ntea for two dollars calico was seventy-five cents a yard,\\nand all articles of wearing apparel were in like proportion.\\nColonel Stephen Mack was the first American merchant\\nin Detroit. He came in 1799, and with true Yankee inde-\\npendence erected a shanty in the very heart of the city,\\nand spread out his goods to the admiring gaze of throng-\\ning customers. He had a large supply of that plaid\\ncotton fabric called apron check, for which he found\\nready sale at the moderate price of one dollar a yard.\\nThe narrow streets and alleys of the city were constantly\\nthronged with savages hastening to the trading-houses to\\nexchange their peltries for goods, or reeling about under\\nthe influence of the baneful fire-water. At the wharves\\nvessels were busy discharging their freights of merchan-\\ndise, and receiving return- cargoes of furs from the well-\\nfilled storehouses. The prevailing style of the dwellings\\nwas one-story blockhouses with dormer windows, a few\\nof which were covered with clapboards.\\nIn social life, the French characteristics predominated.\\nDuring the summer the days were devoted to business,\\nand the evenings were spent by the older portion of\\nthe inhabitants in social visiting, and by the younger in\\ndancing, promenading, and moonlight sailing on the\\nbeautiful Detroit. Barbecues were occasionally held in\\na grove near Baby s mill, almost the only daytime rec-\\nreation during the business season.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0386.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 371\\nDetroit in Winter Le Grand Marais.\\nIn winter, when a vast sea of ice separated them from\\ntheir eastern neighbors, and their Indian allies were far\\nin the depths of the forest engaged in the chase, the\\ndenizens of the fort and of the crowded town gave them-\\nselves up to unrestrained pleasure-seeking. Three or\\nfour miles above the city was a large marsh, called by\\nthe French Le Grand Marais. It extended down to\\nthe river brink and when the autumnal rains came the\\nentire surface was submerged, and the wintry frosts soon\\nconverted it into a miniature sea of glass. In the ab-\\nsence of sufficient snow for sleighing, the Grand Marais,\\nwhich could be readily gained from the icy margin of\\nthe river, was a favorite drive for the citizens and late\\nin autumn the young men of the town would erect on its\\nborder a long one-story building, with stone chimneys\\nat each extremity, and furnished with rude tables and\\nbenches.\\nEvery Saturday morning during the long, cold winter,\\ncarioles filled with gay young men and laughing girls\\nmight be seen gliding over the glassy surface of the ice-\\nbound river, or, if there were snow, flying along the\\nriver road, where now extends the broad and beautiful\\nJefferson Avenue, each finally landing its freight of life\\nand beauty at the Hotel du Grand Marais. The box-\\nseats of the carioles were always well filled with myste-\\nrious baskets and packages, which were speedily trans-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0387.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "372 EAKLT HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nPastimes Improvidence\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Life at the Fort.\\nferred to the aforesaid long tables, and soon the rattling\\nof the dinner-service was heard in the hills of the gay-\\nchatter of the French girls and the aroma of the fragrant\\nMocha escaped into the frosty air in delicate smoke-\\nwreaths, an incense of anticipation to the coming re-\\npast. As soon as the dinner was over, the tables and\\nbenches were removed, and dancing commenced, which\\ncontinued until the booming of the evening gun at the\\nfort warned the merry party that\\nThe evening shades might be bnt vantage ground\\nFor some fell foe.\\nThe next day, Sunday, after morning mass, the gentle-\\nmen were accustomed to repair to the Grand Marais\\nand spend the day in carousal, and feasting on the re-\\nmains of yesterday s store. Sleigh-riding on the ice, and\\nballs and parties in town, filled up the week s interim.\\nThe summer s earnings scarce sufficed for the winter s\\nwaste.\\nAt the fort all went on prosperously the troops had\\nno other service than the usual military routine in time\\nof peace, except, perhaps, the occasional punishment of\\nsome stray band of marauding savages. A gay, indolent\\nlife they were leading, very unlike that of their French\\npredecessors a century before.\\nMeanwhile, the civil government was preparing to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0388.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 373\\nMichigan Territory organized Detroit burned.\\nsupplant the martial law, by which Detroit from its first\\nsettlement had been principally controlled.\\nOn the 11th of January, 1S05, that part of the North-\\nwest territory lying between Lake Michigan on the\\nwest, and Lakes Huron, St. Clair, aud Erie, and their\\nconnecting straits on the east, was organized into a sepa-\\nrate territory by an act of Congress. William Hull was\\nappointed governor, and Augustus B. Woodward, Fred-\\nerick Bates, and John Griffin, judges. The winter\\npassed, spring came and departed, and still the expected\\ngovernor and his associates had not arrived.\\nOn the 11th of June, 1805, just five months after Gov-\\nernor Hull s appointment, a fire broke out at mid-day in\\nthe midst of the crowded town of Detroit, and when\\ndarkness settled down upon the world, the whole town\\nwas one vast scene of smouldering ruins, and the entire\\npopulation were homeless. Within the limits of the\\nstockade, one small French-built dwelling-house, on St.\\nAnne-street, and a large brick storehouse almost in range\\nstanding below, near the river, were all that remained of\\nthe city. During the conflagration, the utmost panic\\nand confusion prevailed. The flames raged with such\\nfury as to defy all control. There was no place of safety\\nwithin the city. Furniture, once removed, was soon de-\\nstroyed by the advancing fire, and, as a last resort, ta-\\nbles, chairs, bedsteads, and such other articles as would", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0389.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "374 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nArrival of the Government Officers Oath of Office.\\nnot be thus injured, were sunk in the river, as the only\\nmeans of saving them from the flames. Every skiff and\\ncanoe was employed in conveying clothing and other\\neasily removed valuables across the river. Two larger\\nvessels were in port, but they were obliged to drop down\\nthe river for their own safety.\\nThe day after the destruction of Detroit, the governor\\nand other territorial officers arrived. A sad spectacle\\npresented itself to the astonished gaze of these newly-\\nappointed dignitaries. Instead of a flourishing town,\\ngrowing rich by a lucrative traffic with the Indians, they\\nfound only a wide-spread waste of still smoking ruins.\\nThe inhabitants, suddenly impoverished and greatly dis-\\nheartened, were gathered on the common within range\\nof the guns of the fort, with no other abiding- place than\\ncloth tents, or rude huts erected from such materials as\\nthey could obtain. The little children, and the sick and\\naged, had found refuge among the hospitable farmers on\\nboth sides of the river. The fort afforded an asylum for\\nthe governor and his suit.\\nOn the second Tuesday of July, 1805, the oath of\\noffice was administered to the several territorial officers,\\nand Michigan commenced its governmental existence.\\nAgain inspired with hope, the inhabitants of Detroit gath-\\nered together their remaining means, and began to build\\nfor themselves new homes. The first house in the new", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0390.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 375\\nAct of Congress concerning the new Town.\\ntown was erected by Peter Audrain, secretary of the ter-\\nritory. Numerous other dwellings were soon built, and\\nthe town began to assume a less desolate appearance.\\nYet there was much suffering among those of the inhab-\\nitants whose whole available property had been de-\\nstroyed.\\nOn the 10th of October, 1805, an official statement of\\nthe destruction of the city, and the consequent deplora-\\nble condition of the inhabitants, was made to the Secre-\\ntary of State, by Governor Hull and his associates. At\\nthe next session of Congress, the following act was passed\\nfor the relief of the sufferers, and to encourage an in-\\ncreased immigration\\nBe it enacted, by the Senate and House of Repre-\\nsentatives of the United States of America, in Congress\\nassembled That the governor and judges of the terri-\\ntory of Michigan shall be, and they are hereby author-\\nized to lay out a town, including the whole of the old\\ntown of Detroit and ten thousand acres adjacent, ex-\\ncepting such parts as the President of the United States\\nshall direct to be reserved for the use of the military de-\\npartment, and shall hear, examine, and finally adjust all\\nclaims to lots therein, and give deeds for the same. And\\nto every person, or the legal representative of every per-\\nson, who, not owing or professing allegiance to any for-\\neign power, aud being above the age of seventeen years,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0391.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "376 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDonations of Land to the Sufferers.\\ndid, on the eleventh day of June, one thousand eight\\nhundred and five, when the old town of Detroit was\\nburnt, own or inhabit a house in the same, there shall\\nbe granted by the governor and the judges aforesaid, or\\nany three of them, and where they shall judge most\\nproper, a lot not exceeding the quantity of five thousand\\nsquare feet.\\n\u00c2\u00a72. And be it further enacted, that the land remain-\\ning of the said ten thousand acres, after satisfying claims\\nprovided for by the preceding section, shall be disposed\\nof by the governor and judges aforesaid, at their discre-\\ntion, to the best advantage, who are hereby authorized\\nto make deeds to purchasers thereof, and the proceeds of\\nthe lands so disposed of, shall be applied, by the gov-\\nernor and judges aforesaid, toward building a courthouse\\nand jail in the town of Detroit and the said governor\\nand judges are required to make report to Congress, in\\nwriting, of their proceedings under this act.\\nThe Journal of the Proceedings of the Board of Gov-\\nernor and Judges of the Territory of Michigan, contains\\nthe following record\\nPursuant to the above act of Congress, the governor\\nand judges of the territory of Michigan convened at the\\nhouse of Governor Hull, on Saturday, September sixth,\\none thousand eight hundred and six. Present, William\\nHull, Governor; Augustus B. Woodward, Chief Judge,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0392.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 377\\nLegislative Board organized Officers Judge Woodward.\\nand Frederick Bates, Senior Associate Judge. Peter\\nAudrain was continued legislative secretary, and Asa\\nJones was appointed sergeant-at-arms, with a compensa-\\ntion of twenty-five dollars a month. After the business\\nof organizing had been dispatched, the act of Congress\\nwas read, and referred to Judge Woodward as commit-\\ntee, with instructions to report from time to time, by bill\\nor otherwise.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0393.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nJudge Woodward s plan for the new city of Detroit Survey of the city\\nApportionment of lots Incorporation of the Bank of Detroit First\\ncode of laws published called the Woodward Code Bank charter\\nrevoked in 1809\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Land granted for St. Anne s church, Koman Catho-\\nlic Building lots granted for boys and girls schools Besolution to\\ngrant building lots to foreigners Peter Desnoyers Building lot\\ngranted for a Protestant church Tecurnseh plans the destruction of\\nDetroit Disaffection of the Shawanese and Wyandots induces the in-\\nhabitants to build a stockade around the new city Governor Hull\\neffects a treaty with the Indian tribes in 1807 Facetious resolution\\nof Judge Woodward Resolution concerning American manufactures\\nAnswer to an official communication from Governor De Witt Clinton,\\nand others, of the State of New York.\\nThe following is a copy of a bill presented by Judge\\nWoodward, at the very next session of the Board, held\\nSeptember 8th, 1806\\nResolved, That it is expedient immediately to lay out\\nand survey a town under the said act of Congress, and\\nto adjust the titles and claims to lands and lots therein.\\nResolved, That the basis of the said town be an equi-\\nlateral triangle, having each side of the length of four\\nthousand feet, and having every angle bisected by a\\nperpendicular line upon the opposite side, such parts be-\\ning excepted as, from the approximation of the river or\\nother unavoidable circumstances, may require partial\\ndeviations.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0394.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 379\\nApportionment of City Lots to Claimants.\\nResolved, That it will be expedient to allow and con-\\nvey to individuals having legal claims, the lots within\\ntheir respective limits, reserving so much as may be\\nnecessary for public squares or spaces, avenues, streets,\\nand lanes, the increased value of the property as lots be-\\ning considered as more than an equivalent for the same,\\nexcepting in some particular cases, where the proprietor,\\nhaving but a small quantity, the whole or the greater\\npart rnay be taken up, in which case special indemnifi-\\ncation will be necessary and reserving also to those\\nhaving legal rights, and who may not think the benefit\\ngreater than the damage, the right of having their\\ndamage ascertained according to law.\\nResolved, That it will be expedient, in adjusting the\\ntitles and claims, to allow to every person the quantity\\nto which he may have a good title and when a person\\nhas been in possession of a farm without a good title, to\\nallow him the quantity he was in possession of in front,\\nby nine thousand feet in rear, provided that encroach-\\nment on public land, unusual and unjustifiable under the\\ncircumstances of the country, be not comprehended\\ntherein.\\nResolved, That it will be expedient to make deeds\\nimmediately to proprietors and purchasers, securing all\\nsums due to the public by mortgages and bonds.\\nResolved, That it be requested of Mr. Joseph Wat-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0395.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "3S0 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAct of Incorporation Plan of the new City.\\nson to prepare the deeds, mortgages, and bonds which\\nmay be necessary, at the following charges, to be paid\\nby the party receiving the title that is to say, for a\\ndeed, one dollar for a mortgage, one dollar for a bond\\nor other writing, twenty-five cents.\\nJResolved, That the committee on this subject be in-\\nstructed to report a bill or bills to carry into execution\\nthe preceding resolutions, and that the committee be\\nfarther instructed to collect a list of all claims, and from\\ntime to time report an opinion on the respective claims.\\nResolved, That it will be expedient immediately to\\nincorporate the said town of Detroit into a city, and to\\nprovide by law for the government of the same.\\nOn the 13th of September, 1806, we find the following\\nrecord The engrossed bill relative to the city of De-\\ntroit was read a third time, and thereupon\\nIZesolved, unanimously, that the said bill do pass to\\nbe a law, and that the title of the said law be, An Act\\nconcerning the City of Detroit.\\nThe plan of the new town of Detroit, said to be similar\\nto that of Byzantium, was on a magnificent scale, and, if\\nfully carried out, would have far surpassed the present\\ncity. Jefferson and Woodward Avenues, and some of\\nthe streets near the river, were immediately surveyed,\\nand the adjudication of claims went on as rapidly as\\npossible. Early in 1807 the whole survey was com-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0396.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 381\\nBank of Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Woodward Code of Laws.\\npleted. The triangle around the fort was the military\\nreservation, and was not divided into lots until about 1826.\\nThe great scarcity of money in the territory, and the\\ndifficulties arising from using only specie as the commer-\\ncial medium, had long been felt by the merchants, and\\non the very day of the organization of the Board of\\nGovernor and Judges, a petition was presented by Kus-\\nsel Sturges, Henry Bass, Jr., Benjamin Wheeler, Samuel\\nCoverly, Nathaniel Parker, and Bazillary Homes, and\\ntheir associates, stating that they were merchants on the\\nAtlantic coast, and interested in the peltry trade in\\nMichigan, and that they had experienced great hazards\\nand inconveniences in the transmission of specie to so\\ngreat a distance, and praying, for that and other reasons,\\nfor the passage of an act of incorporation for a bank at\\nDetroit. The subject was referred to Governor Hull,\\nas committee. On Monday, September loth, 1806, a\\nbill was passed incorporating the first Bank of Detroit.\\nDuring the winter of 1805-6, the Legislative Board\\nhad been busy in establishing a more efficient judiciary\\nsystem and in May, 1806, the first code of laws for the\\nterritory of Michigan was adopted and published. They\\nwere drafted by Judge Woodward, and were called the\\nWoodward Code. These laws, with the Act of incor-\\nporation and plan of the city of Detroit, and the Act\\nincorporating the Bank of Detroit, were approved by", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0397.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "382 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nSt. Anne s Cathedral Eev. Gabriel Richard.\\nCongress at its next session, early in 1807. The exist-\\nence of the Bank of Detroit was very brief; its bills were\\nin circulation until 1809, when the charter was revoked\\nby Congress. The bank was built on the northwest cor-\\nner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph-street, and two\\nlots were sold to the directors for three hundred and\\nninety-five dollars and seventy-five cents.\\nThe Franciscans had sustained a mission at Detroit\\nfrom the period of its settlement in 1701, and at the time\\nof the fire in 1805, St. Anne s church was the only house\\nof worship in the town. In consequence of the widening\\nof the street, in the new plan of the city, the old church\\nsite was found to be nearly in the center of Jefferson Ave-\\nnue. It therefore became necessary to obtain a new loca-\\ntion. Accordingly, on the 4th day of October, 1806, the\\ngovernor and judges granted a petition to that effect,\\nmade by Rev. Gabriel Richard, Vicar-general of the or-\\nder of Sulpitians, by the following enactment\\nResolved, That the Roman Catholic church be built\\nin the center of the little military square, on section No.\\n1, on the ground adjacent to the burying-ground the\\nsaid lot fronting on East and West Avenue,* two hun-\\ndred feet wide, and running back two hundred feet deep,\\nand bounded on the three sides by three other streets.\\nMichigan Avenue.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0398.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 383\\nCatholic School- Meeting of the Inhabitants.\\nThe previous day a petition from Angelique Campeau\\nand Elizabeth Williams (nuns), asking for the donation\\nof a lot on which to erect an academy for young ladies,\\nwas received, and referred to the standing committee.\\nA petition was also presented by Kev. Gabriel Richard,\\nasking for a lot for an academy for boys. Subsequently,\\na lot was donated for the nuns school, on what is now\\nthe comer of Randolph and Congress streets, and one for\\nthe boys academy on Bates-street, opposite the site for\\nSt. Anne s cathedral.\\nThe governor and judges found great difficulty in\\nadjusting the claims of the inhabitants of the old town of\\nDetroit, to the satisfaction of all parties and, finally, a\\nmeeting of the citizens was called on the 14th of Octo-\\nber, 1806, to devise some means by which this object\\ncould be accomplished. The following plan for adjust-\\ning the donation claims of the inhabitants of the old town\\nof Detroit was finally agreed upon, and a committee ap-\\npointed to present it to the Board, by whom it was\\nadopted\\nThe committee chosen by the inhabitants of the late\\ntown of Detroit, on Saturday, the 11th inst., recommend\\nto the honorable Legislative Board the following plan\\nfor adjusting their donation claims in the first class\\nAll those belonging to the first class who have im-\\nproved the lots now in their possession, we conceive", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0399.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "384 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nResolutions concerning Donation lots.*\\nought to retain them for their donation, or in exchange\\nfor an equal quantity of ground in the old town, paying\\nfor the surplus feet, agreeable to the conditions of sale\\nto wit, two cents for each square foot. All lots that the\\nLegislative Board have disposed of since the Act of Con-\\ngress, or that remain unsold, together with those that are\\nimproved, ought to be numbered and balloted for by the\\nclaimants of the first class who are not satisfied. All\\nthose persons who have built dwelling-houses on lots\\nconsidered to be in the first class, and who are claim-\\nants in the second class, shall retain said lots by paying\\nto the person in the first class who draws the lot, two\\ncents for each square foot, in the course of twelve\\nmonths. Those who are not claimants, having built a\\ndwelling-house on a lot in the first class, ought to pay to\\nthe person drawing said lot, the same price that the\\nLegislative Board were to receive. It is understood by\\nthe committee, that the lots for the first class should be\\nthose fronting on the Courthouse Avenue from the river,\\nto the corner lots on the north side of Main-street, inclu-\\nsive, and those on the street commonly called Main-\\nstreet.\\nThe claimants in the second class ought to have the\\nnext choice of the best lots remaining after the first class\\nis satisfied, and to have their claims adjusted on the same\\nsystem with the first class.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0400.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 3S5\\nLiberal construction of Act of Congress.\\nThe claimants in the third class should have the\\nnext choice of the best lots remaining after the second\\nclass are satisfied, and the system taken to adjust their\\nclaims to be the same as recommended for the first\\nclass.\\nThen came petitions for donation lots, from married\\nwomen, minors, and persons residing outside of the pali-\\nsades at the time of the fire, but now, by the new city\\nsurvey, brought within the corporation, the result of\\nwhich was the passage of the following resolution by the\\nBoard:\\nTuesday, November 11th, 1806. On motion of Judge\\nWoodward: Resolved, That the governor and judges\\nwill so construe the Act of Congress, that wives, and\\nthose who resided out of the old town, but within the\\ncorporation, shall be considered donees, and that the\\ndonations of married women, and persons residing out\\nof the town, but within the corporation, shall, in all\\ncases, be to the northward and westward of the Catholic\\nChurch Square, and not on the Avenue leading from the\\nCatholic Church Square to the Statehouse Circus.\\nNotwithstanding this liberality, there still remained\\none class of sufferers unprovided for the foreign resi-\\ndents, principally French, who had not sworn allegiance\\nto the United States. In many instances they were\\namong the most prominent citizens, and strong adherents", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0401.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "386 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nForeign residents Peter D snoyers.\\nto the American interests. To meet their necessities, we\\nfind the following record on the journal of the governor\\nand judges\\nThursday, January 22c?, 1807. On motion of the\\ngovernor Resolved, That any person or persons born in\\na foreign country, but having resided in this country\\nsince the independence of the United States, over the\\nage of seventeen years, and having owned or inhabited\\nhouses at the time of the conflagration of the town of\\nDetroit, and who produce no other evidence of their not\\nowing or professing allegiance to any foreign power than\\ntheir residence here, and their being subjected to the\\nlaws of the country, ma} r if they think proper, be heard\\nbefore the Board on the question of their right to a dona-\\ntion lot under the Act of Congress.\\nIn compliance with the above resolution, Peter Des-\\nnoyers appeared before the Board, and made the follow-\\ning statement\\nPeter Desnoyers, a native of France, of the age of\\nthirty-four years, arrived at Detroit on the seventeenth\\nday of August, 1796, in the quality of armorer, in the\\nservice of the public. He came from Paris to America\\nin the year 1790, lived at Gallipolis several years, and\\nafterward at Pittsburg, from which place he came to\\nDetroit, where he has resided ever since. He has never\\nprofessed allegiance to the government of France, or to", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0402.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 3S7\\nFirst Protestant Church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tecumseh and EUshwatawa.\\nany other foreign government, since his landing in the\\nUnited States.\\nHenry Berth] et, John Gentle, George Smart, William\\nMcDowell Scott, and others, also obtained a hearing be-\\nfore the Board, and, after due consideration, donation\\nlots were granted to the several applicants.\\nOn Monday, April 27th, 1807, a petition for a lot on\\nwhich to build a Protestant church, was presented to\\nthe Board, and a lot on the corner of Larned-street and\\nWoodward Avenue was granted, and a house of worship\\nerected, known as the First Presbyterian church. Rev.\\nJohn Monteith was the first Protestant clergyman em-\\nployed by the citizens of Detroit, and through his instru-\\nmentality a Protestant church was organized, embracing\\nall the different denominations then represented in the\\ncity. No distinctive creed was adopted, but the form of\\norganization was Presbyterian.\\nIn 180G, the celebrated chief Tecumseh, and his\\nbrother Ellshwatawa, or the prophet, belonging to the\\nShawanese tribe, devised a plan, quite similar to the\\nfamous project of Pontiac, to effect the destruction of\\nDetroit and the other American settlements in the terri-\\ntory. -They were probably encouraged in this by the\\nBritish, whose allies they were. The disaffection soon\\nmanifested by the Wyandots and other Indians in the\\nvicinity of Detroit, caused the governor, early in 1S07,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0403.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "388 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nStockade built around the new Town.\\nto order the inclosure of the inhabited part of the new\\ntown in a strong stockade. The eastern boundary of this\\nstockade was along the eastern line of the Brush farm,\\nabout where Brush-street now runs. There was a gate\\non Atwater-street, near the present Pontiac depot, and\\na blockhouse on Jefferson Avenue, a few rods east of the\\npresent site of the Biddle House. The western line of\\nthe stockade ran along the eastern line of the Cass farm\\nthen known as the Macomb farm, and the western gate\\nwas on Jefferson Avenue, about one hundred feet below\\nCass-street. The northern line ran about in range with\\nthe fort. During the year 1807, General Hull effected\\na treaty with the Ottawa, Chippewa, Pottawatomie, and\\nWyandot tribes, yet the threatening movements of the\\nShawanese, and the little reliance that could be placed\\non Indian fidelity, had its influence in retarding the very\\nrapid growth of Detroit. Still there was a constant\\njxrogress. Many of those who have since given character\\nand influence to this chief city of a prosperous State,\\nwere young, enterprising immigrants to Detroit, between\\n1807 and 1812.\\nThe Board of Governor and Judges were busy ad-\\njusting land claims, and devising and perfecting such\\nplans for the future prosperity of the city as came within\\ntheir province. Their Journal contains no record of\\nparticular interest to the general reader, except the fol-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0404.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 389\\nJudge Woodward s Resolution Indian disaffection.\\nlowing extracts. On Friday, Oct. 14th, 1810, the fa-\\ncetious Judge Woodward offered the following reso-\\nlution\\nResolved, That the president of the governor and\\njudges, sitting under the Act of Congress concerning\\nthe town of Detroit, and under the ordinance, be re-\\nspectfully requested to accommodate the said governor\\nand judges with fire during their sitting; the expense\\naccruing thereby to be defrayed, one moiety from the\\nterritorial funds, and the other in the same manner as\\nother expenses attending the execution of the said Act\\nof Congress, or in such other equitable proportion as the\\nsaid president, from his knowledge of the arithmetical\\nrules of proportion, vulgar and decimal fractions, and the\\nalgebraic rules of equation, shall ascertain to be reason-\\nable and conscientious.\\nThe resolution did not pass, but we presume a fire was\\nspeedily provided.\\nThe growing disaffection between the United States\\nand Great Britain, its evident effect upon the Indians,\\nand the probable result, were subjects of much interest\\nto Detroit. Fully sympathizing with the general govern-\\nment, and imbued with the American spirit of resistance\\nand independence, on Saturday, January 19th, 1S11,\\nJudge Woodward, clothed completely in American\\nmanufactures, moved the following resolution", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0405.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "390 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLegislative action concerning American manufactures.\\nWhereas, the encouragement of American manufac-\\ntures is a duty inrposed on all good citizens of the United\\nStates, by the dictates of benevolence as well as by the\\ninjunctions of patriotism and whereas the consumption\\nof domestic manufactures is, at the same time, the most\\nsimple and the most efficacious encouragement of them\\nand whereas it is at all times becoming that those who\\nreceive both honors and emoluments from the execution\\nof public trusts should exhibit themselves the foremost in\\nexamples of utility therefore,\\nResolved, That it be respectfully and earnestly recom-\\nmended by the legislative authority of the territory of\\nMichigan, to all the officers of this government, to ap-\\npear clothed in articles the manufacture of the continent\\nof North America, at all times, when engaged in the\\nexecution of any public duty, power, or trust, from and\\nlifter the fourth day of July, 1813.\\nThis resolution was passed unanimously, and a copy\\nthereof was signed by the members and attested by the\\nsecretary, in order to be deposited in the office of the\\nsecretary of the territory and the secretary was ordered\\nto take such measures for the further publication and\\ncommunication of the same, as he might judge expe-\\ndient. In accordance with the above direction, James\\nWatson, Secretary of the Board, wrote the following let-\\nter to an editor in Pittsburg, Penn.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0406.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 391\\nLegislative correspondence Internal navigation of New York.\\nDetkoit, Mich., January 29th, 1811.\\nE. Pentlane, Esq.,\\nEditor of the Commonwealth\\nSir In obedience to directions received from the\\nlegislative authority of the territory of Michigan, I hereby\\ntake the liberty of requesting that you will insert the an-\\nnexed resolution, at an early period, in your paper and\\nhave the honor to be\\nYour fellow-citizen, and\\nV. 0. H. S.,\\nJAMES WATSON.\\nThursday, January 9th, 1812. The committee, to\\nwhom was referred the communication from the com-\\nmissioners of internal navigation in the State of New\\nYork, made the following report, which was unanimous-\\nly adopted\\nWhereas, the commissioners of internal navigation\\nin the State of New York have addressed to the gov-\\nernor and judges of the territory of Michigan certain\\ncommunications relating to a canal in the State of New\\nYork, which have been duly considered therefore,\\nResolved, That in the opinion of the undersigned,\\nthe canal contemplated by the commissioners, from\\nBlack Rock to Rome, would not be so desirable as a\\ncanal around the cataract of Niagara, and another by\\nthe Falls of Oswego.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0407.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "392 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nLetter to the Commissioners of the State of New York.\\nOn Tuesday, January 14th, 1812, a letter inclosing\\nthe above resolution, was signed by the governor and\\njudges of Michigan, addressed to Governeur Morris, De\\nWitt Clinton, Simeon Dewitt, William North, Thomas\\nEddy, Robert R. Livingston, and Robert Fulton, Esqrs.,\\ncommissioners of internal improvement in the State of\\nNew York.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0408.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0409.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "One or the drst Jui", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0410.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII.\\nRenewed disaffection of the Indians Resolution to increase the mili-\\ntary force William Hull appointed commander-in-chief of the military-\\nforce of the northwest Army of twelve hundred raised in Ohio Gen.\\nHull proceeds to Detroit Vessels containing valuables captured by\\nthe British Orders from the Secretary of War Army cross the river\\nto Sandwich Col. Cass takes Canard Bridge Gen. Hull returns to\\nDetroit without attacking Maiden Surrenders Detroit to the British\\nFacts concerning the surrender obtained from an eye-witness Col.\\nLewis Cass appointed governor.\\nDuring the year 1811, the Indians, probably instigated\\nby the British, had occasioned some trouble to the in-\\nhabitants of Michigan, and no sooner had winter set in,\\nseparating this thinly-populated region from eastern aid,\\nthan their savage neighbors showed symptoms of in-\\ncreasing disaffection. This state of affairs caused the\\nLegislative Board to pass the following resolution, which\\nwas subsequently carried into effect\\nWhereas, the turbulent disposition manifested by the\\nsavage tribes in the vicinity of this territory, menaces it\\nwith danger:\\nResolved, That if, in the opinion of the governor of\\nthis territory for the time being, it shall be deemed\\nnecessary to call any part of the militia of this territory\\ninto actual service, should not the general government", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0413.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "394 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nWar with Great Britain declared\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Northwestern Army.\\nprovide for their pay and subsistence, this government\\nwill do it, provided that, previous to incurring such ex-\\npense, an estimate thereof, and the number proposed to\\nbe called into service, be laid before the governor and\\njudges of the Territory of Michigan, acting in their legis-\\nlative department.\\nWar was declared by Congress against Great Britain\\non the 18th of June, 1812, but by a most culpable neg-\\nlect on the part of the War Department, the north-\\nwestern frontier was not apprised of it until the enemy\\nwas upon them. Indeed, the first intimation of the decla-\\nration of war, received by Lieut. Ilancks, commandant at\\nMichilimackinac, was a demand from the enemy to sur-\\nrender the fort, which occurred on the 17th of July.\\nPrevious to the declaration of war, and in anticipation\\nof such an event, General William Hull, governor of\\nMichigan, was appointed commander-in-chief of all the\\nforces of the northwest. An army of twelve hundred\\nmen, drafted from Ohio by the President, and consider-\\nably augmented by volunteers, was collected at Dayton,\\nOhio. This force was divided into three regiments,\\nwhich were placed under the command of Colonels\\nMcArthur, Cass, and Finelly. A fourth regiment of in-\\nfantry, numbering about three hundred men, under Colo-\\nnel Miller, completed the Ohio army. General Hull\\nwas commanded to proceed to Detroit, and there await", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0414.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "EAKLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 395\\nAmerican vessel captured\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Orders to General Hull.\\nfarther orders. The army left Dayton about the middle\\nof June. They were obliged to cut their way through a\\ntrackless forest, and, after enduring many hardships, ar-\\nrived at Detroit on the 5th of July.\\nA vessel which had been hired to convey to Detroit a\\nfew sick soldiers, hospital stores, General Hull s baggage,\\nand many valuable documents, took the usual course up\\nthe river, by the Maiden channel. On arriving opposite\\nMaiden, the vessel was captured by the British, the\\nastonished crew being informed by the boarding officer\\nthat war was actually declared.\\nOn the 9th of July, General Hull received the follow-\\ning orders from Mr. Eustace, Secretary of War Should\\nthe force under your command be equal to the enter-\\nprise, and should it be consistent with the safety of your\\nown posts, you will take possession of Maiden, and ex-\\ntend your conquests as circumstances will allow. The\\narmy, whose numbers were increased by the Michigan\\nmilitia, manifested great anxiety to engage in this under-\\ntaking, and urged upon their commander its immediate\\nprosecution. Maiden was the key to that portion of the\\nBritish provinces, and its possession was of great im-\\nportance to the Americans. The garrison was weak, and\\nseemed an easy conquest.\\nHaving made arrangements for the expedition, General\\nHull crossed the Detroit river on the 12th day of July,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0415.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "396 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nExpedition against Maiden\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Canard Bridge.\\nand encamped at Sandwich. Here he issued a procla-\\nmation to the inhabitants, urging them to enroll them-\\nselves under the American banner. Had I any doubt\\nof ultimate success, says this proclamation, I should\\nask your assistance but I come prepared for every\\nemergency. I have a force which will break down all\\nopposition, and that force is but the vanguard of a much\\ngreater.\\nDay after day passed, and the army still remained en-\\ncamped at Sandwich. Weary of the monotony of the\\ncamp, Colonel Cass, with a detachment of about two\\nhundred and eighty men, left the camp to reconnoiter\\nthe ground toward Maiden. He found a picket of the\\nBritish army stationed at Canard Bridge. A skirmish\\nensued; the enemy were routed, with the loss of ten\\nmen, and the Americans took possession of the bridge.\\nIt was only four miles from Maiden, and Colonel Cass,\\ndeeming it an important post, urged General Hull to re-\\ntain it as a good position for a future attack. His sug-\\ngestion was disregarded. After remaining nearly a\\nmonth at Sandwich in a state of inactivity, with a brave,\\nvigorous army chafing under the restraint, General Hull\\nwas so much intimidated by the hostile manifestations\\nof the Indians, and the report that a large British force\\nwould soon arrive at Maiden, that he recrossed the river\\nto Detroit, on the 9th of August, without having made a", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0416.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 397\\nGeneral Hull returns with his Army to Detroit.\\nsingle attack upon Maiden. Here he remained until the\\n15th, the day of his inglorious surrender. Every cir-\\ncumstance connected with this most unaccountable and\\ndisgraceful affair is too well known to need repetition.\\nThe course pursued by General Hull seems more strange,\\nfrom the fact that, in the army of Washington, he had\\ndistinguished himself by his bravery.\\nThe facts contained in the following account of the\\nsurrender, were given me by Mrs. M. McCarty, one of\\nthe daughters of Peter Audrain, first secretary of the ter-\\nritory, who then resided at Detroit. It presents a social\\nand domestic picture of that eventful time. I have pre-\\nserved the narrative form, but am unable to give the\\nlanguage of the narrator.\\nDetroit, in 1812, scarcely deserved the name of town,\\nfor it was, in reality, but a small village. The old town\\nhad been burned to the ground, and the inhabitants were\\nobliged to build such houses as their means would allow,\\nand but few of these were either elegant or convenient.\\nAtwater was then the principal street, and the dwellings\\nthere were quite compact. A few houses were scattered\\nhere and there on the other streets; and around the\\nwhole town small, compared with its present dimen-\\nsions was a stockade of tall pickets, as a protection\\nfrom the Indians. Between the town and the fort there\\nwas no stockade, but the space was laid out in a beauti-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0417.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "398 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDetroit and its Defenses in 1812.\\nful esplanade, where the troops were drilled and exer-\\ncised. Then came the fort, with its grass-covered sides,\\nsurrounded by a deep moat. All around the top of the\\nfort, on the inside, were placed the cannon, alike for\\ndestruction and defense. On the west side of the fort\\nwas the cantonment, built around a neat court, with\\ngravel walks and shade-trees. Two sides of the canton-\\nment were dwellings of the officers and soldiers families,\\nand the other two sides were barracks. At the w T est end\\nof the town, near the gate of the stockade, stood the cita-\\ndel, a strong blockhouse, used also for a guard-house.\\nAlong the river, above and below the city, were the\\nfarms of the inhabitants, mostly French, some of whom\\nwere devoted to the British, and some to the American\\ninterests.\\nThe morning before the surrender was sultry in the\\nextreme. The sky was overspread with a thick haze, not\\na breath of wind lifted the drooping foliage, and the\\nstraggling rays of sunlight which now and then pierced\\nthrough the gloom, were pale and sickly. Humanity\\nseemed, for once, in unison with nature listless and un-\\nhappy. Men gathered in groups about the market-place,\\nand talked gloomily of the war, and their own future\\nprospects old women rocked to and fro, recalled their\\nsuperstitions, and prophesied evil at hand children\\nwere uncommonly peevish; and the usually bustling", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0418.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 399\\nBatteries at Sandwich Panic of the Inhabitants.\\nhousewife, languid and depressed, shrank from the bur-\\nden of her daily duties.\\nWe had scarcely breakfasted, when the clatter of a\\nhorse s hoofs was heard along the streets, and the sten-\\ntorian voice of an officer warned the inhabitants to seek\\na place of safety, as the batteries recently thrown up at\\nSandwich would probably soon open their fire upon the\\ntown. Immediately all was panic and confusion women\\nbustling about, packing their valuables for removal;\\nmen running to and fro, seeking a retreat for those\\ndearer to them than life crying infants clinging to their\\nhalf-distracted mothers, and older children everywhere\\nbut where they should be, made the town a second Babel.\\nAbout noon the inhabitants began to leave the town\\nbut, alas where is safety in the midst of the stirring\\nscenes of war? Our enemies were near us with their\\nmissiles of destruction the forest swarmed with Indians,\\nprofessing friendliness yet who would vouch for savage\\nintegrity, should the enemy gain the ascendency? A\\ndeep ravine on the Cass farm, a short distance below\\nthe city, then owned by General McDonald, seemed to\\noffer the best security, and there the women and children\\nwere assembled, with a few of the sterner sex for pro-\\ntectors.\\nThe cannonading commenced at four o clock in the\\nafternoon, and continued at intervals during the night,", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0419.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "400 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nBritish cannonade the Fort without effect\\nkeeping us in constant alarm, but doing little injury on\\neither side. Often, while we sat huddled together in the\\nravine, did the ill-directed balls from the enemy s can-\\nnon plow through the orchard, tearing up the ground,\\nbut, fortunately, doing no other damage. A few shells\\nalso burst near us, harmlessly. Near midnight, those\\nremaining in the ravine were persuaded to remove to a\\nlarge stone root-house in the orchard, that we might be\\nprotected from the chilly dews of the night.\\nMy health had been failing for some time previous,\\nand the fright, fatigue, and bad air of the crowded root-\\nhouse, brought on an illness so violent that my friends\\nwere obliged to convey me to the dwelling-house, the\\nbasement of which we found already crowded. I was\\nplaced in an upper room, a most dangerous position,\\nas, it being nearly daybreak, the firing was more fre-\\nquent. Alarmed for the safety of my two children, who\\nwith my mother had acconrpanied me, I prevailed on\\nmy mother to leave me alone, and seek a more secure\\nplace for herself and my little ones. My father and hus-\\nband were at the fort, and, though my wants were all\\nsupplied, none else were willing to peril their own lives\\nby remaining with me, as their presence would be no\\nsafeguard to my life. Hour after hour I passed thus\\nalone, listening to the booming cannon, and now and\\nthen starting and shrieking as a ball whizzed by the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0420.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 401\\nBritish cross the River at Springwells.\\nhouse, sometimes feeling almost sure that it was a mark\\nfor the enemy, and thinking perhaps the next shot would\\nterminate my existence.\\nDay dawned at length, and the cannonading ceased.\\nPresently my mother came to tell me that the red-\\ncoats were crossing the river at Springwells. Now,\\nsaid she, we shall be between two fires, and where to\\ngo for safety I cannot tell. Her voice trembled with\\nemotion, but her tearless eye flashed forth the determina-\\ntion of a resolute heart. She seated herself by a window\\nthat looked out on the beautiful Detroit. Unlike yester-\\nday, not a cloud appeared on all the face of heaven the\\ncool breeze came sweeping up from its lake-bathings,\\nrippling the river, and refreshing poor humanity. The\\nglad song of birds hailed the rising sun, and the green\\nherbage and the bright-eyed flowers nodded assent to their\\nhymn of praise. But the reveille at the fort broke\\nharshly on the ear amid the peaceful beauty of nature.\\nIt proclaimed the fearful truth that, for glory or mam-\\nmon, man will murder his fellow-man, desolate the\\nhomes of the happy, and even himself rush into the pres-\\nence of his Judge. The river below us was thickly\\ndotted with canoes and barges, filled with scarlet-clad\\nsoldiery, and the reflected sunbeams flashed from bur-\\nnished implements of war. There was a bustle at the\\nfort, but no forming of troops on the esplanade. At\\n26", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0421.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "402 EAELY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAdvance toward the Town No preparations for Defense.\\nlength a cannon was placed at the west gate, and small\\ndetachments of troops were stationed here and there, be-\\nhind the strong picket-fences that lined the road-side\\nfrom Springwells to Detroit. The British troops, hav-\\ning breakfasted only a mile below us, formed and com-\\nmenced marching toward the town.\\nWhat ails our men exclaimed my mother, as the\\ntroops continued to advance why don t they fire upon\\nthem\\nPerhaps they might kill us, I suggested.\\nWe might as well be killed, she replied, as to fall\\ninto the power of the red-coats and Indians. But we\\nmust try to find a safer place than this, for if General\\nHull is not a coward, we shall have bloody work\\nto-day.\\nSupported by my mother, I succeeded in reaching the\\nfoot of the stairs, where my father, who had obtained\\nleave of absence from the fort for half an hour, met us,\\nand, taking me in his arms, carried me to our old retreat\\nin the ravine. After telling me that my husband was on\\nduty at one of the outposts, he returned to the fort.\\nKind friends made me a bed on the cold damp earth,\\nmy children were brought to me, and, when all was done\\nfor my comfort that could be, my restless mother again\\nsought the house, to watch the movements of the bel-\\nligerents.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0422.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 403\\nFlags of Truce Disgraceful surrender Captain Snelling.\\nA flag of truce was sent from the fort across the river,\\nand presently one of General Brock s aids galloped by,\\ntoward the fort, also bearing the white flag. After a\\nshort absence he returned, and was sent a second time,\\nwhen he was met outside of the gate by a deputation\\nfrom the fort. Soon after, to our utter dismay, the\\nAmerican banner was hauled down, and a white flag, in\\ntoken of surrender, run up in its place. In the mean\\ntime orders had been issued to recall the detachments,\\nand Captain Snelling, who stood at the cannon by the\\ngate, with a lighted match in his hand to fire the gun,\\nthe report of which had been agreed upon as a signal\\nof attack by those in ambuscade, had the match struck\\nfrom his hand by a superior officer, who, pointing to the\\nflag of surrender, told him not to fire, at the peril of\\nhis life.\\nScarcely were the terms of capitulation signed, before\\nthe British took possession of the town and fort, and an\\nofficer rode through the lanes and orchards, assuring the\\ntrembling inhabitants of protection from the Indians,\\nwho were swarming in vast numbers in the rear of the\\nBritish troops. There was one universal burst of indig-\\nnation from officers, soldiers, and inhabitants, at this dis-\\ngraceful surrender, this stain on our national honor.\\nGeneral Hull s son, more brave than his father, raved\\nand swore most fearfully. My father saw many of the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0423.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "404 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nIndignation of Officers and Inhabitants General Brock.\\nofficers break their swords, and weep over their disgrace\\nlike little children.\\nI wish yon could have heard the opprobrious epithets\\nthat were heaped upon the head of General Hull bj the\\nindignant women. I really believe they then felt that\\nthey preferred victory, or even an honorable defeat, at\\nthe expense of life, to this ignoble surrender. Nor could\\nthey, even now, anticipate any safety for themselves and\\ntheir families. They well knew that the Indian allies of\\nthe enemy, greater in number than the white force, could\\nnot be entirely controlled by the most strenuous efforts\\non the part of the commanding officers, and constant an-\\nnoyance, pillage, and perhaps massacre, were seen in the\\nmurky vista of the future. Nor were they mistaken\\nthe ensuing year was one of terror.\\nIt is time that the orders of General Brock were very\\nstrict he did all he could to protect us, and probably\\nprevented a general massacre of the Americans. Many\\nsupposed that he dared not provoke the hostility of the\\nIndians, by punishing petty grievances and whenever\\na murder was committed, the murderer was kept out of\\nthe way till the affair was forgotten. Human life in\\ntime of war is little valued, and it required but a few\\ndays for a single murder to be forgotten, except by the\\nimmediate friends of the deceased.\\nWhen my father went to his house in town, the day", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0424.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 405\\nSufferings of Americans from Indian hostility.\\nafter the surrender, he found that it had been broken\\nopen, and plundered of every valuable article. Mr.\\nMcCarty owned one of those narrow farms, about a mile\\nbelow the city, to which my father removed what little\\nhe had left, and my father s family and our own remained\\ntogether till the close of the war. My husband and my\\nfather were prisoners of war, but were permitted to be\\nat home most of the time on parole. Three several\\ntimes during the year our house was plundered, and we\\nfared quite as well as our neighbors.\\nWhen winter came, the difficulty of obtaining fuel in\\nthe city induced many families to remove to their farms\\nin the vicinity. Scarcely would they begin to feel secure\\nin the enjoyment of their comforts, when, perhaps at\\nmidnight, a band of savages would enter the house, and\\ncarry off every thing that tempted their cupidity. Happy\\nwere the helpless families if they escaped with life, for\\nthe slightest offense was sure to be punished by toma-\\nhawking the offender.\\nDuring the whole period that the British held posses-\\nsion of Detroit, while the Americans were suffering so\\nmuch, the Canadian families in the vicinity were unmo-\\nlested. A red mark on their sheep and cattle, and red\\ndoors to their dwellings, insured them the respect ot\\ntheir Indian allies. But the Americans would not adopt\\nthis expedient. Perhaps I can best give you an idea of", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0425.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "406 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCanadian families safe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Singular expedient.\\nthe feeling upon this subject that prevailed among them,\\nby telling you a little anecdote of Mr. McCarty. Some\\ntime in the month of October, a friendly Indian came to\\nour house, and had a long talk with my husband. My\\nsister and I saw him glance at us, then point to Mr.\\nMcCarty, and encircle his own crown, significant of\\nscalping, but he spoke so low that we could not under-\\nstand a word he said. When he was gone, we anxiously\\ninquired what news the Indian brought.\\nDo not be alarmed, said my husband Ocomo\\nhas only been trying to convince me that, if I wish to\\nescape the tomahawk, I must go to the fort. He says\\nyou women are safe, because you are French, and have\\nblack eyes and hair but my blue eyes and light hair are\\nagainst me.\\nWhy don t you paint your door red? asked my\\nsister.\\nNo British red about me, if I die for it he indig-\\nnantly exclaimed. This was the general feeling among\\nthe inhabitants.\\nThe British held possession of Detroit about a year.\\nThey did not seem to expect to retain it so long, for the\\nvery next day after the surrender, they commenced re-\\nmoving the military stores to Maiden, and for a whole\\nmonth the river was covered with small boats engaged\\nin the transportation. After two or three months the", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0426.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 407\\nNews of General Harrison s approach.\\nBritish troops were withdrawn, except a detachment at\\nthe fort, and quite too many of their Indian allies re-\\nmained prowling about the country, like ravening\\nwolves.\\nIt was a long, weary year to us poor inhabitants, and\\na joyful time when General Harrison came to the rescue.\\nThe news of his approach was first brought by an old\\ncitizen of Detroit, whom we had suspected of being a\\ntory, because he was allowed greater privileges than\\nothers who had not taken up arms. This gentleman,\\nwho had been a few weeks at Maiden, came riding by,\\nearly one morning, on his way home, when my mother\\ncalled to him through the lattice, and inquired the\\nnews.\\nGood, he replied, without looking toward the\\nhouse. He passed on to his own residence, put his horse\\nin the stable, and seated himself on the front piazza,\\nwithout entering the house, lest he might possibly excite\\nsuspicions that would lead to a forcible communication\\nto the British of General Harrison s movements. If our\\nneighbor was indeed a tory, he seemed by his conduct\\nto have become sick of British rule.\\nAbout an hour afterward, my brother James sprang\\nthrough the gate at the foot of our garden, which ex-\\ntended down the sloping bank to the river s brink, and\\nran with all speed into the house. My father immedi-", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0427.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "408 EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nDetroit retaken by the Americans.\\nately barricaded the door, and begged my daring brother\\nnot to go too near the window-blinds, lest he should be\\nseen by the Indians. James was an officer in General\\nHarrison s army, and so great was his anxiety to know\\nthe fate of his father s family, from whom he had long\\nbeen separated, that be obtained permission to cross the\\nriver a little in advance of the army, and thus was the\\nfirst of our deliverers who set foot on shore.\\nGeneral Harrison and his army soon arrived. The\\nKentucky soldiers, who formed a part of the force, were\\ntall, robust men, clad in blue hunting-shirts, red belts,\\nand blue trowsers fringed with red. This singular uni-\\nform gave them a demi-savage appearance. The fort\\nwas surrendered after a mere show of resistance the\\nAmerican flag again floated in triumph over the spot\\nwhere a year before it had been so shamefully dishon-\\nored, and our joy was now as enthusiastic as then our in-\\ndignation was unbounded.\\nIn October, 1813, Colonel Lewis Cass, who had ren-\\ndered essential service to the territory, was appointed\\nGovernor of Michigan. The country was in a most de-\\nplorable condition. Devastated by war, overrun by\\ntribes of hostile savages, and very thinly settled, it pre-\\nsented a most discouraging theater for the gratification\\nof a youthful ambition.\\nImmediately after the ratification of peace with Great", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0428.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "EARLY HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 409\\nColonel Lewis Cass appointed Governor.\\nBritain, in 1815, Governor Cass devoted his energies to\\nthe conciliation of the Indian tribes, and so successful was\\nhe in controlling these savage hordes, that the period of\\nhis accession to the government was the commencement\\nof a new and prosperous era in the Early History of\\nMichigan.\\nthe END.", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0429.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0430.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0431.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0432.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2938", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0433.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3146", "width": "1930", "jp2-path": "earlyhistoryofmi00shel_0434.jp2"}}