{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3381", "width": "2065", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "\\\\0^^.\\n.c5 r.\\nc-\\n.V^\\n.aV\\nA-^-\\nr\\nv^\\nc,\\no\\nX\\n0*\\n1..\\n-p\\no 0^\\n-u..\\nV-\\nX^\\n^SlI^ J!^\\n.-?v^\\nN\\n-v c-\\n?i^\\n1\\nSj- ,s^\\n,-0\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u^-\\nV,\\nsV\\nv,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0x^\\n.lip\\no 0^\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f.\\ntP\\nA-^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*bo^\\no\\nV", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": ",\u00e2\u0096\u00a00\\nO -V-\\nt\\nX\\ncP\\nV\\nV ^i-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "-oo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 aHE=?1", "height": "3131", "width": "1996", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "GENERAL HISTORY\\nOF THE STATE OF\\nMICHIGAN;\\nBIOaEAPHIOAL SKETCHES,\\nPORTRAIT ENGRAVINGS,\\nAND NUMEROUS\\nILLUSTRA TIONS.\\nA COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE PENINSULAR STATE FROM ITS\\nEARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME.\\nCOMPILED BY\\nCHARLES RICHARD TUTTLE.\\n..pyright\\n.874\\nDETROIT: --Uillh:-^^\\nR. D. S. TYLER CO., 66 GRISWOLD STREET.\\nPRINTED BY THE DETROIT FREE PRESS COMPANY.\\n1873.", "height": "3131", "width": "1996", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873,\\nBy CHARLES RICHARD TUTTLE,\\nIn the offlce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "TO\\nTHE MEN OF MICHIGAN,\\nWHO,\\nFKOM HUMBLE BEGINNINGS,\\nBY TIMELY PERSEVERANCE AND WELL DIRECTED\\nENTERPRISE, HAVE WON WEALTH FOR\\nTHEMSELVES OR FAME FOR THE\\nPENINSULAR STATE,\\nTHIS VOLUME\\nIS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nSome one has very properly written that the country is already\\noverloaded with histories of itself; and the same writer as properly\\nadds Not one of them pretends to constitute a general history\\nof the United States in volumes, embracing a complete history of\\neach State separately a work that would be of incalculable value\\nto the archives of every Commonwealth of the American Repub-\\nlic. It has been offered in reply to this, that the early history\\nof the United States is so consolidated and intermingled as not to\\nadmit of being divided into volumes that would adapt themselves\\nrespectively to each State. The last argument holds good only\\nin so far as the task of compiling such a work is a difficult one,\\ninvolving much labor that can scarcely hope for just compensa-\\ntion.\\nThe work presented in this volume is threefold in its character,\\nembracing a general history of Michigan, from its earliest settlement\\nto the present time (unincumbered by the records of a neighboring\\nCommonwealth), including illustrations and brief descriptive\\nsketches of the most prominent features of the Peninsular State,\\nwith portraits and short biographical sketches of its present leading\\nbusiness and professional men.\\nWith regard to the first and most important feature, it is proper\\nto state that the works which the author has consulted freely, and\\nto which the perfection of this book is most indebted, are Lan-\\nman s History of Michigan, Sheldon s Early History of Michigan,\\nBancroft s History of the United States, Parkman s Conspiracy of\\nPontiac, Lanman s Red Book of Michigan, Tackabury s New\\nAtlas of the State of Michigan, Way s History of the Boundary\\nDifficulty, and numerous other volumes. The great aim has been\\nto condense from these works, and from more recent records, a\\nplain and truthful history of the State from its earliest settlement\\nto the present time.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "VUl PREFACE.\\nIn the second and third features, the aim has been to depict, by\\ndescriptive sketches and engravings, the more prominent modern\\nfeatures of the State, and to present the portraits with brief bio-\\ngraphical sketches of some of its leading citizens. In doing the\\nlatter, care has been taken to select representative men in all the\\ndepartments of trade, and in the learned professions, without\\nregard to the accident of political prominence. The latter con-\\nsideration has not, of course, been ignored in making the selection,\\nbut preference has been given to those who have, by unaided\\nindustry and native force of character, placed themselves in\\nprominent and leading positions in their chosen field of labor.\\nThe labor of compiling this volume has been immense, and not\\nalways pleasant. The object has been to furnish to the citizens of\\nthe State a more complete history of the Commonwealth than has\\nyet been written and at the same time to give to the world, in a\\ncondensed and popular form, reliable information in regard to the\\nresources of a State now truly imperial in wealth, population and\\npower. How well this task has been performed we leave to the\\njudgment of an indulgent and discriminating public.\\nIt will be observed that the portrait engravings in this volume\\nare inserted without reference to chronological order. This became\\nnecessary for the reason that printing was commenced before the\\nengravings were finished. The only order observed is that in\\nwhich the engravings reached the hands of the printer.\\nIn conclusion, the publishers desire to express their gratitude to\\nthe Detroit Free Press Company and its employes, for the faithful-\\nness and painstaking care with which they have carried the\\nmechanical part of the work forward to completion. The intelli-\\ngence and skill displayed in this part of the work is patent to\\nevery reader, and is in itself an illustration of the enterprise\\nwhich is characteristic of the men of Michigan, as well as of the\\nmagnitude and excellence of the oldest printing house in the\\nPeninsular State.\\nDetroit, December, 1873.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nNew State Capitol (Frontispiece).\\nThe Indian Council at St. Mary s Falls (1671) 89\\nLa Salle in the Griffin 107\\nDeath of La Salle 107\\nOld Fort Michilimackinac 191\\nUnveiling of the (Conspiracy of Pontiac 249\\nFort Pontchartrain (Detroit) in 1705 273\\nThe First Cliurches Built in Michigan 355\\nHon. T. J. Campau s Residence 373\\nPear Trees in the Old Jesuit Garden 399\\nResidence of Isaac Newton Swain 409\\nCountry Residence of W. W. Backus 445\\nBurt s Solar Compass 517\\nBurt s Surveying Company (with Marquette in the distance) 521\\nMichigan Soldiers and Sailors Monument 541\\nResidence of James Nail, jr 591\\nUniversity of Michigan 603\\nAgricultural College, Lansing, Michigan 611\\nMap of Straits of Mackinaw 615\\nMichigan Female Seminary 627\\nDetroit Homeopathic College 631\\nGoldsmith s Bryant Stratton Business College 635\\nSteamer W. L. Wetmore 651\\nSaugatuck Union School 669\\nResidence of M. Jacques Campau 677\\nThe Joseph Campau Residence 687\\nView of the City of Grand Rapids 691\\nView of the City of Adrian 699\\nView of the City of Detroit 705\\nSecond Presbyterian Church, Detroit 707\\nCity Hall, Detroit 709\\nView of Fort Street, Detroit 711\\nView of the City of Flint 719", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "X ILLUSTRATlOXS.\\nPORTRAITS.\\nHon. Lewis Cass 21\\nLieutenant-Governor Andrew Parsons 41\\nGovernor John J. Bagley 61\\nGovernor H. P. Baldwin 65\\nHon. Frederick L. Wells 69\\nHon. Elihu L. Clark 73\\nHenry Fish 77\\nColonel Wm. M. Fenton 83\\nHon. Martin S. Brackett 91\\nHon. Timothy Jerome 95\\nThomas P. Sheldon 99\\nHon. Jonathan B. Tuttle 103\\nGeneral Joseph O. Hudnut 113\\nHon. J. W. Begole 117\\nHon. James Watson 123\\nHon Peter Desnoyers 125\\nCaptain John Clarke 129\\nHon. John R. Kellogg 185\\nHon. Charles W. Grant 141\\nProfessor Duane Doty 145\\nHon. J. G. Sutherland 149\\nHon. John N. Mellen 153\\nE. B. Ward 157\\nHon. Charles M. Garrison 101\\nHon. Lysander Woodward 167\\nHon. Peter C. Andre 169\\nHon. Charles S. May 173\\nHon. B. W. Huston 177\\nRay Haddock 183\\nHon. George H. Durand 185\\nF. G. Russell 193\\nHon. A. F. R. Braley 197\\nDr. Edward W. Jenks 201\\nHon. Samuel D. Pace 205\\nHon. John Moore 209\\nE. T. Judd 213\\nDr. J. B. White 217\\nHon. Eleazer Jewett 221\\nR. W. Jenny 225\\nGeneral Mark Flanigan 231\\nJ. M. Stanley 235\\nJames Shearer 241\\nLorenzo B Curtis 245\\nRight Reverend Samuel A. McCoskry 253\\nHon. S. M. Green 257\\nHon. Moses B. Hess 265", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS, XI\\nHon. James Birney 269\\nM. S. Smith 277\\nHon. James Turrill 283\\nEzra Rust 285\\nDavid Preston 289\\nHon. Bela W. Jenks 293\\nE. O. Haven, D. D., LL. D 297\\nHon. John F. Driggs 305\\nRev. J. M. Arnold 309\\nHon. R. P. Eldredge 313\\nHon. W. L. Webber 321\\nChester B. Jones 325\\nHon. James F. Joj 33i\\nHon. Albert Miller 337\\nA. W. Wright 341\\nHon. L. B. Parker 345\\nHon. G. D. Williams 349\\nColonel Wm. L. P. Little 357\\nBradford Smith 361\\nSpencer Barclay 367\\nHon. T. J. Campau 369\\nHon. Alfred Russell 379\\nDr. J. W. Kermott 381\\nHon. Zachariah Chandler 385\\nCharles H. Borgman 389\\nHon. A. B. Turner 395\\nIsaac Newton Swain 403\\nAaron Dikeman 413\\nMajor Lowell Hall 417\\nJames Scribner 421\\nHon. R. McClelland 425\\nM. V. Borgman 487\\nJohn P. Allison 443\\nHon. George V. N. Lothrop 449\\nHon. R. A. Haire 459\\nE. H. Turner 461\\nHon. N. B. Eldredge 465\\nCaptain J. F. Marsac 469\\nHon. George W. Swift 473\\nSandf ord Howard 481\\nHon. D. Horton 485\\nHon. George E. Hubbard 489\\nRev. Marcus Swift 497\\nDr. G. L. Cornell 505\\nColin Campbell 509\\nHon. Wm. A. Burt 513\\nHorace R. Gardner 525", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "XU ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nHon. Thomas W. Ferry 529\\nMyron Butman 537\\nHon. Thomas H. Bottomley 539\\nHon. John Ball 545\\nHon. Jay A. Hubbell 549\\nGeneral J. G Parkhurst 553\\nSmith R. Woolley 559\\nHon A. N.Hart 561\\nDr. L. Younghusband 565\\nHon. E. S Eggleston 569\\nProfessor David Parsons 573\\nGeneral A. T. McReynolds 577\\nD. M. Ferry 583\\nHon Ira Mayhevv 585\\nJames Nail, jr 589\\nJames W. Frisbie 593\\nJ. H. Gold.smith 597\\nHon. C. C. Comstock 601\\nHon. Jonathan Shearer 605\\nOkemos 609\\nEdgar Conkling 613\\nHon. John S. Barry 617\\nHon. Moses Wisner 631\\nHon. E Ransom 625\\nHon. Wm. Woodbridge 629\\nHon. O. D. Conger 633\\nHon. Israel V. Harris 641\\nHon. David H. Jerome 645\\nHon. George Willard 649\\nHon O. M Barnes 653\\nHon. A. C. Baldwin 659\\nHon. Charles Rynd, M. D 661\\nHon. Henry H. Crapo 665\\nHon. Joseph Campau 679\\nHon. H. M. Look 693\\nHon. J. W. Gordon 701\\nHon. Wm. L. Greenly 703\\nHon. Wm. C. Duncan 713\\nHon. Wm. W. Wheaton 716\\nHon. Alexander H. Morrison 722\\nHon. John S. Horner 725\\nHon. Alpheus Felch 737\\nHon. Kinsley S. Bingham 729\\nHon. Stevens T. Mason 731", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nrrance moves to establish a colony in America\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cartier proceeds to Canada\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHis second voyage Roberval s expedition Other French expeditions\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nChamplain s first expedition to the St Lawrence\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He forms a settlement at\\nQuebec 17\\nCHAPTER n.\\nChamplain and his infant colony\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A pleasant winter in the new fort\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Condition\\nof Indian aflairs -The natives\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New France ceded to England in 1629\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nChamplain returns to France 29\\nCHAPTER HI.\\nHistory of New France from the war with the English in 1629 to that of 1689\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe French and the Iroquois\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colonial history\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The government of Fronte-\\nnac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Defeat of the English 38\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nHistory of New France from the administration of Frontenac to its overthrow\\nby the English, at Quebec, in 1759\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The battle of Quebec-The fall of Wolfe\\nand Montcalm\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Canada ceded to the English 58\\nCHAPTER V.\\nProgress of the French toward Michigan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The struggles and adventures of the\\nmissionaries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Life and death of the great and good Marquette\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pioneer life, 81\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nRobert de la Salle--First vessel on Lake Erie\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Loss of the Griffin- Unfortunate\\nexpedition in search of the Mississippi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mutinous conduct of LaSalle s\\nmen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Death of LaSalle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His character\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fate of his companions 102\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Sault Ste. Marie\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fort St. Josevih\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit founded\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its early condition-\\nAttacked by the Ottawaa- By the Foxes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early French travelers through\\nthe lake region 112\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nColonial emigrants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Merchants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The peasantry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French soldiers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Legal admin-\\nistration-Policy of the French government\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mode of land distribution 122\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nWar between the French and English colonies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Braddock s march\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His defeat\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAcadia, Niagai a and Crown Point- Battle of Lake George\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Condition of\\nCanada 139\\nCHAPTER X\\nThe English take possession of the western outposts of Canada\u00e2\u0080\u0094 March of\\nMajor Rogers and the Provincial Rangers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appearance of Pontiac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Surren-\\nder of Detroit and Michilimackinac to the Luglish\u00e2\u0080\u0094 End of French rule in\\nMichigan 165\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nHostility between the northern Indians and the English\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Experience of the\\nlirtst English traders who visited Michilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their persecutions -The\\nEnglish soldiers take possession of Michilimackinac 172", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "xiv CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nHostility between the Indians and the English Its cause explained \u00e2\u0080\u0094The\\nIndians rising to drive the English from the country\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pontiac s message\\nThe council and speech in which the conspiracy is matured\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The war 189\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nMichilimackinac Description of the place in 1762 Assembling of hostile\\nIndians around Michilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Adventures of an P^nglish trader\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nIndians preparing for the massacre\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The game of ball commenced 200\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nThe massacre at Fort Michilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indians drinking the blood of English-\\nmen-Sufferings of English prisoners\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Ottawas espouse the cause of the\\nEnglish and take possession of the fort\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Indian council 215\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nThe English persecuted at Michilimackinac after the massacre\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The adventure\\nof Henry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Prisoners divided between the Chippewas and the Ottawas Lieu-\\ntenant Corell rescues the prisoners from the Ottawas, and the English leave\\nthe country \u00e2\u0080\u0094Escape of Heury 229\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac, continued\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The plot to destroy the garrison of Detroit\\ndiscovered\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pontiac commences the siege\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Campbell s captivitj\\nPontiac demands the surrender of the fort 248\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac, continued\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A council among the officers of tlie fort of\\nDetroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gladwyn determines to hold out\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Difficulty between Pontiac and\\nthe French\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fate of Cuylers expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The horrors of Indian warfare\\nthickening around Detroit 264\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac. continued\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fate of the forest garrison\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The m.assacre at\\nFort St. Joseph\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fate of Sandusky, Miami, Ouatanon, Presque Isle, Le\\nBoeuf and Venango\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The reign of blood and havoc\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The bloody work of the\\ngreat Pontiac and his treacherous followers 276\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nConspii-acy of Pontiac, continued- The siege of Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Adventure of a British\\nschooner on the Detroit river\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mode of Indian warfare\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pontiac inviting the\\nEreuch to join his ami) Another council\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Exchange of prisoners 282\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac, continued\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The battle of Bloody Run\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Dalzell s\\ndetachhient slaughtered by the savages\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Adventure of the schooner Glad-\\nwyn\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Indians sue for peace\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Approach of winter 296\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nConclusion of Pontiac s war\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The siege of Detroit raised Bradstreet in the\\nwest\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The English at peace\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Revolutionary War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Instigating savages\\nto take American scalps\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Byrd s expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hamilton s expedition\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094His capture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DePeysler commands at Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 American liberty trium-\\nphant\u00e2\u0080\u0094Peace restorecl 312\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nThe retention of the western posts by Great Britain after the treaty of 1783\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nNorthwestern Territory organized\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian troubles again\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The great war\\ncouncil at Detroit Campaign of General Harmer St. Clair s defeat-\\nWayne s victories\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan surrendered to the United States 324\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nWilliam Hull a))iiointed governor of the Territory of Michigan- Tecumseh s\\nwarriors assembling\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An .army raised in Ohio\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It marches to Detroit under\\nGeneral Hull War declared between England and the United States\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hull\\nadvances into Canada 330", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. XV\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nMichilimackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Removal of the fort to Mackinaw island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Condition of the\\nfort and settlement in 181 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Kol)erts expedition captures the fort\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe garrison sent to Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The English once more in possession of Mack-\\ninaw 344\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nGeneral Hull s cowardice\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He evacuates Canada -Alleged treason\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A detach-\\nment sent to meet Colonel Brush\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The fort surrendered to the British\\nIndig nation of the army\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colonel Brush escapes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit again under the\\nBritish flag 353\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nThe British celebrating their success at Detroit \u00e2\u0080\u0094Account of General Brock s\\nex])edition against Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scenes and circumstances in and about Detroit\\nafter the surrender\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The massacre at Chicago\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Commodore Perry on Lake\\nErie -Harrison s campaign\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Recapture of the western posts, including\\nDetroit, by the United States 365\\nCHAPTER XXVII.\\nMackinaw\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Expedition under Commodore Sinclair and Colonel Croghan for its\\nreduction- (Jolonel Turner captures the Perseveranci; at St. Mary s and\\nreduces that post\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Capture of the Mink\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Destruction of goods belonging to\\nthe Northwest Company\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Landing of the forces at Mackinaw\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fall of Major\\nHolmes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Defeat of the Americans -Full account of the battle, etc 377\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nThe ordinance of 1787\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Erection of the Territory of Michiiian\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its boundary\\nJudicial administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Woodward code of laws\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Hull\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His\\ntrial by court-martial 394\\nCHAPTER XXIX.\\nGeneral Cass appointed governor -Defenseless condition of the Territory-\\nIndian depredations around Detroit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bravery and energy of General Cass\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHis treaty with the Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Condition of Michigan at the close of the war\\nE.vpetlitiou of General Cass to the Upper Peninsula\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Discoveries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pros-\\nperity of the Territory under Cass administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The treaty of Chicago-\\nExecution of Indians 402\\nCHAPTER XXX.\\nThe administration of Governor Porter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Black Hawk war\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Construction\\nof roads\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The lirst railroad company organized\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Banks chartered\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Common\\nSchools organized- Change in the method of disposing of public lands\\nDeath of Governor Porter 441\\nCHAPTER XXXI.\\nThe organization of a State government\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The boundary question The Toledo\\nwar\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Incidents and accidents\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Settlement of the question\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Admission of\\nMichigan into the Union 448\\nCHAPTER XXXII.\\nMichigan as a State\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resources and population\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Administration of Governor\\nMason\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Woodbridge Gordon Barrj- Felch\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Greenly Ransom\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barry\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMcClelland -Bingham\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wisuer 480\\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\\nAdministration of Governor Blair\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The war of the rebellion\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Patriotic action\\nof Michigan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The troops sent to the fleld\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The draft\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Crapo s\\nadministration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 close of the war\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The troops return home\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Financial con-\\ndition of the State 494\\nCHAPTER XXXIV.\\nGovernor Henry P. Baldwin s administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Steady growth of the State\\nConstitutional amendment\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Baldwin s re-electiou\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The State Cap-\\nitol\u00e2\u0080\u0094The great and destructive fires in Michigan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Soldiers and Sailors\\n3Ionument\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Administration of Governor BagLey 536", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "Xvi CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XXXV.\\nPresent condition of Michigan railroads 544\\nCHAPTER XXXVI.\\nMineral and forest wealth of Michigan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iron\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Copper\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Salt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gypsum\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coal-\\nOther minerals\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lumber 672\\nCHAPTER XXXVII.\\nEducation in Michigan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The common school Bystem\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The University- Agricul-\\ntural College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State Normal School\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Albion College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Adrian College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kala-\\nmazoo College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hillsdale College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Olivet College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 State Reform School-\\nState Public School\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Asylum for the Ueaf, Dumb and Blind\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan\\nFemale Seminary\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit Medical College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit Homeopathic College-\\nGoldsmith s Bryant Stratton Business University\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mayhew s Business\\nCollege 596\\nCHAPTER XXXVIII.\\nAgriculture\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Manufactures\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Commerce 640\\nCHAPTER XXXIX.\\nMineral Springs of Michigan\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their discovery\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Analyses of the waters\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nlocation of each\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The St Louis Spring\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alpena\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Midland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Eaton Rapids-\\nSpring Lake\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lansing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fruitport\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Butterworth s\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Owosso\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hubbardston\\nLeslie\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mount Clemens 658\\nGovernors and oflicers of Michigan 671\\nPopulation of Michigan 674\\nSketch of Grand Rapids 689\\nSketch of Adrian 698\\nSketch of Detroit 706\\nSketch of Flint 718", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nFrance Moves to Establish a Colony in America Cartier Pro-\\nceeds TO Canada His Second Voyage Roberval s Expedition\\nOther French Expeditions Champlain s First Expedition\\nto the St. Lawrence He Forms a Settlement at Quebec.\\nOther volumes of this work, treating of other States, give a\\ncomplete narrative of the efforts of England and Spain to colonize\\nthe New World. Hence, in this place, it is sufficient to trace only\\nthe movements of France, in her unfoi|tunate struggle to plant a\\npermanent branch of empire in America. This is the more expe-\\ndient since only the name of the latter is associated with the first\\nsettlement of Michigan.\\nAt the beginning of the sixteenth century the discoveries of\\nChristopher Columbus and Sebastian Cabot were creating consid-\\nerable excitement in France, and Francis I granted a commission\\nto Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, authorizing him to prosecute dis-\\ncoveries in the far West. Cartier s outfit for this expedition con-\\nsisted of two ships, of sixty tons burden each, and a crew of sixty-\\none efficient men. He set sail for America from St. Malo on the\\n20th of April, 1584.\\nThis was by no means the first western movement of civilization.\\nThe Spaniards already occupied Florida; the English had taken\\npossession of the middle portion of the continent, and the north-\\nern regions alone remained for the French. To the latter point\\nthe brave commander directed his little fleet. He made a safe\\nvoyage, and after exploring the northern coast of Newfoundland,\\nhe returned to France, reaching St. Malo on the 15th of Septem-\\nber, 1534.\\n2", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nHe gave a very favorable account of the new country to the\\nFrench court, which was well received but subsequent develop-\\nments proved that he had done little more than land on the north-\\nwestern banks of Newfoundland. Fearing the consequences of\\nthe autumnal storms upon his ships, he remained but a few weeks.\\nNevertheless he had seen enough to persuade the belief that a\\nfruitful country lay beyond, in the direction of Michigan and the\\nsurrounding States.\\nImmediately after Cartier s return to France preparations began\\nfor a second expedition. Three vessels were fitted out with a view\\nto a more extended voyage. They were the Great Herminia, of\\nabout one hundred and twenty tons; the Little Herminia, of sixty\\ntons, and the Hermirillon, of forty tons. The first named was\\nthe flag ship.\\nTlie fleet set sail on the loth of May, 1585. This was a very\\nimportant day at St. Malo. Every adventurer about to sail for\\nthe New World was an object of much interest to the inhabitants,\\nand not a little pains were taken to celebrate their departure. In\\nthe hour of separation from kindred and country, the priests of\\ntheir religion had sought to propagate their future comfort and\\nsupport by preparing a gorgeous pageant. The officers and crews\\nof the whole squadron confessed, and received the sacrament.\\nAfterwards they presented themselves before the altar in the great\\ncathedral at St. Malo, where the bishop, arrayed in sacerdotal\\nrobes of rare magnificence, bestowed on them his benediction.\\nAn account of the voyage, which was many years after jiub-\\nlished in a French journal, states that it was very tempestuous.\\nMany of the crew suffered unnumbered hai dships, but after many\\ndays of toil and discontent, the eastern banks of Newfoundland\\nagain appeared to the eye of the adventurous commander. After\\nfive or six hours sail, the squadron being in a higher latitude than\\nCartier had supposed, they passed the coast of the island, and still\\ncontinuing their course, they entered, on St. Lawrence day, a\\nbroad gulf In commemoration of this event, they gave the\\nname of St. Lawrence to the gulf, and to the great river that\\nflows into it, which they bear to this day.\\nProceeding up the river s course, they found themselves, in a", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 19\\nfew days, opposite the Indian village of Stadacona, then occupy-\\ning a portion of the ground on which the city of Quebec now\\nstands. As the vessels came to an anchor, the terrified natives\\nfled to the forest, where they gazed with mingled feelings of awe\\nand wonder on the winged canoes which had borne the pale-\\nfaced strangers to their shores.\\nThe Indians at once resolved on a wary intercourse with the\\nstrangers. Their chief, Donacona, approached the vessels with a\\nfleet of twelve canoes, filled with ariiied warriors. Ten of these\\ncanoes he directed to remain a short distance, while he proceeded\\nwith the other two to ascertain the j^urport of the visit whether\\nit was for peace or war. With this object in view, he commenced\\nan oration. Cartier heard the chief patiently, and with the aid\\nof a Gaspe Indian interpreter, he was enabled to open a conver-\\nsation, and to quiet his apprehensions. An amicable understand-\\ning having thus been established, Cartier moored his vessels safely\\nin the River St. Charles, where, shortly afterwards, he received a\\nsecond visit from Donacona, who, this time, came accompanied by\\nfive hundred warriors of his tribe.\\nHaving thoroughly rested and refreshed himself and his men,\\nCartier determined to explore the river to Hochelaga, another\\nIndian town, which he learned was situated further up its course.\\nWith the view of impressing the Indians with the superiority of\\nthe white man, he caused, prior to his departure, several cannon\\nshots to be discharged, which produced the desired result. Like\\ntheir countrymen of the South on the arrival of Columbus, the\\nred men of the St. Lawrence were alarmed by the firing of artil-\\nlery; and, as its thunders reverberated among the surrounding\\nhills, a feeling of terror took complete possession of their minds.\\nLeaving his other ships safely at anchor, Cartier, on the 19th of\\nSeptember, proceeded up the river with the Hermirillon and two\\nboats. He was compelled, however, owing to the shallowness of\\nthe water, to leave the vessel at Lake St. Peter. Bold, and loving-\\nadventure for its own sake, and at the same time strongly imbued\\nwith religious enthusiasm, Cartier watched the shifting landscape,\\nhour after hour, as he ascended the river, with feelings of the\\ndeepest gratification, which were heightened by the reflection that", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 GEXERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nhe was the pioneer of civilization and of Christianity in that\\nunknown clime. Nature, says MacMullen, presented itself in\\nall its primitive grandeur to his view. The noble river, on whose\\nbroad bosom he floated onward, day after day, disturbing vast\\nflocks of water fowl the primitive forests of the North, which\\nhere and there presented, amid the luxuriance of their foliage,\\nthe parasitical vine, loaded with clusters of luscious grapes, and\\nfrom whence the strange notes of the whippowil, and other birds\\nof varied tone and plumage, such as he had never before seen,\\nwere heard at intervals; the bright sunshine of a Canadian\\nautumn the unclouded moonlight of its calm and pleasant nights,\\nwith the other novel accessories of the occasion, made a sublime\\nand profound impression upon the mind of the adventurer.\\nCartier arrived, on the 2d of October, opposite the Huron vil-\\nlage of Hochelaga, the inhabitants of which lined the shore on\\nhis approach, and made the most friendly signs to him to land.\\nSupplies of fish and corn were freely tendered by the Indians,\\nin return for which they received knives and beads. Despite this\\nfriendly conduct, however, Cartier and his companions deemed it\\nmost prudent to pass the night on board their boats.\\nOn the following day, headed by their leader, dressed in the\\nmost imposing costume at his command, the exploring party\\nwent in procession to the village. At a short distance from its\\nenvirons they were met by a sachem, who received them with that\\nsolemn courtesy peculiar to the aborigines of America. Cartier\\nmade him several presents. Among these was a cross, which he\\nhung round his neck and directed him to kiss. Patches of ripe\\nHON. LEWIS CASS.\\nThe lale Hon. Lewis Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, Octo-\\nber 9, 1782. Having received a limited education in his native place, at\\nthe earl} age of seventeen he crossed the Alleghany ^Mountains on foot,\\nto seek a home in the Great West, then an almost unexplored wilder-\\nness. Settled at Marietta, Ohio; he studied law and was successful.\\nElected at twenty-five to the Legislature of Ohio, he originated the bill\\nwhich arrested the proceedings of Aaron Burr, which, as stated by Mr.\\nJefferson, was the first blow given to what is known as Burr s conspiracy.\\nIn 1807 he was appointed by Mr. Jeflerson ^Marshal of the State, and held", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HON. LEWIS CASS.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 23\\ncorn encircled the village, which consisted of fifty well built huts,\\nsecured from attack by three lines of stout palisades. It is\\nrecorded that Cartier did all that he could to soothe the minds of\\nthe savages, and that he even prayed with these idolaters, and dis-\\ntributed crosses and other symbols of the Catholic faith among\\nthem.\\nAfter the usual ceremonies with the Indians, Cartier ascended\\nthe mountain behind the native village. Here he erected a cross\\nand a shield, emblazoned with the Fleur-de-lis, emblem of church\\nand State, and named the region of his discoveries New\\nFrance.\\nFavorably as Cartier had been received, the lateness of the\\nseason compelled his return to Stadacona. The adventurers win-\\ntered in the St. Charles river, and continued to be treated with\\napparent kindness and hospitality by the Indians in that vicinity,\\nwho had fortunately laid up abundant stores of provisions.\\nUnaccustomed, however, to the rigor of a Canadian winter, and\\nscantily supplied Avith warm clothing, Cartier and his companions\\nsuffered severely from the cold.\\nThe long and tedious winter at length drew to a close the ice\\nbroke up, and, although the voyage had led to no gold dis-\\ncoveries or profitable returns in a mercantile point of vieAV, the\\nexpedition prepared to return home. They compelled Donacona,\\nand two other chiefs and eight warriors, to bear them company to\\nFrance, where a greater part of these unfortunate men died soon\\nafter their arrival. On reaching home Cartier reported to the\\nFrench Court that the country he had discovered was destitute of\\ngold and silver, and that its coast was bleak and stormy.\\nthe oflace till the latter part of 1811, when he volunteered to repel Indian\\naggressions on the frontier. He was elected Colonel of the Third Regi-\\nment of Ohio volunteers, and entered the military service of the United\\nStates at the commencement of the war of 1812. Having by a difficult\\nmarch reached Detroit, he urged the immediate invasion of Canada, and\\nwas -the author of the proclamation of that event. He was the first to\\nland in arms on the enemy s shore, and, with a small detachment of\\ntroops, fought and won the first battle, that of the Tarontoe. At the\\nsubsequent capitulation of Detroit he was absent on important service,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThis sad account had a most disastrous effect upon the energies\\nalready awakened in France, and not until four years after Car-\\ntier s return was there a single movement in the whole empire\\nlooking toward a third exi)edition. Early in the year 1540 Fran-\\ncis I granted patents covering all the territory north of British\\noccupancy to Francoix de la Roque, Seigneur de Roberval. The\\ncommission also invested him with supreme power within its\\nbounds.\\nIn the summer of the same year a squadron of five vessels was\\nfitted out for New France. Cartier, who had already twice suc-\\ncessfully reached the western hemisphere, was appointed to the\\ncommand, and accordingly the fleet set sail to convey the French\\nflag once more to America, After a very successful voyage, they\\nreached the lake and river that had received its name from Car-\\ntier four years previously, and, i^roceeding in a westerly course,\\nthey subsequently arrived at Stadacona.\\nHe was at first received with every appearance of kindness by\\nthe Indians, who expected that he had brought back their chief\\nDonacoua, as well as the other chiefs and warriors who had been\\ntaken to France. On learning that some of these were dead, and\\nthat none of them would return, they offered considerable resist-\\nance to the formation of a settlement in their neighborhood.\\nBy these and other difficulties Cartier Avas induced to move\\nhigher up the river to Cape Rouge, where he laid up three of his\\nvessels and sent the other two back to France with letters to the\\nking. His next proceeding was to erect a fort, wdiich he called\\nCharlesbourg. Here, after an unsuccessful attempt to navigate\\nand regretted that his command and himself had been included in that\\ncapitulation. Liberated on parole, he repaired to the seat of government\\nto report the causes of the disaster and the failure of the campaign. He\\nwas immediately appointed a Colonel in the regular army, and soon after\\npromoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, having in the meantime been\\nelected Major-General of the Ohio volunteers. On being exchanged and\\nreleased from parole, he again repaired to the frontier, and joined the\\narray for the recovery of Michigan. Being at that time without a com-\\nmand, he served and distinguished himself as a volunteer aide-de-camp to\\nGeneral Harrison at the battle of the Thames. He was appointed by", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 25\\nthe rapids above Hochelaga, he passed a most uncomfortable\\nwinter.\\nThe promised supplies not having arrived, another severe winter\\ncompletely disheartened Cartier, and he accordingly resolved to\\nreturn home. Putting into the harbor of St. John, Newfound-\\nland, he encountered Roberval, who was now on his way to Canada,\\nwith a new company of adventurers, and an abundance of stores\\nand provisions. Cartier refused to return, and, to avoid forcible\\ndetention, he weighed anchor in the night. On the following\\nmorning the viceroy arose and observed that his wearied servant\\nhad departed. Roberval sailed up the river to Charlesbourg,\\nwhich he strengthened by additional fortifications, and where he\\npassed the ensuing winter. Leaving a garrison of thirty men\\nbehind, he returned the following spring to France, where he was\\ndetained by his sovereign to assist in the war against Charles V.\\nAfter the Peace of Cressy, Roberval, in company with his\\nbrother Achille and a numerous train of adventurers, again set\\nout for this country. The fleet was never heard of after it put to\\nsea, and was supposed to have foundered, to the regret of the\\npeople of France, who greatly admired the brothers for the gal-\\nlant manner in which they had borne themselves in the war.\\nThis loss completely discouraged Henry II, then (1543) King\\nof France, and he made no further efibrts to eftect a settlement in\\nCanada. It was not, therefore, till 1598 that any noticeable\\nmovement was made by the French Government in projects of\\ntrans-Atlantic colonization. In this year the Marquis de la\\nRoche, a nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by Henry, fitted out\\nPresident Madison, in October, 1813, Governor of Michigan. His posi-\\ntion combined witli the ordinary duties of chief magistrate of a civilized\\ncommunity the immediate management and control, as Superintendent,\\nof the relations with the numerous and powerful Indian tribes in this\\nregion of country. He conducted with success the affairs of the Terri-\\ntory under embarrassing circumstances. Under his swaj^ peace was\\npreserved between the whites and the treacherous and disaffected\\nIndians, law and order established, and the Territory rapidly advanced\\nin population, resources and prosperity. He held this position till July,\\n1831, when he was by President Jackson made Secretary of War. In the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\na large expedition, which convicts were permitted to join, as it was\\nthen difficult to find voluntary adventurers owing to former disas-\\nters. Armed with the most ample governmental powers, the Mar-\\nquis departed to the new world, under the guidance of Chedotel,\\na pilot of Normandy. But he lacked the qualities necessary to\\ninsure success, and little is recorded of his voyage, with the excep-\\ntion that he left forty convicts on Sable Island, a barren sj^ot off\\nthe coast of Nova Scotia. Owing to the failure of this adven-\\nture, and his attempts to equip another being thwarted at Court,\\nthe Marquis fell sick shortly after his return home, and literally\\ndied of chagrin. The unfortunate convicts whom he left behind\\nwere entirely forgotten for several years, and suffered the most\\nintense hardships. Their clothes were soon worn out, their provi-\\nsions exhausted. Clad in the skin of the sea-wolf, subsisting\\nupon the precarious supplies afforded by fishing, and living in\\nrude huts formed from the planks of a wrecked vessel, famine and\\ncold gradually reduced their number to twelve. After a residence\\non the island of twelve years, these wretched men w ere found in\\nthe most deplorable condition hj a vessel sent out by the Parlia-\\nment of Rouen to ascertain their fate. On their retura to France\\nthey were brought before Henry, who pardoned their crimes in\\nconsideration of the great hardships they had undergone, and\\ngave them a liberal donation in money.\\nIn 1599 another expedition was resolved on by Chauvin, of\\nRouen, a naval officer of reputation, and Pontgrave, a sailor mer-\\nchant of St. Malo, who, in consideration of a monopoly of the\\nfur trade granted them by Henry, undertook to establish a colony\\nof five hundred persons in Canada. In the spring of 1600 two\\nvessels were equipped, and Chauvin, taking a party of settlers\\nlatter part of 1836 President Jackson appointed him Minister to France,\\nwhere he remained until 1842, when lie requested his recall and returned\\nto this country. In .January, 1845, he was elected by the Legislature of\\nMichigan to the Senate of the United States, which place he resigned on\\nhis nomination, in May, 1848, as a candidate for the Presidency by the\\npolitical party to which he belonged. After the election of his opponent\\n(General Taylor) to that office, the Legislature of Michigan, in 1849,\\nre-elected him to the Senate for the unexpired portion of his original", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 27\\nwith him, arrived safely at Tadoussac. He erected a fort at this\\nplace, and duriug the summer he obtained a considerable stock of\\nvery valuable furs for the most trifling consideration. Being\\nanxious to dispose of these to advantage, he returned to France\\non the approach of winter, leaving sixteen settlers behind. These\\nwere slenderly provided with provisions and clothing, and in the\\ncold weather Avere reduced to such distress that they had to throw\\nthemselves completely on the hospitality of the natives. From\\nthese they experienced much kindness, yet so great were the hard-\\nships they endured that several of them died before succor arrived\\nfrom France. Chauvin s death, in 1603, left Canada without a\\npermanent white settlement, yet the spirit of enterprise that had\\ntaken firm hold of the more adventurous did not become weak-\\nened.\\nAfter two more unsuccessful expeditions, one under the direc-\\ntion of De Chaste, and the other under De Mots, the latter\\nobtained in 1607 a commission from King Henry for one year,\\nand, owing to the representations of Samuel Champlain, who had\\nconducted the expedition under De Chaste, he now resolved to\\nestablish a French settlement on the St. Lawrence. Fitting out\\ntwo vessels, he placed them under the command of Champlain, a\\nbold and experienced navigator. The exj^edition set sail from\\nHarfleur on the 13th of April, 1608, and arrived at Tadoussac on\\nthe 3d of June. Here Pontgrave remained to trade with the\\nIndians while Champlain proceeded up the river to examine its\\nbanks, and determine upon a suitable site for the settlement he\\nwas to found. After a careful scrutiny, he fixed upon a promon-\\ntory distinguished by a luxuriant growth of vines, and shaded by\\nsome noble walnut trees, called by the natives Qubio or Que-\\nterm of six j-ears. When Mr. Bucliauan became President, he invited\\nGeneral Cass to the head of the Department of State, which position he\\nresigned in December, 1860. He devoted some attention to literary pur-\\nsuits, and his writings, speeches and State papers would make several\\nvolumes, among which is one entitled, France, its King, Court and\\nGovernment, published in 1840.\\nHe died in Detroit, June 17, 1866, and will long be remembered as the\\nmost eminent and successful statesman of Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbee, and which was situated a short distance from the spot where\\nCartier had erected a fort, and passed a winter sixty-seven years\\nbefore. Here, on the 3d of July, 1608, he hxid the foundation of\\nthe present city of Quebec. Rude buildings of wood were first\\nerected on the high grounds, to afford a shelter to his men. When\\nthese were completed an embankment was formed above the reach\\nof the tide, where Mountain street now lies, on which the house\\nand battery were built. With the exception of Jamestown, in\\nVirginia, this was the first permanent settlement established in\\nNorth America.\\nHaving followed the French in their repeated journeys across\\nthe ocean, and left them in their first successful settlement, we\\nwill next trace their footsteps in those western voyages of dis-\\ncovery and adventure that secured the early settlement of the\\npeninsular State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nChamplain akd His Infant Colony A Pleasant Wintek ln the\\nNew Fokt Condition of Indian Affairs The Nati\\\\ :es New\\nFrance Ceded to England in 1629 Champlain Returns to\\nFrance.\\nSamuel Champlain, as already observed, founded the settle-\\nment of Quebec in 1608. This was the first permanent foothold\\nof civilization in Canada. The little garrison passed the winter\\nof 1608 without suffering any of those extreme hardships which,\\nduring the same period of the year, had distinguished the resi-\\ndence of former adventurers in Canada. Their dwellings being\\nbetter protected from the cold, their persons more warmly clothed,\\nmore abundantly supplied with provisions, and with a greater\\namount of experience than their predecessors possessed, they dis-\\ncovered that a winter existence among the snows of the North\\nwas not only possible, but even had its pleasures.\\nWinter gradually merged towards spring without producing\\nany incident of very great importance to the infant colony.\\nMeanwhile everything had been done to preserve a good under-\\nstanding with Indians who visited the fort. Champlain wisely\\nperceived that the success of the settlement of the country\\ndepended upon their friendship. Nor were the Indians them-\\nselves, who belonged to the Algonquin nation, averse to the culti-\\nvation of a friendly understanding wuth the French.\\nThe spring of 1609 seems to have been an early one with the\\ncolony, and no sooner had the weather become sufficiently warm\\nto make traveling agreeable, than Champlain prepared to ascend\\nthe river, and explore it above Mount Royal. He spent the sum-\\nmer in the vicinity of the St. Lawrence, and made many valuable\\ndiscoveries. In the autumn a disarrangement in affairs in France\\ncaused his return home. In the spring of 1610 he again visited", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nhis little colony, and again returned to France in the autumn of\\nthat year.\\nIn IGII Champlain returned to America, and determined to\\nestablish a settlement further up the river than Quebec. After a\\ncareful survey he fixed upon a site near Mount Royal. His\\nchoice has been amply justified by the great prosperity to which\\nthis place, under the nanie of Montreal, has subsequently risen.\\nHaving cleared a considerable space of ground, he fenced it in by\\nan earthen ditch, and planted grain in the enclosure.\\nChamplain again returned to France with a view of making\\narrangements for more extensive t)perations. After meeting with\\nsome difiiculties, he sailed for Canada from Harfleur in the begin-\\nning of March, 1618, and arrived at Quebec on the 7th of May\\nfollowing. He at once commenced the prosecution of discoveries.\\nOn the 21st of May he arrived at Lachine Rapids, and proceeded\\nwith his crew up the Ottawa. In the latter undertaking he expe-\\nrienced severe hardships, and encountered numerous difficulties.\\nAfter traversing large tracts of country, and visiting several\\nIndian villages, Champlain, observing the approach of winter,\\nand the need of supplies, returned to France on the 26th of\\nAugust, 1614.\\nIn the following May, Champlain arrived at Quebec with a\\nnew expedition. On board of this fleet came out four fathers of\\nthe order of the Recollects, whose benevolence induced them to\\ndesire the conversion of the Indians to Christianity. These were\\nthe first priests who settled in Canada.\\nAfter adjusting matters in the little colony, Champlain set out\\nfor the Indian headquarters at Lachine Rapids. He spent the\\nsummer and the following winter among the natives, aiding them\\nin their wars with the Iroquois, and joining them in the hunt.\\nNo sooner had the spring of 1616 set in, however, than he\\nreturned to Quebec, and shortly afterward sailed for France.\\nHere he remained over two years, endeavoring to secure another\\nexpedition. This was delayed by a diffieulty between the Prot-\\nestants and Roman Catholics, and not until July, 1620, did the\\nfather of New France return to his charge.\\nChamplain s judicious management soon led to the arrival of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 31\\nadditional settlers, and in 1623 the settlement of Quebec alone\\nhad fifty inhabitants.\\nWithout attempting the details in the early history of Canada,\\nwe will push forward in the channel of events, toward the settle-\\nment of Michigan. The reader must remember, however, that\\nthe early history of this State cannot be made authentic and com-\\nplete without including much from the records of that country to\\nwhich our earliest settlements owe their existence.\\nOn the first settlement of the French in Canada, three great\\nnations divided the territory the Algonquins, the Hurons, and\\nthe Iroquois or Five Nations. The dominion of the Algonquins\\nextended along the banks of the St. Lawrence about a hundred\\nleagues, and they were once considered as masters of this part of\\nAmerica. They are said to have had a milder aspect and more\\npolished manners than any other tribe. They subsisted entirely\\nby hunting, and looked with disdain on their neighbors who con-\\ndescended to cultivate the ground. A small remnant of this race\\nis still to be found at the Lake of the Two Mountains, and in the\\nneighborhood of Three Rivers.\\nThe Hurons, or Wyandots, were a numerous people, whose very\\nextensive territory reached from the Algonquin frontier to the\\nborders of the great lake bearing their name. They were more\\nindustrious, and derived an abundant subsistence from the fine\\ncountry they possessed, but they were more effeminate, and had\\nless of the proud indej^endence of savage life. When first known\\nthey were engaged in a deadly war with their kindred, the Five\\nNations, by whom they were finally driven from their country.\\nA remnant of this tribe is still to be found in La Jeuue Lorrette,\\nnear Quebec.\\nThe Iroquois, or Five Nations, destined to act the most conspic-\\nuous part among all the native tribes, occupied a long range of\\nterritory on the southern border of the St. Lawrence, extending\\nfrom Lake Champlain to the western extremity of Lake Ontario.\\nThey were thus beyond the limits of what is now termed Canada,\\nbut were so connected with the interests of this country that we\\nmust consider them as belonging to it. The Five Nations, found\\non the southern shore of Lake Ontario, embraced the Mohawks,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nOneidas, Onondagas, Senecas and Cayugas. They were the most\\npowerful of all the tribes east of the Mississippi, and were further\\nadvanced in the few arts of Indian life than their Algonquin\\nneighbors. They uniformly adhered to the British during the\\nwhole of the contest that took place subsequently between the\\nFrench and English. In 1714 they were joined by the Tusca-\\nroras, since which time the confederacy has been called the Six\\nNations.\\nAfter the return of Champlain to France in 1616, the interests\\nof the colony were in great danger from the Prince of Cond6,\\nViceroy of Canada, being not only in disgrace, but in confinement\\nfor the share taken by him in the disturbances during the minor-\\nity of Louis XIII. After a great deal of quarreling amongst\\nthe merchants, the Due de Montmorency made an arrangement\\nwith Coud^ for the purchase of his office of Viceroy, which he\\nobtained upon the payment of 11,000 crowns. Champlain con-\\nsidered this arrangement as every way favorable, as the Due was\\nbetter qualified for such functions, and from his situation of High\\nAdmiral possessed the liest means of forwarding the objects of the\\ncolonists.\\nDisputes between Rochelle and the other commercial cities, and\\nbetween the C-atholics and Protestants, prevented the departure\\nof any expedition for several years. During this time attempts\\nwere made to degrade Champlain from the high situation in which\\nhe had been placed, but by virtue of commissions, both from\\nMontmorency and the king, he succeeded in crushing this oppo-\\nsition and in May, 1620, set sail with his family and a new expe-\\ndition, and after a very tedious voyage arrived at Tadoussac. The\\nfirst child born of French parents at Quebec, was the son of\\nAbraham Martin and Margai-et L Anglois; it was christened\\nEustache on the 24th of May, 1621.\\nThe office of Viceroy liad lieen hitherto little more than a name,\\nbut at this pei iod it came into the h;inds of a man of energy and\\nactivity. The Due de Veutadour having entered into holy orders,\\ntook charge as Viceroy of the affairs of New France solely with\\nthe view of converting the natives. For this purpose he sent\\nthree Jesuits and two lav brothers, who were, fortunately, men of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 33\\nexemplary character, to join the four Recollects at Quebec. The. ^e\\nnine were the only priests then in Canada.\\nThe mercantile company, which had now been intrusted with\\nthe affairs of the colony for some time, was by no means active,\\nand was in consequence deprived of its charter, which was given\\nto the Sieurs De Caen, uncle and nephew. On the arrival of the\\nyounger De Caen at Tadoussac, Champlain set out to meet him,\\nand was received with the greatest courtesy. The appointment of\\na superintendent could not have been very agreeable to Cham-\\nplain, who was certainly the person best fitted for the manage-\\nment of the local affairs of the colony. His amiable disposition\\nand love of peace, however, induced him to use conciliatory\\nmeasures. The new superintendent, on the contrary, acted in a\\nmost violent manner, claimed the right of seizing on the vessels\\nbelonging to the associated merchants, and actually took that of\\nDe Pont, their favorite agent. Champlain remonstrated with him,\\nbut without effect, as he possessed no power that could effectually\\ncheck the violence of this new dictator. Fortunately he thought\\nproper to return to France, and left with the settlers a good sup-\\nply of provisions, arms and ammunition. His conduct, however,\\ninduced the greater part of the European traders to leave the\\ncolony; so that, eventually, instead of its being increased by him,\\nit was considerably lessened, a spirit of discontent diffused, and\\nthe settlers were reduced to forty-eight.\\nHaving got rid of the troublesome superintendent, Champlain\\nset himself earnestly to terminate the long and desolating war\\nwhich now raged between the Hurons and the Iroquois. He\\naccompanied some of the chiefs to the headquarters of the Iro-\\nquois, where they met with a very kind reception. The treaty\\nbetween the nations was about to be concluded when it was nearly\\nbroken off by the relentless conduct of a savage Huron, who had\\naccompanied the party in the hope of making mischief and pre-\\nventing peace. This barbarian, meeting one of the detested Iro-\\nquois in a lonely place, murdered him. Such a deed in a member\\nof any civilized mission would have terminated all negotiations;\\nbut, the deputies having satisfied the Iroquois that it was an indi-\\n3", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES\\nvidual act, lamented by the Huron nation, it was overlooked, and\\nthe treaty was concluded.\\nThe colony was at that time in a very unsatisfactory state,\\nthe settlements at Quebec consisting only of fifty-five persons.\\nIndeed the whole of the available possessions in New France\\nincluded only the fort at Quebec, surrounded by some inconsider-\\nable houses, a few huts on the island of Montreal, as many at\\nTadoussac, and at other places on the St. Lawrence, and a settle-\\nment just commenced at Three Rivers.\\nThe Indian affairs were also in disorder. The Iroquois had\\nkilled a party of five on their way to attack a nation called the\\nAVolves, and a hostile spirit was kindled amongst these fierce\\ntribes. Champlain did all in his power to check the spirit, but\\nhe found it impossible to prevent a body of hot-headed young\\nIndians from making an inroad into the Iroquois territory.\\nThis band, having reached Lake Champlain, surprised a canoe\\nwith three persons in it, two of whom they brought home in tri-\\numph. The preparations for torturing them were already going\\non when intelligence was conveyed to Champlain, who immediately\\nrepaired to the spot. The sight of the captives quickened his\\nardor in the cause of humanity, and he entreated that they might\\nbe sent home unhurt, with presents to compensate for this Avanton\\nattack.\\nThis advice was so far adopted that one of them was sent back,\\naccompanied by a chief and one Mangau, a Frenchman. This\\nexpedition had, however, a most tragical end. An Algonquin,\\nwho wished for war, contrived to persuade the Iroquois that the\\nmission was devised with the most treacherous intentions. The\\nIroquois, misled by this wicked man, determined to take cool and\\ndeliberate revenge. When the poor prisoner, the chief and the\\nFrenchman arrived, they found the fire kindled and the cauldron\\nboiling, and, being courteously received, were invited to sit down.\\nThe Iroquois then asked the Algonquin chief if he did not feel\\nhungry. On his replying that he did, they rushed upon him and\\ncut slices from different parts of his body, which soon after they\\npresented to him half cooked; and thus continued to torture him\\ntill he died in lingering agonies. Their couutrvman, who had", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 35\\nreturned to them so gladly, attempted to escape, and was shot\\ndead on the spot; and the Frenchman was tormented to death in\\nthe usual manner.\\nWhen the news of this dreadful tragedy reached the allies of\\nthe French, the war-cry was immediately sounded, and Champlain,\\nthough deeply afflicted, saw no longer any possibility of averting\\nhostilities. He felt that, as one of his countrymen had been\\ndeprived of life, the power of the French would be held in con-\\ntempt if no resentment were shown. Indeed he experienced no\\nlittle trouble amongst the friendly tribes who surrounded him, and\\nin several cases Europeans were murdered in an atrocious and\\nmysterious manner.\\nIn the meantime the De Caens, though not resident in the col-\\nony, took an active interest in the fur trade. Being Huguenots,\\nhowever, and not likely to forward the Due s measures, Cardinal\\nRichelieu, prime minister to Louis XIII, revoked the privileges\\nwhich had been granted to them, and encouraged the formation of\\na company, to be composed of a great number of men of property\\nand credit. A charter was granted to this company in 1637,\\nunder the title of The Company of One Hundred Associates.\\nThis company engaged, first, to supply those that they settled\\nwith lodging, food, clothing and implements for three years, after\\nwhich time they would allow them sufficient land to support them-\\nselves, cleared to a certain extent, with the grain necessary for\\nsowing it; secondly, that the emigrants should be native French-\\nmen and Roman Catholics, and that no stranger or heretic should\\nbe introduced into the country; and, thirdly, they engaged to\\nsettle three priests in each settlement, whom they were bound to\\nprovide with every article necessary for their personal comfort, as\\nw^ell as the expenses of their ministerial labors, for fifteen years.\\nAfter which clear lands were to be granted by the company to the\\nclergy, for maintaining the Roman Catholic Church in New\\nFrance.\\nIn return for these services the King made over to the company\\nthe fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New\\nFrance, including Florida, with power to appoint judges, build\\nfortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and take what steps they", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nmight think proper for the protection of the colony and the fos-\\ntering of commerce. He granted to them at the same time a\\ncomplete monopoly of the fur trade, reserving to himself and\\nheirs only supremacy in matters of faith, fealty and homage as\\nsovereign of New France, and the presentation of a crown of gold\\nat every new succession to the throne. He also secured for the\\nbenefit of all his subjects, the cod and whale fisheries of the gulf\\nand coast of St. Lawrence.\\nThe company were allowed to import and export all kinds of\\nmerchandise duty free. Gentlemen, both clergy and laity, were\\ninvited to a share in the concern, which they readily accepted till\\nthe number of partners was completed. This was a favorite\\nscheme of Richelieu s and the French writers of the day speak\\nof it with great ap2: lause, as calculated, had it been strictly\\nadhered to and wisely regulated, to render New France the most\\npowerful colony in America.\\nThis plan of improvement met with a temporary interruption\\nby the breaking out of the war between England and France in\\n1628. Charles I, of England, immediately gave to Sir David\\nKirkt, a French refugee, a commission authorizing him to conquer\\nCanada. In consequence of this, after some offensive operations\\nat Tadoussac, he appeared with his squadron before Quebec, and\\nsummoned it to surrender; but he was answered in so spirited a\\nmanner that he judged it prudent to retire.\\nIn 1629, however, when Champlain was reduced to the utmost\\nextremity, by the want of every article of food, clothing, imple-\\nments and ammunition, and exposed to the attacks of the Iro-\\nquois, Sir David Kirkt, and his brothers Louis and Thomas,\\nappeared again with a squadron before Quebec. The deplorable\\nsituation of the colony, and the very honorable terms proposed to\\nhim by Kirkt, induced Champlain to surrender Quebec, with all\\nCanada, to the crown of England. The English standard was\\nthus for the first time raised on the walls of Quebec, just one hun-\\ndred and thirty-five years before the battle of the Plains of\\nAbraham.\\nNo blame can be attached to Champlain for this act, as famine\\npressed so closely on the colonists, that they were reduced to aii", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 37\\nallowance of five ounces of bread per day for each person. Kirkt s\\ngenerosity to the settlers, who were his own countrymen, induced\\nmost of them to remain. Those who wished to go were allowed\\nto depart with their arms, clothes and baggage, and, though the\\nrequest to convey them home to France could not be complied\\nwith, they were provided with a commodious passage by the way\\nof England.\\nChamplain, with two little native girls, whom he had carefully\\neducated, arrived at Dover, in England, on the 27th of October.\\nHe proceeded thence to London, for the purpose of conferring\\nwith the French ambassador. He soon afterward returned to\\nFrance, where, his counsels prevailing at the court of Louis XIII,\\nhe was, upon the return of peace, again invested with the govern-\\nment of Canada.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nHistory of New France, from the War with the English in 1629,\\nTO that of 1689 The French and the Iroquois Colonial\\nHistory The Government of Frontenac Defeat of the\\nEnglish.\\nThe English held possession of Canada for three years, but,\\nattaching little or no value to the territory, they readily restored\\nit to France at the Peace of St. Germain en Lage, which was con-\\ncluded on the 19th of March, 1632. The great and good pioneer,\\nSamuel Champlain, had the pleasure of reentering his beloved\\ncountry once more with a squadron, containing all necessary sup-\\nplies. He resumed the government of the colony which he had\\nso long fostered, and continued to administer all its affairs with\\nsingular prudence, resolution and courage.\\nChamplain continued to prosper the colony till 1635, when, full\\nof honors and rich in public esteem and respect, he died, after an\\noccasional residence in Quebec of nearly thirty years. His obse-\\nquies were performed with all the pomp the little colony could\\ncommand, and his remains were followed to the grave with real\\nsorrow by the clergy, the civil and military authorities, and the\\ninhabitants of every class, each feeling deeply the loss of a tried\\nfriend.\\nThe death of Champlain was the most grievous misfortune with\\nwhich Canada had yet been visited. During the greater part of\\nhis active life the chief object of his heart was to become the\\nfounder of the colony which he felt confident would attain to a\\nsummit of extraordinary power and importance, and to civilize\\nand convert its native inhabitants. So great was his zeal for reli-\\ngion that it was a common saying with him, The salvation of\\none soul was of more value than the conquest of an empire.\\nIt was just about the period of his death that the religious\\nestablishments, now so numerous, were commenced in Canada.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 39\\nThough they did little for the immediate improvement of the\\ncolony, yet they formed the foundation on which arose those\\nmorals and habits which still characterize the French Canadians,\\nand which in some instances merit admiration. The first mover\\nin this work of benevolence was the Marquis de Gamche, whose\\nfervor had led him to join the order of Jesuits. He conceived\\nthe design of forming a college at Quebec, and was enabled by\\nhis friends to offer six thousand gold crowns for this purpose.\\nHis proposal was readily accepted and carried into effect. An\\ninstitution for instructing the Indians was also established at\\nSillery, a few miles from Quebec. The Hotel Dieu, or House of\\nGod, was founded two years afterwards by a party of Ursuline\\nnuns, who came out under the auspices of the Duchesse d Aiguil-\\nlon. Madame de Peltrie, also, a young widow of rank, engaged\\nseveral sisters of the Ursulines at Tours, in France, whom she\\nbrought out, at her own expense, to Quebec, where they founded\\nthe Convent of St. Ursula.\\nThe state of the Indian nations rendered the situation of M. de\\nMontmagny, the governor, who succeeded Champlain in 1635,\\npeculiarly critical. Owing to the weakness of the French, the\\nIroquois had advanced by rapid steps to great importance. They\\nhad completely humbled the power of the Algonquins, and closely\\npressed the Hurons, scarcely allowing their canoes to pass up and\\ndown the St. Lawrence. The governor was obliged to carry on a\\ndefensive warfare, and erected a fort at the Richelieu, by which\\nriver the Iroquois chiefly made their descents.\\nAt length these fierce people made proposals for a solid peace,\\nwhich were received with great cordialty. The governor met\\ntheir deputies at Three Rivers, where the Iroquois produced seven-\\nteen belts, which they had arranged along a cord fastened between\\ntwo stakes. Their orator then came along and addressed Mont-\\nmagny by the title of Oninthio, which signifies Great Mountain\\nand, though it was in reference to his name, they continued ever\\nafter to apply this term to the French governors, sometimes add-\\ning the respectful appellation of Father.\\nThe orator declared their wish to forget their songs of war,\\nand to resume the voice of cheerfulness. He then proceeded to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nexplain the meaning of the belts. They expressed the calming of\\nthe spirit of war, the opening of the paths, the mutual visits to\\nbe paid, the feasts to be given, the restitution of the captives, and\\nother friendly proceedings. In conformity to Indian etiquette,\\nthe governor delayed his answer for two days, and then bestowed\\nas many presents as he had received belts, and through au inter-\\npreter expressed the most pacific sentiments. Piscaret, a great\\nchief, then said, Behold a stone wliich I place on the sepulchre\\nof those who were killed in the war, that no one may attempt to\\nmove their bones, and that every desire of avenging their death\\nmay be laid aside. Three discharges of cannon were considered\\nas sealing the treaty. This engagement was for some time faith-\\nfully observed, and the Iroquois, the Algonquins and the Hurons\\nforgot their deadly feuds, and mingled in the chase as if they had\\nbeen one nation. M. de Montmagny appears to have commanded\\nthe general respect of the natives, but, owing to a change in the\\npolicy of the court, he was unexpectedly removed.\\nMontmagny was succeeded by M. d Aillebout, who brought\\nwith him a reinforcement of one hundred men. The benevolent\\nMargaret Bourgeois, too, at this time founded the institution of\\nthe Daughters of the Congregation at Montreal, which is at pres-\\nent one of the first female seminaries in the colony.\\nWhile the French settlements were thus in Canada, those of\\nEngland on the eastern shore of America were making an equally\\nrapid progress. A union among them seemed so desirable to the\\nnew governor that he proposed to the New England colonies a\\nclose alliance between them and the French one object of which\\nLIEUT.-GOV. ANDREW PARSONS.\\nAnuuew Parsons was born in the town of Hoosick, county of Rens-\\nselaer and ytate of New York, on the 23d day of July, 1817, and died\\nJune 6, 1855, at the early age of thirty-eight years. He was the son of\\nJohn Parsons, born at Newburyport, Mass., October 2, 1782, who was\\nthe son of Andrew Parsons, a revolutionary soldier, wlio was the son of\\nPhineas Parsons, the son of Samuel Parsons, a descendant of Walter\\nParsons, born in Ireland in 1290. The name is still extant, and some one\\nhundred and thirty years ago Bishop Gibson remarked, in his edition of\\nCamden s Britannia, The honorable family of Parsons have been", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "LIEUT.-GOV. ANDREW PARSONS.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 43\\nwas ail eugagemeiit to assist each other, when necessary, in mak-\\ning war with the Five Nations. However desirous the English\\ncolonies might have been on other accounts to form such an alli-\\nance, the condition with respect to the Indians was not acceptable\\nto them, and the negotiation was broken ofi Of what effects this\\nunion, if it had taken place, would have been productive, it is\\nimpossible now to conjecture. There is no doubt but that the\\nfailure of the proposition must have had an important bearing\\nupon the events which followed first, in the continued rivalry of\\nthe two nations, and afterwards in the Avars between them, which\\ndid not end until the whole of Canada was subjected to Great\\nBritain.\\nAt this period the missionaries began to combine with their\\nreligious efforts political objects, and employed all their influence\\nin furthering the French power. Amongst other movements they\\ninduced a number of Iroquois to leave their own country and\\nsettle within the boundaries of the colony, but they do not appear\\nto have succeeded in civilizing them. They found the Hurons,\\nhowever, far more tractable and docile. It is said that nearly\\nthree thousand of them were baptized at one time. A consider-\\nable change soon appeared in this wild region, and the christian-\\nized Indians were united in the villages of Sillery, St. Joseph and\\nSt. Mary.\\nDuring the administration of M. d Aillebout, the Iroquois\\nrenewed the war in all its fury, and these peaceable settlers found\\nthat their enemies could advance like foxes and attack like lions.\\nWhile the missionary was celebrating the most solemn rites of his\\nadvanced to the dignity of viscounts, aud more lately Earls of Ross.\\nThe following are descendants of these families:\\nSir John Parsons, born 148 1, was mayor of Hereford.\\nRobert Parsons, born in 154G, lived near Bridgewater, England. He\\nwas educated at Ballial College, Oxford, and was a noted writer and\\ndefender of the Romish faith. He established an English college at\\nRome and another at Valladolid.\\nFrancis Parsons, born in 1556, was Vicar of Rothwell, in Nottingham.\\nBartholomew Parsons, born in 1618, was author of various noted\\nsermons.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nchurch ill the village of Sillery, the war ciy was suddeuly raised,\\naud an indiscriminate massacre took place amongst the four hun-\\ndred families residing there. Soon after, a band of the same people,\\namounting to a thousand, made an attack upon the mission of St.\\nIgnace, and carried off or killed all the inhabitants except three.\\nSt. Louis was next attacked, and made a brave resistance, which\\nenabled many of the women and children to escape. The mission-\\naries could have saved themselves, but, attaching a high import-\\nance to the administration of the last sacrament to the dying,\\nthey sacrificed their lives to the performance of this sacred rite.\\nDeep and universal dismay now spread over the whole Huron\\ntribe. Their land, lately so peaceable, Avas become a land of hor-\\nror and blood, and a sepulchre for the dead. At length the Iro-\\nquois began to make overtures of peace, to which it was found the\\nmissionaries had powerfully contributed. At first these excellent\\nmen had been regarded with extreme antipathy, but many of\\nthem, after suffering protracted torture and partial mutilation, had\\nbeen spared and adopted into the Indian families. Their meek\\ndeportment, their solemn ceremonies, and the fervor with which\\nthey raised to God hands without fingers, made a strong\\nimpression on the savage breast. Hence deputies appeared asking\\nfor peace. In their figurative language they said that they\\ncame to wipe away the blood which reddened the mountains, the\\nlakes and the rivers, and to bring back the sun, which had\\nhidden its face during the late dreadful seasons of warfare.\\nThey also solicited Black Robes, as they called the mission-\\naries, to teach them the Christian doctrine, and to keep them in\\nthe practice of peace and virtue.\\nIn 1()34 Thomas Parsons was knighted by Charles I.\\nJosepli aud Benjamin, ^brothers, were born in Great Torrington, Eng-\\nhvnd, and accompanied _their father and others to New England about\\n1630.\\nSamuel Parsons, born at Saulsbury, Mass., 1707; graduated H. C, 1730;\\nordained at Hye, N. H., November 3, 1736; married Mary Jones, only\\ndaughter of Samuel Jones, Esq., of Boston, October 9, 1739; died Janu-\\nary 4, 1789, at the age of eighty-two, in the lifty-third year of his ministry.\\nThe grandfather of Mary Jones was Captain John Adams, of Boston,\\ngrandson of Henry^of Braintree, who was among the first settlers of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 45\\nThe Viscount d Argenson, the next Governor, considered it\\nnecessary to accept these terms. The most amicable professions,\\nhowever, hardly procured a respite from hostility, for whilst one\\nparty treated another attacked. In the following summer Abb6\\nMontigny, titular bishop of Petre, landed at Quebec with a brief\\nfrom the Pope, constituting him apostolic vicar. Curacies were at\\nthe same time established in Canada.\\nThe Viscount d Argenson, having requested his recall on\\naccount of ill health, was relieved by the Baron d Avangour, an\\nofficer of great integrity and resolution. His decisive measures\\nseemed to have saved Canada. He represented the defenseless\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0state of the country, and its natural beauty and importance, to the\\nKing in warm and forcible language, and excited a deep interest\\nfor these distant possessions in the mind of his Majesty, who had\\nbeen hitherto ignorant of their value.\\nIt was at length announced that a grand deputation was coming\\nfrom all the cantons with the intention of uniting the whole\\nearth, and of burying the hatchet so deep that it might never\\nagain be dug up, and they brought with them a hundred belts of\\nwampum, each of which signified some condition of the proposed\\npeace. Unfortunately a party of Algonquins formed an ambus-\\ncade and killed the greater part of them. Owing to this deplor-\\nable event all prospects of peace were blasted, and war raged with\\ngreater fury than ever.\\nThe Iroquois, having seen the powerful effect of firearms in\\ntheir wars with the French, had procured them from the Dutch\\nat Manhattan (now New York), and thus acquired an additional\\nMassachusetts, and from whom a numerous race of the name are\\ndescended, including two Presidents of tlie United States. Tlie Par-\\nsonses have become very numerous, and are found tlirougliout New\\nEngland, and many of the descendants are scattered in all parts of the\\nUnited States, and especially in the Middle and Western States.\\nGov. Andrew Parsons came to Michigan in 1835, at the age of seven-\\nteen years, and spent the first summer at lower Ann Arbor, where he for\\na few months taught school, which he was compelled to abandon from\\nill health.\\nIn the fall of that year he explored the Grand River valley in a frail", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nsuperiority over the Avild tribes of the west. They attacked the\\nOttawas, who did not even make an attempt at resistance, but\\nsought refuge in the islands of Lake Huron. They commenced a\\ndesp( rate war with the Eriez, a name in their Language signifying\\ncats, and after a hard struggle completely succeeded. It is\\nremarkable that this powerful nation has left no memorial of its\\nexistence exce})t the great lake which bears its name.\\nIn 1663 the colony was visited by a most remarkable succession\\nof earthquakes, which commenced on the 6th of February and\\ncontinued for half a year with little intermission. They returned\\ntwo or three times a day, visiting both land and water, and\\nspreading universal alarm, yet without inflicting any permanent\\ninjury or causing the loss of a single life.\\nThis remarkable event Avas preceded by a great rushing noise,\\nheard throughout the whole extent of the country, which caused\\nthe people to fly out of their houses as if they had been on fire,\\nInstead of fire they were surprised to see the walls reeling back-\\nward and forward, and the stones moving as if detached from each\\nother the bells sounded, the roofs of the buildings bent down, the\\ntimbers cracked and the earth trembled violently. Animals were\\nto be seen flying about in every direction, children were crying\\nand screaming in the streets, and men and women, horror-stricken\\nand ignorant whither to fly for refuge, stood still, unable to move.\\nSome threw themselves on their knees in the snow, calling on the\\nsaints for aid, while others passed this dreadful night in prayer.\\nThe movement of the ground resembled the waves of the ocean,\\nand the forest appeared as if there was a battle raging between\\ncanoe, the whole length of the river from Jackson to Lake Michigan, and\\nspent the following winter as clerk in a store at Prairie Creek, in Ionia\\ncounty, and in the spring went to Marshall, where he resided with his\\nbrother, Hon. Luke H. Parsons, also now deceased, until fall, when he\\nwent to Shiawassee county, then, with Clinton county, an almost unbro-\\nken wilderness, and constituting one organized township. In 1837 this\\nterritory was organized into a county, and at the age of only nineteen\\nyears he (Andrew) was elected County Clerk. In 1840 he was elected\\nRegister of Deeds, re-elected in 1843, and also in 1844. In 1846 he was\\nelected to the State Senate, was appointed Prosecuting Attorney in 1848,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 47\\nthe trees, so that the Indians declared in their figurative language,\\nthat all the trees were drunk. The ice, which was upward of\\nsix feet thick, was rent and thrown up in large pieces, and from\\nthe openings came thick clouds of smoke or fountains of dirt and\\nsand. The springs were impregnated with sulphur, many rivers\\nwere totally lost, some became yellow, others red, and the St. Law-\\nrence api^eared entirely white down as far as the Tadoussae.\\nThe extent of this earthquake was so great that one hundred\\nand eighty thousand square miles were convulsed on the same day.\\nThere is nothing, however, in the whole visitation so worthy of\\nremark as the care and kindness which God showed to the people\\nin preserving them, so that not one was lost or had a hair of his\\nhead injured.\\nLouis XIV resolved at this time to raise Canada to her due\\nimportance, and no longer to overlook one of the finest countries\\nin the world, or expose the French j^ower to contempt by allowing\\nit to be trampled on by a handful of savages. For this purpose\\nhe sent out four hundred troops, accompanied by M. de Mesy as\\nGovernor, to examine into and regulate the different branches of\\nadministration.\\nHitherto the Governor had exercised in person, and without\\ncontrol, all the functions of government; but Louis resolved\\nimmediately to erect Canada into a royal government with a\\nCouncil and lutendant, to whom should be intrusted the weighty\\naffairs of justice, police, finance and marine. In this determina-\\ntion he was warmly seconded by his chief minister, the great Col-\\nbert, who was animated by the example of Great Britain to\\nelected Regent of the University in 1851, and Lieutenant-Governor and\\nbecame acting Governor in 1853, elected again to tlie Legislature in 1854,\\nand, overcome by debilitated health, hard labor and the responsibilities\\nof his office and cares of his business, retired upon his farm, where he\\ndied soon after.\\nHe was a fluent and persuasive speaker, and well calculated to make\\nfriends of his acquaintances. He was always true to his trusts, and the\\nwhole world could not persuade nor drive him to do what he conceived\\nto be wrong. When Governor a most powerful railroad influence was\\nbrought to bear upon him to induce him to call an extra session of the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48 GENERAL HI8TOKY OF THE STATES.\\nimprove tlic navigation aud conHUoree of his country by colonial\\nestablishments.\\nThe comi)any of the One Hundred Partners hitherto exer-\\ncised the chief power in Canada. They were very attentive to\\ntheir own interests in rigidly guarding their monopoly of the fur\\ntrade, but had been all along utterly regardless of the general\\nwelfare of the colony. They were now, however, very unwillingly\\nobliged to relinquish their privileges into the hands of the crown.\\nM. de Mesy was succeeded by the Marquis de Tracy, who\\narrived in Canada in 1665. He brought with him the whole\\nregiment of De Carignan Salieres, consisting of more than one\\nthousand men, the officers of which soon became the chief\\nseigneurs of the colony. The regiment had been employed for\\nsome time in Hungary, and had acquired a high reputation. This,\\nwith a considerable number of settlers, including agriculturists\\nand artisans, with horses and cattle, formed an accession to the\\ncolony which far exceeded its former numbers.\\nThe enlightened policy of Colbert, in thus raising Canada into\\nnotice and consideration, was followed by the success it deserved.\\nTo well regulated civil government was added increased military\\nprotection against the Iroquois. Security being thus obtained, the\\nmigration of French settlers increased rapidly, and, being pro-\\nmoted in evei-y possible way by the government. New France rose\\nrapidly into consideration and importance. Owing to the pres-\\nence of so many soldiers, a martial spirit was im])arted to the\\npopulation, and they began to i)repare to defend properly the\\ncountry of their adoption.\\nLegislature. Meetings were held in all jmrts of the State for that pur-\\npose. In some sections the resokUions were of a laudatory nature,\\nintended to make hun do their bidding by resort to friendly and tiattoring\\nwords; in other i)laces the resolutions were of a demanding nature, while\\nin others they were threatening beyond measure. Fearing that all these\\ninfluences might fail to induce him to call the extra session, a large smn\\nof money was sent him, and liberal olTers tendered if he would gratify the\\nrailroad interest of the State and call the extra session. But he returned\\nthe money, and refused to receive any favors whatever from any partj\\nwho would attemiit to corrupt him by laudations, hberal offers, or by", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 49\\nThe new Viceroy lost no time in preparing to check the inso-\\nlence of the Iroquois, and to establish a supremacy over them he\\nerected three forts on the river Richelieu, the first at Sorel, the\\nsecond at Chambly, and the third further up the river. Over-\\nawed by these movements, and by the report of a large force\\nmarching against them, three of the cantons sent deputies with\\nample professions of friendship, proposing an exchange of all the\\nprisoners taken on both sides since the last treaty, to which the\\nViceroy agreed.\\nThe Marquis de Tracy continued in authority only a year and\\na half, and on his return to France carried with him the affection\\nof the people. He maintained a state which had never been seen\\nbefore in Canada. Besides the regiment of Carignan, he was\\nallowed to maintain a body-guard, wearing the same uniform as\\nthe Garde Royale of France. He always appeared on state occa-\\nsions with these guards, twenty-four in number, who preceded\\nhim, while four pages immediately accompanied him, followed by\\nfive valets. It was thought at that time that this style gave\\nfavorable impressions of royal authority.\\nBefore this officer returned home he jilaced the country in a\\nstate of defense, and established the Company of the West Indies,\\nas this new company was called from having been united to the\\nother French possessions in America, which we have not yet men-\\ntioned. This very able Governor left M. de Courcelles to act as\\nGovernor-General, with several officers of great ability under his\\ncommand.\\nAs already stated, M. de Courcelles succeeded M. de Tracy in\\nthe government of New France.\\nthreats; and in a short letter to the people, after giving overwhelming\\nreasons, that no sensible man could dispute, showing that the circum-\\nstances were not \u00e2\u0096\u00a0extraordinary, he refused to call the extra session.\\nThis brought down the wrath of various parties upon his head, but they\\nwere forced soon to acknowledge the wisdom and the justice of his\\ncourse.\\nOne of his greatest enemies said, after long acquaintance: Though\\nnot always coinciding with his views, I never doubted his honesty of\\npurpose. He at all times sought to perform his duties in strict accord-\\nance with the dictates of his conscience and the behests of his oath.\\n4", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nDuring bis administration little doubt was entertained as to the\\npermanency of the colony. The inhaliitants began to extend\\ntheir settlements, and to cultivate their lands. The officers and\\nsoldiers had liberal grants made to them, and a free trade was\\ngranted to the country generally.\\nAs the number of men greatly exceeded that of the women,\\nseveral hundreds were sent from France to Canada. As soon as\\nthey arrived, an advertisement was published to let the people\\nknow that a supply had been sent over, and that such as had\\nthe means of supporting a wife should have their choice. It is\\nsaid the collection consisted of tall, short, fair, brown, fat and lean.\\nSo great was the demand that in about a fortnight the whole\\ncargo was disposed of.\\nIn 1670 the church of Quebec was constituted a bishopric;\\nsome important measures were also adopted for the better govern-\\ning of the country, and for maintaining peace with the savages.\\nThe trade and agriculture of the country prospered; and the\\nclerical orders became more enthusiastic than ever in their efforts\\nto make proselytes of the Indians.\\nA fatal calamity, however, which had been hitherto unknown\\nin the New World, made its appearance among the tribes north of\\nthe St. Lawrence, namely, the small-pox. This scourge, more\\nterrible to the savages than all the fire-arms in Eurojoe, carried off\\nmore than half their number, and spread a universal panic over\\nthe land.\\nCourcelles had requested his recall, and in 1672, on his return\\nfrom a journey to Cataraqui, where he had fixed upon a spot for\\nHis amiable widow is a sister of J. S. and Dr. D. O. Farrand, of this\\ncity, aud we understand slie is now a member of the Doctor s family.\\nThe following eulogium from a political opponent is just in its concep-\\ntion and creditable to its author: Governor Parsons was a politician of\\nthe Democratic school, a man of pure moral character, fixed and exem-\\nplary habits, and entirely blameless in every public and private relation\\nof life. As a politician he was candid, frank and free from bitterness;\\nas an executive officer, firm, constant and reliable.\\nThe highest conunendation we can pay the deceased is to give his just\\nmeed that of being an honest man.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 51\\nbuilding a fort near the present site of Kingston, he found his\\nplace supplied. His successor was Louis Count de Froutenac,\\nwho was destined to act an important part in Canada.\\nFrontenac was able, active, enterprising and ambitious; but\\nproud, overbearing and subject to capricious jealousies. Entering,\\nhowever, cordially into his predecessor s views in regard to the\\nfort at Cataraqui, he caused it to be built immediately, and\\nactively promoted vast projects for ex2:)loring the interior regions\\nof this continent.\\nThe brilliant talents of M. de Frontenac were sometimes\\nobscured by prejudices, but his plans for the aggrandizement of\\nCanada were splendid and just. He possessed, however, a spirit\\nwhich would not brook contradiction. For having neglected some\\norders given by him, he imprisoned the Intendant-General, M. de\\nChesnau; the Procurator-General he exiled; the Governor of\\nMontreal he put under arrest; and the Abbe de Salignac, Fenelon,\\nthen superintending the seminary of the St. Sulpicians, at Mon-\\ntreal, he imprisoned under j)retence of having preached against\\nhim. His principal op2:)oneut was the Bishop, who, very properly,\\ndisajiproved of the sale of spirits to the Indians, which was found\\nto produce the most pernicious effects. The Count, however,\\nconsidered it as at once extremely profitable, and as a means of\\nattaching them to the French interest.\\nIn 1682 Frontenac was recalled, and M. de la Barre appointed\\nhis successor. Soon after his arrival, the Iroquois ass^imed a tone\\nof defiance, and made formidable preparations for war. These\\ncaused great apprehensions of a general war among the Indians,\\nand the state of Canada became alarming in the highest degree,\\nas the whole population consisted only of nine thousand persons.\\nThe military strength of Canada had been reduced greatly in\\nconsequence of many of the troops having become proprietors and\\ncultivators of land. M. de la Barre, however, determined upon\\nwar, and, having obtained a reinforcement of two hundred men,\\nadvanced up the St. Lawrence. He was met at Montreal by a\\ndeputation from the cantons, who made strong professions of\\nfriendship, but he considered them as unworthy of credit. He\\ndirect^ ^Jl bis force .against the Senecas, because it was through", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntheir country that the English had penetrated to the fur trade on\\nthe lakes. He found, however, that the tribes had determined to\\nmake common cause, and had received ample assurance of aid\\nfrom New York, which had been taken possession of by the Eng-\\nlish. Through their various settlements, the English held a kind\\nof dominion over the Iroquois country, and they endeavored, with\\nsuccess, to alienate them from the French, chiefly by dealing with\\nthe tribes on more advantageous terms.\\nThe Iroquois soon found it to their interest not only to carry all\\ntheir furs to the English market, but to buy up those of the other\\ntribes in alliance with France. Heavy complaints were constantly\\nmade by the French, but the Indians treated them with great\\nindifference. They shrewdly discovered, in the eager competition\\nbetween these two European nations, the means of rendering their\\nown position more secure and imposing.\\nAfter meeting the deputies at Montreal, M. de la Barre pro-\\nceeded to the northern shore of Lake Ontario, where he had\\nanother interview with the Indians. He assumed a lofty tone,\\ncomplained of their inroads into the country of the tribes in\\nalliance Avith France, and of their having conducted the English\\nto the lakes, and enabled them to supplant the commerce of his\\ncountrymen. He concluded by stating that, unless reparation\\nwas made for these injuries, with a promise to abstain from them\\nin future, war and devastation of their country must be the imme-\\ndiate consequence. The deputies very coolly replied that he\\nappeared to speak like one in a dream, and that if he would open\\nhis eyes, he would see himself wholly destitute of the means of\\nexecuting these formidable threats. With regard to the English\\nthey said, that they had allowed them to pass through their\\ncountry on the same principle on which they had given permission\\nto his people to pass. They professed themselves anxious that\\nthe hatchet should still remain buried, unless the country granted\\nto them should be attacked. The Onondaga deputies guaranteed\\nreparation for any actual plunder inflicted on French traders, but\\nadded that no .more could be conceded, and that the army must\\nbe immediately withdrawn. Humiliating as these terms were\\nafter such lofty threats and preparations, De la Barre had no\\nchoice but to comply, and return to Quebec.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 53\\nHere he found that a fresh reinforcement had been landed.\\nThe letters he received from court intimated the expectation that\\nhe was carrying on a triumphant war with the Five Nations, and\\nconveyed from the King an absurd and cruel request that he would\\nsend a number of Iroquois to man the galleys.\\nWhen the real issue of the campaign was reported at court,\\ngreat dissatisfaction was felt. The Governor was immediately pro-\\nnounced unfit for his situation, and was superseded by the Mar-\\nquis de Denouville.\\nThis active and brave officer, immediately on his arrival, pro-\\nceeded to Cataraqui, now Kingston, with about two thousand\\ntroops. After a very short time he declared his conviction that\\nthe Iroquois could never be conciliated, and that it Avas necessary\\neither to extirpate them or reduce them to a state of entire\\ndependence. He proposed to erect a strong fort at Niagara, to\\nprevent them from introducing the English fur trade into the\\nUpper Lakes.\\nAn instance of treachery stains the character of Denouville.\\nHaving, under various pretences, assembled a number of chiefs at\\nFort Frontenae (Kingston), he iniquitously put them in irons, and\\nsent them off to France, to fulfill the king s absurd wishes. He\\nthen proceeded towards the Seneca country, where he met with but\\nlittle opposition, and marched for ten days, burning and destroy-\\ning all grain and provisions not required by his troops. Although\\nthe Governor of New York remonstrated with him, urging that\\nthe Iroquois were the subjects of England, yet he persevered, and\\ncarried into execution his plan of erecting and garrisoning a fort\\nat Niagara. He then found it necessary to return to the Canadian\\nside of Lake Ontario.\\nScarcely had he reached home before the Iroquois showed that\\nthey were masters of the country. They attacked Fort Niagara,\\nand razed it to the ground. They covered the lake with their\\ncanoes, attacked Fort Frontenae, burned all the corn-stacks in the\\nneighborhood, and captured a French bark laken with provisions\\nand stores. The Indian allies of the French attacked the Iroquois\\nof Sorel, and committed many depredations on the English settle-\\nments, plundering the property and scalping the inhabitants.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAt length botli parties desired peace, and a treaty was set on\\nfoot for this pur})ose. Deputies from the Iroquois proceeded to\\nMontreal, leaving at two days distance behind them twelve hun-\\ndred of their countrymen, fit for immediate action. Proud of\\ntheir commanding situation, they demanded the restoration of the\\nchiefs, unjustly seized, and of all other captives. They allowed\\nthe Governor only four days to consider the offer, threatening, if\\nnot accepted, immediately to set fire to the buildings and corn\\nfields, and to murder the inhabitants. The deepest consternation\\nprevailed at Montreal, and Denonville found himself under the\\nnecessity of accepting these humiliating conditions, and of request-\\ning back from France the chiefs he so basely sent thither. This\\ndeej) and deserved mortification was a just recompense for his\\ntreachery to the Indians.\\nThe state of afiairs in Canada became desperate. The peace\\nwith the Iroquois was soon ended in another war. The Fort of\\nNiagara had been destroyed. Fort Frontenac was blown up and\\nabandoned by the French, and two ships that were built for the\\npurpose of navigating Lake Ontario, were burned to prevent them\\nfrom falling into the hands of tlie Iroquois. War, famine and dis-\\nease seemed as if combined for the utter destruction of the colony.\\nIn this extremity it was judged necessary to place at the head\\nof affiiirs an officer possessing energy of character and address in\\ndealing with the natives. These qualities were found united in\\nthe Count de Frontenac, who, during his former administration,\\nhad nuide himself both beloved and feared by the Indians.\\nThe Count, in 1689, brought out with him the captive chiefs\\nwhom Denonville had so unjustly seized. So fascinating were his\\nmanners that he completely gained their favor, Oureonhare, the\\nprincipal one, remaining ever most strongly attached to him. All\\nthe chiefs, indeed, had so great a regard for him that he enter-\\ntained hopes of conciliating the Iroquois without much difficulty.\\nWith this view he sent a de})uty of that nation, with four of his\\ncaptive countrymen, to announce his return and his wish to\\nresume amicable relations. Oureonhare transmitted a message,\\nrequesting them to send an embassy to their Ancient Father,\\nfrom whom they would ex])erienee much tenderness and esteem.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 55\\nThe Iroquois council sent back the same deputies with six belts,\\nintimating their resolution, which was expressed in lofty and bitter\\nterms. Choosing to consider Oninthio one and the same,\\nthough they knew that Frontenac was not the offending person,\\nthey complained that his rods of correction had been too sharp\\nand cutting that the roots of the tree of peace, which he had\\nplanted at Fort Frontenac, had been withered by blood, and the\\nground had been polluted. They demanded atonement for these\\ninjuries, and that Oureonhare and his captive companions should\\nbe sent back previous to the liberation of the French prisoners.\\nOninthio would then be free, they said, to plant again the\\ntree of liberty, but not in the same place.\\nTwo circumstances emboldened the Iroquois to take so high a\\ntone at this period. The first was that, in consequence of the\\nrevolution in England, the cause of James II was warmly\\nembraced by the French, and the two kingdoms were at open war.\\nOn this account the Indians could depend upon the cordial coop-\\neration of the English. The second was that they were engaged\\nin -a treaty with the Ottawas for a better market for their furs.\\nFrontenac, finding his attempts at negotiation fruitless, resolved\\nto act with such vigor as to humble the Iroquois. He therefore\\ncollected his allies, and divided them amongst his regular troops,\\nand several English settlements were surprised and pillaged.\\nSchenectady, the frontier town of New York, was attacked by a\\nparty of one hundred French and a number of Indians. The\\nfort and every house were pillaged and burned, and all the hori-ors\\nof Indian warfai-e let loose upon the iidiabitants. The English\\naccounts say that sixty-three men, women and children were mas-\\nsacred in cold blood.\\nHis next care was to send detachments to convey to Montreal\\nthe furs which had been stored at Michilimackinac. This they\\neffected, and a large party, who attempted to attack them, was\\ncompletely defeated. Notwithstanding these successes, the Iro-\\nquois maintained the same hostility and haughtiness. The old\\nallies of the French, seeing them resume their former energy,\\ndetermined to prefer them to the English. The Ottawas owned\\nthat they had made some progress in a negotiation with the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nEnglish, but that, as soon as they had heard of the return of\\ntheir Ancient Father, they had broken it off. The Hurons\\ndenied having entered into any treaty which could detach them\\nfrom their beloved Oninthio.\\nThe attention of Frontenac was called in the autumn of this\\nyear from the Indians to the English, who had determined to\\nstrike a blow which, they hoped, would deprive the French of all\\ntheir possessions in America. This was a plan of attack on Can-\\nada, which was carried out by the English colonists at an expense\\nof \u00c2\u00a315,000. It Avas twofold first, by land and inland naviga-\\ntion on the southern frontier, and, second, by a fleet sent from\\nBoston to attack Quebec.\\nThe squadron, under the command of Sir William Phipps,\\nappeared as far up the river as Tadoussac before the alarm reached\\nQuebec. Frontenac immediately hastened to strengthen the\\ndefenses of the place, which consisted of rude embankments of\\ntimber and earth, and to put it into as good condition as it was\\npossible for him to do in so short a time.\\nOn the 16th of October the squadron, consisting of thirty-four\\nvessels of different descriptions, advanced as far as Beauport.\\nSir William Phipps immediately sent a flag of truce on shore to\\nsummon the town to surrender. This was gallantly rejected by\\nFrontenac. This officer, who was a man of great pride, lived in the\\ncastle of St. Louis, amidst all the splendor with which he could\\npossibly surround himself Being resolved to astonish the Eng-\\nlish officer who was sent on shore with the flag of truce, he caused\\nhim to be met by a French major, who placed a bandage\\nover his eyes, and conducted him by a very circuitous route to\\nthe castle. Every delusion was practiced to make him believe\\nthat he was in the midst of a numerous garrison. On arriving at\\nthe castle the bandage was removed, and he found himself in the\\npresence of the Governor-General, the Intendant, the Bishop, and a\\nlarge staff of French officers in full uniform, who were clustered\\ntogether in the middle of the hall. With the greatest self-posses-\\nsion, the young officer presented to Frontenac a summons to sur-\\nrender, in the name of William and Mary, King and Queen of\\nEngland. Frontenac gave a most spirited answer, refusing to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 57\\nacknowledge any King of England but James II. The English-\\nman wished to have his answer in writing. Frontenac peremp-\\ntorily refused, saying, I am going to answer your master by the\\ncannon s mouth. He shall be taught this is not the manner in\\nwhich a person of my rank ought to be summoned. The ban-\\ndage being replaced, the officer was conducted with the same mys-\\nteries to his boat, and was no sooner on board the Admiral s vessel\\nthan the batteries began to play upon the fleet.\\nOn the 18th fifteen hundred English troops landed near the\\nRiver St. Charles, but not without sustaining great loss from the\\nconstant fire kept up by the French from amongst the rocks and\\nbushes. Four of the largest vessels were anchored opposite the\\ntown, and commenced a bombardment, but theiire from the bat-\\nteries was directed with such effect as to compel them to move up\\nthe river beyond Cape Diamond. A sharp skirmish took place\\non the 19th, and on the 20th an action was fought, in which the\\nFrench made a gallant stand and compelled the English to retreat\\nto Beauport, leaving their cannon and ammunition. Two days\\nafter they reembarked and returned to Boston.\\nOwing to the bad management of Sir William Phipps, this\\nexpedition was attended with great loss of life, seven or eight of\\nhis vessels being wrecked in the St. Lawrence. The expedition\\nagainst Montreal did not take place at the appointed time, owing\\nto a want of concert between the parties, and Frontenac was thus\\nenabled to concentrate all his strength and oppose the plans of\\nthe English with vigilance and success.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nHistory of New France from the Administration of Frontenac\\nTO ITS Overthrow by the English at Querec, in 1759 The\\nBattle of Quebec The Fall of Wolfe and Montcai,m\\nCanada Ceded to the English.\\nDuring the year 1691 the Iroquois, with the English and\\nnative allies, advanced along the liiver Sorel or Richelieu to\\nattack Montreal. De Caillieres, a very able officer, then held the\\ncommand of that city. He had assembled nearly eight hundred\\nIndians in addition to his own countrymen, and the assailants,\\nafter a very sharp contest, Avere obliged to retreat. They burned\\nthirty houses and barns, and carried off several prisoners, whom\\nthey put to the most cruel torture.\\nAt length, however, De Frontenac, by the unremitting vigor of\\nhis measures, secured the defense of the colony so far that in 1692\\nthe inhabitants were enabled to cultivate their lauds, and the fur\\ntrade was renewed and carried on with considerable advantage.\\nIn the beginning ot 1694, the Iroquois made overtures of peace.\\nTwo Onondagos arrived at Montreal, and asked the Governor if\\ncertain deputies, who were on their way, would be received.\\nTliough they were answered in the affirmative, several months\\nelapsed before they a})peared. They were well received, and\\nbrought several belts with them, one of which expressed the most\\nfriendly disposition, and solicited the restoration of the fort at\\nCataraqui.\\nOn their return home, Oureonhar6 accompanied them. AVhen\\nhe came back, he brought Avith him several persons of distinction,\\nwho had been long held in captivity by the Indians. Though the\\nfirst belts brought by the deputies were friendly, the others were\\nobscure, and all attem])ts to obtain an exjjlanation were fruitless.\\nAll that was conlcmplated merely seemed to be to suspend the\\nhatchet. The Count rejected all the belts except one, declaring", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 59\\nthat, unless more friendly sentiments were entertained, he could\\nnot long suspend the threatened blow.\\nUnwilling to come to an open rupture with a people who could\\nmuster three thousand warriors, he endeavored to gain time. In\\nthe meanwhile, he reestablished the fort at Cataraqui, and\\nstrengthened the outposts, intending in the summer to commence\\nmore active measures.\\nAt length, in June, 1696, all the forces that could be mustered\\nat Cataraqui marched into the canton of Onondago. On reaching\\na lake, they i ound suspended from a tree two bundles of rushes,\\nwhich intimated that fourteen hundred and thirty-four warriors\\nwere waiting to engage them. They sailed across the lake immedi-\\nately, and formed themselves in regular order of battle, expecting\\nto engage their enemies. De Caillieres commanded the left Aving,\\nthe Chevalier de Vaudreuil the right, and De Frontenac, then\\nseventy-six years of age, was carried in the centre in an elbow-\\nchair. The Five Nations, however, did not appear, and their\\nprincipal fortress was found reduced to ashes. It soon, indeed,\\nbecame evident that the Indians had determined to let them\\nmarch through their country unmolested.\\nThe Oneidas sent deputies to Frontenac, but he would accept\\nnothing short of unconditional surrender. De Vaudreuil marched\\ninto their country and laid it waste. It had been determined to\\ntreat the Cayugas in the same manner, but the Count returned\\nrather suddenly to Montreal, for which the French writers severely\\ncensure him. He might, it is thought, have completely humbled\\nthe Iroquois at this time. He could not, however, be prevailed\\nupon to destroy the canton of the Goyoquins (or Cayugas), of\\nwhich his friend Oureonhare was chief.\\nThe shameful manner in which the Indian allies of the French\\nwere treated with regard to their chief source of wealth, the fur\\ntrade, gave continual cause of complaint and discontent. This\\ntraffic was carried on by an adventurous but desperate race, called\\neaureurs des bois. It was a strict monopoly, the merchants\\nfitting out the coureurs with canoes and merchandise, and reaping\\nprofits so ample that furs to the value of 8,000 crowns were pro-\\ncured by the French for 1,000 crowns.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAs soon as the Indians found out the true value of their com-\\nmodities, they made loud and incessant complaints. In order to\\nconciliate them, it was proposed that they should bring their own\\nfurs and dispose of them at Montreal. The Governor, however,\\nand the other members of the administration, objected that this\\nwould bring the Indian allies from the retirement of their forests\\ninto the immediate neighborhood of the Five Nations and of the\\nBritish and they dreaded that, while the profits of the fur trade\\nwould be lost, a general confederation of the tribes might be\\neffected.\\nIn the meantime, the Iroquois continued the war with vigor,\\nthough both they and the English began to wish for peace.\\nNegotiations were, however, entered into with them through\\nOureonhare, in whom Fronteuac placed great and deserved confi-\\ndence, but his sudden death at Quebec retarded them. Their\\nsuccess was, however, secured by the treaty of peace signed at\\nRyswick, September 15, 1697, and the English and French Gov-\\nernors mutually entered into arrangements for maintaining\\nharmony among the Indians. The anxious desire manifested by\\nboth nations to secure the friendship of the Iroquois flattered\\nthat bold and deceitful people, and gave them an exalted opinion\\nof themselves. The object of both the French and English\\nshould have been to diminish their power, but this rather tended\\nto increase their consequence and conceit.\\nSoon after the conclusion of peace, Louis Count de Frontenac\\ndied, in the seventy-eighth year of his age, upwards of twenty of\\nwhich he had spent in Canada. His great personal abilities pre-\\nserved this colony to France, and always secured to him the\\nGOVERNOR J. J. BAGLEY.\\nJohn J. Bagley, tlie present Governor of the State of Michigan, was\\nborn July 24th, 1832, in Orleans County, New York. His father settled\\nin St. Joseph County, in this State, 1840, where Mr. Bagley received a\\ncommon scliool education. In 1840 he removed to Shiawassee County,\\nand in 1847 to Detroit. He served his time at the tobacco trade with\\nIsaac S. Miller. In 1853 he engaged in business for liimself, and is still\\nconducting it.\\nMr. Bagley has held various positions of public trust in the city gov-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "GOVERNOR JOHN J. EAGLET.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 63\\nconfidence of the King, the respect of his officers and the esteem\\nof the Indians. He was buried in the Recollect church at\\nQuebec, which formerly stood near the site of the present English\\ncathedral. The only memorial of him now to be found in the\\ncity is in the street called from his family name Buade street.\\nFrontenac was succeeded by De Callieres, who had been for\\nsome time Governor of Montreal. He administered the affairs of\\nthe colony with more steadiness and prudence, and with equal\\nvigor and address, and in 1700 effected a general pacification\\namong the Indian tribes. Upon the exchange of prisoners which\\ntook place at this period, a most surprising and mortifying fact\\ntranspired. The natives early sought their homes the greater\\npart of the French captives, however, were found to have con-\\ntracted such an attachment to the wild freedom of the woods, that\\nneither the commands of the King nor the entreaties of their\\nfriends could induce them to quit their Indian associates.\\nPeace had scarcely been concluded between the savage tribes,\\nwhen it was broken by their civilized neighbors. The succession\\nof Philip of Anjou to the throne of Spain gave rise to a long and\\neventful war betAveen France and Spain. It was begun by Louis\\nXIV with every prospect of giving law to all Europe. Instead\\nof this, the exploits of the great Marlborough and Prince Eugene,\\nand the fields of Blenheim and Ramilies, reduced him to the\\nlowest condition, and at one time seemed to place his throne\\nin peril. The French colonists were thus left to their own\\nresources, while England conceived the bold design of uniting\\nwithin her territory the whole of North America.\\nThe lamented death of De Callieres, its able Governor, placed\\nCanada in a critical state, and endangered the French power in\\nthe colony.\\nernment of Detroit, aud in 1873 was Park Commissioner, Vice-President\\nof tlie American National Banl President of the Detroit Safe Company,\\nDirector of the Wayne County Savings Bank, Novelty Works, Detroit\\nFire and Marine Insurance Company, and Michigan Mutual Life Insur-\\nance Company.\\nIn the summer of 1873 Mr. Bagley was nominated by the Kepublican\\nState Convention for Governor, and was elected by a large majority.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe Count de Vaudreuil, who succeeded, proved himself worthy\\nof his high office, and for several years managed to prevent the\\ncolonists from being molested, and to cherish the trade and culti-\\nvation of the country. In 1708 he carried warlike operations into\\nthe British frontier settlements, having previously negotiated for\\nthe neutrality of the Iroquois, who were flattered by being treated\\nas an independent power. Little success, however, attended these\\noperations, and he was soon compelled again to resume a defensive\\nposition.\\nThe persecutions of the Protestants in France caused at this\\ntime a religious animosity to be added to the hatred entertained\\ntowards the French. This unfortunately encouraged a spirit of\\ndiscord amongst the colonists themselves. A people like the New\\nEnglanders, who had themselves but just escaped from persecu-\\ntion, could not look with indifference upon their persecuted French\\nProtestant brethren. Some of the persons in power amongst\\nthem, however, did not sympathize in this sentiment, and estrange-\\nment from each other and opposition to authority increased daily.\\nDuring all the changes which took place in the colonies, it is\\nsurprising how the Iroquois contrived to preserve their neutrality,\\nas they had it in their power to gain infoi mation on both sides.\\nThe court that was paid to them by both powers probably fostered\\nin them habits of dissimulation. When the English called the Five\\nNations to assist them against the Fi ench, they showed the great-\\nest unwillingness. They alleged that when they concluded a\\ntreaty they intended to keep it, but that the Europeans seemed to\\nenter into such engagements solely for the purpose of breaking\\nthem and one old chief, with the rude freedom of his country,\\nintimated that the nations were both drunk.\\nIn 1709 a person of the name of Vetch laid before the court of\\nQueen Anne a plan for the conquest of Canada, and was supplied\\nwith authority and resources, supposed to be sufficient for its\\naccomplishment. The English forces which had been destined\\nfor the St. Lawrence wei e, however, required in Portugal, and\\nthus the Marquis de Vaudreuil had time to make better jirepara-\\ntions for defense.\\nThe British in the meantime had occupied Lakes George and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 65\\nChamplain, and erected forts. But the Iroquois treacherously\\ndeceived them, and attempted to poison the water they drank.\\nThey immediately abandoned the enterprise and returned to New\\nYork, after burning their canoes and reducing their forts to ashes.\\nGOVERNOR H. P. BALDWIN.\\nAmong the numerous citizens of Micliigan, who, from very small\\nbeginnings, by lionest perseverance have accumulated wealth and local\\nfame, ex-Governor Baldwin stands very prominent. He was born in\\nCoventry, R. I., February, 1814, and was left an orphan boy at the ten-\\nder age of eleven years, his parents having died previous to 1825. At the\\nage of twelve he secured a position in a mercantile house near his native\\ntown, in which situation he remained eight years. In those days salaries\\nwere small, consequently, Mr. Baldwin was unable to lay by very much;\\nbut to say that he had not, during those eight years, accumulated a capi-\\n5", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nCanada now enjoyed a short interval of repose, though it was\\nunderstood that the English were making active preparations for\\na fresh expedition, and were sparing no pains to secure the cooper-\\nation of the Five Nations. At this time the French were\\nengaged in a desperate struggle with an Indian nation called the\\nOutagamis or Foxes. These people, who dwelt in the upper terri-\\ntory, were at last reduced to the necessity of humbly soliciting\\nterms of peace, but the French were persuaded by their savage\\nauxiliaries to push matters to the last extremity, and this unfor-\\ntunate tribe was nearly exterminated.\\nA combined land and sea expedition against Canada took place\\nin 1711. This expedition was shamefully managed, and the Brit-\\nish fleet, owing to tempestuous weather and ignorance of the\\ncoast, met with so many disasters that it was obliged to return to\\nBoston. They lost, at the Seven Islands near the mouth of the\\nSt. Lawrence, in one day, eight vessels and eight hundred and\\neighty-four officers, soldiers and seamen.\\ntal that is more precious than gold, would be contradictory with the fol-\\nlowing circumstances. At the age of twenty he left this situation, and,\\nentirely without capital of his own, began business for himself. Thus\\nwill be seen Mr. Baldwin had already established himself in the confi-\\ndence and esteem of the people of his own native State.\\nIn 1838 Mr. Baldwin s keen penetration had foreseen the near future of\\nlake commerce, as guaranteed by the rapid development of the North-\\nwest, and he hastened to the scene of pioneer life. Having removed to\\nDetroit, he immediately resumed mercantile pursuits. Success followed\\nthe effort, and has continuously attended all his business operations,\\nwhich have increased to considerable magnitude. He has taken an active\\ninterest in many of the leading enterprises of Michigan, most of which\\nhave vigorously advanced the growth, prosperity and honor of the State.\\nProminent among these is the Second National Bank of Detroit. This\\ninstitution commenced business in 1863 with a capital of $500,000, which\\nwas increased in 1865 to $1,000,000, and has been one of the most suc-\\ncessful enterprises of the West, having already accumulated a surplus\\nfund of $600,000. Mr. Baldwin was its first president, and has continued\\nto hold that responsible position during its whole career to the present\\ntime.\\nIn relation to his political life, he has rather declined than sought after\\noflBce or emolument. He was a staunch Whig when that party existed,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 67\\nThe restoration of peace between France and England, by the\\ntreaty of Utrecht, took place in 1713, by which France retained\\nCanada, but ceded Acadia and Newfoundland, and made over to\\nGreat Britain all her claims to the sovereignty of the Five\\nNations. This once more left the colony an interval of rest,\\nwhich lasted ten years, during which her trade and resources were\\ngreatly increased. The Marquis de Vaudreuil availed himself of\\nthe peace to strengthen the fortifications of Quebec and Montreal\\nthe training of the military, amounting to 5,000 in a population\\nof 25,000, was carefully attended to, and barracks were con-\\nstructed. An assessment was levied on the inhabitants, for the\\nsupport of the troops and the erection of fortifications. During\\nthe remainder of M. de Vaudreuil s administration, which was\\nterminated by his death in 1726, the province prospered under his\\nvigilant, firm and just government.\\nThe death of the Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1726, was deserv-\\nedly lamented by the Canadians. He was succeeded, in 1726, by\\nand became as firm a Republican at the organization of that party. He\\nwas twice nominated by liis party to the mayoralty of Deti oit, and in\\n1860 was elected to tlie State Senate. His career in the Senate was\\nmarked with considerable ability. He was chosen Chairman of the\\nFinance Committee of the Senate, of the Joint Finance Committee of the\\ntwo Houses, and of the Joint Committee for investigating into the condi-\\ntion of the State Treasury and the defalcation of John McKinney. It\\nwill be remembered that when the Legislature met in 1861 the State\\nTreasury was without funds, the Treasurer being cliarged as a defaulter,\\nand the State finances being in a most embarrassed condition. Senator\\nBaldwin made a most thorough examination of the department, and\\nembodied in his report to tlie Legislature a complete statement setting\\nforth the irregularities by wliich the difficulty had been incurred, and\\nsuggesting plans whereby the State finances could be advantageously\\nregulated and sustained in good condition. The report and measures\\nrecommended by Mr. Baldwin were adopted, and have been the basis of\\nthe successful management of the State finances up to the present time.\\nIn 1864 Senator Baldwin s name was brought forward spontaneously\\nby the people for the distinguished office of Governor of Michigan. At\\nthe State Convention of that year his nomination was defeated by a single\\n.vote. Had lie even signified a desire to reach the gubernatorial chair, it\\nis generally believed tliat he would have been unanimously chosen by the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe Marquis de Beauharnois. His ambitious administration\\nexcited greatly the alarm of the English colonists of New York\\nand New England.\\nBeauharnois continued in power twenty years, and diligently\\nemployed himself in promoting the interests of the colony. He\\nplanned an enterprise to cross America to the South Sea, which\\ndid not succeed. He erected also the important fort at Crown\\nPoint, on Lake Champlain, with several other forts at different\\nplaces, for the purpose of keeping the English within the Alle-\\nghany Mountains, and preventing their approach to the lakes,\\nthe St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, and their tributary streams.\\nThe war between Great Britain and France led to the reduction\\nof Cape Breton in 1745, by a British naval and military force,\\nassisted by the provincial troops of the New England colonies.\\nThe successful battle of Fonteuoy, in Europe, however, roused the\\nmartial spirit of the Canadians to attenqjt the re-conquest of\\nNova Scotia, in 1746 and 1747, in which they failed, and the\\nConvention, but, having not even sanctioned the voice of the people, his\\nnomination was carelessly though scarcely defeated.\\nIn 1866 he was earnestly pressed to allow his name to be placed before\\nthe Republican Convention for the same honorable office, but, as it had\\nbeen customary to renominate the Governor for a second term, he\\ndeclined absolutely. Notwithstanding this, he received more than sixty\\nvotes at that time.\\nIn 1868 he received the nomination of his party for the high office of\\nGovernor, and was elected by the largest majority which, at that time,\\nhad ever been given for a Governor of Michigan. In 1870 he was nomi-\\nnated by acclamation, aud reelected. In 1873 he was again strongly\\npressed to accept the nomination, but positively refused, and, in a letter\\naddressed to the Republican Convention of that year, requested that no\\nvotes should be cast for him.\\nThus I have given, in a very concise manner, the most prominent fea-\\ntures of Governor Baldwin s life. In point of perseverance, purity or\\naccomplishment, its estimation is enhanced by comparison. No stain\\nmars the pages of his sliort history of success. He came forth from the\\nobscurity of a humble orphan boy, and, through his own honest persever-\\nance, unaided by naught save that which integrity, energy and affability\\nmerits, accumulated much wealth, aud won a public name unblemished\\nby coarse associations.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n69\\ntreaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, suspended further hostilities.\\nCommissioners were then appointed to settle a boundary line\\nbetween the British and French territories in North America.\\nThe Canadian government immediately proceeded to survey the\\nHON. FREDERICK L. WELLS.\\nFrederick L. Wells, the present Senator in the State Legislature for\\nthe Twenty-second Senatorial District, was born in the town of Stanford,\\nDuchess county, New York, on the 24th of March, 1833, and emigrated\\nto Michigan in October, 1838, taking up his residence in the city of Port\\nHuron, where he now resides. This trip, at that early time of railroads,\\nconsumed nearly a week, Mr. Wells traveling on the New York Central\\nfrom Albany to Fonda, which at that time comprised the whole length\\nof that road. From the latter place to Buffalo the passage was made on", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nprojected line of demarcation, with a great display of military\\npomp, calculated to impress on the minds of the Indians the idea\\nthat France would assert her rights to the limits marked. Leaden\\nplates, bearing the arms of France, were sunk at such distances\\nupon this line as the Canadian Governor, in his liberality, pleased\\nto assign to England, and the whole ceremony was conducted with\\nmuch formality. Such an imprudent step seriously alarmed the\\nIndians, and terminated in their active cooperation with the\\nEnglish, for the utter expulsion of the French from North\\nAmerica.\\nAbout this time a royal edict directed that no country houses\\nshould be built but on farms of one acre and a half in front and\\nforty back. This law had the eiFect of confining the population\\nalong the banks of the river, and the whole shore, from Quebec\\nto Montreal, was soon settled with cultivated farms. A favorable\\nchange took place, too, in the fur trade, and a more liberal and\\nequitable system appears to have been adopted. A large annual\\nfair was opened at Montreal, under judicious regulations, and\\nbecame the general centre of the trade.\\nThe Count de Galissoniere, a nobleman of great acquirements,\\nsucceeded M. de Beauharnois in 1747. He was superseded by the\\nSieur de la Jonquiere in 1749, who was superseded temporarily\\nby the Baron de Longueuil, until the arrival of the Marquis du\\nQuesne as Governor-General in 1752.\\na canal boat, and at Buffalo he embarked on the steamboat James\\nMadison for Port Huron, which boat was then considered first-class.\\nUpon his arrival at Port Huron, he found that tlie Indians were more\\nnumerous than the whites and in his younger day he has often seen the\\nformer participating in the savage war dance in the center of the\\ncity, where now lie Huron avenue and Military street. He soon formed\\nan admiration for the beautiful forest scenes surrounding his new home,\\nand from early boyhood took a great interest in the welfare of his town.\\nBy his rigid honesty, indomitable energy, and rare business qualifications,\\nhe soon rose to the front rank among his townsmen.\\nAlthough Mr. Wells has never sought political honors, still his towns-\\nmen have seen fit to acknowledge their appreciation of his abilities by\\nelecting him to a large number of important official positions. In 1855\\nhe was elected to the office of Village Recorder, and again, in 1857, he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN, 71\\nDu Quesne appears, more openly than any other governor, to\\nhave carried on the system of encroaching on the British Colonies.\\nSo far did he proceed that the fort at Pittsburg, bearing his name,\\nwas erected within the confines of Virginia.\\nThe British immediately erected another in the immediate\\nvicinity, which they quaintly termed Necessity. To this a garrison\\nwas dispatched, from Virginia, under the command of George\\nWashington, whose name afterward became so illustrious, and\\nwho then held a lieutenant-colonel s commission in the British\\narmy. Washington, on his march to assume the command of\\nFort Necessity, was met by a party from Fort Du Quesne, under\\nM. de Jumonville, who peremptorily forbade the English to pro-\\nceed further. The mandate was answered by a burst of indigna-\\ntion and a volley of musketry, which killed Jumonville and sev-\\neral of his men. The French at Fort du Quesne, however,*\\nquickly commenced offensive hostilities, invested Necessity, and\\nobliged Washington to capitulate.\\nA great alarm was now spread through the English settlements,\\nand a plan of common defense was brought forward, in a conven-\\ntion held at Albany in July, 1754. At this meeting Benjamin\\nFranklin proposed a general union of the colonies, to resist the\\nFrench. Though not then acted upon, this document was the\\nbasis of the federal union subsequently formed for the overthrow\\nof the British dominion in the United States.\\nwas chosen for the same position. In 1859 he was elected City Clerk,\\nand was reelected to the same office the two following years. He was\\nChief Engineer of the Fire Department during the year 1862, and in\\n1863 was chosen Mayor of the city. He has also held the oflSce of Alder-\\nman for three terms of two years each, which makes him a city oflBcer of\\nthirteen years standing. After a spirited contest, in 1870, Mr. Wells\\nwas elected to represent the Second District of St. Clair county in the\\nState Legislature. He filled this position so well that the people of St.\\nClair county elected him to represent them as Senator in the Legislature\\nof 1872-3. He was a member of the standing committees of the Senate\\nlumber interests, asylum for deaf, dumb and blind, and State capitol and\\npublic buildings, being chairman of the first mentioned where he zeal-\\nously looked after the interests of the State, performing a large amount\\nof arduous labor.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nEngland was at this time preparing for an open war with\\nFrance, which the ambition of Frederick of Prussia, and the state\\nof Europe, soon rendered general. A strong fleet with troops,\\nwas despatched from France to reinforce Quebec an English\\nfleet pursued it, but succeeded in capturing only two frigates, with\\nthe engineers and troops on board, on the banks of Newfound-\\nland.\\nThe Marquis de Quesne having resigned, Avas succeeded by the\\nSieur de Vaudreuil, the last French governor in Canada, in 1755.\\nThis administration was auspiciously opened by the defeat of\\nthe brave but rash General Braddock, in one of the defiles of the\\nAlleghany Mountains. Braddock, unaccustomed to Indian war-\\nfare, neglected every precaution of scouts and outposts, and\\nrefused to make proper preparations for the meeting of the French\\nand their Indian allies. When the British entered a gorge where\\nretreat was impossible, they poured upon them, from their ambus-\\ncades, a deadly fire, under which numbers of the unfortunate sol-\\ndiers fell. Braddock himself was killed, and the remainder of\\nthe army was saved only by the intrepidity of Colonel George\\nWashington, who now, for the first time, distinguished himself,\\nand won back the laurels he had lost at Fort Necessity.\\nThese troops having afterward joined the provincial force under\\nGenerals Johnson, Lyman and Shirly, repulsed an attack made\\nby the French under Baron Dieskau. After a battle of four\\nhours duration the French retreated to Crown Point, with a loss\\nMr. Wells has also taken a great interest in Free Masonry, having\\nreceived all the degrees to the S. P. R. S., thirty-second degree of the\\nA. A. Scottish rite. He has held many important offices in the lodge\\nof which he is a member. He has been Worshipful Master of the Port\\nHuron Lodge, No. 58, for five years High Priest of Huron Chapter,\\nRoyal Arch Masons, for two years, and has held for the past year, and\\nstill holds, the office of Eminent Commander of the Port Huron Com-\\nmandery of Knights Templar.\\nFor tlie past nineteen years, and at present, he is extensively engaged\\nin the manufacturing of lumber. He is also a partner in the banking\\nhouse of John Johnston Co. Port Huron.\\nIn all the positions Mr. Wells has held he has performed his duties\\nfaithfully, and exhibited a large amount of business tact.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n73\\nof one thousand men and the capture of their leader, who was\\nseverely wounded.\\nThis success restored the drooping spirits of the British army,\\nand these battles helped to train the colonists for those contests\\nHON. EI!IHU L. CLARK.\\nElihxi L. Clark, President of the Lenawee County Savings Bank, was\\nborn in Wayne County, New York, on the 18th of July, 1811. Both of\\nhis grandfathers served in the Revolutionary War, the one on his father s\\nside being one of Washington s Rangers, and the one on his mother s side\\nbeing in active service at the battles of Monmouth, Princeton and a num-\\nber of others.\\nMr. Clark remained on the farm where he was born until he was nine-\\nteen years of age, when he went to the village of Palmyra, in the same\\ncounty, and served as clerk in a dry goods store for one year. After-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwhich they were to wage with those very men by whose side they\\nnow fought hand to hand against the French. Little did Wash-\\nington then contemplate the destiny that awaited him.\\nFrance, now fully aware of the importance of Canada, sent out\\na chosen body of troops, under the command of the gallant and\\nexperienced Marquis de Montcalm. He obtained a series of suc-\\ncesses, terminating by the reduction of the important British forts\\nat Oswego, and Fort Edward, near Lake George. This victory\\nwas stained by the barbarous murder of near two thousand Eng-\\nlish prisoners, by the Indian allies of the French. This monstrous\\ndeed completely roused the indignation of the English, and led to\\nthose mighty preparations which finally destroyed the power of\\nFrance in America.\\nAs some compensation for these losses, the fortified and garri-\\nsoned town of Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, was taken\\nin the most gallant manner by the English army under General\\nAmherst and Brigadier-General Wolfe, the future conqueror of\\nCanada. In 1758 Fort Frontenac, near Kingston, and Fort Du\\nQuesne, near the Ohio river, were captured by the colonists.\\nThe campaign of 1759 was opened with a plan of combined\\noperations by sea and land. Canada was to be invaded at three\\ndifferent points by Generals of high talent. The commander-in-\\nchief. General Amherst, undertook the reduction of the forts at\\nCrown Point and Ticonderoga. He was to cross Lake Champlain,\\nand, proceeding along the Richelieu, was to reach the St. Law-\\nrence and join the other army before Quebec. The force destined\\nto proceed by sea to Quebec was under the command of the heroic\\nGeneral Wolfe. General Prideaux, with another army and a\\nwards he was the owner of a mercantile establishment in the same town\\nfor two years. In Septembei 1834, he married Miss Isabella T. Bean,\\nand in June of the following year he emigrated to Michigan, and at once\\nengaged in the mercantile business, in which he remained until 1848. In\\nthe autumn of tliat year he was elected a Representative in the Legisla-\\nture of Michigan from Lenawee County, being the only Whig in the\\nLegislature from that county of five Representative districts. From\\nthat time until 1870 he has been engaged in a private banking and bro-\\nkerage business, accumulating considerable wealth. In 1870, upon tlie", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 75\\nlarge body of friendly Indians, under Sir William Johnson, was\\nappointed to reduce the fort at Niagara.\\nWolfe s army, amounting to about eight thousand men, was\\nconveyed to the vicinity of Quebec by a fleet of vessels of war and\\ntransports, and landed in two divisions on the island of Orleans,\\non the 27th of June. The Marquis de Montcalm made vigorous\\npreparations for defending Quebec. His armed force consisted of\\nabout thirteen thousand men, of whom six battalions were regulars\\nand the remainder well disciplined Canadian militia, with some\\ncavalry and Indians. He ranged these forces from the river St.\\nCharles to the Falls of Montmorency, with the view of opposing\\nthe landing of the British.\\nWolfe first attempted the entrenchment of Montmorency, land-\\ning his troops under cover of the fire from the ships of war, but\\nwas gallantly repulsed by the French. In consequence of this\\nrepulse he sent dispatches to England, stating that he had doubts\\nof being able to reduce Quebec during that campaign. His pros-\\npects, indeed, were not encouraging. The great stronghold kept\\nAip an incessant fire from its almost inaccessible position, bristling\\nwith guns, defended by a superior force, and inhabited by a hostile\\npopulation. Above the city steep banks rendered landing almost\\nimpossible below the country for eight miles was embarrassed by\\ntwo rivers, many redoubts and watchful Indians. A part of the\\nfleet lay above the town, and the remainder in the north channel,\\nbetween the island of Orleans and Montmorency.\\nSoon after this repulse, however, Wolfe roused his brave and\\nvigorous spirit, called a council of war, and proposed, it is gener-\\nally said at the instigation of his second in command, General\\norganization of the Lenawee County Savings Bank, lie was chosen\\nPresident of that corporation, which office lie still holds, performing the\\nduties to the entire satisfaction of the stockholders and depositors in the\\nbank.\\nDuring the late civil war, Mr. Clark was an active supporter of the\\nUnion cause, and did much for the Michigan soldiers. One of his sons\\nsacrificed his life in defense of the nation. Mr. Clark is well known\\nthroughout Lenawee and the adjoining counties, and is held in very high\\nesteem.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nTownsend, to gain the Height s of Abraham behind and above the\\ncity, commanding the weakest part of the fortress. The council\\nacceded to this daring proposal, and their heroic commander com-\\nmenced his preparations, in the meanwhile making such active\\ndemonstrations against Montcalm s position that the French still\\nbelieved it to be his main object.\\nOn the 11th of September the greater part of the troops landed\\nand marched up the south shore opposite Quebec, forded the river\\nEtchemin, and embarked on board the men-of-war and transports\\nwhich lay above the town. On the 12th the ships of war sailed\\nnine miles up the river to Cap Rouge. This feint deceived Mont-\\ncalm, and he detached DeBougainville, who with his army of\\nreserve proceeded still farther up the river, to prevent the English\\nfrom landing. During the night the English troops dropped\\nsilently down the river with the current in boats, and at four\\no clock in the morning began to land.\\nIt is surprising how the troops contrived to land, as the French\\nhad posted sentries along the shore to challenge boats and give the\\nalarm. The first boat was questioned, when Captain Donald\\nMcDonald, one of Frazer s Highlanders, w\\\\io was perfectly well\\nacquainted with the French language and customs, answered to\\nQui i;/( e which is their challenge, the word, Xa France.\\nWhen the sentinel demanded, A quel regiment f the captain\\nreplied, De la Heine, which he knew by accident to be one of\\nthose commanded by DeBougainville. The soldier took it for\\ngranted that it was an expected convoy, and saying Passe the\\nboats proceeded without further question. One of the sentries,\\nmore wary than the rest, running down to the water s edge, called\\nout, Pourquoi, est-ce que vous ne parlez pas plus hautf to which\\nthe captain answered, in a soft tone of voice, Tais-toi, nous serons\\nentendus. Thus cautioned, the sentry retired, and the boats pro-\\nceeded without further altercation, and landed at the spot now\\ncelebrated as Wolfe s Cove.\\nGeneral Wolfe was one of the first on shore, and, on seeing the\\ndifficulty of ascending the precipice, observed familiarly to Captain\\nMcDonald, I do not believe there is any possibility of getting up,\\nbut you must do your endeavor. Indeed, the precipice here was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN,\\n77\\n80 steep that there seemed no possibility of scaling it, but the\\nHighlanders, grasping the bushes that grew on its face, ascended\\nthe woody precipice with courage and dexterity. They dislodged\\na small body of troops that defended a narrow pathway up the\\n*\u00c2\u00ab53j^ssaso\u00c2\u00bb5\\nHENRY FISH.\\nHenky Fish, cue of the present leading citizens of Port Huron, Michi-\\ngan, was born five miles above Montreal, Canada, in 1824. His parents\\nwere of New England birth, but removed to Canada at an early day. In\\nthe year 1830 the family came to Michigan, and settled in Macomb\\ncounty. In the year 1848 Henry Fish moved to Port Huron, and engaged\\nin merchandising and lumbering. For the past eighteen years he, in\\nconnection with his brother, has been engaged in the lumbering business\\nexclusively, the firm of A. H. Fish being favorably and extensively", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbank and, a few more mounting, the General drew up the rest in\\norder as they arrived. With great exertion they reached the sum-\\nmit, and in a short time Wolfe had his whole army drawn up in\\nregular order on the plains above.\\nMontcalm, struck with this unexpected movement, concluded\\nthat unless Wolfe could be driven from this position Quebec was\\nlost. Hoping, probably, that only a detachment had as yet\\nreached it, he lost his usual prudence and forbearance, and finding\\nthat his opponent had gained so much by hazarding all, he, with\\nan infatuation for which it is difficult to account, resolved to meet\\nthe British army.\\nHe crossed the St. Charles on the 13th, sallying forth from a\\nstrong fortress without field artillery, without even waiting the\\nreturn of Bougainville, who Avith two thousand men formed a\\ncorps of observation. Before he could concentrate his forces, he\\nadvanced with haste and precipitation, and commenced a most\\ngallant attack when within about two hundred and fifty yards of\\nthe English line. The English moved forward regularly, firing\\nsteadily until within thirty or forty yards of the French, when\\nthey gave a general volley, which did great execution. The\\nEnglish had only a light cannon, which the sailors had dragged\\nup the heights with ropes. The sabre, therefore, and the bayonet\\ndecided the day. The agile Scotch Highlanders, with their stout\\nclaymores, served the purpose of cavalry, and the steady fire of\\nknown. Mr. Fish is one of the most active and influential lay members\\nof the Methodist Episcopal Church in Michigan, being elected President\\nof the State Convention of that church, held at Albion, in 1871. The\\nDetroit Annual Conference, in company with Mr. John Owen, of Detroit,\\nelected him as lay delegate to the General Conference of May, 1873.\\nHe was the candidate of the Prohibition party for Governor of Michi-\\ngan in 1870 and again in 1872. The National Prohibition party, yet in\\nits infancy, presented its first national ticket to the people in 1872. It\\nhad its inception in a meeting of a few friends of temperance (of whom\\nMr. Fish was a leading one), held in Detroit, on the 8th of January, 1867.\\nThis meeting advised the formation of an independent political party,\\nbecause, as they stated, legal prohibition of the liquor traffic is such a\\nradical reform as cannot be accomplished through the agency of a politi-\\ncal party composed of temperance men and the sellers and drinkers of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 79\\nthe English fusileers compensated in some degree for the want of\\nartillery.\\nThe heroism of Montcalm was as conspicuous as that of his\\nillustrious opponent both headed their men both rushed with\\neagerness where the battle raged most fiercely. Often by their\\npersonal prowess and example did they change the fortune of the\\nmoment. Both were repeatedly wounded, but still fought on with\\nenthusiasm. And at last both these gallant commanders fell mor-\\ntally wounded, whilst advancing to the last deadly charge at the\\nhead of their respective columns.\\nWolfe was first wounded in the wrist. He immediately wrapped\\na handkerchief round his arm, and, putting himself at the head of\\nhis grenadiers, led them on to the charge. He was then struck\\nwith a second ball, but still pressed on, when, just as the enemy\\nwere about to give way, he received a third ball in the breast and\\ngroin, and sank. When they raised him from the ground he tried,\\nwith a faint hand, to clear the death-mist from his eyes. He\\ncould not see how the battle went, and was sinking to the earth,\\nwhen the cry, They run they run arrested his fleeting spirit.\\nWho run asked the dying hero. The French, replied his\\nsupporter they give way everywhere. What said he, do\\nthey run already? Now God be praised I die happy; and, so\\nsaying, the youthful victor breathed his last. Such was the death\\nintoxicating liquors. Both the Republican and Democratic parties are so\\ncomposed, and are, therefore, organically disqualified to indorse prohibi-\\ntion as a party measure, and without such indorsement no political party\\ncan be depended upon, when in power, to enact and enforce laws prohib-\\niting the liquor traffic. Hence, they declared that both reason and expe-\\nrience proved the necessity of independent political action on the part of\\nthe friends of prohibition. As the result of this meeting, a State Conven-\\ntion was held at .Jackson, January 27th, 1869, and such a party formed.\\nThe following year they nominated their first State ticket, headed by Mr.\\nFish for Governor, and at the election in November he received a vote\\nexceedingly flattering to himself and his party. In 1872 he was again the\\ncandidate of the same party for the same office, and with similar results.\\nMr. Fish is a careful and competent business man, of far more than\\naverage culture, and a very aflfable and agreeable gentleman.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof Wolfe at the early age of thirty-five, when but few men begin\\neven to appear on the theater of great events.\\nThere is a small monument on the place of his death, with the\\ndate and this inscription Here Wolfe died victorious. He\\nwas too precious to be left even on the field of his glory England,\\njealous of his ashes, had them laid with his father s in Greenwich,\\nthe town in which he was born. The news of these events reached\\nBritain but forty-eight hours later than the first discouraging dis-\\npatch, and spread universal joy for the great victory, and sorrow\\nfor its price. Throughout broad England were illuminations and\\nsongs of triumph one country village was, however, silent and\\nstill there Wolfe s widowed mother mourned her only son.\\nThe chivalrous Montcalm also died nobly. When his wounds\\nwere pronounced mortal, he expressed his thankfulness that he\\nshould die before the surrender of Quebec. On being visited by\\nthe commander of the garrison, M. de Ramzay, and by the com-\\nmandant, De Rousellon, he entreated him to endeavor to secure\\nthe retreat of the army beyond Cap Rouge.\\nBefore he died he paid the victorious army this magnanimous\\ncompliment Since it has been my misfortune to be discomfited\\nand mortally wounded, it is a great satisfaction to me to be van-\\nquished by so brave and generous an enemy. Almost his last act\\nwas to write a letter recommending the French j^risoners to the\\ngenerosity of their victors. He died at five o clock on the morn-\\ning of the 14th of September, and was buried in an excavation\\nmade by the bursting of a shell, near the Ursuline convent.\\nThe battle had scarcely closed before Bougainville appeared in\\nsight but the fate of Canada was decided, the critical moment\\nwas gone. He retired to Pointe aux Trembles en has, where he\\nencamped, and thence he retreated to Three Rivers and Montreal.\\nHad all the French forces been concentrated under Montcalm, it\\nis doubtful if the heroism of the British troops could have secured\\nthe victory, so great was the valor displayed. On the 17th a flag\\nof truce came out of the city, and on the 18th a capitulation was\\neffected on terms honorable to the French, who were not made\\nprisoners, but conveyed home to their own country. General\\nMurray then assumed the command.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nProgress of the French toward Michigan The Struggles and\\nAdventures op the Missionaries Life and Death of the\\nGreat and Good Marquette Pioneer Life.\\nHaving followed the history of New France to the end of\\nthe French rule in Canada, we will now return and trace the west-\\nward movements of civilization to the borders of Michigan.\\nThe French settlers who had established themselves upon the\\nbanks of the St. Lawrence were never wanting in zeal and enter-\\nprise in extending their explorations westward. It was early the\\navowed object of the government to carry the cross of the Catho-\\nlic Church to the remotest bounds of the western territory, and\\nthus to secure the advantages of its great resources. The princi-\\npal directors of the ecclesiastical establishments that were collected\\nat Quebec found it their policy to become informed of the con-\\ndition of the domain of the great lakes, and as early as 1634 the\\nJesuits Breboeuf and Daniel joined a party of Hurons, who were\\nreturning from that walled city, and, passing tlirough to the\\nOttawa River, raised the first hut of the Society of Jesus upon the\\nshore of Lake Iroquois, a bay of Lake Huron, where they daily\\nrang a bell to call the savages to prayer, and performed all those\\nkind offices which were calculated to secure the confidence and\\naflTection of the tribes on the lake shore. In order to confirm the\\nmissions a college was founded in Quebec during the following\\nyear, and a hospital was established at the same place for the\\nunfortunate of every class. A plan for the establishment of mis-\\nsions, not only among the Algonquins of the north, but also south\\nof Lake Michigan and in Michigan, was formed within six years\\nafter the discovery of Canada.\\nCartier was the pioneer, but Champlain was the founder of the\\nFrench power upon this continent. For twenty years succeeding\\n6", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nthe commencement of the seventeenth century he was zealously\\nemployed in planting and rearing upon the banks of the St. Law-\\nrence that infant colony which was destined to extend its branches\\ninto Michigan, and finally to contest with its great rival the sover-\\neignty of North America.\\nWe shall not here attempt to trace the progress of these remote\\nsettlements, nor to mark the alternations of prosperity and adver-\\nsity. They are in this work peculiarly interesting to us only as\\nthey exhibit the gradual and successive steps by which a knowl-\\nedge of the lake country was acquired, and its first settlements\\nfounded. As the tide of French power flows toward Michigan,\\nwe become more anxious to trace its principles and progress, and\\nto inquire into the motives and means of the hardy adventurers\\nwho were every year ascending still further and further the\\nboundless waters before them. It was early discovered that a\\nprofitable trafiic in furs could be carried on with the Indians, and\\nthe excitement of gain prompted those engaged in it to explore\\nevery avenue by which the camp and hunting grounds of the\\nIndians could be approached. A better and nobler feeling, too,\\nbrought to this work a body of learned and pious men, who left\\nbehind them their own world, with all its pleasures and attach-\\nments, and sought in the depths of remote and unknown regions\\nobjects for the exercise of their zeal and piety. The whole history\\nof human character furnishes no more illustrious examples of self-\\ndevotion than are to be found in the records of the establishments\\nof the Roman Catholic missionaries, whose faith and fervor ena-\\nbled them to combat the difficulties around them in life, or to\\ntriumph over them in death.\\nBy the operation of these causes a knowledge of the great fea-\\ntures of the continent was gradually acquired, and the circle of\\nFrench power and influence enlarged. As early as 1632, seven\\nyears only after the foundations of Quebec were laid, the mission-\\naries had penetrated to Lake Huron by the route of Grand River,\\nand Father Sagard has left an interesting narrative of their toils\\nand suflTerings upon its bleak and sterile shores. The Wyandots\\nhad been driven into that region from the banks of the St. Law-\\nrence, by their inveterate enemies, the Iroquois, whose valor,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "flIStORY OIP MICHIGAN.\\n83\\nenterprise and success constitute the romance of Indian history.\\nThe good priests accompanied them in this expatriation, and if\\nthey could not prevent their sufferings, they shared them. No\\nportion of those wide domains was secure from the conquering\\nCOL. WM. M. FENTON.\\nWm. M. Fenton, one of the greatest of Micliigan men, was bom on\\nthe 19th of December, 1808, in Norwich, Chenango county. New York.\\nHere liis fatlier, Hon. .Josepli S. Fenton, was one of the first citizens in\\nwealth and social position, being a prominent banker, and an elder in\\nthe Presbyterian church, of which he was one of the main pillars of\\nsupport. His mother, a member of the same church, was distinguished\\nfor devoted piety and an earnest zeal in every good work.\\nWilliam was the eldest of nine children, and in early life, while under\\nthe parental roof, was remarkable for his integrity and great love for\\nknowledge, which made him a most indefatigable student, so that when", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIroquois, and they pursued tlieir discomfited enemies with relent-\\nless fury. Little would be gained by an attempt to describe the\\nevents of this exterminating warfare. The details are as afflict-\\ning, says General Cass, as any recorded in the long annals of\\nhuman vengeance and human sufferings. Villages were sacked;\\nand by night and by day, in winter and in summer, there was nei-\\nther rest nor safety lor the vanquished. The character of the\\nmissionaries did not exempt them from a lull participation in the\\nmisfortunes of their converts, and many of them were murdered\\nat the foot of the altar, with the crucifix in their hands and the\\nname of God upon their lips. Some were burned at the stake,\\nwith all those horrible accompaniments of savage ingenuity which\\nadd intensity to the pangs of the victims and duration to their\\nsufferings. But nothing could shake the fortitude of these apos-\\ntles. They lived the life of saints, and died the death of martyrs.\\nIt is now difficult to conceive what, however, is now well authen-\\nticated, that two hundred years ago the great central point of\\nIndian influence and intelligence was upon the southern shore of\\nbut fourteen years of age he passed his examination, and entered Hamii-\\nton College. From this institution he graduated at the head of his class\\nin 1827, at the age of eighteen, when the most of students are only pre-\\npared to enter. From the college halls he went into the banking house\\nof his father. The confinement consequent upon this business was too\\nclose for his feeble health, and after a service of but a few months, he\\nentered upon a seafaring life, shipping from Charleston, S. C, as a com-\\nmon sailor. Four years later he left this occupation, having acquired\\nthat physical culture and discipline, and gained that knowledge of\\nhuman nature, wliich proved of great service to him through the remain-\\nder of his life. At the time of quitting his marine life lie was mate of a\\nmerchantman, and was offered the captaincy of a similar craft.\\nIn April, 1884, he married a daughter of Judge James Birdsall, of\\nNorwich, and u\\\\ July of the same year emigrated to Micliigan, at the\\nage of twenty-six. After residing for two years at Pontiac, being\\nengaged in mercantile pursuits, he removed to Genesee county, and\\npurchased the laud where the village of Feutou now stands.\\nIn 1839 he commenced the study of law in Fentonville, and in 1841,\\nwith Andrew Parsons, afterwards Governor, was admitted to Ihe bar.\\nSoon after he engaged in politics, and his talents a^ a lawyer, and his\\nextensive knowledge of men and things, at once made him a leader in\\nI", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 85\\nLake Supevior, aud far townrd its western extremity. This was\\nthe seat of the Chippewa power, aud here was baiaing the eternal\\ntire whose extinction foretold if it did not ocoujiion a national\\ncalamity. No fact, says General Ca.ss, is better established in\\nthe wliole rano-e of Indian history, than the devotion of some, if\\nnot all the tribes, to this characteristic feature of the ancient\\nsuperstition of the Magi. And it proves their separation from the\\nprimitive stock at an early day, when this belief was prevalent\\namong the eastern nations. All the ceremonies attending the\\npreservation of this tire yet lived in Indian traditiou, aud it was\\nstill burning when the French first appeared among them. There\\nwere male aud female guardians, to whose care it was committed\\nand when we recollect the solemn, and ritual, and dreadful impre-\\ncations with which the same pledge of Roman safety was guarded\\nand preserved, it ought not to surprise us that such importance\\nwas attached by the Indians, whose duration was to be coeval with\\ntheir national existence. The augury has proved but too true.\\nThe fire is extinct, aud the power has departed from them. We\\nhave trampled on the one and overthrown the other.\\nthe Democratic party, of which he was a member. In 1844 he was the\\ncandidate of his party for representative in the State Legislature, but was\\ndefeated. At the next election, however, he was chosen Senator from\\nthe district comprising the counties of Oakland, Macomb, Genesee and\\nLivingston. He was twice elected Lieutenant-Governor, serving from\\n1848 to 1852 inclusive, while Governors Ransom and Barry were in office.\\nHe presided with dignity and ability over the Senate, and had the party\\nto which he belonged continued in power, he would undoubtedly have\\nbeen raised to the office of Governor. He was twice nominated for Cir-\\ncuit Judge by his party, and had he been elected he would have secured\\nthe same praise which he so unanimously received while performing\\nother responsible public duties.\\nIn 1850 Mr. Fenton removed to Flint, where he resided until his death.\\nHe was appointed Register of the Land Office in that citj by President\\nPierce, in 1852, aud held the position until the office was removed to\\nSaginaw. During the year 1856 he traveled through Europe with his\\nfamily, for the purpose of improving his wife s failing healtli. Return-\\ning, he was elected Mayor of Flint in 1858.\\nWhen the first murmurings of the late civil war were indistinctly\\nheard throughout our land, the voice of Mr. Fenton was raised far above", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nAs the course of the French trade first took the route of the\\nOttawa River, their establishment upon the upper lakes preceded\\ntheir settlements on the Detroit River. Soon after the middle of\\nthe seventeenth century trading posts were established at Michili-\\nmackinac and the Sault Ste. Marie, at Green Bay, at Chicago and\\nat St. Joseph. It was soon known, from the reports of the\\nIndians, that a great river flowed through the country beyond the\\nlakes in a southerly direction.\\nIn August, 1665, Father Claude Allouez founded the first per-\\nmanent white settlement on Lake Superior, among the kindly and\\nhospitable Indians of the northwest. He soon lighted the torch\\nof Catholicism at the council fires of more than twenty nations.\\nHe came in peace, the messenger of religion and virtue, and he\\nfound warm friends. The Chippewas gathered round him to\\nreceive instruction Pottawatomies, Sacs, Foxes, and even Illinois,\\nan hospitable race, having no weapon but the bow and arrow,\\ndiminished in numbers by wars with the Sioux and the Iroquois,\\ncame to rehearse their sorrows in the hearing of this devoted mis-\\nthe din of party discord for his country, which he loved so well. He\\nhad been and was a Democrat, but he was more than either Democrat or\\nRepublican he was a true patriot, and, dropping all considerations of a\\nparty character, he offered his services to his country in a way that at\\nonce attested his devotion to the principles of American union, and\\nproved how much dearer his country was to him than his life. His\\nwealth was also freely given to sustain the cause for which he fought,\\nand, when financial difficulties first faced the government, he telegraphed\\nto Governor Blair that the sum of |o,000 of his private means was at the\\ndisposal of the State for the equipment of the State troops. Early in the\\nseason of 1861 he was appointed a member of the State Military Board,\\nand shortly afterward he received the appointment of major of the Seventh\\nInfantry. On the 7th of August following, being commissioned by Gov-\\nernor Blair, colonel of the Eighth Infantry, he, with that regiment, started\\nfor the seat of war in Virginia, on the 37th of September, 1861. This regi-\\nment he was mainly instrumental in recruiting, and he seemed to diffuse\\nhis own courage through the entire command. No regiment has a better\\nrecord, and, while health permitted, his record and that of the Eighth\\nare identical. The rapidity and number of its marches were such as to\\ngive it the name of the wandering regiment. From the time that it\\nstarted for the seat of war until November 1st, 1861, a little more than", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 87\\nsiouary. His curiosity was roused by their account of the noble\\nriver on which they dwelt, and which flowed toward the south.\\nThey had no forests, but instead of them vast prairies, where\\nherds of deer, and buffalo, and other animals, grazed on the tall\\ngrasses. They explained, also, the wonders of their peace pipe,\\nand declared it to be their custom to welcome the friendly stranger\\nwith shouts of joy. Their country, said Allouez, is the best\\nfield for the gospel; had I leisure I would have gone to their\\ndwellings, to see with my own eyes all the good that was told me\\nof them.\\nIn 1668 additional missionaries arrived from France, who, fol-\\nlowing in the footsteps of those already mentioned, Dablon and\\nMarquette, founded the mission at St. Mary s Falls, on the shores\\nof Lake Superior. While residing at St. Mary s, Father Mar-\\nquette resolved to explore the Mississippi, of whose magnificence\\nhe had heard so much. Some Pottawatomie Indians, having\\nheard him express this resolution, attempted to turn him from his\\npurpose. Those distant nations, said they, never spare the\\nthirty clays, it had been engaged in nine battles, occurring in four differ-\\nent States, South Cai olina, Georgia, Virginia and Maryland. From this\\ntime until April 16th, 18M2, it was engaged most creditably in several\\nbattles, and afterwards became specially noted in the spirited engagement\\nat the reconnoissance made on board the steamer Honduras, by Colonel\\nFenton, at Wilmington Island, Ga., where, after landing from the boat,\\nit encountered the Thirteenth Georgia, about eight hundi ed strong, and\\ndrove them from the field in confusion. On the 16th of June following\\nan assault was made on the enemy s works at Secessionville, on James s\\nIsland, S. C. The direct attack was made by Colonel Fenton, under\\nGeneral Stevens. Colonel Fenton led the brigade, while his own gallant\\nregiment was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Graves. This was one\\nof the most dashing ^ssaults of the war, but made at a distressing sacri-\\nfice of life.\\nColonel Fenton s health failing, he was compelled to tender his resig-\\nnation, which was accepted in March, 1863, after having done his country\\nincalculable service. His name has passed into the history of his coun-\\ntry, and his gallantry and patriotism have become a part of the record of\\nwhich his State may well feel proud. When he could no longer serve in\\nthe army, his whole energies and wide influence were given to aid the\\ngovernment in its mighty struggle to remain intact.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nstranger; the great river abounds with monsters which devour\\nboth men and canoes.\\nI shall gladly, replied Marquette, lay down my life for the\\nsalvation of souls. Such was the noble spirit of this brave and\\nworthy missionary, such his entire devotedness to the sacred prin-\\nciples of that religion of which he was the humble expounder.\\nContinued and peaceful commerce with the French having con-\\nfirmed the attachment of the Indian tribes of Canada and the\\nNoi thwest, a friendly alliance was now sought with them which\\nwas well calculated to extend the power of France on the conti-\\nnent. In May, 1671, a grand Indian council was held at the Falls\\nof St. Mary s. At this council, convoked by the agents of the\\nFrench government, it was announced to the tribes assembled\\nfrom the banks of the Mississippi, the head springs of the St.\\nLawrence and the Red River, that they were placed under the\\nprotection of the French king, formal possession being taken of\\nCanada and the Northwest by officers acting under his authority.\\nThe Jesuit missionaries were present to consecrate the imposing\\nIn 1864 lie was the Democratic candidate for governor of the State, in\\nopposition to Governor Crapo.\\nUpon his return from the seat of war, he gave his attention to the prac-\\ntice of liis profession, in whicli he ranlied very liigh, and to the details of\\nhis personal business, which was quite large. He built the magnificent\\nblock in Flint which bears his name, was the founder of the Citizens\\nNational Bank in that city, and the president of it at the time of his\\ndeath. He was also chief engineer of the Fire Department of that city,\\nand, while in the performance of the arduous duties of that office, he met\\nwith the accident which caused his death.\\nOn the evening of May 11th, 1871, hearing an alarm of fire, he ran\\nrapidly to the rescue, striking himself against a hitching post with great\\nviolence, from which he received the injuries which resulted in his death\\nat eleven o clock the following evening.\\nThe death of Colonel Fenton was a blow felt througliout the State, but\\nmore especially in his own city, where he occupied a position which but\\nfew men can ever attain. On the day of his funeral, all places of business\\nin Flint were closed, and his remains were followed to their last resting\\nplace by a funeral cortege which constituted the most striking and bril-\\nliant spectacle ever witnessed in that city, being conducted under the\\nimposing ceremonies of the Knights Templar.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nceremonial. A cross of cedar was erected, and by its side rose a\\ncolumn of similar wood, on which was engraved the lilies of the\\nBourbons. The authority and faith of France being thus pro-\\nclaimed, the whole company, bowing before the image of man s\\nredemption, chanted to its glory a hymn of the seventh century.\\nOn the 10th of June, 1673, Father Marquette, who had long\\nentertained the idea of exploring the Mississippi, the great river\\nof the West, accompanied by Joliet, five Frenchmen, and two\\nAlgonquin guides, ascended to the head of the Fox River, and,\\ncarrying their two bark canoes across the narrow portage which\\ndivides the Fox River from the Wisconsin, launched them upon\\nthe waters of the latter. The guides now left them, and for seven\\ndays they floated down the stream, between alternate prairies and\\nhill sides, beholding neither man nor beast through the solitudes\\nof a wilderness, the stillness of which overawed their spirits. At\\nlength, to their inexpressible joy, their frail canoes struck the\\nmighty waters of the Mississippi, rolling through verdant prairies\\ndotted with herds of buffalo, and its banks overhung with primi-\\ntive forests.\\nHaving sailed down this noble stream for about sixty leagues,\\nthey discovered, toward the close of June, an Indian trail on its\\nwestern bank. It was like the human footste[)s which Robinson\\nCrusoe saw in tlie sand, and which liad not been effaced by the\\nrising of the tides or the rolling of the waters. A little footpath\\nwas soon found, and, leaving their companions in the canoes, Mar-\\nquette and Joliet determined to brave alone a meeting with the\\nsavages. After following the little path for about six miles, they\\ndiscovered an Indian village. First imploring the protection of\\nDivine Providence, they made known their presence to the Indi-\\nans by uttering a loud cry. At this cry, says Marquette, the\\nIndians rushed out of their cabins, and, having probably recog-\\nnized us as French, especially seeing a black gown, or at least\\nhaving no reason to distrust us, seeing we were but two, and had\\nmade known our coming, they deputed four old men to come and\\nspeak with us. Two carried tobacco pipes, well adorned and\\ntrimmed with many kinds of feathers. They marched slowly,\\nlifting their pipes toward the sun, as if offering them to him to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n91\\nsmoke, but yet without uttering a single word. They were a long\\ntime coming the little way from the village to us. Having\\nreached us at last, they stopped to consider us attentively. I now\\ntook courage, seeing these ceremonies, which are used by them\\nHON. MARTIN S. BRACKETT.\\nMartin S. Brackett, one of the leading men of the Peninsular Rail-\\nway of this State, was born at Elbridge, Onondaga County, New York,\\nDecember 19th, 1810. He is the youngest son of Captain Ezra Brackett,\\nwho was one of the first settlers of Elbridge. Mr. Brackett s boyhood\\ndays were passed with his father, on whose farm and in whose brickyard\\nhe worked during the summers, and attended school during the winters.\\nAt the age of fifteen he commenced his studies in the academy at Onon-\\ndaga Hollow, where he remained three terms. At the expiration of the\\nthird term, he returned to his native town, and continued his studies", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nouly with friends I tlierefore spoke to them first, and asked them\\nwho they were. We are, said they, Illinois, and, in token of\\npeace, they presented us their pipes to smoke. They then invited\\nus to their village, where all the tribe awaited us with impatience.\\nThese pipes are called in the couutiy calumets.\\nOur travelers having arrived at the village, an aged chief bid\\nthem welcome to his cabin with uplifted hands, their usual method\\nof receiving strangers. How beautiful, said the chief, is the\\nsun. Frenchman, when thou eomest to visit us Our whole vil-\\nlage awaits thee thou shalt enter in peace into all our dwellings.\\nA gi-and council of the whole tribe was held, which Marquette\\naddressed on the subject of the Christian religion, informing them\\nat the same time that the French king had subjugated their ene-\\nmies, the Iroquois, and questioning them respecting the Mississippi\\nand the tribes which inhabited its banks. The missionary having\\nfinished, the sachem of the Illinois arose, and spoke thus I\\nthank thee, black gown, and thee. Frenchman, addressing M.\\nJoliet, for taking so much pains to come and visit us. Never\\nhas the earth been so beautiful, nor the sun so bright as to-day\\nnever has our river been so calm, nor so free from rocks, which\\nyour canoes have removed as they passed never has our tobacco\\nunder the instructions of the Rev. Timothy Stowe, pastor of the Presby-\\nterian churcli of that village, until the latter part of the summer of 1828.\\nAt this time Mr. Brackett, for his brother, took charge of a large number\\nof men and teams going overland to Washington, D. C. and assisted in\\nthe construction of nine miles of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, in\\nwhich there were nine locks. This work occupied some two years, at\\nthe end of which he again returned to Elbridge, and resumed his studies\\nwith the reverend gentleman heretofore mentioned.\\nIn the spring of 1831 he commenced civil engineering, under the super-\\nvision of .ludge Wright, in the State of New Jersey, and assisted in the\\nconstruction of the canal built through New Jersey at that time, and also\\nthe partial excavation of the canal for the water works at Trenton. The\\nTrenton Company being enjoined from further proceedings, Mr. Brack-\\nett went to Philadelphia, and took a contract on the Philadelphia, Ger-\\nmantown and Morristown Railroad. After finishing his contract on\\nthis road, he went to New York City and contracted with Robert L.\\nStevens, Esq., to furnish the stone blocks for the Camden and Amboy\\nRailroad. Completing this contract, he returned to Onondaga and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 93\\nhad so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we\\nbehold it to-day. Here is my son that I give thee, that thou\\nmayest know my heart. I pray thee to take pity on me and all\\nmy nation. Thou knowest the Great Spirit who has made us all,\\nthou speakest to him and hearest his word ask him to give me\\nlife and health, and come and dwell with us that we may know\\nhim.\\nSaying this, says Marquette, he placed the little slave near\\nus, and made us a second present, an all-mysterious calumet,\\nwhich they value more than a slave. By this present he showed\\nus his esteem for our governor, after the account we had given of\\nhim. By the third he begged us, in behalf of the whole nation,\\nnot to proceed further, on account of the great dangers to which\\nwe exposed ourselves. I replied that I did not fear death, and\\nthat I esteemed no happiness greater than that of losing my life\\nfor the glory of Him who made all.\\nThis council was followed by a festival of Indian meal, fish,\\nand the choicest products of the prairies. The town, consisting of\\nabout three hundred cabins, was then visited. Its inhabitants,\\nwho had never before seen a Frenchman, gazed at them with\\nastonishment, and made them presents. While we marched\\nentered the law office of the Hon. James R. Lawrence, where he studied\\nthe legal profession for over two years.\\nIn 1836 the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was commenced, and Mr.\\nBrackett contracted for and completed the heaviest work on the line. It\\nwas also under his supervision that the Erie Canal was enlarged from\\nSyracuse to Geddes.\\nIn the spring of 1838 Mr. Brackett removed to Micliigan, settling in the\\nvillage of Bellevue, where he still resides. He officiated as Deputy\\nCounty Clerk at the first term of the Circuit Court held in his county, in\\nin the autumu of 1838, the Hon. .Judge Ransom presiding. The same\\nfall he entered the firm of Gibbs Bradley, attorneys, in Marshall, and,\\nin the following year, was admitted to the practice of his profession in\\nall the courts of the State. During the autumn of this j^ear he was\\nelected to the office of County Clerk, which position he held for three\\nsuccessive terms, perforniiug the duiles of the office in a creditable and\\nhighly satisfactory manner. Immediately upon the expiration of his\\nthird term as County Clerk, the citizens of liis county chose him as their\\nProsecuting Attorney, in which official position he remained three years,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94 QfiliERAL EtIStORY OF* THE STATES\\nthrough the streets, says Marquette, au orator was constantly\\nharanguing, to oblige all to see us without being troublesome.\\nWe were everywhere presented with belts, garters, and other\\narticles, made of the hair of the bear and wild cattle, dyed red,\\nyellow and gray. These are their rarities, but, not being of con-\\nsequence, we did not burden ourselves with them. We slept in\\nthe sachem s cabin, and the next day took leave of him, promising\\nto pass back through his town in four moons. He escorted us to\\nour canoes with nearly six hundred persons, who saw us embark,\\nevincing in every possible way the pleasure our visit had given\\nthem.\\nThe following is a brief abstract from the account given by\\nFather Marquette of the manners and customs of the Illinois\\nIndians at the period of his visit. Haj^pily, the Jesuits were\\nmen of learning and observation, who felt the importance of their\\nposition, so that while faithfully discharging the duties of their\\nreligious profession, they carefully recorded the progress of events\\naround them\\nTo say Illinois is, in their language, to say the men, as if\\nother Indians compared to them were beasts. They are divided\\ninto several villages, some of which are quite distant from each\\nholding it one year by appointment. In 1842 he received the nomination\\nof the Whig party for State Senator, but, with his party, was defeated at\\nthe election. In 1848, finding himself diftering in many essential points\\nfrom the Whigs, he left that party and joined his fortunes with the Demo-\\ncrats, from whom he received the nomination for State Senator in 1856,\\nand for Lieutenant-Governor in 1864.\\nOn the 7th of September, 1865, the Peninsular Railway Company waa\\norganized in Mr. Brackett s office, in Bellevue, at which time he was\\nelected a director, and secretary and attorney of the company. He has\\nheld these offices ever since, with the exception of the office of secretary,\\nwhich was held by the Hon. Charles W. Clisbie from February, 1868,\\nuntil March, 1869.\\nMr. Brackctt also held the office of Grand Worthy Chief of the Inde\\npendent Order of Good Templars of the State, for three years.\\nAs a man he has at all times contributed much towards the reformation\\nof the evils by which his fellow man WaS surrounded, and has ever\\nworked for the good of his town and State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "HISTOHY OF MICHIGAN.\\n95\\nother, and which produces a diversity in their language, which in\\ngeneral has a great affinity for the Algonquin. They are mild\\nand tractable in disposition, have many wives, of whom they are\\nextremely jealous they watch them carefully, and cut off their\\nHON. TIMOTHY JEROME.\\nTimothy Jerome, of Saginaw City, was born in the vicinity of Tru-\\nmansburg, N. Y., in 1820. His parents settled in Detroit in 1828, and,\\nexcept from 1831 to 1884, he lias resided in the Territory and State of\\nMichigan ever since in St. Clair countj until 1852, and from that time in\\nSaginaw county. During the whole period of his residence in the latter\\ncounty he has lived in the city of Saginaw, and there he has fixed his\\npermanent abode. During his boyhood the opportunities for education\\nin Michigan were limited, but he made the most of them. Though his\\nattainments as a scholar were not such as to give any particular direction", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnoses and ears when they do not behave well I saw several who\\nbore the marks of their infidelity. They are well formed, nimble\\nand very adroit in using the bow and arrow. They use guns,\\nalso, which they buy of our Indian allies, who trade with the\\nFrench they use them especially to terrify the nations against\\nwhom they go to war. These nations have no knowledge of Euro-\\npeans, are unacquainted with the use of either iron or copper, and\\nhave nothing but stone knives. When the Illinois go to war, a\\nloud cry is made at the door of each hut in the village, the\\nmorning and evening before the warriors set out. The chiefs\\nare distinguished from the soldiers by a scarf, ingeniously made\\nof the hair of bears and wild oxen. The face is painted with red\\nlead, or ochre, which is found in great quantities a few days\\njourney from the village. They live by game, which is abundant\\nin this country, and on Indian corn. They also sow beans and\\nmelons. Their squashes they dry in the sun, to eat in the winter\\nand spring. Their cabins are very large, and lined and floored\\nwith rush mats. They make all their dishes of wood, and their\\nspoons of the bones of the buffalo. Their only clothes are skins\\ntheir women are always dressed very modestly and decently,\\nwhile the men do not take any pains to cover themselves.\\nIt now only remains for me to speak of the calumet, than\\nwhich there is nothing among them more mysterious or more\\nesteemed. Men do not pay to the crowns and sceptres of kings\\nto his labors in later life, they were sufBcieut, with the practical training\\nof experience in his early manhood, to discipline his mind and develop\\nhis versatile talent.\\nIn business he has displayed a resolute courage and great fertility of\\nmental resource. He has succeeded as a lumberman, in steamboating,\\nand in important and delicate negotiations. As the fruit of his varied\\noperations, he has acquired a goodly property, and is recognized as one\\nof the solid men of the Saginaw Valley.\\nHe served one term in the Michigan Legislature, as member of the\\nHouse for Saginaw county, in 185 T-8. With that exception, and though\\noccasionally a zealous politician, he has udc held nor souglit office.\\nSocially he is genial, attractive in manner and conver.satiou, surrounded\\nwith hosts of friends and admirers. He is warm in his friendships, and\\npossesses an unusually long and grateful memory of little kindnesses.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 97\\nthe honor they pay to it. It seems to be the god of peace and\\nAvai the arbiter of life and death. Carry it about you and show\\nit, and you can march fearlessly amid enemies, who, even in the\\nheat of battle, lay down their arms when it is shown. Hence the\\nIllinois gave me one, to serve as a safeguard amid all the Indian\\nnations that I had to pass on my voyage.\\nSuch is the account left by Marquette of the condition of the\\nIllinois Indians, at the time of his visit, in 1673. Taking leave\\nof these hospitable savages, our adventurous travelers once more\\nlaunched forth on the broad waters of the Mississippi. As they\\nfloated down this noble river day after day, they gradually entered\\non the richer scenery of a southern climate. The sombre pines\\nof the woods of Canada, the forests of oak and maple, were, by\\ndegrees, exchanged for the lofty Cottonwood, the fan-like palmetto,\\nand the noble arborescent ferns of the tropics. They began to\\nsuffer from the increasing heat, and from legions of mosquitos,\\nwhich haunt the swampy margin of the stream. At length they\\narrived at that part of the stream which, upwards of a century\\nbefore, had been discovered by De Soto and his ill-fated compan-\\nions, in the country of the war-like Chickasaws. Here they were\\nattacked by a fleet of canoes filled with Indians, armed with bows\\nand arrows, clubs, and axes but when the old men got a fair\\nview of the calumet, or peace-pipe, w^hich Marquette continually\\nheld up to view, their hearts were touched, and they restrained the\\nIn the ordinary routine and exigencies of business, he is prompt, diligent,\\nand quietly executive he works out his plans without display. He has\\never been punctilious in the performance of his undertakings, and so\\nmoderate and just in his dealings, that he has seldom, if ever, been a\\nparty to any litigation.\\nIt is apparent, from many interesting episodes in his life, that he sel\\ndom puts forth more than a minimum of his strength. When occasions\\narise of such interest or importance as to thoroughly arouse him, he dis-\\nplays powers of argument, ridicule and irony, amounting to genius.\\nNone of these outbursts are the result of preparation they come from a\\nsudden impulse, like an inspiration they are eloquence in words and\\naction quick, apropos and decisive. His antagonist is first astonished,\\nthen confounded, then overwhelmed without the opportunity or power\\nof resistance, he is seized and subdued, as by a coup de main.\\n7", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nimpetuosity of their young warriors by throwing their bows and\\narrows into the two canoes, as a token of peace and welcome.\\nHaving been hospitably entei tained by these Indians, they were\\nescorted the following day by a deputation in a canoe, which pre-\\nceded them as far as the village of Akamsea (Arkansas). Here\\nthey were received most kindly the natives continually bringing\\nwooden dishes of sagamity Indian corn or pieces of dog flesh,\\nwhich were, of course, respectfully declined. These Indians\\ncooked in earthen pots, and served their food on earthenware\\ndishes were very amiable and unceremonious, each man helping\\nhimself from the dish, and passing it on to his neighbor.\\nIt was here that the travelers wisely terminated their explora-\\ntions. M. Joliet and I, says Marquette, held a council to\\ndeliberate on what we should do whether we should push on, or\\nrest satisfied with the discoveries we had made. After having\\nattentively considered that we were not far from the Gulf of\\nMexico, the basin of which is 31\u00c2\u00b0 40 north, and we at 33\u00c2\u00b0 40\\nso that we could not be more than two or three days journey off*;\\nthat the Mississippi undoubtedly had its mouth in Florida, or the\\nGulf of Mexico, and not on the east, in Virginia, whose seacoast\\nis 34\u00c2\u00b0 north. Moreover, we considered that we risked losing the\\nfruit of our voyage if we fell into the hands of the Spaniards,\\nwho would undoubtedly make us prisoners and that we were not\\nin condition to resist the Indians who infested the lower parts of\\nthe river. All these considerations induced us to return. This\\nAve announced to the Indians, and, after a day s rest, prepared for\\nit.\\nOn their return, they left the Mississippi at the thirty-eighth\\ndegree of latitude, and entered the Illinois River, which greatly\\nshortened their voyage. The country through which this river\\nflows was found to be full of fertile and beautiful prairies, abound-\\ning in wild ducks, swans, parrots, and turkeys. The tribe of\\nIllinois living on its banks entreated Marquette and his compan-\\nions to come and live with them but as Marquette intimated his\\nanxiety to continue his voyage, a chosen party conducted him by\\nway of Chicago to Lake Michigan and before the end of Sep-\\ntember all were once more safely landed at Green Bay. Joliet", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n99\\nreturned to Quebec to announce the discoveries they had made,\\nwhilst Marquette remained to preach the gospel to the Miamis, near\\nChicago.\\nFather James Marquette having promised the Illinois Indians\\nTHOMAS P. SHELDON,\\nThomas P. Sheldon, a leading banker of East Saginaw, Michigan,\\nwas born in White Pigeon, St. Josepli county, Michigan, in 1833. His\\nparents removed to Detroit when he was but a child, where he remained\\nuntil the spring of 1862, when he permanently located in East Saginaw,\\ntaking charge of the Saginaw Valley Bank. In 1867 he severed his con-\\nnection with that institution, and organized a Savings Bank in that city,\\nwhich he is still conducting with marked ability.\\nMr. Sheldon is an energetic business man, well qualified to manage the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nto return among them to teach them the gospel, had great diffi-\\nculty in keeping his word. The hardships of his first voyage had\\nbrought on a disease which deterred him from undertaking a\\nsecond. His malady, however, abating, and having obtained the\\npermission of his superiors, he set out for this purpose in the month\\nof November, 1674, with two men, one of whom had already\\nmade his first voyage with him. During a month s navigation on\\nthe Illinois Lake Lake Michigan his health became partially\\nrestored but when winter set in, his old malady returned with\\nincreased violence, and he was forced to stop in the river which\\nleads to the Illinois. Here he spent the winter in such want of\\nevery comfort, that his illness constantly increased. The ice\\nbreaking up on the approach of spring, and feeling somewhat bet-\\nter, he continued his voyage, and at length was enabled to fulfill\\nhis promise to the Illinois, arriving at their town on the 8th of\\nApril, where he was enthusiastically received. Being compelled\\nto leave them by the return of his malady, he resumed his voyage,\\nand soon after reached the Illinois Lake. His strength gradually\\nfailed as he sailed along the shores of the lake, and his men\\ndespaired of being able to carry him alive to the end of his jour-\\nney. Perceiving a little river, with an eminence on the bank not\\nfar from its mouth, at his request his companions sailed into it,\\nand carried him ashore. Here they constructed a wretched bark\\ncabin, where they laid him as little uncomfortably as they could\\nbut they were so overcome by sadness that, as they afterward said,\\nthey did not know what they were doing. Perceiving his end\\napproaching, he called his companions and embraced them for the\\nlast time, they melting in tears at his feet. He then directed that\\nhis crucifix, which he wore constantly around his neck, should be\\nheld before his eyes and after repeating the profession of his\\nfaith, he devoutly thanked God for his gracious kindness in allow-\\ning him to die as a humble missionary of Jesus Christ, and above\\nall to die as he had always prayed that he might die in a rude\\naffairs of a banking institution, and the material success wliicli he has\\nfairly earned is alike beneficial to himself and to the place in which he\\nUas labored.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 101\\ncabin in the forests, destitute of all human aid. He afterwards\\nbecame silent, his whole appearance denoting that he was con-\\nversing inwardly with God. His countenance then suddenly\\nbrightened with a smile, and he expii ed without a struggle.\\nHis two poor broken-hearted companions, after shedding many\\ntears over his inanimate body, carried it devoutly to the grave,\\nand raised a large cross near it, to serve as a mark to passers by.\\nDid the savages respect that cross They did. We can pro-\\nnounce no higher enlogium on Father James Marquette, than the\\nfact that the Kiskakon Indians, to whom he had preached the\\ngospel, retui-niug from hunting on the banks of Lake Illinois,\\nrepaired to the missionary s grave, and, after mature deliberation,\\nresolved to act with their father as they usually did with the best\\nbeloved of their own tribe. They reverently disinterred the\\nremains, and putting them into a neatly constructed box of birch\\nbark, removed them from the wilderness to the nearest Catholic\\nchurch, where they were solemnly buried with appropriate cere-\\nmonies.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nROBEKT DE LA SaLLE FiRST VESSEL ON LaKE ErIE LoSS OF THE\\nGriffin Unfortunate Expedition in Search of the Missis-\\nsippi Mutinous Conduct op La Salle s Men Death of La\\nSalle His Character Fate of His Companions.\\nAbout the time of the death of Father Marquette there dwelt,\\nat the outlet of Lake Ontario, Robert Cavalier de la Salle, an\\nadventurer of good family, who was educated by the Jesuits.\\nHe was engaged in the fur trade with the Indians, in the prosecu-\\ntion of which he had explored Lakes Ontario and Erie. His\\nenergy and ability having attracted the attention of Frontenac,\\nthe French Governor, he repaired to France, and, aided by Fron-\\ntenac, obtained a patent of nobility, a monopoly of the trade with\\nthe Iroquois, and an extensive tract of country in the neighbor-\\nhood of Fort Frontenac, on the condition of his keeping the fort\\nin an effective state. Around this stronghold soon clustered the\\nhuts of Indians and the dwellings of French traders. Their\\nflocks and herds increased, pasture-land and corn-covered clear-\\nings opened up the forest; groups of Iroquois built their cabins\\nin the environs; the missionaries commenced their labors; canoes\\nmultiplied upon the borders of the lake; and La Salle, but yes-\\nterday a poor adventurer, suddenly found himself invested with\\nall the power and opulence belonging to a feudal sovereign in the\\nwilderness.\\nBut his ambitious spirit would not let him rest contented with\\nwhat he had acquired. Having heard of the mighty river of the\\nfar West, and the discoveries of Marquette, his imagination\\nbecame inflamed, and he was induced to undertake schemes of\\ncolonization and aggrandizement, which ended in disaster and\\ndeath.\\nIn 1677 La Salle sailed to France and sought an interview with", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n103\\nColbert, then prime minister. To him he proposed the union of\\nNew France with the valley of the Mississippi, and suggested\\ntheir close connection l)y a line of military posts. He proposed\\nalso to open the commerce of Europe to them both. Colbert lis-\\nHON. JONATHAN B. TUTTLE.\\nJonathan Browne Tuttle, the subject of this sketch, was born at\\nLodi, Medina County, Ohio, on the 15th day of August, 1841. His par-\\nents were New Enghmd people, who emigrated to Ohio at an early day.\\nMr. Tuttle s early life Avas spent in his native village, and his education\\nobtained in the local schools and at Oberlin College. At the age of sev-\\nenteen Mr. Tuttle began the study of law in the office of Wm. F. Moore,\\nand afterwards pursued a regular course of study at the Ohio State and\\nUnion Law College, at Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated in the early", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntened with delight to the gigantic schemes of the young enthusiast,\\nand a royal commission was soon procured, empowering him to\\nexplore the valley of the Mississippi, and giving him an exclusive\\nmonopoly in the trade of buffalo skins.\\nOn the 14th of July, 1678, La Salle sailed from France with\\nall needful supplies for the voyage, and merchandise for the Indian\\ntrade, and in the month of September arrived again at Fort\\nFrontenac. Having built a wooden canoe of ten tons burden,\\nthe first that ever sailed on the Niagara River he ascended\\nthat river to the vicinity of the great falls, and, above them, com-\\nmenced building a ship of 60 tons burden, which, in the summer\\nof 1679, was launched on the waters of Lake Erie, amid a salvo\\nfrom his artillery, and the chanting of the Te Deum. In this\\nvessel, which was called the Grifiin, La Salle sailed across Lake\\nErie, and up the Detroit, or strait Avhich separates it from that\\nlimpid sheet of water, to which he gave the appropriate name of\\nLake St. Clair and having escaped from storms on Lake Huron,\\nand constructed a trading-house at Mackinaw, on Lake Michigan,\\nhe cast anchor in Green Bay.\\nIn Green Bay La Salle bartered his goods with the natives for\\na rich cargo of furs, with which the Griffin Avas loaded and sent\\nback to Niagara, that the peltry might be sold and a remittance\\nmade to his creditors. In the meantime La Salle and his com-\\npanions, pending the return of the Grifiin with supplies, ascended\\nLake Michigan to the mouth of the St. Joseph, where the mission-\\nary Allouez had established a station, and to which he now added\\na fort, known as the Fort of the Miamis. His whole fortune\\ndepended on the return of the Griffin, and of her no tidings were\\npart of the year 1862, being the youngest of a graduating class of forty-\\nfive. He began his practice the same year at Cleveland, in the office of\\nGeneral John Crowell.\\nIn the summer of the same year Mr. Tuttle entered the Union army as\\na private soldier, and, after passing througli various grades of promotion\\nto that of iptain of infantry, was honorably discharged, by reason of\\npliysical disabilitj in the summer of 18(54. Soon after leaving the army,\\nMr. Tuttle located at the city of Alpena, wliich then was a small liamlet,\\nand entered upon tlie praetice of law.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 105\\nheard. Wearied with delay, he resolved to explore the Illinois\\nterritory and leaving ten men to guard his little fort, La Salle,\\nwith a chosen body of thirty followers, ascended the St. Joseph s\\nRiver, and transporting his bark canoes across a short portage,\\nentered the Kankakee, a branch of the Illinois River. Descend-\\ning its narrow stream, the travelers reached, by the end of Decem-\\nber, an Indian village on the Illinois, the natives of which were\\nabsent on a hunting expedition. Being in great want of provi-\\nsions. La Salle took advantage of their absence to help himself to\\na sufficiency of maize, of which his followers found large quanti-\\nties hidden in holes under their wigwams. The corn having been\\nshipped they again set sail, and on the 4th of January, 1680,\\nentered Lake Peoria. The Illinois Indians on the banks of this\\nlake were friendly, and here La Salle erected another fort. As no\\ntidings had been received of his missing vessel, to proceed farther\\nwithout supplies was impossible his followers became discouraged,\\nand in great despondency he named his new fort Crevecoeur\\nbroken-hearted in memory of his trials and misfortunes.\\nLa Salle now perceived that he must go back himself to Fron-\\ntenac for supplies and to prevent the entire stagnation of dis-\\ncovery during his absence, he requested the Jesuit missionary.\\nFather Hennepin, Avho accompanied the expedition, to go to the\\nMississippi, and explore that stream to its source, whilst Tonti, a\\nveteran Italian, w^as chosen to command in his absence, with\\ninstructions to endeavor to strengthen and extend his relations\\namong the Indians. He then, in the month of March, 1680, with\\nonly three companions, set off on foot to travel a distance of at\\nleast 1,200 miles, through marshes and melting snows, through\\nthickets and forests, with no supplies but what the gun affi)rded, a\\nIn 1865 lie was married to Miss Ross, a Canadian lady, by whom he\\nlias one child a daughter.\\nHe has since held the oflfices of judge of probate, circuit court commis-\\nsioner, prosecuting attorney, city attorney, and various others, and con-\\ntinues to practice his profession at Alpena, where he still resides, having\\nbeen identified with the growth and development of that active and\\nflourishing city. Mr. Tuttle is one of the leading lawyers in the northern\\npart of the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "lUH GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nblanket and a few t?kins, with which to make moccasins, or Indian\\nshoes. No record exists of what befell him on that long journey,\\nwhich he, however, finally accomplished.\\nLa kSalle found, a.s he fully expected, that the Griffin had been\\nwrecked that his agents had cheated him and that his creditors\\nhad seized his goods. His courage overcame every difficulty and\\nby midsummer, in 1680, he returned once more to his little garri-\\nson in Illinois, with a body of new adventurers, large supplies of\\nmerchandise, and stores for rigging a brigantine. But disasters had\\nl)efallen his agents during his absence, and the post in Illinois\\nwas deserted. Having succeeded in finding Tonti, and collecting\\nhis scattered followers, he .constructed a capacious barge, and in\\nthe early part of January, 1682, La Salle and his company\\ndescended the Mississippi to the sea.\\nThey landed on the bank of the most western channel, about\\nthree leagues from its mouth. On the 7th, La Salle went to recon-\\nnoitre the shores of the neighboring sea, while Tonti examined\\nthe great middle channel. They found there two outlets, beauti-\\nful, large and deep. On the 8th they reaseended the river a little\\nabove its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the\\nreach of inundations. Here they prepared a column and a crcjss,\\nand to the said column they affixed the arms of France, M ith this\\ninscription\\nLouis le Grand, Roi de France et de Navarre, regne\\nneuvieme avril, 1682.\\nThe Te Deum was then sung, and after a salute of fire-arms, the\\ncolumn was erected by La Salle, who laid claim to the whole of\\nthe Mississippi valley for the French king, with the usual formali-\\nties. After erecting another fort, called St. Louis, and giving the\\ntitle of Louisiana to the newly discovered territory. La Salle, in\\nthe autumn of 1683, returned in triumph to France.\\nThe account given by him of the extraordinary beauty of the\\nMississi])pi valley created the utmost enthusiasm among the\\nFi ench peoj)le. Prej^arations were immediately commenced by\\nthe agents of the king, to provide an extensive outfit, and on the\\n24th of July, 1684, four vessels, having on board two hundred", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 GENERAL HISTORY OF THK STATES.\\nand eighty persons, ecclesiastics, soldiers, mechanics and emigrants,\\nleft Roehelle full of ardor and expectation, for the far-famed\\ncountry of Louisiana. The soldiers had for their commander,\\nJoutel, a man of courage and truth, who afterwards became the\\nhistorian of this disastrous expedition.\\nMisfortunes overtook them from the very commencement of\\ntheir voyage. Difficulties arose between La Salle and the naval\\ncommander, Avhich impeded the voyage and on the 10th of Jan-\\nuary, 1685, they unfortunately passed the mouth of the Missis-\\nsippi, La Salle soon perceived their error, and wished to return\\nbut this the commander of the fleet refused to do, and they con-\\ntinued their course until they arrived at the Bay of Matagorda,\\nin Texas. Completely tired of disputes with Beaujeau, the naval\\ncommander, and conjecturing that the numerous streams which\\nhad their outlet in the bay, might be branches of the Mississippi,\\nor might lead to its discovery. La Salle resolved to disembark.\\nAs the vessels entered the harbor, the store-ship, on which the\\ninfant colony mainly depended, was completely Avrecked by the\\ncarelessness of the pilot. Calming the terrible energy of his\\ngrief. La Salle, by the aid of boats from the other vessels, suc-\\nceeded in recovering a part of the cargo, but night coming on,\\nand with it a gale of wind, the store-ship was utterly dashed to\\npieces. To add to their distress, a party of Indians came down to\\nthe shore to plunder the wreck, and murdered two of the volun-\\nteers.\\nSeveral of the men who had now landed became discouraged,\\nand returned to the fleet, which immediately set sail, leaving La\\nSalle with a desponding company of two hundred and thirty souls,\\nhuddled together in a miserable fort, built with fragments of the\\nwreck. Stimulated to extraordinary efforts by the energy and\\nexample of La Salle, a beautiful spot was selected, and a more\\nsubstantial and comfortable fort constructed. La Salle was the\\narchitect, and marked the beams, mortises and tenons himself.\\nThis was the first settlement made in Texas. Desperate and des-\\ntitute as was the situation of the settlers, they still exceeded in\\nnumbers those who landed in Virginia, or those who embarked on\\nboard the Mayflower, and possessed from the bounty of Louis", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 109\\nXIV, more than was contributed by all the English monarchs\\ntogether, for the twelve united colonies on the Atlantic.\\nThe summer of 1685 was spent in the construction of this\\nsecond fort, which was named Fort St. Louis, and La Salle, having\\nfinished its erection, set out with a selected party in canoes, in\\nsearch of the Mississippi. After an absence of about four months,\\nhe returned in rags, having lost twelve or thirteen of his men, and\\ncompletely failed in his object. His presence, however, as usual,\\ninspired hope and in April, 1686, another exj^edition was\\nattempted, which was lured into the interior by brilliant fictions\\nof exhaustless mines on the borders of Mexico. This expedition\\nreturned without ejQTecting any other discovery than that of the\\ngreat exuberance and fertility of the soil in the immediate neigh-\\nborhood of the fort. La Salle had succeeded in obtaining a sup-\\nply of maize and beans, and five horses from the Indians, but had\\nsufiered greatly and of the twenty men he had taken with him\\nonly eight returned, the remainder having either fallen sick, died,\\nor deserted. Affairs had been equally unprosperous at Fort St.\\nLouis, during his absence. The only remaining ship was a wreck,\\nand the colony had been rapidly thinned by privation, misery and\\nexposure, until there remained nothing but a mere handful of\\ndesperate, disappointed men.\\nAmid the ruin of all his prospects, once so proud and flourish-\\ning. La Salle alone remained undaunted and, as a last resource,\\ndetermined to visit the French settlements in Illinois, or, if neces-\\nsary, his feudal domain in Frontenac, in order to bring aid to\\nhis perishing colony. On the 12th of January, 1687, La Salle\\nset out on his last expedition, accompanied by Joutel, across the\\nprairies and forests of Louisiana. In his company were two men,\\nDuhaut and L Archev^que, who had both embarked capital in\\nthis enterprise. Each regarded the other for immediate purposes\\nas his friend and both were actuated by a spirit of bitterness and\\nanimosity against La Salle, whom they regarded as the author of\\nall the calamities that had befiillen them. Morauget, a nephew\\nof La Salle, was also one of the party following the tracks of\\nbuffaloes, who chose by instinct the best routes. La Salle marched\\nthrough groves and plains of astonishing fertility and beauty", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnow fording the rapid torrents, and now building a bridge by\\nthrowing some monarch of the forest across the stream, until he\\nhad passed the Colorado, and came to a branch of the Trinity\\nRiver.\\nOn the 17th of March, 1687, the whole party engaged in a buf-\\nfalo hunt. Duhaut and L Archeveque, having been successful,\\nsent their commander Avord, who immediately despatched his\\nnephew Morauget to the camp. When Moranget came to the\\nspot where Duhaut and the rest were stopping, he found they had\\nreserved for themselves the very best parts of the buffaloes and\\nhasty and passionate, not considering where he was, nor with whom\\nhe was dealing, he took from them their choice pieces, threatened\\nthem, and spoke harsh words. This enraged the mutinous spirits\\nof Duhaut and his companions, who secretly took counsel together\\nhow to effect the destruction of Moranget and his associates.\\nNight came on apace, and Moranget and his party having supped,\\nwearied with their day s travel, laid themselves down to sleep on\\nthe prairie. Liotot, the surgeon, now took an axe, and with a few\\nstrokes killed Moranget and his comrades. Having good reason\\nto fear the resentment of La Salle, the murderers next resolved\\nto kill him also. Surprised at his nephew s delay. La Salle went\\nforth on the 20th to seek him. Perceiving at a distance birds of\\nprey, hovering as if over carrion, and suspecting himself to be in\\nthe immediate neighborhood of his men. La Salle fired a gun,\\nwhich was heard by the conspirators, who were thus made aware\\nof his approach. Duhaut and his associate hastened secretly to\\nmeet their victim the former skulking in the grass, the latter\\nshowing himself Where, said La Salle to L Archeveque, is\\nmy nephew. Before an answer could be returned, Duhaut fired\\nand La Salle fell dead on the prairie. The murderers then\\napproached, and, with cruel taunts, stripped the corpse, leaving it\\nnaked and unburied, to be devoured by the wild beasts of the\\nwilderness.\\nThus perished La Salle, and with him that colonial settlement\\nwhich he had attempted to form. His fortitude and bravery must\\never command admiration, while his cruel and undeserved death\\nawakens feelings of pity and indignation. Although he was not", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. Ill\\nthe discoverer, yet he was certainly the first settler of the Mississippi\\nvalley, and the father of colonization in the far West. As such\\nhis memory is imperishable, and will ever be honored. The Illinois\\nsettlements of Peoria, Kaskaskias, and Cahokia, are the fruit of\\nLa Salle s labors. It is true he did not found these places, yet he\\ngave them their inhabitants, for it was by those whom he led\\ninto the West that they were peopled. Perseverance and courage,\\ncombined with a noble ambition to promote the interests of his\\ncountry, led him into a gallant but unsuccessful career of enter-\\nprise. He did what he could to benefit his country and if he\\nhad lived he might have achieved much more splendid results.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nThe Sault Ste. Mauie Fort St. Joseph Detroit Foxjnded Its\\nEarly Condition Attacked by the Ottawas By the Foxes\\nEarly French Travelers Through the Lake Region.\\nNo SETTLEMENT had at this time beeu made at Detroit, because\\nthe traders and Jesuit missiouaries had a more direct and safer\\nroute to the upper lakes, from Montreal to Michilimackinac, by\\nthe way of the Ottawa River. But this point had long been\\nregarded an eligible position for a settlement, as it commanded a\\nbroad tract of country, and stood, as it were, at the gate of the\\nujDper lakes, in a direct route from these lakes to the English col-\\nonies of New York, by the way of Lake Erie.\\nThe French and English both desired to obtain possession of\\nthis post. But while the English were looking to its acquisition,\\nthey were anticipated by their rivals. Taking counsel from the\\nmovements of their opponents, the French called a grand meeting\\nof the Iroquois, or Five Nations, at Montreal. The chiefs of the\\ndifferent tribes from the St. Lawrence to the Mississii^pi, attended\\nthis meeting also the principal men and the Governor-General of\\nCanada. Here the establishment of a post at that place was dis-\\ncussed, and the grounds on which the two nations based their\\nclaims to it weighed. The Iroquois, however, said that, under-\\nstanding the French were about to make a settlement at that\\npoint, they were opposed to the measure, as they had already pro-\\nhibited the English from doing the same. The Governor-General\\nof Canada replied that the laud belonged neither to the Iroquois\\nnor to to the English, but to the King of France, and that there\\nwas already an expedition on the march for the purpose of erect-\\ning a colonial establishment at that place. In accordance with\\nthis plan, Autoiue de la Motte Cadillac, lord of Bouaget, Mont\\nDesert, having beeu granted a tract of fifteen acres square, by", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICEnOAN. 113\\nLouis XIV, left Montreal, accompanied by a Jesuit missionary\\nand one hundred men, and arrived at the point of the wilderness\\nwhich is now the site of Detroit, in the month of July, 1701, where\\nthey commenced the foundation of the first permanent settlement\\nGEN. JOSEPH O. HUDNUT.\\nJoseph Opdyke Hudkut, son of Edward and Susan (Opdyke) Hudnut,\\nwas born at West Sparta, Livingston county, New York, June BO, 1824.\\nHe prepared for college at Genesee Academy, New York, under Prof.\\nRobinson, author of liobinson s series of mathematics. Since gradua-\\ntion he has been engaged mostly in civil engineering, with the exception\\nof two years and a half in the army during the war of secession. In the\\nfall of 1849 he entered on his engineering profession, being engaged on\\nthe State canals of New York. He remained on the canals during 1849,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nin Micliigan. Before, it had only been known by the French\\nmissionaries as a trading post, and in 1620 it was occupied by an\\nIndian vilhige, which was called Teuchsa Grondie. The Sault\\nSte. Marie, as we have seen, had at that time been founded, and a\\nrude j)ost was also erected at Fort Gratiot, which was a resting-\\npoint for the fur trade.\\nThis chain of fortifications was all the defense which was con-\\nstructed upon the lake shores for nearly a century and a half, and\\nit comprised a part of that line of forts that was projected by La\\nSalle, extending from the St. Lawrence down the Mississippi to\\nNew Orleans. Their object was to furnish outposts by which the\\nterritory of Canada on the borders of the lakes could be held, the\\nEnglish settlements hemmed in, the Jesuit missionaries and set-\\ntlers protected against the numerous and capricious tribes of sav-\\nages in this quarter, and by which the fur trade might circulate,\\nwith full success, along the lakes and streams of the Northwest.\\nThe forts of Detroit, Michilimackinac, St. Joseph and Green Bay,\\nwere of rude construction, and the chapels erected by their sides\\nwere used for the religious assemblies of the French settlers, who\\nwere from that time collected around the po-sts, and also for the\\nIndians who were under the special guardianship of the Jesuit\\nmissionaries. These structures, minute points on the borders of\\nthe forest, were either roofed with bark or thatched with straw,\\nand on their top was generally erected the cross. Tribes of\\nfriendly Indians that could be induced to settle near them, had\\n1850 and 1851. In the spring of 1853 he went to Memphis, Tenn., and\\nrun the first survey of the railroad from Memphis to Clarksville, Tenn.\\nIn 1853, 1854 and 1855, he was on the Louisville Nashville and Louis-\\nville Covington Railroads, in Kentucky. In 1855 he removed to\\nWavcrly, Iowa, and in that year and in 1856 he was on the Iowa Central\\nR. R. In 1858 he taught mathematics in the Genesee Academy, and in\\n1859 he taught in the Chicago High School. In the spring of 1860 he\\nreturned to Iowa, and was engaged as civil engineer on the Hannibal\\nSt. Joseph R. R. In the winter of 1861-2 he was a member of the Iowa\\nLegislature, and in May, 1862, he entered the army as Major of the 38th\\nRegiment of Iowa Volunteers. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel,\\nColonel and Brigadier-General. While in the army he was much on\\ndetached service as military engineer, most of the time on the fortifica-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 115\\ntheir villages or wigwams ai Oiind these posts, and also their plant-\\ning grounds, in which they cultivated Indian corn, not only for\\nthe French settlers, but also for the persons connected with the fur\\ntrade. They derive their principal importance from the fact that\\nthey were the only outposts of the French government in this\\ncountry before the English conquest, and, consequently, the thea-\\ntres of the most interesting frontier operations.\\nAbout three years after Detroit was founded, the Ottawa Indians\\nin that vicinity were invited to Albany, in New York, upon what\\nwas supposed to be a friendly visit. As St. Joseph was surrounded\\nby villages of the Hurons, Pottawatomies, and Miamis, so also\\nwas Detroit, at that time, guarded by parts of the friendly tribes\\nof the Hurons and Pottawatomies near the settlements, and an\\nOttawa village had been erected on the opposite bank of the river.\\nIt would appear that while the Ottawas were in Albany, they had\\nbeen persuaded by the English, who even then wished to obtain\\npossession of the post of their rivals, that it was the design of the\\nFrench to wrest the dominion of the country from their hands\\nand they accordingly set fire to the town, but without success, as\\nthe fire was soon extinguished. At this time, also, groups of sav-\\nages of the same tribe, having miide a successful expedition against\\ntheir enemies the Iroquois, and warm with victory, were seen\\nparading in hostile array in front of the fort but M. Tonti, who\\nwas the commandant of the post, despatching the Sieur de Vin-\\ntions at Vicksburg, Miss., and afterwards in building a military railroad\\nfrom Brazos Harbor to Brownsville, Texas, with a shell bridge across the\\nBoca Chica. At the close of the war he was elected Professor of Civil\\nEngineering in the University of Chicago, which position he still retains,\\nwith occasional leave of absence for engineering purposes. In 1866 he\\nmade a survey and the estimates for a ship canal from Lake Michigan to\\nthe Mississippi river. In 1867 he was on the location of the Chicago,\\nRock Island Pacific R. R., and the location of the bridge at Omaha,\\nNebraska. In February, 1868, he went on the Union Pacific R. R.,\\nand located nearly all that part of it from the North Platte river to the\\nHumboldt Wells, and in the winter and spring of 1868 and 1869 he ran\\nthe preliminary surveys for a railroad from the north end of Salt Lake,\\nthrough Idaho and Oregon, to Portland, Oregon, and Puget Sound.\\nAfterwards he was engaged as civil engineer on the St. Paul Chicago", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncennes against them, he dispersed their bands, and rescued the\\nIroquois prisoners whom they left behind them in their flight.\\nThe progress of operation on the lake shores Avas not at this\\nperiod marked with any very great interest, as the settlements\\nwere few but they reflect, nevertheless, the spirit which prevailed\\nin France during their continuance. The lands lay sleeping in\\ntheir original silence and solitude, undisturbed by the plow.\\nOccasionally the settlers may have been surprised by their ancient\\nenemies the Iroquois, but the appearance of parts of these nations\\nexcited only a surprise which soon settled down into peace. But\\nin 1712, the Ottagamies or Foxes, who had been before but little\\nknown, but who were probably in secret alliance with the Iroquois,\\nprojected a plan for the destruction of Detroit. They made their\\narrangements in secret, and sent their bauds to collect around the\\nnew French settlement, which was then garrisoned by a force of\\ntwenty soldiers, of whom M. Du Buisson was the commandant.\\nThe occupants of the three French villages of Indians, the Otta-\\nwas, Pottawatomies, and Hurons, were then absent on a hunting\\nexcursion. A converted Indian, however, under the influence of\\na Jesuit missionary, disclosed their plot before it was ripe for exe-\\ncution, and Du Buisson immediately sent dispatches through the\\nforest to call in the aid of the friendly Indians, and prepare for an\\nefiective defense.\\nOn the 13th of May of that year, the Foxes made their onset\\nupon Detroit with fiendish yells. No sooner, however, was the\\nR. R., with headquarters at Minneapolis, Minnesota. Later he was Chief\\nEngineer of the Grand Rapids Indiana R. R., in the employ of the\\nContinental Improvement Company. In 1871 he went to the South in\\nthe employ of a company of wliich Gen. George W. Cass was president,\\nand has been engaged in various railroad projects in that section ever\\nsince. His present headquarters are at Greenville, S. C, but his perma-\\nnent residence is at Big Rapids, Michigan.\\nGen. Hudnut is a very eminent locating engineer, having within the\\nlast twenty years located thousands of miles of railroad most skillfully.\\nHe married Miss Marcia Webster, at Lima, N. Y., October 23, 1851.\\nHe has had two children, viz: Edward Webster Hudnut, born December\\n15, 1852, and Byron Murray Hudnut, born March 21, 1858 died June\\n21, 1860.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n117\\nattack commenced, than portions of the friendly Indians were seen\\nthrough the wilderness, painted for battle as is their custom, and\\nthe gates of the fort were opened to receive them, A consultation\\nwas now held at the council house, and they renewed their league\\nHON. J. W. BEGOLE.\\nJosiAH W. Begole, the present Representative in Congress from the\\nSixth District of Micliigan, was born in tlie town of Groveland, Livings-\\nton county, New York, on the 20th of January, 1815. His younger days\\nwere spent on a farm, where he received that physical training and cul-\\nture which contributed largely to his health and prosperity in after years.\\nMr. Begole received a common school and academic education in his\\nnative State, and emigrated to Michigan in 1836, settling in the then town\\nof Flint, where he still resides.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwith Du Buisson, and expressed their determination, if necessary,\\nto die in the defense of the post. On the arrival of the friendly\\nIndians, the Foxes retreated to the forest which now adjoins the\\neastern boundary of Detroit, and intrenched themselves in their\\ncamp.\\nThe French then sallied out from the fort, and, backed by their\\nsavage allies, erected a block-house in front of their camp, in\\norder to force the enemy from their position. Here the latter\\nwere closely besieged being cut off from their supply of water,\\nand driven to desperation by thirst and famine, they in turn\\nrushed out from their strongholds upon the French and the\\nfriendly Indians, and succeeded in getting possession of a house\\nnear the village. This house they fortified, but they were here\\nattacked by the French cannon, and di iven back to their former\\nintrenchmeut.\\nFinding that their attack was likely to prove uusuccessful, the\\nFoxes now sent despatches to the French commandant asking for\\npeace, which was denied them. Upon this they considered them-\\nselves insulted, and, burning with revenge, they discharged showers\\nof blazing arrows upon the fort. The lighted matches they had\\naffixed to their arrows coming in contact with the dry roofs of the\\nhouses, kindled them into flame, when the precaution was taken\\nto cover the rest with wet skins, and by this means they were pre-\\nserved. The desperation of the Foxes almost discoui-aged the\\nFrench commandant, and he had nearly determined to evacuate\\nMr. Begole s first official position was that of school inspector for the\\ntownship of Genesee, which office he held from 1842 to 1844 inclusive.\\nHe was promoted to the office of township clerk in 1845. From 1846 to\\n1853 he was an active justice of the peace, doing most of the business for\\nhis own and three or four adjoining towns, never trying a case where he\\ncould prevail upon the parties to settle it. In 1854 and 1855 he held the\\noffice of supervisor in the same town. Performing the duties of these\\nminor offices in a thorough and systematic manner, his townsmen saw\\nfit to reward his services, in 1856, by electing him county treasurer of\\nGenesee county, to which position he was reelected three times, holding\\nthe office eight consecutive j-ears.\\nHe, although constantly engaged in other business, has ever been a\\npractical and successful farmer, devoting considerable time to bringing", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 119\\nDetroit, and to retire to Michilimackinac, when his Indian allies\\npromised to redouble their efforts for his defense and the war-\\nsongs and dances of their bands, heard through the solitude of the\\nforest, assured him that a more desperate effort was about to be\\nmade in his behalf. The preparations having been finished, the\\nFrench and Indians advanced upon the Foxes with more deter-\\nmined courage, and, pouring upon their intrenchments a deadly\\nfire, they were soon filled with the dying and the dead. Once\\nmore the Foxes demanded peace. Before any capitulation, how-\\never, was completed, the enemy retreated towards Lake St. Clair,\\nduring a storm at midnight, on the nineteenth day of the siege.\\nThe French and their Indian allies, as soon as they discovered\\ntheir flight, prepared for a pursuit, and soon came upon their\\ncamps. An action began, which at the outset was in favor of the\\nFoxes, the French and Indians being repulsed. But a different\\nplan of operation was soon after adopted, and with better success.\\nAt the end of three days a field battery was completed, and the\\nintrenchment of the Foxes fell before the French cannon.\\nThe Foxes may l)e considered the Ishmaelites of the wilderness,\\nfor they were at enmity with all the tribes on the lakes. They\\ncollected their forces on the Fox River of Green Bay, where they\\ncommanded the territory between the lakes and the Mississippi, so\\nthat it was dangerous for travelers to pass through that region\\nexcept in large bodies, and armed, while their warriors were sent\\nout to seek objects of plunder and devastation. So great was the\\nthat great branch of our industry as near perfection as possible. In 1865\\nhe commenced his career as a lumberman in the vast pine forests of our\\nState, and has ever met an enviable success in this occupation, in whicli\\nhe is still heavily engaged.\\nIn 1869 he was again called upon to fill an important political position,\\nbeing elected State Senator from his Senatorial District, the duties of\\nwhich office he performed much to the satisfaction of his constituents.\\nHe was chosen a delegate to the National Republican Convention, which\\nmet in Philadelphia during the summer of 1873, and nominated General\\nGrant for President the second time. In the fall of the same year he was\\nnominated by his party for Representative in Congress from the Sixth\\nDistrict of this State, to which position he was elected bj a large\\nmajority.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ndanger apprehended by the missionaries and traders in passing\\nthrough that territory, as well as by the French settlers, and so\\ngreat the injury already done by those tribes, that an expedition\\nwas fitted out against them by the French, backed by their Indian\\nallies, who were rankling under a sense of repeated wrongs. This\\nwarlike nation had stationed itself on the banks of the Fox River,\\nat a place then and now called by the French Butte des Morts, or\\nthe Hill of the Dead, defending their position by a ditch and three\\ncourses of palisades. Here they collected their women and chil-\\ndren, and prepared for a desperate resistance. M. de Louvigny,\\nthe commandant of the expedition, perceiving the strength of\\ntheir works, determined not to expose his men by a direct attack,\\nbut entered upon a regular siege, and was preparing for the final\\ncrisis when the Foxes proposed a capitulation. This was accepted\\nand the pride of the Foxes being thus humbled, they sank into\\nobscurity during the remainder of the French war.\\nThus it is seen that, although the few French forts upon the\\nlakes were rudely constructed, and but poorly adapted to make a\\nserious and effective defense, they were nevertheless competent,\\nwith their small garrisons, to protect the emigrants against the\\ndisaffected tribes which were from time to time arrayed against\\nthem. The pickets which surrounded them, composed of upright\\nstakes, furnished a line of concealment rather than strong bul-\\nwarks, and, together with the light cannon with which they were\\nmounted, enabled the French to suppress the disturbances that\\noccasionally sprang up around their posts.\\nThe early missionaries and French travelers who journeyed\\nthrough the region of the lakes exhibit a peculiar form of char-\\nacter. Tinctured with the spirit which prevailed in France at the\\nperiod of their immigration, the novel scenes around them\\nimpressed them with those sentiments of romance so peculiar to\\nthe French. They show the spirit under which the missionaries\\nand soldiers traveled, and the eloquence with which the scenes\\naround them tended to inspire their minds.\\nThe forests amid which their lot was cast were calculated to fill\\nthem with wonder and admiration. A vast chain of inland seas,\\nwhich appeared to them like oceans, stretched a watery horizon", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 121\\nalong the borders of the wilderness. Flocks of water fowl of\\nvaried plumage streamed along the shores of the lakes, and the\\nwaters swarmed with fish. The face of nature, fresh in the luxu-\\nriance of a virgin soil, was everywhere clothed with magnificent\\nvegetation. Did they travel through the Indian trails or bridle\\npaths which wound through the forest, extensive tracts of oak-\\nlauds, that seemed like cultivated parks, met their eye, studded\\nwith little crystal lakes and streams, and covered with flowers.\\nHerds of buffaloes wandered over the prairies, trampling down\\nthe flowers which blushed in their track as they rushed on in\\nclumsy motion. Great numbers of moose and elk, which in the\\nsize of their horns almost rivaled the branches of the trees,\\nbounded through the thickets. Deer were here and there seen\\nfeeding upon the margin of the water courses. Flocks of wild\\nturkeys and other game filled the woods the jDrairies were alive\\nwith grouse, and pigeons swept along like clouds above the forests,\\nin numbers which sometimes almost obscured the sky.\\nBeyond this, they beheld in the luxuriance of the soil the source\\nof inexhaustible wealth. Rich clusters of grapes hung from the\\ntrees, which reminded them of the champagne districts of France,\\nfrom which they had emigrated, and apples and plums abounded\\nin thrifty groves.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nColonial Emigkakts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Merchants The Peasantry French Sol-\\ndiers Legal Administration Policy op the French Govern-\\nment Mode of Land Distribution.\\nOwing to the frequent changes in the government of the west-\\nern outposts of Canada, as well as to the fact that, at various\\nperiods in its early history, it was entirely withdrawn, consequent\\neither upon some freak of colonial policy in France, or resulting\\nfrom difficulties with the savages, it is quite as impracticable to\\nattem})t a connected history of these settlements as it is impossible\\nto detail- all the trials and hai dships endured or overcome by the\\ncolonists. The history of the French settlements in Michigan,\\nduring that period in which France held possession of the terri-\\ntory, is a record of constant changes, authenticated only by the\\nJesuit relations, and this being rather a diary of church mat-\\nters than a journal of political events, throws but a faint light\\nupon tliose greater circumstances which the modern world calls\\nhistfu-y. Yet, after all, we are not left without a general history\\nof the first settlements of Michigan.\\nThe })osts were inhabited by a hardy race of people, who had\\nemigrated principally from Brittany and Normandy, provinces of\\nFrance. They were mostly working men, drawn from the more\\ndense settlements round Montreal and Quebec, and were sent out\\nby the government for the purpose of building up the posts, and\\nof protecting the fur trade carried on through the chain of the\\ngreat lakes. The population of the posts consisted of the military\\nby which they were garrisoned, Jesuits, priests, merchants, traders\\nand peasants. These, however, were moved from place to place,\\nas the interests of the government seemed to require.\\nThe French commandants were the most prominent individuals\\nof the posts, and, with their garrisons, constituted a little mon-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n123\\narchy. Their power was arbitrary, extending to the right of doing\\nwhatever they might deem expedient for the welfare of the settle-\\nment, whether in making laws or punishing crime. The oldest\\nmerchants were reverenced as the head men of their colony.\\nHON. JAMES WATSON.\\nJames Watson, of Bay City, was born in Detroit, September 2, 1814.\\nHe removed to his present place of residence, then called Lower Saginaw,\\nin 1850. He carried on a mercantile business successfully for several\\nyears; then he turned his attention, with even greater protit, to lumber-\\ning, and continued in that business until 1870. He has been, and now\\nis, one of the solid men of Bay City. He has contributed largely to its\\nrapid growth by investing liberally in local improvements. He erected\\nand now owns a model brick block, known as the Watson Block,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThey were careful and frugal in their habits, and exercised an\\ninfluence among the settlers calculated to secure a willing obedience.\\nMr. Lanman, in his history of Michigan, states that the early\\nFrench settlers were wanting in virtue, and often fostered a large\\nnumber of half-breed children around their posts, who were the\\noffspring of their licentiousness. To a careful reader of our early\\nhistory this statement, or charge, seems to be entirely unsupported\\nby truth. It would have appeared more reasonable, and less at\\nvariance with the facts, had Mr, Lanman attributed the existence\\nof this race of half-breeds to the want of rigid virtue among the\\nsoldiers and the rangers of the woods.\\nThis peculiar class, no doubt engendered by the manner in\\nwhich the fur trade was conducted, were properly called bush-\\nrangers, or coureurs des hois, half-civilized vagrants, whose chief\\nvocation was conducting the canoe of the traders along the lakes\\nand rivers of the interior. Many of them, however, shaking\\nloose every tie of blood and kindred, identified themselves with\\nthe Indians, and sank into utter barbarism. In many a squalid\\ncamp, says Parkman, among the plains and forests of the\\nWest, the traveler would have encountered men owning the blood\\nand speaking the language of France, yet, in their swarthy vis-\\nages and barbarous costume, seeming more akin to those with\\nwhom they had cast their lot. The renegade of civilization\\ncaught the habits and imbibed the prejudices of his chosen asso-\\nciates. He loved to decorate his long hair with eagle feathers, to\\nmake his face hideous with vermilion, ochre and soot, and to adorn\\nhis greasy hunting frock with horse-hair fringe.\\nHis dwelling, if he had one, was a wigwam. He lounged on a\\nbear skin while his squaw boiled his venison and lighted his pipe.\\nIn hunting, in dancing, in singing, in taking a scalp, he rivaled\\nthe genuine Indian. His mind was tinctured with the supersti-\\ntions of the forest. He had faith in the magic drum of the con-\\nwhich is an ornament to the city. He has reared a large family, and is a\\ngentleman of fine presence, kind and affable, and wields a large influence\\nsocially and politically. He has been twice elected county treasurer,\\ntwice mayor of Bay City, has held the office of president of the Board of\\nEducation, and served as president of the Bay City Temperance Society.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n125\\njuror. He was not sure that a thunder cloud could not be\\nfrightened away by whistling at it through the wing-bone of an\\neagle he carried the tail of a rattlesnake in his bullet-pouch, by\\nway of amulet, and he placed implicit trust in his dreams.\\nHON. PETER DESNOYERS.\\nPeter Desnoyers, one of the most prominent men of Michigan during\\nits early history, was born in Detroit, Michigan, April 2lst, 1800. His\\nfather, Peter J. Desnoyers, was born in tlie city of Paris, France, in 1772,\\ncame to America in 1790, and married Miss Marie Gobiel, of Detroit,\\nMich. He lived in Galliopolis a number of years, and afterwards in Pitts-\\nburg, from which place he removed to Detroit with the army of Mad\\nAnthony Wayne, in August, 1796, where he resided until his death,\\nwhich occurred in 1846. He was one of the leading mei chants and citi-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nTlie peasants, or that class of lake settlers who subsisted by\\nagricultural pursuits, within the narrow circle of their picket\\nfences, were not numerous. Their dress was peculiar, and even\\nwild. They wore surtouts of coarse blue cloth, fastened at the\\nmiddle with a red sash, a scarlet woolen cap, containing a scalping\\nknife, and moccasins made of deer-skin. Civilization was here\\nstrangely mingled. Groups of Indians from the remotest shores\\nof the lakes, wild in their garb, would occasionally make their\\nappearance at the settlements with numerous canoes laden with\\nbeaver skins, which they had brought down to these places of\\ndeposit. Among them were intermixed the French soldiers of the\\ngarrisou, with their blue coats turned up with white facings, and\\nthe Jesuits, with their long gowns and black bands, from which\\nwere suspended by silver chains the rosary and crucifix, who,\\nwith the priests, had their stations round the forts and ministered\\nin the chapels.\\nAgriculture was not extensively encouraged by the policy of the\\nfur trade or the character of the population. It was confined to\\na few 2:)atches of Indian corn and wheat, which they rudely culti-\\nvated. They ground their grain in wind-mills, which were scat-\\ntered along the banks of the Detroit river and the 8t. Clair lake.\\nThe recreations of the French colonists consisted in attending the\\nreligious services held in the rude chapels on the borders of the\\nzens of Detroit during his day, and his death was mourned by a large\\ncircle of friends and acquaintances.\\nMr. Desnoyers, the subject of this sketch, was in Detroit attending\\nschool when the great fire of 1805 broke out, which entirely destroyed\\nthe town, leaving the inhabitants houseless, and in a very destitute con-\\ndition. He commenced business as a merchant in 1831, having just\\nattained his majority, and was eminent)} successful in this occupation.\\nHe was the first county treasurer of Wayne county elected by the\\npopular vote, which occurred in 182(5. At the next election he was\\nreelected to the same office. In 1827 he was chosen one of the aldermen\\nof the city of Detroit, and he also served some time in this position after\\nthe division of the city into wards, representing the fourth ward in the\\ncouncil.\\nIn 1831 Mr. Desnoj^ers was appointed United States Marshal by Presi-\\ndent Jackson, which position he held until the organization of the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 127\\nwilderness, in adorning their altars with wild flowers, in dancing\\nto the sound of the violin at each other s houses, in hunting the\\ndeer, and in paddling their light canoes across the clear and silent\\nstreams. The women employed themselves iu making coarse cot-\\nton and woollen cloths for the Indian trade. In their cottages\\nwere hung rude pictures of saints, the Madonna and child, and\\nthe leaden crucifix supplied the place of one of silver. Abundance\\nof game roamed in the woods, and the waters were alive with fish.\\nThe Jesuits, who were the most active agents of the government\\nin the exploration of these regions, were, as a class, men of high\\nintelligence. The narratives of their wanderings through the\\nwilderness throw a coloring of I omance around the prairies, and\\nforests and lakes, which amounts almost to a classic spirit. Yet\\nthey have left upon the lake shores but few monuments either of\\ntheir enterprise or Christian zeal. Their success in Christianizing\\nthe Indians was limited when compared with the extent of their\\nlabors. By the savages these Catholic missionaries were regarded\\nas medicine men and jugglers, on whom the destiny of life and\\ndeath depended; and although they were greatly feared, they\\nsucceeded in making but few converts to their religious faith,\\nexcepting young children, or Indians just about to die.\\nThe administration of the law iu the western outposts was\\nfounded, as far as possible, on the contume de Paris, which was\\nTerritory into a State in 1837. He was appointed city treasurer of\\nDetroit in 1838, and promoted to State treasurer in 1839 by Governor\\nStevens T. Mason. He served in the latter position until the commence-\\nment of Governor Woodbridge s term, bringing great credit to himself\\nas a shrewd tinancier, and guarding tlie State moneys in an honorable\\nand trustworthy manner. In 1843 he was again elected county treasurer\\nof Wayne county, and again in 1851.\\nMr. Desuoyers removed from Detroit to Hamtramck in 1849, and still\\nresides in the latter place.\\nIn 1850 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention,\\nwhich met in Lansing during that year and framed our present State\\nConstitution. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Con-\\nvention of 1867, which closed his public career. At present he is living\\nat Hamtramck in a very retired and quiet manner, enjoying the comforts\\nof an active and prosperous life.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nthe law of all Canada. This code, although received and prac-\\nticed upon in the older and more populous settlements of the\\nlower province, was not adopted with any degree of uniformity\\namong these distant colonists. The commandants or governors of\\nthe posts had the principal cognizance of the population around\\nthem, and exercised their authority in an arbitrary manner.\\nThere was at this time no system of education like that which\\nprevailed in New England, and all the knowledge acquired by\\nthe children of the colonists was obtained from the priests.\\nThe jDlan of distributing the land was calculated to prevent the\\nsettlement of the country. A law was passed recj^uiring the houses\\nof the inhabitants to be placed upon ground with a front of only\\none acre and a half, and running forty acres back. This kept the\\nsettlements in a close line along the banks of the streams. A\\nfeudal and aristocratic spirit also controlled the grants of land.\\nThe commandants of the forts had the power to convey lands,\\nwith the permission of the Governor-General of Canada, subject\\nto the confirmation of the King of France, special rights being\\nreserved to the grantor.\\nI As early as 1749, the post of Detroit and the others upon the\\nnorthwestern lakes, Michilimackinac, Ste. Marie, and St. Joseph,\\nreceived an accession of immigrants. The last two were called\\nafter the saints of those names in the Catholic calendar. Michili-\\nmackinac derives its name from the Indian words Michi-mackinac,\\nmeaning a great turtle, from its supposed resemblance to that\\nanimal, or from the Chippewa words Michine-maukinouk, signif\\\\\\ning the place of giant fairies, who were supposed by Indian\\nsuperstition to hover over the waters around that beautiful island.\\nThe origin of the word Detroit is the French word Detroit, signify-\\ning a strait, because the post was situated on the strait connecting\\nLake Erie with Lake St. Clair.\\nDuring the whole period of the French domination, extending\\nfrom the first settlement of the country down to the year 1760,\\nthe trafiic of Michigan was confined principally to the trade in\\nfurs. This interesting traflac upon the great lakes was carried on\\nby the French under peculiar circumstances. As the forests of\\nthe lake region abounded with furs which were of great value in", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n129\\nthe mother country, it became an important object with the Cana-\\ndian government to prosecute that trade with all the energy in its\\npower. The rich furs of the beaver and otter were particularly\\nvaluable, from the [great demand for them in Europe. Large\\nCAPT. JOHN CLARKE.\\nJohn Clarke, of St. Clair, one of the pioneers of Michigan, was born\\nat Bath, Maine, July 29, 1797. In 1812 he went to Augusta, Maine, and\\naccepted a situation in the mercantile establishment of T. Sargent, Esq.\\nbut he, through ill health, was soon compelled to give up this position\\nand return to his home. Peace being declared between Great Britain\\nand the United States, his physicians advised him to make a trip to\\nEurope, and in April, 1815, he sailed for Bremen. After traveling\\nthrough Germany, England and Scotland, and witnessing the great\\n9", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncanoes made of bark, and strongly constructed, were despatched\\nannually to the lakes laden with packs of European merchandise,\\nconsisting of blankets, printed calicoes, ribbons, cutlery, and\\ntrinkets of various kinds, which the Indians used; and Detroit,\\nMichilimackinac and Ste. Marie, were their principal places of\\ndeposit.\\nTo secure the interests of the large companies, licenses for this\\ntrade were granted by the Governor-General of Canada to the mer-\\nchants, who sometimes sold them to the coureurs des hois. The\\npossessor of one of these licenses was entitled to load two large\\ncanoes, each of which was manned by six men. The cargo of\\none of these canoes was valued at about a thousand crowns. This\\nmerchandise was sold to the traders on credit, and at about fifteen\\nper cent advance on the price it would command in ready money.\\nBut the voyages were very profitable, and there was generally a\\ngain of about one hundred per cent on the sum invested in the\\nI ejoiciugs iu those countries over the defeat and capture of Napoleon\\nBonaparte at Waterloo, he embafked from Liverpool with his uncle, Capt.\\nF. Clarke, in the ship Ellington, for Boston. When about in mid-ocean,\\nand during a severe gale, the vessel foundered, and the passengers and\\ncrew were obliged to take to the small boats. After remaining in these\\nfor three daj^s, they were picked up by a dismasted brig from Scotland.\\nAt the expiration of three more days, the James Madison, from Phila-\\ndelphia, came to their relief, and putting them on a short allowance of\\nfood, in order to make it last, brought them in safety to Philadelphia,\\nafter a lapse of thirty -two days. Upon arriving in the latter city, Mr.\\nClarke was unable to find his uncle (who, to gain time, had taken a\\nsteamer as soon as they entered the river), and having no money, wan-\\ndered around for three days without food. His condition becoming\\nknown, he was assisted by the kind hearted citizens, and his uncle, who\\nhad preceded him by steamer, finding him, gave him money with which\\nto reach his home.\\nArriving there, he received a clerkship in a store, and after serving in\\nthis position for a short time, he accepted of a similar one in the whole-\\nsale house of Page Gitchell, iu Hallowell, in 1817, receiving the\\nhighest salary paid for similar labors, which was only seventy-five dollars\\nper year.\\nMr. Clarke here united with the Baptist Church, of which he is still a^\\nmember, and at once took a deep interest in Sabbath schools. He still", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 131\\nenterprise. The traders endured most of the fatigue, and the mer-\\nchants received most of the profit. On the return of one of these\\nexpeditions, six hundred crowns were taken by the merchant for\\nhis license, and as he had sold the thousand crowns worth of\\ngoods at their prime cost, from this sum he also deducted forty\\nper cent for bottomry; the remainder was then divided among\\nthe six coureurs des hois, who were thus left with but a small\\ncompensation for all their perils and hardships.\\nThe coureurs des hois were the native agents of the fur trade.\\nThoroughly acquainted Avith the navigation of the lakes, they\\nfearlessly swept along the waters of these inland seas, encamping\\nat night upon their shores. Of mixed white and Indian blood, they\\nformed the connecting link between civilization and barbarism.\\nTheir dress was also demi-savage. Lively and sanguine, they\\nwere at all times ready to join the Indians in the dance, or pay\\nrespect to their ceremonies. Their French fathers had familiarly\\nretains his activity in this class of labors, although he has reached the\\nadvanced age of seventy-six years.\\nIn 1818 he removed to Belfast, and engaged in the mercantile business,\\nwith more than average prosperity. He married Miss Mary Sherbun, of\\nHallowell, in December, 1819.\\nUpon attaining his majority he espoused the principles of the Jefferson\\nrepublican party, and gave his support to the administrations of Madison\\nand Monroe, and worked faithfully for the election of General Jackson\\nduring the following presidential campaign, which resulted in the elec-\\ntion of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives. Although\\nhe resolutely refused to accept any political position, he undertook many\\ndifficult tasks for his party, and performed his work in a manner to elicit\\nthe highest praise from the then Governor of Maine, and other prominent\\nofficials.\\nHis health again failing him, he closed his business in Belfast, with the\\nintention of coming to Michigan, but his friends prevailed upon him to\\nreturn to Hallowell, where he took an active part in all political issues.\\nIn 1829 Mr. Clarke was called to Washington on business, and while\\nthere was received by President Jackson in the kindest manner, and an\\nintimate friendship soon sprung up between them.\\nHe came to Michigan in 1830, arriving at Detroit in October of that\\nyear, and in the following December opened a mercantile establishment\\non Woodward avenue, two doors from Jefferson avenue, in a building", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nassociated with the native tribes, and their mothers and wives\\nwere the inmates of Indian camps. In many respects their char-\\nacter resembled that of mariners upon the ocean, for the same\\ngeneral cause might be said to operate upon both. Instead of\\nnavigating the high seas in ships tossed by storms, and ploughing\\nthe waves from port to port, it was their lot to propel their light\\ncanoes over the fresh water seas of the forest, where, hurried from\\none Indian village to another, like the mariner on the ocean, they\\nacquired all those habits which belong to an unsettled and wan-\\ndering life.\\nAdvancing to the remote shores of Lake Superior or Lake\\nMichigan, and following the courses of the rivers which flow into\\nthem, as soon as they reached the points where the Indians were\\nin the habit of resorting, they at once encamped. Here they\\nopened their packages of goods, exhibited them to their savage\\ncustomers and exchanged them for furs and having disposed of\\nowned by Robert Smart, Esq. In the fall of 1833 lie purchased a large\\ntract of land on the St. Clair river, where he now resides, and in the fol-\\nlowing spring removed to where the city of Port Huron now stands, and\\nat which place there were then only three frame buildings. He took\\ncharge of the steamer Gen. Gratiot about this time, and sailed her on the\\nroute from Port Huron to Toledo. In 1835 he removed to his present\\nresidence, in the town of China, a few miles below the city of St. Clair,\\non the river of that name.\\nHe was one of the delegates chosen from St. Clair county to the State\\nconvention for the framing of a State Constitution, which met in Detroit\\non the 11th of May, 1835. As a member of this important body he per-\\nformed much good work, and his actions won him many influential\\nfriends.\\nPending the admission of Michigan into the Union, at the request of a\\nnumber of the influential men of the Territory he visited Washington,\\nand upon arriving there found the objectionable bill had passed the very\\nday he had started. He presented the facts in the case to President\\nJackson, and that official expressed his regrets that Mr. Clarke had not\\narrived sooner, as he would not have signed the bill had the matter been\\nfully explained to him before. During his stay at the capitol, the Gov-\\nernor of his Territory and other prominent men arrived in Washington.\\nThese gentlemen called upon the President, in the presence of the Secre-\\ntary of State, and after some discussion upon the admission of the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 133\\nall their merchandise, and loaded their canoes with the peltries it\\nhad jDrocured, they bade adieu to their Indian friends, and started\\non their voyage back, with feathers stuck in their hats, keeping\\ntime with their paddles to the Canadian boat songs.\\nLa Hontan, in his Journal, which was published in France, and\\na translation of which was afterwards published in this country,\\ngives an interesting account of the fur trade, showing the general\\ncourse of that traffic while the Canadas were under the French.\\nThe author resided at Montreal. At this time (1688) Michili-\\nmackinac was the principal stopping place for the traders on their\\nway fi om Montreal and Detroit to the forests bordering on Lake\\nSuperior. Here their goods were deposited, and here the furs\\nwere collected for their return freight. Sometimes, however, the\\ntraders, accompanied by numerous canoes of the Ottawas, would\\nproceed directly to the older settlements on the St. Lawrence,\\nTerritory, President Jackson made this statement to them You have\\nno influence with the Cabinet. We look to Mr. Clarlie for all the infor-\\nmation we desire. We know him, and have the fullest confidence in\\nhim. The Secretary of State, meeting Mr. Clarke afterwards, informed\\nhim that he had but to mention what he desired in the gift of the Presi-\\ndent, and he should receive it. Mr. Clarke, however, declined accepting\\nany oflBce.\\nAt the first election under the State Constitution, he having received\\nthe nomination of both parties, was elected State Senator for the Fifth\\nSenatorial District without an opposing vote, and to which position he\\nwas reelected at the following election. Every effort was made by his\\nfriends at this time for permission to place his name before the Legisla-\\nture as a candidate for the United States Senate, but he would not\\nconsent.\\nIn 1837, President Jackson appointed him one of two commission-\\ners to acquire the title of the Indians to the lands they claimed in\\nMichigan, which duty he performed in a very satisfactory manner.\\nAfterwards he received the appointment of Receiver of the Land Office\\nat Ionia, from President Van Buren, with whom he had been acquainted\\nfrom 1829. Mr. Clarke declined to accept this position.\\nHe was a member of the State Convention of 1850, for the revision of\\nthe State Constitution, and took a prominent part in the deliberations of\\ntliat body.\\nWith the nomination of James Buchanan for the presidency by the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwhere they supposed they might be able to dispose of their car-\\ngoes to greater advantage than at the interior posts.\\nThe following is La Hontan s account of the fur trade at the\\nperiod referred to\\nMuch about the same day, says he, there arrived twenty-\\nfive or thirty canoes, being homeward bound from the great lakes,\\nand laden with beaver skins. The cargo of each canoe amounted\\nto forty packs, each of which weighs fifty pounds, and will fetch\\nfifty crowns at the farmer s office. These canoes were followed by\\nfifty more of the Ottawas and Hurons, who come down every year\\nto the colony in order to make a better market than they can do\\nin their own country of Michilimackinac, which lies on the banks\\nof the Lake of Hurons, at the mouth of tlie Lake of Illinese\\n(Michigan). Their way of trading is as follows:\\nUpon their arrival they encamp at a distance of five or six\\nhundred paces from the town. The first day is spent in ranging\\nDemocrats, Mr. Clarke left that party, and gave his support to General\\nFremont, whom he claimed represented the true principles of Jefferson\\nand his associates.\\nIn 1857 Mr. Clarke was again elected to the State Legislature, and dur-\\ning its session exerted great influence in securing the passage of good\\nlaws, and the defeat of those he considered would be injurious to the\\nState. At this session he used his entire influence, and no doubt aided\\nmaterially in the election of the Hon. Zachariah Chandler to the United\\nStates Senate.\\nMr. Clarke is a very prominent and influential Free Mason, having\\nunited with this order at Belfast, Maine, as early as 1820. Upon being\\nadmitted he strove to advance and learn its great principles, and traveled\\na distance of over fifty miles to receive the Chapter degrees. Upon its\\nrevival after the Morgan aflair, he took an active part in perpetuating its\\nexistence and principles. He was elected E. C. of the John Clarke Com-\\nmandery, of St. Clair, and was afterwards elected to the same position in\\nthe Port Huron Commandery. From their establishment until the pres-\\nent time, over sixteen years, he has not been absent from a meeting of\\neither of these bodies. Mr. Clarke has conferred more knightly orders\\nthan any other E. C. in the State. He was elected R. E. G. C. of Michi-\\ngan, and appointed V. E. 6. C. G. by the Hon. B. B. French, M. E. G. M.\\nof the G. G. E. of the United States. He is known throughout the\\nUnion as a prominent Free Mason, and has received a number of valu-\\nable presents from the fraternity.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 135\\ntheir canoes, unloading their goods, and pitching their tents, which\\nare made of birch bark. The next day they demand audience of\\nthe Governor-General, which is granted them that same day, in a\\npublic place.\\nHON. JOHN R. KELLOG.\\nJohn R. Kellog, a prominent man in Michigan during the time of\\nLewis Cass, was born at New Hartford, Oneida county, New York, in\\n1793. His fatlier was one of the hardy pioneers of the New England\\nStates, the farm upon which he resided in New Hartford, being pur-\\ncliased from George Washington and George Clinton. The original con-\\ntract of this purchase is still in existence and is now in the possession of\\nA. J. Kellog, the youngest son of the subject of this sketch, who resides\\nin Allegan, Michigan.\\nWhen he was six years of age, the parents of Mr. John R. Kellog", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nUpon this occasion each nation makes a ring foi itself. The\\nsavages sit upon the ground, with pipes in their mouths, and the\\ngovernor is seated in an arm-chair after which there starts up an\\norator or speaker from one of these nations, w^ho makes a\\nharangue, importing that his brethren are come to visit the Gov-\\nernor-General, to renew with him their wonted friendship that\\ntheir chief view is to promote the interest of the French, some of\\nw^hom, being unacquainted with the way of traffic, and being too\\nweak for the transporting of goods from the lakes, would be una-\\nble to deal in beaver-skins if his brethren did not come in person\\nto deal with them in their own colonies. That they knew very\\nwell how acceptable their arrival is to the inhabitants of Mon-\\ntreal, in regard to the advantage they reap from it that, in\\nregard to the beavei -skins, they W(;re much valued in France, and\\nthe French goods given in exchange w ere of an inconsiderable\\nvalue and that they mean to give the French sufficient proof of\\ntheir readiness to furnish them with what they desire so earnestly.\\nThat, by way of preparation of another year s cargo, they are\\ncome to take in exchange fusees, and powder and ball, in order to\\nhunt great numbers of beavers, or to gall the Iroquois in case\\nthey offered to disturb the French settlements; and, in fine, in\\nremoved from New Hartford to Skaneateles, New York, taking him\\nalong with them. At tlie age of thirteen he went to Lowville, New York,\\nas a clerk for Messrs. Leonard, in which occupation he remained until\\nhe was twenty-two years of age. From here he went to New York city\\nas a clerk for John Glover, Esq. While in this city he united with the\\nPresbyterian Church, Dr. John M. Mason, pastor, and lived an earnest\\nand faithful christian tlie remainder of his life.\\nIn 1817 he married Miss Mary Otterson, of New York, a young lady\\nhighly respected for her many good qualities, who still survives him.\\nFrom this city with his wife and two children he returned to New\\nHartford in 1817, remaining one year, when lie again removed and set-\\ntled in Marcellus, Onondaga county. New York. Here he retained his\\nresidence until 1836, being engaged in mercantile pursuits. In this year\\nhe emigrated to Michigan and served in the Legislature of the State dur-\\ning the winter of 1837-38. In the latter year lie settled in Allegan, Alle-\\ngan county, Michigan, wliere he resided until his deatli, wliich occurred\\nin 1868.\\nMr. Kellog was a member of the State Board of Education for six", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 137\\nconfirmation of their words, that they throw a porcelain collar\\n(belt of wampum), with some beaver-skins, to the kitchi-okima\\n(so they call the Governor-General), whose protection they laid\\nclaim to in case of any robbery or abuse committed upon them in\\nthe town. The spokesman having made an end of his speech,\\nreturns to his place and takes up his pipe, and the interpreter\\nexplains the substance of the harangue to the Governor, who\\ncommonly gives a very civil answer, especially if the presents be\\nvaluable, in consideration of which he likewise makes them a\\npresent of some trifling things. This done, the savages rise up\\nand return to their huts, to make suitable preparation for the\\nensuing truck.\\nThe next day the savages make their slaves carry the skins to\\nthe houses of the merchants, who bargain with them for such\\nclothes as they want. All the inhabitants of Montreal are\\nallowed to trafiic with them in any commodity but rum and\\nbrandy, these two being excepted upon the account that, when the\\nsavages have got what they want, and have any skins left, they\\ndrink to excess, and then kill their slaves for, when they are\\nin drink, they quarrel and fight, and, if they were not held by\\nthose who are sober, would certainly make havoc one of another.\\nyears, and while in this position he did much for the advancement of\\neducation, and to him in a great measure are we indebted for the liigh\\nposition wliicli Michigan occupies to-day when compared with lier sister\\nStates in an educational point of view.\\nHe was associate judge of Allegan county two years, during the judi-\\ncial term of .Judge Ransom, and performed the responsible duties of that\\nposition in a manner that elicited the highest praise from that distin-\\nguished gentleman.\\nHe was one of the main movers in his section of the State in organiz-\\ning the association and raising the necessary funds for the erection of\\nthe Soldiers and Sailors monument which now beautifies the Campus\\nMartius in the City of Detroit.\\nMr. Kellog s public history is well known throughout the State, as he\\noccupied an enviable position during his life in all matters of importance\\nconcerning the government of the State and its welfare and prosperity.\\nHe was an intimate friend of Secretary Seward and General Cass,\\nand maintained a friendly correspondence with them until separated by\\ndeath.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nHowever, you must observe that none of them will touch\\neither gold or silver. As soon as the savages have made an end of\\ntheir truck, they take leave of the Governor, and return home\\nby the River Ottawa. To conclude, they do a great deal of good,\\nboth to the poor and rich, for you will readily apprehend that\\neverybody turns merchant upon such occasions.\\nTo the question Avhat was the condition of the Northwestern\\nTerritory when it was claimed and occupied by France, we can\\nfurnish a ready answer. It was a vast ranging ground for the\\nnumerous Indian tribes, who roamed over it in all the listless indo-\\nlence of their savage independence of the Jesuit missionaries,\\nwho, under the garb of their religious orders, strove to gain the\\ninfluence of the red men in behalf of their government as well as\\ntheir church, by their conversion to the Catholic faith the theatre\\nof the most important military operations of the French soldiers\\nat the West and the grand mart where the furs, which were\\ndeemed the most valuable products of this region, were collected\\nfor shipment to France, under a commercial system which was\\noriginally projected by the Cardinal de Richelieu.\\nThe condition of a country, although often in some measure\\nmodified by the natui-e of the climate and the soil, is more gener-\\nally founded upon the character of the people and that of its laws.\\nThis is clearly exhibited in the case of the Northwest for, while\\nthat domain was rich in all the natural advantages that could be\\nfurnished by the soil, it was entirely barren of all those moral and\\nintellectual fruits springing from bold and energetic character,\\ndirected by a free, enlightened, and wholesome system of juris-\\nprudence.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nWar Between the French and English Colonies Braddock s\\nMarch His Defeat Acadia, Niagara and Crown Point-\\nBattle OF LAiiE George Condition of Canada.\\nScarcely had the French established themselves in Canada,\\nwhen a chain of circumstances occurred that resulted in their\\noverthrow. The people of the northern English colonies had\\nlearned to regard their Canadian neighbors with the bitterest\\nenmity. With them, the very name of Canada called up horrible\\nrecollections and ghastly images the midnight massacre of Sche-\\nnectady, and the desolation of many a Ncav England hamlet\\nblazing dwellings and reeking scalps, and children snatched from\\ntheir mothers arms, to be immured in convents, and trained up in\\nthe abominations of Popery. To the sons of the Puritans, their\\nenemy was doubly odious. They hated him as a Frenchman, and\\nthey hated him as a Papist.\\nHitherto, he had waged his murderous warfare from a distance,\\nwasting their settlements with rapid onsets, fierce and transient as\\na summer storm but now, with enterprising audacity, he was\\nintrenching himself on their very borders. The English hunter,\\nin the lonely wilderness of Vermont, as by the warm glow of sun-\\nset he piled the spruce boughs for his woodland bed, started, as a\\ndeep, low sound struck faintly on his ears the evening gun of Fort\\nFrederic, booming over lake and forest. The erection of this fort,\\nbetter known among the English as Crown Point, was a piece of\\ndaring encroachment, which justly kindled resentment in the\\nnorthern colonies. But it was not here that the immediate occa-\\nsion of a final rupture was to arise. By an article of the treaty\\nof Utrecht, confirmed by that of Aix la Chapelle, Acadia had\\nbeen ceded to England but, scarcely was the latter treaty signed,\\nwhen debates sprang up touching the limits of the ceded province.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nCommissioners were named on either side, to adjust the disputed\\nboundary but the claims of the rival powers proved utterly irrec-\\noncilable, and all negotiation was fruitless. Meantime, the French\\nand English forces in Acadia began to assume a belligerent atti-\\ntude, and indulge their ill blood in mutual aggression and\\nreprisal. But, Avhile this game was played on the coasts of the\\nAtlantic, interests of far greater moment were at stake in the\\nWest.\\nThe people of the middle colonies, placed by their local posi-\\ntion beyond reach of the French, had heard with great composure\\nof the sufferings of their New England brethren, and felt little\\nconcern at a danger so doubtful and remote. There were those\\namong them, however, who, with greater foresight had been quick\\nto perceive the ambitious project of the rival nation and, as early\\nas 1716, Spotswood, Governor of Virginia, had urged the expedi-\\nency of securing the valley of the Ohio by a series of forts and\\nsettlements. His proposal was coldly received, and his plan fell\\nto the ground. The time at length was come when the danger\\nwas approaching too near to be slighted longer. In 1748, an\\nassociation, called the Ohio Company, was formed, with the view\\nof making settlements in the region beyond the Alleghanies and,\\ntwo years later. Gist, the company s surveyor, to the great disgust\\nof the Indians, carried chain and compass down the Ohio as far as\\nthe falls at Louisville. But, so dilatory were the English, that,\\nbefore any effectual steps Avere taken, their agile enemies appeared\\nupon the scene. In the spring of 1753, the middle provinces were\\nstartled at the tidings that French troops had crossed Lake Erie,\\nfortified themselves at the point of Presque Isle, and pushed for-\\nward to the northern branches of the Ohio. Upon this. Governor\\nDinwiddle, of Virginia, resolved to despatch a message requiring\\ntheir removal from territory which he had claimed as belonging\\nto the British crown and, looking about him for the person best\\nqualified to act as messenger, he made choice of George Washing-\\nton, a young man twenty-one years of age, Adjutant-General of\\nthe Virginia militia.\\nWashington departed on his mission, crossed the mountains,\\ndescended to the bleak and leafless valley of the Ohio, and thence", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n141\\ncontinued his journey up the banks of the Alleghany, until the\\nfourth of December. On that day he reached Venango, an Indian\\ntown on the Alleghany, at the mouth of French Creek. Here\\nwas the advanced post of the French, and here, among the Indian\\nHON. CHARLES W. GRANT.\\nCharles Wesley Gkant, of East Saginaw, was born March 15, 1817,\\nat Smithville, Chenango county, New York. He came to Michigan at the\\nage of twenty years, and settled in Saginaw county in the spring of\\n1849. At that time there being no railroad nor plank road, and scarcely\\nany other leading to that county, he came in a skiff down Flint river from\\nthe then village of Flint with the late George R. Cummings, Esq. who\\nhad just received a commission from Governor Ransom as prosecuting\\nattorney for Saginaw county.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlog cabins and huts of bark, he saw their flag flying above the\\nhouse of an English trader, whom the military intruders had\\nunceremoniously ejected. They gave the young envoy a hospita-\\nble reception, and referred him to the commanding oflicer, whose\\nheadquarters were at Le Boeuf, a fort which they had just built on\\nFrench Creek, some distance above Venango. Thither Washing-\\nton repaired, and on his arrival was received with stately courtesy\\nby the officer, Legarduer de St. Pierre, whom he describes as an\\nelderly gentleman of very soldier-like appearance. To the mes-\\nsage of Dinwiddle St. Pierre replied that he would forward it to\\nthe Governor-General of Canada but that, in the meantime, his\\norders wei-e to hold possession of the country, and this he should\\ndo to the best of his ability. With this answer, Washington,\\nthrough all the rigors of the midwinter forest, retraced his steps,\\nwith one attendant, to the English borders.\\nWhile the rival nations were beginning to quarrel for a prize\\nwhich belonged to neither of them, the unhappy Indians saw, with\\nalarm and amazement, their lands becoming a bone of contention\\nbetween rapacious strangers. The first appearance of the French\\non the Ohio excited the wildest fears in the tribes of that quarter,\\namong whom were those who, disgusted by the encroachments of\\nthe Pennsylvanians, had fled to those remote retreats to escape the\\nintrusion of the white men. Scarcely was their fancied asylum\\ngained, when they saw themselves invaded by a host of armed men\\nfrom Canada. Thus, j^laced between two fires, they knew not\\nwhich way to turn. There was no union in their counsels, and\\nthey seemed like a mob of bewildered children. Their native jeal-\\nIn 1850, as a partner of A. M. Hoyt, the proprietor of the incipient city\\nof East Saginaw, he built tlie first mill erected there, and for himself, the\\nfirst dwelling house. He was one of the five voters who organized the\\ntownship of Buena Vista in 1851. At that election he was elected town-\\nship clerk, commissioner of highways, justice of the peace, school inspec-\\ntor, etc.\\nIn. 1856 he was elected sheriff of Saginaw county, and held that office\\nfor the four following years.\\nDuring President Buchanan s administration, and for two j^ears after-\\nwards, he served as deputy United States marshal under Col. Rice, Col.\\nDavis and John S. Bagg.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 143\\nousy was roused to its utmost pitch. Many of them thought that\\nthe two white nations had conspired to destroy them, and then\\ndivide their lands. You and the French, said one of them, a\\nfew years afterwards, to an English emissary, are like the two\\nedges of a pair of shears, and we are the cloth which is cut to\\npieces between them.\\nThe French labored hard to conciliate them, plying them with\\ngifts and flatteries, and proclaiming themselves their champions\\nagainst the English. At first, these arts seemed in vain, but their\\neffect soon began to declare itself; and this effect was greatly\\nincreased by a singular piece of infatuation on the part of the pro-\\nprietors of Pennsylvania.\\nDuring the summer of 1754, delegates of the several provinces\\nmet at Albany, to concert measures of defense in the war which\\nnow seemed inevitable. It was at this meeting that the memor-\\nable plan of a union of the colonies was brought forward a plan,\\nthe fate of which was curious and significant, for the crown\\nrejected it as giving too much power to the people, and the people\\nas giving too much power to the crown. A council was also held\\nwith the Iroquois, and though they were found but lukewarm in\\ntheir attachment to the English, a treaty of friendship and alliance\\nwas concluded with their deputies. It would have been well if the\\nmatter had ended here, but, with ill-timed rapacity, the proprie-\\ntary agents of Pennsylvania took advantage of this great assem-\\nblage of sachems to procure from them the grant of extensive\\ntracts, including the lauds inhabited by the very tribes whom the\\nFrench were at that moment striving to seduce. When they heard\\nMr. Grant came to Baginaw poor in purse, but rich in energy and cour-\\nage. Having satisfied his taste for public office, he turned his attention to\\nhimbering, which he has diligently and successfully pursued ever since.\\nBy the exercise of his business talent, which is of a high order, he has\\nbuilt up an enviable credit and amassed an ample fortune. He is an exam-\\nple of that steady advance in wealth and social standing that is invariably\\nachieved by a young man of good habits and persevering industry, who\\nhas the good sense to husband his income and make it productive by\\njudicious investment. He resides on the James Riley Reservation,\\nwhere he has erected a palatial residence. Here he enjoys his well earned\\nwealth, and dispenses an elegant hospitality.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthat, without their consent, their conquerors and tyrants, the Iro-\\nquois, had sold the soil from beneath their feet, their indignation\\nwas extreme and, convinced that there was no limit to English\\nencroachment, many of them from that hour became fast allies of\\nthe French.\\nThe courts of London and Versailles still maintained a diplo-\\nmatic intercourse, both protesting their earnest wish that their\\nconflicting claims might be adjusted by friendly negotiation but,\\nwhile each disclaimed the intention of hostility, both were hasten-\\ning to prepare for war. Early in 1755, an English fleet sailed\\nfrom Cork, having on board two regiments destined for Virginia,\\nand commanded by General Braddock and, soon after, a French\\nfleet put to sea from the port of Brest, freighted with munitions\\nof war and a strong body of troops, under Baron Dieskau, an\\nofficer who had distinguished himself in the campaigns of Marshal\\nSaxe. The English fleet gained its destination, and landed its\\ntroops in safety. The French were less fortunate. Two of their\\nships, the Lys and the Alcide, became involved in the fogs of the\\nbanks of Newfoundland and, when the weather cleared, they\\nfound themselves under the guns of a superior British force,\\nbelonging to the squadron of Admiral Boscowen, sent out\\nfor the express purpose of intercepting them. Are we at\\npeace or at war demanded the French commander. A broad-\\nside from the Englishman soon solved his doubts, and, after a\\nstout resistance, the French struck their colors. News of the cap-\\nture caused great excitement in England, but the conduct of the\\naggressors was generally approved and, under pretence that the\\nFrench had begun the war by their alleged encroachments in\\nAmerica, orders were issued for a general attack upon their marine.\\nSo successful were the British cruisers, that, before the end of the\\nyear, three hundred French vessels and nearly eight thousand\\nsailors were captured and brought into port. The French, unable\\nto retort in kind, raised an outcry of indignation, and Mirepoix,\\ntheir ambassador, withdrew from the Court of London.\\nThus began that memorable war, which, kindling among the\\nforests of America, scattered its fires over the kingdoms of Euroj^e\\nand the sultry empire of the Great Mogul the war made glorious", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n145\\nby the heroic death of Wolfe, the victories of Frederic, and the\\nexploits of Clive the war which controlled the destinies of\\nAmerica, and was first in the chain of events which led on to her\\nRevolution, with all its vast and undeveloped consequences. On\\nPROF. DUANE DOTY.\\nDuANE DoTY, the present Superintendent of Public Instruction for the\\ncity of Detroit, was born in the State of Ohio. He, with his parents,\\ncame to Micliigan during his early cliildhood, and iu this State received\\na thorough education, graduating from the literary department of the\\nMichigan University, in 1856.\\nWith the exception of five years devoted to travel, army and editorial\\nlife, his whole time since his graduation has been occupied by educa-\\ntional work. In 1865 he was appointed Superintendent of Public\\n10", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe old battle-ground of Europe the contest bore the same familiar\\nfeatures of violence and horror which had marked the strife of\\nformer generations fields j^lot^^gbed by the cannon ball, and walls\\nshattered by the exploding mine, sacked towns and blazing sub-\\nurbs, the lamentation of Avomen, and the license of a maddened\\nsoldiery. But in America, war assumed a new and striking aspect.\\nA wilderness was its sublime arena. Army met army under the\\nshadows of primeval woods their cannon resounded over wastes\\nunknown to civilized man. And, before the hostile powers could\\njoin in battle, endless forests must be traversed, and morasses\\npassed, and everywhere the axe of the pioneer must hew a path for\\nthe bayonet of the soldier.\\nBefore the declaration of war, and before the breaking oflf of\\nnegotiations between the courts of France and England, the English\\nministry formed the j)lan of assailing the French in America on\\nall sides at once, and repelling them, by one bold push, from all\\ntheir encroachments. A provincial army w\\\\as to advance upon\\nAcadia, a second was to attack Crown Point, and a third Niagara\\nwhile the two regiments which had lately arrived in Virginia,\\nunder General Braddock, aided by a strong body of provincials,\\nwere to dislodge the French from their neAvly-built fort of Du\\nQuesne. To Braddock was assigned the chief command of all\\nthe British forces in America and a person worse fitted for the\\noffice could scarcely have been found. His experience had been\\nample, and none could doubt his courage but he was profligate,\\nInstruction for the city of Detroit, which difficult and laborious position\\nhe has acceptably filled for eight years. During his term of office many\\nimportant improvements have been made the school work and school\\nbusiness have all been thoroughly systematized, and the city supplied\\nwith good school buildings.\\nMr. Doty s organizing and administrative ability is conceded to be of a\\nvery high order, and he belongs emphatically to the class of workers who\\nrichly merit the honors conferred upon them. His work and efforts in\\nthe cause of popular education have secured him an enviable reputation,\\nand, besides this, he is well known for his knowledge of the vast and\\nincreasing resources of his country, and for availing himself of every\\nopportunity for adding to his abundant fund of information on all sub-\\njects.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 147\\narrogant, perverse, and a bigot to military rules. On his first\\narrival in Virginia, he called together the Governors of the sev-\\neral provinces, in order to explain his instructions and adjust the\\ndetails of the projected operations. These arrangements complete,\\nBraddock advanced to the borders of Virginia, and formed his\\ncamp at Fort Cumberland, where he spent several weeks in train-\\ning the raw backwoodsmen who joined him into such discipline as\\nthey seemed capable of; in collecting horses and wagons, which\\ncould only be had with the utmost difficulty in railing at the\\ncontractors, who scandalously cheated him and in venting his\\nspleen by copious abuse of the country and the people. All at\\nlength was ready, and early in June, 1755, the army left civiliza-\\ntion behind, and struck into the broad wilderness as a squadron\\nputs out to sea.\\nIt was no easy task to force their way over that rugged ground,\\ncovered with an unbroken growth of forest and the difficulty was\\nincreased by the needless load of baggage which encumbered their\\nmarch. The crash of falling trees resounded in the front, where\\na hundred axemen labored with ceaseless toil to hew a passage for\\nthe army. The horses strained their utmost strength to drag the\\nponderous wagons over roots and stumps, through gullies and quag-\\nmires and the regular troops were daunted by the depth and\\ngloom of the forest which hedged them in on either hand, and\\nclosed its leafy arch above their heads. So tedious was their pro-\\ngress, that, by the advice of Washington, twelve hundred chosen\\nmen moved on in advance, with the lighter baggage and artillery,\\nleaving the rest of the army to follow, by slower stages, with the\\nheavy wagons. On the eighth of July, the advanced body reached\\nthe Monongahela, at a point not far distant from Fort du Quesne.\\nThe rocky and impracticable ground on the eastern side debarred\\ntheir passage, and the General resolved to cross the river in search\\nof a smoother path, and re-cross it a few miles lower dowm, in\\norder to gain the fort. The first passage was easily made, and the\\ntroops moved, in glittering array, down the western margin of the\\nwater, rejoicing that their goal was well nigh reached, and the hour\\nof their expected triumph close at hand.\\nScouts and Indian runners had brought the tidings of Braddock s", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\napproach to the Freuch at Fort du Quesue. Their dismay was\\ngreat, and Contrecour, the commauder, thought only of retreat,\\nAvhen Beaujeu, a captain in the garrison, made the bold proposal\\nof leading out a party of French and Indians to waylay the Eng-\\nlish in the woods, and harass or interrupt their march. The offer\\nwas accepted, and Beaujeu hastened to the Indian camp.\\nAround the fort and beneath the adjacent forest were the bark\\nlodges of savage hordes, whom the French had mustered from far\\nand near: Ojibwas and Ottawas, Hurons and Caughnawagas,\\nAbenakis and Delawares. Beaujeu called the warriors together,\\nflung a hatchet on the ground before them, and invited them to\\nfollow him out to battle but the boldest stood aghast at the peril,\\nand none would accept the challenge. A second interview took\\nplace, with no better success but the Frenchman was resolved to\\ncarry his point. I am determined to go, he exclaimed. What,\\nwill you suffer your father to go alone His daring proved con-\\ntagious. The warriors hesitated no longer and when, on the\\nmorning of the ninth of July, a scout ran in Avith the news that\\nthe English army was but a few miles distant, the Indian camps\\nwere at once astir with the turmoil of preparation. Chiefs\\nharangued their yelling followers, braves bedaubed themselves\\nwith war-paiut, smeared themselves with grease, hung feathers in\\ntheir scalp-locks, and whooped and stamped till they had wrought\\nthemselves into a delirium of valor.\\nTliat morning, James Smith, an English prisoner, recently cap-\\ntured on the frontier of Pennsylvania, stood on the rampart, and\\nsaw the half-frenzied multitude thronging about the gateway, where\\nkegs of bullets and gunpowder were broken open, that each might\\nhelp himself at will. Then band after band hastened away\\ntowards the forest, followed and supported by nearly two hundred\\nand fifty French and Canadians, commanded by Beaujeu. There\\nwere the Ottawas, led on, it is said, by the remarkable man whose\\nname stands so prominently on the pages of this history there\\nwere the Hurons, of Lorette, under their chief, whom the French\\ncalled Athanose, and many more, all keen as hounds on the scent\\nof blood. At about nine miles from the fort they reached a spot\\nwhere the narrow road descended to the river through deep and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n149\\ngloomy woods, and where two ravines, concealed by trees and\\nbushes, seemed formed by nature for an ambuscade. Beaujeu\\nwell knew the ground and it was here that he had resolved to\\nfight but he and his followers were well nigh too late for, as\\nHON. J. G. SUTHERLAND,\\nJabez G. Sutherland was born October 6, 1825, in Onondaga county,\\nNew York; removed with his lather to Michigan in 1836, and has ever\\nsince resided in the counties of Genesee and Saginaw. He commenced\\nthe study of law in 1844, and came to the bar in 1848. In 1849 he settled\\nin Saginaw county, and was appointed by the Governor prosecuting\\nattorney of tliat county. He served as delegate in the Constitutional\\nConvention of 1850, and in 1853 as a member of the lower branch of the\\nLegislatui e. In 1858 he was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthey neared the ravines, the woods were resounding with the roll\\nof the British drums.\\nIt was past noon of a day brightened with the clear sunlight of\\nan American midsummer, when the forces of Braddock began, for\\na second time, to cross the Mouongahela, at the fording-place,\\nwhich, to this day, bears the name of their ill-fated leader. The\\nscarlet columns of the British regulars, complete in martial appoint-\\nment, the rude backwoodsmen, with shouldered rifles, the trains of\\nartillery and the white-topped wagons, moved on in long proces-\\nsion through the shallow current, and slowly mounted the opj^osing\\nbank. Men were there whose names have become historic Gage,\\nwho, twenty-one years later, saw his routed battalions recoil in\\ndisorder from before the breastworks on Bunker Hill Gates, the\\nfuture conqueror of Burgoyne and one destined to a higher fame,\\nGeorge Washington, a boy in years, a man in calm thought and\\nself-ruling wisdom.\\nWith steady and well-ordered march the troops advanced into\\nthe great labyrinth of woods which shadowed the eastern borders\\nof the river. Rank after rank vanished from sight. The forest\\nswallowed them up, and the silence of the wilderness sank down\\nonce more on the shores and waters of the Monongahela.\\nSeveral engineers and guides and six light horsemen led the\\nway a body of grenadiers under Gage was close behind, and the\\narmy followed, in such order as the rough ground would permit,\\nalong a narrow road, twelve feet wide, tunneled through the dense\\nand matted foliage. There were flanking parties on either side,\\n*but no scouts to scour the woods in front, and, with an insane con-\\nfidence, Braddock pressed on to meet his fate. The van had\\npassed the low grounds that bordered the river, and were now\\nascending a gently rising ground, where, on either hand, hidden by\\nthick trees, by tangled undergrowth and rank grasses, lay the two\\nfatal ravines. Suddenly, Gorden, an engineer in advance, saw the\\nFrench and Indians bounding forward through the forest and\\nAttorney-General; in 1863 was elected circuit judge of the tenth circuit,\\nand reelected in 1869 without opposition. In 1870 he was elected to\\nCongress, and thereupon resigned his judgeship.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 151\\nalong the narrow track, Beaujeu leading them on, dressed in a\\nfringed hunting-shirt, and wearing a silver gorget on his breast.\\nHe stopped, turned and waved his hat, and his French followers,\\ncrowding across the road, opened a murderous fire upon the head\\nof the British column while, screeching their war cries, the Indians\\nthronged into the ravines, or crouched behind rocks and trees on\\nboth flanks of the advancing troops. The astonished grenadiers\\nreturned the fire, and returned it with good effect for a random\\nshot struck down the brave Beaujeu, and the courage of the\\nassailants was staggered by his fall. Dumas, second in command,\\nrallied them to the attack and while he, with the French and\\nCanadians, made good the pass in front, the Indians from their\\nlurking places opened a deadly fire on the right and left. In a\\nfew moments all was confusion. The advance guard fell back on\\nthe main body, and every trace of subordination vanished. The\\nfire soon extended along the whole length of the army, from front\\nto rear. Scarce an enemy could be seen, though the forests\\nresounded with their yells though every bush and tree was alive\\nwith incessant flashes though the lead flew like a hail-storm, and\\nthe men went down by scores. The regular troops seemed bereft\\nof their senses. They huddled together in the road like flocks of\\nsheep and happy did he think himself who could wedge his way\\ninto the midst of the crowd, and place a barrier of human flesh\\nbetween his life and the shot of the ambushed marksmen. Many\\nwere seen eagerly loading their muskets, and then firing them\\ninto the air, or shooting their own comrades, in the insanity of their\\nterror. The officers, for the most part, displayed a conspicuous-\\ngallantry but threats and commands were wasted alike on the\\npanic-stricken multitude. It is said that, at the outset, Braddock\\nshowed signs of fear but he soon recovered his wonted intrepid-\\nity. Five horses were shot under him, and five times he mounted\\nafresh. He stormed and shouted, and, while the Virginians were\\nfighting to good purpose, each man behind a tree, like the Indians\\nthemselves, he ordered them, with furious menace, to form in pla-\\ntoons, where the fire of the enemy mowed them down like grass.\\nAt length, a mortal shot silenced him, and two provincials bore\\nhim off the field. Washington rode through the tumult, calm and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nundaunted. Two horses were killed under him, and four bullets\\npierced his clothes but his hour was not come, and he escaped\\nwithout a wound. Gates was shot through the body, and Gage,\\nalso, was severely wounded. Of eighty-six officers only twenty-\\nthree remained unhurt and of twelve hundred soldiers, who\\ncrossed the Monongahela, more than seven hundred were killed\\nand wounded. None suffered more severely than the Virginians,\\nwho had displayed throughout a degree of courage and steadiness\\nwhich put the cowardice of the regulars to shame. The havoc\\namong them was terrible, for, of their whole number, scarcely one-\\nfifth left the field alive.\\nThe slaughter lasted three hours, when, at length, the survivors,\\nas if impelled by a general impulse, rushed tumultuously from the\\nplace of carnage, and, with dastardly precipitation, fled across the\\nMonongahela. The enemy did not pursue beyond the river, flock-\\ning to the field to collect the plunder, and gather a rich harvest of\\nscalps. The routed troops pursued their flight until they met the\\nrear division of the army, under Colonel Dunbar and then their\\nsenseless terrors did not abate. Dunbar s soldiers caught the\\ninfection. Common baggage, provisions and wagons were\\ndestroyed, and all fled together, eager to escape from the shadows\\nof those awful woods, whose horrors haunted their imagination.\\nThey passed the defenseless settlements of the border, and hurried\\non to Philadelphia, leaving the unhappy people to defend them-\\nselves as they might against the tomahawk and scalping-knife.\\nThe calamities of this disgraceful rout did not cease with the\\nloss of a few hundred soldiers on the field of battle for it brought\\nupon the province all the miseries of an Indian war. Those among\\nthe tribes who had thus far stood neutral, wavering between the\\nFrench and English, now hesitated no longer. Many of them had\\nbeen disgusted by the contemptuous behavior of Braddock. All\\nhad learned to despise the courage of the English, and to regard\\ntheir own prowess with unbounded complacency. It is not in\\nIndian nature to stand quiet in the midst of war and the defeat\\nof Braddock was a signal for the western savages to snatch their\\ntomahawks and assail the English settlements with one accord,\\nmurdering and pillaging with ruthless fury, and turning the fron-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN, 153\\ntier of Pennsylvania and Virginia into one wide scene of havoc\\nand desolation.\\nThe three remaining expeditions which the British ministry had\\nplanned for that year s campaign were attended with various\\nHON. JOHN N. MELLEN.\\nJohn N. Mellen, the present State Senator from the twenty first sena-\\ntorial district of this State, was born in tlie town of Garry, Cliautauqua\\ncounty. New Yorli, September 30, 1831. His father, Leander Mellen,\\nwas born at Shaftsbury, Bennington county, Vt., February 17, 1797.\\nMr. Mellen emigrated to Michigan in 1837, and settled in the town of\\nWashington, Macomb county. He received a thorough common school\\neducation in the schools of that county, and removed to the town of\\nLenox, in the same county, in 1841. In 1869 he again changed his place\\nof residence, and settled in the village of Romeo, where he still resides.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nresults. Acadia was quickly reduced by the forces of Colonel\\nMonkton but the glories of this easy victory were tarnished by\\nan act of cruelty. Seven thousand of the unfortunate people,\\nrefusing to take the prescribed oath of allegiance, were seized by\\nthe conquerors, torn from their homes, placed on shipboard, like\\ncargoes of negro slaves, and transported to the British provinces.\\nThe expedition against Niagara was a total failure, for the troops\\ndid not even reach their destination. The movement against\\nCroAvn Point met with no better success, as regards the main object\\nof the enterprise. Owing to the lateness of the season, and other\\ncauses, the troops proceeded no farther than Lake George but\\nthe attempt was marked by a feat of arms, which, in that day of\\nfailures, was greeted, both in England and America, as a signal\\nvictory.\\nGeneral Johnson, afterwards Sir William Johnson, had been\\ncharged with the conduct of the Crown Point expedition and his\\nlittle army, a rude assemblage of hunters and farmers from New\\nYork and New England, officers and men alike ignorant of war,\\nlay encamped at the southern extremity of Lake George. Here,\\nwhile they languidly pursued their preparations, their active enemy\\nanticipated them. Baron Dieskau, who, with a body of troops,\\nhad reached Quebec in the squadron which sailed from Brest in\\nthe spring, had intended to take forcible possession of the English\\nfort of Oswego, erected upon ground claimed by the French as a\\npart of Canada. Learning Johnson s movement, he changed his\\nplan, crossed Lake Champlain, made a circuit by way of Wood\\nFrom 1847 until 1853 Mr. Mellen was actively engaged in the govern-\\nment surveys of the Upper Peninsula, and explored the wild and pic-\\nturesque scenery of the Lake Superior region. During the winter of\\n1853-54 he made a trip to the Pacific coast, and remained two years\\namong the gold mines, becoming thoroughly conversant with the man-\\nners and customs of those bold adventurers who, in search of wealth,\\nhad forsaken their comfortable homes in the East, and exposed them-\\nselves to the dangers and hardships of this new country, peopled with\\nhostile Indians. He was with Lieutenant Richardson on a topographical\\nsurvey of Northern California, Oregon and Washington Territoiy, in\\n1856, and while on this expedition learned a considerable of the habits of\\nthe diflerent tribes of Indians dwelling in those regions.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 155\\nCreek, and gained the rear of the English army, with a force of\\nabout two thousand French and Indians. At midnight, on the\\nseventh of September, the tidings reached Johnson that the army\\nof the French baron was but a few miles distant from his camp.\\nA council of war was called, and the resolution formed of detach-\\ning a thousand men to reconnoitre. If they are to be killed, said\\nHendrick, the Mohawk chief, they are too many if they are to\\nfight, they ai e too few. His remonstrance was unheeded and the\\nbrave old savage, unable from age and corpulence to fight on foot,\\nmounted his horse and joined the English detachment, with two\\nhundred of his warriors. At sunrise, the party defiled from the\\ncamp, and, entering the forest, disappeared from the eyes of their\\ncomrades.\\nThose who remained behind labored with all the energy of\\nalarm to fortify their unprotected camp. An hour elapsed, when,\\nfrom the distance, was heard a sudden explosion of musketry.\\nThe excited soldiers suspended their work to listen. A rattling\\nfire succeeded, deadened among the woods, but growing louder and\\nnearer, till none could doubt that their comrades had met the\\nFrench, and were defeated.\\nThis was indeed the case. Marching through thick woods, by\\nthe narrow and newly-cut road which led along the valley south-\\nward from Lake George, Williams, the English commander, had\\nled his men full into an ambuscade, where all Dieskau s army lay\\nin wait to receive them. From the woods on both sides rose an\\nappalling shout, followed by a storm of bullets. Williams was\\nsoon shot down Hendrick shared his fate many officers fell, and\\nlu 1857 he returned to the States, and was engaged iu government\\nsurveys at the head of the Red River of the North, in the State of Min-\\nnesota. Here he acquired much valuable information of the soil, climate\\nand products of that region, and also increased his knowledge of the\\npeculiar traits of the red man. In 1860 he was occupied on survej^s in\\nthe northern portion of Wisconsin, with Alfred Millard, Esq., and Har-\\nvey Mellen. He was employed in the early surveys of Dacota Territory\\nin 1861-2-3, under the supervision of G. D. Hill, surveyor-general. Since\\nthat time Mr. Mellen has been engaged in exploring the unsettled por-\\ntions of the States of Wisconsin and Michigan, in search of pine lands\\nand minerals, in which he is an extensive dealer.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATEH.\\nthe road was strewed with dead and wounded soldiers. The Eng-\\nlish gave Avay at once. Had they been regular troops, the result\\nwould have been worse but every man was a woodsman and a\\nhunter. Some retired in bodies along the road while the greater\\npart spread themselves through the forest, opposing a wide front to\\nthe enemy, fighting stubbornly as they retreated, and shooting\\nback at the French from behind every tree or bush that could\\nafford a cover. The Canadians and Indians pressed them closely,\\ndarting, with shrill cries, from tree to tree, while Dieskau s regu-\\nlars, with steadier advance, bore all before them. Far and wide\\nthrough the forest rang shout and shriek and Indian whoop, min-\\ngled with the deadly rattle of guns. Retreating and pursuing, the\\ncombatants passed northward towards the English camp, leaving\\nthe ground behind them strewn with dead and dying. A fresh\\ndetachment from the camp came in aid of the English, and the\\npursuit was checked. Yet the retreating men were not the less\\nrejoiced when they could discern between the brown columns of\\nthe woods, the mountains and waters of Lake George, with the\\ntents of their encampments on its shores. The French followed no\\nfarther. The blast of their trumpets was heard recalling their\\nscattered men for a final attack.\\nDuring the absence of Williams detachment, the main body of\\nthe army had covered the front of their camp with a breastwork\\nif the name can be applied to a row of logs behind which the\\nmarksmen lay flat on their faces. This preparation was not yet\\ncomplete, when the defeated troops appeared issuing from the\\nwoods. Breathless and perturbed, they entered the camp, and lay\\ndown with the rest and the army waited the attack in a frame of\\nmind which boded ill for the result. Soon, at the edge of the\\nwoods which bordered the open space in front, painted Indians\\nwere seen, and bayonets glittered among the foliage, shining, in\\nthe homely comparison of a New England soldier, like a row of\\nicicles on a January morning. The French regulars marched in\\ncolumn to the edge of the clearing, and formed in line, confronting\\nthe English at the distance of a hundred and fifty yards. Their\\ncomplete order, their white uniforms and bristling bayonets, were\\na new and startling sight to the eyes of Johnson s rustic soldiers,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n157\\nwho raised but a feeble cheer in answer to the shouts of their ene-\\nmies. Happily, Dieskau made no assault. The regulars opened a\\ndistant fire of musketry, throwing volley after volley against the\\nEnglish, while the Canadians and Indians, dispersing through the\\nE. B. WARD.\\nEber B. Ward was born in Canada in 1811, his parents having fled\\ninto that conntry from Vermont, to escape the ravages consequent upon\\nthe war of eighteen hundred and twelve. But he was not destined to\\nremain long in the enemy s country. As soon as the smoke had died\\naway from the last battle-field, the family returned to their pleasant home\\nin Rutland county, Vermont, where they remained until Mr. Ward was\\nabout six years old. At this period, the future of the American States\\nbeing fixed, civilization again resumed its westward march. Vermont,\\namong other New England States, contributed to the movement, and in\\n1817 many of the best families of the Green Mountain State were seeking", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nmorasses on each flauk of the camp, fired sharply, under cover of\\nthe trees and bushes. In the rear, the English were protected by\\nthe lake, but on the three remaining sides they were hedged in by\\nthe flash and smoke of musketry.\\nThe fire of the French had little efiect. The English recovered\\nfrom their first surprise, and every moment their confidence rose\\nhigher and their shouts grew louder. Leveling their long hunting\\nguns with cool precision, they returned a fire which thinned the\\nranks of the French, and galled them beyond endurance. Two\\ncannon were soon brought to bear upon the morasses which shel-\\ntered the Canadians and Indians; and, though the pieces were\\nserved with little skill, the assailants were soon terrified by the\\ncrashing of the balls among the trunks and branches, that they\\ngave way at once. Dieskau still persisted in the attack. From\\nnoon until past four o clock, the firing was scarcely abated, when,\\nat length, the French, who had sufiered extremely, showed signs\\nof wavering. At this, with a general shout, the English broke\\nfrom their camp and rushed upon their enemies, striking them\\ndown with the butts of their guns, and driving them through the\\nwoods like deer. Dieskau was taken j^risoner, dangerously\\nwounded, and leaning for support against the stump of a tree.\\nThe slaughter would have been great, had not the English gen-\\neral recalled the pursuers, and suflfered the French to continue\\ntheir flight unmolested. Fresh disasters still awaited the fugitives\\na more lucrative inheritance in tlie boundless West and South. Mr.\\nWard s parents were among the travelers. They had set out for Ken-\\ntucky, but being delayed at Waterford, Pennsylvania, for some time,\\nowing to a disarrangement in their plans for transportation, a sad dispen-\\nsation of Providence interrupted their journey. Mr. Ward s mother, after\\na severe illness, died, and was buried at this place. Changing their\\ncourse, the father and son went into Ohio. Subsequently events led them\\nwestward until they were permanently located in Michigan.\\nMr. Ward first landed in Detroit in 1821, when he was onlj^ nine years\\nold. Then he was a poor boy, without even the prospect of fortune and\\nsuccess; but, observe the course he pursued, and the results that attended\\nhis efforts. Nature seems to have qualified him to battle the perils of\\npioneer life; and, as if to increase the hardships that apparent ill fortune\\nhad already visited upon him, at the age of twelve years he secured the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 159\\nfor, as they approached the scene of that morning s ambuscade,\\nthey were greeted by a volley of musketry. Two companies of\\nNew York and New Hampshire rangers, who had come out from\\nFort Edward as a scouting party, had lain in wait to receive them.\\nFavored by the darkness of the woods for night was now\\napproaching they made so sudden and vigorous an attack, that\\nthe French thought them far superior in numbers, were totally\\nrouted and dispersed. This memorable conflict has cast its dark\\nassociations over one of the most beautiful spots in America.\\nNear the scene of the evening fight, a pool, half overgrown by\\nweeds and water lilies, and darkened by the surrounding forest, as\\npointed out to the tourist, and he is told that beneath its stagnant\\nwaters lie the bones of three hundred Frenchmen deep buried in\\nmud and slime.\\nThe war thus began was pros ^cuted for five succeeding years\\nwith the full energy of both nations. The period was one of suf-\\nfering and anxiety to the colonists, who, knowing the full extent\\nof their danger, spared no exertion to avert it. In the year 1758,\\nLord Abercrombie, who then commanded in America, had at his\\ndisposal a force amounting to fifty thousand men, of whom the\\ngreater part were provincials. The operations of the war\\nembraced a wide extent of country, from Cape Breton and Nova\\nScotia to the sources of the Ohio but nowhere was the contest so\\nactively carried on as in the neighborhood of Lake George, the\\nwaters of which, joined with those of Lake Champlain, formed\\nhumble position of cabin boy on a small schooner on the lakes. Thus\\nwas modestly inaugurated Captain Ward s marine life. It is inexpedient\\nto tax the reader with all the changing scenes that came over his life\\nsince this dedication of boyhood to the interests of navigation. It is\\nenough to say that from these humble beginnings, by hard industry and\\ntimely enterprise, he has won success for lake navigation, and wealth for\\nhimself. His accumulations are said to exceed five millions, and may be\\nsummed up as follows: $1,000,000 in Chicago EoUing Mills stock,\\n$500,000 in Milwaukee Rolling Mills stock, $500,000 in Wyandotte Roll-\\ning Mills stock, $500,000 in floating property, and over $3,000,000 in real\\nestate.\\nMr. E. B. Ward is now about sixty -two years of age, but is prosecuting\\nhis enormous business with all the vigor and exactness of his youth.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe main avenue of communication between Canada and the Brit-\\nish provinces. Lake George is more than thirty miles long, but\\nof width so slight that it seems like some broad and placid river,\\nenclosed between ranges of lofty mountains now contracting into\\nnarrows, dotted with islands and shadowed by cliffs and crags, now\\nspreading into a clear and open expanse. It had long been known\\nto the French. The Jesuit, Isaac Jogues, bound on a fatal mis-\\nsion to the ferocious Mohawks, had reached its banks on the eve of\\nCorpus Christi Day, and named it Lac St. Sacremeut. Its soli-\\ntude was now rudely invaded. Armies passed and re-passed upon\\nits tranquil bosom. At its northern point the French planted\\ntheir stronghold of Ticonderoga at its south stood the English\\nfort, William Henry while the mountains and waters between\\nwere a scene of ceaseless ambuscades, surprises, and forest skir-\\nmishing. Through summer and winter, the crack of rifles and the\\ncries of men gave no rest to their echoes and at this day, on the\\nfield of many a forgotten fight, are dug up rusty tomahawks,\\ncorroded bullets, and human bones, to attest the struggles of the\\npast.\\nThe earliest years of the war were unpropitious to the English,\\nwhose commanders displayed no great degree of vigor or ability.\\nIn the summer of 1756, the French general, Montcalm, advanced\\nupon Oswego, took it, and leveled it to the ground. In August of\\nthe following year, he struck a heavier blow. Passing Lake\\nGeorge with a force of eight thousand men, including about two\\nthousand Indians, gathered from the farthest parts of Canada, he\\nlaid siege to Fort William Henry, close to the spot where Dieskau\\nhad been defeated two years before. Planting his batteries against\\nit, he beat down its ramparts and dismounted its guns, until the\\ngarrison, after a brave defense, were forced to capitulate. They\\nmarched out with the honors of war but, scarcely had they done\\nso, when Montcalm s Indians assailed them, cutting down and\\nscalping them without mercy. Those who escaped came into Fort\\nEdward with exaggerated accounts of the horrors from which they\\nfled, and a general terror was spread through the country. The\\ninhabitants were mustered from all parts to repel the advance of\\nMontcalm but the French general, satisfied with what he had", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n161\\ndone, re-passed Lake George, and retired behind the walls of\\nTiconderoga.\\nIn the year 1758, the war began to assume a different aspect,\\nfor Pitt was at the head of the government. Sir Jeffrey Amherst\\nHON. CHARLES M. GARRISON.\\nCharles M. Garrison, a leading citizen of Detroit, Michigan, was\\nborn near Mt. Vernon, Oliio, on the 17th of March, 1837. His father,\\nJolin J. Garrison, commenced business in Detroit in 1829 as a wholesale\\ngrocer. After being burned out and losing his entire stock on two differ-\\nent occasions, he established himself a third time, and, in the midst of\\nunbounded success, he retired in 1863, being succeeded by his son, the\\nsubject of this sketch.\\nCharles M. Garrison spent his youthful days, as he has his entire life,\\n11", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlaid siege to the etrong fortress of Louisburg, and at length reduced\\nit while in the South, General Forbes marched against Fort du\\nQuesne, and, more fortunate than his predecessor, Braddock, drove\\nthe French from that important point. Another successful stroke\\nwas the destruction of Fort Frontenac, which was taken by a pro-\\nvincial army, under Colonel Bradstreet. These achievements Avere\\ncounterbalanced by a great disaster. Lord Abercrombie, with an\\narmy of sixteen thousand men, advanced to the head of Lake\\nGeorge, the place made memorable by Dieskau s defeat and the\\nloss of Fort William Henry. On a brilliant July morning, he\\nembarked his whole force for an attack on Ticonderoga. Many\\nof those present have recorded with admiration the beauty of the\\nspectacle the lines of boats, filled with troops, stretching far down\\nthe lake, the flashing of oars, the glittering of weapons, and\\nthe music ringing back from crags and rocks, or dying, in mel-\\nlowed strains, among the distant mountains. At night, the army\\nlanded, and, driving in the French outposts, marched through the\\nwoods towards Ticonderoga. One of their columns, losing its way\\nin the forest, fell in Avith a body of the retreating French and,\\nin the conflict that ensued, Lord Howe, the favorite of the army,\\nwas shot dead. On the eighth of July, they prepared to storm\\nthe lines which Montcalm had drawn across the peninsula, in\\nfront of the fortress. Advancing to the attack, they saw before\\nthem a breastwork of uncommon height and thickness. The\\nFrench were drawn up behind it, their heads alone visible,\\nas they leveled their muskets against the assailants while, for a\\nin the city of Detroit, receiving a thorough education in her common\\nscliools.\\nAt the age of sixteen he entered his father s store, and lias been con-\\nstantly engaged in the wholesale grocery trade ever since, building up\\none of the most extensive and important establishments in Michigan.\\nMr. Garrison has filled a number of positions of importance and trust,\\nand has ever been known to perform his duties faithfully and well. In\\n1871 he was elected president of the Board of Trade without opposition,\\nand his performance of the duties of that responsible position was such\\nas to secure his unanimous reelection to the same office in 1872.\\nWhen the disastrous fires of the fall of 1871 swept over the northern\\nand western portions of our State, laying whole towns in ashes, and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 163\\nhundred yards in front of the work, the ground was covered with\\nfelled trees, with sharpened branches, pointing outwards. The\\nsignal of assault was given. In vain, the Highlanders, screaming\\nwith rage, hewed with their broadswords among the branches,\\nstruggling to get at the enemy. In vain the English, with their\\ndeep-toned shout, rushed on in heavy columns. A tempest of\\nmusket balls met them, and Montcalm s cannon swept the whole\\nground with terrible carnage. A few officers and men forced their\\nway through the branches, passed the ditch, climbed the breast-\\nwork, and, leaping among the enemy, were instantly bayonetted.\\nThe English fought four hours with determined valor, but the\\nposition of the French was impregnable and at length, having\\nlost two thousand of their number, the army drew off, leaving\\nmany of their dead scattered upon the field. A sudden panic\\nseized the defeated troops. They rushed in haste to their boats,\\nand, though no pursuit was attempted, they did not regain their\\ncomposure until Lake George was between them and the enemy.\\nThe fatal lines of Ticonderoga were not soon forgotten in the\\nprovinces and marbles in Westminster Abbey preserve the mem-\\nory of those who fell on that disastrous day.\\nThis repulse, far from depressing the energies of the British\\ncommanders, seemed to stimulate them to new exertion and the\\ncampaign of the next year, 1759, had for its object the immediate\\nand total reduction of Canada. This unhappy country was full\\nof misery and disorder. Peculation and every kind of corruption\\nprevailed among its civil and military chiefs, a reckless licentious-\\ndoing incalculable damage to our pine forests and farming interests, and\\nrendering hundreds of families houseless and destitute, Mr. Garrison did\\nhis utmost to render assistance, and contributed largely to that end. He\\nwas appointed chairman of the State relief committee, by Governor\\nBaldwin, and in this position he did a work that prevented a large\\namount of suffering, and brought happiness to many an unfortunate\\nfamily throughout the desolate region traversed by the fires.\\nIn the autumn of 1872 he was chosen to represent the fourth ward of\\nDetroit in her Common Council, and in the proceedings of that body he\\nexerts considerable influence, and is ever found on the side of economy\\nand honesty.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES,\\nness was increasing among the people, and a general famine seemed\\nimpending for the population had of late years been drawn\\naway for military service, and the fields were left untilled. In\\nspite of their sufferings, the Canadians, strong in rooted antipathy\\nto the English, and highly excited by their priests, resolved on\\nfighting to the last. Prayers were offered up in the churches,\\nmasses said, and penance enjoined, to avert the wrath of God\\nfrom the colony, while everything was done for its defense which\\nthe energies of a great and patriotic leader could effect.\\nThe details of the fall of Quebec, and the death of Montcalm\\nand Wolfe, having been given in another chapter, we will now\\nfollow the English army to Western Canada, Detroit, and other\\nwestern outposts.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nThe English take Possession of the Western Outposts op Canada\\nMarch op Major Rogers and the Provincial Rangers\\nAppearance op Pontiac Sltirender of Detroit and Michili-\\nMACKINAC TO THE ENGLISH EnD OF FRENCH RuLE IN MICHIGAN.\\nCanada had fallen Montcalm, her bold defender, had also\\nfallen, and now the plains around Montreal were dotted with\\nthree victorious English armies. The work of conquest was com-\\nplete. Canada, with all her dependencies, had yielded to the\\nBritish Crown. It remained only for the English to take posses-\\nsion of those western outposts, where the lilies of France were\\nstill flying from the flag staff. The execution of this very\\ndangerous task was assigned to Major Robert Rogers, a provincial\\nofficer, and a native of New Hampshire.\\nRogers commanded a body of provincial rangers. Putnam and\\nStark were his associates and it was in this woodland warfare\\nthat the former achieved many of those startling adventures\\nwhich have made his name familiar at every New England fire-\\nside.\\nOn the twelfth of September, 1760, Rogers, then at the height\\nof his reputation, received orders from Sir Jeffrey Amherst to\\nascend the lakes with a detachment of rangers, and take posses-\\nsion, in the name of his Britannic Majesty, of Detroit, Michili-\\nmackinac, and other western posts included in the capitulation of\\nMontreal. He left the latter place on the following day with two\\nhundred rangers in fifteen whale boats.\\nThey gained Lake Ontario, skirted its northern shore, amid\\nrough and boisterous weather, and, crossing at its western extrem-\\nity, reached Fort Niagara on the first of October. Carrying\\ntheir boats over the portage, they launched them once more above\\nthe cataract and slowly pursued their voyage while Rogers and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\na few attendants hastened on in advance to Fort Pitt, to deliver\\ndispatches, with which he was charged, to General Monkton.\\nThis accomplished, he re-joined his army at Presque Isle, about\\nthe end of the month, and the whole proceeded together along the\\nsouthern margin of Lake Erie. The season was far advanced,\\nsays Parkman, the wind was chill, the lake was stormy, and the\\nwoods on shore were tinged with the fading hues of autumn.\\nOn the seventh of November they reached the mouth of a river,\\ncalled by Rogers, the Chogage. No body of troops under the\\nBritish flag had ever penetrated so far before. The day was dull\\nand rainy, and, resolving to rest until the weather should improve,\\nRogers ordered his men to prepare their encampment in the\\nneighboring forest.\\nSoon after the arrival of the rangers, a party of Indian chiefs\\nand warriors entered the camp. They proclaimed themselves an\\nembassy from Pontiac, ruler of all that country, and directed, in\\nhis name, that the English should advance no further until they\\nhad had an interview with the great chief, who was already close\\nat hand. In truth, before the day closed, Pontiac himself\\nappeared and it is here, for the first time, that this remarkable\\nman stands forth on the pages of the History of Michigan. He\\ngreeted Rogers with the haughty demand, what was his business\\nin that country, and how dared he enter it without his permission.\\nRogers informed him that the French were defeated, that Canada\\nhad surrendered, and that he was on his way to take possession of\\nDetroit, and restore a general peace to white men and Indians\\nalike. Pontiac listened with attention, but only replied that he\\nshould stand in the path of the English until morning. Having\\ninquired if the strangers were in need of anything which his\\ncountry could afford, he withdrew, with his chiefs, at nightfall,\\nto his own encampment while the English, ill at ease, and sus-\\npecting treachery, stood well on their guard throughout the night.\\nIn the morning, Pontiac returned to the camp, with his attend-\\nant chiefs, and made his reply to Rogers speech of the i:)revious\\nday. He was willing, he said, to live at peace with the English,\\nand suffer them to remain in his country, as long as they treated\\nhim with due respect and deference. The Indian chiefs and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n167\\nprovincial officers smoked the calumet together, and perfect har-\\nmony seemed established between them. Up to this time, Pontiac\\nhad been the fast ally of the French, but it is easy to see the\\nmotive that impelled him to renounce his old allegiance. The\\nHON. LYSANDER WOODWARD.\\nLtsandek Woodward, one of the most prominent men in Oakland\\ncounty, was born in the town of Columbia, Tolland, county, Connecticut,\\nNovember 19, 1817. His parents, Asahel Woodward and Harriet House,\\nwere natives of that State.\\nIn 1825, with his parents, he removed to the town of Chili, Monroe\\ncounty, N. Y. From here he emigrated to Michigan in the fall of 1838.\\nHe married Miss Peninah A. Simpson on the 11th of May, 1843, and\\nsettled near the village of Rochester, Oakland county, where he still\\nresides.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAmerican forests never produced a man more shrewd and ambi-\\ntious. Ignorant as he was of what was passing in the world, he\\ncould clearly see that the French power was on the wane, and he\\nknew his own interest too well to prop a falling cause.\\nA cold storm of rain set in, and the rangers were detained sev-\\neral days in their encampment. During this time Rogers had\\nseveral interviews with Pontiac, and was constrained to admire\\nthe native vigor of his intellect, no less than the singular control\\nwhich he exercised over those around him. On the twelfth of\\nNovember the detachment Avas again in motion, and within a few\\ndays they had reached the western end of Lake Erie. Here they\\nheard that the Indians of Detroit were in arms against them, and\\nthat four hundred warriors lay in ambush at the entrance of the\\nriver to cut them off. The powerful influence of Pontiac being\\nexerted in favor of his new friends, the warriors abandoned their\\ndesign, and the rangers continued their march toward Detroit, now\\nnear at hand.\\nLieutenant Brehm was sent forward by Rogers to inform Cap-\\ntain Beletre, the commandant at Detroit, that Canada had capitu-\\nlated, that his garrison was included in the capitulation, and that\\nan English detachment was approaching to relieve it. Captain\\nBeletre, in great wrath at these tidings, disregarded the message\\nMr. Woodward s chief occupation is that of a farmer, but he has held\\nmany important offices in liis township. In ISttO he was elected Repre-\\nsentative from the first district of Oakland county to the State Legislature,\\nand served witli considerable distinction during one regular and two\\nextra sessions. He was county treasurer of Oakland county two terms,\\nfrom 18GG to 1870, and performed his duties in a thoroughly satisfactory\\nmanner. Mr. Woodward was also president of the Oakland County\\nAgricultural Society for three years, and in this position did great service\\nin advancing the agricultural interests of his county. He was among the\\nfirst to conceive and advocate the building of the Detroit Bay City\\nRailroad, and has been instrumental in canvassing for and promoting its\\nconstruction. He was chosen the first president of this company in 1871,\\nwhich important office he held up to May 15, 1873, and he still remains\\none of the directors of the company.\\nMr. Woodward owns one of the largest and best cultivated farms in\\nOakland county.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\n169\\nas an informal communication, and resolved to keep a hostile atti-\\ntude to the last. He did his best to rouse the fury of the Indians,\\nbut his faithless allies showed symptoms of defection in his hour\\nof need.\\nHON. PETER C. ANDRE.\\nPeter Charles Andre, of Saginaw, was born in Detroit, Micliigan,\\nOctober 25, 1817. His grandfather, Joseph Andre, was tlie founder and\\nproprietor of Vincennes, Indiana, whence Joseph Clark Andre, the\\nfather of Peter C, removed in 1801 to Detroit, where, on July 29, 1813,\\nhe married Clemelia, daughter of Capt. John Pearson, of Boston, Mass.\\nwho is known as among the earliest navigators of the upper lakes. Of\\nthe issue of this marriage there are still surviving, besides the subject of\\nthis sketch, Julia, wife of Major Placedus Ord, U. S. A., Elias C. and\\nAlexander Andre, Josephine Schick and Louisa Calnon.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nRogers had now entered the mouth of the Detroit River, whence\\nhe sent forward Captain Campbell with a copy of the capitulation\\nand a letter from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, directing that the\\nplace should be given up, in accordance with the terms agreed\\nupon between him and General Amherst. Beletre was forced to\\nyield, and with a very ill grace, declared himself and his garrison\\nat the disposal of the English commander.\\nThe whale boats of the rangers moved slowly upwards between\\nthe low banks of the Detroit, until at length they came in sight\\nof the little town. Before them, on the right side, they could see\\nthe village of the Wyandots, and on the left, the clustered lodges\\nof the Pottawattomies, while a little beyond, the flag of France was\\nflying for the last time above the bark roofs and weather-beaten\\npalisades of the little fortified settlement.\\nThe rangers landed on the opposite bank, and pitched their tents\\nupon a meadow, while two officers, with a small detachment, went\\nacross the river to take possession of the place. In obedience to\\ntheir summons, the French garrison defiled upon the plain, and\\nMr. Andre s family consists of liis wife (formerly Miss Clarissa M.\\nStark), two daughters and himself.\\nAt a very early age he entered the dry goods store of S. P. Fletcher,\\nthen in the John R. Williams Block, Detroit, as a clerk. After spend-\\ning a few years in that capacity, and before reaching his majority, he\\nwent into the mercantile, forwarding and commission business, on his\\nown account, at Grand Haven, Michigan, and in 1843 established five\\ntrading posts in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula. These he\\nconducted until 1846, when he removed to Sagina-.v and opened a mer-\\ncantile house, which he continued until 18G3. Since then he has been,\\nand still is, engaged largely in the real estate business.\\nMr. Andre s fortune is among the largest in Saginaw; and it is pei haps\\ndue him to say that his tact, sagacity and energy, have carried him suc-\\ncessfully through the great financial troubles of the last forty years.\\nHe has been mayor of Saginaw and register of deeds for Saginaw\\ncounty, and has held responsible positions under the general government.\\nHe has always taken a lively interest in all matters pertaining to the\\ndevelopment and growth of his city and county. His advice and opin-\\nions are much sought in the councils of both, and he contributes freely\\nand generously to every enterprise tending to their prosperity and wel-\\nfare.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN, 171\\nlaid down their arms. The fleur de lis was lowered froni the flag-\\nstaff, and the cross of St. George rose aloft in its place, while\\nseven hundred Indian warriors, lately the active allies of the\\nFrench, greeted the sight with a burst of triumphant yells.\\nThe Canadian militia were next called together, and disarmed.\\nThe Indians beheld these actions with amazement, being quite at\\na loss to understand why so many men should bow before so few.\\nNothing, says Parkman, is more effective in gaining the respect\\nor even attachment of Indians, than a display of power. The\\nsavage spectators conceived the loftiest ideas of English prowess,\\nand were astonished at the forbearance of the conquerors in not\\nkilling their vanquished enemies on the spot.\\nThus, on the 29th of November, 1760, Detroit fell into the\\nhands of the English. The garrison were sent as prisoners down\\nthe lake, but the Canadian inhabitants were allowed to retain\\ntheir farms and houses, on condition of swearing allegiance to the\\nBritish crown. An officer was sent southward to take possession\\nof the forts Miami and Ouatanon, which guarded the communica-\\ntion between Lake Erie and the Ohio while Rogers himself, Avith\\na small party, proceeded northward, to relieve the French garri-\\nson of Michilimackinac. The storms and gathering ice of Lake\\nHuron forced him back, without accomplishing his object, and\\nMichilimackinac, with the three remoter posts of Ste. Marie,\\nGreen Bay, and St. Joseph, remained for a time in the hands of\\nthe French. During the next season, however, a detachment of\\nthe Sixtieth Regiment, then called the Royal Americans, took pos-\\nsession of them, a full account of which will be found farther on.\\nNothing now remained within the power of the French, except\\nthe few posts and settlements on the Mississippi and the Wabash,\\nnot included in the capitulation of Montreal. The fertile wilder-\\nness beyond the Alleghanies, over which France had claimed\\nsovereignty that boundless forest, with its tracery of interlacing\\nstreams, which, like veins and arteries, gave it life and nourish-\\nment had passed into the hands of England. The French in\\nAmerica were completely subdued, and, to the English mind, there\\nwas little to be feared from the red man. The lapse of two years,\\nhowever, sufficed to show how complete and fatal was the mistake.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nHosTiiJTY Between the Northern Indians and the English\\nExperience of the First English Traders who Visited Mich-\\nILIMACKINAC ThEIR PERSECUTIONS ThE ENGLISH SOLDIERS TAKE\\nPossession of Michilimackinac.\\nWith the change of jurisdiction narrated in the preceding chap-\\nter a new scene opens before us. The victory on the Heights of\\nAbraham gave to England the possession of a wide extent of terri-\\ntory but that territory was vast forest, broken only here and\\nthere by a prairie, a lake, or an Indian clearing. The emblems of\\npower in these illimitable wastes were the log forts which had\\nbeen, here and there, erected by the French for trading posts.\\nThe English took possession of these, garrisoned them with a few\\nmen, seemingly oblivious of the dangers by which they were sur-\\nrounded, dependent, as they were, upon the Indians for supplies,\\nand weakened by the long distances which separated them from\\neach other. But, weak as they were, their presence alarmed the\\nIndians. The untutored mind of the savage could not comprehend\\nby what right the British flag was unfurled over their dominions,\\nor why the English should claim any right to their lands because\\nof a victory over the French. Hence, from the first, they were\\nfilled with suspicion and dislike and the conduct of the English\\nwas such as to foster, rather than allay, the feeling. The French\\nhad always treated the red man as a brother. They called us\\nchildren, said a Chippewa chief, and we found them fathers.\\nBut the English were cold and harsh. The French had made\\nthem liberal presents but the English spurned them from their\\ndoors. The French traders had dealt honestly by them but the\\nEnglish had cheated them and outraged their families.\\nAnother source of discontent was the advent of English set-\\ntlers. Their choicest lauds were invaded, and the graves of their", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n173\\nancestors desecrated. These things aroused some of the tribes to\\nthe highest pitch of excitement.\\nIn the meantime, the French were not idle. Every advantage\\nwas taken of the conduct of the English and the natural fears of\\nHON. CHARLES S. MAY.\\nCharles Sedgwick May was bom at Sandisfield, Berkshire county,\\nMass., March 33, 1830. In the year 1834, his father s family removed to\\nRichland, Kalamazoo county, Michigan, being among the earliest settlers\\nof the town. Until his fifteenth year he worked upon his father s farm,\\nattending district school during the winter months. He then entered as\\na student the Kalamazoo branch of the Michigan University, and was in\\nattendance with more or less regularity for four years, acquiring some\\nknowledge, of Latin and Greek, and laying the foundations of the\\nrhetorical and oratorical excellence for which he has since been so well\\nknown. At the age of twenty he had acquired a command of both", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe Indians. They told the Indians that the English were deter-\\nmined to exterminate them, or drive them from their homes and\\ntheir hunting grounds that the King of France had been asleep,\\nbut was now awake, and hastening with a vast army to the assist-\\nance of his red children.\\nAnother cause which tended to increase their excitement, and\\nhasten an outbreak, Avas the appearance of a prophet among the\\nDelawares. He taught them to lay aside everything which they\\nhad received from the white man, and thus strengthen and purify\\ntheir natures, and make themselves acceptable to the Great Spirit.\\nHe told them that by so doing the favor of the Great Spirit would\\nbe conciliated, and the white man would be foreyer driven from\\ntheir dominions.\\nThis excitement soon led them to action. In the spring of 1761,\\nCaptain Campbell, then commanding at Detroit, learned that a\\ndeputation of Senecas had come to the neighboring village of the\\nWyandots, for the purpose of instigating the latter to destroy him\\nand his garrison. Upon examination, the plot was found to be\\ngeneral, and other posts were to share the fate of his own but his\\npromptness in sending information to the other commanders\\nextemporaneous and written oratory rarely met with in so young a man.\\nThis naturally led him to the choice of law as a profession. After read-\\ning at home for some time such elementary law books as he could obtain,\\nhe pursued his legal studies more regularly at Bennington, Vermont, and\\nat Battle Creek, Michigan, while at the same time he was a frequent\\ncontributor to the anti-slavery journals of the State. He was duly admit-\\nted to the bar of Michigan in 1854. From November, 1855, to October,\\n1856, he was associate i)olitical editor of the Detroit Daily Tribune^ acting\\na considerable portion of that time as its editorial correspondent in\\nWashington. Finding this employment too confining, he returned to\\nthe practice of law at Battle Creek, and in September, 1857, removed to\\nKalamazoo, where he has since resided, practicing his profession.\\nIn November, 1860, Mr. May was elected Prosecuting Attorney for\\nKalamazoo county. Immediately after the bombardment of Sumter, in\\nApril, 1861, he resigned his office to raise a company for the Second\\nRegiment of Michigan infantry, and, with his men, started at once for\\nthe seat of war. After serving through the first campaign of the Army\\nof the Potomac, participating with honor in the battles of Blackburn s", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 175\\nnipped the conspiracy in the bud. During the following year, a\\nsimilar design was detected and suppressed. But these proved to\\nbe only warnings of what was to come. In the spring of 1763, a\\nscheme was matured, greater in extent, deeper, and more com-\\nprehensive in design such a one as was never, before or since,\\nconceived or executed by a North American Indian. It contem-\\nplated, first, a sudden and contemporaneous assault upon all the\\nEnglish forts around the lakes and, second, the garrisons having\\nbeen destroyed, the turning of a savage avalanche of destruction\\nupon the defenseless frontier settlements, until, as many fondly\\nbelieved, the English should be driven into the Atlantic Ocean,\\nand the Indians reinstated in their primitive possessions.\\nBut, before we proceed further with the narration of the events\\nof this consjairacy, let us turn our attention to the condition of\\nMichilimackinac, and note the events which were there transpir-\\ning. The Indians of that locality as deeply regretted the change\\nwhich had taken place as their more southern neighbors, and for\\nthe same causes.\\nThis post, it will be remembered, did not fall into the hands of\\nthe English until about one year after the surrender of Detroit.\\nFord and Bull Run, lie was compelled by ill health to resign his commis-\\nsion, and return to his home and profession.\\nIn the fall of 1863, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Michigan;\\nas such, presiding over the State Senate during its sessions, though the\\nyoungest member of that body, with signal ability and general approval.\\nHe was universally conceded to have been one of the ablest presiding\\nofficers that had ever occupied the chair of the Senate chamber.\\nOn the 9tli of February, 1863, he addressed the Senate, in a carefully\\nprepared speech, urging the Legislature to sustain the government in\\nputting down the rebellion. The speech was widely circulated by his\\nRepublican friends, and was admitted, even by his political opponents,\\nto be an eflFort of great power.\\nOn the 35th of January, 1864, during the extra session, at the unani-\\nmous request of the Republican members of both branches of the\\nLegislature, Mr. May made a speech in the Hall of Representatives, enti-\\ntled Union, Victory and Freedom, of such clearness of statement and\\nforce of argument, that it was published as a pamphlet and very widely\\ncirculated, and copied into many of the leading Republican journals", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nOur purpose is now to narrate some of the important events which\\ntranspired during the last year of French occupation of this\\nancient Indian metropolis. The English flag floated over every post\\nin the lake region save this. Here, alone, the fleur de lis still\\nwaved in the breeze and here were collected those savages who\\nwere most hostile to the English. The French constantly goaded\\ntheir Indian allies to greater hostility to the English determined\\nto harass the enemy they could not conquer. The feeling Avhich\\nanimated these Indians cannot be better described than by nar-\\nrating some of the adventures of Alexander Henry, the first Eng-\\nlish trader who ventured among them. No treaty having been\\nmade, it was with difficulty that Henry secured permission to\\ntrade. But consent was at last given, and, on the third of August,\\n1761, he began his perilous journey. Reaching Michilimackinac,\\nhe secured a house, but was immediately warned by the inhabit-\\nants that his position was far from safe. They advised him to lose\\nno time in returning to Detroit but he disregarded their admo-\\nnitions, and concluded to take his chances, his friend Campion\\nhaving declared his belief that the Canadian settlers were more\\nhostile than the Indians, and that their admonitions were prompted\\nby jealousy of English traders.\\nthroughout the West. Since the close of his term as Lieutenant-\\nGovernor, lie has held no public office.\\nIn the national and State campaigns from 18ot to 1870, he was actively\\nengaged as a political orator on the Republican side. During the cam-\\npaign of 1873, he supported Horace Greeley for President, running as\\nelector at large on the Liberal State ticket. Although prevented by a\\nsevere and protracted illness from participating in the campaign to any\\nextent that season, yet on the 27th of September, while still much enfee-\\nbled, and suffering from disease, he made a notable and powerful speech\\nat Union Hall, in Kalamazoo, in vindication of the Liberal movement,\\nwhich was widely read and circulated throughout the State.\\nIn conclusion, the subject of this sketch is well known as a man of\\nuncompromising integrity, and of indomitable and undaunted moral\\ncourage in his advocacy of the great principles of justice, temperance,\\nmorality and equal rights, and both for his own high character and his\\nunquestioned ability, he commands the respect and confidence of his\\nfellow men.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n177\\nFort Michilimackinac was built by order of the Governor-Gen-\\neral of Canada, and garrisoned with a small number of militia,\\nwho, having families, soon became less soldiers than settlers. The\\nfort and settlement stood on the south side of the strait connecting\\nHON. B. W. HUSTON.\\nBenjamfn W. Huston, of Vassar, Tuscola county, was born near the\\ncity of Rochester, New York, March 5, 1831. His father, B. W. Huston,\\nSr., removed from the State of New York in the spring of 1836, and set-\\ntled upon a farm in the township of Canton, Wayne county, Michigan,\\nwhere he is still living.\\nMr. Huston, Jr., the subject of this sketch, when very young, evinced\\na strong desire for an education, but the moderate means of his parents\\nprevented them from gratifying this desire only in a limited manner. At\\n12", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nLake Huron and Lake Michigan. The settlement had an area of\\ntwo acres, and was inclosed with pickets of cedar wood, and was\\nso near the water s edge, that when the wind was from the west,\\nthe waves broke against the stockade. On the bastions were two\\nsmall pieces of English brass cannon. Within the stockade Avere\\nthirty houses, neat in their appearance, and tolei-ably commodious,\\nand a church, in which mass was celebrated by a Jesuit priest.\\nThe number of families was nearly equal to that of the houses,\\nand their subsistence was derived from the Indian traders, who\\nassembled there on their voyages to and from Montreal. Michili-\\nmackinac was the place of deposit, and point of departure between\\nthe upper countries and the lower. Here the outfits were prepared\\nfor the countries of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, Lake\\nSuperior and the Northwest and here the return, in furs, was\\ncollected and embarked for Montreal.\\nHenry was not released from the visits and admonitions of the\\ninhabitants of the fort before he received the equivocal intelli-\\ngence that the whole band of Chippewas, from the Island of Mich-\\nilimackinac, was arrived, with the intention of paying him a visit.\\nThere was in the fort a Mr. Farley, an interpreter, lately in the\\neight years of age he was taken from the district school and placed at\\nwork on his father s farm, and from that time until he was nineteen\\nyears of age he seldom received over a month or six weeks schooling\\nduring the year, and that in the winter season, when his services could\\nnot be made available on the farm. At the age of nineteen his health\\nfailed him to such an extent that he could not perform the laborious\\nduties of a farmer, and, consequently, he enjoyed the benefits of an eleven\\nweeks term at the seminary, in Ypsilanti. He taught school the follow-\\ning winter, and worked on the farm the two succeeding summers,\\nattending the Ypsilanti seminary during the fall terms of those years.\\nIn the spring of 1853, Mr. Huston entered the office of Hon. C. Joslin,\\nof Ypsilanti, as a law student. At this time he was destitute of all pecu-\\nniary assistance, and had to rely entirely upon his own resources to\\nacquire the desired knowledge. He, however, pushed his legal studies\\ndiligently, and was admitted to the bar at Ann Arbor in September, 1854.\\nAt the time he was reading law he married Miss Nancy J. Vought, of\\nSuperior township, Washtenaw county, Mich.\\nIn the spring of 1855 he removed from Ypsilanti to Tuscola county,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 179\\nemploy of the French commandant. He had married a Chippewa\\nwoman, and was said to possess great influence over the nation to\\nwhich his wife belonged. Doubtful as to the kind of visit which\\nhe was about to receive, Henry sent for this interpreter, and\\nrequested, first, that he would have the kindness to be present at\\nthe interview and, secondly, that he would inform him of the\\nintention of the band. Mr. Farley agreed to be present and, as\\nto the object of the visit, replied, that it was consistent with a uni-\\nform custom, that a stranger, on his arrival, should be waited\\nupon and welcomed by the chiefs of the nation, who, on their\\npart, always gave a small present, and always expected a large\\none; but as to the rest, declared himself unable to answer for\\nthe particular views of the Chippewas on this occasion, he\\nbeing an Englishman, and the Indians having made no treaty with\\nthe English. He thought there might be danger, the Indians\\nhaving protested that they would not suffer an Englishman to\\nremain in their part of the country. This information was far\\nfrom agreeable but there was no resource except in fortitude and\\npatience.\\nAt two o clock in the afternoon, the Chippewas visited Mr.\\nHenry, at his house, about sixty in number, and headed by Mina-\\nand settled ia the town of Vassar, where he still resides. When he\\nreached Vassar he found himself in a county that was almost an unbroken\\nwilderness, having only two thousand inhabitants inside its boundaries.\\nHis possessions consisted of ninety dollars worth of law books, a loving\\nwife, and several hundred dollars of debts. This was rather a discour-\\naging start in life, but Mr. Huston showed himself equal to the heavy\\ntask before him. He received the appointment of prosecuting attorney\\nfor his county, at a salary of $150 a year, and with this, and what he\\nearned by hard work at his profession, succeeded in maintaining himself\\nfor several years, until his county grew, and his practice with it.\\nFrom the time of attaining his majority until the breaking out of the\\nrebellion, Mr. Huston acted with the Democratic party. In 1856 he\\nreceived the nomination of prosecuting attorney of his county from that\\nparty, but the county being strongly Republican, he was defeated. In\\n1858 he was elected prosecuting attorney and circuit court commissioner\\non the Democratic ticket, although that party was still in the minority.\\nAt the following election he was defeated for the same office by only", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nvavana, their chief. They walked in single file, each with his\\ntomahawk in one hand and scalping-knife in the other. Their\\nbodies were naked from the waist upward, except in a few\\ninstances, where blankets were thrown loosely over their shoulders.\\nTheir faces were painted with charcoal, worked up with grease\\ntheir bodies with white clay, in patterns of various fancies. Some\\nhad feathers thrust through their noses, and their heads decorated\\nwith the same. It is not proper to dwell here on the sensations\\nwith which Henry beheld the approach of this uncouth, if not\\nfrightful assemblage.\\nThe chief entered first, and the rest followed, without noise.\\nOn receiving a sign from the former, the latter seated themselves\\non the floor. Minavavana appeared to be about fifty years of age.\\nHe was six feet in height, and had in his countenance an inde-\\nscribable mixture of good and evil. Looking steadfastly at\\nHenry, where he sat with an interpreter on either side, and several\\nCanadians behind him he entered at the same time into conversa-\\ntion with Campion, Henry s friend, inquiring how long it was\\nsince Mr. Henry left Montreal, and observing that the English, as\\nit would seem, were brave men, and not afraid of death, since\\nthey dared to come, as Henry had done, fearlessly among their\\nenemies.\\ntwenty-one votes. At this election lie supported Stephen A. Douglass for\\nthe presidency, but has not acted with the Democratic party since.\\nIn 18G2, at the request of the war committee of his county, he raised\\nand organized Co. D, of the 28d Michigan Infantry Volunteers, and\\nwent out with it as captain. He started for the seat of war on the 18th\\nof September, 1862, and remained with the regiment until the winter of\\n1865. Capt. Huston was in active service in many of the most important\\nengagements during the war, among which were Morgan s raid, the battle\\nof Campbell s Station, and the siege of Knoxville. He was engaged in\\nthe whole campaign in East Tennessee, and was with Gen. Sherman in\\nthe campaign against Atlanta. Being previously promoted to major,\\nand owing to the sickness of Col. Spaulding, he was in command of the\\nregiment during the greater portion of this canipaign. Major Huston\\ntook an active part in the engagements around Lost Mountain and at\\nResaca. At the latter place he displayed great courage, remaining on the\\nfield after all the men and oflBcers had retreated to the cover of the woods.\\nWith the exception of two short leaves of absence of twenty days each.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 181\\nThe Indians now gravely smoked their pipes, while Henry\\ninwardly endured the torture of suspense. At length, the pipes\\nbeing finished, as well as a long pause by which they were suc-\\nceeded, Minavavana, taking a few strings of wampum in his hand,\\nbegan the following speech\\nEnglishman, it is to you that I speak, and I demand your\\nattention. Englishman, you know that the French king is our\\nfather. He promised to be such, and we, in return, promised to be\\nhis children. This promise we have kept. Englishman, it is you\\nthat have made war with this our father. You are his enemies,\\nand how, then, could you have the boldness to venture among us,\\nhis children You know that his enemies are ours. Englishman,\\nwe are informed that our father, the King of France, is old and\\ninfirm, and that, being fatigued with making war with your nation,\\nhe has fallen asleep. During his sleep, you have taken advantage\\nof him, and possessed yourselves of Canada. But his nap is almost\\nat an end. I think I hear him already stirring and inquiring for\\nhis children, the Indians and when he does awake, what must\\nbecome of you? He will destroy you utterly. Englishman,\\nalthough you have conquered the French, you have not yet con-\\nquered us We are not your slaves These lakes, these woods\\nand mountains, were left to us by our ancestors. They are our\\none of which was on account of injuries, Mr. Huston was not absent\\nfrom duty a single day from the time he entered the service until he left\\nthe same, in January, 1865.\\nIn the spring of 1865, he returned to Vassar, and again renewed the\\npractice of his profession. In 1866 he was elected circuit court commis-\\nsioner of his county, which position he soon after resigned. He was\\nelected a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1867, without\\nopposition. In this convention he succeeded in winning the confidence\\nand esteem of his associates. In the fall of 1868 he was elected as a\\nRepresentative to the State Legislature by a large majority, and served\\nas chairman of the committee on public lands, being also a member of\\nthe judiciary committee. Mr. Huston was reelected to the House in 1870,\\nand was a prominent candidate for the speakership before the Republican\\ncaucus, being defeated by only one ballot, and that in the absence of a\\nnumber of his friends. He served as speaker pro tern of the House during\\nthe sessions of 1869 and 1871-3, and was chairman of the judiciary com-\\nmittee during the latter session. As a member of the Constitutional", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ninheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation\\nsupposes that we, like the white people, cannot live without bread,\\nand pork, and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great\\nSpirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us in these spacious\\nlakes, and on these woody mountains.\\nEnglishman, our father, the King of France, has employed our\\nyoung men to make war upon your nation. In this warfare many\\nof them have been killed, and it is our custom to retaliate, until\\nsuch time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits\\nof the slain are to be satisfied in either of two ways the first is\\nby the spilling of the blood of the nation by Avhich they fell the\\nother, by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the\\nresentment of their relations. This is done by making presents.\\nEnglishman, your king has never sent us any presents, nor\\nentered into any treaty with us, wherefore he and we are still at\\nwar and until be does these things, we must consider that we have\\nno other father or friend among the white men but the King of\\nFrance. But, for you, we have taken into consideration that you\\nhave ventured your life among us in the expectation that we\\nshould not molest you. You do not come armed, with an inten-\\ntion to make war you come in peace, to trade with us, and supply\\nConvention and the Legislature, Mr. Huston was one of the most untir-\\ning and faithful workers in those bodies, never being absent from roll\\ncall of either of them during their entire sessions. He was one of the\\nmanagers in the impeachment trial of Commissioner Edmonds, and he is\\nsaid to have made the most convincing speech, from the facts that were\\nproven, that was made on the part of the prosecution. He was one of\\nthe delegates to the Republican National Convention, which met in\\nPhiladelphia, in 1873, and nominated General Grant for a second term of\\nthe presidency.\\nAs a lawyer, he has been remarkably successful, and although he\\nstarted in a new country, and under very discouraging circumstances, he\\nhas, through the dint of hard labor, built up a large and lucrative prac-\\ntice.\\nAs a man, he is social and pleasant in his intercourse with his fellow\\nmen. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and superin-\\ntendent of their Sunday school. He contributes freely to all charitable\\nand religious purposes, and lias the entire confidence of the community in\\nwhich he resides.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n183\\nUS with necessaries, of whicli we are much in want. We shall\\nregard you, therefore, as a brother and you may sleep tranquilly,\\nwithout fear of the Chippewas. As a token of our friendship, we\\npresent you this pipe to smoke.\\nRAY HADDOCK.\\nRay Haddock, county clerk of Wayne county, was born in Herkimer\\ncounty. New York, in the year 1815. He early manifested a strong pre-\\ndilection for tlie art preservative of all arts, and commenced liis appren-\\nticeship in a printing office, in Little Falls, in 1880, closing it in Columbus,\\nOhio, whither he went with his parents, in 1832. He worked as a\\njourneyman printer in Columbus, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, New\\nOrleans, Natchez, Jackson and Clinton, Mississippi established the\\nRepublican at Brandon, in the same State, in 1837; returned north in 1839,\\nand was connected successfully with the Cincinnati Message, Ohio States-\\nman, Cleveland Times, and Sandusky Mirror; came to Detroit in April,\\n1857, and accepted the position of commercial editor of the Detroit Tri-\\nbune, continuing in the same capacity upon the Advertiser and Tribune, after\\nthe consolidation of the two journals, a position which lie resigned in\\n1866, to accept a situation upon the Detroit Post. Mr. Haddock was\\nappointed secretary of the Detroit Board of Trade in 1860, which\\nappointment he held for nearly 13 years, tendering his resignation in the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAs the chief uttered these words, an Indian presented Henry\\nwith a pipe, which, after he had drawn the smoke three times, was\\ncarried to the chief, and after him to every person in the room.\\nThis ceremony ended, the chief arose, and gave Henry his hand,\\nin which he was followed by all the rest. Being again seated, the\\nchief requested that his young men might be allowed to taste what\\nhe called Henry s English milk (meaning rum), observing that it\\nwas long since they had tasted any, and that they were very desi-\\nrous to know whether or not there was any difi erence between the\\nEnglish milk and the French.\\nHenry s former adventures with Indians had left an impression\\non his mind which made him tremble when Indians asked for rum,\\nand he would, therefore, have willingly excused himself in this\\nparticular but, being informed that it was customary to comply\\nwith the request, and, withal, satisfied with the friendly declara-\\ntions which he had received, he promised to give them a small cask\\nat parting. After this, Henry, by the aid of an interpreter, made\\na reply to the speech of the chief, declaring that it was the good\\ncharacter, which had been reported to him, of the Indians, that\\nhad emboldened him to go among them that their late father,\\nthe King of France, had surrendered Canada to the King of Eng-\\nland, whom they ought to regard now as their father, and who\\nwould be as careful of them as the other had been.\\nHenry continued his speech at some length, and, at the parting,\\ndistributed a small quantity of rum among the Indians.\\nHenry now imagined himself free from cause for anxiety, as to\\nthe treatment which he was to receive from the Indians. He\\nassorted his goods which he had taken with him, and hired Cana-\\ndian interpreters and clerks, in whose care he was to send them\\ninto various parts of the country. Everything was ready for their\\ndeparture, when new dangers sprang up and threatened to over-\\nwhelm him. This new danger came from a village of the Otta-\\nwas. Nearly everything was in readiness for the departure of the\\ngoods, when accounts of the approach of two hundred warriors\\nfall of 1872, having been nominated as the Republican candidate for\\ncounty clerk, to which office he was elected in November of the same\\nyear.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN,\\n185\\nwas received. They assembled in the house which had been built\\nfor the commandant, and ordered Henry s attendance, and also\\nthat of the other merchants who had already joined him from\\nMontreal, viz Stanley Godderd and Ezekiel Solomons.\\nHON. GEORGE H. DURAND.\\nThe subject of this sketch is one of the prominent and well known\\nyoung men of Michigan, and is properly classed among those who, Avith\\nlarge natural gifts, that have been utilized and strengthened by con-\\ntinued and well rewarded labor, have done so much to give character to\\nour beautiful peninsula, and whose sterling qualities have demanded\\nand received esteem, respect and acknowledgment. Mr. Durand was\\nborn at Cobleskill, Schoharie county, New York, in 1838. His educa-\\ntion was acquired through his own exertions entirely, his vacations being", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAfter these men had entered the council room and taken their\\nseats, one of the chiefs commenced an address, which he concluded\\nas follows Englishmen, we see your canoes ready to depart,\\nand find your men engaged for the Mississij^pi, and other distant\\nregions. Under these circumstances, we have considered the affair,\\nand you are now sent for that you may hear our determination,\\nwhich is, that you shall give to each of our men, young and old,\\nmerchandise and ammunition to the amount of fifty beaver skins,\\non credit, and for which I have no doubt of their paying you in\\nthe summer, on their return from the wintering.\\nA compliance with this demand would have stripped them of\\nnearly all their resources. They, therefore, tried to lessen the\\nemployed in earning the necessary means to enable him to prosecute his\\nstudies. He removed to Michigan in 1856, and like many of our promi-\\nnent citizens, Mr. Durand, at the time of his arrival in this State, possessed\\nneither friends, influence or wealth. His future was an enigma to be\\nsolved only by passing years to be solved, not by impotent resolve nor\\nerrant purpose, but by that strong and indefatigable will, which overcomes\\ndifficulties and dangers, and which is certain to bring to the man of intel-\\nlect that meed of success which is the test of merit.\\nVery soon after his arrival here he commenced the study of the law,\\nand after pursuing his studies with great diligence, he was admitted to\\nto the bar in 1858, when he immediately located in the enterprising city\\nof Flint, where he has ever since resided. A young lawyer, under the\\nmost favorable auspices, has much to contend with, but j^oung Durand,\\nwith no capital and no friends or influence at Flint, had still more than\\nis usual to combat. He was brought in professional contact with such\\nmen as the late Hon. Wm. M. Fenton, Hon. Wm. Newton, the late Hon.\\nLevi Walker and other distinguished lawyers, whose names are well\\nknown in the best legal circles of the State, and who had grown gi ay in\\nthe arduous labors of the courts but he persisted, and by his courteous\\nand gentlemanly manners, his clear perception and great good judg-\\nment, he gained not only the respect of his brothers in the profession but\\nalso the confidence of the community, and his future as a lawyer was\\nthus assured. For fifteen j^ears Mr. Durand has followed his profession,\\ndevoting himself to it with much earnestness and industry, and has\\nacquired a large and lucrative practice.\\nWith politics he has had as little to do as is possible for a man of his\\nardent nature and his clear ideas of right and wrong. His sentiments,\\nperhaps, more nearly affiliate with the Democracy of the conservative", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 187\\ndemand but was informed that all had been said that would be\\nsaid, and were given till the next day for reflection. The assur-\\nance was also offered them that if the demand was not complied\\nwith, their goods would be taken by force.\\nThey then retired for consultation. In the evening, Farley, the\\ninterpreter, informed them that their massacre had been determined\\nupon, and advised them to accede to the demand. But this they\\ndetermined not to do, as they suspected the interpreter of a design\\nto prey upon their fears, and drive them from the post. They then\\nbarricaded their house, armed about thirty of their followers, and\\nslept upon their arms. They were not molested, however, but the\\nnext morning were summoned to another council, which they\\nrefused to attend. There were none without in whom they had\\nschool than with any other party; still, he may not be reckoned as a\\nparty man in the strictest sense. He was an ardent advocate of the war\\nfor the suppression of the rebellion, and has always been eminently\\npatriotic in his views. Although preferring to remain in private life,\\nattending to the ordinary duties of his profession, his ability and counsel\\nhave been sought after in other capacities, and, as a consequence, he has\\nfor years taken an active and leading part in public matters, political and\\notherwise, in his section of the State. He has often been nominated and\\nfrequently elected to office, always running largely ahead of his ticket,\\nand at the municipal election held in Flint, in April, 1873, although run-\\nning on the Democratic ticket, and against a worthy competitor, he was\\nelected mayor of that strongly republican city by a majority greater than\\nwas ever given to any public officer in that place. This responsible office\\nhe now holds, as well as that of D. D. G. M. in the Masonic fraternity,\\nfor the eighth Masonic district of Michigan. In all of his official posi-\\ntions he invariably conducts himself with moderation and.good judgment,\\nwhile his advice is peculiarly winning and convincing, and his personal\\ncharacter admirable. Mr. Durand, although but thii ty-five years of age,\\nhas made for himself a record which is indeed an enviable one, and what-\\never of prominence or success, whether in his profession or the more\\nliberal pursuits, whether in the political field or the world of letters, shall\\nattend him in the future, it will be, as in the past, the result of a steady\\ndetermination on his part to do whatever he undertakes in a careful,\\npainstaking and intelligent manner, united with a special gift of unusual\\nability, whether as writer, orator or counselor. The lesson of his life\\nmay be easily gathered from a knowledge of its character, a study of its\\npurposes, and a familiarity with its accomplishments.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nany confidence, save Campion. From him they learned, from time\\nto time, whatever was rumored among the Canadian inhabitants\\nas to the designs of the Ottawas, and from him, toward sunset,\\nthey received the gratifying intelligence that a detachment of\\nBritish soldiers, sent to garrison Miehilimackinac, was distant only\\nfive miles, and would enter the fort early the next morning.\\nNear at hand, however, as relief was reported to be, their anxiety\\ncould not but be great, for a long night was to be passed, and their\\nfate might be decided before the next morning. To increase their\\napprehension, about midnight they were informed that the Ottawas\\nwere holding a council, at which no white man was permitted to\\nbe present, Farley alone excepted and him they suspected, and\\nafterwards knew to be their greatest enemy. The Englishmen,\\non their part, remained all night upon the alert but at daybreak,\\nto their surprise and joy, t}iey saw the Ottawas preparing to depart.\\nBy sunrise, not a man of them was left in the fort. The inhabit-\\nants, who, while the Ottawas were present, had avoided all con-\\nnection with these Englishmen, now came with congratulations.\\nThey related that the Ottawas had proposed to them that, if joined\\nby the Canadians, they would march and attack the troops, which\\nwere known to be advancing on the fort and they added that\\nit was their refusal which had determined the Ottawas to depart.\\nAt noou, three hundred troops of the Sixtieth Regiment, under\\ncommand of Lieutenant Leslie, marched into the fort. This\\narrival dissipated all the fears the Englishmen had, and somewhat\\nreversed their position in regard to the French. After a few days,\\ndetachments were sent into the Bay des Puans, by which was the\\nroute to the Mississippi, and at the mouth of St. Joseph, which led\\nto the Illinois. The Indians from all quarters were eager to pay\\ntheir respects to the commandant and the three English mer-\\nchants dispatched their canoes, though it was late in the season.\\nWe will now leave Miehilimackinac to notice events elsewhere,\\nbut will return at the proper point, and resume our account of the\\nadventures of Mr. Henry and his associates, of which the most\\nthrilling part is yet to come. Interwoven with this narrative will\\nalso be found a true account of the massacres and barbaric wars\\nin and around this northern fort.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nHostility Between the Indians and the English Its Cause\\nExplained The Indians Rising to Drive the English from\\nTHE Country Pontiac s Message The Council and Speech in\\nWHICH THE Conspiracy is Matured The War.\\nIt must not be supposed that the hostility between the Indians\\nand the English was confined to Michilimackinac. France had\\nscarcely yielded up her claim to the country, when smothered\\nmurmurs of discontent began to be audible among the Indian\\ntribes throughout the entire Northwest. In every wigwam and\\nhamlet of the forest a deep-rooted hatred of the English increased\\nwith rapid growth. Nor is this to be wondered at. We have\\nseen with what sagacious policy, says Parkman, the French had\\nlabored to ingratiate themselves with the Indians and the\\nslaughter of the Monongahela, with the horrible devastation of the\\nWestern frontier, the outrages perpetrated at Oswego, and the\\nmassacre at Fort William Henry, bore witness to the success of\\ntheir efforts. Even the DelaAvares and Shawanoes, the faithful\\nallies of William Penn, had at length been seduced by their blan-\\ndishments and the Iroquois, the ancient enemies of Canada, had\\nhalf forgotten their former hostility, and well nigh taken part\\nagainst the British colonists. The remote nations of the West had\\nalso joined in the war, descending in their canoes for hundreds of\\nmiles to fight against the enemies of France. All these tribes\\nentertained towards the English that rancorous enmity which an\\nIndian always feels against them to whom he has been opposed in\\nwar.\\nIt would seem that, under these circumstances, the English\\nwould have used the utmost care in their conduct towards the\\nIndians. But, even when the conflict with the French was impend-\\ning, and the alliance with the Indian tribes was of the greatest", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nimportance, they treated them with careless indifference and\\nneglect. They were not likely to adopt a different course now\\nthat their friendship seemed a matter of no consequence. In\\ntruth, the intentions of the English were soon apparent. The fol-\\nlowing paragraphs, from Parkmau s Conspiracy of Pontiac, car-\\nries us to the point I desire to reach so admirably, that I will\\ntake the liberty to use them\\nIn the zeal for retrenchment which prevailed after the close\\nof hostilities, the presents which it had always been customary to\\ngive the Indians, at stated intervals, were either withheld alto-\\ngether, or doled out with a niggardly hand while, to make the\\nmatter worse, the agents and officers of the government often\\nappropriated the presents to themselves, and afterwards sold them\\nat an exorbitant price to the Indians. When the French had pos-\\nsession of these remote forts, they were accustomed, with a wise lib-\\nerality, to supply the surrounding Indians with guns, ammunition\\nand clothing, until the latter had forgotten the weapons and gar-\\nments of their forefathers, and depended on the white man for\\nsupport. The sudden withholding of these supplies was, there-\\nfore, a grievous calamity. Want, suffering and death were the\\nconsequences and this cause alone would have been enough to\\nproduce general discontent. But, unhappily, other grievances\\nwere added. The English fur trade had never been well regu-\\nlated, and it was now in a worse condition than ever. Many of\\nthe traders and those in their employ were ruffians of the coarsest\\nstamp, who vied with each other in rapacity, violence and profli-\\ngacy. They cheated, cursed and plundered the Indians, and out-\\nraged their families offering, when compared with the French\\ntraders, who were under better regulation, a most unfavorable\\nexample of the character of their nation. The officers and sol-\\ndiers of the garrison did their full part in exciting the general\\nresentment. Formerly, when the warriors came to the forts, they\\nhad been welcomed by the French with attention and respect.\\nThe inconvenience which their presence occasioned had been dis-\\nregarded, and their peculiarities overlooked, but now they were\\nreceived with cold looks and harsh words by the officers and,\\nas we have already noticed, at Michilimackinac, which, as we now", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nobserve, was no exception to the general rule of the whole western\\ncountry, with oaths and ofttimes blows from the more reckless of\\nthe garrison. When, after their troublesome and intrusive fash-\\nion, they were lounging everywhere about the fort, or lazily reclin-\\ning in the shadow of the walls, they were met with muttered ejac-\\nulations of impatience, or abrupt orders to be gone, enforced,\\nperhaps, by a touch from the butt of a sentinel s musket. These\\nmarks of contempt were unspeakably galling to their haughty\\nspirit.\\nBut what most contributed to the growing discontent of the\\ntribes was the intrusion of settlers upon their lands, which was at\\nall times a fruitful source of Indian hostility. Its effects, it is\\ntrue, could only be felt by those whose country bordered upon the\\nEnglish settlements but among these were the most powerful and\\ninfluential of the tribes. The discontent of the Indians gave\\ngreat satisfaction to the French, who saw in it an assurance of safe\\nand bloody vengeance on their conquerors. Canada, it is true,\\nwas gone beyond the hope of recovery but they still might hope\\nto revenge its loss. Interest, moreover, as well as passion,\\nprompted them to inflame the resentment of the Indians for\\nmost of the inhabitants of the French settlements upon the lakes\\nand the Mississippi were engaged in the fur trade, and, fearing the\\nEnglish as formidable rivals, they would gladly have seen them\\ndriven from the country. Traders and all classes of this singular\\npopulation accordingly dispersed themselves among the villages of\\nthe Indians, or held councils with them in the secret places of\\nthe woods, urging them to take up arms against the English\\nThey exhibited the conduct of the latter in its worst light, and\\nspared neither misrepresentation nor falsehood.\\nIt is difficult to determine which tribe was the first to raise the\\ncry of war. There were many who might have done so, for all\\nthe savages in the backwoods were ripe for an outbreak, and the\\nmovement seemed almost simultaneous. The Delawares and Sene-\\ncas were the most incensed, and Kiashuta, chief of the latter, was,\\nperhaps, forcunost. It, however, required a greater chief than he\\nto give method and order to what would else have been a wild\\nburst of fury. But for Pontiac, the whole might have ended in a", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN.\\n193\\nfew troublesome inroads upon the frontier, and a little whooping\\nand yelling under the walls of Fort Pitt.\\nThere has been some dispute as to the nationality of Pontiac.\\nSome hold that he was a member of the tribe of the Sacs or Loa-\\nF. G. RUSSELL.\\nFrank G. Russell, the present city attorney of Detroit, was born in\\nGreen Oak, Livingston county, Micliigan, in- April, 1837. His father was\\na farmer, and Mr. Russell spent his youth at home, assisting in agricul-\\ntural pursuits. He had all the advantages of a common school, and was\\nat an early age sent to the State Normal School, at which institution he\\ngraduated in the spring of 1858. He was principal of the Lansing Union\\nSchool from the autumn of 1858 to the spring of 1861, when he resigned\\nthe position to accept a situation in the Interior Department at Washing-\\n13", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nkies, but by far the greater number have placed him among the\\nOttawas. His home was about eight miles above Detroit, on\\nPeehee Island, which looks out upon the waters of Lake St. Clair.\\nHis form was cast in the finest mould of savage grace and strength,\\nand his eye seemed capable of penetrating, at a glance, the secret\\nmotives that actuated the savage tribes around him. His rare\\npersonal qualities, his courage, resolution, wisdom, address and\\neloquence, together with the hereditary claim to authority which,\\naccording to Indian custom, he possessed, secured for him the\\nesteem of both the French and the English, and gave him an\\ninfluence among the lake tribes greater than that of any other\\nindividual. Early in life he distinguished himself as a chieftain\\nof no ordinary ability. In 1746 he commanded a powerful body\\nof Indians, mostly Ottawas, who gallantly defended the i^eople of\\nDetroit against the formidable attack of several combined north-\\nern tribes, and it is supposed that he was present at the disastrous\\ndefeat of Braddock, in which several hundred of his warriors were\\nengaged. He had always, at least up to the time when Major\\nRogers came into the country, been a firm friend of the French,\\nand received many marks of esteem from the French officer. Mar-\\nquis de Montcalm.\\nHow could he, then, the bravest chief of the great West, do\\nton, D. C. He was engaged in the last mentioned capacity, principally\\nas examiner of pension claims, from the spring of 18G1 to the summer of\\n1864, when he resigned and came to Detroit. He was successfully\\nengaged at the latter place for two years in the prosecution of war claims,\\nand in 1866 returned to his home in Green Oak, and assumed .charge of\\nhis father s farm, remaining there until the autumn of 1867, when he\\nreturned to Detroit, and commenced the study of law. He was admitted\\nto the bar in the Supreme Court in October, 1868, and commenced the\\npractice of law in the following spring.\\nIn the practice of law, Mr. Russell has met with substantial success.\\nBeing favorably known in tlie whole State, both for ability and integrity,\\nhe immediately came into public favor, and has found unceasing demand\\nfor his professional labors. In tiie spring of 1869 he was appointed pri-\\nvate secretary to Governor H P. Baldwin, holding this position till the\\ninauguration of Governor Bagley, January 1, 187:}. He was elected city\\nattorney of Detroit in 1871.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 195\\notherwise than dispute the English claim to his country How\\ncould he endure the sight of this people driving the game from\\nhis hunting grounds, and his friends and allies from the lands\\nthey had so long possessed? When he heard that Rogers was\\nadvancing along the lakes to take possession of his country, his\\nindignation knew no bounds, and he at once sent deputies, request-\\ning him to halt until such time as he could see him. Flattering\\nwords and fair promises induced him, at length, to extend the\\nhand of friendship to Rogers. He was inclined to live peaceably\\nwith the English, and to encourage their settling in the country,\\nas long as they treated him as he deserved but if they treated\\nhim with neglect, he would shut up the way and exclude them\\nfrom it. He did not consider himself a conquered prince, but he\\nexpected to be treated with the respect and honor due to a king.\\nWhile a system of good management might have allayed\\nevery suspicion, and engendered peace and good-will, a want of\\ncordiality increased the discontent, and Pontiac soon saw that the\\nfair promises which had been made him were but idle words. The\\nIndians were becoming more and more dissatisfied, and he began\\nseriously to apprehend danger from the new government and peo-\\nple. He saw in the English a boundless ambition to possess them-\\nselves of every military position on the northern waters, an\\nambition which plainly indicated to his far-reaching sagacity that\\nsoon, nothing less than undisputed possession of all his vast\\ndomain would satisfy them. He saw in them a people superior in\\narms, but utterly destitute of that ostensible cordiality, personally,\\nto which his people had been accustomed during the golden age\\nof French dominion, and which they were apt to regard as neces-\\nsary indications of good faith. There seemed no disposition for\\nnational courtesy, individual intercourse, or beneficial commerce\\nof any kind. All those circumstances which made the neighbor-\\nhood of the French agreeable, and which might have made their\\nown at least tolerable, they neglected. Their conduct never gave\\nrest to suspicion, while that of the French never gave rise to it.\\nHence, the Indians felt that they had no father among the white\\nmen but the King of France, and Pontiac resolved, as he had\\nthreatened, to shut up the way. His plan was to make a con-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntemporaueous assault upon all the British posts, and thus effec-\\ntually extinguish the English power at a single blow. This was\\na stroke of policy that evinced an extraordinary genius, and\\ndemanded for its successful execution an energy and courage of the\\nhighest order. But Pontiac was fully equal to the task. He was\\nas skillful in executing as he was bold in planning. He knew that\\nsuccess would multii^ly friends and allies, but friends and allies\\nwere necessary to insure success.\\nFirst, then, a council must be called, and, for this purpose, at\\nthe close of 1762, he sent out his ambassadors to all the different\\nnations. With the war-belt of wampum, and the tomahawk,\\nstained red in token of war, these swift-footed messengers went\\nfrom camp to camp, and from village to village, throughout the\\nnorth, south, east and west, and in whatever tribe they appeared,\\nthe sachems assembled to hear the words of Pontiac. The mes-\\nsage was everywhere heard with approbation, the war-belt accepted,\\nand the hatchet seized, as an indication that the assembled chiefs\\nstood pledged to take part in the war.\\nThe Grand Council assembled on the twenty-seventh day of\\nApril, 1763, on the banks of the little river Ecorse, not far from\\nDetroit. The pipe went round, and Pontiac stepped forth, plumed\\nand painted in the full costume of war. He called into requisi-\\ntion all the eloquence and cunning of which he was master. He\\nappealed to their fears, their hopes, their ambition, their cupidity,\\ntheir hatred of the English, and their love for their old friends,\\nthe French. He displayed to them a belt, which he said the\\nKing of France had sent him, urging him to drive the English\\nfrom the country, and open the way for the return of the French.\\nHe painted in glowing colors the common interests of their race,\\nand called upon them to make a stand against a common foe. He\\ntold them of a dream, in which the Great Manitou had appeared\\nto a chief of the Abenakis, saying I am the Maker of heaven\\nand earth, the trees, lakes, rivers, and all things else. I am the\\nMaker of mankind and because I love you, you must do my will.\\nThe land on which you live I have made for you, and not for\\nothers. Why do you suffer the white man to dwell among you\\nMy children, you have forgotten the customs and traditions of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n197\\nyour forefathers. Why do you not clothe yourselves in skins, as\\nthey did, and use the bows and arrows, and the stone-pointed\\nlances which they used You have bought guns, knives, kettles,\\nand blankets from the white men, until you can no longer do with-\\nHON. A. F. R. BRALEY.\\nAlfred F. R. Bralet, of Saginaw City, was born October 20, 1828,\\nat Albion, Orleans county, N. Y. He received an academic education at\\nhis native place, and studied law four years with Church Davis, who\\nhave a national reputation as jurists. He attended lectures at the Albany\\nLaw School, and at a general term of the Supreme Court at Albany, in\\n1852, was admitted to the bar. In the spring of the following year he\\ncommenced practice at Toledo, Ohio. Ill health induced him to spend\\nthe winter of 1853-4 in the South, and suspended his labors for a period\\nof five years. He returned discouraged to Albion. He was justice of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nout them and, what is worse, you have drunk the poison fire-\\nwater which turns you into fools. Fling all these things away\\nlive as your wise forefathers lived before you and, as for these\\nEnglish these dogs dressed in red, who have come to rob you of\\nyour hunting grounds and drive away the game you must lift the\\nhatchet against them. Wipe them from the face of the earth, and\\nthen you will win my favor back again, and once more be happy\\nand prosperous. The children of your great father, the King of\\nFrance, are not like the English. Never forget that they are\\nyour brothers. They are very dear to me, for they love the red\\nmen, an d understand the true mode of worshiping me.\\nSuch an appeal to the passions and prejudices of credulous and\\nexcited savages was well calculated to produce the desired efiect.\\nIf the Great Spirit was with them, it was impossible to fail.\\nOther speeches were doubtless made, and, before the council broke\\nup, the scheme was well matured.\\nThus was the crisis hastening on. While every principle of\\nrevenge, ambition and patriotism in the savage was thus being\\nroused up to the ^highest pitch, and the tomahawk was already\\nlifted for the blow, scarce a suspicion of the savage design found\\nits way to the minds of the English. Occasionally, an English\\ntrader would see something in their behavior which caused him to\\nsuspect mischief, or some scoundrel half-breed would be heard\\nthe peace there from 1859 to the spring of 1862, when he came to the\\nCity of Saginaw. Here his healtli being reestablished, he engaged in the\\nmanufacture of salt until 1866. He then opened a private banking office\\nin company with Harry and Wm. M. Miller, under the name of Miller,\\nBraley Co. They did a successful business until their concern was\\nmerged in tlie First National Bank of Saginaw, of which Mr. B. has\\nsince been the cashier.\\nHe has served two terms as recorder of the city of Saginaw, and three\\nterms as mayor.\\nHe is a gentleman of excellent business qualifications; he is honest and\\nuniversally recognized as honest. Socially he is popular and entertaining.\\nHe is a good listener and a good talker; he can tell a good story, and\\nwhen he does relate an anecdote, the moral is apparent, and the listener\\nknows where the laugh comes in. No man in Saginaw has more\\nfriends.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 199\\nboasting that, before the next summer, he would have English\\nhair to fringe his hunting frock but these things caused no alarm.\\nOnce, however, the plot was nearly discovered. A friendly Indian\\ntold the commander of Fort Miami that a war-belt had been sent\\nto the warriors of a neighboring village, and that the destruction\\nof himself and garrison had been resolved upon but, when\\ninformation of this had been conveyed to Major Gladwyn, of\\nDetroit, that officer wrote to General Amherst, stating that, in his\\nopinion, there had been some irritation among the Indians, but\\nthat the affair would soon blow over and that, in the neighbor-\\nhood of his own fort all was tranquil. Amherst thought that the\\nacts of the Indians were unwarrantable, and hoped they would be\\ntoo sensible to their own interests to conspire against the English\\nhe wished them to know that if they did, in his opinion, they\\nwould make a contemptible figure. He asserted that they\\nwould be the sufferers, and, in the end, it would result in their\\ndestruction.\\nBut the English were deluded. Almost Avithin rifle-shot of\\nGladwyn s quarters was Pontiac, the arch-enemy of the English\\nand the prime mover in the plot, and the sequel proved how con-\\ntemptible was the figure which the savages made.\\nThe work of extirpation soon began, and extended from north\\nto south, and from east to west. Numbers of English traders, on\\ntheir way from all quarters of the country to the different posts,\\nwere taken, and their goods made the prize of the conquerors.\\nLarge bodies of savages were seen collecting around the different\\nforts yet, strange to say, without creating any serious alarm.\\nWhen the blow was struck, nine out of twelve of the British posts\\nwere surprised and destroyed It will, doubtless, be interesting to\\nnotice in detail these surpri.jes, three of which properly come\\nwithin the scope of the History of Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIIL\\nMiCHILlMACKINAC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DeSCKIPTION OF THE PlACE IN 1703 ASSEMBLING\\nOF Hostile Indians Around Michilimackinac Adventckes of\\nAN English Trader The Indians Preparing for the Massa-\\ncre The Game of Ball Commenced.\\nBefore entering upon an account of the massacre at Fort\\nMichilimackinac, we may, perhaps, entertain the reader with a\\nshort description of the place as it appeared just before the war\\nbroke out, in the spring of 1763.\\nMichilimackinac Avas the most northern English port in the\\nlake region. It was located on the extreme northern point of the\\nSouthern Peninsula of Michigan, on the site of the present city\\nof Mackinaw. The fort stood near the water s edge, and near by\\nwas a cluster of white Canadian houses, roofed with bark, and\\nprotected by fences of strong round pickets. As the visitor\\nentered the gate of the fort he could see before him an extensive\\nsquare area, surrounded by high palisades. Numerous houses,\\nbarracks, and other buildings, formed a smaller square within,\\nand in the vacant space which they inclosed, appeared the red\\nuniforms of British soldiers, the gray coats of Canadians, and the\\ngaudy Indian blankets, mingled in picturesque confusion, while a\\nmultitude of squaws, with children of every hue, strolled rest-\\nlessly about the place. Such was Fort Michilimackinac in 1763.\\nThough buried in the wilderness, it was still of no recent origin.\\nAs early as 1671 the Jesuits had established a mission of the same\\nname on the northern side of the strait, and a military force was\\nnot long in following, for, under the French dominion, the priest\\nand the soldier went hand in hand. Neither toil, nor suffering,\\nnor all the terrors of the wilderness, could damp the zeal of the\\nundaunted missionary and the restless ambition of France was\\nalways on the alert to seize every point of advantage, and avail", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 201\\nitself of every means to gain ascendency over the forest tribes.\\nBesides Miehilimackinac there were two other posts in the north-\\nern region, Green Bay and Sault Ste. Marie. Both were founded\\nat an early period, and both presented the same characteristic\\nDR. EDWARD W. JENKS.\\nEdward W. Jenks, one of the leading medical professors of the State,\\nwas born in the town of Victor, Ontario county. New York, in 1833,\\nwhere his father was a prominent business man at that time. In 1843,\\nhe, with his father, emigrated to Indiana, where tlie latter gentleman\\nfounded a town called Ontario, and endowed a collegiate institute called\\nLa Grange College.\\nThe principal part of Dr. Jenks earlier years was passed in New York\\nand Indiana, where he received his general education. His medical\\ntraining was pursued at the Medical University of New York, until ill", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nfeatures a mission house, a fort, and a cluster of Canadian dwel-\\nlings. They had been originally garrisoned by small parties of\\nmilitia, who, bringing their families with them, settled on the spot,\\nand were the founders of these little colonies. Michilimaclcinac,\\nmuch the largest of the three, contained thirty families within the\\npalisades of the fort, and about as many more without. Besides\\nits military value, it was important as the center of the fur trade,\\nfor it was here that the traders engaged their men, and sent out\\ntheir goods in canoes, under the charge of subordinates, to the\\nmore distant regions of the Mississippi and the Northwest.\\nThe Indians near Michilimackinac were the Ojibwas and Otta-\\nwas, the former of whom claimed the eastern section of Michigan,\\nand the lattei the western their respective portions being sepa-\\nrated by a line drawn southward from the fort itself The princi-\\npal village of the Ojibwas contained about a hundred warriors,\\nand stood on the island of Michilimackinac, now called Mack-\\ninaw. There was another smaller village near the head of Thun-\\nder Bay. The Ottawas, to the number of two hundred and fifty\\nwarriors, lived at the settlement of L Arbre Croche, on the shores\\nof Lake Michigan, some distance southward from the fort. This\\nhealth compelled him to make a change, when he went to Ver-\\nmont, graduating from Castleton Medical College in 1855. Dr. Jenks,\\nhowever, was determined to be proficient in his profession, and after-\\nwards took an additional degree of medicine at Bellevue Hospital\\nMedical College. After receiving this last degree, Dr. Jenks practiced\\nmedicine very successfully in New York and Indiana, where he made\\nnumerous professional friends. About this time, his health again failed,\\nand his sufferings were such as compelled him to constantly change\\nclimate in order to retain his already shattered health. He, however,\\npracticed his profession wherever his health permitted him to remain\\nlong enough, until 18(54, when he came to Michigan and settled in Detroit.\\nIn that city he at once acquired an extensive practice, and he has ever\\nsince been known throughout this State and those adjoining, for his\\nremarkable success in the treatment of difficult diseases.\\nHe was one of the founders, in 18G8, of the Detroit Medical College,\\nand has occupied the presidency in that institution since its organization,\\nand besides holds the honorable position of Professor of Medical and\\nSurgical Diseases of Women and Clinical Gj^najcology. He has worked", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 203\\nplace was then the seat of the old Jesuit mission of St. Ignace,\\noriginally placed by Father Marquette on the northern side of the\\nstraits. Many of the Ottawas were nominal Catholics. They\\nwere all somewhat improved from their original savage condition,\\nliving in log houses, and cultivating corn and vegetables, to such\\nan extent as to supply the fort with provisions besides satisfying\\ntheir own wants. The Ojibwas, on the other hand, were not in\\nthe least degree removed from their primitive barbarism.\\nAt this time both these tribes had received from Pontiac the\\nwar belt of black and purple wampum, and painted hatchet, and\\nhad pledged themselves to join in the contest. Before the end of\\nMay the Ojibwas, or Chippewas, received word that the blow had\\nalready been struck at Detroit, and, wrought up to the highest\\npitch of excitement and emulation, resolved that peace should\\nlast no longer. Eager to reap all the glory of the victory, or\\nprompted by jealousy, this tribe neither communicated to the\\nOttawas the news which had come to them, nor their own resolu-\\ntion to make an immediate assault upon Michilimackinac hence,\\nthe Ottawas, as we shall jaresently learn, had no part in that\\nmost bloody tragedy. There were other tribes, however, who,\\nwith DO ordinary amount of zeal to make the Detroit Medical College one\\nof the leading institutions of that kind in the West, and the success of his\\nefforts is shown in the very flattering report made by the committee\\nappointed by tlie State Medical Society to examine into its condition.\\nHe was appointed surgeon of the department of diseases of women at\\nSt. Mary s Hospital in 1868. He was connected with Harper Hospital\\nfrom its organization until 1872, when he resigned. Dr. Jenks ranks\\nhigh as a surgeon in the Northwest, being called to practice this brancli\\nof his profession over a large extent of territory. He is a prominent\\nmember of numerous medical societies, being Professor of Medical and\\nSurgical Diseases of Women in Bowdoin College; a member of the Ameri-\\ncan Medical Association; corresponding member of the Gynaecological\\nSociety; President of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; an active mem-\\nber and President of the State Medical Society, and a member of a num-\\nber of other institutions.\\nDr. Jenks was one of the original publishers of the Detroit Review of\\nMedicine and Pharmacy, filling the position of editor on that magazine for\\nsome time with marked ability.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nattracted by rumors of impending war, had gathered at Michili-\\nmackinac, and who took part in the struggle.\\nWe will now return to the Englishman, Mr. Henry, whom we\\nleft at Michilimackinac, at the close of the previous chapter, and\\nrelate his adventures simultaneously with an account of the mas-\\nsacre.\\nThe British having taken possession of the fort, Henry s fears\\nwere entirely dispersed, and he spent the winter at Michilimack-\\ninac, amusing himself as best he could by hunting and fishing.\\nBut few of the Indians, he tells us, came to the fort, excepting\\ntwo families. These families lived on a river five leagues below,\\nand came occasionally with beaver flesh for sale. Their chief was\\nan exception to the rule, for instead of being hostile towards the\\nEnglish, he was warmly attached to them. But, in this case, the\\nexception proved the rule to a demonstration. He had been taken\\nprisoner by Sir William Johnson, at the siege of Fort Niagara\\nand had received from that intelligent ofiicer, his liberty, the\\nmedal usually presented to a chief, and the British flag. Won by\\nthese acts of unexpected kindness, he had returned to Michili-\\nmackinac, full of praise of the English, and hoisted his flag\\nover his lodge. This latter demonstration of his partiality nearly\\ncost him his life his lodge was broken down, and his flag torn\\nto pieces. The pieces he carefully gathered up and preserved\\nwith pious care, and whenever he visited the fort he drew them\\nout and exhibited them. On these occasions it grew into a custom\\nto give him as much liquor as he said was necessary to make him\\ncry over the misfortune of losing his flag. The commandant\\nwould have given him another, but he thought he could not\\naccept it without danger.\\nUpon the opening of navigation, Mr. Henry left Michilimack-\\ninac to visit the Sault Ste. Marie. Here he made the acquaintance\\nof M. Cadotte, an interpreter, whose wife was a Chippewa, and,\\ndesirous of learning that language, he decided to spend the suc-\\nceeding winter in the family of his new found friend. Here, also,\\nthere was a small fort, and during the summer, a small detach-\\nment of troops, under the command of Lieutenant Jamette,\\narrived to garrison it. Late in the fall, however, a destructive", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n205\\nfire, which consumed all the houses except Cadotte s, and all the\\nfort supplies, made it necessary to send the garrison back to\\nMichilimackinac. The few that were left at this place were now\\ncrowded into one small house, and compelled to gain a subsistence\\nHON. SAMUEL D. PACE.\\nSamuel D. Pace, of Port Huron, Mich., was born in the township of\\nYarmouth, Canada West, April 29, 1835. His father, a carpenter by\\ntrade, was a native of the State of New Jersey. His mother was a\\ndescendant of a New England family.\\nDuring the winter months of his early boyhood, he attended the dis-\\ntrict school in the neighborhood where he was born, and in the summer\\nseason he was principally engaged with his father working as a carpenter.\\nAt the age of fifteen he removed with his father to Racine, Wisconsin,\\nwhere he shipped as a sailor on the schooner Amelia. He followed a", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES\\nby hunting and fishing. Thus inuring themselves to hard-\\nships, a very good opportunity was afforded them of becoming\\nfamiliar with the Chippewa tongue. Here Henry passed the\\nsecond winter of his sojourn in the wilderness of the upper lakes.\\nEarly in the succeeding spring, 1763, he was visited by Sir Robert\\nDover, an English gentleman, who was on a voyage of curios-\\nity, and with whom Henry again returned to Michilimackinac.\\nHere he intended to remain until his clerks should come from the\\ninterior, and then go back to the Sault.\\nWhen Henry reached Michilimackinac he found several other\\ntraders who had arrived before him, from different parts of the\\ncountry, and who, in general, declared the dispositions of the\\nIndians to be hostile to the English, and even apprehended some\\nattack. One M. Laurent Ducharme distinctly informed Major\\nEthrington that a plan was absolutely conceived for destroying\\nhim, his garrison, and all the English in the upper country but\\nthe commandant believing this and other reports to be without\\nfoundation, proceeding only from idle or ill-disposed persons, and\\nof a tendency to do mischief, expressed much displeasure against\\nM. Ducharme, and threatened to send the next person who should\\nsailor s life for two years on the lakes, and in the month of November,\\n1852, while on board the sloop Ranger, was shipwrecked on Lake\\nMichigan, a short distance south of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The vessel,\\nafter being tossed about three days and nights without rudder or sail,\\nstranded and became a total loss. During this time lie suffered intensely\\nfrom hunger and cold. His wardrobe, by no means extensive, was\\nmaterially diminished by this misfortune, as most of his personal efiects\\nshared the fate of the vessel, and he found himself on the streets of Mil-\\nwaukee without hat, boots or coat. His loss in this respect, however,\\nwas more than made good by a kind-hearted Jew, who look pity on the\\nshivering sailor boy, and presented him with substitutes foj- the garments\\nhe had lost, making the characteristic remark, Dese cost jnni notting.\\nIt may be mentioned as a coincidence that at the time, Mr. Pace had just\\nexactly nothing with which to pay for them.\\nAt school, he was invariably at the head of his class, and he also took\\nthe lead in most kinds of boyish mischief. As a school boy, he mani-\\nfested a determination to succeed, which trait has never since left him.\\nAlthough married at twenty-one years of age, he has never ceased to be", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 207\\nbring a story of the same kind a prisoner to Detroit. The garri-\\nson consisted at this time of thirty-five men with their officers.\\nThe white inhabitants of the fort numbered about one hundred,\\nand but few entertained anxiety concerning the Indians, who\\nhad no weapons but small arms. Meanwhile the Indians from\\nevery quarter, were daily assembling in unusual numbers, but\\nwith every appearance of friendship, frequenting the fort and dis-\\nposing of their peltries, in such a manner as to dissipate almost\\nany one s fears. It was reported that not less than four hundred\\nwarriors were encamped near the fort.\\nAs I have promised, I shall associate the account of Henry s\\nadventures with a rehearsal of the horrible massacre at the fort.\\nShortly after his first arrival at Miehilimackiuac, in the preced-\\ning year, a Chippewa, named Wawatam, began to go often to his\\nhouse, betraying in his demeanor strong marks of personal regard.\\nAfter this had continued for some time, he went, on a certain day,\\ntaking with him his whole family, and at the same time a large\\nI^resent, consisting of skins, sugar and dried meat. Having laid\\nthese in a heap, he commenced a speech, in which he informed\\nHenry that some years before, he had observed a fast, devoting him-\\nself, according to the custom of his nation, to solitude and mortifi-\\na student. Medicine was always a favorite study with him, but owing to\\nthe up-hill road which poverty compelled liim to travel, he did not reach\\nthe acme of his ambition in this respect until 1860, when he commenced\\nthe practice of his profession in Port Huron, Michigan. As a physician\\nhe was eminently successful.\\nIn politics, Dr. Pace is a radical Republican, his first vote being cast for\\nAbraham Lincoln, in 1860. In 1864, he agreed with President Lincoln\\nthat it was dangerous to trade horses whilst crossing a stream, and\\nconsequently took an active part in the campaign which ended in the\\ndefeat of Gen. McClellan. In 1868, Dr. Pace took the stump for Gen.\\nGrant, and again in 1872 he took an active part in the presidential cam-\\npaign.\\nIn the spring of 1869 he was by President Grant appointed United\\nStates Consul, at Port Sarnia, Canada, a position which he still occupies.\\nIn religion, Dr. Pace is also a radical. A reverence for the things and\\nideas of the past is not a leading trait with him, and he refuses to be tied\\nto any article of faith.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncation of his body, in the hope to obtain from the Great Spirit\\nprotection through all his days that on this occasion he had\\ndreamed of adopting an Englishman as his son, brother and\\nfriend that from the moment in Avhich he first beheld him he had\\nrecognized him as the person whom the Great Spirit had been\\npleased to point out as his brother that he hoped that Henry\\nwould not refuse his present, and that he should forever regard\\nhim as one of his family.\\nHenry could not do otherwise than accept the present. He\\nalso declared his willingness to have so good a man for his friend\\nand brother. Henry offered a present in return for the one he had\\nreceived, which Wawatam accepted, and then, thanking Henry for\\nthe favor which he said he had rendered him, he left the house,\\nand soon after set out on his winter s hunt.\\nTwelve months had now elapsed since the occurrence of this\\nincident, and Henry had almost forgotten the person of his brother,\\nwhen, on the second day of June, Wawatam again visited his\\nhouse, in a mood visibly melancholy and thoughtful. He said he\\nhad just returned from his wintering ground, and went on to say\\nthat he was very sorry to find his old friend returned from the\\nSault that he had intended to go to that place himself immedi-\\nately after his arrival at Michilimackinac and that he wished\\nHenry and his family to go there with him the next morning. To\\nall this Wawatam added an inquiry as to whether or not the com-\\nmandant had heard bad news, adding that, during the winter, he\\nhad himself been frequently disturbed with the noise of evil winds\\nand further suggesting that there were numerous Indians near the\\nfort, many of whom had never shown themselves within it.\\nWawatam was about forty-five years of age, of an excellent char-\\nacter among his nation, and a chief\\nReferring much of what he had heard to the Indian character,\\nHenry did not pay all the attention to the entreaties and remarks\\nof his visitor which they were found to have deserved Henry said\\nthat he could not think of going to the Saiilt as soon as the next\\nmorning, but would follow him there after the arrival of his clerks.\\nFinding himself unable to prevail, Wawatam withdrew for that\\nday, but early the next morning he returned, bringing with him his", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n209\\nwife, and a present of dried meat. At this interview, after stating\\nthat he had several packs of beaver, which he intended to\\ntrade with Henry, he expressed a second time his apjirehensions\\nfrom the numerous Indians who were around the fort, and earnestly\\nHON. JOHN MOORE.\\nJohn Mooke, the present circuit judge of the tenth judicial circuit\\nof tliis State, was born in the city of London, England, July 7, 1826.\\nWhen four years of age, he, with his family, removed to the State of\\nNew York, and four years afterwards he emigrated to this State, and\\nresided upon a farm in Miiford, Oakland county, until the spring of 1846,\\nwhen he commenced the study of law in the office of Hon. Augustus C.\\nBaldwin, then of Miiford, but now residing in Pontiac. In the spring of\\n1848, he entered the law office of Lothrop Duffield, of Detroit, and in\\nOctober of that year was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court, at\\n14", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\npressed his English friend to consent to an immediate departure\\nfor the Sault. As a reason for this particular request he assured\\nHenry that all the Indians proposed to come in a body that day\\nto the fort, to demand liquor of the commandant, and that he\\nwished his friend to be away before they should grow intoxicated.\\nThis was as much as Wawatam dare reveal, but of course he had\\nfull knowledge of the plan for the awful massacre that followed.\\nHenry had made, at the period to which I am now referring, so\\nmuch progress in the language in which Wawatam addressed him\\nas to be able to hold an ordinary conversation in it. Yet after\\nall, Henry tells us, that the Indian manner of speech is so extrav-\\nagantly figurative, that it is only a veiy perfect master that can\\nfollow and comprehend it entirely. Had I been further advanced\\nin this respect, says Henry, I think that I should have gathered\\nso much information from my friendly monitor, as would\\nhave put me into possession of the designs of the enemy, and\\nenabled me to save others as well as myself; as it was, it unfortu-\\nnately happened that I turned a deaf ear to everything, leaving\\nWawatam and his wife, after long and patient efforts, to depart\\nalone, with dejected countenances, and not before they each let\\nfall some tears.\\na session of that body held in Pontiac. Mr. Moore commenced the prac-\\ntice of his profession soon afterwards in Fentonville, Genesee county,\\nand remained tliere until the spring of 1851, when he removed to Sagi-\\nnaw, where he has ever since resided, engaged in professional business.\\nMr. Moore was prosecuting attorney of Saginaw county from 1855 to\\n1858, inclusive. He was also mayor of Saginaw City from 1861 to 1863,\\ninclusive, and a member of the Board of Education for about fifteen\\nyears prior to June, 1870, when he declined to serve longer, his time\\nbeing too much occupied with the business of his profession.\\nIn 1868, Mr. Moore was the Democratic candidate for Governor of the\\nState, in opposition to Governor Baldwin, and received thirty thousand\\nmore votes than any Democratic candidate for that office had ever\\nreceived prior to that date, and above thirteen thousand more than any\\ncandidate of that party has since received for that office.\\nA vacanc} occurred in the office of circuit judge of the tenth circuit,\\nby the resignation of Judge Sutherland, January 1, 1871, and a meeting\\nof the bar of that circuit was held shortly afterwards, and Mr. Moore", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 211\\nIn the course of the same day, Henry observed that the Indians\\ncame in great numbers into the fort, purchasing tomahawks, and\\nfrequently desiring to see silver arm-bands, and other valuable\\nornaments. These ornaments, however, they in no instance pur-\\nchased but after turning them over, left them, saying that they\\nwould call again the next day. Their motive, as it afterAvard\\nappeared, was no other than the very artful one of discovering, by\\nrequesting to see them, the peculiar places of their deposit, so that\\nthey might lay their hands on them, in the moment of pillage,\\nwith greater certainty and despatch. At nightfall, Henry\\nturned his mind to the visits of Wawatam but, although they\\nexcited uneasiness, nothing induced him to believe that serious\\nmischief was at hand.\\nThe next day, being the fourth of June, was the King s birthday.\\nThe morning was sultry. A Chippewa visited Henry, and told\\nhim that his nation was going to play at boggattaway with the\\nSacks, another Indian nation, for a high wager. He invited\\nHenry to witness the sport, adding that the commandant was to be\\nthere, and would bet on the side of the Chippewas. In conse-\\nquence of this information, Henry went to the commandant, and\\nexpostulated with him a little, representing that the Indians might\\nwas requested, by an unanimous vote, to accept the office a deserved\\ncompliment to his legal ability and standing in the profession. The\\nmembers of the bar, and the leading; men of the circuit, united, irrespec-\\ntive of party distinctions, in requesting; Governor Baldwin to appoint Mr.\\nMoore to the office, on the ground of his eminent ability and fitness of\\nthe position. He was accordingly appointed on the first day of February,\\n1871, to fill the vacancj until an election could be held. A special elec-\\ntion was held the followhig spring, at which the Kepublican and Demo-\\ncratic parties united in the nomination of Judge Moore, and he was\\nelected without opposition. He has continued to discharge the duties of\\nthe office until the present time, and his work upon the bench has fully\\njustified the expectations of his numerous friends, and has already given\\nhim an enviable reputation throughout the State. The business of his\\ncircuit, measured by the magnitude and variety of the interests involved,\\nis second to none in the State, and has been administered by him, it is\\nbelieved, with entire satisfaction to the profession and the public. When\\ncalled to the bench he stood at the head of his profession in the circuit,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\npossibly have some sinister end in view but the commandant only\\nsmiled at his suspicions.\\nThe game of boggattaway, which the Indians played upon that\\nmemorable occasion, was the most exciting sport in which the red\\nmen could engage. It was played with bat and ball. The bat,\\nso called, was about four feet in length, and one inch in diameter.\\nIt was made of the toughest material that could be found. At\\none end it was curved, and terminated in a sort of racket, or, per-\\nhaps, more properly, a ring, in which a net-work of cord was\\nloosely woven. The players were not allowed to touch the ball\\nwith the hand, but caught it in this net-work at the end of the\\nbat. At either end of the ground a tall post was planted. These\\nposts marked the stations of the rival parties, and were sometimes\\na mile apart. The object of each party was to defend its own post,\\nand carry the ball to that of the adversary. This is, undoubtedly,\\nthe same game which is now called Lacrosse, and which is very\\npopular in Canada and some parts of the United States.\\nAt the beginning of the game the main body of the players\\nassemble half-way between the two posts. Every eye sparkles,\\nand every cheek is already aglow with excitement. The ball is\\ntossed high into the air, and a general struggle ensues to secure it\\nand was in the enjoyment of a lucrative practice. In the surrender of his\\nhandsome income from tliis source for the pitiful salary of his office, Mr.\\nMoore displayed a public spirit as commendable as it is rare.\\nAs a judge, he is distinguished for his quick and clear discrimination,\\nkeen powers of analysis, thorough legal knowledge, and sound judgment\\nin the application of the law, as well as promptness and impartiality in\\nthe discharge of his official duties.\\nMr. Moore commenced life with habits of industry, energy and good\\ncharacter, and from this beginning he has risen to his present high posi-\\ntion, having occupied a place among the prominent men of his profession\\nin the State for the past fifteen years, and been identified with nearly all\\nthe important litigation in his section.\\nIn politics he is known as a Democrat, and highly esteemed for his\\nalways moderate and independent course. During the war he did as\\nmuch as any person in that portion of the State to unite popular senti-\\nment in support of President Lincoln s war policy, without regard to men\\nor measures.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n213\\nas it descends. He who succeeds, starts for the goal of the adver-\\nsary, holding it high above his head. The opposite party, with\\nmerry yells, are swift to pursue. His course is intercepted, and,\\nrather than see the ball taken from him, he throws it, as a boy\\nE. T. JUDD.\\nE. T. JtTDD, of East Saginaw, Michigan, was born in Geneva, New\\nYork, in 1823. At an early age he commenced business for himself in\\nhis native town, and continued it for eight years, winning many friends\\nand prospering copiously. Closing up this business, he removed to Ham-\\nilton, Canada West, where he remained until 1865, when he removed to\\nEast Saginaw, and has resided there ever since. On the 17th of .June, of\\nthe same year, the First National Bank of East Saginaw was opened,\\nwith Mr. Judd as president, which position he still occupies. Under the\\nmanagement of Mr. Judd, this bank has secured a wide patronage, and\\nproved a good investment to its stockholders, becoming one of the per-\\nmanent institutions of the Saginaw Valley.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214 GENERAL niStORY OP TSE STATES.\\nthrows a stone from a sling, as far towards the goal of his adver-\\nsary as he can. An adversary in the game catches it and sends it\\nwhizzing back in the opposite direction. Hither and thither it\\ngoes now far to the right, now as far to the left now near to\\none, now as near to the other goal the whole band crowding con-\\ntinually after it in the wildest confusion until, finally, some agile\\nfigure, more fleet of foot than others, succeeds in bearing it to the\\ngoal of the opposite party.\\nPersons still living at Michilimackinac, who, having seen this\\ngame played by the Indians, and themselves participated in it, say\\nthat often a whole day is insufficient to decide the contest. When\\nsuch is the case, the following day is taken, and the game begun\\nanew. As many as six or seven hundred Indians sometimes engage\\nin a single game, while it may be played by fifty. In the heat of\\nthe contest, when all are running at their greatest speed, if one\\nstumbles and fall. fifty or a hundred, who are in close pursuit, and\\nunable to stop, pile over him, forming a mound of human bodies,\\nand frequently players are so bruised as to be unable to proceed in\\nthe game.\\nThis game, with its attendant noise and violence, was well calcu-\\nlated to divert the attention of officers and men, and thus j)ermit\\nthe Indians to take possession of the fort. To make their success\\nmore certain, they prevailed upon as many as they could to come\\nout of the fort, while at the same time their squaws, wrapped in\\nblankets, beneath which they concealed the murderous weapons,\\nwere placed inside the inclosure. The plot was so ingeniously laid\\nthat no one suspected danger.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nThe Massacre at Fort Michilimackinac Indians Drinkesg the\\nBlood of Englishmen Sufferings op English Prisoners The\\nOttawas Espouse the Cause of the English and Take Posses-\\nsion of the Fort The Indian Council.\\nThe discipline of the garrison was relaxed, and the soldiers\\npermitted to stroll about and view the sport without carrying\\nweapons of defense and even when the ball, as if by chance, was\\nlifted high in the air, to descend inside the pickets, and was fol-\\nlowed by four hundred savage warriors, all eager, all struggling,\\nall shouting, in the unrestrained pursuit of a rude, athletic exer-\\ncise, no alarm Avas felt until the shrill war-whoop told the startled\\ngarrison that the work of slaughter had actually begun.\\nMr. Henry, of whom I have been speaking, did not attend the\\nmatch which I have just described. There being a canoe prepared\\nto depart on the following day for Montreal, he employed himself\\nin writing letters to his friends. While thus engaged, he heard an\\nIndian war cry and a noise of general confusion. Going instantly\\nto his window, he saw a crowd of Indians, within the fort, furi-\\nously cutting down and scalping every Englishman they found.\\nIn particular, he witnessed the fate of Lieut. Jamette. He had\\nin the room in which he was a fowling-piece, loaded with swan-\\nshot. This he immediately seized, and held it for a few moments,\\nwaiting to hear the drum beat to arms. In that dreadful interval\\nhe witnessed the scene of several of his countrymen falling under\\nthe tomahawk, and more than one struggling between the knees of\\nan Indian, who, holding him in this manner, scalped him while yet\\nliving. At length, disappointed in the hope of seeing resistance\\nmade to the enemy, and knowing that no effort of his own unas-\\nsisted arm could avail against four hundred Indians, he thought\\nonly of seeking shelter. Amid the slaughter which was raging, he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nobserved many of the Canadian inhabitants of the fort calmly\\nlooking on, neither opposing the Indians, nor suffering injury, and,\\nfrom this circumstance, he conceived a hope of finding security in\\ntheir houses.\\nBetween the yard-door of his own house and that of M. Lang-\\nlade, his next neighbor, there was only a low fence, over which he\\neasily climbed. On entering, he found the whole family at the\\nwindows, gazing at the scene of blood before them. He addressed\\nhimself immediately to M. Langlade, begging that he would\\nput him into some place of safety until the heat of the affair\\nshould be over, an act of charity by which he might, perhaps, be\\npreserved from the general massacre. But, while he uttered his\\npetition, M. Langlade, who had looked for a moment at him,\\nturned again to the window, shrugging his shoulders, and intimat-\\ning that he could do nothing for him.\\nWith Henry this was a moment of despair but the next, a\\nPawnee woman, a slave of M. Langlade, beckoned him to follow\\nher. She led him to a door, which she opened, desiring him to\\nenter, and telling him that it led to the garret, where he must go\\nand conceal himself Henry joyfully obeyed her directions and\\nshe, having followed him up to the garret door, locked it after\\nhim, and took away the key. This shelter obtained, Henry\\nbecame anxious to know what might still be jaassing without.\\nThrough an aperture, which afforded him a view of the area of\\nthe fort, he beheld, in forms the foulest and most terrible, the fero-\\ncious triumphs of barbarian conquerors. The dead were scalpyed\\nand mangled the dying were writhing and shrieking under the\\nunsatiated knife and tomakawk and, from the bodies of some,\\nripped open, their butchers were drinking the blood, scooped up\\nin the hollow of joined hands, and quaffed amid shouts of rage\\nand victory. Henry was shaken, not only with horror, but with\\nfear. The suflferings which he witnessed, he seemed on the point\\nof experiencing himself. Not long elapsed before, every one being\\ndestroyed who could be found, there was a general cry of, All is\\nfinished At the same instant, Henry heard some of the Indians\\nenter the house in which he had taken shelter. The garret was\\nseparated from the room below only by a layer of single boards.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n217\\nThe prisoner could, therefore, hear everything that passed and\\nthe Indians no sooner came in than they inquired whether or not\\nany Englishmen were in the house. M. Langlade replied that he\\ncould not say they might examine for themselves, and would\\nDR. J. B. WHITE.\\nJohn B. White was born January 13, 1826, in the town of Pompey,\\nOnondaga county, New York. His father was a farmer, and he remained\\nwith him on the farm until about his eighteenth year, receiving such\\neducation as could be obtained at a country school and village academy.\\nHe studied medicine with Dr. H. B. Moore, of Manlius, New York, who\\nwas then the leading surgeon of that part of the country. He attended\\nhis first course of medical lectures at Geneva, New York, where he\\nbecame clinical assistant to the professor of surgery. The following\\nyear he went to Philadelphia, and graduated at the Philadelphia College", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "218 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nsoon be satisfied as to the object of their question. Saying this,\\nhe conducted them to the garret door.\\nThe state of Henry s mind at this juncture may be imagined.\\nWhen they arrived at the door, some delay was occasioned, owing\\nto the absence of the key, and a few moments were thus allowed\\nHenry in which to look round for a hiding place. In one corner\\nof the garret was a heap of those vessels of birch bark used in\\nmaking maple sugar.\\nThe door was unlocked and opened, and the Indians ascended\\nthe stairs before Henry had completely crept into a small opening\\nwhich presented itself at one end of the heap. An instant later,\\nfour Indians entered the room, all armed with tomahawks, and all\\nbesmeared with blood upon every part of their bodies. The die\\nappeared to be cast. Henry could scarcely breathe, and he was\\nsure that the throbbing of his heart occasioned a noise loud enough\\nto betray him. The Indians walked in every direction about the\\ngarret, and one of them approached him so closely that, at a par-\\nticular moment, had he put forth his hand, he could have touched\\nhim. Still, he remained undiscovered, a circumstance to which\\nthe dark color of his clothes, and the want of light in the room,\\nmust have contributed. In short, after taking several turns in the\\nroom, during which they told Langlade how many they had killed\\nand how many scalps they had taken, they returned down stairs\\nand Henry, with sensations not easily expressed, heard the door\\nlocked lor the second time.\\nof Medicine, and in the spring of 1860 received an ad eundem degree from\\nthe medical department of Pennsylvania College. Soon after his gradua-\\ntion he returned to New York, and practiced his profession, with his old\\npreceptor, for about two years, and while there received the appointment\\nof demonstrator of aniitomy in the New York ollege of Dental Surgery,\\nbut on the earnest solicitation of his old friend and room mate of the\\nvillage academy (now the Hon. J. G. Sutherland), who had located and\\nwas practicing law at Saginaw City, jVIichigan, he was induced to remove\\nto that city, where he arrived July 1, 1854. He early succeeded in\\nacquiring a large and extensive practice, which declining health has now\\ncompelled him to partially abandon. He now devotes his time chiefly to\\nthe practice of gynaecology, and is medical advisor and acting surgeon of\\nthe Jackson, Lansing fe Saginaw Division of the Michigan Central R. R.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF MICHIGAN. 219\\nThere was a feather bed on the floor, and on this, exhausted as\\nhe was by agitation of raind, he threw himself down and went to\\nsleep. In this condition he remained till the dark of the even-\\ning, Avhen he was awakened by a second opening of the door.\\nThe person who now entered was M. Langlade s wife, who was\\nmuch surprised at finding him, but advised him not to be uneasy,\\nobserving that the Indians had killed most of the Englishmen,\\nbut that she trusted he would escape. A shower of rain having\\nbegun to fall, she had come to stop a hole in the roof On\\nretiring, Henry begged her to send him a little water to drink,\\nwhich she did.\\nAs night was now advancing, he continued to lie on the bed,\\nthinking of his condition, but unable to discover a source from\\nwhich he could hope for life. A flight to Detroit had no probable\\nchance of success the distance from Michilimackinac was four\\nhundred miles he was without provisions, and the whole length\\nof the road lay through Indian countries countries of an enemy\\nin arms where the first Indian he should meet would take his\\nlife. To stay where he was threatened nearly the same thing.\\nAs before, fatigue of mind, and not tranquillity, suspended his\\ncares, and procured him further sleep.\\nThe respite which sleep afforded him during the night was ended\\nby the return of morning. At sunrise, he heard the family stir-\\nring, and presently after, Indian voices, informing M. Langlade\\nthat they had not found an Englishman named Henry among the\\nDr. White has always been a diligent student, and taken great interest in\\nthe advancement of medical education, especially in the medical schools\\nof our State, and is an active working member of the county and State\\nmedical societies. He is also a permanent member of the National Medi-\\ncal Association. As a practitioner, he has taken high rank, and by steady\\nobservance of the professional amenities, has ever been on good fellow-\\nship and popularity with other members of his profession. He is a tirm\\nupholder of the dignity of the profession. Charlatanry, of whatever\\nform or kind, is confronted boldly. He is unyielding in his opposition\\nto all of the sophism of the day, convinced that whatever there is of\\nvalue in the healing art is mainly due to the discoveries and investiga-\\ntions of those who continue to walk in the path of regular and legitimate\\nmedicine.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\ndead, and that they believed him to be somewhere concealed.\\nM. Langlade appeared from what followed, to be, by this time,\\nacquainted with the place of Henry s retreat, of which, no doubt,\\nhe had been informed by his wife. The poor woman, as soon as\\nthe Indians mentioned Henry, declared to her husband, in the\\nFrench tongue, that he should no longer shield the Englishman,\\nbut deliver him up to his pursuers, giving as a reason that, should\\nthe Indians discover his instrumentality in the matter, they might\\navenge it on her children. M. Langlade resisted at first, but soon\\nsuffered her to prevail, informing the Indians that he had been\\ntold Henry was in the house that he had come there without\\nhis knowledge, and that he would put him into their hands.\\nThis was no sooner expressed than he began to ascend the stairs,\\nthe Indians following at his heels. Henry now resigned himself to\\nhis fete and, regarding every attempt at concealment as vain, he\\narose from the bed, and presented himself in view to the Indians,\\nwho were entering the room. They were all in a state of intoxi-\\ncation, and entirely naked, except about the middle. One of\\nthem, named Wenniway, whom he had previously known, walked\\nup to him, and seized him with one hand by the collar of the coat,\\nwhile in the other he held a large carving-knife, as if to plunge it\\ninto his breast his eyes, meanwhile, were fixed steadfastly on\\nHenry s. At length, after some seconds of the most anxious sus-\\npense, he dropped his arm, saying, I won t kill you To this\\nhe added that he had been frequently engaged in war against the\\nEnglish, and had brought away many scalps that, on a certain\\noccasion, he had lost a brother, whose name was Musinigon, and\\nthat Henry should be called after him. He then ordered him\\ndown stairs, and there informed hira that he was to be taken to\\nhis cabin. Here, as indeed everywhere else, the Indians were all\\nmad with liquor. Death, again, was threatened, and not as possi-\\nble only, but as certain. Henry mentioned his fears on this subject\\nto M. Langlade, begging him to represent the danger to his mas-\\nter. Langlade, in this instance, did not withhold his compassion,\\nand the Indian immediately consented that Henry should remain\\nwhere he was, until he found another opportunity to take him\\naway.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n221\\nThus far secure, he reascended the stairs, in order to place him-\\nself the farthest possible out of the reach of insult from drunken\\nIndians but he had not remained there more than an hour, when\\nhe was called to the room below, in which was an Indian who said\\nHON. ELEAZER JEWETT.\\nEleazer Jewett was born in the State of New Hampshire, April 29,\\n1799. He came to Michigan and settled on the Saginaw river in Septem-\\nber, 1826, traveling from Pontiac on foot, alone, carrying in a pack all\\nhis worldly goods. The country was then new and unsettled. Eiglit miles\\nnorth of Pontiac was the residence of Alpheus Williams, father of Harvey\\nWilliams, one of the pioneers of the Saginaw Valley. There was no\\nother trace of civilization on the way, except at Grand Blanc and the\\nGrand Traverse of Flint River (now city of Flint). At the latter place a\\nhalf-breed named Campau had a log hut on the south side of the river,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "222 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthat the Englishman must go with him out of the fort, Wenniway\\nhaving sent for him. Henry had also seen this man before. In\\nthe preceding year he had allowed him to take goods ou credit,\\nfor which he still owed and some short time previous to the sur-\\nprise of the fort he had said, upon being asked for the amount,\\nthat he would pay the Englishman before long. This speech\\nnow came fresh in Henry s memory, and led him to suspect that\\nthe fellow had formed a design against his life. He communicated\\nhis suspicion to Langlade, but that gentleman gave for an answer,\\nthat he was not his own master, and must do as the Indian had\\nordered.\\nThe Indian, on his part, directed the Englishman to undress\\nhimself before leaving the house, declaring that his coat and shirt\\nwould become an Indian better than they did Henry. His pleas-\\nure in this respect being complied with, no other alternative was\\nleft to Henry than either to go out naked, or to put on the clothes\\nof the Indian, which he freely gave him in exchange. His motive\\nfor thus stripping him of his own apparel was no other, as Henry\\nafterwards learned, than that it might not be stained with blood\\nwhen he killed him.\\nThe Englishman was now ordered to proceed, and his driver fol-\\nlowed him close until he had passed the gate of the fort, when he\\nnear where the principal bridge stands. Between Flint river, at this place,\\nand Saginaw, was an unbroken wilderness, and only an Indian trail to\\nguide the adventurous traveler. There was no settlement in the Saginaw\\nValley, except on the site where the city of Saginaw now is. Here was\\na narrow clearing on the margin of the river. Besides the Indian farmers\\nand blacksmiths, provided by the government, the American Fur Com-\\npany had a small trading establishment in charge of a Frenchman named\\nReaume. They constituted the civilized population.\\nMr. Jewett went into the employ of the American Fur Company for\\ntwo years, then he built a block house on Green Point and commenced\\ntrading with the Indians on his own account. He continued this trade\\nfor ten j^ears.\\nHe married in 1831. His eldest child, a daughter, now the wife of Dr.\\nN. D. Lee, was the first white child born in the Saginaw Valley.\\nIn 1883, Mr. Jewett purchased at Steben s mill, on Thread river, near\\nthe Grand Traverse of Flint river, 10,000 feet of pine boards, of which", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN 223\\nturned toward the spot where he knew the Indians to be encamped.\\nThis, however, did not suit the purpose of the Indian. He seized\\nHenry by the arm, drew him violently in the opposite direction,\\nto the distance of fifty yards above the fort. Here, finding that\\nhe was approaching the bushes and sand hills, Henry determined\\nto proceed no farther, but told the Indian that he believed he\\nmeant to murder him, and that if so, he might as well strike\\nwhere he was as at any greater distance. The Indian replied with\\ncoolness, that the Englishman s suspicions were correct, and that\\nhe meant to pay him, in this manner, for his goods. At the same\\ntime he produced a knife, and held Henry in a position to receive\\nthe intended blow. Both this and that which followed were neces-\\nsarily the affairs of a moment. By some effort, too sudden, and\\ntoo little dependent on thought to be explained or remembered,\\nHenry was enabled to arrest his arm, and give him a sudden j)ush,\\nby which he turned from him and became released from his grasp.\\nThis was no sooner done than Henry ran towards the fort with all\\nthe swiftness in his power, the Indian following him, and the pur-\\nsued expecting every moment to feel the knife of the pursuer.\\nHenry succeeded in his flight, and on entering the fort, he saw\\nWenniway standing in the midst of the area, and hastened to\\nhim for protection. Wenniway desired the Indian to desist but\\nhe formed a raft in Flint river. Unaided, he floated this raft down to\\nthe driftwood at the mouth of Flint river. Of this lumber he constructed\\na frame house on the opposite side of the river fi-om Green Point, in which\\nhe afterwards resided and continued his business.\\nIn January, 1837, when Saginaw City had attained considerable size as\\na village, he placed his house on four sleds and drew it with four pair of\\noxen down the river on the ice to the city, where, notwithstanding\\nsome other migrations, it is still standing.\\nIn lb28, he brought the tirst swine to Saginaw county.\\nOn the 4th of July, 1832, he invited the entire population of the Sag-\\ninaw Valley to a celebration of the national anniversary at his home on\\nGreen Point. All the inhabitants, old and young twenty-nine in num-\\nber came at his hospitable invitation. The ceremonies were patriotic\\nand interesting. They were enlivened by music and conviviality\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nmusic on a bass drum, brought and played, solo, by Abraham Butts, a\\nrespected pioneer, who. died only two years ago; the conviviality, aided", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe latter still pursued hiin around the chief, making several\\nstrokes at Henry with his knife, and foaming at the mouth with\\nrage at the repeated failure of his purpose. At length Wenniway\\ndrew near to M. Langlade s house, and, the door being open,\\nHenry ran into it. The Indian followed him, but on entering it\\nhe voluntarily abandoned the pursuit.\\nPreserved so often, and so unexpectedly, as it had already been\\nhis lot, he returned to his garret, with a strong inclination to\\nbelieve that, through the will of an overruling Providence, no\\nIndian enemy could do him hurt. Exhausted with fear, he threw\\nhimself upon the bed and was soon relieved by sleep. At ten\\no clock in the evening he was again aroused, and once more desired\\nto descend the stairs. Not less, however, to his satisfaction than\\nsurprise, he was summoned only to meet Major Etherington, Mr.\\nBostwick, and Lieutenant Leslie, who were in the room below.\\nThese gentlemen had been taken prisoners, while looking at the\\ngame without the fort, and immediately stripped of all their\\nclothes. They were now sent into the fort under the charge of\\nCanadians, because, the Indians having resolved on getting drunk,\\nthe chiefs were apprehensive that they would be murdered if they\\ncontinued in the camp. Lieutenant Jamette and seventy English\\nhad been killed, and but twenty Englishmen, including soldiers,\\nwere still alive. These were all within the fort, together Avith\\nmore than double their number of Canadians.\\nby the spirituous beverage of the time, which was innocent of all the\\ncorruptions that at a later date have rendered it obnoxious. His three\\nsons grew to manhood. One fell in the service of his countrj^ at Gettys-\\nburgh the others reside at Saginaw, worthy eiaui]iles of industry and\\nthrift.\\nMr. .T. was elected justice of the peace at an earlj- day, and has since\\nserved in that capacity for nearly thirty j-ears. He also served as county\\nsurveyor for nearh^ twenty j ^ears, immediately succeeding the inaugura-\\ntion of Saginaw county, and served fourteen years as judge of probate.\\nHe is the sole survivor of the first pioneers. In his prime, he was a\\nman of courage and muscle. He is still in robust health, residing quietly\\nand in comfort at his country seat in Kochville. He does not appear\\nto be the worse for the exposure and hardships of his rough pioneer\\nexperience.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n225\\nIt was suggested among the English prisoners that an effort to\\nregain possession of the fort might successfully be made. The\\nJesuit missionary was consulted on the subject, but his words dis-\\ncouraged the idea. Thus the fort and prisoners remained in the\\nR. W. JENNY.\\nRoyal W. Jenny came to Michigan in 1834, and engaged at his trade\\nin Detroit, where he worked six years. In 1840, he launched the Lapeer\\nSentinel on his own account. This journal was first edited by Mr. Henry\\nW. Williams, and at a later period by Col. J. R. White, who is still living\\nat Lapeer. He moved to Baginaw City in the spring of 1844, where he\\nedited and published the Worth Star, at that time the most northerly paper\\nin the United States. Mr. Jenny not only edited and printed the Star,\\nunaided by help of any kind, but for quite a period filled the responsible\\nposition of town clerk of Saginaw; was one of the superintendents of\\n15", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nhands of the Indians, though through the whole night the prisoners\\nand whites were in actual possession. That whole night, or the\\ngreater part of it, was passed in mutual condolence. In the morn-\\ning Henry was visited by Wenniway, and ordered to accompany\\nthat chief. He led him to a small house within the fort, where,\\nin a narrow room which was almost dark, he found his old friend\\nSolomons, an Englishman from Detroit, and a soldier, both pris-\\noners. With these he remained in painful suspense as to the scene\\nthat was next to present itself At ten o clock in the forenoon,\\nan Indian arrived, and immediately marched them to the lake\\nside, when a canoe appeared ready for departure, and in which\\nthey were ordered to embark. Their voyage, full of doubt as it\\nwas, would have commenced immediately, but that one of the\\nIndians who was to be of the party was absent. His arrival was\\nto be waited for, and this occasioned a very long delay, during\\nwhich the Englishmen were exposed to a keen northwest wind.\\nAn old shirt was all that covered Henry, and he suffered much\\nfrom the cold. At noon the party was collected, the prisoners all\\nthe poor of Saginaw county, and deputy postmaster. At tliis period,\\nJud^c G. D. Williams was postmaster at Saginaw, which was the only\\npostofflce in all the territory now embraced within the counties of Sagi-\\nnaw, Tuscola, Bay and Midland.\\nMr. Jenny was married to Mrs. Sophia A. Hill, a sister of the late\\nlamented James N. Gotee and Jerome H. Gotee, at Saginaw, in February,\\n1847. His wife is an estimable lady, of rare literary culture, and who,\\nsoon after her removal to Flint with her husband iu 1849, wrote the con-\\nstitution and by-laws of the Ladies Library Association of that city, and\\norganized it. This was the first institution of the kind formed in the\\nNorthwest, and has become the model for the hundreds of similar\\nas.sociations scattered throughout Michigan and the whole Northwest.\\nIn this great field of usefulness, Mrs. Sophia A. Jenny has Mon the\\nhighest esteem of the people of this State, and endeared her memory to\\ncoming generations.\\nSince Mr. Jenny s removal to Flint, he has published the Genesee Z) ;?\u00c2\u00abo-\\ncrat a journal which has ever been high-minded in discussion, honest in\\npolitics, and deserving of the extensive patronage which it has always\\nenjoyed. During the late war, Mr. Jenny urged, through the columns of\\nhis journal, the raising of men and money that the general govern-\\nment might need to suppress the rebellion. Major E. W. Lyon, at that", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 227\\nembarked, and they started for the Isles du Castor, in Lake Michi-\\ngan. The Indians in the canoe numbered seven, the prisoners\\nfour. The soldier was made fast to a bar of the canoe, by a rope\\ntied around his neck, as is the manner of the Indians in trans-\\nporting their prisoners. The others were left unconfined, but pad-\\ndles were put into their hands, and they were ordered to use them.\\nAfter paddling along for some time, keeping near shore on account\\nof a dense fog that prevailed, they approached the land of the\\nOttawas, at Fox Point, eighteen miles from Michilimackinac.\\nAfter the Indians had made their war whoop, an Ottawa appeared\\nupon the beach and signaled them to land. When the canoe\\narrived in shallow water, a hundred Ottawas sprung from among\\nthe bushes, and dragged the prisoners out of it amid a terrifying\\nshout. They gave as a reason for this action, that the Chippewas\\nhad insulted them by attacking the English without consulting\\nthem, and consequently they were friends of the English and ene-\\nmies of the Chippewas. They added that what they had done\\ntime a partner with Mr. Jenny, at once raised a company for Col. Fen-\\nton s regiment, in which he was effectually aided by Mr. Jenny.\\nA few years ago, participating in the celebration of the completion of\\nthe railroad from East Saginaw to Bay City, Mr. Jenny, in response to a\\ncall, said: You of the Saginaws do not duly appreciate your geographi-\\ncal position and the advantages you will receive in the not distant future.\\nQuicker than you now dream will you find yourselves on the great line of\\ncommunication between the orients and the Occidents. The Northern\\nPacific Railroad finished now, I admit, only talked of and the people\\nof China and Japan will throng your streets and solicit your acquaintance\\nand trade. You gentlemen over the table who laugh at my credulity,\\nplease remember my predictions.\\nIf the reader will remember that those words were uttered when\\nnorthern Michigan was a wilderness, and that his predictions have been\\nalready more than realized, it will be easy to appreciate the value of such\\na man to the infant growth of our State. It has been stated that Mr.\\nJenny has built in his paper nearly every work of improvement pro-\\njected in the northern part of the State, at least half a dozen times before\\nthey were undertaken by active operations. Two projects only now\\nremain, heretofore advocated by him, but the lookout for these is not\\nvery encouraging. They are slack-water navigation of the Flint river\\nfrom Flint to Saginaw, and the Bad River Canal in Saginaw county.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwas for the purpose of saving their lives, as the Chippewas were\\ncarrying them to the Isles du Castor to kill and eat them.\\nThe prisoners were soon embarked again in an Ottawa canoe,\\nand carried back to Michilimackinac, where they were marched\\ninto the fort by the Ottawas in vicAV of the Chippewas, who were\\nconfounded at seeing their brothers of the forest opposing them.\\nThe Ottawas, being of sufficient numbers, at once took possession\\nof the fort. The prisoners who had changed hands were lodged\\nin the house of the commandant, and vigilantly guarded.\\nEarly the next morning a general council was held, in which\\nthe Chippewas complained of the conduct of the Ottawas in rob-\\nbing them of their prisoners, and urging them to join in the war,\\nas the English were meeting with destruction in every part of the\\nworld. As the Indians rarely make their answers until the day\\nfollowing the hearing of the arguments offered, the council\\nadjourned for that purpose.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nThe English Persecuted at Michilimackinac apteb the Massacre\\nThe Adventure of Henry Prisoners Divided Between the\\nChippewas and the Ottawas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lieutenant Gorell Rescues the\\nPrisoners from the Ottawas, and the English Leave the\\nCountry Escape op Henry.\\nThe prisoners, whose fate was thus in controversy, were unac-\\nquainted at the time with this transaction, and, therefore, enjoyed\\na night of tolerable tranquillity. The result of the council was\\nthat the prisoners were returned to the Chippewas. While in the\\nhands of the Ottawas, the prisoners had been informed that the\\nformer intended to kill them and make broth of them hence, we\\nmay imagine their feelings at being restored to their old enemies.\\nThe Chippewas marched them into a village of their own, and put\\nthem into a lodge, already the prison of fourteen soldiers, tied two\\nand two, each having a rope about his neck that was made fast to\\na pole of the lodge. Henry was left untied but he passed a night\\nsleepless and full of wretchedness. His bed was the bare ground,\\nand his only clothing was the old shirt, already mentioned. He\\nwas, besides, in want of food, having for two days eaten nothing.\\nHenry relates that, while he was in the canoe with the Chippewas,\\nthey offered him bread, but that it had been cut from the loaf\\nwith the same knives the Indians used in the massacre knives\\nstill covered with blood. The blood they moistened with spittle,\\nand, rubbing it on the bread, offered it to the prisoners, telling\\nthem to eat the blood of their countrymen.\\nSuch was the situation of the Englishmen at Michilimackinac\\non the seventh of June, 1763, but a few hours produced an event\\nthat gave still a new color to Henry s lot. Toward noon, when\\nthe great war chief, in company Avith Wenniway, was seated at the\\nopposite end of the lodge, his friend, Wawatam, suddenly entered.\\nIn passing by he gave Henry his hand, but went immediately", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230 GENERAL, HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntoward the great chief, and sat down beside him. The most\\nuninterrupted silence prevailed each smoked his jjipe and,\\nthis done, Wawatam arose and left the lodge, saying to Henry,\\nas he passed, Take courage An hour elapsed, during which\\nseveral chiefs entered, and preparations appeared to be making\\nfor a council. At length, Wawatam reentered the lodge, followed\\nby his wife, and both loaded with merchandise, which they carried\\nup to the chiefs, and laid in a heap before them. Some moments of\\nsilence followed, at the end of which Wawatam delivered a speech.\\nFriends and relations, he began, what is it that I shall\\nsay You know what I feel. You all have friends, and brothers,\\nand children, whom, as yourselves, you love and you what\\nwould you experience, did you, like me, behold your dearest\\nfriend, your brother, in the condition of a slave a slave, exposed\\nevery moment to insult and to menaces of death. This case, as\\nyou all know, is mine. See there (pointing to Henry) my friend\\nand brother among slaves himself a slave. You all well know\\nthat, long before the war began, I adopted him as my brother.\\nFrom that moment he became one of my family, so that no danger\\nof circumstances could break the cord which fastened us together.\\nHe is my brother and, because I am your relation, he is, there-\\nfore, your relation, too and how, being your relation, can he be\\nyour slave\\nOn the day on which the war began you were fearful lest, on\\nthis very account, I should reveal your secret; you requested,\\ntherefore, that I should leave the fort, and even cross the lake. I\\ndid so but I did it with reluctance. I did it with reluctance,\\nnotwithstanding that you (naming the chief) who had the com-\\nmand in this enterprise, gave me your promise that you would\\nprotect my friend, delivering him from all danger, and giving him\\nsafely to me. The performance of this I now claim. I come not\\nwith empty hands to ask it. I bring these goods, to buy oif\\nevery claim which any man among you all may have on my\\nbrother, as his prisoner.\\nWawatam having ceased, the pipes were again filled and, after\\nthey were finished, a further period of silence followed. At the\\nend of this, Minavavana arose and gave his reply", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n231\\nMy relation and brother, said he, what you have spoken is\\ntruth. We were acquainted with the friendship which subsisted\\nbetween yourself and the Englishman, in whose behalf you have\\nnow addressed us. We knew the danger of having our secret dis-\\nGEN. MARK FLANIGAN.\\nMark Flanigan was born in the county of Antrim, Ireland, in the\\nyear 1825. His parents, who belonged to the sect of Presbyterians\\nknown as Covenanters, emigrated to Canada in 1833, whence the subject\\nof this sketch came to the United States in 1841, and settled in Detroit,\\nMichigan, in 1845.\\nIn 1847 he engaged in business, in which he continued down to the\\nbreaking out of the rebellion, soon after which he volunteered to serve\\nduring the war, entering the 24th Michigan Infantry, of which regiment\\nhe was made lieutenant-colonel. He served with distinction under all\\nthe generals who commanded the army of the Potomac.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncovered, and the consequences that must follow and you say\\ntruly that we requested you to leave the fort. This was done out\\nof regard for you and your family for, if a discovery of our\\ndesign had been made, you would have been blamed, whether\\nguilty or not and you would thus have been involved in difficul-\\nties from which you could not have extricated yourself. It is also\\ntrue that I promised to take care of your friend and this promise\\nI performed by desiring my son, at the moment of the assault, to\\nseek him out, and bring him to my lodge. He went, accordingly,\\nbut could not find him. The day after, I sent him to Langlade s,\\nwhere he was informed that your friend was safe and, had it not\\nbeen that the Indians were then drinking the rum which had been\\nfound in the fort, he would have brought him home with him,\\naccording to my orders. I am very glad to find that your friend\\nhas escaped. We accept your present, and you may take him home\\nwith you.\\nWawatam thanked the chiefs, and, taking Henry by the hand,\\nled him to his lodge, which was at the distance of a few rods only\\nfrom the prison-lodge. His entrance appeared to give joy to the\\nwhole family food was immediately prepared for him, and he now\\nate the first hearty meal which he had made since his capture.\\nHe found himself one of the family and, but that he had still\\nhis fears as to the other Indians, he felt as happy as the situation\\ncould allow. In the course of the next morning, he was alarmed\\nby a noise in the prison-lodge and, looking through the opening\\nof the lodge in which he was, he beheld seven dead bodies of white\\nmen dragged forth. Upon inquiry, he was informed that a certain\\nFor gallant conduct at Fitzhugh Crossing, Va., Lieut.-Col. Flanigan\\nwas made colonel by brevet, and received the further brevet rank of\\nbrigadier-genera! of volunteers for the bravery shown, and the valuable\\nservices rendered, at Gettysburg, in which famous battle he lost a leg.\\nOn his return home, after partially recovering from his wound, he was\\nreceived by the city of Detroit with the most flattering tokens of the\\nregard and approbation of her citizens.\\nIn addition to an honorable military record, Gen. Flanigan has long\\noccupied a prominent position in civil aliairs. An active member of the\\nold Detroit tire department, he was for many years foreman of Phoenix\\nCo. No. 5, and also held the position of member of the board of trustees", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 233\\nchief, called by the Canadians, Le Grand Sable, had not long\\nbefore arrived from his winter s hunt and that he, having been\\nabsent when the war began, and being desirous of manifesting to\\nthe Indians at large his hearty concurrence in what they had done,\\nhad gone into the prison-lodge, and there, with his knife, put the\\nseven men to death. Shortly after, two of the Indians took one\\nof the dead bodies, which they chose as being the fattest, cut off\\nthe head, and divided the whole into five parts, which were put\\ninto five kettles, hung over as many fires, kindled for this purpose\\nat the door of the prison-lodge. Soon after, the horrible prepara-\\ntions were deemed completed, and the warriors were invited to the\\nfeast. The invitations are given by the master of the feast.\\nSmall cuttings of cedar wood, of about four inches in length,\\nsupply the place of cards and the bearer, by word of mouth,\\nstates the particulars. The Indians attend, each taking with him\\nhis dish and spoon. Henry tells us that his friend Wawatam did\\nnot appear to have relished the repast, having returned, after an\\nabsence of about an hour and a half, bringing in his dish a human\\nhand and a large piece of flesh.\\nIn the evening of the same day, a large canoe was seen advanc-\\ning to the fort. The Indian cry was raised in the village, a general\\nmuster ordered, and, to the number of two hundred, the savages\\nmarched up to the fort, where the canoe was expected to land.\\nThe occupants of the canoe, who were English traders, suspected\\nnothing, and came boldly to the fort, when they were seized,\\nand treasurer of the department. He was an alderman of the city in\\n1859 and 1860, and sheriff of Wayne county in 1861 and 1863, until he\\nentered the army.\\nThe wound received at Gettysburg having unfitted him for further ser-\\nvice in the field, he was made provost-marshal at Detroit, and was\\nafterwards assessor of internal revenue for the first district of Michigan.\\nOn the consolidation of revenue oflaces, and the reduction of the force,\\nhe was made collector of internal revenue at Detroit, which oflSce he now\\nholds. CTen. Flanigan s labors in the cause of free schools, during the\\nmany years he has been a leading member of the Detroit Board of Edu-\\ncation, are too well known to need comment or praise from us. It is\\nsufficient to say that their results have uniformly been such as to add to\\nthe respect and regard felt for him by his fellow-citizens.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "234 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ndragged through the water, beaten, reviled, marched to the prison,\\nand there strijDped of their clothes and confined.\\nOf all the English traders who fell into the hands of the Indians\\nat the capture of the fort, Mr. Tracy was the only one who lost his\\nlife. Mr. Solomons and Mr Henry Bostwick were taken by the\\nOttawas and, after the peace, carried to Montreal, and there ran-\\nsomed. One account says that, out of ninety troops, seventy were\\nkilled. This is probably incorrect, as there were only about\\nthirty-five soldiers, with their officers, in the fort. It is only rea-\\nsonable to suppose that of the seventy killed, many were women\\nand children, wives and children of the soldiers.\\nThe peculiarities of the Indian character readily explain the\\npart which the Ottawas played in this transaction. They deemed\\nit a gross insult that the Chippewas had undertaken an enterprise\\nof such vast importance without consulting them or asking their\\nassistance. They had, therefore, rescued Henry and his compan-\\nions in tribulation from the hands of their captors, and borne\\nthem back to the fort. After the council between the two nations,\\nof which we have already sjJoken, some of the prisoners, among\\nwhom was Henry, were given up, but the officers and several of\\nthe soldiers were retained, and carried by the Ottawas to L Arbre\\nCroche. Here they were treated with kindness. From this point\\nEthrington dispatched two letters, one by Father Janois, to Major\\nGladwyn, of Detroit and the other, by an Ottawa Indian, to\\nLieutenant Gorell, at Green Bay. These letters contained a brief\\naccount of the massacre, and an earnest entreaty for assistance.\\nWhen Father Janois reached Detroit, he found the place closely\\nbesieged and, consequently, no assistance could be had from that\\nquarter but at Green Bay the Indian messenger was more for-\\ntunate. With seventeen men, Lieutenant Gorell had taken pos-\\nsession of that post in 1761, and, by a system of good management,\\nhad succeeded in allaying the hostility of the savages, and secur-\\ning the friendship of at least a part of the tribes around him.\\nOn receiving Ethrington s letter, Gorell told the Indians what\\nthe Chippewas had done, and that he and his soldiers were\\ngoing to Michilimackinac to restore order, adding that, during\\nhis absence, he commended the fort to their care. Presents", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n235\\nwere distributed among them, and advantage taken of every cir-\\ncumstance that could possibly be made to favor the English\\ncause so that, when the party was ready to embark, ninety\\nwarriors proposed to escort the garrison on its way.\\nJ. M. STANLEY.\\nJames M. Stanley, the leading delineator of Indian character, was\\na man of more than national reputation as an artist, and no mere bio-\\ngraphical sketch can do justice to his achievements. He was born at\\nCanadaigua, N. Y., on the 17th of January, 1814. At an early age he\\nwas thrown upon his own resources for a livelihood, and he spent the\\ngreater portion of his boyhood in Buffalo, N. Y. In 1834, he removed\\nto this State, and, in 1835, commenced his profession of portrait painting\\nin the city of Detroit. He remained there until 1837, when he went to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nArriving at L Arbre Croche, where Captain Ethrington, Lieu-\\ntenant Leslie, and eleven men were yet detained as prisoners,\\nGorell received an intimation that the Ottawas intended to dis-\\narm his soldiers but he promptly informed them that such an\\nattempt would meet with a vigorous resistance. Several days\\nwere now spent in holding councils. The soldiers from Green Bay\\nrequested the Ottawas to set their prisoners at liberty, to which\\nthe latter at length assented. Thinking only of how they might\\nescape their troublesome foes, they prepared to depart. One dif-\\nficulty, however, yet remained. The Ojibwas (Chippewas) had\\ndeclared that they would prevent the English from passing down\\nto Montreal and again they had recourse to a council. A revul-\\nsion of feeling, as we shall soon see, had already taken place\\namong the Chippewa chiefs and at length, though reluctantly,\\nthey yielded the point. On the eighteenth day of July, 1763,\\nChicago, residing there and at Galena, Illinois, until 1839, where he spent\\nmuch of his time in painting portraits of the Indians, and taking sketches\\nof the Indian country in the region of Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Sub-\\nsequently he followed his profession in New York City, Philadelphia,\\nPenn., Baltimore, Md., and Troy, N. Y. In 1842, having in the mean-\\ntime become imbued with a love for Indian scenes and adventures, he\\ntraveled extensively over the great prairies of the West, painting the\\nportraits in full costume of the leading warriors around Fort Gibson,\\nArkansas, and in Texas and New Mexico. He accompanied the Kearney\\nand Emory expeditions across the Rocky Mountains, and, after perform-\\ning nmch important labor for the United States government in California,\\nhe visited Oregon and traversed the greater portion of the Columbia\\nriver, taking a large number of sketches of the scenery along the route\\nand transferring them to canvas. Afterwards, he spent over a year in\\nthe Sandwich Islands, and, in 1851, settled in Washington, where he\\nresided until 1863, when he returned to Detroit, residing there until his\\ndeath, which occurred on the 10th of April, 1872, being caused from\\nheart disease.\\nDuring his residence in Washington, he placed in the Smithsonian\\nInstitute a large and very valuable collection of portraits of the leading\\nIndian chiefs of this country, and when a portion of that building was\\ndestroyed by fire on January 24, 1865, these pictures were burned with\\nit. This collection was the result, substantially, of eleven years of travel\\nand labor, and their pecuniary value cannot be estimated. This gallery", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 237\\nescorted by a fleet of Indian canoes, the English left L Arbre\\nCroche, and, on the thirteenth day of August, the whole party\\narrived in safety at Montreal, leaving not a British soldier in the\\nregion of the lakes except at Detroit.\\nFor a little more than a year after the massacre, Michilimacki-\\nnac was only occupied by the coureurs des hois, and such Indian\\nbands as chose to make it a temporary residence but, after the\\ntreaty with the Indians, Captain Howard, with a sufficiently\\nlarge detachment of troops, was sent to take possession of that\\npost and, once more, the English flag was a rallying point and\\nthe protection of the adventurous trader at Michilimackinac.\\nWe will now turn back, in point of time, and follow Mr. Henry\\nto the end of his thrilling adventures, after which we will\\nresume our narrative of the nine surprisals by Pontiac and his\\nbrave warriors.\\ncomprised one hundred and fifty-two paintings, mostly life-size, of the\\nprominent chiefs and leading men of forty-two distinct tribes.\\nThe opportunities that Mr. Stanley had for acquiring a thorough insight\\ninto the habits and manners of the North American Indians will, per-\\nhaps, best be inferred from a brief outline of his labors and travels as a\\ndelineator of Indian life and character. These may be said to date from\\nthe visit to Fort Gibson, heretofore referred to. During his sojourn at\\nthis frontier post, he painted the portraits of Alligator, Wild Cat, Tiger,\\nBig Warrior, and many other prominent Seminole chiefs, then living.\\nProm Fort Gibson, Mr. Stanley went with the party of Col. Pierce M.\\nButler, U. S. Commissioner, to attend a council of the Texas tribes of\\nIndians at Wacco village on the Brazos river, where terms of a treaty\\nwere discussed, but not finally settled. From Wacco village he returned\\nwith the Butler party to Fort Smith, Arkansas, by a circuitous route,\\ncrossing the Eed river of the South at Shreveport, Louisiana, the whole\\ndistance being traversed] without a military escort. Shortly after his\\nreturn, Mr. Stanley left Fort Smith to visit a council of Indians at\\nTalequah, attended by seventeen different prairie and border tribes, where\\nhe found an excellent opportunity to study savage life in some of its most\\nstriking and interesting phases. Upon this occasion, over fifteen thou-\\nsand Indians went daily through their favorite ball plays, dances and\\nother diversions, and the opportunities thus afforded for enricliing his\\nportfolio were fully improved. In 1843, he attended a council near Cache\\nCreek, on the Red river of the South, and, in 1846, in the capacity of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "238 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nOn the morning of the ninth of Jnne, a general council was\\nheld, at which it was resolved to remove to the Island of Macki-\\nnaw, situated in the Straits of Mackinac, to the north, as a more\\ndefensible situation, in the event of an attack by the English.\\nThe Indians had begun to entertain apprehensions of a want of\\nstrength. No news had reached them from the Pottawattamies, in\\nthe Bay des Paunts, and they were uncertain whether or not the\\nMonomins would join them. They even feared that the Sioux\\nwould take the English side. Their minds made up on this\\npoint, they prepared for a speedy retreat. At noon, the camp was\\nbroken up, and they embarked, taking with them the prisoners\\nthat were still undisposed of, among whom was Henry, the hero\\nof this romantic adventure. By the approach of evening, they\\nreached the island in safety, and the women were not long in\\nerecting their cabins. In the morning, there was a muster of the\\ntopographical draughtsman, he went with Gen. Kearney to New Mexico\\nand California, passing along the Gila river, and this was the first time\\nthe American flag was ever unfurled in the Gila Valley. This expedition\\nwas frequently intercepted by Indians, but under the direction of the\\nfamous mountain guide and explorer, Kit Carson, they fought their way\\nthrough. The march occupied three months. The expedition was\\nseverely handled at San Pasquale and San Bernardino, and, although Mr.\\nStanley lost all his clothing and other effects, he saved his sketches, paints\\nand canvas.\\nFrom San Diego, California, the artist proceeded to San Francisco,\\nwhere he completed his oflScial engagement, and severed his connection\\nwith the public service. In 1847, he took with him some Indian guides,\\nand made, at his own expense, a tour through the whole extent of the\\nterritory of Oregon. Having diligently observed the manners, customs\\nand habits of tlie aborigines, sketched tlie beautiful scenerj^ and painted\\nthe principal chiefs and warriors of the different tribes, he returned to\\nSan Francisco, and engaged passage in a vessel homeward bound, by the\\nCape from Honolulu. On the way back, the artist passed some time on\\nthe Sandwich Islands, where he was engaged to paint the portraits of King\\nKamehameha I and his consort. It was from the Sandwich Islands that\\nhe shipped to the Atlantic States a large and valuable number of Indian\\ncuriosities collected in Oregon, which were unfortunately lost in the ship-\\nwreck of a whaler.\\nMr. Stanley s fourth journey was made in the spring of 1853, when he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 239\\nIndians, at which there were foUnd three hundred and fifty fight-\\ning men. In the course of the day, a canoe arrived from Detroit,\\nwith ambassadors, who endeavored to prevail on the Indians to\\nrepair thither, to the assistance of Pontiac but fear was now the\\nprevailing passion. A guard was kept during the day, and a\\nwatch by night, and alarms were very frequently spread. Had an\\nenemy appeared, all the prisoners would have been put to death.\\nIt is not difficult to imagine the feelings of Henry and his fellow-\\nprisoners at this time.\\nOne morning an alarm was given, and the Indians, in large\\nnumbers, ran toward the beach. In a short time it was ascer-\\ntained that canoes from Monti-eal were in sight. All the Indian\\ncanoes were immediately manned, and those from Montreal sur-\\nrounded and seized. The goods were consigned to a Mr. Levy,\\nand would have been saved if the canoe-men had called them\\nformed one of the party that accompanied Isaac L. Stevens, the first\\nGovernor of Washington Territory, on his survey of the Northern\\nPacific Railway route. In this tour, he traversed the continent from the\\nhead waters of the Mississippi river via Forts Benton and Union, the\\nKooky Mountain chain, and the Bitter Root Mountains (to the west of\\nthe Rocky), to Fort Coldville, one of the old Hudson Bay Company s\\nstations, down the Columbia river to Fort Vancouver, and thence back\\nby the Isthmus. It was with this party that Mr. Stanley became per-\\nsonally and intimately acquainted with all the tribes on the upper waters\\nof the Missouri the Creeks, Assiniboins, Crows, Sioux, Blackfeet and\\nothers, dwelling in the regions east of the Rocky Mountains; and renewed,\\non this occasion, his acquaintance with the tribes on the Upper Colum-\\nbia, whom he had already visited in 1847-48, after the Kearney expedition.\\nIn these eleven years, during which Mr. Stanley explored all that vast\\nregion vaguely described on the older maps as the Indian Country,\\nbut which now comprises the States and Territories of Texas, New\\nMexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, Minnesota, Dacota,\\nMontana, Idaho, and the British Possessions, he had every opportunity\\nto become familiar with the Nomads, whose home they have been since\\ntime immemorial. Mr. Stanley was thrown into more or less immediate\\ncontact with nearly all the tribes in the Western country, and he was\\ntherefore with justice regarded as one of the highest authorities on\\nIndian life and character. The time when the red men, who were once\\nthe sole occupants of our prairies and forests, will survive only in song", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "240 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nFrench property but they were so terrified that they disguised\\nnothing. In the canoes was a large quantity of liquor a dan-\\ngerous acquisition, and one which threatened disturbance among\\nthe Indians, from their bloodthirsty recklessness while under its\\ninfluence.\\nWawatam, always watchful of Henry s safety, no sooner heard\\nthe sounds of drunken revelry, in the evening, than he repre-\\nsented to Henry the danger of remaining in the village, and\\nowned that he could not himself resist the temptation of joining\\nhis comrades in the debauch. That he might escape all mischief,\\nthe Indian requested Henry to accompany him to the mountain,\\nwhere he was to remain hidden till the liquor should be drunk.\\nThey ascended the mountain, accordingly. After walking more\\nthan half a mile, they came to a rock, at the base of which was\\nan opening, dark within, and appearing to be the entrance of a\\nand story, is not far distant; and these truthful and yet vivid delineations\\nof a once great race of human beings will then constitute one of their\\nbest and most authentic records.\\nTo enumerate all of this artist s productions would be too extended an\\nundertaking for a limited sketch like this. His most important recent\\nwork, The Trial of Ked Jacket, is well known and has become popu-\\nlarized by the faithful chromo reproductions of the original work, which\\nwere executed in Berlin, Prussia. This celebrated painting was exhibited\\nin all the principal cities of this country and many in Europe, and is\\nnow in Detroit at the residence of Mrs. Stanley. It is valued at |30,000.\\nAmong his productions are several of great interest, depicting events in\\nthe history of Michigan, which have also been reproduced in chromo-litho-\\ngraphs; and creditable portraits of distinguished men from all parts of the\\ncountry have been painted by him. He endeavored, by all means in his\\npower, to cultivate a love for art matters wherever he resided, and several\\nyears since, by the expenditure of a great amount of labor and time, he\\nsucceeded in organizing the Western Art Association, and opening a\\ngallery of paintings, which is now a permanent and valuable acquisition\\nto Detroit.\\nPersonally, he was a man among men. He was quiet, unobtrusive and\\ngentlemanly a thorough artist, and one who always had a good word\\nfor his fellows. He was greatly loved by those who knew him, and his\\ndeath was lamented by all who were fortunate enough to have formed\\nhis acquaintance.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n241\\ncave. Here Wawatam recommended that Henry should take up\\nhis lodgings, and by all means remain till he returned.\\nThe entrance to the cave Avas nearly ten feet wide and, on\\ngoing in, he found the further end rounded like an oven, but with\\nJAMES SHEARER.\\nJames Shearer, of Bay City, Michigan, was born in the city of\\nAlbany, JS^ew York, in 1823.\\nIn 1837, he emigrated to Michigan and settled in Detroit, where he\\nresided until 1846, being engaged m business as an architect and builder.\\nHe was identified with many of the public and private enterprises con-\\ntributing to the development of that city during his residence there, and\\nenjoyed the entire confidence of his fellow citizens.\\nIn 1864, he removed to Bay Citj^, Michigan, and engaged in lumbering,\\n16", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\na further aperture too small, however, to be explored. After\\nthus looking around him, he broke small branches from the trees,\\nand spread them for a bed, then wrapped himself in his blanket,\\nand slept till daybreak. On waking, he found himself incom-\\nmoded by some object upon Avhich he was lying, and, removing it,\\nfound it to be a bone. This he supposed to be that of a deer, or\\nsome other animal but, when daylight visited his chamber, he\\ndiscerned, with some feelings of horror, that he was lying on\\nnothing less than a heap of human bones and skulls, which cov-\\nered the bottom of the cave. Henry passed the day without the\\nreturn of Wawatam, and without food. As night approached, he\\nfound himself unable to meet its darkness in the charnel-house,\\nwhich he had made his home during the day. He chose, there-\\nfore, an adjacent bush for this night s lodging, and slept under it\\nbut, in the morning, he awoke hungry and dispirited, and almost\\nenvying the repose of the dead in the mountain cave, to the view\\nof which he returned. At length the sound of a foot reached his\\near, and his Indian friend appeared, making many apologies for\\nhis long absence, the cause of which was an unlbrtunate excess in\\nthe enjoyment of his liquor.\\nOn returning to the lodge Henry experienced a cordial wel-\\ncome from the family, which consisted of the wife of his friend,\\nhis two sons, of whom the eldest was married, and whose wife and\\na daughter of thirteen years of age completed the list.\\nA few days after this occurrence, Minavavana, chief of the vil-\\nlage of Michilimackinac, visited the lodge of Wawatam, and\\nwhen the usual ceremony of smoking was finished, he observed\\nbanking, real estate and other occupations, with more than average suc-\\ncess. Mr. Shearer has been President of the First National Bank, of\\nBay City, since January, 1868; President of the Lumberman s Associa-\\ntion since its organization in 1870; President of the Bay City Water\\nWorks Commission since its formation in 1871; and is one of the present\\nCommissioners on the building of the State Capital at Lansing. He is\\nalso a director in a number of other business associations in his city, and\\nhas frequently declined many offices of trust and honor, preferring rather\\nto follow in the quiet channel of a business life, than to travel the\\ntumultous road of the public servant.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 243\\nthat Indians were daily arriving from Detroit, some of whom\\nhad lost relations in the war, and who would certainly retaliate\\non any Englishman they found, upon which account he advised\\nthat Henry should be dressed like an Indian, an expedient by\\nwhich he might hope to escape all future insult. He could not\\nbut assent to the proposal, and the chief was so kind as to\\nassist Wawatam in effecting, that very day, the desired change.\\nHis hair was cut off, and his head shaven, with the exception of a\\nspot on the crown of about twice the diameter of a silver dollar.\\nHis face was painted with three or four different colors, some\\nparts of it red, and others black. A shirt was provided for him,\\npainted with vermilion, mixed with grease. A large collar of\\nwampum was put round his neck, and another suspended on his\\nbreast. Both his arms were decorated with large bands of silver\\nabove the elbows, besides several smaller ones on the wrists and\\nhis legs were covered Avith mitasses, a kind of hose, made of scar-\\nlet cloth. A scarlet mantle, or blanket, was placed on his shoul-\\nders, and his head was decorated with a large bunch of feathers.\\nProtected in a great measure by this disguise, he felt himself\\nmore at liberty than before, and the season being arrived in which\\nliis clerks from the interior were expected, and a portion of his\\nproperty recovered, he begged the favor of Wawatam that he\\nwould enable him to pay a short visit to Michilimackinac. The\\nIndian complied, and Henry found his clerks, but, owing to their\\nmisconduct, he obtained nothing. Indeed, he now began to think\\nthat he should require nothing during the remainder of his life.\\nTo fish and to hunt, to collect a few skins and exchange them for\\nnecessaries, was all that he seemed destined to do and to acquire\\nfor the future.\\nHe returned to the Indian village, where at this time much\\nscarcity of food prevailed. They were often for twenty-four hours\\nwithout eating a morsel, and when, in the morning, they had no\\nvictuals for the day before them, the custom was to black their\\nfaces with charcoal, and exhibit thorough resignation and a tem-\\nper as cheerful as if in the midst of plenty. A continuance of\\nthis famine, however, soon compelled them to leave the island in\\nsearch of food and they departed for the Bay of Boutchitaony,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ndistaut eight miles, where they found plenty of wild fowl and fish.\\nLeaving the bay mentioned, Henry, with his friend Wawatam,\\nand family, went to St. Martin s Island, where, in the enjoyment\\nof an excellent and plentiful supply of food, they remained till\\nthe twenty-sixth of August. It was now proposed by Wawatam,\\nto Henry s great joy, to go to his wintering quarters. Prepara-\\ntion being made, they proceeded to the mouth of the River Aux\\nSables, and, as they hunted along their way, says Henry, I\\nenjoyed a personal freedom, of which I had long been deprived,\\nand became as expert in the Indian pursuits as the Indians them-\\nselves. The winter was spent in the chase and, by degrees,\\nHenry became familiarized with that kind of life and, had it not\\nbeen for the idea, of which he could not divest his mind, that he\\nwas living among savages, and for the whisper of a lingering hope\\nthat he should one day be released from it, he could have\\nenjoyed as much happiness in this as in any other situation.\\nAt the approach of spring, the hunters began their prepara-\\ntions for returning to Michilimackinac but their faces were no\\nsooner turned towards the scene of the massacre, than all began\\nto fear an attack from the English. On the twenty-seventh of\\nApril, 1764, they landed at the fort of Michilimackinac. The\\nIndians who had arrived befoz e them were few in number, and,\\nas yet, Henry was treated with great civility.\\nWith his earnings of the w^inter s chase Henry procured clothes,\\nof which he was much in need, having been six mouths without\\na shirt. In addition, he purchased a good store of ammunition\\nand tobacco, which exhausted his resources. Eight days had\\npassed in tranquillity, when there arrived a band of Indians from\\nthe Bay of Saguenaum. They had assisted at the siege of\\nDetroit, and were now trying to muster recruits for that service.\\nHenry was soon informed that, as he was the only Englishman in\\nthe place, they jjroposed to kill him, in order to give their friends\\na mess of English broth, to raise their courage. This intelligence\\nwas not of the most agreeable kind, and he requested his Indian\\nfriend to carry him to the Sault Ste. Marie, at which place he\\nknew the Indians to be peaceably inclined, and that M. Cadotte,\\na resident of that place, enjoyed a powerful influence over their", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n245\\nconduct. They considered Cadotte as their chief, and it is said he\\nwas a friend to the English. It was by him that the Chippewas\\nof Lake Superior were prevented from joining Pontine. Wawa-\\ntam complied, and that same night transported Henry and his\\nLORENZO B. CURTIS.\\nLoBENZo B. Curtis, of Saginaw City, was born in Boston, Erie county,\\nNew York, May 3, 1831. He emierated to Michigan witli liis father,\\nBenjamin Curtis, in September, 1830, and settled in Vicksburg, Wash-\\ntenaw county. In the spring of the succeeding year his father purchased\\na farm in the township of Green Oak, Livingston county, and there the\\nfamily immediately moved. They, with the family of Mr. Stephen Lee,\\nwere the first white settlers in the county.\\nIt was in the common schools of this county that the subject of this\\nsketch received his education. His father dying in the summer of 1834,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nown lodge to Point St. Ignace, on the opposite side of the Strait.\\nHere they remained till daylight. The following day, Henry\\nhailed a canoe on the way to the Sault, and, finding that it con-\\ntained the wife of Cadotte, already mentioned, he obtained per-\\nmission to accompany the party. Henry bid his Indian friends\\nfarewell and, putting on his Canadian suit, took his seat in the\\ncanoe. After an agreeable journey, they arrived safe at the Sault,\\nwhere Henry received a generous welcome from Cadotte. He had\\nbeen at this place but six days, when he was informed that a\\ncanoe full of warriors was approaching, with the intention of kill-\\ning him. Nearly at the same time he received a message from\\nthe chief of the village, telling him to conceal himself. A garret\\nwas, a second time, his place of refuge and, through the influence\\nof Cadotte, his life was spared.\\nAt this juncture the village was astir, on account of a canoe\\nwhich had just arrived from Niagara. The strangers bore a mes-\\nsage from Sir William Johnson, desiring the Indians of the Sault\\nto send deputies to a great council, or feast, to be held at\\nhe, being the oldest of seven children, was left in charge of the family.\\nTo fulfill this duty he carried on his father s farm for the two succeeding\\nyears, when, his mother marrying again, he started out in life for him-\\nself, working at farming and taking jobs at clearing land during the\\nsummer seasons, and attending school during the winters. In 1845 he\\nremoved to Genesee county, and purchased a saw mill ten miles north of\\nFlint. After running this for two years it burned down, and with it\\nabout half a million feet of lumber, his barn and house, leaving him pen-\\nniless and $1,000 in debt. Nothing daunted, he removed to Saginaw in\\nthe spring of 1848, and at once wont into the employ of Judge Gardner\\nD. Williams, with whom he remained until he spring of 1852. He then\\nwas engaged by Capt. Millard, and after working for him one year, he\\nrented the captain s saw mill, and shortly afterwards purchased it. Since\\nthat time he has been constantly engaged in the lumbering business, first\\nin the firm of Curtis King, until 18(54, next in the firm of Curtis\\nCorning, until 1870, and since that time in the firm of L. B. Curtis Co.\\nMr. Curtis was appointed swamp land State road commissioner by\\nGovernor Crapo in 1867, and held the position during the different admin-\\nistrations until the fall of 1872, when he resigned. He has held several\\nother important ofllices in his town and city, and has given universal\\nsatisfaction in all the positions he has filled.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 247\\nNiagara. After a short consultation, it Avas agreed to send\\ntwenty deputies. Henry seized upon this opportunity of leaving\\nthe country and,, having received the permission of the great\\nchief to accompany the deputation, he did so, and thereby escaped\\nfrom the hands of his persecutors, after trials and tribulations\\nseldom paralleled in the romance of Indian history.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVL\\nConspiracy of Pontiac Continued The Plot to Destroy the Gar-\\nrison OF Detroit Discovered Pontiac Commences the Siege\\nCaptain Campbell s Captivity Pontiac Demands the Surren-\\nder op the Fort.\\nWe now turn from Michilimackinac to the events tliat were\\ntranspiring elsewhere. On the fifth of May, 1763, a Canadian\\nwoman left her home at Detroit, and passed over to the Ottawa\\nvillage, on the eastern side of the river, for the purpose of obtain-\\ning a supply of venison from the Indians of that village. She\\nnoticed several of the warriors filing off the barrels of their guns,\\nso as to reduce them, stock and all, to the length of about a yard.\\nReturning home in the evening, she told her neighbors what she\\nhad seen. This, and other circumstances, excited the suspicions\\nof the Canadians who had the welfare and peace of the commu-\\nnity at heart and one M. Gouin, an old and wealthy settler,\\nwent to the commandant, and warned him to stand upon his guard,\\nbut Gladwyn, a man of fearless temper, slighted the advice. It\\nis difficult to determine who Gladwyn s informant was but,\\nbefore the next day had closed, he was in possession of a com-\\nplete knowledge of the plot, and actively preparing to meet the\\nemergency. On the following page we present an engraving,\\nwhich, if there be truth in tradition, illustrates the unveiling of\\nthis conspiracy. The story, as related to Carver, is as follows\\nIn the Pottawattamie village lived an Ojibwa girl, who could\\nboast of a larger share of beauty than is common in the wigwam.\\nShe had attracted the eye of Gladwyn, and there is no doubt\\nthat she loved the British officer with all the ardor of her untu-\\ntored mind. On the afternoon of the sixth, Catherine, as she was\\ncalled by the officers of the fort, came to Detroit, and repaired to\\nGladwyn s quarters, bringing with her a pair of elk-skin mocca-\\nsins, ornamented with porcupine work, which he had requested", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "250 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nher to make. There was something unusual in her look and\\nmanner. Her face was sad and downcast. She said little, and\\nsoon left the room but the sentinel at the door saw her still\\nlingering at the street corner, though the hour for closing the\\ngates was nearly come. At length, she attracted the notice of\\nGladwyn himself, and, calling her to him, he pressed her to\\ndeclare what was weighing upon her mind. Still she remained\\nfor a long time silent and it was only after much urgency, and\\nmany promises not to betray her, that she revealed her momentous\\nsecret. To-morrow, she said, Pontiac will come to the fort,\\nwith sixty of his chiefs. Each will be armed with a gun, cut\\nshort, and hidden under his blanket. Pontiac will demand to\\nhold a council, and, after he has delivered his speech, he will offer\\na peace-belt of wampum, holding it in a reversed position. This\\nwill be the signal of attack. The chiefs will spring up and fire\\nupon the officers, and the Indians in the street will fall upon the\\ngarrison. Every Englishman will be killed, but not the scalp of\\na single Frenchman Avill be touched. Whether or not this was\\nthe true source of Gladwyn s information, it is difficult now to\\ndetermine but he was, through some instrumentality, told that\\nan attempt would be made, on the seventh, to capture the fort,\\nthrough treachery.\\nHe summoned his officers and told them what he had heard.\\nThe defenses of the place occupied a large area, and were quite\\nfeeble, and the garrison was too weak to repel a general assault.\\nThe force of the Indians at this time is variously estimated at\\nfrom six hundred to two thousand and the commandant greatly\\nfeared that some wild impulse might change their plans, and that\\nthey would storm the fort before the morning. Gladwyn, accord-\\ningly, prepared his garrison for a sudden emergency. He ordered\\nhalf the soldiers under arms, and the officers to spend the night\\nupon the ramparts. Night came on, and, from sunset till dawn,\\nan anxious watch Avas kept from the slender palisades of Detroit.\\nThe soldiers were all ignorant of the danger, and the sentinels\\nwere anxious to know why their numbers were doubled. Again,\\nand again, through that long and dreary night, the commandant\\nmounted his wooden ramparts, and looked forth into the gloom.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 251\\nAll was still, save at intervals, when the wind bore from the dis-\\ntance the sound of the Indian drum, and the wild chorus of\\nIndian yells, as the warriors danced the war dance round their\\ncamp-fires on Belle Isle.\\nThe night passed away quietly at the fort, but, with the morn-\\ning, came evidences of intended massacre. The sun rose clear,\\nand the fresh fields seemed to smile with the verdure of spring.\\nThe morning mists were scarcely dispelled, when the little garri-\\nson observed a fleet of canoes crossing the river from the western\\nshore, not more than a cannon shot above the fort. Only two or\\nthree warriors could be seen in each, but the slow and steady\\nmotion of the canoes indicated greater numbers. In truth, they\\nwere full of savages, lying flat upon their faces, that their num-\\nbers might not be the cause of suspicion among the English. As\\nthe morning advanced, the common behind the fort was thronged\\nwith squaws, children and warriors some naked, and others dec-\\norated with all the fantastic bravery of savage costume. Many\\nof them moved toward the gate, and all were admitted; for\\nGladwyn determined not only to prove to them that he had\\ndetected their plot, but that he despised their hostility. The\\nwhole garrison was ordered under ai-ms; the merchants closed\\ntheir stores, man} of them arming themselves, with the intention\\nof aiding the garrison in the defense of the fort, and all stood\\nwaiting, in cool confidence, the result that was soon to follow.\\nMeanwhile, Pontiac was approaching along the river road, at the\\nhead of sixty chiefs, all marching in Indian file. At ten o clock,\\nthe great chief reached the fort, with his treacherous followers.\\nAll were wrapped to the throat in colored blankets. Some were\\ncrested with hawk, eagle, or raven plumes others had only the\\nfluttering scalp-lock of the crown while others wore their long,\\nblack hair flowing loosely at their backs, or wildly hanging about\\ntheir brows, like a lion s mane. For the most part they were tall,\\nstrong men, and all had the gait and bearing of brave war-\\nriors. As Pontiac entered, says Parkman, it is said that he\\nstarted, and that a deep ejaculation half escaped his lips. Well\\nmight his stoicism fail, for, at a glance, he read the ruin of his\\nplot. On either hand, within the gateway, stood ranks of sol-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "252 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ndiers and hedges of glittering steel. The swarthy engages of the\\nfur-traders, armed to the teeth, stood in groups at the street cor-\\nners, and the measured tap of a drum fell ominously on the ear.\\nSoon regaining his composure, Poutiac strode forward into the\\nnarrow streets, and his chiefs filed after him in silence, while the\\nscared faces of women and children looked out from the windows\\nas they passed. Their rigid muscles betrayed no signs of emo-\\ntion yet, looking closely, one might have seen their small eyes\\nglance from side to side with restless scrutiny. Traversing the\\nentire length of the little town, they reached the door of the\\ncouncil house, a large building near the margin of the river. On\\nentering, they saw Gladwyn, with several of his officers, seated in\\nreadiness to receive them, and the observant chiefs did not fail to\\nremark that every Englishman wore a sword at his side, and a\\npair of pistols in his belt. The conspirators eyed each other with\\nuneasy glances. Why, demanded Pontiac, do I see so many\\nof my father s young men standing in the street with their guns\\nGladwyn replied, through his interpreter, La Butte, that he had\\nordered the soldiers under arms for the sake of exercise and dis-\\ncipline. With delay, and many signs of distrust, the chiefs sat\\ndown on the mats prepared for them, and, after the customary\\npause, Pontiac rose to speak. Holding in his hand the wampum\\nbelt, which was to have given the fatal signal, he addressed the\\ncommandant, jirofessiug strong attachment to the English, and\\ndeclaring, in Indian phrase, that he had come to smoke the pipe\\nof peace and brigliten the chain of friendship. The officers\\nwatched him keenly as he uttered these hollow words, fearing\\nlest, though conscious that his designs were suspected, he might\\nstill attempt to accomplish them. And once, it is said, he raised\\nthe wampum belt, as if about to give the signal of attack but,\\nat that instant, Gladwyn signed slightly with his hand. The\\nsudden clash of arms sounded from the passage without, and a\\ndrum rolling the charge, filled the council room with its stunning\\ndin. At this, Pontiac stood like one confounded. Seeing Glad-\\nwyn s unruffled brow, and his calm eye fixed steadfastly upon\\nhim, he knew not what to think, and soon sat down, in amaze-\\nment and jjerplexity. Another paxise ensued, and Gladwyn com-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 253\\nmenced a brief reply. He assured the chiefs that friendship and\\nprotection should be extended towards them as long as they con-\\ntinued to deserve it, but threatened vengeance for the first act of\\naggression. The council then broke up. The gates of the fort,\\nRT. REV. SAMUEL A. M COSKRY.\\nSamuel A. McCoskky, the present Bishop of the Episcopal Church,\\nfor the Diocese of ^licliigan, was l)orn in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Novem-\\nber 9, 1804.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwhich had been closed during the conference, were again flung\\nopen, and the savages were suffered to depart unmolested.\\nGladwyn, says Parkman, has been censured, and, perhaps,\\nwith justice, for not detaining the chiefs as hostages for the good\\nconduct of their followers. Perhaps the commandant feared\\nthat, if he should arrest the chiefs when gathered at a public\\ncouncil, and guiltless of open violence, the act might be regarded\\nas cowardly and dishonorable. Further than this, he was not\\naware of the magnitude of the plot. He regarded the affair as\\none of those impulsive outbreaks, so common among the Indians,\\nand he hoped that the threatening cloud would soon blow over.\\nDisappointed in his aims of treachery, Pontiac withdrew to his\\nvillage, enraged and mortified, yet determined to persevere.\\nAfter a consultation with his chiefs, he resolved to visit the fort\\nagain and, accordingly, on the following day, he repaired to the\\ncouncil room, with three of his chiefs, bearing in his hand the\\nsacred calumet, or pipe of peace. Offering it to the commandant,\\nhe addressed him and his officers to the following effect My\\nfathers, evil birds have sung lies in your ears. We that stand\\nbefore you are friends of the English. We love them as our\\nbrothers and, to prove our love, we have come this day to smoke\\nBishop McCoskry s early studies were pursued under the direction of\\nMajor Kearsley, of Detroit, who, after the war of 1812, took charge of\\nthe grammar school in Dickinson College.\\nIn 1820, he received a cadetship appointment to the Military Academy\\nat West Point, then in charge of Colonel Thayer, of the U. S. Engineers,\\nColonel Worth being the commandant of the cadets. He entered this\\ninstitution with a very large class, at the age of fifteen years and eight\\nmonths, and found the discipline and studies very severe. The first year\\nhe was third in mathematics and sixth in French, which made him rank\\nfourth in general average. In military studies, he stood with the first,\\nand was appointed a non-commissioned officer the highest rank he could\\nobtain in the class. He remained at West Point nearly two years, when,\\non the death of his brother, who was a surgeon in the United States\\nArmy, he resigned and retui-ned to his home in Carlisle.\\nDickinson College was .then under the care of the celebrated Dr. John\\nM. Mason, who had associated with him some of the most distinguished\\nscholars in the country. Bishop McCoskry passed through the four years", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 255\\nthe pipe of peace. Wheu Pontiac left the fort, he gave the\\npipe to Captain Campbell, as a further pledge of his sincerity.\\nOn the following day, the ninth of May, the Indians began to\\ncongregate on the common, near the fort and Pontiac advanced,\\nonce more, to the gate. It was closed against him. He demanded\\nof the sentinels, in a haughty manner, an explanation but Glad-\\nwyn replied that there was no objection to the great chief enter-\\ning, if he chose but that the crowd he had brought with him\\nmust remain outside. Pontiac asked permission for his chiefs to\\nenter with him, but to this he received a prompt refusal. Pon-\\ntiac then turned from the gate in great rage, and strode toward\\nhis followers, who lay, in great numbers, flat upon the ground,\\njust beyond the reach of gun-shot. At his approach, they all\\nleaped up and ran off towards the house of an English woman,\\nwho lived, with her family, on a distant part of the common.\\nThey beat down the doors, and rushed in. In a few moments,\\nthey had brutally murdered all the inmates. Another large\\nparty ran down to the river s edge, leaped into their canoes, and\\npaddled, with all speed, to the Isle au Cochon, where an English-\\nman, named Fisher, resided. They dragged him from his hiding-\\nplace, murdered him on the spot, and took his scalp. Pontiac\\ncourse of this institution in two years and three months, and received\\nthe fourth honor in the graduating class.\\nHe entered upon the study of the law, under the distinguished lawyer,\\nAndrew Carothers, Esq., at Carlisle, and was admitted to practice in\\neighteen months from the time he commenced studying. After practic-\\ning one year, he was appointed deputy attorney -general for his county,\\nwhich position he held two years. He remained at the bar for six years,\\nbuilding up a large and lucrative practice.\\nHaving been for several years a member of St. John s Episcopal\\nChurch, at Carlisle, under the care of the Rev. L. Hare, he then com-\\nmenced the study of Divinity, under the charge of the Right Reverend\\nH. U. Uuderdook, then Assistant Bishop of Pennsylvania. During his\\nprobation studies, he was invited to take charge of Christ Church,\\nReading, Pennsylvania, as a lay reader. The church would not call a\\npastor, and he continued to oflBciate in it for one year, when and where\\nhe was ordained a Deacon by Bishop Underdook. He was called to\\ntake charge of the parish the day of his ordination, and remained", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nhad not taken any part in these murders. AVhen he saw his\\nsecond plan defeated, he turned towards the shore, no man daring\\nto follow him in his terrible mood. Pushing a canoe from the\\nbank, he paddled it to the opposite shore, where stood a village\\nof the Ottawas. Arriving at this place, he ordered the inhabit-\\nants to cross the stream, and encamp on the western shore, that\\nthe river might no longer interpose a barrier between his followers\\nand the English. Preparation for the removal was made at\\nonce but, before the embarkation, Pontiac delivered his great\\nwar speech. He was surrounded by his warriors, who, catching\\nhis enthusiasm, commenced the hideous war dance, circling round\\nand round, wdth frantic gestures, and startling the distant garri-\\nson with their unearthly yells. When this performance was over,\\nthe work of transporting the tribe and their movables to the\\nopposite side of the river was commenced and, long before the\\nmorning, the transfer was completed. The whole Ottawa popu-\\nlation crossed the river, and pitched their wigwams on the western\\nside, just above Parent s Creek, afterwards appropriately named\\nBloody Run. During the same evening, fresh new\\\\s of disaster\\nreached the fort. Two English c^fhcers, Sir Robert Davers and\\nCaptain Robertson, had been waylaid and murdered by the\\nIndians, above Lake St. Clair. The same messenger declared\\nits pastor one year, when he was invited to take charge of St. Paul s\\nChurch, in Philadelphia, which invitation he accepted at the earnest\\nsolicitation of Bishop White, remaining in the parish two years.\\nAt the close of this time, he was nominated by the same Bishop to the\\nBishopric of Michigan, and the nomination was concurred in hy tht\\nBishops, and he was consecrated in St. Paul s Church, Philadelphia,\\nJuly 7, 1836.\\nHe entered upon his duties as Bishop of Michigan and Hector of St.\\nPaul s Church, Detroit, on the 38th of August, 183G. Bishop McCoskry\\nperformed these twofold duties, without an assistant, for twenty-seven\\nyears, when he was relieved of the care of a parish, sufficient funds\\nhaving been provided to support him as the Bishop of the diocese with-\\nout other labors.\\nIn the discharge of the responsible work of this important position,\\nBishop McCoskry has continued in uninterrupted good health, and with a\\nthankful heart for the help of God in his labors.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n257\\nthat Pontiac had just been reinforced by a large band of Ojibwas,\\nfrom Saginaw Bay.\\nEvery man in the fort was now ordered under arms, and the\\nlittle garrison spent the night full of anxiety, expecting every\\nHON. S. M. GREEN.\\nSanford M. Green, of Bay City, was born May 30, 1807, at Grafton,\\nRensselaer county, N. Y. He is a descendant of the Greens of Rhode\\nIsland.\\nHis father was a farmer of limited estate, and uneducated. He per-\\nmitted this son to purchase his time at the age of sixteen years, and at\\nthat early age, he left the parental roof. During the next three years he\\nlabored on a farm for wages, and applied himself to study in the inter-\\nvals of labor, under a private instructor. Up to this time, he had never\\nhad any instruction in, nor given any attention to, geography or English\\n17", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nmoment to hear the war-whoop under the walls of the fort.\\nGladwyn walked the ramparts throughout the whole night, for he\\nhad now begun to have serious apprehensions for the fate of his\\ncommand. The night was quiet, but, with the dawn, came a burst\\nof Indian yells, and in a moment the warriors swarmed to the\\nattack. The bullets from the savage guns rapped hard and fast\\nagainst the palisades, and the soldiers within flew to their posts,\\nexpecting that the Indians would make a rush against the weak\\nbarrier that surrounded them. The savages were firing from\\nbehind hills, trees, barns, or whatever afforded them shelter, and\\nthe guns of the fort replied with steadiness, and, in some\\ninstances, with good efiect. A short distance from the fort\\nstood a cluster of out-buildings, behind which a large number\\nof Indians found shelter and opportunity to harass the garrison.\\nA cannon was brought to bear upon them, loaded with red-hot\\nspikes. The buildings once in flames, the Indians ran toward the\\nwoods, yelping with rage. The assault continued for six hours\\nuntil, seeing their efibrts were futile, the Indians slackened their\\ngrammar. At the age of nineteen, he had qualified himself to teach,\\nthough he had only attended school, and that a common school, for three\\nmonths. For two years he taught school in winter and continued to\\nlabor on a farm through the remainder of the year.\\nIn 1829, he commenced the study of law, and, in the same year, cast\\nhis first vote for President Jackson. He read law for a time with\\nGeo. C. Sherman, and afterwards with Judge Ford, eminent lawyers of\\nNew York; still later, he pursued his reading in the office of Stirling\\nBronson, of Watertown.\\nHaving pursued his studies for five years, he was admitted to the bar\\nas an attorney at law and solicitor in chancery. He went into practice\\nat Brownville, N. Y., and pursued it there until 1835, when he removed\\nto the city of Rochester, where he became partner of the late Hon. H. L.\\nStevens. On Mr. Stevens removing to Michigan, a year afterwards, he\\nformed a partnership with I. A. Eastman, Esq., with whom he continued\\nuntil 1887. In the spring of that year he became interested in the land\\non which the city of Owosso, Michigan, has since been built, and w^ent\\nthere to reside. He assisted in laying the foundation of that thriving\\ntown, and coutimu d to live there for six years. During this period, he\\nheld the offices of justice of the peace, supervisor, assessor of a school\\ndistrict and prosecuting attorney of Shiawassee county.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN, 259\\nwild yelLs, and retired. During this engagement, five of the\\nBritish had been wounded, while the injury sustained by the\\nIndians was but trifling.\\nThe garrison was once more enjoying peace, when Gladwyn,\\nstill deeming the attack which they had just sufiered wsis\\nonly an outburst of Indian restlessness, and, being in great\\nwant of provisions, determined to open negotiations with the\\nIndians by which he might be able to obtain the necessary sup-\\nplies. La Butte, the interpreter of the fort, was despatched to\\nthe camp of the great chief with a message from Gladwyn, offer-\\ning to redress any real grievances of which he might complain.\\nTwo old Canadians, named Chapeton and Godefroy, offered to\\naccompany the interpreter, and advance any measure looking\\ntoward a peace between the Indians and the English. The gates\\nof the fort were now thrown open, and the three deputies\\ndeparted, to hold an interview with the Indian king. Pontiac\\nreceived them with kindness. La Butte delivered his message,\\nand Pontiac seemed much pleased with his offer, when the inter-\\npreter withdrew, leaving the two Canadians to urge the case still\\nAt the election, in 1842, he was elected State senator, and served for\\ntwo years. At the close of his term as senator, in 1844, he was appointed\\nby the chancellor and judges of the supreme court to revise the statutes of\\nthe State, and was required to report his revision at the commencement\\nof the legislative session of 1846. He served, during this term, in the\\nSenate as chairman of the judiciary committee. As such he reported the\\nbill providing for that revision, and for the appointment, by the gofernor,\\nof a commissioner to prepare it. The bill was passed by the Senate\\nin this form. After it went to the House the question was started, who\\nshould be appointed commissioner. Senator Green was the general\\nchoice; but, under the bill which he reported, and as it passed the Sen-\\nate, he was ineligible, as the then constitution prohibited the appointment\\nby the governor of any person to an office created by the Legislature of\\nwhich he was a member. To obviate this objection, the House amended\\nthe bill so as to transfer the appointing power to the judiciary, and the\\namendment was concurred in by the Senate. His appointment was\\nrecommended by the entire Senate, with one or two exceptions, and by\\nall the professional men in the House.\\nIn 1843, he removed to Pontiac, and there he prepared his revision.\\nIt was reported at the time prescribed; was adopted by the Legislature,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "260 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nfurther. Returning to the fort, he informed the coiumauder that\\nthe Indians could be easily pacified by giving them a few pres-\\nents but, when he returned to the Indian camp, he found, to his\\ngreat dissatisfaction, that his companions had made no progress\\nwith the chief whatever. Although professing a strong desire for\\npeace, he haughtily refused to accept any definite proposal.\\nWhen La Butte again returned, all the Indian chiefs withdrew,\\nto hold a consultation among themselves. After a short absence,\\nthey returned, and Pontiac declared that, wishing to come to a\\nsatisfactory understanding, he and his chiefs desired to hold a\\ncouncil with their English fathers themselves. This seemed a\\nvery reasonable j^roposition, and the deputies returned to the fort\\nand cheerfully announced Pontiac s request. They stated that\\nthe chiefs would be satisfied to negotiate with Captain Campbell,\\nwith whom they had always been on the most friendly terms.\\nWhen Gladwyn heard this, he suspected treachery, and advised\\nCaptain Campbell not to go but the latter gentleman, feeling a\\nconfidence in his influence with the Indians, urged the command-\\nant to permit him to comply with Pontiac s request. At length,\\nwitli some amendments, and went into effect March 1st, 1847. He was\\nreelected to the Senate immediately before making his report.\\nOn the resignation of Judge Ransom, in 1848, after his election as gov-\\nernor, and the transfer of Judge Whipple to the third circuit to fill the\\nvacancy, Judge Green was appointed to fill the vacancy in the fourth cir-\\ncuit as Judge Whipple s successor. In this i)osition of circuit judge,\\nand ex officio judge of the supreme court, of which he was presiding judge\\nfor two years, he served until the reorganization of the latter court in\\n1858. After this change in the judiciary, he continued to hold the office\\nof circuit judge of the sixth circuit, until 1807, when he resigned. He\\nimmediately removed to Bay City, and thenceforth devoted himself to\\nthe practice of the law, until he was appointed, in June, 1872, circuit\\njudge of the eighteenth circuit, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of\\nJudge Greer. In this position he is still acting.\\nIn 1860, he prepared and published a work on the practice of the circuit\\ncourts. An edition of twelve hundred copies was issued, and so eagerly\\nwas it sought for by the profession, that nearly every copy has been sold.\\nThe important and conspicuous part performed by Judge Green, offi-\\ncially and otherwise, in giving judicious form and system to the statutes\\nand the practice of the courts of this State, and in improving its general", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 261\\nhe gave his consent, and Campbell left the fort, accompanied by\\nLieutenant McDougal, La Butte, and several Canadians. When\\nthey reached the Indian camp, Pontiac came forward and shook\\nthem by the hand, and led them to his camp, where, mats being\\nspread for the purpose, he ordered them to be seated. Instantly,\\nthe lodge was thronged with savages. Pontiac spoke a few words,\\nwhen the usual pause ensued. This was ended by Campbell, who\\naddressed the Indians in a short speech. It was heard in per-\\nfect silence, and fully an hour passed before the Indians made\\nany reply, or turned their scrutinizing gaze from the officers. At\\nlength. Captain Campbell, conscious of the danger which threat-\\nened him, and being determined to fully ascertain his true position,\\nrose, and signified his intention of returning to the camp. At\\nthis, Pontiac made a sign that he should resume his seat, and\\nsaid, My father will sleep to-night in the lodges of his red chil-\\ndren.\\nThe Indians were resolved to kill Campbell and his English\\ncompanions on the spot, but Pontiac would not allow them to do\\nso. He protected them from injury and insult, and conducted\\nthem to the house of M. Meloche, near Parent s Creek, where decent\\njurisprudence, is wortliy of a more extended notice than is admissible in\\nthis brief memoir.\\nThe revised statutes of 1846 have remained now for a quarter of a cen-\\ntury, and no efibrt lias been made to supersede it by another. Two com-\\npilations have been made to bring together in convenient form the\\nnumerous changes made necessary by national events, by the expanding\\nenterprise of the times, and the rapid development of our local resources,\\nbut the general features of that revision remain. His judicial record,\\nfor over twenty years as a nisi jmus ]udge, and for ten years in the court\\nof last resort, is creditable alike to the State and to him. The opinions of\\nthe court prepared and read by him, published in the first four volumes\\nof the Michigan Reports, are clear and forcible in style; they show a\\nthorough acquaintance with the subjects involved, a modest deference to\\nthe current of decisions by other courts, a clear perception of the ethical\\nphilosophy of the law, a constant appreciation of its great purpose, and\\na bold adherence to recognized principles. These contain the results of\\nhis mature judgment after deliberate consideration. But he has exhi-\\nbited, in his long service at the circuit, a wider range of judicial qualities\\nthan can be called into exercise in a purely appellate court. He possesses", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nquarters were assigned them. Their danger was diminished by\\nthe fact that Gladwyn, at the same time, detained two Indians,\\nfor some offense, as prisoners in the fort. When La Butte\\nreturned to the fort, and informed the commandant of the deten-\\ntion of the officers, a sadness and melancholy pervaded the whole\\ngarrison.\\nPontiac now began operations with greater vigor than ever.\\nReceiving additional reinforcements, he made several changes in\\nthe disposition of his forces. A band of warriors were ordered\\nto lie in wait along the river bank, below the fort, while others\\nconcealed themselves in the woods. Another band was stationed\\nin the neighborhood of the fort. These were ordered to conceal\\nthemselves, and shoot down any soldier or trader who might hap-\\npen to expose his person, when no general attack was in progress.\\nThese arrangements were completed on the eleventh of May,\\n1768, when a number of Canadians visited the fort, and advised\\nthe commandant to abandon the post, saying that it would be\\nstormed, in less than an hour, by fifteen hundred Indians. Glad-\\nwyn refused, and, in half an hour afterward, the savages renewed\\nthe attack on the fort. This was kept up till evening, when the\\nrare qualifications for the nisi jnivs bench, for tlie trial of questions of\\nfact. His analytical mind enables him at once to put aside what is for-\\neign to the subject of inquiry, and to so classify the material evidentiary\\nfacts, as to disentangle the most intricate case, and bring order out of\\napparent chaos. His knowledge of the law is profound; he has mastered\\nand digested it as a great moral science. In the administration of it, he\\nis ready without being precipitate, dignified without austerity, patient\\nand attentive to arguments, and independent and uniformly impartial in\\nhis decisions. He is ever serene and self-possessed, however the bustle\\nand excitement of important trials may affect parties, counsel or the pub-\\nlic. He is popular with the profession, and enjoys the fullest confidence\\nof the public. On his retirement from the bench, in 1867, he was ten-\\ndered a public dinner at Pontiac, and the festive occasion was empha-\\nsized by the presentation of a beautiful silver service, with toasts and\\nspeeches abounding in compliments, well merited, and which had the\\nring of well done, good and faithful servant. Nor is Judge Green\\na mere judge or jurist; his reading has been extensive. He is, in short,\\na man of refinement and general culture, of broad and liberal views,\\nsocial, public spirited a just and good man. S.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN, 263\\nIndians retired. Soon after, a Canadian visited the fort, with a\\nsummons from Pontiac, demanding Gladwyn to surrender the post\\nat once, and promising that, in case of compliance, the English\\nshould be allowed to go on board of their vessels unmolested,\\nleaving their arms and effects behind. To this the commandant\\ngave a flat refusal.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac Continued A Council among the Officers\\nOP THE Fort of Detroit Gladwyn Determines to Hold Out\\nDifficulty Between Pontiac and the French Fate of\\nCuyler s Expedition The Horrors of Indian Warfare\\nThickening Around Detroit.\\nThe officers of the fort of Detroit now assembled to consider\\nwhat measures would be most advisable in the emergency. It is\\nrecorded that Gladwyn was alone in the opinion that the defense\\nof the place should be continued the others urging the policy of\\nan immediate surrender and embarkation for Niagara. Their\\ncondition was, indeed, a deplorable one. The provisions on hand\\nwould not sustain the garrison more than three weeks, within\\nwhich time it was madness to hope for succor. But this was not\\ntheir only source of fear. The wooden houses of the fort were\\nthatched with straw, and might be set on fire, and the enemy\\nmight make a general onset, and cut or burn their way\\nthrough the pickets. Resistance would then be useless. Day\\nafter day, says Parkman, the Indians continued their attacks,\\nuntil their war cries and the rattle of their guns became familiar\\nsounds. For many weeks no man lay down to sleep, except in\\nhis clothes, and with his weapons by his side. Parties of volun-\\nteers sallied, from time to time, to burn the out-buildings, which\\ngave shelter to the enemy. They cut down orchard trees and lev-\\neled fences, until the ground about the fort was clear and open,\\nand the enemy had no cover left from whence to fire. The two\\nvessels in the river, sweeping the northern and southern curtains\\nof the works with their fire, deterred the Indians from approach-\\ning those points, and gave material aid to the garrison. Still,\\nworming their way through the grass, the pertinacious savages\\nwould crawl close to the palisades, and shoot arrows, tipped", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n265\\nwith burning tow, upon the roofs of the houses but water was\\neverywhere provided against such an emergency, and these\\nattempts proved abortive. The little church, which stood near\\nthe palisades, was particularly exposed, and would probably have\\nHON. MOSES B. HESS.\\nMoses B. Hess, an enterprising citizen of East Saginaw, was born in\\ntlie town of Verona, Oneida county. New York, July 3, 1821.\\nAt ten years of age, lie emigrated to Michigan and took up his residence\\nat Hartland, Livingston county, where he worked on a farm until he\\nremoved to Brighton, in the same county. Here he served two years in\\nthe copper, tin and sheet-iron business.\\nIn 1847, and before the State buildings were erected, he moved to\\nLansing, where he was assistant postmaster and State librarian until", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbeen set on fire, had not the priest of the settlement threatened\\nPoutiac with the vengeance of the Great Spirit, should he be\\nguilty of such sacrilege. Pontiac neglected no expedient that his\\nsavage tactics could supply. He went further, and begged the\\nFrench inhabitants to teach him the Euroj^ean method of attack-\\ning a fortified place by regular approaches but the rude Cana-\\ndians knew as little of the matter as he or if, by chance, a few\\nwere better informed, they wisely preferred to conceal their\\nknowledge. Soon after the first attack, the Ottawa chief had\\nsent in to Gladwyn a summons to surrender assuring him that,\\nif the place were at once given up, he might embark on board\\nthe vessels, with all his men, but that, if he persisted in his\\ndefense, he would burn him alive. To this Gladwyn made answer\\nthat he cared nothing for his threats. The attacks were now\\nrenewed with increased activity and the assailants were soon\\nafter inspired with fresh ardor by the arrival of a hundred and\\ntwenty Ojibwas. Every man in the fort now slept upon the\\nramparts, yet confidence and cheerfulness still prevailed among\\nthe weary garrison.\\nHad it not been for the assistance of a few Canadians, who\\nlived on the opjiosite side of the river, and who provided the gar-\\nrison with food, Detroit would have been abandoned, or destroyed.\\n1850. His services in tlie latter ofBce were such as to merit and receive\\na special resolution of thanks from the State senate.\\nIn 1850, he removed to what is now East Saginaw, and still makes that\\nhis home. From that time, he has been closely identified with the\\ngrowth of that portion of our prosperous State. When he settled there,\\nBuena Vista included what is now East Saginaw, Buena Vista and\\nBlunifield.\\nHe has held the offices of supervisor, town clerk, school inspector and\\nhighway commissioner. He was treasurer of the village of East Saginaw\\ntwo terms, and, while in that office, paid every order when presented,\\noften using his own personal funds to do it. Mr. Hess was also register\\nof the United States land office for several years, and as such was faith-\\nful and vigilant, and contributed largely to turning the tide of emigration\\nto this State and removing the false opinions prevalent about its health-\\nfulness and natural resources.\\nHe was one of the few who, in 1858-5 liad implicit faith in tlie saline", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 267\\nThese supplies were carried to the fort in boats, at night, with-\\nout exciting the suspicion of the Indians. No sooner had the\\ngarrison been relieved from apprehensions of immediate famine,\\nthan the Indians themselves began to suffer from hunger. Think-\\ning to have taken Detroit at a single stroke, they had neglected\\nto provide against the exigencies of a siege, and now, in small\\nparties, they plundered the Canadian families along the river\\nshore. These acts called forth a remonstrance from the Canadian\\nsettlers, and a number of them visited the camp of the great\\nOttawa chief, and urged him to prevent their continuance. He\\nyielded to their requests and, in order to effectually put a stop\\nto his young men committing further depredations, Pontiac\\norganized a commissary department. He visited, in person, all\\nthe Canadian families and, inspecting the property belonging to\\nthem, he assigned to each the share of provisions which it must\\nfurnish. The contributions thus levied were all collected at the\\nhouse of M. Meloche, Pontiac s headquarters, and the prison of\\nCaptain Campbell and his companions.\\nPontiac, not wishing to offend the French, and being unable to\\nmake compensation for the provisions he had exacted, had\\nrecourse to a remarkable expedient. He issued promissory notes,\\ndrawn upon birch bark, signed with the figure of an otter, the\\nresources of the Saginaw Valley, and his energy, influence and money\\ncontributed largely toward getting the legislation and capital to sink the\\nfirst well of the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company. The success\\nof this adventure, which contributed more to the prosperity and marvel-\\nous growth of that region than any other one thing, is too well known to\\nneed comment here.\\nMr. Hess was a pioneer in the work of dredging out the Saginaw river,\\nand was one of the first movers and a director of the East Saginaw Street\\nRailway.\\nHe has always affiliated with the Democratic party, and for many years\\nwas a prominent politician in local and State affairs. For several years\\nhis ill health has kept him from all participation in public matters, but\\nthis has not prevented him from taking a deep interest in all public and\\nprivate improvements.\\nIn both public and private life, by his energy, uprightness, faithfulness\\nand candor he won and retained the esteem of all.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "268 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntotem to which he belonged, and it is authoritatively recorded\\nthat they were all faithfully redeemed.\\nThe measures the chief had adopted allayed the anger of the\\nFrench, and contributed largely to his own welfare. None of his\\nfollowers would cross the cultivated fields of the French, but\\nalways followed the beaten paths, as Pontiac had commanded\\nthem.\\nBut we will now turn to the work of the siege. While perils\\nwere thickening around the garrison at Detroit, says Parkman,\\nthe British commander-in-chief, at New York, remained igno-\\nrant of its danger. Indeed, an unwonted quiet had prevailed, of\\nlate, along the borders, and about the neighboring forts. With\\nthe opening of spring, a strong detachment had been sent up the\\nlakes, with a supply of provisions and ammunition, for the use of\\nDetroit, and other western posts. The boats of this convoy were\\nnow pursuing their course along the northern shore of Lake Erie,\\nand Gladwyn s garrison, aware of their approach, awaited their\\narrival with an anxiety which every day increased. Day after\\nday passed on, and the red cross of St. George still floated above\\nDetroit. The keen-eyed watchfulness of the Indians had never\\nabated, and woe to the soldier who showed his head above the\\npalisades, or exposed his person before a loop-hole. Strong in his\\ndelusive hope of French assistance, Pontiac had sent messengers\\nto M. Neyon, commandant at the Illinois, earnestly requesting\\nthat a force of regular troops might be sent to his aid and Glad-\\nwyn, on his side, had ordered one of the vessels to Niagara, to\\nhasten forward the expected convoy. The schooner set sail but,\\non the next day, as she lay becalmed at the entrance of Lake\\nErie, a multitude of canoes suddenly darted out upon her from\\nthe neighboring shores. In the prow of the foremost the Indians\\nhad placed their prisoner. Captain Campbell, with the dastardly\\npurpose of interposing him as a screen between themselves and\\nthe fire of the English. But the brave old man called out to the\\ncrew to do their duty, without regard to him. Happily, at that\\nmoment, a fresh breeze sprang up, and the schooner bore prosper-\\nously on her course towards Niagara, leaving the savage flotilla\\nfar behind. The fort, or, rather, town of Detroit, had by this", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n269\\ntime lost its wonted vivacity and life. Its narrow streets were\\ngloomy and silent. Here and there strolled a Canadian, in red\\ncap and gaudy sash the weary sentinel walked to and fro before\\nthe quarters of the commandant an officer, perhaps, passed\\ncf.o*==\\nHON. JAMES BIRNEY.\\nJames Bikney is a native of Danville, Kentucky, and the eldest son of\\nthe late James G. Birney. His collegiate education was obtained at\\nCentre College, Kentucky, and at Miami University, Ohio. At the latter\\ninstitution he graduated in 1836. During the two succeeding years he\\nwas employed in the University as professor of the Greek and Latin\\nlanguages.\\nDuring the next two years he attended the law lectures of Judge Stom\\nand Professor Hitchcock, of the law school of Yale College, at New\\nHaven, Connecticut.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "270 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nalong, with rapid step and anxious face or an Indian girl, the\\nmate of some soldier or trader, moved silently by, in her finery of\\nbeads and vermilion. Such an aspect as this the town must have\\npresented on the morning of the thirtieth of May, when, at about\\nnine o clock, the voice of the sentinel sounded from the southeast\\nbastion, and loud exclamations in the direction of the river,\\nroused Detroit from its lethargy. Instantly, the place was astir.\\nSoldiers, traders and inhabitants, hurrying through the water-\\ngate, thronged the canoe wharf and the narrow strand without.\\nThe half-wild coureurs des hois, the tall and sinewy provincials,\\nand the stately British soldiers, stood crowded together, their\\nuniforms soiled and worn, and their faces haggard with unremit-\\nting watching. Yet, all alike wore an animated and joyous look.\\nThe long-expected convoy was full in sight. On the farther side\\nof the river, at some distance below the fort, a line of boats was\\nrounding the woody projection, then called Montreal Point, their\\noars flashing in the sun, and the red flag of England flying from\\nthe stern of the foremost. The toils and dangers of the garrison\\nwere drawing to an end. With one accord they broke into three\\nhearty cheers, again and again repeated while a cannon, glanc-\\ning from the bastion, sent its loud voice of defiance to the enemy,\\nand welcome to approaching friends. But, suddenly, every cheek\\ngrew pale with horror. Dark, naked figures were seen rising, with\\nSubsequently Mr. Birney removed to Cinciunati, Ohio, and entered\\nupon the practice of the law. He devoted himself to this business for\\neleven years, and acquired a desirable position in the profession.\\nMr. Birney, while in New Haven, married Miss IMoulton, step-daughter\\nof Nathaniel Bacon, Esq., of that city. Of this marriage there were five\\nchildren, the eldest of whom distinguished himself in the army as\\nCaptain in the 7th Regiment of Michigan Volunteers, and died while an\\nofficer of the U. S. regular army.\\nIn 1858, Mr Birney was elected a member of the State Senate for the\\nSaginaw district; was chairman of the committee on public instruction,\\nand a member of the judiciary committee of that body.\\nIn 1860, he was nominated by the State Republican Convention to the\\noffice of lieutenant-governor and elected by a majority of over 20,000.\\nBy virtue of this office] he became president of the State Senate, and as\\na pi esiding officer received great favor.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 271\\nwild gestures, in the boats, while, in place of the answering\\nsalute, the distant yell of the war-whoop fell faintly on their\\nears. The convoy was in the hands of the enemy. The boats\\nhad all been taken, and the troops of the detachment slain, or\\nmade captive. Officers and men stood gazing, in mournful\\nsilence, when an incident occured which caused them to forget\\nthe general calamity in the absorbing interest of the moment.\\nLeaving the disapjDointed garrison, we will pass over to the prin-\\ncipal victims of this deplorable misfortune. In each of the boats,\\nof which there were eighteen, two or more of the captured sol-\\ndiers, deprived of their weapons, were compelled to act as rowers,\\nguarded by several armed savages, while many other Indians, for\\nthe sake of further security, followed the boats along the shore.\\nIn the foremost, as it happened, there were four soldiers, and only\\nthree Indians. The larger of the two vessels still lay anchored\\nin the stream, about a bow-shot from the fort, while her com-\\npanion, as we have seen, had gone down to Niagara, to hasten up\\nthis very reinforcement. As the boat came opposite this vessel,\\nthe soldier who acted as steersman conceived a daring plan of\\nescape. The principal Indian sat immediately in front of another\\nof the soldiers. The steersman called, in English, to his comrade\\nto seize the savage and throw him overboard. The man answered\\nWhile he was lieutenant-governor, a vacancy occurred in the office of\\ncircuit judge for the district of which he was a resident. The governor\\ntendered the appointment to him, and it was accepted. He presided as\\ncircuit judge during the next four years. He was unanimously renomin-\\nated by the Republican Judicial Convention, but the district having a\\nDemocratic majoritj he has not elected.\\nAfter serving as judge, Mr. Birney returned to the practice of the law.\\nIn 1871, he established the Bay City Chronicle as a weekly Republican\\npaper. In June, 1873, he commenced the publication of the Morning\\nChronicle.\\nIn 1872, Governor Baldwin nominated Mr. Birney to President Grant\\nas Centennial Commissioner for Michigan to celebrate the Hundredth\\nAnniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1876.\\nMr. Birney is now residing at Bay Cily, and is devoting himself to the\\ncare of his estate and the editorial duties of the daily and weekly Chronicle.\\nHis son Arthur M. Birney is associated with him in business.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "272 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES\\nthat he was not strong enough on which the steersman directed\\nhim to change places with him, as if fatigued with rowing a\\nmovement which would excite no suspicion on the part of their\\nguard. As the bold soldier stepped forward, as if to take his\\ncompanion s oar, he suddenly seized the Indian by the hair,\\nand, griping with the other hand the girdle at his waist, lifted\\nhim by main force, and flung him into the river. The boat\\nrocked till the water surged over her gunwale. The Indian\\nheld fast to his enemy s clothes, and, drawing himself upward, as\\nhe trailed alongside, stabbed him again and again with his knife,\\nand then dragged him overboard. Both went down the swift\\ncurrent, rising and sinking and, as some relate, perished, grap-\\npled in each other s arms. The two remaining Indians leaped\\nout of the boat. The prisoners turned, and pulled for the distant\\nvessel, shouting aloud for aid. The Indians on shore opened a\\nheavy fire upon them, and many canoes paddled swiftly in jiur-\\nsuit. The men strained with desperate strength. A fate inex-\\npressibly horrible was the alternative. The bullets hissed thickly\\naround their heads one of them was soon wounded, and the\\nlight, birch canoes gained on them with fearful rapidity. Escape\\nseemed hopeless, when the report of a cannon burst from the side\\nof the vessel. The ball flew close past the boat, beating the\\nwater in a line of foam, and narrowly missing the foremost canoe.\\nAt this, the pursuers drew back in dismay and the Indians on\\nshore, being further saluted by a second shot, ceased firing, and\\nscattered among the bushes. The prisoners soon reached the ves-\\nsel, where they were greeted as men snatched from the jaws of\\nfate a living monument, writes an officer of the garrison,\\nthat fortune favors the brave. They related many particulars\\nof the catastrophe which had befallen them and their companions.\\nLieutenant Cuyler had left Fort Niagara as early as the thir-\\nteenth of May, and embarked from Fort Schlosser, just above the\\nFalls, with ninety-six men, and a plentiful supply of provisions\\nand ammunition. Day after day he had coasted the northern\\nshore of Lake Erie, and seen neither friend nor foe amid those\\nlonely forests and waters, until, on the twenty-eighth of the\\nmonth, he landed at Point Pelee, not far from the mouth of the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "274 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nRiver Detroit. The boats were drawn on the beach, and the\\nparty prepared to encamp. A man and a boy went to gather fire-\\nwood, at a short distance from the spot, when an Indian leaped\\nout of the woods, seized the boy by the hair, and tomahawked\\nhim. The man ran into camp with the alarm. Cuyler immedi-\\nately formed his soldiers into a semi-circle before the boats. He\\nhad scarcely done so when the enemy opened^ their fire. For an\\ninstant, there was a hot blaze of musketry on both sides then the\\nIndians broke out of the woods in a body, and rushed fiercely\\nupon the center of the line, which gave way in every part, the\\nmen flinging down their guns, running in a blind jianic to the\\nboats, and struggling, with ill-dii ected eflbrts, to shove them into\\nthe water. Five were set afloat, and pushed ofi from the shore,\\ncrowded with the terrified soldiers. Cuyler, seeing himself, as\\nhe says, deserted by his men, waded up to his neck in the lake,\\nand climbed into one of the retreating boats. The Indians, on\\ntheir part, pushing two more afloat, went in pursuit of the fugi-\\ntives, three boat-loads of whom allowed themselves to be re-cap-\\ntured, without resistance but the remaining two, in one of which\\nwas Cuyler himself, made their escape. They rowed all night,\\nand landed in the morning upon a small island. Between thirty\\nand forty men, some of whom were wounded, were crowded in\\nthese two boats the rest, about sixty in number, being killed or\\ntaken. Cuyler now made for Sandusky, which, on his arrival, he\\nfound burnt to the ground. Immediately leaving the spot, he\\nrowed along the south shore to Presque Isle from whence he pro-\\nceeded to Niagara, and reported his loss to Major Wilkins, the\\ncommanding officer. The actors in this bold and well executed\\nstroke were the Wyandots, who, for some days, had lain in\\nambush at the mouth of the river, to intercept trading boats, or\\nparties of troops. Seeing the fright and confusion of Cuyler s\\nmen, they had forgotten their usual caution, and rushed upon\\nthem in the manner described. The ammunition, provisions, and\\nother articles taken in this attack, formed a valuable prize but,\\nunfortunately, there was, among the rest, a great quantity of\\nwhisky. This the Indians seized, and carried to their respective\\ncamps, which, throughout the night, presented a scene of savage", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 275\\nrevelry and riot. Dormant jealousies were awakened old, for-\\ngotten quarrels kindled afresh and, had not the squaws taken\\nthe precaution of hiding all the weapons they could find, before\\nthe debauch began, much blood would, no doubt, have been spilt.\\nAs it was, many were wounded, of whom two died in the morning\\nand several others had their noses bitten off a singular mode of\\nrevenge, much in vogue upon similar occasions among the Indians\\nof the upper lakes. The English were gainers by this scene of riot\\nfor, late in the evening, two Indians, in all the valor and vainglory\\nof drunkenness, came running directly towards the fort, boasting\\ntheir prowess in a loud voice but, being greeted with two rifle\\nbullets, they leaped into the air, like a pair of wounded bucks,\\nand fell dead on their tracks. It will not be proper to pass\\nover in silence the fate of the unfortunate men taken prisoners in\\nthis afiair. After night had set in, several Canadians came to the\\nfort, bringing vague and awful reports of the scenes that had\\nbeen enacted at the Indian camp. A cloud of deep gloom sank\\ndown upon the garrison and none could help reflecting how\\nthin and frail a bai-rier protected them from a similar fate. On\\nthe following day, and for several succeeding days, they beheld\\nfrightful confirmation of the rumors they had heard. Naked\\ncorpses, gashed with knives and scorched with fire, floated down\\non the pure waters of the Detroit, whose fish came up to nibble\\nat the clotted blood that clung to their ghastly faces.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac Contintied Fate of thk Forest Garrison\\nThe Massacre at Fort St. Joseph\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Fate of Sandusky,\\nMiami, Ouatanon, Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, and Venango The\\nReign op Blood and Havoc Tile Bloody Work of the Great\\nPontiac and His Treacherous Followers.\\nSuch was the work of death and desolation ai ound the forest\\ngarrisons, in 1763 such the scenes enacted on the soij of Michi-\\ngan one hundred years ago. But we must hasten to close our\\nnarrative of Pontiac and his woeful war, as other events of great\\nimportance must not be crowded out and in this we will be\\nguided by the authority of Francis Parkman. Late one after-\\nnoon in May, 1763, the garrison were again greeted with the\\ndismal cry of death, and a host of naked warriors was seen issu-\\ning from the woods in the rear of the fort. Each savage was\\npainted black, and each bore a scalp, fluttering from the end of a\\npole. It was now plain that some new disaster delighted the\\nblood-thirsty savages and, in truth, this was so for, during the\\nsame evening, news reached the fort that Sandusky had been\\ntaken, and all its garrison slain, or made prisoners. This post\\nhad been attacked by the Wyandots, living in its neighborhood,\\naided by a detachment from the army of Pontiac. Among the\\nfew survivors of the slaughter was the commanding officer. Ensign\\nPaully, who had been conducted to Detroit by the savages, bound\\nhand and foot, and assured on the passage that he would be\\nburnt alive, beside the camp of the great chief. On being taken\\nto the lodge of Pontiac, he was surrounded by a crowd of Indians,\\nwho pelted him with stones, and forced him to dance and sing.\\nA worse infliction seemed in store for him, when, happily, an old\\nwoman, whose husband had lately died, chose to adopt him, in\\nplace of the deceased warrior. Seeing no alternative but the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n277\\nstake, Paully accepted the proposal; and, having been first\\nplunged in the river, to wash the white blood from his veins, he\\nwas conducted to the lodge of the widow, and treated thence-\\nforth Avith all the consideration due an Ottawa warrior. The gar-\\nM. S. SMITH.\\nIMartin S. Smith, the senior partner of the firm of Messrs. M. S. Smith\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Co., tlie present leading jewelers of Detroit, was born in Lima, Livings-\\nton county, State of New York, in 1834. At an early age he came to\\nMichigan in company with his parents. In 1859, Mr. Smith established\\nhimself in the jewelry business in Detroit, and has conducted since that\\ntime, or from a period not long after, the leading jewelry establishment\\nin Michigan.\\nIn the summer of 1868, he visited Europe, and returned in the follow-\\ning autumn, an importer of jewelry and such other goods as are usually", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "278 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nrison at Detroit soou received a letter from him, through a\\nCanadian, giving a full account of the capture of Fort Sandusky,\\nwhich had taken place on the sixteenth of the same month.\\nA brief account of the surprise of this fort is as follows\\nPaully, the commandant, was informed that seven Indians were\\nwaiting at the gate to see him. As several of the number were\\nwell known to him, he ordered them to be admitted. Arriving\\nat his headquarters, two of his treacherous visitors seated them-\\nselves on each side of the commandant, while the rest were dis-\\nposed in various parts of the room. The pipes were lighted, and\\nthe conversation began when an Indian, who stood in the door-\\nway, suddenly made a signal, by raising his head. Upon this,\\nthe astonished officer was instantly pounced upon and disarmed\\nwhile, at the same moment, a confused noise of shrieks and yells,\\nthe firing of guns, and the hurried tramp of feet, sounded from\\nthe area of the fort without. This soon ceased, and Paully, led by\\nhis captors from the room, saw the parade ground strewn with\\nthe corpses of his murdered garrison. During the night, he was\\nconducted to the margin of the lake, where several birch canoes\\nlay in readiness and, when the party had pushed out from the\\nshore, Paully looked back through the darkness, to see the fort,\\nassociated with gold and silver wares. About this time, a new spirit of\\nenterprise seized the people, and the commerce of Detroit was nearly\\ndoubled in every important branch. Consequent upon this intei change\\nwith the outside world came all the wholesome characteristics of refined\\nsociety.\\nWith this favorable combination of circumstances and events, it is not\\na difficult matter to account for Mr. Smith s great success in business. In\\n1860, it may be observed, his sales touched only the modest figures of\\n$17,000, but with a steady increase, year after year, reached the astound-\\ning sum of .$-300,000 in 1872. A natural accompaniment of this conmiercial\\nprosperity was the exchange of a small store, occupied at the time of\\npurchasing the establishment, for the magnificent house on the corner of\\nWoodward and Jefferson avenues which he now occupies. This building\\nis richly ornamented with a large stock of American and imported\\njewelry, bronzes, etc., comprising one of the most complete establish-\\nments of the kind in the Northwest.\\nMr. Smith s deportment in business transactions has been such as to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 279\\nlately under his command, bursting on all sides in sheets of flame.\\nSuch was the fate of Sandusky, in 1763.\\nDetroit was next startled with the news of the massacre of the\\ngarrison at Fort St. Joseph. This was on the fifteenth of June,\\nwhen the soldiers noticed a number of Indians approaching the\\ngate of the fort, bringing with them four English prisoners who\\nproved to be Ensign Schlosser, lately commanding at St. Joseph s,\\ntogether with three private soldiers. The Indians wished to\\nexchange them for several of their own tribe, Avho had been, for\\nnearly two mouths, prisoners in the fort. After some delay, this\\nwas effected and the garrison then learned the unhappy fate of\\ntheir friends. St. Joseph stood near the mouth of the river\\nbearing the same name, near the head of Lake Michigan. The\\ngarrison of that post seemed to have apprehended no danger,\\nwhen, on the twenty-fifth of May, early in the morning, the officer\\nwas informed that a large party of Pottawattamies, of Detroit,\\nhad come to pay a visit to their relations of that place. Pres-\\nently, a chief, named Washashe, with three or four followers,\\nvisited the commandant s quarters, as if to hold a council and\\nsoon after, a Canadian arrived, with the intelligence that the fort\\nwas surrounded by Indians, who evidently had hostile intentions.\\nwin the liigliest confidence of the whole public, and already the people\\nare pointing to him with messages of public trust. He has been for some\\ntime a member of the Board of Police Commissioners and Vice-President\\nof the Detroit Trust and Safe Deposit Company. He is also director in\\nthe Wayne County Savings Bank, director in the American National\\nBank, American Plate Glass Company, and in the Mutual Life Insurance\\nCompany.\\nMr. Smith went forth from a liumble home at the age of twelve years,\\nunaccompanied by assistance. From tliese obscure beginnings, by that\\nperseverance which secures good Avill as well as material prosperity, lie\\nhas done much to promote the commerce of Michigan, and secured fame\\nas a merchant of Detroit. The character of his business has had a most\\nsalutary influence on society. When the first waves of civilization broke\\naway the coldness of pioneer life, or the dignity of increasing wealth\\nsent forth the demands for new luxuries, he was among the first to sup-\\nply these wants, or even by keeping in advance of them to create a taste\\nfor the more expensive characteristics of refinement.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "280 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAt this, Schlosser ran out of the apartment, and, crossing the\\nparade, which was full of Indians and Canadians, hastily entered\\nthe barracks. These were also crowded with savages, very inso-\\nlent and disorderly. While busying himself in getting his men\\nunder arms, he heard a wild cry from within the barracks.\\nInstantly, all the Indians in the fort rushed to the gate, toma-\\nhawked the sentinel, and opened a free passage to their comrades\\nwithout. In less than two minutes, eleven men were killed, and\\nhimself, with the three survivors, made prisoners, and bound fast.\\nThey were then conducted to Detroit, as already shown. Three\\ndays after these tidings Avere received, the news of the massacre\\nat Michilimackinac came to the fort. Of this terrible event we\\nhave already given a full account in a previous chapter.\\nNews of disaster was now the order of the day, and the wea-\\nried garrison seemed to read their own fate in every tale of\\nwoe. Next came the tidings of the fate of Ouatanon, a fort\\nsituated on the Wabash, a little below the site of the present\\ntown of Lafayette. Lieutenant Jenkins commanded at this fort\\nand, on the first of June, he and his garrison were made prison-\\ners by the surrounding Indians, who spared their lives.\\nClose upon these tidings came the news that Fort Miami was\\ntaken. This post stood on the Maumee River, and was com-\\nmanded by Ensign Holmes, who suspected the intention of the\\nsavages, and was, therefore, on his guard. On the twenty-seventh\\nof May, a young Indian girl, who lived with him, told him that\\na squaw lay dangerously ill in a wigwam, near the fort, and\\nurged him to come to her relief Having confidence in the girl.\\nHolmes forgot his caution, and followed her out of the fort.\\nWhen Holmes came in sight of the Indian wigwams, the Indian\\ngirl pointed out the lodge in which the sick woman lay. When\\nhe drew near the lodge, two guns flashed from behind the hut,\\nand he fell lifeless on the grass. The shots were heard at the\\nfort, and the Sergeant rashly went out to learn the cause of the\\nfiring. He was taken prisoner at once, amid a tumult of Indian\\nwar whoops. The soldiers in the fort were next summoned to\\nsurrender, with a promise that, if they did so, their lives would be\\nspared, but that otherwise they would all be killed, without\\nmercy. The terrified men gave themselves up as prisoners.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 281\\nThe news of the loss of Presque Isle reached Detroit on the\\ntwentieth of June. This fort stood on the southern shore of\\nLake Erie, at the site of the present town of Erie, and was com-\\nmanded by Ensign Christie. After a long and formidable resist-\\nance, he surrendered to the Indians. One Gray escaped, while\\nthe rest were conducted prisoners to Detroit. Christie soon\\nafter effected his escape, and succeeded in reaching the fort at\\nDetroit in safety. After Presque Isle, Le Boeuf and Venango\\nshared its fate while farther south, at the forks of the Ohio, a\\nhost of Indian warriors were gathering round Fort Pitt, and\\nblood and havoc reigned along the whole frontier.\\nWe will now return to Detroit, and follow the half-famished\\ngarrison through their sufferings and their battles. We will also\\nsee what became of Captain Campbell and his comj)anions, who,\\nwhen sent as deputies from Gladwyn, were detained by the great\\nPontiac, and lodged as prisoners in the house of M. Meloche, near\\nParent s Creek.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nCONSPIKACY OF PONTIAC CONTINUED ThE SiEGE OP DETROIT AdVEN-\\nTUKE OP A British Schooner on the Detiwit River Mode of\\nIndian Warfare Pontiac Inviting the French to Join his\\nArmy Another Council Exchange op Prisoners.\\nOn the nineteenth of June, a rumor reached Detroit that one\\nof the vessels had been seen near Turkey Island, several miles\\nbelow the fort. It will be remembered that this vessel had, sev-\\neral weeks before, gone down Lake Erie to hasten the advance of\\nCuyler s expected detachment. She passed these troops on her\\nway, and sailed to Niagara, where she remained until the return\\nof Cuyler, with the remnant of his men. After the latter had\\nrelated his sad mishap, he was ordered to embark in the vessel\\nthat had come from Detroit, with as many soldiers as could be\\nspared from the fort at Niagara, and return to Detroit. This\\norder had been carried out, and now, as the rumor purported, the\\nvessel was near the point of her destination, although the most\\ndangerous part of the journey was yet to be traversed. The\\nriver channel was, in many places, narrow, and more than eight\\nhundred Indians were on the alert to intercept their passage.\\nSeveral days passed, and no tidings of the expected craft reached\\nthe garrison when, on the twenty-third, a great commotion was\\nvisible among the Indians, a large portion of whom were seen to\\npass along the outskirts of the woods, in the rear of the fort.\\nThe cause of this movement could not be conjectured till evening,\\nwhen a Frenchman arrived at the fort, with the intelligence that\\nthe vessel was again attempting to ascend the river, and that all\\nthe Indians had gone to attack her. Upon this, two cannon Avere\\nfired, that the crew might know that Detroit was still in the\\nhands of the English and now all remained in great anxiety as\\nto the result. The schooner soon began to move slowly up the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n2^3\\nriver, with a gentle breeze. About sixty men were crowded on\\nboard, of whom only ten or twelve were visible on deck. The\\nofficers had ordered the rest to lie hidden below, in hopes that the\\nIndians, encouraged by their apparent weakness, might make\\nHON. JAMES TURRILL.\\nJames Tukrili., of Lapeer, was born in Shoreham, Addisou county,\\nVermont, September 24, 1797.\\nLeaving liis father s farm at tlie age of twenty-one, he engaged in\\ngeneral merchandising in his native town, and at Bridport, in the same\\ncounty. Mr. Turrill pursued his mercantile labors in the two places\\nabove mentioned, with very gratifying and remunerative results, until\\n1836, when he came to Michigan, and invested extensively in lands at\\nand near the present flourishing city of Lapeer. Returning to Vermont,\\nhe continued his business until 1843, when he brought out his family,\\nconsisting of his wife and eight children\u00e2\u0080\u0094 three sons and five daughters\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "284 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nan open attack. Just before reaching the narrowest part of the\\nchannel, the wind died away, and the anchor was dropped.\\nImmediately above, and within gun-shot of the vessel, the Indians\\nhad thrown up a breastwork of logs, carefully concealed by\\nbushes, on the shore of Turkey Island. Here they lay, in great\\nforce, waiting for the schooner to pass. Ignorant of this, but still\\ncautious and wary, the crew kept a strict watch from the moment\\nthe sun went down. Hours wore on, and nothing had disturbed\\nthe deep repose of the night. At length, the sentinel could dis-\\ncern, in the distance, various moving objects upon the dark sur-\\nface of the water. The men were ordered up from below, and all\\ntook their posts in perfect silence. The blow of a hammer on the\\nmast was to be the signal to fire. The Indians, gliding steadily\\nover the water, had advanced to within a few rods of their sup-\\nposed prize, when, suddenly, the dark side of the slumbering\\nand located in the village of Lapeer. Here he again turned his attention\\nto mercantile affairs, dealing largely in real estate at the same time. Suc-\\ncess attended his efforts, and after a lapse of thirteen years he retired\\nfrom active business, and has since given his attention to the cultivation\\nof his farms and the management of his pine land interests. He is now,\\nand has been for some time, one of the banking firm of R. G. Hart Co.\\nHe was one of the directors of the Port Huron Lake Michigan Rail-\\nroad, and aided largely with his means and advice, at a time when others\\nwere quite discouraged, in getting it completed from Port Huron to\\nFlint. After that was done he retired from the directorship, at his own\\nrequest, but remained quite active and efficient in the work.\\nAlthough Mr. Turrill has never been ambitious for public life, still his\\nfellow-citizens have seen fit on several occasions to place him in positions\\nof honor and trust. He was several times elected one of the trustees, and\\nafterwards president of the village of Lapeer, and upon its incorporation\\nas a city, he was chosen its first mayor. Mr. Turrill was also elected to\\nthe House of Representatives of the State Legislature in the fall of 1848,\\nand served in that body during the sessions of 1848-9. During the war\\nhe took an active part in putting down the rebellion, and his eldest son,\\nCapt. J. Henry Turrill, a brave and noble-hearted ofiicer of the 7th Michi-\\ngan Infantry, lost his life at the battle of Antietam.\\nIn manner Mr. Turrill is dignified, but not overbearing. He is a man\\nof strict integrity, liberal in the support of religious and charitable insti-\\ntutions, and gives with a free hand to the poor and needy.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n285\\nvessel burst into a blaze of cannon and musketry. Grape and\\nmusket shot flew tearing among the canoes, destroying several of\\nthem, killing fourteen Indians, wounding as many more, and driv-\\ning the rest in consternation to the shore. Recovering from their\\nEZRA RUST.\\nEzra Rust, of Saginaw City, was born September 23, 1832, at tlie\\ntown of Wells, Rutland county, Vermont. When he was five years of\\nage, his parents removed to Newport, St. Clair county, Michigan. They\\nwere in limited circumstances and unable to provide him with an educa-\\ntion beyond that afforded by the common schools of the place. His\\nadvantages, though limited, were thoroughly improved. He developed\\na strong taste for mechanics in his boyhood, and, before he was sixteen\\nyears of age, was employed as second engineer of the steamer Pacific;\\nand such was his skill and ability that in his seventeenth year he was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "286 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nsui prise, they began to fire upon the vessel from behind their\\nbreastwork, upon which she weighed anchor, and dropped down,\\nonce more, beyond their reach, into the broad river. Several\\ndays afterwards she attempted to ascend. This time she met with\\nbetter success. As she passed the Wyandot village, she sent a\\nshower of grape among its yelping inhabitants, by which several\\nwere killed and then, furling her sails, lay peaceably beside her\\ncompanion, abreast of the fort. She brought to the garrison a\\nmuch needed supply of men, ammunition and provisions. She\\nbore, also, the important tidings that peace had been concluded\\nbetween France and England. The great struggle of the French\\nwar, which had disturbed the peace of the whole continent of\\nNorth America since the year 1755, although virtually ended on\\nthe Plains of Abraham, and by the junction of the three British\\narmies at Montreal, was not completely settled till the formal\\ntreaty of peace. To most of the French this peace was odious.\\nThey went about among the settlers and Indians, declaring that\\nthe pretended news of peace was only an invention of Major\\nGladwyn that the King of France would never abandon his\\nchildren and that a great French army was even then ascending\\nthe St. Lawrence, while another was approaching from the country\\nof the Illinois. These Indians believed these falsehoods, and\\nthus the war continued. Poutiac himself clung to this delusive\\nhope, and began the work of subduing the fort with renewed\\npromoted to the position of first engineer of the same steamer. During\\nthe three following years he held the same situation on the steamer\\nAj ctic. In 1854, he was transferred to the E. K. Collins, and was first\\nengineer of that ill-fated steamer when she was burned near Maiden, in\\nthe same year.\\nFor the three years following, he was engaged in manufacturing lum-\\nber for his brothers, A. D. AV. Rust, at their mill in Newport. In the\\nsummer of 1858, his liealth failing, he went to Cuba, where he remained\\nnearly a year, employed as an engineer upon Aldama s sugar estate,\\nSanta Rosa.\\nUpon his return, in 1859, he entered into partnership with Mr. James\\nHay, under the firm name of Rust Hay, in the business of lumbering\\nupon the tributaries of the Saginaw river, and since that time he has\\nresided in Saginaw.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 287\\nvigor. He sent a message to Gladwyn, urging him to surrender,\\nand advising him of the expected arrival of eight hundred Ojib-\\nwas, who, he said, would take the scalp of every Englishman in\\nthe fort. To this advice Gladwyn returned a brief and con-\\ntemptuous answer,\\nPontiac now resolved to gain the assistance of the French\\ninhabitants, and for this purpose he called them together in coun-\\ncil. Near the camp of the Ottawas, the French inhabitants and\\nIndians, headed by Pontiac, were convened. All was silent, and\\nseveral pipes were passing round from hand to hand, when Pontiac\\nrose and threw down a war-belt at the feet of the Canadians, and\\nspoke as follows\\nMy brothers, how long will you suffer this bad flesh to remain\\non your lands I have told you before, and I now tell you again,\\nthat when I took up the hatchet, it was for your good. This year\\nthe English must all perish throughout Canada. The Master of\\nLife commands it and you, who know him better than I, wish to\\noppose his will. Until now, I have said nothing on this matter.\\nI have not urged you to take part with us in the war. It would\\nhave been enough had you been content to sit quiet on your mats,\\nlooking on while Ave were fighting for you. But you have not\\ndone so. You call yourselves our friends, and yet you assist the\\nEnglish with provisions and go about as spies among our villages.\\nThis must not continue. You must be either wholly French or\\nwholly English. If you are French, take up that war-belt and\\nIn 1861, he, in company with others, sunk a salt well and constructed\\nworks for the manufacture of salt, which business he carried on success-\\nfully for two years following.\\nIn the year of 1865, the firm of Rust, Eaton Co. was formed, with\\nMr. Rust at its head, and he has, until the present time, continued to\\nmanage the extensive business of that firm, as well as that of Rust Hay,\\nwith unvarying success.\\nAs a business man, Mr. Rust is distinguished for his quick and correct\\nperception and prompt decision his unswerving honesty and unerring\\njudgment. He is possessed of fine social qualities and a sympathetic\\nnature, which manifests itself in kindness to his employes to a remark-\\nable degree. He is justly entitled to a prominent position among the\\nsuccessful and wealthy lumbermen of Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "288 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlift the hatchet with us but if you are English, then we declare\\nwar upon you. My brothers, I know this is a liarcl thing. We\\nare all alike children of our great father, the King of France, and\\nit is hard to fight among brethren for the sake of dogs. But\\nthere is no choice. Look upon that belt and let us hear your\\nanswer.\\nOne of the Canadians replied, holding a copy of the capitula-\\ntion of Montreal in his hand\\nMy brothers, you must first untie the knot with which our\\ngreat father, the King, has bound us. In this paper, he tells all\\nhis Canadian children to sit quiet and obey the English until he\\ncomes, because he wishes to punish his enemies himself. We dare\\nnot disobey him, for then he would be angry with us. And you,\\nmy brethren, who speak of making war upon us if we do not do\\nas you wish, do you think you could escape his wrath if you\\nshould raise the hatchet against his French children. He would\\ntreat you as enemies, and not as friends, and you would have to\\nfight both English and French at once. Tell us, my brethren,\\nwhat can you reply to this\\nFor some moments Pontiac remained silent, when a rough\\nCanadian trapper came forward and took up the belt, much to the\\ndisgust of the better class of the French present. He and his\\ncomrades joined the Indians, but this could not, in the least\\ndegi-ee, be construed as indicating that the French inhabitants of\\nDetroit had joined their Indian friend in the war.\\nOn the following night, a party of these renegades, joined by\\nabout an equal number of Indians, approached the fort and\\nintrenched themselves in order to fire upon the garrison. At day-\\nbreak, they were observed, the gate was thrown open, and a file of\\nmen, headed by Lieutenant Hay, sallied forth to dislodge them.\\nThis was effected without much difficulty. This party had retired\\nto the fort, when, at about four o clock in the afternoon, a man\\nwas seen running towards it, closely pursued by Indians. On his\\narriving within gunshot, the Indians gave up the chase, and the\\nfugitive arrived safely in the fort. He proved to be the com-\\nmandant of Sandusky, who, having, as before mentioned, been\\nadopted by the Indians, and married to an old squaw, now seized", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN,\\n289\\nthe first opportunity of escaping from her embraces. Through this\\nman, the garrison learned the sad news that Captain Campbell\\nhad been killed. It appeared that an Indian, killed in the morning\\nand scalped by Lieutenant Hay s party, was a nephew of Wasson,\\nDAVID PRESTON.\\nDavid Preston, of Detroit, Michigan, was born in Harmony, Chau-\\ntauqua county, New York, September 20, 1826.\\nHe received a common school education in the schools of this county,\\nand emigrated to Michigan in 1848, arriving in Detroit on the 4th of\\nNovember of that year. Upon his arrival in that city Mr. Preston was\\nwithout money and friends, having borrowed twelve dollars to pay his\\nfare. During the first year of his residence in Detroit he received a salary\\nof $150, the second year it was increased to $200, and the third found him\\ngetting $250, while the fourth brought a further advance to $350.\\nMr. Preston commenced the banking business in Detroit in May, 1852,\\nwith a capital of but $450, and out of which he furnished his house, hav-\\n19", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "290 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES,\\nchief of the Ojibwas. On hearing of his death, Wasson had\\nimmediately blackened his face in sign of revenge, called together\\na party of his followers, and, repairing to the house of Meloche,\\nwhere Captain Campbell was kept prisoner, had seized upon him\\nand tomahawked him on the spot, brutally mutilating his body.\\nHis heart is said to have been eaten by his murderers, to make\\nthem courageous. The corjjse was thrown into the river, and\\nafterwards brought to shore and buried by the Canadians. The\\nother captive, McDougal, had previously escaped.\\nThe two schooners anchored opposite the fort were now become\\nobjects of awe and aversion to the Indians. This is not to be\\nwondered at, for, besides aiding in the defense of the place by\\nsweeping two sides of it with their fire, they often caused great\\nterror and annoyance to the besiegers. Several times they had\\nleft their anchorage, and taking up a convenient position, had\\nbattered the Indian camps and villages with no little effect. Once,\\nin particular, and this was the first attempt of the kind, Gladwyn\\nhimself, with several of his oflScers, had embarked on board the\\nsmaller vessel, while a fresh breeze was blowing from the north-\\nwest. The Indians, on the banks, stood watching her as she\\ntacked from shore to shore, and pressed their hands against their\\nmouths in amazement, thinking that magic power alone could\\nenable her thus to make her way against wind and current.\\ning been married but a short time previous. In May, 1854, through\\nindustry, honesty and strict attention to his business, Mr. Preston found\\nthat the small capital with which he had commenced banking two years\\nprevious had increased to the snug little sum of $5,000. With this\\namount he opened another banking house in Chicago, and, directly fol-\\nlowing this adventure, came the failure of A. Klemm, of New York,\\nwho had $6,000 of Mr. Preston s money in his possession. Although by\\nthis misfortune he lost his entire capital, still he was not discouraged,\\nand going to work with renewed vigor, he soon placed himself on a\\nfirmer foundation than ever. His banking houses both here and in\\nChicago are widely known, and have enjoyed the confidence of the\\nmoneyed men of the country for a long term of years.\\nDuring the money panic of September, 1873, the banking house of D.\\nPreston Co., in Detroit, was obliged to suspend for a few days, not\\nbecause they had sustained any loss, or of the defalcation of any person", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 291\\nMaking a long reach from the opposite shore, she came on directly\\ntowards the camp of Pontiac, her sails swelling, her masts leaning\\nover until the black muzzles of her guns almost touched the water.\\nThe Indians watched her in astonishment. On she came, until\\ntheir fierce hearts exulted in the idea that she would run ashore\\nwithin their clutches, when suddenly a shout of command was\\nheard on board, her progress was arrested, she rose upright, and\\nher sails flapped and fluttered as if tearing loose from their fasten-\\nings. Steadily she came round, broadside to the shore; then,\\nleaning once more to the wind, bore away gallantly on the other\\ntack. She did not go far. The wondering spectators, quite at a\\nloss to understand her movements, soon heard the hoarse rattling\\nof her cable as the anchor dragged it out, and saw her furling her\\nvast white wings. As they looked unsuspectingly on, a puff of\\nsmoke was emitted from her side, a loud report followed, then\\nanother and another and the balls, rushing over their heads, flew\\nthrough the midst of their camp and tore wildly among the forest\\ntrees beyond. All was terror and consternation. The startled\\nwarriors bounded away on all sides the squaws snatched up their\\nchildren, and fled, screaming and, with a general chorus of yells,\\nthe whole encampment scattered in such haste that little damage\\nwas done, except knocking to pieces their frail cabins of bark.\\nThis attack was followed by others of a similar kind and now\\nthe Indians seemed resolved to turn all their energies to the\\nconnected with the firm, but entirely on account of tlieir not being able\\nto convert their securities into currency fast enough to supply the\\ndemand of their depositors. This suspension was only temporary, and\\nwithin a very short time the doors were thrown open again and business\\nproceeded with as usual. The Chicago firm of Preston, Kean Co., of\\nwhich Mr. Preston has been a member for the past ten years, were able\\nto pass through the above mentioned financial trouble without any\\nserious difliculty.\\nMr. Preston is best known, however, to the people of Michigan for his\\nunbounded generosity. No object of a charitable nature is ever pre-\\nsented to him for his aid, without receiving substantial assistance.\\nWithin the last ten years he has given away over $65,000 to forward\\nvarious charitable enterprises, and has thus engrafted himself into the\\naffections of the people of the whole Northwest.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "292 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ndestruction of the vessel which caused them such annoyance. On\\nthe night of the tenth of July, they sent down a blazing raft,\\nformed of two boats, secured together with a rope, and filled with\\npitch, pine, birch-bark, and other combustibles, which, by good\\nfortune, missed the vessel and floated down the stream without\\ndoing injury. All was quiet throughout the following night; but\\nabout two o clock on the morning of the twelfth, the sentinel on\\nduty saw a glowing spark of fire on the surface of the water, at\\nsome distance above. It grew larger and brighter it rose in a\\nforked flame, and at length burst forth into a broad conflagration.\\nIn this instance, too, fortune favored the vessel for this raft,\\nwhich was larger than the former, passed down between her and\\nthe fort, and burned until its last hissing embers wei e quenched\\nin the river.\\nThough twice defeated, the Indians would not abandon their\\nplan, but, soon after this second failure, began another raft of\\ndifiereut construction from the former and so large that they\\nthought it certain to take effect. Gladwyu, on his part, provided\\nboats which were moored by chains at some distance above the\\nvessels, and made other j^reparations of defense so eflTectual that\\nthe Indians, after working four days ujion the raft, gave over their\\nundertaking as useless.\\nAbout this time, a party of Shawanoe and Delaware Indians\\narrived at Detroit, and were received by the Wyandots with a\\nsalute of musketry, which occasioned some alarm among the\\nEnglish, who knew nothing of its cause. They reported the pro-\\ngress of the Avar in the south and east and, a few days after, an\\nAbenaki, from Lower Canada, also made his appearance, bringing\\nto the Indians the flattering falsehood that their great father, the\\nKing of France, was at that moment advancing up the St. Law-\\nrence with his army. It may here be observed that the name of\\nfather, given to the kings of France and England, was a mere\\ntitle of country or policy, for, in his haughty independence, the\\nIndian yields submission to no man.\\nIt was now between two and three mouths since the siege began\\nand, if one is disposed to think slightingly of the warriors whose\\nnumbers could avail so little against a handful of half-starved", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n293\\nEnglish and provincials, he has only to recollect that where bar-\\nbarism has been arrayed against civilization, disorder against\\ndiscipline, and ungoverned fury against considerate valor, such\\nhas seldom failed to be the result.\\nHON. BELA W. JENKS.\\nBbla W. Jenks, one of the citizens of St. Clair, ]Micliigan, was born\\nat Crown Point, Essex county. New York, June (3, 1834.\\nHis father was a farmer, and being in moderate circumstances, was\\nunable to give his son the advantages of an education. However, the\\nyoung man was industrious and diligent in his studies, and, by his own\\nunaided exertions, received a fair instruction in the schools of Charlotte,\\nChittenden county, Vermont.\\nMr. Jenks emigrated to Michigan in 1848, and settled in St. Clair, St.\\nClair county, where he has ever since resided. He at once engaged in", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "294 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAt the siege of Detroit, the Indians displayed a high degree of\\ncomparative steadiness and perseverance and their history cannot\\nfurnish another instance of so large a force persisting so long in\\nthe attack of a fortified place. Their good conduct may be\\nascribed to their deep rage against the English, to their hope of\\nspeedy aid from the French, and to the controlling spirit of\\nPontiac, which held them to their work. The Indian is but ill\\nqualified for such attempts, having too much caution for an assault\\nby storm, and too little patience for a blockade. The Wyandots\\nand Pottawattamies had shown, from the beginning, less zeal than\\nthe other nations and now, like children, they began to tire of\\nthe task they had undertaken. A deputation of the Wyandots\\ncame to the fort, and begged for peace, which was granted them\\nbut when the Pottawattamies came on the same errand, they\\nmercantile pursuits, and soon built himself up a lucrative trade. Later,\\nhe branched out in the lumbering business and also commenced dealing\\nquite extensively in real estate. He is still engaged in these two latter\\noccupations, and is constantly adding to his already ample wealth, while\\nat the same time he is doing much to advance the interests of his city\\nand State.\\nFor some years past, Mr. .Tenks has taken quite an active part in local\\nand State politics, always acting with the Republican party. He has held\\na number of important official positions in the government of the city of\\nSt. Clair, performing his duties in a manner to elicit the praise of even\\nhis political opponents.\\nIn the fall of 1869, he was elected State senator from the twenty-fourth\\nsenatorial district, comprising St. Clair county, and was reelected to the\\nsame position in 1871. While occupying a position in the Senate, he won\\nthe confidence of that body and took a leading part in much of the\\nlegislation of the one extra and two regular sessions which were held\\nduring the time he was a member. He was chairman of the committee\\non rules and joint rules, and a member of the committees on division of\\ntowns and counties, on public lands and on drainage during the session\\nof 1869-70; and in the session of 1871-73 he was chairman of the com-\\nmittee on public lands, and a member of the committees on constitutional\\namendments and on the select committee on apportionment.\\nAs a man, Mr. Jenks is social and pleasant, and his manners and\\ngeneral bearing is sucli as to win him the high regard and esteem of his\\nfellow-citizens. He is a man of unswerving honesty and indomitable\\nenergy, seldom failing to secure the object for which he labors.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "fllStORY OF MICHIGAN. 295\\ninsisted, as a preliminary, that some of their people who were\\ndetained prisoners by the English should first be given up,\\nGladwyn demanded, on his part, that the English captives known\\nto be in their village should be brought to the fort, and three of\\nthem were accordingly produced. As these were but a small part\\nof the whole, the deputies were sharply rebuked for their duplicity,\\nand told to go back for the rest. They withdrew, angry and\\nmortified but, on the following day, a fresh deputation of chiefs\\nmade their appearance, bringing with them six prisoners. Having\\nrepaired to the council room, they were met by Gladwyn, attended\\nonly by one or two ofiicers. The Indians detained in the fort\\nwere about to be given up, and a treaty concluded, when one of\\nthe prisoners declared that there were several others still remain-\\ning in the Pottawattamie village. Upon this, the conference was\\nbroken off, and the deputies ordered instantly to depart. On\\nbeing thus a second time defeated, they were goaded to such a\\npitch of rage, that, as afterwards became known, they formed the\\ndesperate resolution of killing Gladwyn on the spot, and then\\nmaking their escape in the best Avay they could but, happily, at\\nthat moment the commandant observed an Ottawa among them,\\nand, resolving to seize him, called upon the guard without to\\nassist in doing so. A file of soldiers entered, and the chiefs, seeing\\nit impossible to execute their design, withdrew from the fort, with\\ndark and sullen brows. A day or two afterwards, however, they\\nreturned with the rest of the prisoners, on which peace was granted\\nthem, and their people set at liberty.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac Continued The Battle of Bloody Run\\nCaptain Dalzell s Detachment Slaughteeed by the Savages\\nAdventure of the Schooner Gladwyn The Indians Sue for\\nPeace Approach of Winter.\\nFor some time after this peace with the Wyandots and\\nPottawattamies, nothing of importance occurred at Detroit, except\\nthat the garrison was continually harassed by the Ojibwas and\\nOttawas. But, in the meantime, Gladwyn s little band was being\\nreinforced. Captain Dalzell had left Niagara with twenty-two\\nbarges, bearing two hundred and eighty men, with several small\\ncannon and a fresh supply of provisions and ammunition. This\\ndetachment reached Detroit at the end of July, 1763, and landed\\namid the cheers of the garrison. The detachment was composed\\nof soldiers from the 55th and 80th regiments, with twenty inde-\\npendent rangers, commanded by Major Rogers. The barracks in\\nthe place being too small to receive them, they were all quartered\\namong the inhabitants.\\nOn the day of his arrival, Captain Dalzell had a conference\\nwith Gladwyn, and strongly insisted that the time was come\\nwhen an irrecoverable blow might be dealt at Pontiac. Gladwyn,\\nbetter acquainted with the position of the enemy, was averse to\\nthe attempt; but Dalzell, still urging his request, at last\\nobtained the commandant s consent.\\nOwing to the delay of marching out as at first contemplated, their\\nplans became known to the great chief, and he prepared himself for\\nthe battle. However, early the following morning, the thirty-first\\nof July, the gates were thrown open in silence, and the detachment,\\ntwo hundred and fifty in number, marched out. They filed two\\ndeep along the river road, while two bateaux, each bearing a\\nswivel, rowed up the river abreast of them. Lieutenant Brown", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN,\\n297\\nled the advance guard of twenty-five men, the centre was com-\\nmanded by Captain Gray, and the rear by Captain Grant. The\\nmorning was close and sultry. On their right lay the river and\\non their left a succession of Canadian houses, with barns, orchards\\nE. O. HAVEN, D. D., LL. D.\\nErastus Otis Hayen was born in 1820, and it is his double good fortune\\nto have been a Boston boy and a farmer boy. In intervals of work, he\\nfound time to gratify, varied and keen intellectual tastes and made\\nthorough preparation for college. Entering at Middletown, in 1838, he\\nnot only mastered liberal studies but acquired their uses also. In 1843,\\nhe began\u00e2\u0080\u0094 as instructor in the New York x\\\\menia Seminary (of wliich he\\nbecame principal in 1846) a career in the comparatively brief course of\\nwhich he has left hardly a branch of higher knowledge untaught or ill-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "298 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nand corn fields. The inhabitants, roused from sleep, looked from\\nthe windows in astonishment and alarm. Thus the English\\nmoved forward to the attack, little thinking that behind every\\navailable shelter Indian scouts watched every movement, and still\\nless suspecting that Pontiac, aware of their plan, had broken up\\nhis camp and was marching against them with all his warriors,\\narmed and painted for battle.\\nA mile and a half from the fort, says Parkmau, Parent s\\nCreek, ever since that night called Bloody Run, descended\\nthrough a wild and rough hollow, and entered the Detroit amid a\\ngrowth of rank grass and sedge. Only a few rods from its\\nmouth, the road crossed it by a narrow, wooden bridge, not exist-\\ning at the present day. Just beyond this bridge, the land rose\\nin abrupt ridges, parallel to the stream. Along their summits\\nwere rude intrenchments, made by Pontiac to protect his camp,\\nwhich had formerly occupied the ground immediately beyond.\\nHere, too, were many piles of fire-wood, belonging to the Cana-\\ndians, besides strong picket fences, inclosing orchards and gar-\\ndens connected with the neighboring houses. Behind fences,\\nwood-piles and intrenchments crouched an unknown number of\\nIndian warriors, with leveled guns. They lay silent as snakes,\\ntaught, scarcely a form of wholesome discipline or an element of generous\\nculture unutilized. His services as a minister of the Gospel, as an\\necclesiastical journalist, as a public lecturer on various topics, and as a\\nlegislator, have been no less distinguished. From 1848 to 185^, he was\\npastor, successively, over three churches of New York; from 1853 to\\n1854, professor of Latin, and from 1854 to 1856, professor of rhetoric and\\nEnglish literature, in the University of Michigan; from 1856 to 1863,\\neditor of Zion s Ilerald (Boston, Massachusetts), the organ of New Eng-\\nland Methodism performing at the same time the duties of member of\\nthe local school committee, member of the State board of education, and\\n(1862, 1863) of State senator from the first Middlesex district, being chair-\\nman of the joint committee of the legislature on education; from 1863 to\\n1869, president of the University of Michigan; and, from 1869 to 1873,\\npresident of the Northwestern University.\\nWhile in the Massachusetts legislature, Dr. Haven introduced and\\nsecured the enactment of laws excusing Eoman Catholic children from\\nreading the Bible in the public schools, and permitting it to be read by", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "filSTORY OF MICHIGAN. 299\\nfor now thev could hear the distant tramp of the approaching\\ncolumn. The sky was overcast, and the morning exceedingly dark.\\nAs the English drew near the dangerous pass, they could discern\\nthe oft-mentioned house of Meloche, upon a rising ground to the\\nleft, while in front, the bridge was dimly visible, and the ridges\\nbeyond it seemed like a wall of undistinguished blackness. They\\npushed rapidly forward, not wholly unsuspicious of danger. The\\nadvance guard were half way over the bridge, and the main\\nbody just entering upon it, when a horrible burst of yells rose\\nin front, and the Indian guns blazed forth in general discharge.\\nHalf the advanced party were shot down the appalled survivors\\nshrank back aghast. The confusion reached even the main\\nbody, and the whole recoiled together; but Dalzell raised his\\nclear voice above the din, advanced to the front, rallied the men,\\nand led them forward to the attack. Again the Indians poured\\nin their volley, and again the English hesitated but Dalzell\\nshouted from the van, and, in the madness of mingled rage\\nand fear, they charged at a run across the bridge, and up the\\nheights beyond. Not an Indian was there to oppose them. In\\nvain the furious soldiers sought their enemy behind fences and\\nintrenchments. The active savages had fled yet still their guns\\nthe teacher; creating an agricultural college and endowing the Institute\\nof Technology; enlarging the scope of Normal schools, and granting\\nmuch needed State aid to the Museum of Natural Science, of which\\nAgassiz is the head.\\nThe State of Michigan, during the three years of his first connection\\nwith its great University, he may be said to have canvassed. His services\\nto the University during this time have scarcely been appreciated at their\\ntrue value. The men gathered at Ann Arbor, in 1853, under the presi-\\ndency of Henry P. Tappan, numbered not a few of the most accomplished\\nproficients in the various branches of liberal learning, and masters in the\\nart of teaching them, of their day. The University its single academic\\ncourse antiquated, its faculty discordant and disorganized, its students\\nscattered, the public confidence gone, the mere tool of sects and the sport\\nof politicians was on the point of being utterly broken up. The legis-\\nlature required that the University should have a scientific department,\\nto which young men should be admitted without classical preparation.\\nThe constitution of this department was intrusted to a special committee", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "300 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nflashed thick through the gloom, and their war-cry rose with\\nundiminished clamor. The English pushed forward amid the\\npitchy darkness, quite ignorant of their way, and soon became\\ninvolved in a maze of outhouses and inclosures. At every pause\\nthey made, the retiring enemy would gather to renew the attack,\\nfiring back hotly upon the front and flanks. To advance further\\nwould be useless, and the only alternative was to withdraw, and\\nwait for daylight. Captain Grant, with his company, recrossed\\nthe bridge, and took up his station on the road. The rest fol-\\nlowed, a small party remaining to hold the enemy in check while\\nthe dead and wounded were placed on board the two bateaux,\\nwhich had rowed up to the bridge during the action. This task\\nwas commenced amid a sharp fire from both sides and, before it\\nwas completed, heavy volleys were heard from the rear, where\\nCaptain Grant was stationed. A great force of Indians had fired\\nupon him from the house of Meloche and the neighboring\\norchards. Grant pushed up the hill, and drove them from the\\norchards at the point of the bayonet drove them, also, from the\\nhouse, and, entering it, found two Canadians within. These men\\ntold him that the Indians were bent on cutting off the English\\nfrom the fort, and that they had gone in great numbers to occupy\\nthe houses which commanded the road below.\\nof the professors, of whicli Haven and Boise (who was then in tlie chair\\nof Gi eeli) were members. Its history is a record unsurpassed of unbroken\\nprogress keeping equal pace with every advance of science, and\\ninstantly meeting the current demands of practical affairs. It was neck\\nto neck with the classical course in a race in which each competitor\\nenjoyed all that the other gained.\\nIn 1863, he was invited to the vacant presidency. The summons was\\nby telegraph; likewise the resijonse. The motives which induced a step\\nthat seemed to many sudden and unadvised, do honor to Haven s head\\nand heart. The true friends of the University were again in a panic of\\nterror. Knowing that Dr. Tappan would not be reelected in thorough\\nsympathy with the idea of the institution; enjoying the manly respect of\\nall parties to the recent conflict, and the affectionate esteem of nearly all;\\nfamiliar with the people of the State and the genius of its institutions\\nhe was inspired with a chivalrous desire to return and help to make the\\nUniversity a success. Suffice it to say that, having in hand the most\\ndifficult and delicate case of college management that ever arose, even", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 301\\nIt was now evident that instant retreat was necessary and, the\\ncommand being issued to that effect, the men fell back into\\nmarching order, and slowly began their retrograde movement.\\nGrant was now in the van, and Dalzell at the rear. Some of the\\nIndians followed, keeping up a scattering and distant fire and,\\nfrom time to time, the rear faced about, to throw back a volley of\\nmusketry at the pursuers. Having proceeded in this manner half\\na mile, they reached a point where, close upon the right, were\\nmany barns and outhouses, with strong picket fences. Behind\\nthese, and in a newly-dug cellar close at hand, lay concealed an\\nimmense multitude of Indians. They suffered the advanced party\\nto pass unmolested but, when the center and rear came opposite\\ntheir ambuscade, they raised a frightful yell, and poured a volley\\namong them. The men had well nigh fallen into a panic. The\\nriver ran close on their left, and the only avenue of escape lay\\nalong the road in front. Breaking their ranks, they crowded\\nupon one another, in blind eagerness to escape the storm of bul-\\nlets and, but for the presence of Dalzell, the retreat would have\\nbeen turned into a flight.\\nThe enemy, writes an officer who was in the fight, marked\\nhim for his extraordinary bravery and he had already received\\nin our wayward and capricious community, he witliin a month achieved\\nthe promise of success; and at the end of two years tliere remained\\nneither in the University nor out of it a trace of tlie bitter dissension\\nthat tlireatened to rend and ruin the institution.\\nUnder his presidency, tlie number of students was nearly doubled,\\nthough the standards for admission were materially raised; the internal\\neconomy was renovated and improved; the Senate of the faculties\\nexercised its proper and useful functions; efficient discipline was secured,\\nthough personal government scarcely made itself felt. The Univer-\\nsity, however, had but fairly begun its mature growth, though its income\\nwas at the maximum. President Haven determined that the State should\\ngrant pecuniary aid to the University. He spent several weeks with the\\nlegislature of 1866. An act was passed, granting aid on condition of the\\nappointment to the medical department of a professor of homoeopathy.\\nThe condition reflected the opinion of a large minority of citizens. Dr.\\nHaven simply urged the necessity of making the medical department\\n(like that of the universities of Europe) strictly and broadly scientific.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "302 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntwo severe wounds. Yet Bis exertions did not slacken for a\\nmoment. Some of the soldiers lie rebuked, some he threatened,\\nand some he beat with the flat of his sword till, at length,\\norder Avas restored, and the fire of the enemy returned with effect.\\nThough it was near daybreak, the dawn was obscured by a thick\\nfog, and little could be seen of the Indians, except the incessant\\nflashes of their guns amid the mist, while hundreds of voices,\\nmingled in one appalling yell, confused the faculties of the men,\\nand drowned the shout of command. The enemy had taken\\npossession of a house, from the windows of which they fired down\\nupon the English. Major Rogers, with some of his provincial\\nrangers, burst the door with an axe, rushed in, and expelled them.\\nCaptain Gray was ordei-ed to dislodge a large party from behind\\nsome neighboring /ences. He charged them with his company,\\nbut fell, mortally wounded, in the attempt. They gave way, how-\\never and now, the fire of the Indians being much diminished,\\nthe retreat was resumed.\\nNo sooner had the men faced about, than the savages came\\ndarting through the mist upon their flank and rear, cutting down\\nstragglers, and scalping the fallen. At a little distance lay a\\nsergeant of the Fifty-fifth, helplessly wounded, raising himself on\\nThese views carried such weight with all who loved, not their favorite\\nsystem less but the University more, that the next legislature, removing\\nthis onerous condition, provided for a slight increase of the State tax\\n$15,000 annually. The income from this and other sources was nearly\\ndoubled. Every department has reaped the fruits the medical, in a\\ncourse of pharmacy and a hospital; the literary, by new material of study;\\nthe scientific school, by the addition of mining and mechanical engineer-\\ning; the law, by substantial enlargement of its facilities.\\nAnother engrossing question was appealed to the legislature\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the admis-\\nsion of women. Dr. Haven, while maintaining that in theory men and\\nwomen should enjoy equal advantages, did not, as president of the\\nUniversity, advise the opening of its doors to women, until the legislature,\\nhaving twice decided to make no other provision, finally recommended\\ntheir admission. He then advised that the University, instead of waiting\\nto have the matter thrust upon it, should take up the new policy and\\nguide and shape it. The question was thus decided.\\nDr. Haven finally accepted the call to the Northwestern University, and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAK. 303\\nhis hands, and gazing, with a look of despair, after his retiring\\ncomrades. The sight caught the eye of Dalzell. That gallant\\nsoldier, in the true spirit of heroism, ran out, amid the firing, to\\nrescue the wounded man, when a shot struck him, and he fell\\ndead. Few observed his fate, and none durst turn back to recover\\nhis body. The detachment pressed on, greatly harassed by the\\npursuing Indians. Their loss would have been much more severe,\\nhad not Major Rogers taken possession of another house, which\\ncommanded the road, and covered the retreat of the party.\\nHe entered it with some of his own men, while many panic-\\nstricken regulars broke in after him, in their eagerness to gain a\\ntemporary shelter. The house was a large and strong one,\\nand the women of the neighborhood had crowded into the\\ncellar for refuge. While some of the soldiers looked, in blind\\nterror, for a place of concealment, others seized upon a keg\\nof whisky in one of the rooms, and quafied the liquor with eager\\nthirst while others, again, piled packs of furs, furniture, and all\\nelse within their reach, against the windows, to serve as a barri-\\ncade. Panting and breathless, their faces moist with sweat, and\\nblackened with gunpowder, they thrust their muskets through the\\nopenings, and fired out upon the whooping assailants. At inter-\\nbefore he severed his connection with that institution it was placed on a\\nfirm foundation. In the short time he was at its head, it developed from\\na college to a university, and promises to be one of the largest denomina-\\ntional institutions in the country.\\nThe general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, in 1872,\\nestablished a board of education, to have supervision over the whole\\nsubject of education in the church, and unanimously elected Dr. Haven\\nits corresponding secretary or superintendent, since which time his\\nresidence has been in New York City.\\nThe lesson of the life here sketched is suiiiciently apparent in the life\\nitself. To bring principle the most exalted and character the purest to\\npractical affairs, thereby to make the most of the common opportunities\\nand the common things of to-day, by the exercise of powers which are\\nmen s common endowment such is, as we conceive, the problem of the\\nhigher life in our crowded, intense and practical civilization.\\nOf this perfection of the practical, Haven is so preeminently an\\nexample that it may be said that it is his genius but it is a genius rich", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "304 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nvals, a bullet flew sharply Avhizzing through a crevice, striking\\ndown a man, perchance, or rapping harmlessly against the parti-\\ntions. Jacques Campau, the master of the house, stood on a trap-\\ndoor, to prevent the frightened soldiers from seeking shelter\\namong the women in the cellar. A ball grazed his gi ay head,\\nand buried itself in the wall, where, a few years, since, it might\\nstill have been seen. The screams of the half-stifled Avomen\\nbelow, the quavering war-whoops without, the shouts and curses\\nof the soldiers, mingled in a scene of clamorous confusion and\\nit was long before the authority of Rogers could restore order.\\nIn the meantime. Captain Grant, with his advanced party, had\\nmoved forward about half a mile, where he found some orchards\\nand iuclosures, by means of which he could maintain himself\\nuntil the center and rear should arrive. From this point he\\ndetached all the men he could spare to occupy the houses below\\nand, as soldiers soon began to come in from the rear, he was\\nenabled to reinforce these detachments, until a complete line of\\ncommunication was established with the fort, and the retreat\\neflectually secured. Within an hour the whole party had arrived,\\nwith the exception of Rogers and his men, who were quite unable\\nto come ofi being besieged, in the house of Campau, by full two\\nhundred Indians.\\nin inspiration to multitudes who may never attain the liigli ideal. What-\\never else he is, he is always practical. His discourses have been sometimes\\ncriticised by those who are so shallow as to confound the art of bringing\\nthought to the svirface with superficiality. They rarely fail to gather up\\nand utilize the profoundest thoughts, the remotest theorizings, the largest\\ngeneralizations. But his style is a means, not an end; like the air, itself\\ninvisible, it reveals all things; its charm is that of purity, giving clear\\nvision never distortion oi mirage. The still waters of his discourse run\\ndeep; his words always set hearts beating pure, if rarely fast.\\nAt Detroit, in 1869, he innocently raised a tempest in the ecclesiastical\\ntea-pot by doing what he had often done in the East preaching a\\nChristian sermon in a Unitarian pulpit. It fails to appear, however, that\\non these occasions he deviated from the orthodox standard of doctrine in\\nhis church. It is, at the same time, the habit of his mind, as it is the\\ninstinct of his pure heart and generous nature, to recognize and acknow-\\nledge truth in doctrine and excellence in character wherever found.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n305\\nThe two armed bateaux had gone down to the fort, laden with\\nthe dead and wounded. They now returned, and, in obedience\\nto an order from Grant, proceeded up the river to a point oppo-\\nsite Campau s house, where they opened a fire of swivels, which\\nHON. JOHN F. DRIGGS.\\nJohn F. Driggs was born at Kinderhook, Columbia county, New\\nYork, March 8, 1813.\\nHis parents were natives of the State of Connecticut, their ancestors\\nhaving emigrated there at a very early period in the history of our\\ncountry. His grandsires were both revolutionary soldiers.\\nWhen Mr. Driggs was but a small boy, his father moved from Kinder-\\nhook, and settled, for a few years, on the banks of the Hudson, near\\nWest Point. It was while residing here, that Mr. Driggs first heard the\\nhistory of the war of independence from the lips of many of the old\\n20", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "306 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nswept the ground above and below it, and completely scattered the\\nassailants. Rogers and his party now came out, and marched\\ndown the road, to unite themselves with Grant. The two bateaux\\naccompanied them closely, and, by a constant fire, restrained the\\nIndians from making an attack. Scarcely had Rogers left the\\nhouse at one door, when the enemy entered it at the other, to\\nobtain the scalps from two or three corpses left behind. Fore-\\nmost of them all, a withered old squaw rushed in, with a shrill\\nscream, and, slashing open one of the dead bodies with her knife,\\nscooped up the blood between her hands, and quaffed it with a\\nferocious ecstacy.\\nGrant resumed his retreat, as soon as Rogers had arrived back,\\nfrom house to house, joined in succession by the parties sent to\\ngarrison each. The Indians, in great numbers, stood whooping\\nand yelling, at a vain distance, unable to make an attack so well\\ndid Grant choose his positions, and so steadily and coolly conduct\\nthe retreat. About eight o clock, after six hours of marching\\nand combat, the detachment entered once more within the shel-\\ntering palisades of Detroit. In this action, the English lost fifty-\\nsoldiers who lived in that patriotic region. From their stories, he imbibed\\nthose strong sentiments of hatred for slavery and oppression, and that\\nlove of liberty and justice which has so prominently influenced and con-\\ntrolled his after life.\\nHis father soon moved again, and took up his residence in the village\\nof Tarrytown, also on the Hudson. He did not remain here long, how-\\never, as he shortly afterwards located in New York City, where he lived\\nthe remainder of his life.\\nIn consequence of the frequent removals of his father, Mr. Driggs had\\nbut few opportunities of acquiring an education until he settled in New\\nYork City at the age of fourteen, and then such only as a natural strong\\nmind, perseverance and an academy afibrded. Of these opportunities he\\nmade the most.\\nHaving been apprenticed to and learned the trade of sash, blind and\\ndoor making, he followed that occupation first as a journeyman, then\\nfor many years as a master mechanic.\\nShortly after his marriage, and without application, he received the\\nappointment, from the common council of the city of New York, of\\nsuperintendent of the penitentiary and public institutions on Blackwell s\\nIsland, and his wife received at the same time the appointment of matron", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 307\\nnine men killed and wounded. The loss of the Indians could not\\nbe ascertained but it certainly did not exceed fifteen or twenty.\\nAt the beginning of the fight their numbers were probably much\\ninferior to those of the English, but fresh parties were continu-\\nally joining them, until seven or eight hundred warriors must\\nhave been present. The Ojibwas and Ottawas alone formed the\\nambuscade at the bridge, under Pontiac s command for the\\nWyandots and Pottawattamies came later to the scene of action,\\ncrossing the river in their canoes, and passing round through the\\nwoods, behind the fort, to take part in the fray.\\nIn speaking of the fight of Bloody Bridge, an able writer in\\nthe Annual Register for the year 1763, observes, with justice,\\nthat, although in European warfare it would be deemed a mere\\nskirmish, yet in a conflict with the American savages, it rises to\\nthe importance of a pitched battle; since these people, being\\nthinly scattered over a great extent of country, are accustomed\\nto conduct their warfare by detail, and never take the field in\\nany great force.\\nThe Indians were greatly elated by their success, and reinforce-\\nof the penitentiary. Tlie duties of these positions were performed to\\nthe entire satisfaction of the public and all parties.\\nThough, in early life, Mr. Driggs had formed a preference for the\\nDemocratic principles of Thomas Jefferson, his strong opposition to\\nslavery brought him in full sympathy and cooperation with such early\\nadvocates of emancipation as Leroy Sunderland, Orange Scott, Alvin\\nStewart, Lewis and Arthur Tappan, Friend Hopper and their co-laborers.\\nHis abolition sentiments prevented a sympathy between him and either\\nof the dominant parties in 1836. Yet, in choosing between the two, he\\ngave the preference to the Democrats, but these he virtually left when he\\ncast his vote for Martin Van Buren for President on the Free Soil\\nplatform.\\nLeaving the city of New York in 1856, he, with his family, settled at\\nEast Saginaw, Michigan, where he entered into the mercantile and\\nlumber business. The second year after his locating there, he was elected\\npresident of the village and held that position when East Saginaw\\nwas incorporated as a city. In 1859, he was elected to the State Legisla-\\nture for two years, and, in 1861, was appointed register of United States\\nland office for the Saginaw district. While holding this position, he was\\nelected to Congress from the then Sixth Congressional District, compris-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "308 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nments soon began to come in to swell the force of Pontiac.\\nFresh warriors, writes Gladwyn, arrive almost every day, and\\nI believe that I shall soon be besieged by upwards of a thousand.\\nThe English, on their part, were well prepared for resistance,\\nsince the garrison now comprised more than three hundred effec-\\ntive men and no one entertained a doubt of their ultimate suc-\\ncess in defending the place. Day after day passed on a few\\nskirmishes took place, and a few men were killed but nothing\\nworthy of notice occurred until the night of the fourth of Sep-\\ntember, at which time was achieved one of the most memorable\\nfeats of which the chronicles of that day can boast.\\nThe schooner Gladwyn, the smaller of the two armed vessels\\nso often mentioned, had been sent down to Niagara with letters\\nand dispatches. She was now returning, having on board Horst,\\nher master, Jacobs, her mate, and a crew of ten men, all of whom\\nwere provincials, besides six Iroquois Indians, supposed to be\\nfriendly to the English. On the night of the third she entered\\nthe River Detroit, and, in the morning, the six Indians asked to\\nbe set on shore, a request which was foolishly granted. They dis-\\ning the Upper Peninsula of thirty counties, being nearl^v one-half of the\\nterritory in the entire State. He was reelected twice by largely increased\\nmajorities, but, refusing to leave his post at Washington to secure a\\nfourth nomination, he was, after a protracted session, defeated in the\\nconvention by one. Two years subsequent to this, he was again nomin-\\nated by the Republican party and defeated, after an extraordinary contest,\\nby Judge Sutherland, the Democratic nominee. The extraordinary\\nmeans resorted to, to accomplish Mr. Driggs defeat in the district where\\nit is universally admitted that he made an enviable record as a faithful,\\npatriotic and energetic representative, are well known to the people of\\nhis State, and cannot be further alluded to in this sketch. Suffice it to\\nsay, that during his congressional career, he established a record for\\nfidelity, industry and patriotism, of which he may well be proud.\\nNear the close of the war, under the last call, he raised a full regiment\\nin sixty days, while the other six regiments called for had to be consoli-\\ndated to fill their ranks, before leaving for the front.\\nMr. Driggs still resides at East Saginaw, where he is much respected\\nand largely engaged in the manufacture of salt and in real estate trans-\\nactions. He may well be included among the most worthy and prominent\\ncitizens of Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "filSfORY OF MICHIGAN. 309\\nappeared in the woods, and probably reported to Pontiac s war-\\nriors the small number of the crew. The vessel stood up the\\nriver until nightfall, when, the wind falling, she was compelled to\\nanchor about nine miles below the fort. The men on board\\nREV. J. M. ARNOLD.\\nJohn M. Arnold, one of the most widely known ministers of the\\nMethodist Episcopal church in this State, was born in Durham, Greene\\ncounty, New York, on the 15th of October, 1834. He began life as a\\nfarmer, and early attained a fair education. During his boyhood, he\\nacquired an insatiable desire for knowledge, and soon became a constant\\nreader, which laid the foundation of that general information and literary\\ndiscrimination which has since characterized him and been the occasion\\nof directing him to the peculiar sphere of activity that he now occupies.\\nMr. Arnold came to Detroit in 1861, as pastor of the First Methodist\\nEpiscopal church, and at the close of his term with that church he com-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "310 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwatched witli anxious vigilance. The night set in with darkness\\nso complete, that, at the distance of a few rods, nothing could be\\ndiscerned. Meantime, three hundred and fifty Indians, in their\\nbirch canoes, glided silently down the current, and were close\\nupon the vessel before they were seen. There was only time to\\nfire a single cannon shot among them before they were beneath\\nher bows, and clambering up her sides, holding their knives\\nclenched fast between their teeth. The crew gave them a close\\nfire of musketry, without any efiect then, flinging down their\\nguns, they seized the spears and hatchets, with which they were all\\nprovided, and met the assailants with such furious energy and\\ncourage, that, in the space of two or three minutes, they had\\nkilled and wounded more than twice their own number. But\\nthe Indians were only checked for a moment. The master of the\\nvessel was killed, several of the crew were disabled, and the\\nassailants were leaping over the bulwarks, when Jacobs, the mate,\\ncalled out to blow up the schooner.\\nThis desperate command saved her and her crew. Some Wyan-\\ndots, who had gained the deck, caught the meaning of his words,\\nand gave the alarm to their companions. Instantly, every Indian\\nleaped overboard in a panic, and the whole were seen diving and\\nmenced the organization of the Detroit Book Depository, under the\\nauspices of his denomination, which has since grown into a large and\\nflourishing business institution, and is now conducted under tlie name of\\nJ. M. Arnold Co. Mr. Arnold is widely known as an enthusiastic and\\nl^enetrating book dealer, buying and selling, under protest only, any pub-\\nlication that does not tend to improve the head or heart, and has built up\\nhis present business without pandering in the least to that class of\\nliterature which tends to demoralize the younger portion of our popu-\\nlation.\\nAside from attending to his business, Mr. Arnold continues to fill some\\none of the various pulpits of his own and other denominations, through-\\nout the State, during the majority of the Sabbaths in the year, in a highly\\nacceptable manner. For a number of years, he has held from his\\nconference the appointment of Sabbath school agent. In performing the\\nduties of this position, he travels extensively, lecturing and preaching in\\nall portions of the State, and is a man of wide personal influence in his\\nown and other denominations.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 811\\nswimming off in all directions, to escape the threatened explosion.\\nThe schooner was cleared of her assailants, who did not dare to\\nrenew the attack and, on the following morning, she sailed for\\nthe fort, which she reached without molestation. Six of her crew\\nescaped unhurt. Of the remainder, two were killed, and four\\nseriously wounded while the Indians had seven men killed upon\\nthe spot, and nearly twenty -wounded, of whom eight were known\\nto have died within a few days after. As the action was very\\nbrief, the fierceness of the struggle is sufficiently apparent from\\nthe loss on both sides.\\nThe appearance of the men, says an eye-witness who saw them\\non their arrival, was enough to convince every one of their brav-\\nery, they being as bloody as butchers, and their bayonets, spears\\nand cutlasses bloody to the hilt. The survivors of the crew were\\nafterwards rewarded as their courage deserved. The schooner, so\\nboldly defended by her crew against a force of more than twenty\\ntimes their number, brought to the fort a much needed supply of\\nprovisions. It was not, however, adequate to the wants of the\\ngarrison, and the whole were put upon the shortest possible allow-\\nance.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nConclusion of Pontiac s War Tiie Siege op Detroit Raised\\nBradstreet in the West The English at Peace The Revolu-\\ntionary War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Instigating Savages to Take American Scalps\\nCaptain Byrd s Expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hamh-ton s Expedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Cap-\\nture De Peyster Commands at Detroit American Liberty\\nTriumphant Peace Restored.\\nIt was now the end of September. The Indians had pressed\\nthe siege with a determination unknown to their race, since the\\nbeginning of May but at length their constancy began to wane.\\nThe tidings that Major Wilkins was approaching with a strong\\ndetachment reached their camp, and they began to fear the con-\\nsequences of an attack, especially as their ammunition was nearly\\nexpended. By this time, most of the tribes around Detroit were\\ndisposed to sue for peace. They wished to retire unmolested to\\ntheir wintering grounds, and renew the war in the spring. Accord-\\ningly, on the twelfth of October, Wapocomoguth, great chief of\\nthe Mississaugas, visited the fort with a pipe of peace. He made\\na speech to Major Gladwyn, asking for peace, to which the com-\\nmandant replied, telling him that he could not himself grant\\npeace, but would consent to a truce. This was accepted, and\\nGladwyn availed himself of the opportunity to collect provisions\\nfrom the Canadians, and succeeded so well that the fort was soon\\nfurnished for the winter. After overtures of peace, Pontiac with-\\ndrew, with his chiefs, to the Maumee, to stir up the Indians in\\nthat quarter, with a view of resuming the war in the spring.\\nAbout the middle of November, after quiet had been restored\\naround the fort at Detroit, two friendly Indians visited the fort,\\nand one of them took a closely folded letter from his powder-\\nhorn and handed it to Gladwyn. The note was from Major Wil-\\nkins, and contained the disastrous news that the detachment", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "fllSTORY OP MICSlGAi^r.\\n313\\nunder his command had been overtaken by a storm that many\\nof the boats had been wrecked that seventy men had perished\\nthat all its stores and ammunition had been destroyed, and the\\ndetachment forced to return to Niagara. This intelligence had\\nHON. R. P. ELDRIDGE.\\nRobert P. Eldridge, a prominent lawyer of the Sixteenth Judicial\\nCircuit, was born on the banks of the Hudson, in the township of Green-\\nwich, Washington county, New York, in 1808.\\nThe winter after he was six years of age, his father moved to Lebanon,\\nMadison county, and from there to the township of Hamilton, on the east\\nside of the west branch of the Chenango river, in the same county. The\\nspring after he reached his fourteenth year, he was sent to the academy\\nat the village of Hamilton to prepare for a collegiate education, but his", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "314 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nan effect upon the garrison which rendered the prospect of\\nthe cold and cheerless winter yet more dreary and forlorn. But\\nthe winter came, and was endured by these hardy soldiers and,\\nwith the return of spring their savage enemies began to appear.\\nThey endured their assaults until the twenty-sixth of August,\\nwhen Bradstreet s fleet came sailing up the river, to the relief of\\nthe disconsolate garrison. They were welcomed by the cannon of\\nthe garrison, and cheer after cheer pealed forth from the crowded\\nramparts. Well might Gladwyn and his soldiers rejoice at the\\napproaching succor. They had been beset for more than fifteen\\nmonths by their savage enemies; and, though there were times\\nwhen not an Indian could be seen, yet woe to the soldier who\\nshould wander into the forest in search of game, or stroll too far\\nbeyond range of the cannon.\\nThe army had no sooner landed than the garrison was relieved\\nand fresh troops substituted in their place. Bradstreet next\\ninquired into the conduct of the Canadians of Detroit, and pun-\\nished such of them as had given aid to the Indians. A few only\\nwere found guilty, the more culpable having fled to the Illinois,\\non the approach of the army. Pontiac, too, was gone. The great\\nwar chief his vengeance unslaked, and his purpose unshaken\\nmother dying when he was sixteen, his father s family was broken up;\\nthe children, of which there were eight, were separated and never again\\nwere they all assembled under the one roof. From this time, he was\\ncompelled to teach school winters in order to study summers, and from\\nnecessity was obliged to abandon the idea of going through college.\\nIn his seventeenth year, at the earnest request of his father, he entered\\nthe law office of Stowe Girdly, one of the most eminent law firms of\\nMadison county, I^ew York. AVhile in this law office, lie was required\\nto labor very hard at the table, copying; yet he received much valuable\\ninformation from Judge Girdly, in the science of the profession he was\\ndestined to pursue.\\nAt the close of his school in the spring of 1826, after paying liis little\\nnecessary indebtedness, he found himself the owner of twenty dollars,\\nand with this amount he started for the territory of Michigan, being\\nutterly unacquainted with the world, and with no practical experience in\\nany business, except school teaching.\\nMr. Eldridge landed in Detroit on the 26th day of May, 1826, poorly", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "flISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 8l6\\nhad retired to the banks of the Mauraee, whence he sent a\\nhaughty defiance to the English commander. The Indian vil-\\nlages near Detroit were half emptied of their inhabitants, many\\nof whom still followed the desperate fortunes of their indomitable\\nleader. Those who remained were, for the most part, brought by\\nfamine and misery to a sincere desire for peace, and readily obeyed\\nthe summons of Bradstreet to meet him in council.\\nThe council was held in the open air, on the morning of the\\nseventh of September, with all the accompaniments of military\\ndisplay which could inspire awe and respect among the assembled\\nsavages. The tribes, or, rather, fragments of tribes, represented\\nat this meeting, were the Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawattamies,\\nMiamis, Sacs, and Wyandots. The Indians of Sandusky kept\\nimperfectly the promise they had made, the Wyandots of. that\\nplace alone sending a full deputation while the other tribes were\\nmerely represented by the Ojibwa chief, Wasson, This man, who\\nwas the principal chief of his tribe, and the most prominent\\norator on the present occasion, rose and opened the council. He\\nfrankly confessed that the tribes which he represented were all\\njustly chargeable with the war, and now deej)ly regretted it.\\nBradstreet would grant peace only on condition that they should\\nclad, and with ten shillings as the sum total of his capital. After a short\\ntime, some gentlemen in Detroit with the under-sheriff of Wayne county,\\nfitted up the debtors room, in the jail, for a school room, and he went\\nto teaching their boys at $8.00 per quarter. At the end of six weeks,\\npleasantly occupied in conducting his school, he was stricken down by a\\nsevere attack of bilious fever, which, had it not been for the kind care of\\na Mr. Seymour, with whom he boarded, and a naturally strong constitu-\\ntion, would have proved fatal. Recovering, he collected what was due\\nhim, paid his debts, and with the remainder, one dollar and a half, paid\\nhis stage fare to Pontiac, Michigan, where he had engaged to teach\\nschool during the winter of 1826-27. While teaching this school, he\\ndevoted his evenings and Saturdays to recording deeds in the register of\\ndeeds office for Oakland county. Aside from this, he found some time\\nto pursue his legal studies in the office of Governor Richardson. During\\nthis winter, he was severely afflicted with inflammation of the eyes, the\\nhealing of which cost him more than what he [liad earned teaching\\nBchool.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "316 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbecome subjects of the King of England, and acknowledge that\\nhe held over their country a sovereignty as ample and complete\\nas over any other part of his dominions. Nothing could be more\\nimpolitic than this demand but, happily, not a savage present\\nwas able to comprehend it. The terms, therefore, met with a\\nready assent. They promised in the future to call the English\\nKing father, instead of brother.\\nA deputation was sent to Pontiac, who had retired to the Mau-\\nmee, and that chief agreed to lead the nations to war no more\\nbut declared that he would never become a friend to the English\\nalthough, two years afterwards, he was declaring himself the fast\\nfriend of that nation, in a speech to Sir William Johnson. In\\n1769, this great chief and warrior met his death, in Illinois, at\\nthe hands of an Indian of the Kaskaskia tribe, who was induced\\nto commit the crime for a barrel of whisky, by an Englishman,\\nnamed Williamson.\\nBradstreet left Detroit, to compel Indian submission elsewhere\\nand left the little garrison enjoying the luxury of peace. Now\\nthat the insurrection was quelled, the British adopted a system of\\nconciliatory measures, to secure the good-will of the disaffected\\ntribes small grants of land were made around the posts, and the\\nIn the following summer, lie found it necessary to seek a new location,\\nand, borrowing a friend s horse, he rode down to Mt. Clemens, in Macomb\\ncounty, and, after an examination, decided to locate there. Accordingly,\\non the 3d of July, 1827, he started out on foot from Pontiac, and after a\\nfatiguing march reached Mt. Clemens the next day. Here he went into the\\nemploy of a merchant by the name of Ashley, working for his board.\\nIn the fall following, his father sent him a few law books, mostly\\nelementary. Being obliged to leave Mr. Ashley s house on account of\\nsickness in that family, he commenced keeping bachelor s hall, and\\nreading his law books preparatory to being admitted by the supreme\\ncourt of the territory as soon as he attained his majority. In the fall of\\n1828, he applied for admission. His examination was in open court, and\\nafter being thoroughly quizzed by six of the ablest lawyers in Detroit,\\nbefore .Judges Sibley and Chipman, he was admitted as an attorney at law\\nand solicitor in chancery. The court at that time was held in the old\\nState capital, and he was stopping at Uncle Ben s Steamboat Hotel,\\nbut in going from the former to the latter, after passing his examination.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 317\\nIndians themselves were induced to cede portions of their terri-\\ntory for a trifling consideration. The French settlements extended\\nin a short time along the banks of the Detroit and St. Clair riv-\\ners to a distance of about twenty miles above and below Detroit.\\nThe latter continued to be the most prominent post, and in 1766\\nthe town contained more than a hundred houses, independent of\\nthe barracks. To the west of the latter lay the commons, which\\nwas also called the King s Garden. The post was surrounded by\\npickets, mounted with small cannon, and was garrisoned by two\\nhundred soldiers.\\nMeanwhile, the Hudson s Bay Company extended its operations\\nthrough the wilderness which had, for a century previous been the\\nranging ground of the French traders. This company had been\\nchartered, in 1669, by Charles II. That charter, granted to a\\ncompany of English merchants, authorized them to occupy a very\\nextensive region, for the prosecution of the fur trade to estab-\\nlish military posts for their defense, and to traffic with the native\\ntribes. In 1766, individual adventurers began to extend their\\noperations along the lake shores, in the same track that had for-\\nmerly been pursued by the French, and soon came in collision\\nwith the large companies, which were striving to occupy the whole\\nterritory for their exclusive benefit.\\nhe has no recollection of passing any houses or pedestrians on the way.\\nReturning to Mt. Clemens, he put out his shingle. Mr. Eldridge was\\nthen the only lawyer in that county, and the good people in it were sober\\nand industrious, and derived more pleasure and profit in cultivating their\\nfarms than in contentions and law suits, which made the prospects for a\\nyoung lawyer, without means, relatives or influential friends to aid him,\\nlook very gloomy indeed. He would undoubtedly have sought a new\\nlocation, only that poverty held him there with a firm grip. The county\\nimproved rapidly, however, settlers increased and grew wealthy, another\\nlawyer located in the county, and then many suddenly discovered that\\nthey had received injuries at the hands of their neighbors, which their\\nduty to themselves and society required them to have righted. From this\\ntime, Mr. Eldridge found it easy to support himself and family and to\\nput away a few dollars for future contingencies.\\nHe soon took an active part in politics, and, having been educated a\\nDemocrat, he was a warm supporter of Jackson and Van Buren, and the\\nDemocratic nominees for State and county offices. In February, 1842,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "318 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe English made but little change, either in the laws or in\\ntheir administration, and pursued the same general policy as their\\npredecessors, the French. The commandants of the posts,\\nalthough responsible to the Governor-General at Quebec, were\\nstill possessed of a discretionary power which was all but abso-\\nlute, and which they exercised in a highly arbitrary manner. In\\n1774, while Governor Hamilton was commanding at Detroit, an\\nact was passed, called the Quebec Act, establishing the bounda-\\nries of Canada, including Michigan, and extending thence to the\\nMississippi and Ohio Rivers, on the south, and north, from the St,\\nLawrence to the latitude of 52\u00c2\u00b0, or, to the lands of the Hudson s\\nBay Company. This act granted to the Catholic inhabitants the\\nfree exercise of their religion, the undisturbed possession of their\\nchurch property, and the right, in all matters of litigation, to\\ndemand a trial according to the former laws of the province.\\nBut this right was not extended to the settlers on lands granted\\nby the English Crown. The criminal laws of England were\\nintroduced into Canada, and the Crown reserved to itself the right\\nof establishing courts of civil, criminal and ecclesiastical juris-\\ndiction.\\nThe enterprise of the people was not wholly confined to the fur\\ntrade. As early as 1773, the mineral regions of Lake Superior\\nMr. Eldridge was appointed to the prominent position of secretary of State\\nby Governor Barry, which oflBce he held by reappointment during the\\nfour years of Governor Barry s administration. In the fall of 1846, he\\nwas elected a member of the State senate, and, in the winter of 1847,\\nattended as a senator the first session of the legislature held at Lansing.\\nWith the close of that session, he ended his public labors, and severed\\nhis connection with politics so far as holding or seeking to hold any\\noffice was concerned.\\nUpon the expiration of his term of office as secretary of State, he\\nresumed the practice of his profession at Mt. Clemens, and now, at the\\nage of sixty-five, he is actively engaged in the pursuit of it. He is as\\nattached to it now as when compelled to depend upon its receipts to sup-\\nport his family and educate his children. He looks upon the law as a\\nnoble science; he esteems and reverences it; he loves its practice, and he\\nis now and ever has been an honor to the profession, occupying a position\\namong the eminent lawyers of the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 319\\nwere visited and a project was formed for working the copper\\nore discovered there, and a company in England had obtained a\\ncharter for that purpose. A sloop was purchased and the miners\\ncommenced operations, but soon found, however, that the expenses\\nof blasting and of transportation were too great to warrant the\\nprosecution of the enterprise, and it was abandoned. In 1783,\\nseveral influential merchants, who had been individually engaged\\nin the fur trade, entered into partnership for its more successful\\nprosecution, and established what was styled the Northwest Fur\\nCompany. In 1787, the shareholders appointed from their num-\\nber special agents, to import from England such goods as might\\nbe required, and to store them at Montreal. This plan of con-\\nducting the trade was not dissimilar to that which had been pur-\\nsued by the French. Storehouses were erected at convenient\\nplaces on the borders of the lakes and the posts formerly occu-\\npied by the French were used for the same purpose. Agents were\\nsent to Detroit, Mackinaw, the Sault Ste. Marie, and the Grand\\nPortage, near Lake Superior, who packed the furs and sent them\\nto Montreal, for shipment to England. The most important\\npoint of the fur trade was the Grand Portage of Lake Superior.\\nHere the proprietors of the establishment, the guides, clerks and\\ninterpreters, messed together in a large hall, while the canoe men\\nwere allowed only a dish of hominy, consisting of Indian corn\\nboiled in a strong alkali, and seasoned with fat. Thus, this inter-\\nesting trade, which had been carried on for more than a century,\\nstill continued to circulate in its ordinary channels, along the\\nwaters of the lakes.\\nBut the spirit of mercantile rivalry was carried to a great\\nextent, and unhappily, excited the worst passions of those inter-\\nested in the several companies. The employes of the Hudson s\\nBay and Northwest Companies, the boundaries of which were not\\nvery clearly defined, often came into active and desperate con-\\nflict, and made repeated attacks upon the trading posts of each\\nother. Lord Selkirk, however, having placed himself at the head\\nof the Hudson s Bay Company, succeeded at length in uniting\\nthe stock of the two companies, and this put an end to the strife.\\nThese two companies held dominion over the territory bordering", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "320 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\non the lakes, and studied only to keep it a barren wilderness, that\\ntheir trade might be jireserved and prolonged.\\nThe American revolution was already bursting forth but,\\nduring this eventful struggle, the territory of the present State\\nof Michigan, from its remote situation, was but little affected by\\nthe war, though the Indians within its borders were employed to\\nharass the American settlements upon the frontiers of New York,\\nPennsylvania and Virginia. Detroit and Michilimackinac were,\\nduring this period, the points of greatest interest. At these posts\\nthe Indian warriors were assembled, and furnished with arms\\nand ammunition, and from thence they were dispatched against\\nthe nearest American settlements, to burn and destroy, and to\\nmassacre and scalp the defenseless inhabitants. On their\\nreturn from such murderous expeditions, these savage allies were\\nmet by the British commanders in the council houses of Michili-\\nmackinac and Detroit, and there paid a stipulated price for the\\nscalps which they brought. In some instances, the Indians were\\nsupported in these expeditions by the regular troops and local\\nmilitia.\\nOne of these joint expeditions, commanded by Captain Byrd,\\nset out from Detroit to attack Louisville. It proceeded in boats\\nas far as it could ascend the Maumee, and from thence crossed\\nover to the Ohio, and marched to Ruddle s Station. This post\\nsurrendered at once, without fighting, under the promise of being\\nprotected from the Indians. This promise, however, was violated,\\nand the prisoners were all massacred. A small stockade, called\\nMartin s Station, was also taken by the same commander, and his\\nmarch through the whole region was attended with the utmost\\nconsternation.\\nAnother expedition, under Governor Hamilton, the command-\\nant of Detroit, started out in 1778. The commander appeared\\nbefore the fort of Vincennes, in December, with an army of thirty\\nregulars, fifty French volunteers, and four hundred Indians. The\\npeople living in the neighborhood of the fort made no effort to\\ndefend it, and the only garrison within its walls was Captain\\nHelm, and a private soldier, called Henry. Seeing the troops at\\na distance, they loaded a cannon, which they placed in the open", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n321\\ngateway and the commandant of the fort, Captain Helm, stood\\nby the cannon with a lighted match. When Governor Hamilton\\nand his military approached within hailing distance. Helm called\\nout with a loud voice, Halt This show of resistance made\\nHON. W. L. WEBBER.\\nWilliam L. Webber, of East Saginaw, was born July 19, 1825, at\\nOgden, Monroe county, New York.\\nIn June, 1830, he came with his father and family to Michigan, and\\nsettled in Hartland, Livingston county. He studied medicine two years,\\nin 1847-8, at Milford, Oakland county, when, discovering that the law\\nwould be more congenial to his taste, he changed his reading to fit him-\\nself for the latter profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He\\nremoved to East Saginaw in March, 1853, where he at once took a lead-\\n21", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "322 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nHamilton stop and demand a surrender of the garrison, No\\nman, exclaimed Helm, with an oath, enters here until I know the\\nterms. Hamilton replied, You shall have the honors of war,\\nHelm thereupon surrendered the fort, and the whole garrison,\\nconsisting of the two already named, marched out and received\\nthe customary marks of- respect for their brave defense. Hamil-\\nton was afterwards met by General Clark, to whom he surren-\\ndered. The British soldiers were suffered to return to Detroit\\nbut their commander, who was known to have been active in\\ninstigating Indian barbarities, was placed in irons, and sent to\\nVirginia as a prisoner of war.\\nThe pious Moravian missionaries, on the banks of the Mus-\\nkingum, did not escape the hand of the English at Detroit. They\\nwere suspected of holding a secret correspondence Avith the Con-\\ngress at Philadelphia, and of contributing their influence, as well\\nas that of their Indian congregation, to aid the American cause.\\nDeputies were therefore sent to Niagara, and a grand council of\\nthe Iroquois was assembled, at which those Indians were urged to\\nbreak up the Indian congregation collected by the Moravians,\\nThese tribes, not wishing to have anything to do with it, sent a\\nmessage to the Chippewas and Ottawas, with a belt, stating that\\nthey gave the Indian congregation into their hands, to make\\nsoup of.\\ning position as a lawyer. For many years he has been one of the\\nprominent hiwyers of JSTorthern Micliigan. As a practitioner he was studi-\\nous, mastering all the law applicable to his cases, painstaking to learn\\nall the facts from his client, alert to find out whatever was to be known\\nin advance about the plans of his adversary, self-possessed and dignified\\nin his conduct on the trial of cases, affable and fair to his bretliren in the\\nprofession, and, withal, zealous for his client. He was ever candid and\\nfaithful in his relations, professional and otherwise, keeping faith with\\neverybody, as a matter of conscience and honor.\\nLatterly, for several years, he was been intimately associated with the\\nFlint Pere Marquette Railroad as its attorney, and commissioner for\\nthe care and disposition of its large land grant. For this position he\\ngave up general practice. By his judicious management of this land\\ndepartment, he has very largely contributed to the interior of the State\\nnorth of the Saginaw river. He is at present mayor of the city of East\\nSaginaw.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICSIGAN. 323\\nIn 1781, these Moravian missionaries arrived at Detroit, when\\nthey were brought before De Peyster, the commandant. A war\\ncouncil was held, and the council house completely filled with\\nIndians. Captain Pipe, an Indian chief, addressed the assembly,\\nand told the commandant that the English might fight the\\nAmericans if they chose it was their cause, and not his that\\nthey had raised a quarrel among themselves, and it was their\\nbusiness to fight it out. They had set him on the Americans, as\\nthe hunter sets his dog upon the game. By the side of the\\nBritish commander stood another war chief, with a stick in his\\nhand, four feet in length, strung with American scalps. This\\nwarrior followed Captain Pipe, saying Now, father, here is\\nwhat has been done with the hatchet you gave me. I have\\nmade the use of it that you ordered me to do, and found it\\nsharp.\\nSuch were the scenes at Detroit that occurred frequently, from\\nthe close of the Pontiac war till the advent of the stars and\\nstripes. During the whole course of the revolutionary war, the\\nsavage tribes in this vicinity were instigated to commit the most\\natrocious cruelties against the defenseless American settlements.\\nEvery avenue was closed whereby a difierent influence might be\\nintroduced among them, and they were made to believe that the\\nAmericans were only seeking to possess themselves of their lands,\\nand to drive them away from the territory they had inherited\\nfrom their fathers. But, at last, the great cause of American free-\\ndom was triumphant. The treaty of Versailles was concluded in\\n1783, and the settlers of Michigan were once more permitted to\\nrenew their labors in comparative peace.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII.\\nThe Retention op the Western Posts by Great Britain After\\nTHE Treaty of 1783 Northwestern Territory Organized\\nIndian Troubles Again The Great War Council at Detroit\\nCampaign op General Harmer St. Clair s Defeat Wayne s\\nVictories \u00e2\u0080\u0094Michigan Surrendered to the United States.\\nWe have said that the war was ended and peace established\\nbut no sooner was a treaty of peace concluded, than new troubles\\nbegan to arise. We have seen how, during the revolutionary war,\\nthe western outposts of Great Britain were instrumental in send-\\ning the savages against the weak settlements and, now that the\\nAmericans had been victorious, England refused to withdraw her\\ntroops from the garrisons in the lake region. However, by the\\nsecond article of Jay s treaty, in 1794, it was provided that the\\nBritish troops should be withdrawn from all the posts assigned to\\nthe United States by the former treaty of 1783, on or before the\\nfirst day of June, 1796. This matter being settled, the American\\npeople turned their attention to the Northwest, with a view to its\\nsettlement and measures were accordingly taken for its tempo-\\nrary government. The circumstance which had more particu-\\nlarly directed the public attention to the Avestern domain was a\\nmemorial from the soldiers and officers of the Revolutionary army,\\npresented to General Washington in 1783, setting forth their\\nclaims to a portion of the public lands. One difficulty that lay\\nin the way was that the territory northwest of the Ohio was\\nclaimed by several of the Eastern States, on the ground that it\\nwas included within the limits indicated by their charter from\\nthe English Crown. But, in answer to the wishes of the govern-\\nment and people, these States, in a patriotic spirit, surrendered\\ntheir claims to this extensive territory, that it might constitute a\\ncommon fund, to aid in the payment of the national debt.\\nMany of the native tribes conveyed to the United States their", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n325\\nrights to territory in this domain, and thus was the way prepared\\nfor the erection of the territory northwest of the Ohio. A gov-\\nernment was formed for this extensive region, with Arthur St.\\nClair as Governor; and, on the seventh of April, 1788, a com-\\nCHESTER B. JONES.\\nChester B. Jones, the subject of this sketch, was born in Western\\nPennsylvania, September 11, 1823.\\nAt an early age he passed through an academic course of education, at\\nErie. This finished, he emigrated to Kentucky, and taught school there\\nand in other Southern States for several years. Having a desire for an\\nactive business life, he connected himself with a mercantile house, and\\ntraveled extensively through the Union representing their interests.\\nIn 1853, he became connected with a wealthy lumber firm in Albany,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "326 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\npany of forty-seven individuals landed at the site of the present\\ntown of Marietta, and there commenced the settlement of Ohio.\\nWe have seen that the western posts were still retained by the\\nBritish government. This gave rise to several questions of no\\nlittle interest, which excited unfriendly feelings between the two\\nnations, and which largely governed their policy. Debts due by\\nAmericans to British subjects, the payment of which had been\\nguaranteed. by the treaty, were not paid and, on the other hand,\\nthe slaves belonging to Americans, and who had been taken away\\nby British officers, were not restored. In consequence of these,\\nand other unsettled matters, when Baron Steuben was sent by\\nGeneral Washington to Sir Frederic Haldimand, at Quebec, to\\narrange for the occupation of these posts, with instructions to\\nproceed to Michigan, and along the line of the lake frontier, for\\nthe purpose of taking j)ossession of them, he was informed that\\nthey would not be given up, and was refused passports to Niagara\\nand Detroit.\\nIn addition to the retention of the western posts by the English,\\na new confederacy among the savages was organizing. In Decem-\\nber, 1786, a grand council of the different tribes was held near\\nthe mouth of the Detroit river. At this council were delegates\\nfrom all the nations inhabiting the Northwest. The principal\\nsubject of discussion appears to have been the question of bound-\\niSTew York, and on the first day of April in that year arrived in East\\nSaginaw, to manage their interests in that section. Although where East\\nSaginaw now stands was then a wilderness, he had the foresight to see\\nthat the time was not far distant wiien the great lumber resources of that\\nregion would build up a large and influential citj With this idea in\\nview, he at once went to work with the intention of permanentlj^ locating\\nthere. Being an energetic, christian young man, and faithful to the\\ntrusts consigned to his care, he soon built up an enviable reputation for\\nintegrity and good business qualities. Outsiders availed themselves of\\nhis knowledge and good judgment, and he rapidly became a prominent\\npurchaser and shipper of lumber. He is also largely interested in real\\nestate, and is intimately connected with the growth of his adopted city.\\nBeing of a retiring disposition, he has many times refused ofl3ces of\\npublic trust, which his fellow-citizens wished to bestow upon him.\\nHowever, he is very active in all educational affairs, and has served", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 327\\nary. It was contended by the Indians that the United States had\\nno right to cross the Ohio. This pending outbreak among the\\nsavages was undoubtedly the work of the English, who were again\\nseeking their aid to harass the Americans.\\nEngland set forth as a plea for retaining the western posts, that\\nthe extensive and valuable country in which they were situated\\nhad been ceded away through some oversight on the part of the\\ncommissioners, or from their ignorance of the geography of the\\ncountry and now, aided by the savages, they hoped to retain\\ntheir possessions in the West. It was at this juncture that Alex-\\nander McKenzie, an agent of the British government, visited\\nDetroit, painted like an Indian, and stated that he had just\\nreturned from the remote tribes of the upper lakes, who were all\\nin arms, and prepared to oppose the claims of the Americans to\\nthe western lands that large bodies of warriors had already\\nassembled, and that they were about to attack the infant settle-\\nment of Ohio. These stories, gotten up by McKenzie, succeeded\\nas he had desired. In 1794, an agent was sent from the Spanish\\nsettlements, on the banks of the Mississippi, for the same object,\\nand to hasten the organization of the Indian confederacy against\\nthe United States. Excited by his speeches, bands of savage war-\\nriors, armed with the tomahawk and scalping-knife, were seen\\nhastening toward the lake posts, and the great Indian confeder-\\nacy was formed against the Americans, equaling that constituted\\nseveral years as a member of tlie board of education of his city. As\\ncliairman of the building committee of that body, he has been very\\nefficient, as the many beautiful school-houses in East Saginaw, erected\\nunder his supervision, bear witness. He is now president of the board.\\nHe was married to Miss Caroline H. Smith, daughter of Hon. Jeremiah\\nSmith, of Grand Blanc, Michigan, on the 11th of January, 1859.\\nIn religious matters, Mr. Jones is liberal and generous, and takes a\\nprominent part in the advanceinent of all good works. From his indus-\\ntry he has secured a competencj^ which is freely used in comforting the\\nsick and supplying the wants of the poor. He is a true friend to indus-\\ntrious young men, and many have secured positions through his influence.\\nHe is truly one of that class of men that are an aid to the community in\\nwhich they dwell, and is recognized as one of the public spirited pioneers\\nand solid men of the Saginaw valley.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "328 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\na quarter of a century previous, under the great Pontiac, against\\nthe English themselves.\\nThe border incursions commenced immediately, and again the\\nwork of desolation reigned among the infant settlements on the\\nOhio. These outbreaks, which were believed to be the work of\\nthe British, induced the American government, in 1790, to send\\nGeneral Harmer, an able officer, with an army to quell them. He\\nadvanced against the hostile tribes with a force amounting to four-\\nteen hundred men but, imprudently dividing his army, he was\\ntaken by surprise and defeated by a body of Indians, led by Little\\nTurtle. Harmer having failed. General St. Clair advanced into the\\nIndian country, in 1792, with two thousand men. This army was\\ndefeated by a large body of Indians who lay in ambush, and com-\\npelled to retreat. Efforts were now put forth to increase the\\narmy and, in 1793, General Anthony Wayne succeeded St.\\nClair in the command of the western army. Advancing through\\nthe forest to the spot which had been rendered memorable by\\nthe defeat of St. Clair, he there constructed a fort, and called it\\nFort Recovery.\\nAdvaiiciug further into the wilderness, he found many Indian\\nvillages deserted. At the Rapids of the Maumee he erected\\nFort Deposit, where he stored his supplies. They were now\\nwithin a few miles of a British post, which had been garrisoned\\nby soldiers sent from Detroit, for the purpose of aiding the\\nIndians. General Wayne had been instructed to use his English\\nopponents according to the usages of war and, with a bold deter-\\nmination, he pushed forward to the enemy s fort. The Indian\\nforce, their whole strength being collected at this point, was, in\\nnumbers, about the same as that of the Americans, The Indians\\nwere stationed in a dense forest, and protected by the bank of the\\nriver and a breastwork of fallen trees, and they were disposed in\\nthree lines, within supporting distance of each other. The bat-\\ntle soon followed and, through stratagem, Wayne was successful,\\nand. completely routed the savages. He destroyed the Indian\\nvillages and corn fields on the banks of the Maumee, and pro-\\nceeded towards Fort Defiance. Before he left the battle ground,\\nhowever, he paraded his force in front of the British post, that", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 329\\nthey might see its strength while he advanced towards the\\nglacis, to examine the character of the position, and to ascertain,\\nas far as was possible, what were the intentions of the garrison.\\nThe American officers, as they drew near, could discover the Brit-\\nish soldiers, with matches lighted and standing by their guns,\\nready for any emergency that might arise. General Wayne\\nfinally concluded a treaty with the Indians, at Greenville, which\\neffectually broke up the whole confederacy.\\nIn 1795, a project was started, which, had it been successful,\\nwould have injured the interests of the West. Robert Randall\\nand Charles Whitney, of Vermont, in connection with several\\nmerchants of Detroit, entered into a compact, for the purpose of\\nappropriating to themselves a vast territory, comprising nearly\\ntwenty millions of acres, situated between Lakes Erie and Michi-\\ngan. The land was to be divided into a number of shares, and\\ndistributed among the purchasers and the members of Congress\\nwho should exert their influence in procuring the passage of the\\nnecessary law. But, as soon as the corrupt character of the plot\\nhad been discovered, the two principal projectors were brought\\nbefore the bar of the House of Representatives. On hearing the\\nevidence, Randall was discharged, but Whitney was fined the\\namount of the costs, and received a severe reprimand.\\nWayne s victory having broken the Indian power, and the\\ntreaty of Greenville binding them from further aggressions, the\\nIsland of Mackinaw and the fort of Detroit were surrendered\\nby the English, but the retiring garrisons, to show their spite,\\nlocked the gates of the fort, broke all the windows in the bar-\\nracks, and filled the wells with stones, so as to annoy the new occu-\\npants as much as was in their power.\\nIt was in the beginning of June, 1796, that Captain Porter,\\nwith a detachment of American troops, entered the fort, which\\nhad been previously evacuated by the British. The American\\nflag was displayed, and the dominion of the country peaceably\\ntransferred.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII.\\nWilliam Hull Appointed Governor of the Territory of Michi-\\ngan Tecumseh s Warriors Assembling An Army Raised in\\nOhio It Marches to Detroit Under General Hull War\\nDeclared Between England and the United States Hull\\nAdvaisCES intd Canada.\\nIt was a considerable time before tlie Territory of Michigan,\\nnow in the possession of the United States, was improved or\\naltered by the increase of settlements. The Canadian French\\ncontinued to form the principal part of its population. The\\ninterior of the country was but little known, except by the Indians\\nand the fur traders. The Indian title not being fully extinguished,\\nno lands were brought into market, and consequently the settle-\\nments increased but slowly. The State of Michigan at this time\\nconstituted simply the county of Wayne in the Northwest terri-\\ntory. It sent one representative to the legislature of that territory,\\nwhich was held at Chilicothe. A court of common pleas was\\norganized for the county, and the general court of the whole\\nterritory sometimes met at Detroit. No roads had as yet been\\nconstructed through the interior, nor were there any settlements,\\nexcept on the frontiers. The habits of the people were essentially\\nmilitary, and but little attention was paid to agriculture, except\\nby the French peasantry. A representation was sent to the gen-\\neral assembly of the Northwest territory at Chilicothe until 1800,\\nwhen Indiana was erected into a separate territory. Two years\\nlater Michigan was annexed to and continued to be a part of the\\nTerritory of Indiana until 1805, when, in the month of January\\nof that year, it was erected into a separate territory, and William\\nHull appointed its first governor.\\nWe will not interrupt the narrative here to notice the acts of\\nGovernor Hull s administration in detail, as this information will", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n331\\nbe found in succeeding chapters devoted to the political history of\\nMichigan.\\nWe have seen that Michigan had but just emerged from a suc-\\ncession of Indian wars, and now another was evidently preparing.\\nHON. JAMES F. JOY.\\nJames F. ,Ioy, of Detroit, was born at Durham, New Hampshire,\\nDecember 2, 1810.\\nHis father, a manufacturer of scythes and other implements, was a man\\nof iron muscles, large brain, and great mental as well as moral power.\\nLike all the strong men of New England, he appreciated the value of\\neducation, and a moral and religious culture for his children, and so he\\nlabored earnestly day by day that they might enjoy those advantages\\nwhich honest poverty had denied to him. He was a man who practiced", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "332 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThis was in the shaj^e of another confederacy, which was directly\\ninstigated by the English. The old story was revived, that the\\nAmericans were about to drive the Indians from the lands, that\\nthey might occupy them themselves. The chief projectors of this\\nwar were Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet. Tecumseh led\\nthe nations to war, while his brother, Elkswatawa, operated on\\nthe minds of the savages by means of superstition, and excited\\nthem to a high pitch of ferocity. These new troubles were indeed\\nnothing more than the Americans might have expected. The\\nIndians saw a new power encroaching upon the inheritance that\\nhad been handed down to them from their ancestors. It was not\\ndifficult, therefore, to unite them in one last desperate effort to\\nresist this usurping power. Their titles had been only partially\\nextinguished, and they complained that, where this had been done,\\nthe treaties had been unfairly conducted that the Indians had\\nbeen deceived that they were in a state of intoxication at the\\ntime they signed away their lands, and that, even under these\\ncircumstances, only a part of the tribes had given their consent.\\nThe dissatisfaction existing among them was artfully fomented by\\nhimself and taught his family all the virtues of the New England\\ncalendar.\\nHaving fitted himself for college with such aid as his father could give\\nhim, James F. Joy entered Dartmouth, and graduated therefrom in 1833,\\nhaving the rank of the first scholar of his class and winning the valedic-\\ntory assigned to him as such. From Dartmouth College, with all its holy\\nand inspiring associations and memories as the school of Webster and\\nChoate, and such men, and as the subject of Webster s grand constitu-\\ntional argument and most eloquent appeal to the supreme court, Joy went\\nto Cambridge, where, during the years 1833 and 1834, he had the benefit\\nof the teaching and example, and was cheered, encouraged and stimulated\\nby the friendship of Story and Greenleaf, and where he laid broad and\\ndeep the foundations for that great structure he has since reared thereon.\\nBeing poor, however, he was compelled to leave the law school and\\nenter the academy at Pittsfield as its preceptor, and while there he was\\nemployed as tutor in Dartmouth College, to instruct the classes in Latin,\\nwhich he did for a year, and then returned to the law school in Cam-\\nbridge, where he completed his studies and spent another year.\\nMr. Joy was a thorough classical scholar, and, during all the labors of\\nthe last thirty years, while engaged in his profession, or in those vast", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 333\\nthe agents of the Northwest Fur Company, who foresaw that if\\nthe Americans were permitted to occupy this country they would\\nbe cut off from a valuable portion of their trade while the\\nEnglish government, which ceded away this extensive tract with-\\nout any very definite idea of its resources, looked with complacency\\non any attempts made by the savages to retain it in their hands.\\nThe American pioneers of the West had, no doubt, slighted the\\nrights of the Indians, and wrongs had been inflicted which required\\ncorrection. Taking advantage of this, the traders and the English\\ngenerally were indefatigable in rousing the Indians to war. The\\nprophet commenced his mission in 1806, and did all that supersti-\\ntion could do to excite the fury of the Indians against the\\nAmericans. The plan for the league was not unlike that formed\\nby Pontiac. Tecumseh s plan was to surprise the posts of Detroit,\\nFort Wayne, Chicago, St. Louis and Vincennes, and to unite all\\nthe tribes from the borders of New York to the Mississippi. As\\nearly as the year 1807, the Shawanese chief and his brother, the\\nprophet, were actively engaged in sending their emissaries, with\\npresents and war-belts, to the most distant tribes, to induce them\\nrailroad enterprises which he has founded and constructed with such\\neminent ability and success, has never neglected to keep up, as far as\\npossible, his early studies. Although the railway king of the Northwest,\\nhe is more than this\u00e2\u0080\u0094 he is a ripe scholar, a man of great literary attain-\\nments and a most eminent and able lawyer, who, to-day, has few\\nsuperiors in this country in all that vast code of law that has grown up\\nas a part and parcel of the railway system of the United States, and is a\\nthorough master of constitutional law. Take him away to-day from his\\navocation as president of several long lines of railway, place him\\nat Cambridge, and he would be a most competent and able lecturer\\non the law; transfer him back to Dartmouth, and he would prove, even\\nnow, a thorough, capable teacher of Latin or nearly any other depart-\\nment of learning.\\nIn September, 1836, he came to Detroit and entered the law office of\\nHon. Augustus S. Porter. At that time, he was not worth a hundred\\ndollars in the world. During the year that he remained in the office with\\nMr. Porter, he attracted attention to his character for industry, steadiness\\nof purpose, devotion to business and high moral principles; and, when\\nadmitted in 1837, he at once entered on a fine and large practice.\\nSoon after he came to the bar, he became a partner of George F.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "3^4 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nto join in the confederacy and when the comet appeared in 1811,\\nthe latter artfully turned it to account, by practicing on the super-\\nstitions of the savages. On the 4th of May, a special mission,\\nconsisting of deputies from the Ottawas, was sent to a distant post\\nupon the borders of Lake Superior, and a grand council being\\nthere assembled, it was addressed by Le Marquoit, or the Trout.\\nHe told the Indians that he had been sent by the messenger and\\nrepresentative of the Great Spirit, and that he was commissioned\\nto deliver to them a speech from the first man whom God had\\ncreated, said to be in the Shawanese country. He then informed\\nthem what were the instructions of that Great Spirit in the suc-\\nceeding address I am the Father of the English, of the French,\\nof the Spaniards, and of the Indians. I created the first man,\\nwho was the common father of all these people as well as of our-\\nselves, and it is through him, whom I have awakened from his long\\nsleep, that I now address you. But the Americans I did not\\nmake. They are not my children, but the children of the evil\\nspirit. They grew from the scum of the great water when it was\\ntroubled by the evil spirit, and the froth was driven into the\\nPorter, a former banker, and a man of much practical business knowledge,\\nand to Mr. Joy he was invaluable. .Joy Porter soon became the\\nattorneys and counselors of the Dwights of Boston, Arthur and Frederick\\nBronson, of New York, and in 1847, when John W. Brooks came from\\nBoston to Michigan to purchase the then Detroit St. Joseph Railroad,\\nhe came consigned to Joy as the man to take the legal charge of all the\\nnegotiations and to act as counsel for the new stockholders in that great\\nenterprise. Brooks intrusted to Mr. Joy all the negotiations, and by him\\nthe purchase was made from the State, the acts drawn and passed, the\\npurchase money secured, and the Michigan Central Railroad, now one of\\nthe best in the woi-ld, was born into existence with Joy as the legal\\naccoucheur at its birth.\\nWith the completion of the new line to Chicago, he at once started to\\nextend it to the Missouri river, and, organizing the Chicago, Burlington\\nQuincy Railroad, he built up one of the most lucrative and best\\nregulated and managed roads in the United States. Not only has he built\\nthis grand road, but he has paid regular dividends and more than\\nquadrupled its stock out of its earnings. Instead of appropriating these\\nearnings to his own private wealth like the officers of many other similar\\ncorporations, he has given them all to the stockholders. Mr. Joy is", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "fliSTORY OF MICHIGAN. 335\\nwoods by a strong east wind. They are enormous, but I hate\\nthem. My children, you must not speak of this talk to the\\nwhites it must be hidden from them. I am now on the earth,\\nsent by the Great Spirit, to instruct you. Each village must send\\nme two or more principal chiefs, to represent you, that you may\\nbe taught. The bearer of this talk must point out to you the\\npath to my wigwam. I could not come myself to L Arbre\\nCroche, because the world is changed from what it was. It is\\nbroken and leans down, and as it declines the Chippewas and all\\nbeyond will fall off and die therefore, you must come to see me\\nand be instructed. Those villages which do not listen to this talk\\nwill be cut off from the face of the earth.\\nIt was through these means that the savages were roused to\\nattack the frontier settlemejQts of the West, and, later, to unite\\nwith the English during the memorable war of 1812,\\nIn 1805, as shown elsewhere, Detroit was destroyed by fire, and,\\non being rebuilt, the stockade was dispensed. But now that the\\nforests were again filled with hostile Indians, a new stockade was\\nconstructed around the new town of Detroit for its better defense.\\npresident and a director of the Michigan Central, president and director\\nof tlie Hannibal St. Joseph road, the Missouri River Council\\nBlufls Railroad and their different branches, and is an officer and stock-\\nholder in several others. He and Mi*. Brooks also organized the company\\nfor the construction of the St. Mary s Falls Ship Canal, connecting the\\nnavigation of Lake Superior with that of the lower lakes for all classes of\\nvessels a work of great national importance.\\nSince the close of the war, he has mainly devoted himself to the con-\\nstruction of railroads, for the most part in this State. It was through\\nhis efforts that the Detroit, Lansing Lake Michigan Railroad has thus\\nfar been completed. The road from Detroit to Bay City, and also the\\nChicago Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, extending from New Bufialo\\nto Pentwater, with branches to Grand Rapids, and Big Rapids, have also\\nbeen built by his means and influence. He did much also to promote\\nthe construction of the Grand River Valley, and the Jackson, Lansing\\nSaginaw roads, while at the same time also lie was engaged in similar\\nworks in Kansas and Nebraska. Perhaps it is not too much to say, that\\nno single man in the West has done so much to promote and push for-\\nward the public improvements and contributed so much to the develop-\\nment of the resources and wealth of the great West as he has done.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "S36 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn September, 1809, a special council of the Hurons was called\\nnear Brownstown, and, at the instigation of their principal chief,\\nWalk-in-the- Water, they freely spoke of their grievances to Gov-\\nernor Hull. The speech addressed by this chief to the Governor,\\nsetting forth the title of his tribe to a large tract of territory near\\nthe Detroit river, which was claimed by the United States, under\\nthe treaty of Greenville, shows how dissatisfied they were with\\nthis treaty, and with the encroachments of the American people.\\nIn the midst of all these evidences of war, the Territory of Michi-\\ngan remained in a comparatively defenseless state. There were\\nat this time, in the whole territory, but nine settlements of any\\nimportance nor were the inhabitants of these villages calculated\\nto show any considerable resistance to the approaching incursions\\nof the savages. These settlements were situated on the Rivers\\nMiami and Raisin, on the Huron of Lake Erie, on the Ecorse,\\nRouge and Detroit rivers, on the Huron of St. Clair, the St.\\nClair river, and the Island of Mackinaw. In addition to these\\nthere were, here and there, a group of huts belonging to the\\nFrench fur traders. The villages upon the Maumee, the Raisin,\\nand the Huron of Lake Erie, contained a population of about\\nMr. Joy s habits of mind and life are too rigid to allow him to be a\\npolitician, yet, at the commencement of the great war, he was induced\\nto go to the legislature of the State, where his ability and influence did\\nmuch to prepare the State for the great contest which was impending.\\nHe was chairman of the committee of ways and means, and had a large\\ninfluence in settling the financial policy of the State, which has since\\nrelieved it from all embarrassment, and enabled it rapidly to extinguish\\nits funded debt.\\nWhat his fortune is, no one but himself can state, but that it is very\\nlarge all nmst know; yet all his habits of life, his dress, his home, his\\nequipage, though rich and genteel, are simple and unostentatious. He\\nneither indulges in the use of tobacco or intoxicating liquors. He never\\nwastes his time in the follies of societj but devotes it to the improving\\nof his mind, making the most of every hour and achieving something\\nfor the future; and yet he has neither became a miser or a greedy lover\\nof money. As a member of the Congregational Church, he is consistent\\nand liberal; and as a father, he has watched carefully over his children,\\ngiving them all the benefit of a thorough education, and training them to\\nlives of industry and integrity.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n337\\nthirteen hundred the post of Detroit and the settlements on the\\nKivers Rouge and Ecorse, and on the Huron of Lake St. Clair, num-\\nbered about two thousand two hundred the Island of Mackinaw\\nabout one thousand. Detroit was garrisoned by ninety-four men,\\nHON. ALBERT MILLER.\\nAlbert Miller was born at Hartland, Windsor county, Vermont,\\nMay 10, 1810.\\nHis father, Jeremy Miller, who was of English descent, was a native of\\nMiddletown, Connecticut; and his mother was a native of Hartland, her\\nmaternal grandfather having been the first settler in that town, and her\\nancestors on her father s side were among those who landed at Plymouth\\nRock, in 1620.\\nJeremy Miller died in March, 1817, leaving the subject of this sketch,\\nwho was the youngest of four children, to the care of a devoted mother,\\n22", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "338 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nand Mackinaw by seventy-nine. Thus, the entire population of\\nthe State was only about four thousand eight hundred, four-fifths\\nof whom were French, and the remainder Americans.\\nAn Indian war being now apparent, a memorial was presented\\nto Congress, setting forth the defenseless condition of the Terri-\\ntory, and praying for aid from that body. This memorial\\nwas signed by the principal inhabitants of Detroit, and sent to\\nWashington on the twenty-seventh of December, 1811. Tecum-\\nseh had collected his warriors, and was now ready for action.\\nThe first hostile demonstration was in the shape of marauding\\nparties, going from one settlement to another and committing\\ndepredations.\\nOn the banks of the Kalamazoo river, a smith s forge had\\nbeen erected, where hatchets and scalping-knives were made by\\nthe savages and, at no great distance from this, the Indian\\nwomen were cultivating corn, with which to supply the warriors\\nwith food. All the plans having been fully matured, the contest\\nat length began, on the banks of the Wabash, at the Prophet s\\ntown. The Indian warriors from all quarters came to join\\nwitli but limited means and whatever success has attended him is\\nattributable alone to his own exertions and the judicious training received\\nfrom his mother.\\nUntil he was nine years of age, he attended the district school in his\\nnative town the three summer months of each year, and from that time\\nuntil he was eighteen, he attended six months in the year. At this age,\\nhe had acquired sufficient education to teach a district school, and occu-\\npied himself at that work the two succeeding winters. Determined to\\nreceive a thorough education, in 1830 he entered the Kimball and Union\\nAcademj^ at Meriden, New Hampshire, to prepare himself for college,\\nbut, within four weeks after entering the academy, he was prostrated by\\na severe illness, which so enfeebled him that he was obliged to give up\\nhis long cherished wish to obtain a collegiate education.\\nMr. Miller, upon recovering his health, decided to come West, and\\nstarted from his home on the 2d of September, 1830, and arrived in\\nDetroit, Michigan, on the 22d of the same month. The people of that\\ntown then pointed to its size with pride it contained 2,222 inhabitants.\\nBeing joined by his father s family in the spring of 1831, he located and\\nsettled on eighty acres of land at Grand Blanc, Genesee county. In 1833,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 339\\nTecumseh, and the English, on the opposite shores, looked on with\\ndeep interest upon what was passing, regarding the savages as\\nimportant allies in the conflict in which they expected shortly to\\nbe engaged.\\nA body of troops was collected in Ohio, consisting of about\\ntwelve hundred men, raised by order of the President of the\\nUnited States; and this number was largely increased by volun-\\nteers. These troops Avere formed into three regiments, under the\\ncommand of Colonels McArthur, Finelly and Cass and a fourth\\nregiment, about three hundred strong, under Colonel Miller, after-\\nwards joined them, the whole being under the command of Gen-\\neral Hull, the Governor of Michigan. With this force, General\\nHull marched from Dayton towards Detroit.\\nWhile under march, near the River Raisin, on the third of\\nJuly, 1812, General Hull received dispatches from Washington\\nCity, announcing the declaration of war against England. Two\\ndays after, they reached the River Huron, where a floating bridge\\nwas constructed, so that the entire army, with all the baggage and\\nstores, passed over in safety. On the fifth of July, the army passed\\nhe purchased from the government a tract of land on the east side of the\\nSaginaw river, at the junction of the Shiawassee and Tittabawassee rivers\\nwith it, and settled there in February of that year.\\nAt the spring election of that year, he was elected to an office which\\nconstituted him one of the inspectors of election for his township, and\\nduring his residence there of fifteen years, he was a constant member of\\nthe board of inspectors, and never absent from a single election. Upon\\nthe organization of the county of Saginaw, in 1835, he was appointed\\njudge of probate for the county, by Stevens T. Mason, then acting gover-\\nnor of the territory, which office he lield for nine years. He was also a\\njustice of the peace for the township of Saginaw for thirteen successive\\nyears. In 1847, he represented the county of Saginaw in the State legis-\\nlature. At this session, the capitol was removed from Detroit to Lansing.\\nHe was one of the committee of arrangements at the laying of the corner\\nstone of tlie new State capitol.\\nJudge Miller was married to Miss Mary Ann Daglish, of Detroit,\\nFebruary 6, 1838. Of this marriage, there has been six children, only\\none of whom is still living.\\nIn December, 1838, Judge Miller and wife both united with the Presby-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "340 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe Indian council ground at Brownstown, crossed the River\\nRouge, and encamped at Springwells, about three miles below\\nDetroit. The Fourth Regiment marched to the fort, and occupied\\nit, on the following day. The volunteers took up their position\\nnear the fort, and a movement was made to procure a large num-\\nber of boats, for the purpose of transporting the army into\\nCanada. Orders were accordingly issued for the army to be in\\nreadiness to cross the river early on the following morning; and,\\nat this time, the army moved up the river to a point opposite the\\nlower end of Hog Island. It was now daylight, of a delightfully\\nbright summer morning. The whole line entered the boats,\\nwhich had on the previous evening been taken from opposite the\\nfort, at a point near Sandwich, in order to mislead the enemy as\\nto the place selected for their advance. The army was not\\nattacked on landing in Canada, as they expected, and marched\\ndown the road along the bank of the river, to a point opposite the\\ntown, presenting a fine appearance from the opposite shore. The\\ninhabitants, nearly all Canadian French, welcomed the troops as\\nfriends, and white handkerchiefs and flags waved from every\\nterian church, and to-day they are still members of this denomination.\\nHe has materially aided the churches of the Saginaw valley from their\\ninfancy, and has twice represented the Presbytery of Saginaw in the\\ngeneral assembly at Philadelphia, in 1863, and in 1870.\\nJudge Miller is now residing at Bay City, where he caused the town of\\nPortsmouth to be laid out in 1836, and near where he built the second\\nsaw mill that was put in operation on the Saginaw river. He has resided\\nhere since 1848.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Judge Miller has always sustained the highest reputation for integrity,\\nand, as a consequence, has enjoyed the fullest confidence of the com-\\nmunities in which he has lived. He is gentle and affiible in his manner\\nto all classes; he has ever been in fellowship with the good, and full of\\nsympathy for the poor.\\nThough he has borne the burden and seen all the vicissitudes of pioneer\\nlife, he has not been demoralized by its vices nor prematurely aged by its\\nhardships. He is enjoying in competence a contented retirement. He\\nwitnesses with fatherly interest the varied activities that distinguish the\\nSaginaw valley, without permitting the serenity of his old age to be dis-\\nturbed by an unseemly greed and scramble for more wealth.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 841\\nhouse, and many greeted the army with shouts of, We like the\\nAmericans A vacant, unfinished, two-story brick house, belong-\\ning to Colonel Baby, with extensive grounds, became the head-\\nquarters and intrenched camp of the northwestern army in\\nA. W. WRIGHT.\\nAmmi Willard Wright, of Saginaw City, was born at Grafton, Ver-\\nmont, July 5, 1822.\\nHe emigrated to Michigan in 1850, remaining in Detroit for over a\\nyear. From here he removed to Portsmouth, now a part of Bay City,\\nwhere he settled in JSTovember, 1851, making that his home until 1852.\\nDuring the winter of 1852, he commenced his lumbering operations,\\nand has continued to deal heavily in this commodity ever since. In 1859,\\nhe entered the lumber manufacturing firm of Miller, Paine Wright,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "342 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nCanada. The roof of the house was shingled, the floors laid, and\\nthe windows in otherwise, it was entirely unfinished. A parti-\\ntion of rough boards was put up on each side of the hall, which\\nran entirely through the building. General Hull, with his aids,\\noccupied the north half of the house; General James Taylor,\\nQuartermaster-General of the array, with his two assistants, occu-\\npied the south side. The councils of war were held in the\\nsecond story, over the room occupied by the Commanding Gen-\\neral, access to which was had by a rough stairway. General\\nHull, and his son, Captain Hull, lodged, most of the time, at\\nheadquarters General Taylor, being unwell, lodged in Detroit.\\nWhile at these headquarters. General Hull issued a lengthy\\nproclamation to the people of Canada. In this document he\\npromised protection to life and property, if the inhabitants main-\\ntained a strict neutrality but that, if the barbarous policy of\\nGreat Britain, in letting loose the Indians to murder American\\ncitizens, was pursued, the war would become a war of extermina-\\nand after doing business for a number of years, -this firm was dissolved.\\nMr. Wright went into a co-partnership with J. H. Pearson, Esq., of\\nChicago, in the spring of 1865, under the firm name of A. W. Wriglit\\nCo. In June following the formation of this firm, their mill burned\\ndown, and they immediately rebuilt it on the old site on a much larger\\nscale, and with many improvements. Afterwards, they erected another\\nlarge mill, farther down the river, and carried on a very extensive lumber\\nmanufacturing business until they sold out their mill property. This\\nfirm still exists, but they are no longer engaged in the manufacture of\\nlumber.\\nMr. Wright stands in the front rank of the sterling business men of\\nthe Saginaw valley, and though shrinking from notoriety, has been a\\nleading spirit in many public enterprises. He was president of the\\nSaginaw St. Louis Plank Road Company; is treasurer, director and a\\nheavy stockholder in the Saginaw Valley St. Louis Railroad Company;\\nis a director in the Saginaw St. Clair Railroad; is vice-president and\\ndirector of the First National Bank; president and superintendent of the\\nTittabawassee Boom Company, and holds many other important business\\npositions.\\nIn manner, Mr. Wright is pleasant and social, of a kind disposition,\\nand possessed of a generous nature. He is benevolent to his employes\\nand ever enjoys their hearty good will.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 343\\ntion. He warned them that no white man caught fighting by the\\nside of an Indian would be taken prisoner, but would instantly\\nbe put to death and closed with the hope that the Divine Ruler\\nwould guidethem in their choice to a result most compatible with\\ntheir rights, interests and happiness. This address is said to have\\nbeen written by Governor (then Colonel) Cass.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV.\\nMiCHiLrMACKrNAC Removal op the Foet to Mackikaw Islakd\\nCondition of the Fort and Settlement in 1812 Captain\\nRoberts Expedition Captures the Fort The Garrison Sent\\nto Detroit The English Once More in Possession of Macki-\\nnaw.\\nLeaving Hull and his army at Sandwich, in Canada, we will\\nnow return to long-forgotten Michilimackinac. We have seen\\nhow, about one year after the massacre, the British again sent\\ntroops, under Captain Howard, to garrison the fort. After this,\\nthe next event that attracts our notice was the removal of the\\nfort. In 1779, a party of British officers from the post of Michili-\\nmackinac visited the Island of Mackinaw, which lies in the\\nstraits separating the two peninsulas of Michigan, for the purpose\\nof selecting a suitable site for the fort. This done, they gained\\npermission from the Indians to occupy it, and the fort was\\nremoved to the Island in the summer of 1780, the troops tak-\\ning possession July fifteenth. The removal of the inhabitants\\nfrom the mainland was gradual, and the fort, which was built\\non the site of the present one, was not completed until 1783.\\nIn 1795, when the British gave up Fort Mackinaw to the\\nAmericans, they repaired to the Island of St. Joseph, which is\\nsituated in the St. Mary s river, about twenty miles above\\nDetour, and there constructed a fort. At the commencement\\nof the war of 1812, the fort was garrisoned by a small detach-\\nment of British regulars, under command of Captain Roberts.\\nAt this time, the garrison of Fort Mackinaw consisted of only\\nfifty-seven effective men, under the command of Lieutenant\\nHanks. The walls, which had been built by the English in 1780,\\nand which are still standing, were surmounted by a palisade of\\ncedar pickets, about ten feet high, intended as a defense against\\nthe Indians. To make it impossible to scale this palisade, each", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n345\\npicket was protected at the top by sharp iron prongs. Through\\nit were numerous port-holes, through which a leaden shower of\\ndeath might be poured upon any foe that should come near.\\nTwo or three guns, of small calibre, were planted at convenient\\nHON. L. B. PARKER.\\nL. B. Parker, a prominent citizen and a leading physician of St.\\nClair county, was born at Moores, Clinton county, N. Y., July 19, 1818.\\nHis father was a man of limited means, and unable to give his children\\nsuch assistance as was essential to secure them a liberal education, but the\\nsubject of this sketch being well supplied with the never give up\\nprinciple, found means to give himself the instruction requisite in the\\nimportant positions he was destined to fill.\\nIn 1824, his father moved to Fairfax, Vermont, and here he attended\\nthe common school for some time and until a high school was opened at", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "346 GENERAL HISTORY^OF THE STATES.\\nplaces upon the walls, and one small piece in each of the three\\nblock houses, which are yet standing. The town, at the time, was\\nsmall. Except the old distillery, which stood upon the beach,\\nsome little distance from the present western limits of Shanty-\\ntown, no building had been erected west of the house recently\\noccupied by Mr. A. Davenport, and none east of the fort garden,\\nexcept one small shanty, which stood near the present site of the\\nold mission church. With one exception, the houses were all one-\\nstory buildings, built of cedar, and roofed with cedar bark. The\\nseveral traders then on the Island had each a store, and there\\nwas one dock, so called, which consisted of two cribs, filled with\\nstone, and connected with each other and with the beach by ten\\nlogs, placed side by side.\\nWhen war was declared, there was an unpardonable negligence\\non the part of the War Department, in not furnishing the west-\\nern frontier with information of that important event. Owing\\nto this negligence, the English opposite Detroit were in posses-\\nsion of the news before it reached the American side, and the\\nEnglish commander, taking advantage of that fact, hastened to\\nFairfax Centre, three miles distant, by Professor Hartwell Farrar. He\\nattended this high school two terms. Leaving home at fifteen years of\\nage, he, from that time, received no assistance, save from friends whom\\nhe had won by his manly exertions in his own behalf. Teaching school\\nwinters, he thus secured the means to attend the academy at St. Albans,\\nduring the summer seasons.\\nMr. Parker commenced his medical studies with Drs. Hall and Ballou,\\nof St. Albans, in 1839, and graduated at Castleton College, Castleton,\\nVermont, in June, 1843. He immediately commenced the practice of his\\nprofession at Cambridge, in the same State, where he remained two\\nyears and a half.\\nDr. Parker emigrated to Michigan in 1846, and settled in Newport (now\\nMarine City), St. Clair county, where he still resides. Here he soon built\\nup a large and lucrative business, and he is now one of the leading and\\nmost successful ph3 sicians in that county.\\nHe married Miss Jane Sparrow, of Algonac, July 6, 1852. Of this\\nmarriage, there has been seven children, six of whom are still living\\nfour boys and two girls\\nDr. Parker has ever taken an active part in politics, and, being educated\\na Democrat, he still advocates the principles of that party. Yet, he is not", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 347\\ntransmit the intelligence to all his outposts, and take such steps\\nas would best secure the interests of the British Crown. With\\nalmost incredible dispatch, a messenger was sent to the Island of\\nSt. Joseph, situated in St. Mary s river, bearing a letter to Cap-\\ntain Roberts, containing the information of the declaration of\\nwar, and also the suggestion of au immediate attack on Fort\\nMackinaw. Roberts was but poorly prepared for an enterprise\\nof such moment, yet, entering warmly into the views of his\\nsuperior officer, and being cordially supported by the agents of\\nthe Northwest Fur Company, he was not long in deciding upon\\nhis course. The Ottawas and Chippewas, two neighboring Indian\\ntribes, soon flocked to his standard in large numbers. The French,\\njealous of the Americans, still further augmented his strength\\nand, in the short space of eight days, he had a force, naval and\\nmilitary, of more than a thousand men at his command. On\\nthe sixteenth day of July, he embarked for Mackinaw.\\nBut all this was unsuspected by the little garrison and the\\ninhabitants of Mackinaw. The first intimation which they\\nreceived that all was not right was from the conduct of the\\na bitter party man, but lends his influence and aid to tlie support of\\nwhatever is patriotic and tends to produce harmony and advance the\\ncondition of the State and Union. During the rebellion, he was known\\nas a war Democrat, and did much to assist the government in its efforts\\nto sustain the Union. In 1848, he was nominated by the Deinocrats as\\ntheir candidate for representative in the State legislature from the first\\ndistrict of St. Clair county, but, that party being in the minority, he was\\nnot elected. He served as vice-president of the St. Clair count}^ agricul-\\ntural society one year, and, in 1860, was elected to the State senate from\\nSt. Clair county and served in that body during the sessions of 1861-62.\\nHe has also held a number of important offices in the village in which he\\nresides, and has taken a great interest in educational matters, being one\\nof the union school trustees and president of the board of education for\\na number of years.\\nDr. Parker is a man of strong determination, and performs his duties\\nwithout fear or favor. He is universally honest and upright in all his\\ndealings with his fellow men, and by his strict integrity and constant\\napplication to his profession, has secured an ample fortune, being now\\nengaged in lumbering, and is also the owner of some valuable vessel\\nproperty.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "348 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIndians. In obedience to the summons of Captain Roberts, they\\nwere going toward the Sault in large numbers. This caused\\nsome uneasiness, and Lieutenant Hanks, with the citizens of the\\nplace, made every effort to learn from them the object of their\\njourney. Several councils were called, but in vain. Seegeenoe,\\nchief of the Ottawas, was questioned closely, but not a word could\\nbe elicited from him which in any way explained their conduct.\\nFailing to get any satisfaction from the Indians, they next\\ncalled a public meeting of the citizens, where it was resolved to\\nmake yet another effort to unravel the mystery. One Mr. Dous-\\nman, an American fur trader, had, some time before, sent two of\\nhis agents into the Lake Superior region, to trade with the\\nIndians for furs. He had heard of their return to the Sault,\\nbut knew of no reason why they had not returned to his head-\\nquarters at Mackinaw. He, therefore, on the sixteenth of July,\\nunder the pretense of ascertaining the reason of their delay, but\\nreally to learn what it was that called so many of the Indians\\nin that direction, set out for the Sault. He had not gone far\\nbefore he learned the whole truth for, meeting Captain Roberts\\nexpedition, he was taken prisoner, barely escaping with his life.\\nIn the evening of the same day, when the expedition was near-\\ning the Island, it was proposed by Captain Roberts to send one\\nOliver, a British trader, to the people of the town, to inform them\\nof his approach, and conduct them to a place of safety. Mr.\\nDousman now urged upon Captain Roberts that the people\\nwould, perhaps, be slow to believe such a report from a stranger\\nand, anxious for the safety of his friends, asked leave to return on\\nthat mission himself This he was permitted to do, having first\\ntaken oath that he would not give information of their approach\\nto the garrison. He returned to the harbor, in front of the town,\\nand, an hour before day, proceeded to the house of Mr. A. R. Daven-\\nport, and rapped loudly at the door. Mr. Davenport, on learning\\nwho was at the door, rose hastily, and went out, where he learned\\nfrom his friend that ivai had been declared, and that the British\\nhad come to take the fort, being already upon the island. The\\nnews spread rapidly from one settler to another, yet the fort\\nremained in ignorance of danger, for none dare betray the secret.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n349\\nWord was circulated that if the citizens took refuge in the dis-\\ntillery, they would be safe. Like wild-fire, the message went from\\nmouth to mouth, until every man, woman and child were on their\\nway to the place of promised safety.\\nHON. G. D. WILLIAMS.\\nGARDffER D. Williams, late of the city of Saginaw, was a descendant\\nof a Welsli family. His ancestor, Robert Williams, settled in Roxbury,\\nMassachusetts, in 1638, only eighteen years after the arrival of the\\nMayflower.\\nThe branch of the family from which Judge Williams descended\\nremained in Roxbury for five generations. His father, Oliver Williams,\\nremoved to Concord, Massachusetts, about the year 1794, where the sub-\\nject of this sketch was born, September 7, 1804.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "350 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nMeanwhile, Captain Roberts proceeded to the northwest side of\\nthe Island, landed his forces, and began his march toward the\\nfort. At the farm near the landing they took possession of a\\nnumber of cattle, and, before the dawn of day, reached the hol-\\nlow which may be seen a short distance to the rear of the fort.\\nUpon a little ridge, which separates this hollow from the parade\\nground, they planted a gun in the road, and anxiously awaited the\\napproach of day. The dawn appeared, and the unsuspecting gar-\\nrison began to move. As Lieutenant Hanks looked out from his\\nquarters, he was surprised at the unusual quiet that prevailed in\\nthe town below. No smoke was seen curling from the chimney-\\ntops, and no footsteps were heard in the streets. This looked\\nstrange, and he ordered Lieutenant Darrow, with two men, to go\\ndown and ascertain the reason.\\nWhen this officer arrived at the distillery, the truth flashed\\nupon him. Under a strong guard which had been sent by Cap-\\ntain Roberts, the inhabitants of the place were awaiting the deci-\\nsion that would again make them subjects of the British Crown.\\nDarrow entered the distillery, and shook hands with its inmates\\nOliver Williams came to Detroit in 1807, leaving his family in Concord.\\nHe engaged in business there as a merchant, and was one of the largest\\ndealers in Detroit. He brought from Boston at one time, for his trade,\\n$64,000 in goods. About the year 1811, he built the sloop Friend s\\nGood Will, on board of which he visited Mackinaw in 1812. At that\\nplace, his vessel was chartered by the government to go to Chicago for\\nfurs. He proceeded to that place under the charter, and took on board\\nninety-nine packs of furs belonging to the government, besides a quantity\\nof his own. On his return voyage, his vessel was captured by the\\nBritish at Mackinaw, that post having capitulated in his absence. The\\ncapture was effected by a rnse of the enemy. On approaching the\\nfortress, Mr. Williams saw the American flag flj ing, and a sentry in\\nAmerican uniform on guard, and had no suspicion that the post had\\nchanged hands. He was undeceived only when too late to escape. He\\nlost his vessel and cargo; and it is little to the credit of the government\\nthat it never made up to him the loss. The British changed the name of\\nthe vessel to the The Little Belt. It was one of the vessels captured\\nby Commodore Perry, in the battle of Lake Erie.\\nThe family of Oliver Williams, including Gardner D., arrived at Detroit\\nNovember 5, 1815, where they continued to reside until 1819. At that", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 351\\nbut, when he started to return to the fort, the guards proposed to\\nmake him prisoner. Taking a pistol in each hand, and demand-\\ning permission to return, he faced the guards, and, followed by\\nhis men, walked backwards till beyond their reach, when he\\nreturned, without molestation, to the fort. But Lieutenant Hanks\\ndid not have to wait for the return of Darrow, to learn the state\\nof affairs below, for the sharp report of a British gun soon told\\nhim all. The report had scarcely died away, when a British\\nofficer, with flag in hand, appeared and demanded a surrender,\\nemphasizing the demand by a statement of the overwhelming\\nnumbers of the invading army, and a threat of indiscriminate\\nslaughter by the savages at the first motion towards resistance.\\nWhen the inhabitants of the town had been gathered under\\nguard at the distillery, Messrs. Davenport, Abbot, Bostwick,\\nStone and Dousman, who were among the leading citizens, were\\nadvised to go at once to the landing, and give themselves up to\\nColonel Dickinson, w^ho had been left at that point by Captain\\nRoberts, for that purpose. This they accordingly did. They\\nwere then urged by Colonel Dickinson to petition Lieutenant\\ntime, they removed to Silver Lake, in Oakland county, being among the\\nfirst to settle in that now populous and thriving county.\\nIn 1827, Judge Williams, accompanying his brother Ephraim L., went\\nto Saginaw and engaged, for the American Fur Company, in the fur\\ntrade. Here he continued to reside until his death, December 10, 1858.\\nDuring his eventful life, he held several important offices. He was a\\nmember of the first convention to form a constitution for the State of\\nMichigan. He was successivelj a member of each branch of the State\\nlegislature, commissioner of internal improvements, county judge, and\\ntreasurer of Saginaw county. He was the first mayor of the city of\\nSaginaw, and held that office at the time of his decease.\\nHe was no ordinary man. Though deprived of opportunities in youth\\nfor education, yet by native force of character he was equal to the\\nrequirements of all the positions he was called to occupy. He had broad\\nviews of public affairs, and enjoyed the full confidence of his fellow\\ncitizens. He was eminently honest, kind and genial. He was married\\nin 1829, and left three sons surviving him, who, continuing the lumber-\\ning business established by the father, and in which he was a pioneer,\\nhave amassed liberal fortunes. They are respected socially, and classed\\namong the best citizens of the Saginaw valley.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "352 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nHanks to surrender the fort at once, stating that the Indians\\nwould be entirely unmanageable in case there should be any\\nresistance. This they did promptly. Lieutenant Hanks position\\ncan now be easily imagined. Not having received intelligence\\nof the declaration of war, he was wholly off his guard, and unpre-\\npared to defend himself. The British troops, though less in num-\\nbers than the garrison under his command, had a position which\\ncommanded the fort, and were supported by nearly a thousand\\nIndian warriors, who had been instructed to show no mercy, in\\ncase that any resistance was made. Under these circumstances,\\nLieutenant Hanks surrendered the fort at once, and his men were\\nparoled and sent to Detroit.\\nSome have censured Lieutenant Hanks for his precipitate sur-\\nrender but, when it is considered that the first act of resistance\\nwould have been the signal for an indiscriminate massacre of the\\ngarrison, the justice of such censures may well be questioned.\\nAfter the surrender, the citizens were assembled at the Govern-\\nment House, and the oath of allegiance to the British Crown\\nadministered to them. They were generally willing to take the\\noath, but Messrs. Davenport, Bostwick, Stone, Abbot and Dous-\\nman refused to turn traitors. These men were immediately sent\\naway with the soldiers, and were not permitted to return till after\\nthe declaration of peace. Captain Roberts and his men were\\nhighly complimented by the British government, and richly\\nrewarded, for thus surprising and capturing the fort. Prize\\nmoney, to the amount of ten thousand dollars, was distributed\\namong the volunteers and soldiers, and merchandise and arms\\ngiven to the Indians.\\nHaving thus easily and cheaply succeeded in wresting from the\\nAmerican people one of their most important military positions,\\nthe English at once set about strengthening themselves in their\\nnew possession. Fearing that they would not be able to hold\\nwhat they had so easily gained, they hastened to construct a forti-\\nfication on the crowning point of the island, which, in honor of\\ntheir reigning sovereign, they called Fort George. The remains\\nof the old fort, afterwards called Fort Holmes, may still be seen.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV.\\nGeneral Hull s Cowardice He Evacuates Canada Alleged\\nTreason A Detachment Sent to Meet Colonel Brush The\\nFort Surrendered to the British Indignation of the Army\\nColonel Brush Escapes Detroit Again Under the British\\nFlag.\\nWe will now return to General Hull s army, at Sandwich,\\nCanada. Here the troops quartered for four weeks, during which\\ntime a detachment, under the command of Colonel McArthur,\\nmarched up the Thames river, and returned with large supplies\\nof flour, wheat, beef, cattle, and about a thousand sheep. The\\nlatter were all sent over the river, and Avere permitted to range at\\nlarge upon the extensive common back of the fort, where they\\nremained until after the surrender of the army, when they were\\nkilled by Indians, and the meat appropriated to their use. A\\nreconnoissance in force, under Colonels McArthur and Cass,\\nmarched to the vicinity of Maiden, where they dislodged a picket-\\nguard, posted at the bridge over the Canard river, fourteen miles\\nfrom camp, and four miles above Maiden.\\nAnother reconnoissance, by the Light Infantry and a small\\ndetachment of the Fourth U. S. Regiment, commanded by Cap-\\ntain Snelling, was made about the twentieth of July, by which it\\nwas ascertained that the enemy had withdrawn his outpost at the\\nCanard bridge, and had stationed a vessel, named the Queen Char-\\nlotte, ofi and near the mouth of the Canard river, in a position\\nof observation. A plan was formed by these officers and others\\nto construct some floating batteries, place a twenty-four pound gun\\nupon each, and, with the addition of a few gunners and sailors\\nthen in Detroit, to descend along the shore of the river on the\\nfirst dark night, and capture the Queen Charlotte. This project\\nmet with a refusal at headquarters, and all that could be obtained\\n23", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "854 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwas a permission to make a further reconnoissance, and ascertain\\nthe exact position of the vessel. In making this reconnoissance,\\nit was intended, if possible, to carry her by boarding, but the\\nattempt, for the want of the batteries and sailors, and owing to\\nthe night brightening after twelve o clock, did not succeed.\\nAt this time, the British had posted a small Indian force on\\nthe line of communication between Detroit and Ohio, and had\\ncaptured a bearer of dispatches from headquarters, as well as\\nprivate correspondence, which of course were taken to Maiden.\\nGeneral Hull, therefore, ordered Major Vanhorne, of the Second\\nRegiment of Volunteers, with two companies of infantry, a part\\nof a company of volunteer cavalry, together with a part of a rifle\\ncompany, to escort the mail and dispatches, as well as a few gen-\\ntlemen, belonging to the commissary department, returning to\\nOhio. He proceeded down the same road the army had marched\\nup on its approach to Detroit, and, on reaching a point nearly\\nopposite Maiden, about the center of Grosse Isle, was attacked,\\nand, after the loss of many brave men and officers, compelled to\\nretreat back to the fort. This, together with the reception at\\nheadquarters of the news that Fort Mackinaw had been captured\\nby Roberts, seemed to have shocked the commanding general,\\nand to have divested him of all control over his fears.\\nFrom the twentieth of July, the army was in hourly expecta-\\ntion of orders to march on Maiden. The enemy s weakness was\\nwell known, and it is believed that the English would have made\\nbut a small resistance. But time passed on, and no such orders\\nwere given. On the evening of the seventh of August, march-\\ning orders were given. At eleven o clock, tents were struck and\\nloaded, and the wagon train was moving but, instead of moving\\ndown the road, in the direction of the enemy, it was driven to the\\nlanding, and taken by ferry-boats across the river, and stationed\\non the common, north of the fort. Orders were issued during\\nthe night to break up camp, and the army recrossed to Detroit.\\nThis act created astonishment and indignation among the soldiers,\\nand it was freely whispered that General Hull had disgraced him-\\nself and the army.\\nThis act of Hull s is the more astonishing, when we consider", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "356 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthat the enemy s force was known to him to be slight, and hourly\\nbecoming weaker. It had already been reduced by desertion\\nfrom six hundred and sixty Canadian militia to one hundred and\\nsixty from one hundred Indians, under Tecumseh, to sixty, and\\nhaving but two hundred and twenty-five regulars. It was also\\nknown to Hull that the British officers had already sent their\\nmost valuable effects on board their vessels in the port, prepara-\\ntory to a precipitate evacuation of the post. Such were the forces,\\nand such the condition of the British. Now let us see what was\\nthe strength of the American army. According to the official\\nreport of the Brigade Major, acting as Adjutant-General of the\\narmy, the forces numbered 2,300 effective men, well supplied with\\nartillery, independent of the guns of the fort and advanced bat-\\nteries. As we have already seen, there was an abundance of pro-\\nvisions, and nothing was wanting to secure the most favorable\\naction of the troops. But, with this superiority of numbers, with\\nthe enemy already defeated with alarm. General Hull ingloriously\\nsurrenders Detroit and his whole army to a handful of English\\nBut we shall see more particularly how this was done. On the\\nninth of August a strong detachment was marched down the road,\\nwith orders to attack the enemy, who had crossed from Maiden\\nin force, and taken up a position nearly opposite the center of\\nGrosse Isle, cutting off the road of communication with Ohio.\\nThe detachment reached them at three o clock in the afternoon,\\nand immediately charged upon their lines, and drove them three\\nmiles to their boats, when, as it had become dark and was rain-\\ning, the most of them escaped to Maiden. In this action, some\\nsay that the forces were about equal but it is probable that the\\nAmericans had the strongest force. The British brought into the\\nfield a large part of their regulars, together with all the Indian\\ncontingent, the whole being under the command -of Major Muir.\\nThe following day, the American detachment, after sending for-\\nward the mails and dispatches, returned to the fort. The Ameri-\\ncans lost sixty-eight men in the battle the English loss was\\nsomewhat less. This action is known as the Battle of Browns-\\ntown.\\nThis fight developed the fact that a largely increased Indian", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n357\\nforce had joined the standard of Tecumseh, who had circulated\\nthe news of the fall of Mackinaw among the tribes, and sum-\\nmoned them to him with promises of plunder. Instead of sixty\\nmen under his command, he had now nearly six hundred and,\\nCOL. WM. L. P. LITTLE.\\nWilliam L. P. Little, one of the earliest pioneers of the Saginaw\\nvalley, was born in Avon, Livingston county, New York, Novem-\\nber 26, 1814.\\nHe was the second son of Dr. Charles Little, who made the first entry\\nof government lands on the Saginaw river, which entry comprised a\\nlarge portion of the territory now included in the corporation limits of\\nEast Saginaw.\\nHis son, the subject of this sketch, received a common school educa-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "358 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nby the sixteenth, seven hundred warriors had joined him, who,\\nas a body of savages, were probably never equaled for bravery.\\nA suspicion, strongly grounded and deeply felt, on the part\\nof the most active and intelligent of the volunteers, says Col. W.\\nS. Hatch, had now risen to such a point, that there was no\\nlonger any confidence reposed in the valor or patriotism of the\\ncommanding general. A consultation was held, and it was\\ndecided to get up a Round Robin a written document, signed\\nby names in a ring or circle, so as not to show who signed it first\\naddressed to the colonels of the Ohio volunteers, requesting the\\narrest or displacement of the general, and devolving the command\\non the eldest of the colonels, McArthur. This was on the\\ntwelfth of August, and on the following day it was reported that\\nan armistice, or, at least, a temporary cessation of hostilities, had\\nbeen agreed upon by the British authorities and the American\\narmies on the Niagara and northern frontier and that Major-\\nGeneral Brock, Governor of Upper Canada, an officer of high\\nreputation, had arrived at Maiden, to conduct operations in that\\nquarter.\\nThe suspicion and distrust of the army, says Colonel Hatch,\\ntion in the State of New York, and in early life developed to a remark-\\nable degree that indomitable energy, rare financial capacity\\niron win,\\nWith axe-like edge, unturnable,\\nand mathematical exactness in matters of business, which were his\\ndistinguishing characteristics throughout a long and ever crowded active\\nbusiness life.\\nMr. Little settled in Saginaw in 1836, and shortly afterwards was\\nappointed a colonel in the State militia. He went into the employ of the\\nSaginaw City Improvement Company in that year and remained with\\nthem until 1840, when he commenced mercantile business with his\\nbrother-in-law, Hiram L. Miller.\\nIn 1851, he removed to East Saginaw, and entered into partnership\\nwith Jesse Hoyt, in general merchandising. Their establishment being\\nconsumed by fire on the .5th of July, 1854, they closed up their business.\\nIn November, 1855, Colonel Little opened the banking office of W. L.\\nP. Little Co., in the then village of East Saginaw, and managed its\\nafTairs without tlie least aid from a cashier, teller, book-keeper, clerk or", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 359\\nwas increased by General Hull s peremptory refusal to allow\\nthat distinguished officer, Captain (afterwards Colonel) Snelling,\\nto cross the river in the night, to carry and destroy an unfinished\\nbattery, which was being constructed on the opposite bank, under\\nthe direction of Captain Dixon, of the Royal Artillery. This\\nwas the only battery of any consequence established by the\\nenemy, and the only one that injured the Americans. It opened\\non the afternoon of the fifteenth, and continued its cannonade\\nduring the morning of the sixteenth, when one of its balls struck,\\nand instantly killed. Lieutenant Hanks, who had been in com-\\nmand at Mackinaw. The same ball passed on and mortally\\nwounded Surgeon Reynolds, of the Third Regiment of Volun-\\nteers.\\nOn Thursday, August thirteenth, it was absolutely necessary\\nthat the greatest vigilance should be maintained, and that the\\noutlying pickets should be largely increased. At eleven o clock\\nof this evening a boat was discovered approaching the fort from\\nthe Canadian side of the river, and, as it neared the shore, two\\nmen were noticed sitting aft, and two more at the oars. On being\\nchallenged, the boat came up, and one of the gentlemen gave the\\ncountersign. He was well known, and known to have the con-\\nmessenger, for one year. This was the first banking house on the Saginaw\\nriver. At the expiration of that time, Mr. James F. Brown, the present\\npresident of the Merchants National Bank of East Saginaw, entei ed into\\nthe employ of the firm, and together they conducted the business for\\nthree years, when other help was required, and Mr. Douglass Hoyt was\\nmade assistant cashier. From this time, the business of the firm rapidly\\nincreased, and, on January 1st, 1806, it opened as the Merchants National\\nBank of East Saginaw, with Colonel Little as its president; James F.\\nBrown, cashier, and Douglass Hoyt, assistant cashier. Aside from\\nColonel Little s banking business, he was largely engaged in real estate\\nand general commercial transactions. He was also largely interested in\\nthe development of the salt interest, and was one of the heaviest dealers\\nand manufacturers of lumber in the Saginaw valley. Every local\\nimprovement, both of a public and private nature, secured his influence\\nand aid.\\nAt the first charter election of the city of East Saginaw, held in March,\\n1859, Colonel Little was elected to the mayoralty by a handsome major-\\nity, notwithstanding that the Democratic party, with which he always", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "360 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nfidence of the commanding general more than any other officer,\\nsays the same authority, already quoted, and, in almost every\\ninstance, had been intrusted with the duty of intercourse by flag\\nwith the enemy. The other gentleman appeared, as near as could\\nbe judged by the dim light, to be young, well formed, and of mili-\\ntary bearing. They directed their steps to the headquarters of the\\ncommanding general, remaining there three hours. They then\\nreturned to the boat, and crossed to the Canadian shore. The\\nboat came back but one of the gentlemen only was with her.\\nHe gave the word, and passed on. At that time, on that night,\\nthe capitulation of the fort and the surrender of the northwestern\\narmy was agreed upon. The jDarties to that agreement were\\nGeneral Hull, and, on the part of the British, Major Glegg, one\\nof the aids-de-camp of General Brock.\\nColonel Hatch further substantiates his views as follows This\\nis a historic fact, which Major Glegg, if alive, will corroborate, as,\\nafter the war, in 1815, at a hotel in Philadelphia, he communi-\\ncated his participation in the act, as above stated, to the late\\nQuartermaster-General of the northwestern army, General James\\nTaylor, of Newport, Kentucky.\\nPrevious to this time, a reinforcement of two hundred and\\nacted, was then in the minorit} in the city. The duties of this position\\nhe discharged with zeal and fidelity.\\nUnder President Buchanan s administration, he held the position of\\nreceiver of the United States land oflice, Moses B. Hess being the\\nregister, and it was mainly through the efforts of these gentlemen that\\nthe transfer of that oflBce from Flint to East Saginaw was effected.\\nJust past the meridian of life, in full possession of every comfort and\\nluxury wealth could bestow tlie result of years of unremitting toil\\nsurrounded by associates ever ready to yield an unquestioning assent to\\nthe suggestions of his ripe judgment and experience; happy to all appear-\\nance in the possession of an attractive home, an affectionate family and\\na devoted circle of relatives and friends; a fearful malady seized his\\nover-worked brain filled for the time with clouds and shadows and in\\nan instant of temporary hallucination of mind, that terrible energy of\\ncharacter which had so often before seemingly wrought miracles in his\\nbehalf, was turned to the horrid work of self-destruction. This tragical\\nevent occurred on Monday, the !)th of December, 1867, and his funeral\\nwas conducted by the Masonic fraternity on the following Wednesday.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 361\\nthirty men, under the command of Colonel Henry Brush, of Chilli-\\ncothe, Ohio, conveying supplies, including one hundred head of cat-\\ntle, had arrived at the little French settlement at the crossing of the\\nRiver Raisin, thirty-five miles from the fort. Here they halted,\\nBRADFORD SMITH.\\nBkadford Smith was born at Moira, Franklin county, New York, on\\nthe 15th of November, 1820.\\nHe is a lineal descendant of William Bradford, of Mayflower\\nmemory, who was for thirty years Governor of Plymouth Colony.\\nHe is a graduate of St. Lawrence Academy, and was connected with\\nOberlin College, in the capacity of pupil and teacher, for four years,\\nreceiving the degree of A. M. from that institution in 1870. As early as\\n1853, he moved to Detroit, where he has ever since resided.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "362 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nin consequence of the threatening attitude of the enemy, and\\nreported to the commanding general, who issued orders on the\\nafternoon of Friday, the fourteenth of August, for a detachment\\nof about three hundred and sixty men, under command of the\\ncolonels of the First and Third Kegiments of Ohio Volunteers,\\nto march at twilight on the line of a circuitous route or trail,\\nwhich passed by the River Rouge, several miles above its mouth,\\nand continued far into the interior, passing the Huron, and\\nstriking the Raisin, and passing down that stream to French-\\ntown. Accompanying the order was the information that Colonel\\nBrush had been ordered to move from his camp up this route,\\nand would doubtless be met between the Rouge and the Huron,\\nand at a distance not exceeding twelve miles from the fort but\\nthe detachment was to continue its march till he was met.\\nThe officers of the detachment, says Colonel Hatch, believ-\\ning that they would meet Colonel Brush and party, and return\\nwith it to Detroit by two or three o clock A. m. and, desiring\\nthe troops to march light and rapid, directed that no food or bag-\\ngage be taken along, not even their blankets, nor would they\\nremain for supper. This order, at the time, excited no particular\\nsuspicion. The course adopted was attributed to timidity, over-\\nSince his removal to Detroit, he has had much to do with the educa-\\ntional interests of the city. Fifteen years of his life have been devoted to\\nteaching. Eight years of this time, he was principal of what is now\\nknown as the Houghton school, and superintendent of the schools\\nconnected therewith. He has also been a member of the board of\\nmanagers of the Young Men s Christian Association, and was president\\nof that society for two years. He was also chairman of the employment\\ncommittee of the Young Men s Christian Association, and as such has\\nproved a most useful member of Society. Hundreds of j oung men\\nacknowledge their indebtedness to him for their first start in life. No\\nworthy young man ever appealed to him in vain for reasonable aid, or\\nassistance to obtain employment. He takes a livelj^ interest in all public\\nimprovements of the city and State of his adoption, particularly those\\nwhich tend to render them beautiful, healthful and attractive. But his\\nchief delight is in improvements of an intellectual, moral and religious\\ncharacter, especially such as promote the culture of the young. He\\nbelieves in education, sanctified by the spirit of truth, free from all sec-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 363\\nruling sagacious and prompt military conduct on the part of the\\ncommanding general. But here all were deceived, as no order\\nhad been sent to Colonel Brush to move in the direction stated,\\nor to move at all. The sole object of the movement was to\\nreduce the active force at the fort, preliminary to carrying into\\neffect the capitulation which had already been agreed upon, to\\nget rid of a large number of officers and men known to be keenly\\nsensitive to an honorable success, and had been openly hostile to\\nthe inaction of the army when in Canada, and to the recrossing\\nthe river and who, if present, would have resisted, to the extrem-\\nest point, regardless of all or any consequences, any attempt to\\nsurrender the fort or the army.\\nThe detachment left the fort at dusk, and entered the woods\\njust in rear of the common. They continued their march until\\nthirty-five miles from Detroit, when, ascertaining that Colonel\\nBrush had not started from his camp, they returned. As they\\nneared the fort a brisk cannonading was heard, from which it was\\nsupposed that the enemy had crossed the river below the town,\\nand made an attack on the fort. If the firing had continued\\nuntil the detachment had reached the little settlement on\\nthe River Rouge, says the same authority, it would have\\ntarian bias. He is ever found, as time will allow, in the various schools\\nof the city, cheering the teachers in their noble vocation, and inspiring\\nthe pupils by words of counsel and encouragement. On the Sabbath, he\\nis in the Bible class, studying, as he says, the Book. He is also one\\nof the board of trustees of the Mayberry avenue mission now the\\nCalvaiy Presbyterian Church.\\nAs a business man, he is ever prompt, reliable and efficient, carrying\\ninto his every day transactions the principles of morality and Christi-\\nanity, which form the guiding star of his existence. His benevolence is\\nonly bounded by his ability to give relief to the needy or assistance to\\nworks of charity. It is not too much to say that, in proportion to his\\nmeans, he gives in charity as much as any other man in Detroit.\\nHe never aspired to political honors, rather choosing to be the means\\nof doing good, and assisting others, in the private walks of life. In the\\nfall of 1878, however, he was nominated for mayor of Detroit, on the\\nProhibition ticket, but, at his own earnest solicitation, his name was\\nwithdrawn.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "364 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nentered by the Springwells road, and have come in on the left\\nflank and rear of the enemy and, doubtless, as we believed,\\nwould have captured the entire of the British forces, as they\\nwould have been between the fires of our volunteers in front\\nof the fort, and ours in their rear. Entertaining these exhilarat-\\ning hopes, although without food for so long a time, the troops\\ncomposing this detachment, without exception, appeared stimu-\\nlated by the anticipated and hoped for conflict. With these high\\nand cheering expectations, they not only marched in double-quick\\ntime, but actually kept up with the slow trot of the horses for at\\nleast twenty miles, when the cannonading ceased. We resumed\\nthis unusual march, and, without once halting until we arrived,\\nat about midnight, at the edge of the woods which we had entered\\nthe night before when to our utter astonishment and indigna-\\ntion, we beheld the British flag floating from the flag-stafi of the\\nfort, and the Indians in the extensive common before us, taking\\nhorses and cattle.\\nThe fort of Detroit and the northwestern army had been sur-\\nrendered. The detachment that we have just followed was also\\nincluded, as well as that under Colonel Brush, at the Raisin.\\nColonel Brush, however, decided that he would not be surren-\\ndered. He detained the British flag, sent to inform him of the\\ncapitulation, only long enough to obtain supplies for his soldiers,\\nand the whole force was then started for Ohio, which they\\nreached in safety.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVI.\\nThe British Celebkating their Success at Detroit Account of\\nGeneral, Brock s Expedition against Detroit Scenes and Cir-\\ncumstances IN AND ABOUT DETROIT AFTER THE SURRENDER TnE\\nMassacre at Chicago Commodore Perry on Lake Erie\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Har-\\nrison s Campaign Recapture of the Western Posts, including\\nDetroit, by the United States.\\nOn the 17th day of August, at noon, the British celebrated\\ntheir success by firing a salute. General Brock and his aids appear-\\ning in full dress. They used on this occasion one of the brass\\nsix-pounders belonging to the fort, which had been taken at the\\ngreat revolutionary triumph at Saratoga, on the IGth of October,\\n1777, which was recorded on it in raised letters of brass. The\\nsalute was responded to by the Queen Charlotte, which came\\nsweeping up the centre of the river, replying to each discharge.\\nThis same brass field piece came again into the possession of the\\nAmericans at the battle of the Thames.\\nLet us now return and follow General Brock through the short\\ncampaign. He arrived at or near Maiden on the 12th of August,\\nwhere he found everything looking prosperous for the English\\ncause. General Hull had already broken up his camp, and\\nrecrossed the river on the night of the 7th and morning of the\\n8th. He also received, at the same time, the additional and most\\ngratifying intelligence, obtained from intercepted dispatches, that\\nGeneral Hull had, at a council of war, held prior to this date,\\nspoken of the probability of his having to capitulate at no dis-\\ntant day.\\nOn the thirteenth he reconnoitered the position of his enemy\\nand receiving, whilst at the little village of Sandwich, a flag from\\nGeneral Hull, with some excuses as to the burning of a house\\nin the afternoon after his evacuation of Canada, detained the flag\\nuntil late at night, and then dispatched his aid. Major Glegg, with", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "366 GEITERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe return flag to General Hull, demanding a surrender of the\\nfort and army in the following language Sir, the forces at my\\ndisposal authorize me to require of you the immediate surrender\\nof Fort Detroit. It is far from my inclination to join in a war\\nof extermination but you must be aware that the numerous\\nbody of Indians, who have attached themselves to my troops, will\\nbe beyond my control the moment the contest commences.\\nOn the fifteenth. General Brock established his headquarters\\nat Sandwich, and made his arrangements for crossing the river.\\nOn the sixteenth, he crossed the river, formed in column, and\\nmarched up to within one mile of the fort, and halted. His\\nIndian force, organized and led by Tecumseh, under the command\\nof Colonel Elliott and Captain McKee, landed one mile below,\\nand moved up in the edge of the woods west of the common,\\nkeeping a mile and a half distant. The strength of his force,\\naccording to his report to Lieutenant-General Prevost, was as\\nfollows Royal Artillery, 30 men Forty-first Regiment, 250\\nRoyal Newfoundland Regiment, 50 militia, 400 and about 600\\nIndians making a total force of 1,330 men, with three six-\\npounders and two three-pounders.\\nWe will now read the reply of General Hull to General\\nBrock s demand for the surrender of the fort I have no\\nother reply to make than to inform you that I am prepared to\\nmeet any force which may be at your disposal, and any conse-\\nquences which may result from any exertion of it you may think\\nproper to make, etc. This bold reply contrasts strangely with\\nhis act of the following morning, when he invited the enemy to\\nreceive his surrender of the fort and army, without even firing\\na gun.\\nThere is a mystery surrounding this surrender. If we say it\\nwas brought about through cowardice, how shall w^e explain away\\nthe sending out of the detachment to meet Colonel Brush\\nGeneral Hull is chargeable with cowardice or treason. The\\nreader must judge for himself between these two ofienses, or say\\nthat it w^as probably both.\\nGeneral Brock lost no time in returning to the Niagara fron-\\ntier. Paroling the volunteers not to serve until exchanged, fur-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n367\\nnishiDg them with boats and vessels to pass the lake to Cleveland,\\nsending General Hull and the regular troops to Montreal, and\\nhis militia to their homes, issuing his proclamation to the inhabit-\\nants of his conquered territory, and leaving Colonel Proctor in\\nSPENCER BARCLAY.\\nSpencer Barclay, one of the most extensive business men in Michi-\\ngan, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, on the 22d of June,\\n1835. In that State, he carried on the meat pacliing business for four\\nyears, tlien changing, he commenced as a mercliant, in which occupation\\nhe remained seven years.\\nMr. Barclay emigrated to Michigan in 1855, settling in Grand Rapids\\nduring September of that year. He at once started in the mercantile\\ntrade, which he followed for three years with a somewhat varied success.\\nAfterwards, he removed to Ionia, where for the same length of time he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "868 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncommaud, he went on board the Queen Charlotte, and on the\\nnext day, the eighteenth, sailed down the lake, stopping at Fort\\nErie and Fort George, arriving in triumph, on the twenty-second,\\nat his seat of goverment, which he had left on the fifth.\\nIn this short period of twelve days he had moved two hundred\\nand fifty miles against his enemy, efiected a surrender of a strong\\nfort an-d well equipped army of 2,300 efiective men, and one of\\nthe territories of the United States.\\nA provisional government was established by the British at\\nDetroit, and a small force placed in the fort. The Indians, who\\nwere numerous, and claimed large rewards for their cooperation,\\nand who were but slightly, if at all restrained by the garrison,\\ncarried plunder and devastation into almost every house, and\\nthrough almost every farm in the Territory. The miserable\\ninhabitants had no alternative but to submit, or incur the hazard\\nof more aggravated outrage. Most of the citizens of Detroit were\\nsent into exile, and distress and ruin appeared to be the inevitable\\nlot of all.\\nContemporaneously with these events on the eastern side of the\\npeninsula of Michigan, another disaster, rendered memorable by\\nthe folly which led to it and the blood which accompanied it,\\noccurred on the western side, under the walls of Chicago. While\\nyet in Canada, General Hull, actuated, no doubt, by the aj^pre-\\nhensious which made him regard all things under his control with\\ntrembling anxiety, sent orders to Captain Heald, who commanded\\nat Chicago, to evacuate that post, and retreat to Fort Wayne.\\nEvery order of this unfortunate general appeared to be pregnant\\nwith misfortune. That which was issued at this time to Captain\\nHeald, involved a garrison, which had ample means of defense at\\nits post, in disgrace and blood.\\nwas again engaged in the packing business. From here, he moved to\\nEast. Saginaw in 1862, and commenced the same business that he followed\\nin the latter place, having only $900 as a capital. However, he went to\\nwork with renewed zeal and a determination to succeed, and success has\\nnobly crowned his efforts, as he is now doing a business of from $75,000\\nto $100,000 per year, which is the result of an undivided and earnest\\nattention to business, aided by a keen penetration and a sound judgment.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n369\\nThe order for evacuation was received on the ninth of August.\\nCaptain Wells, of the Indian department, who, with a few faithful\\nMiamis, was to guide the retreat, mistrusting the fidelity of the\\nPottawattamies, recommended an immediate evacuation, before\\nHON. T. J. CAMPAU.\\nTheodore J. Cajipau, the fifth son of the late Joseph Campau, was\\nborn in Detroit.\\nOn his return from college at Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1846, he entered\\nhis father s office and remained there sixteen years. He was a young\\nman of energy and good business habits, possessing the entire confidence\\nof his father. Having had the advantage of sixteen years experience in\\nthe management of the estate during his father s life-time, it made him\\nfamiliar with all the details of it, every house being described in his rent\\nbooks. The antecedents, recommendations and disadvantages of his\\n24", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "370 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthat tribe should have time to concentrate around the fort. His\\nrecommendation was disregarded, and, in a short time, more than\\nfour hundred of them had collected in the neighborhood. In\\norder to secure their forbearance, a promise was made to them\\nthat all of the surplus stores should be left at their disposal.\\nCaptain Heald prudently foresaw that large quantities of whisky\\nand powder, such as were then on hand, might be dangerous\\ngifts to the Indians, and resolved to destroy clandestinely as much\\nof them as possible before the evacuation. He, accordingly,\\nduring the nights when the Indians were not present, threw most\\nof the powder into a well, and wasted a greater part of the\\nwhisky. The Indians are said to have obtained some intima-\\ntion or knowledge of these nocturnal transactions and, regarding\\nthem as an infringement on their rights, may have then conceived\\nthe plan of vengeance which they afterwards so fearfully exe-\\ncuted. After the Pottawattamies had assembled in such num-\\nbers, both Captain Wells and Mr. Kenzie (who was an Indian\\nagent at the place, and knew well the character and feelings\\nof these Indians) represented to Captain Heald that a retreat\\nwould then be unsafe. But their representations had no effect.\\nHe had neglected to make it at a time when no obstacles were\\nin the way, and by delaying, in order to destroy the surplus\\ntenants were always entered with a full description of the property\\nrented. The labor of doing this was immense, but the system was com-\\nplete and the information needed always on hand. Every lease granted\\nby him and every receipt taken is regularly indorsed and alphabetically\\nfiled away for each year.\\nHe continues to occupy the old homestead, 140 Jefferson avenue, as\\nhis office, it being one of the parcels allotted to him as his share of his\\nfather s estate.\\nMr. Campau has held many positions of trust and honor, being a mem-\\nber of the State legislature for two years. He was appointed to the\\nDemocratic national convention, held at Chicago on the 2J)th of August,\\n1864, which nominated General George B. McClellan for the presidency.\\nHe once received and declined the nomination for school inspector of his\\nward in the city of Detroit, and, in 1862, was twice nominated alderman\\nof his ward, but declined each time. In 186:3, he received the nomina-\\ntion for mayor of Detroit, and withdrew in favor of K. C. Barker, who", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 371\\nwhisky and ammunition, had deprived himself of the means\\nof remaining, when it had become prudent and proper to do so.\\nOn the fifteenth of August, the garrison, consisting of fifty-four\\nregular troops and twelve militia -men, together with several\\nfamilies, evacuated the fort. When about a mile on its march,\\nCaptain Heald observed that the Indians were preparing for an\\nattack, and made dispositions for defense. A short conflict\\nensued, in which about one-half of the garrison, and some women\\nand children, were killed, when Captain Heald surrendered. The\\nfort was burnt by the Indians the next morning, and the prison-\\ners were distributed among the bands.\\nThe most distinguished victim of this short and sanguinary\\naction was Captain Wells. In his chagrin and despondency at\\nthe fate which the willfulness and blindness of Captain Heald\\nwas bringing upon the whole retreating party, he had, according\\nto the custom of the savages under such feelings, blackened his\\nface, and was thus found among the slain. We have already\\nalluded to his services and gallantry in General Wayne s cam-\\npaign. His singular and eventful life, the energy and boldness\\nof his character, entitle him to a passing notice. He was, while\\na child, captured by the Indians, and became the adopted son\\nof Little Turtle, the most eminent forest warrior and statesman\\nwas elected by an overwlielming majority. He was chairman of the\\nDemocratic city convention in 1863, and again in 1865. In 1864, he was\\nappointed administrator of his father s estate; he was elected chairman\\nof the second senatorial district Democratic committee in 1864 and 1866,\\nand chairman of the first congressional Democratic committee four years\\nfrom 1866 to 1870. In 1864, and again in 1866, he was nominated to\\nthe oflSce of State senator, but declined the honor. He was appointed,\\nin 1871, a commissioner of the plan of the city of Detroit, and also one\\nof the committee on the location of the Detroit park.\\nVery manj^ of our past and present prominent men owe their position\\nto Mr. Campau. He is considered one of the most influential men of the\\nDemocratic party in Detroit, as well as a leading spirit among its mem-\\nbers. Mr. Campau is a prudent, sagacious and trustworthy gentleman,\\nand a true Democrat. In social life, he is modest and unassuming;\\ncharitable to a fault, punctual to his engagements, but in business an\\nautocrat in bearing.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "372 GiENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof his time. In the defeats of Harmer, on St, Clair, he took a\\ndistinguished part, commanding, in the latter action, three hun-\\ndred young warriors, who were posted immediately in front of the\\nartillery, and caused much carnage among those who served the\\npieces.\\nAfter this sanguinary affair, his forecast led him to anticipate\\nthe final ascendency of the whites, who would be roused by these\\nreverses to such exertions as must be successful, with their pre-\\nponderance of power and he resolved to abandon the savages.\\nHis mode of announcing this determination was in accordance\\nwith the simple and sententious habits of a forest life. He was\\ntraversing the woods in the morning, with his adopted father,\\nLittle Turtle, when, pointing to the heavens, he said When\\nthe sun reaches the meridian, I leave you for the whites and,\\nwherever you meet me, in battle, you must kill me, as I shall\\nendeavor to do the same with you. The bonds of affection and\\nrespect which had bound these two singular and highly gifted\\nmen together were not severed or weakened by this abrupt declar-\\nation. Captain Wells soon after joined Wayne s army and, by\\nhis intimacy with the wilderness, his perfect knowledge of the\\nIndians haunts, habits, and modes of warfare, became an invalu-\\nable auxiliary to the Americans. He served faithfully and fought\\nbravely through the campaign; and, at the close, when peace\\nhad restored amity between the Indians and the whites, rejoined\\nhis foster-father, Little Turtle, and their friendship and connec-\\ntion was broken only by the death of the latter. When his body\\nwas found among the slain, at Chicago, the Indians are said to\\nhave drunk his blood, from a superstitious belief that they should\\nthus imbibe his warlike endowments, which had been considered\\nby them as preeminent.\\nDuring the fall and winter succeeding these events. General\\nHarrison had been collecting an army, for the purpose of recover-\\ning the northwestern frontier. Having advanced as far as San-\\ndusky, he detached General Winchester, in advance, to the\\nMaumee. General Winchester sent forward a foraging party as\\nfar as the River Raisin, which reached that place on the eighteenth\\nof January, 1813, and dislodged a body of Indians found there.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n373\\nThe next day, General Winchester, with his main body, joined\\nthis advance, having a force of about one thousand men. He\\nencamped on the left bank of the river; but, although fore-\\nwarned of the approach of a hostile party from Maiden, it does\\nHON. T. J. CAMPAU S RESIDENCE.\\nThe above illustration of Mr. Campau s residence shows that he lives\\nin a style becoming his wealth and position. His brick mansion, situated\\nat 500 Jefferson avenue, was erected by himself in 1869, and is furnished\\nin princely style. The stables, which contain a fine assortment of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "374 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnot appear that lie made any disposition of his troops to meet the\\nemergency. On the twenty-second, early in the morning, his\\ncamp was attacked by the British and Indians. Portions of the\\nline defended themselves with obstinacy and success, particularly\\nthe left, under Major Madison. General Winchester himself\\nhad taken lodgings on the opposite side of the river, at some dis-\\ntance from the scene of action and it is said that he was cap-\\ntured before he joined his troops. Being without any general\\ndirection, the line, with the exception before mentioned, soon fell\\ninto confusion and gave way, retreating across the river but the\\nsavages, who anticipated such a movement, were in readiness\\nthere to meet the fugitives, and few escaped the slaughter. Major\\nMadison continued to defend himself, until informed by General\\nWinchester then a prisoner that his party had been surren-\\ndered.\\nThe bloody scene which followed this disastrous morning has\\ngiven celebrity to the spot, far beyond the importance of this\\nevent. The massacre at the River Raisin will ever remain a san-\\nguinary blot on the military fame of Great Britain. Most of the\\nwounded were collected in one or two houses near the battle-\\nground. General Winchester, whose situation enabled him to\\nobserve the conduct and disposition of the savages, felt an appre-\\nhension for the fate of those unfortunate sufferers, and frequently\\nreminded General Proctor of his solemn engagements to protect\\nthem. Whether his comparatively small number of regular\\ntroops could not control the cannibal ferocity of his allies or,\\nwhether he looked on their bloody orgies without opposition or\\nremonstrance, may be left undetermined by the charity of his-\\ntory, as long as the proofs are at all questionable. There appears\\nto be a dark shadow, suited to the blackness of the transaction,\\nresting over it, and nothing, perhaps, is distinctly known, except-\\nblooded horses, and which are the pride of Mr. Campau, are situated in\\nthe yard, and are a marvel of unrivaled convenience and comfort. The\\nfront part contains the carriage house, harness room, wash house and\\nthe coachman s room, and in the rear are the stables. His noted trot-\\nting horses are White Bird, Ida, Mary, Ned and Prince, each one being\\nkept in a box stall.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 375\\ning the horrible result. Butchery and conflagration were at\\nwork through the night, and these unhappy victims, who trusted\\nto the mercy or honor of the British character, were mostly, if\\nnot all, buried under a heap of smoldering ruins.\\nThis series of events, so unfortunate for the Americans, and so\\ntriumphant for the British, filled the inhabitants of Michigan\\nwith despondency. General Harrison s operations on the frontier\\nof Ohio threw an occasional gleam on their dark fortunes. The\\nsignal triumph of Croghan, at Sandusky, and some of the events\\nat Fort Meigs, showed that victory might still revisit the Ameri-\\ncan arms. These operations, however, had no immediate influ-\\nence on the condition of the Territory, until Perry s victory, on\\nthe tenth of September, 1813, opened a passage over the lake for\\nthe American forces. This brilliant and important naval action,\\nwhich was so instrumental in restoring Michigan to the Union,\\ndeserves particular notice, as an essential part of her history.\\nCommodore Perry s fleet had been built, under great disadvan-\\ntages, at Erie, Pennsylvania. The bar at the mouth of the har-\\nbor would not permit the vessels to pass out with their armament\\non board. For some time after the fleet was ready to sail, the\\nBritish commodore continued to hover off the harbor, well\\nknowing it must either remain there inactive, or venture out with\\nalmost a certainty of defeat. During this blockade. Commodore\\nPerry had no alternative but to ride at anchor at Erie. For-\\ntunately, early in September, the enemy relaxed his vigilance,\\nand withdrew to the upper end of the lake. Commodore Perry\\nseized the opportune moment to pass the bar, and fit his vessels\\nfor action. This triumph over the vigilance of the British was a\\npresage of the still greater triumph that followed.\\nOn the tenth of September, at sunrise, while at anchor at\\nPut-in-Bay, Commodore Perry discovered the enemy towards the\\nhead of the lake. He immediately got under weigh, and, with a\\nfavoring wind, brought him to action a few minutes before noon.\\nHis flag vessel, the Lawrence, was engaged with the whole force\\nof the enemy for nearly two hours before the wind permitted her\\nconsorts to join in close combat. She gallantly maintained the\\nunequal fight, until all her rigging was cut to pieces, every gun", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "376 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nrendered useless, and the greater part of her crew either killed or\\nwounded. In this perilous condition, Commodore Perry adopted\\none of those bold, decisive resolutions which often enable a great\\ncommander to convert an apparent defeat into a certain victory.\\nHe caused his boat to be lowered, and launched himself and his\\nfortunes upon the bosom of the lake, amid the showers of death\\nthat fell around him. Reaching the Niagara in safety, which was\\njust coming into close action, with a swelling breeze, he at once\\ndetermined to break tht-ough the enemy s fleet, already somewhat\\ncrippled by the contest with the Lawrence. The Niagara had\\nevery rope and spar, every gun and man untouched. She broke\\ninto the enemy s line, and, ranging by the vessels in succession,\\npoured in her broadsides, compelling them, one by one, to lower\\ntheir flags in token of submission, until they all were ours. In\\nachieving this decisive victory, the Niagara was assisted by the\\nsmaller vessels, which were brought into cooperation by Captain\\nElliott, who had volunteered in this service when Commodore\\nPerry assumed command of his vessel. Not long after Commo-\\ndore Perry boarded the Niagara, the Lawrence struck her colors.\\nShe was, however, but a fleeting trophy for, before she could be\\ntaken possession of, every British flag had followed her humiliat-\\ning example.\\nThis consummate victory oj^ened the lake to General Harrison,\\nwho, soon after, crossed his army to the Canadian shore, and, in\\nthe course of a short campaign, which was brilliantly finished\\nby the battle of the Moravian towns, drove the enemy from the\\nnorthwestern frontier. On the twenty-ninth of September, 1813,\\nDetroit was occupied by a detachment of his army. An armis-\\ntice was concluded with the Indians on the eighteenth of October\\nfollowing, thus restoring tranquillity and security to the Territory.\\nGeneral Harrison soon after moved down, with his main body,\\nto the Niagara frontier, and left General Cass in command at\\nDetroit. No military movements took place during the winter\\nfollowing, excepting an incursion into the interior of the upper\\nprovince by Major Holmes, who was attacked near Stony Creek,\\nand maintained his ground with great bravery and success.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVII.\\nMackinaw Expedition Under Commodore Sinclair and Colonel\\nCroghan for its Reduction Colonel Turner Captures the\\nPerseverance at St. Mary s, and Reduces that Post Capture\\nof the Mink Destruction op Goods Belonging to the North-\\nwest Company Landing op the Forces at Mackinaw\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fall op\\nMajor Holmes Defeat of the Americans\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Full Account of\\nthe Battle, Etc.\\nSo FAR as the Northwest was concerned, the war was now prac-\\ntically closed, yet there was one post of great importance which\\nhad not been wrested from the English. That was Fort Macki-\\nnaw. Active steps were soon taken to dispossess the English of\\nthis stronghold, and drive them wholly from the American soil.\\nImmediately after the battle of the Thames, an expedition to the\\nupper lakes was contemplated but, unfortunately, it was pre-\\nvented by the non-arrival of two schooners, which had been sent\\nto Cleveland and Bass Islands for provisions. These vessels had\\narrived off Maiden, but a storm from the west drove them to the\\nlower end of the lake, where they were stranded. Early in the\\nfollowing April, 1814, this expedition up Lake Huron was again\\nproposed, the object being twofold the capture of Fort Macki-\\nnaw, and the destruction of certain vessels, which it was said the\\nEnglish were building in Gloucester, or Matchadash Bay, at the\\nsoutheast extremity of the lake. But this plan was also aban-\\ndoned partly from a want of men, partly from the belief that\\nGreat Britain did not, as had been supposed, intend to make an\\neffort to regain the commerce of the upper lakes and partly,\\nalso, from a misunderstanding between General Harrison and\\nColonel Croghan, who commanded at Detroit, on the one hand,\\nand the Secretary of War on the other. No sooner had this plan\\nbeen abandoned than it was revived again, in consequence of new\\ninformation of the establishment at Matchadash Bay.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "378 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAccordingly, orders were issued on the second day of June,\\nand ample preparations were soon made. A squadron was fitted\\nout, consisting of the United States sloops-of-war Niagara and\\nLawrence, carrying twenty guns each, with the smaller schooners,\\nCaledonia, Scorpion, Tigress, Detroit, and others, and a land force\\nof seven hundred and fifty men, placed on board. Commodore\\nSinclair was the naval commander, and Lieutenant -Colonel\\nCroghan, a young man who had gallantly and successfully\\ndefended Sandusky during the early part of the war, had charge\\nof the militia.\\nThe squadron reached Lake Huron on the twelfth of June, on\\nits way to Matchadash Bay. Disappointment, however, awaited\\nthem. Every possible efl^brt was made to gain the desired bay\\nand destroy the imaginary vessels there building, but in vain. No\\npilot could be found for that unfrequented part of the lake.\\nIslands and sunken rocks were numerous, and threatened destruc-\\ntion to the fleet. The lake was almost continually covered with\\na dense fog, and, from the time already consumed in the fruitless\\nattempt, provisions were growing short, hence, that part of the\\nwork was abandoned, and the squadron proceeded to Mackinaw.\\nWhen nearing the place of destination, a council was called, to\\ndecide whether they should proceed at once to the capture of Fort\\nMackinaw, or first repair to St. Joseph s, and destroy the enemy s\\nworks at that place. It was urged that an immediate attack upon\\nthe fort was policy, inasmuch as the English, having had no\\nintimation of their approach, were, probably, without Indian\\nallies, and unprepared to defend the island that, should they\\nfirst proceed to St. Joseph s, time would thus be given the English\\nto call in these savage auxiliaries, and so strengthen themselves,\\nthat, upon their return, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to\\ntake the place; but Sinclair thought that, by leaving a part\\nof the squadron to cruise around the island during his absence,\\nthis could be prevented hence, in spite of salutary advice from\\nthose who knew the Indian character far better than themselves,\\nit was agreed between the naval and military commanders to\\nproceed at once to St. Joseph s. This was a fatal error, as will\\nbe seen in the sequel.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n379\\nOn the twentieth of July, they arrived at St. Joseph s, and\\nfound the British establishment at that point deserted. This\\nthey burned, but left untouched the town and Northwest Com-\\npany s storehouses. While wind-bound at this point, Sinclair\\nmii iiiuijiiiiif/rm\\nHON. ALFRED RUSSELL.\\nAlfred Russkll, one of Detroit s most distinguished members of the\\nbar, was born at Plymouth, Grafton county, New Hampshire, March 18,\\n1830. Mr. Russell graduated at Dartmouth College in the class of 1850,\\nand at the Dane law school of Harvard University in the class of 1852.\\nHe was admitted to the bar at Meredith Bridge, New Hampshire, Novem-\\nber, 1852, and emigrated to Michigan during the same month and settled\\nin Detroit. Soon after his arrival in that city, he entered the law office\\nof Hon. James F. Joy studied law with that gentleman for a brief", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "380 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncaptured the Northwest Company s schooner, Mink, on her way\\nfrom Mackinaw to St. Mary s, with a cargo of flour, and by this\\nmeans received intelligence that the schooner Perseverance was\\nlying above the Falls of St. Mary, at the foot of Lake Superior,\\nin waiting to transport the Mink s cargo to Fort Williams. Upon\\nthe receipt of this intelligence, he dispatched Lieutenant Turner,\\nan active and enterprising officer, to capture her, and, if possible,\\nget her down the falls. Colonel Croghan dispatched Major\\nHolmes, with a party of regulars, to cooperate in the expedition,\\nin which the capture of St. Mary s was included. The following\\nofficial report of Lieutenant Turner to Sinclair will give the\\nreader a clear idea of what was effected by this movement. It is\\ndated U. S. schooner Scorpion, off Michilimackinac, July 28th,\\n1814:\\nSir I have the honor to inform you that, agreeably to your\\norders of the 22d instant, I proceeded on the expedition to Lake\\nSuperior, with the launches. I rowed night and day but, hav-\\ning a distance of sixty miles against a strong current, informa-\\ntion had reached the enemy, at St. Mary s, of our approach,\\nabout two hours before I arrived at that place, carried by Indians,\\nin their light canoes, several of whom I chased, and by firing on\\nthem, and killing some, prevented their purposes some I cap-\\ntured and kept prisoners until my arrival; others escaped. The\\nforce under Major Holmes prevented anything like resistance at\\nperiod as did he also with the Messrs. Walker. Mr. Russell was admitted\\nto the bar of Michigan in 1853, and, in 1854, formed a partnership with\\nthe Messrs. Walker, which lasted until 1861. During that year, Mr.\\nRussell was appointed United States district attorney for Michigan, by\\nPresident Lincoln, and was reappointed by President Johnson in 1865.\\nMr. Russell was originally a Whig of the New England Federal party\\nschool, and acted with the Free Soilers during the existence of that\\nparty. Upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he took a prom-\\ninent part in the organization of the Republican party in Michigan, and\\nhas since been more or less closely identified with that organization. Mr.\\nRussell is, however, a free thinker and an independent actor in politics.\\nAs a lawyer, he stands in the front rank of the profession, and is known\\nthroughout the State as an eminently useful citizen, and, in his social\\nrelations, as a polished gentleman.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n381\\nthe fort, the enemy, with their Indians, carrying with them all the\\nlight, valuable articles, peltry, clothes, etc. I proceeded across\\ntlbe strait of Lake Superior without a moment s delay and, on\\nmy appearance, the enemy, finding they could not get ofi with\\nDR. J. W. KERMOTT.\\nAmong the numerous professional men represented in this work will\\nbe found many who have, through their own unaided industry, raised\\nthemselves from small beginnings to positions of usefulness and import-\\nance. This may be truly said of Dr. J. W. Kermott. He was born in\\nthe province of New Brunswick, in 1819. At the very early age of\\nnineteen, he emigrated to Canada West, where, after availing himself,\\nthrough many obstacles, of such educational advantages as his industry\\ncould command, he began to teach school. In this occupation, he made\\nvaluable progress for himself. The advantages were twofold, for while", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "382 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe vessel I was in quest of, set fire to her in several places, and\\nleft her. I succeeded in boarding her, and, by considerable exer-\\ntions, extinguished the flames, and secui ed her from sinking. I\\nthen stripped her and prepared for getting her down the falls.\\nAdverse winds prevented my attempting the falls until the twenty-\\nsixth, when every possible effort was used, but, I am sorry to say,\\nwithout success, to get her over in safety. The fall, in three-\\nquarters of a mile, is forty-five feet, and the channel very rocky.\\nThe current runs from twenty to thirty knots, and in one place there\\nis a perpendicular leap of ten feet, between three rocks. Here\\nshe bilged, but was brought down so rapidly that we succeeded\\nin running her on shore, below the rapids, before she filled, and\\nburned her. She was a fine, new schooner, upwards of one hun-\\ndred tons, called the Perseverance, and will be a severe loss to the\\nNorthwest Company. Had I succeeded in getting her safe, I\\ncould have loaded her to advantage from the enemy s store-\\nhouses. I have, however, brought down four captured boats,\\nloaded with Indian goods, to a considerable amount the balance,\\ncontained in four large and two small storehouses, was destroyed,\\namounting in value to from fifty to one hundred thousand dollars.\\nAll private property was, according to your orders, respected.\\nThe ofiicers and men under my command behaved with great\\nactivity and zeal, particularly Midshipman Swartwout.\\nOn the return of the launches to St. Joseph s, the squadron\\nproceeded to Mackinaw, where it arrived on the twenty-sixth.\\nhis duties in the school room brought moderate pecuniary gain, the\\nnature of his labors had a most salutary efl ect in training his mind in all\\nthose practical questions so requisite for the foundation of the profes-\\nsional studies with which he was soon after deeply absorbed.\\nPrudence and perseverance, at the end of several years teaching,\\nenabled him to proceed to Philadelphia, where, at the most celebrated\\nmedical university in America, he entered upon the study of medicine.\\nIn this institution, he displayed that energy characteristic of his life, and\\nprosecuted his most dilficult studies with marked success. Graduating\\nin due time, he returned to his adopted home in Canada West, where he\\nentered upon the practice of his profession. Not many years previous,\\nhe had arrived in the same place a stranger to its inhabitants and without\\nmeans. Now he was welcomed by warm friends and enjoyed the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 383\\nDaring the time that had now elapsed since the first appearance\\nof the fleet ofi Lighthouse Point, Colonel McDonall, British\\ncommander at Mackinaw, had been strengthening his position\\nand such aid as the country afibrded had been summoned to\\nhis assistance. Nor was this aid inconsiderable. Under the\\nunfortunate circumstances attending the attack, more efficient\\nauxiliaries could not have been found than those very savages,\\nwho, during that brief period of delay had gathered, in large\\nnumbers, upon the island. Batteries had been planted at various\\nplaces on the heights which best commanded the approaches to\\nthe island. One was situated on the height overlooking the old\\ndistillery, another upon the high point just west of the fort, and\\nothers along the ridge back of the present town, from the fort\\nto Robinson s Folly. Thus that officer, though he had but few\\nmen, comparatively, in command, and must have surrendered at\\nonce had an immediate attack been made upon him, was able,\\nwith the advantages he had now gained, to withstand a strong\\nforce.\\nSinclair pushed up as near to the channel between Round and\\nMackinaw islands as he dared, on account of the batteries of the\\nenemy, and as close to the eastern extremity of Round Island as\\nsafety would permit, and anchored. Scarcely, however, had the\\nanchors reached the bottom, when the English opened a brisk\\nfire upon him, and he concluded to move to a more respectful\\ndistance.\\nWhen the fleet had been moved further away toward Bois\\naccomplishments of his recent eflforts at college. He at once entered\\nupon a most flattering practice, and in a few years accumulated a large\\nfortune, which, it should be mentioned here, he afterwards lost in an\\nunfortunate speculation.\\nIn 1856, he emigrated to Detroit, where he has since remained, enjoying\\na practice only due to his usefulness and professional abilities. In 1860,\\nhe commenced the manufacture of medicines, which he has continued\\nuntil the present date with remarkable success.\\nDr. Kermott is rendering himself useful to society in religious as well\\nas medical labors. He is an active member of the Central Methodist\\nChurch, and his efforts, with other useful men in that church, have been\\nproductive of much good.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "384 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nBlanc, out of the reach of the enemy s guns, Croghan dispatched\\nan officer, with a number of men, to Round Island, to reconnoiter\\nthe enemy s position, and, if possible, find some advantageous\\npoint at which to erect a battery. They landed, and selected, as\\nthe most advantageous position for a battery, a point just above\\nthe old lime kiln, which is the crowning point of the island.\\nNo sooner, however, had the movement been discovered by the\\nBritish, than two or three hundred birch bark canoes, with sev-\\neral bateaux and other boats, were launched, and a large party\\nof Indians started in pursuit. Discovering the movement, the\\nparty hastened back. When they reached their boats, the Indians\\ncould be seen skulking through the woods after them, and one\\nof their number, a Frenchman, who had been a little behind, was\\ncaptured. They now sprang into their boats and pushed off, with\\nas much dispatch as possible but, at a short distance from the\\nbeach, scarcely out of reach of the enemy s fire, the boat struck\\na rock, which was just beneath the surface of the water, and\\nswung around, as though on a pivot. At this the savages, who\\nwere fast emerging from the thickets and approaching the beach,\\nfired upon them. The fire was returned, but without execution\\non either side. Fearing that the Indians, upon arriving at the\\npoint from which they had embarked, would be able to reach\\nthem, the officer ordered the soldiers to cease firing and endeavor\\nto clear the boat from the rock. This accomplished, they returned\\nwithout further mishap to the fleet. Upon learning that one\\nof the party sSnt out had been captured by the Indians, Sinclair\\nordered a small vessel of one gun to pass round to the further\\nside of the island, that, if possible, he might be retaken. A\\nstrong wind was blowing from the west, against which the little\\nbark had to make her way through the narrow channel that\\nseparates Round and Bois Blanc islands hence the task was difli-\\ncult. She had scarcely laid her course, when the beach was\\nthronged with savages, and, as often as she came in reach, in\\nbeating through this channel, these savages poured upon her a\\nshower of musket-balls. This fire was returned with much spirit,\\nbut neither party suffered loss. The Indians now began their\\nreturn to Mackinaw, with their victim, chanting the death-dirge.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n385\\nA shot was fired at them from the Lawrence, but without effect.\\nAs they neared the island, the Indians that had remained came\\ndown to meet them, and the prisoner would have been killed\\nand feasted upon by his inhuman captors, had not the British\\nin\\nHON. ZACHARIAH CHANDLER.\\nZachariah Chandler was born in Bedford, New Hampshire, Decem-\\nber 10, 1813, received an academic education, settled in Detroit, Mich.,\\nin 1833, where he became an eminently successful dry goods merchant.\\nIn politics a Whig, while that party was in existence, he was elected\\nmayor of Detroit in 1851, but, while leading the Whig ticket largely,\\nwas defeated for governor of Michigan in 1852. He was the first Repub-\\nlican senator in Congress from Michigan, succeeding Senator Cass in\\noffice, taking his seat in the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1857, and served as\\n25", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "386 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncommander sent a strong guard of soldiers and rescued him, the\\nmoment the canoes touched the shore.\\nDuring the next day, as the Lawrence was cruising about the\\nisland, a thick fog suddenly came down, and enveloped all in\\nobscurity. When, later in the day, this fog lifted, the commander\\nfound that he was within a very short distance of the southwest\\npart of the island, with scarcely any wind, and in range of the\\nenemy s guns. A vigorous fire was opened upon him from the\\nbattery near the west end of the fort but with such want of\\nskill that he suffered no damage from it. He fired a single shot\\nin return, but could not elevate his guns sufficiently to batter the\\nwalls of the fort. Unfavorable weather prevented operations for\\nseveral days, when Colonel Croghan, having learned something\\nof the strength of the enemy s fortifications, and of the number\\nand spirit of the savage allies which the English had called to\\ntheir assistance, despaired of being able to take the place by\\nstorm, as he had hoped. He therefore determined to effect a land-\\ning, and establish himself on some favorable position whence he\\nmight annoy the enemy, by gradual and slow approaches, under\\ncover of his artillery, which he knew to be superior to that of\\nthe foe.\\nOn the fourth of August, the vessels of the fleet were ranged\\nin line at the distance of three hundred yards from the beach,\\nand the small boats made ready to carry the army to the island.\\nScarcely, however, had the work of embarkation commenced,\\na member of the committee on the District of Cohimbia, the committee\\non commerce, and the committee on revolutionary claims.\\nAt the first session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, in July, 1861, the\\nDemocratic senators from the Southern States having withdrawn from\\nthe United States Senate, leaving the Republicans in the majority for the\\nfirst time, Mr. Chandler was ajjpointed chairman of the committee on\\ncommerce, which position he has held during each succeeding Congress\\nto the present time, he having been reelected to the Senate in 1863, for\\nthe full term of six years, and again in 1869, for the term ending in 1875.\\nIn addition to his important position on the committee on commerce,\\nafter the committee on mines and mining was formed, he was a member\\nof that committee, and was also a member of each of the celebrated joint\\ncongressional committees on the conduct of the war, during the Thirty-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "atSfORY OF MICHIGAN. 387\\nwhen the adjacent thickets were obsei ved to be full of savages,\\nplumed and painted for the strife. When all was ready, and the\\nword of command had been spoken, they moved toward the land-\\ning, with measured dip of the oar, and, meanwhile, a brisk can-\\nnonading cleared the thickets of their lurking foes. Under cover\\nof the guns the landing was easily effected, and the best possible\\narrangements of the troops made preparatory to the marching.\\nColonel Croghan quickly formed his line, and advauced to the\\nedge of the clearing, where he received intelligence that the\\nenemy was in waiting for him, and ready to dispute his progress.\\nIn a few seconds after he received this information, a fire was\\nopened upon him from the enemy s battery. He now carefully\\nsurveyed the clearing before him, and became convinced that the\\nenemy s position was well selected but, by a vigorous movement,\\nhe hoped to outflank him and gain his rear. Accordingly, he\\ndecided to change his own position, and advance Major Holmes\\nbattalion of regulars on the right of the militia. This move-\\nment was immediately ordered, and, to encourage his men, Major\\nHolmes led them in person; but, while gallantly pressing on to\\nthe charge, a destructive fire was opened by some Indians con-\\ncealed in a thicket, near the American right, and the brave Major\\nfell, mortally wounded. The battalion, having now lost the ser-\\nvices of its commander, fell into confusion, from which the best\\nefforts of its remaining officers were not able to recover it.\\nFinding it impossible to gain the enemy s left, owing to the\\nseventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses, and was a member of the joint\\ncommittee on Southern outrages since the war. He strongly advocated\\nall practical measures for the discomfiture of the rebels and their allies,\\nand for the suppression of the rebellion.\\nDuring the war, his relations with President Lincoln were of a most\\ncordial and intimate character, and he was a member of the national\\ncommittee appointed to accompany the remains of the martyred chief\\nmagistrate to Illinois. His faith in the maintenance of the integrity of\\nthe Republic against the assaults of its foes never faltered nor wavered\\nduring the darkest hours of the great conflict.\\nHe was an earnest and powerful advocate of our admirable national\\nbanking system, and aided materially in its establishment upon a broad\\nand substantial basis, and his efforts in behalf of the commercial and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "388 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nimpenetrable thickness of the woods, a charge was ordered to be\\nmade by the regulars immediately against the front. This\\ncharge, though made in some confusion, served to drive the enemy\\nback into the woods, whence an annoying fire was kept up by the\\nIndians. Lieutenant Morgan was now ordered up with a light\\npiece, to assist the left, which at this time was particularly galled,\\nand the excellent service of this piece forced the enemy to retire\\nto a greater distance.\\nCroghan had now reached the point at which he had hoped to\\nfortify himself, and thence harass the enemy at pleasure but he\\nfound it by no means tenable, on account of the thickets and\\nravines surrounding it. He therefore determined no longer to\\nexpose his troops to the fire of an enemy having every advantage\\nwhich could be obtained from numbers and a knowledge of the\\nposition, and ordered an immediate retreat to the place of laud-\\ning. When the troops had regained the shipping, the fleet again\\nmoved round towards Bois Blanc, and anchored.\\nWhile the forces were preparing to disembark, previous to the\\nengagement, Mr. Davenport had urged Major Holmes to\\nexchange his uniform for a common suit, stating that the Indians\\nwould otherwise certainly make a mark of him but Holmes\\nreplied that his uniform was made to wear, and he intended to\\nwear it adding that, if it was his day to fall, he was willing.\\nThe sequel showed how unwise he was in not listening to this\\nadvice. The party of Indians posted on the right were Winne-\\nother vital interests of the country have been during his whole public\\ncareer assiduous and untiring, accompanied with a lai ge degree of suc-\\ncess. During the presidential campaign of 1872 he was chairman of the\\nUnion Republican Congressional Executive Committee, and the skill and\\nenergy with which this very successful campaign was conducted was due\\nlargely to his efforts.\\nThroughout his long and successful Congressional career he has been\\nparticularly noted for his unswerving devotion to the interests of the\\nState he represents, winning, even from his opponents, unqualified\\napproval. Amidst all the temptations which necessarily surround a\\nleader of a great and successful party, he has never stained his hands\\nwith corruption, and even his political enemies admit that his official\\ncareer has been distinguished by the most rigid integrity.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n389\\nbagoes, from Green Bay, the most savage and cruel of all the\\nBritish allies, and they, indeed, did make a mark of him. Five\\nwell-aimed bullets simultaneously entered his breast, and he\\nexpired almost instantly. Captain Desha also felt the fury of\\nCHARLES H. BORGMAN.\\nCharles H. Borgman, the present city clerk of Detroit, and for many\\nyears a teacher of the German language in that city, is a native of\\nPrussia.\\nHe came to the United States at, a very early age, and, after receiving a\\nsubstantial education in Cincinnati, Ohio, removed to Michigan.\\nHis first active emploj ment in this State was the execution of several\\nrailroad contracts. Subsequently he entered upon the duties of teacher\\nof the German language in Detroit, in which capacity he labored zeal-\\nously for ten years, achieving much success and winning considerable\\nlocal popularity as a professor of that dilBcult language. These duties\\nbrought him in connection with the better class of citizens, and seems to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "390 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthose savages, but, fortunately, escaped with his life. Captain\\nVanhorn and Lieutenant Jackson, both brave, intrepid young\\nmen, also fell, mortally wounded, at the head of their respective\\ncommands. Twelve privates were killed six sergeants, three cor-\\nporals, one musician, and twenty-eight privates wounded, and two\\nprivates missing.\\nThe most shocking barbarities were practiced on the bodies of\\nthe slain. They were literally cut to pieces by their savage con-\\nquerors. Our informant remembers seeing the Indians come to the\\nfort, after the engagement, some with a hand, some with a head, and\\nsome with a foot or limb and it is officially stated by Sinclair, upon\\nthe testimony of two ladies (Mrs. Davenport and Mrs. John Dous-\\nman), who were present and witnessed it, that the hearts and\\nlivers of these unfortunate men were taken out, and actually\\ncooked and feasted on and that, too, in the quarters of the\\nBritish officers, sanctioned by Colonel McDonall by the savages.\\nFragments of these bodies were taken to the Indian graveyard,\\nwest of the village, and placed on poles over the graves, where\\nthey remained for ten days. The body of Major Holmes, which,\\nby neglect of the soldiers in whose hands it had been placed, had\\nbeen left on the field, escaped mutilation. During the action,\\nthese men concealed the body by covering it with rails and\\nleaves, so that the Indians did not find it. It had, however, been\\nstripped, but the British commander threatened to hang the rob-\\nbers of the dead if the articles taken were not immediately\\nreturned. This threat soon brought the clothes, watch, papers,\\netc., which had been stolen by two Frenchmen, into his posses-\\nsion, and, with the body, they were given up to the Americans.\\nhave been the secret force that secured his popular majority at the elec-\\ntion of city officers in 1871.\\nMr. Bergman s performance of the duties of city clerk was marked\\nwith care, ability and faithfulness. In the fall of 1873, he was reelected\\nby the largest majority given to any candidate before the people at that\\nelection.\\nMr. Borgman has also made considerable progress as a merchant, hav-\\ning established, in connection with Mr. Ling, a large book, music and\\nmusical instrument store, on Monroe avenue, corner of Randolph street,\\nDetroit, Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 391\\nThus, in loss and disgrace, ended the effort to wrest Fort\\nMackinaw, and the island upon which it stands, from the English.\\nWhen the fleet first appeared off Lighthouse Point, there was\\nbut a single company of ti oops in the fort, and but few, if any,\\nIndian auxiliaries upon the island and, had Colonel Croghan at\\nonce demanded a surrender, instead of at first going to St.\\nJoseph s, the post would doubtless have passed back into the\\nhands of the Americans without bloodshed, and with as little\\nparley as, two years before, it had passed into the hands of the\\nEnglish. Or, had a prompt and willing surrender been refused,\\na vigorous attack must have quickly reduced it, as the American\\nforce was greatly superior to the English. But the delay was\\npregnant with disaster and disgrace.\\nHaving failed in the reduction of Fort Mackinaw, which Sin-\\nclair denominated a perfect Gibraltar, measures were now taken\\nto starve it into submission, by cutting off its supplies. The\\ntroops, with the exception of three companies, were dispatched\\nin two vessels, to join General Brown on the Niagara, and the\\nremainder of the squadron, a pilot having been now secured,\\ndirected its course to the east side of the lake, to break up any\\nestablishments which the enemy might have in that quarter.\\nWhile the Americans were masters of Lake Erie, there were\\nonly two practicable lines of communication between the remote\\ngarrison of Fort Mackinaw and the lower country. The first\\nof these was with Montreal by way of the Ottawa, Lake Nip-\\npising and French river and the second with York, by means\\nof Lake Simcoe and the Nautauwasaga river. Having learned\\nthat the first of these communications was impracticable at that\\nseason of the year, on account of the marshy state of the port-\\nages, they proceeded to the mouth of the Nautauwasaga, in hopes\\nof finding the enemy s schooner Nancy, which was thought to be\\nin that quarter.\\nOn the thirteenth of August, the fleet anchored off the mouth\\nof that river, and the troops were quickly disembarked, for the\\npurpose of fixing a camp on the peninsula formed by the river\\nand the lake. On :reconnoitering the position, the schooner was\\ndiscovered in the river, a few hundred yards above, under cover", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "392 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof a block-house, erected on a commanding situation, on the\\nopposite shore. On the following morning, a fire was opened by\\nthe shipping upon the block-house, but with little effect, owing to\\na thin wood, which intervened and obscured the view. But, about\\ntwelve o clock, two howitzers were landed and, being placed\\nwithin a few hundred yards of the block-house, commenced throw-\\ning shells. In a few minutes, one of these shells burst in the\\nblock-house, and, shortly after, blew up the magazine, allowing the\\nenemy scarcely time to escape. The explosion of the magazine\\nset fire to a train, which had been laid for the destruction of the\\nvessel, and in a few minutes she was enveloped in flames and her\\nvaluable cargo, consisting of several hundred barrels of provi-\\nsions, intended as a six months supply for the garrison at Macki-\\nnaw, was entirely consumed.\\nColonel Croghau did not think it advisable to fortify and gar-\\nrison Nautauwasaga, because the communication with York was\\nso short and convenient, that any force left there might be easily\\ncut ofi during the winter hence, Sinclair left the Tigress and\\nScorpion to blockade it closely, until the season should become too\\nboisterous for boat transportation, and the remainder of the squad-\\nron returned to Detroit. But this blockade, which, had it been\\nproperly enforced, must speedily have made a bloodless conquest\\nof Mackinaw, was soon brought to an end by the capture of both\\nthese schooners. After the destruction of the Nancy, her cap-\\ntain, with several of his men, at once repaired to Fort Mackinaw,\\nto communicate the news of the loss to Colonel McDonall, and\\nthe little garrison under his command. Under the circumstances,\\nit was unwelcome news, indeed. Provisions were already getting\\nlow a single loaf of bread was worth one dollar and a half; the\\nmen were subsisting on half rations, and had already been\\nreduced to the necessity of killing several horses, to ward off\\nstarvation. And, worse than all, a long and dreary winter was\\nnear at hand, portending nothing but death from starvation.\\nSomething must be done and, accordingly, an expedition was\\nat once fitted out by Colonel McDonall, consisting of a force of a\\nhundred and fifty sailors and soldiers, and two hundred and fifty\\nIndians, in open boats, to break the blockade, if possible. The", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 393\\nTigress, which for several day.s had been separated from the\\nScorpion, was surprised and boarded during the night of Septem-\\nber third, it being very dark and, after a desperate hand-to-hand\\nstruggle, in which some were killed and several wounded, was\\ncaptured. During the contest, an attempt was made by the\\nAmericans to destroy the signal-book, but, unfortunately, without\\nsuccess and, by the aid of this book, the Tigress, now manned\\nby English officers and men, surprised and captured the Scor-\\npion, on the morning of the sixth, at the dawn of day. This\\nwas a finishing stroke to the ill-fated enterprise, and Mackinaw\\nwas left secure in the hands of the English, until peace was\\ndeclared, which took place in the following winter and, in the\\nspring of 1815, the British troops evacuated the post, and a com-\\npany of American soldiers, under Colonel Chambers, took pos-\\nsession of it.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVIII.\\nThe Ordinance op 1787 Erection op the Territory op Michigan\\nIts Boundary Judicial Administration The Woodward\\nCode op Laws Governor Hull His Trial by Court-Mar-\\ntial.\\nWe will now turn from scenes of warfare, and notice more\\nparticularly the political history of Michigan. Under the French\\nand British dominion, the points occupied, on the eastern bound-\\nary of what now constitutes the State of Michigan, were con-\\nsidered a part of New France, or Canada. Detroit was known\\nto the French as Fort Pontchartrain. The military commandant,\\nunder both governments, exercised a civil jurisdiction over the set-\\ntlements surrounding their posts. When possession was yielded\\nto the United States, in the year 1796, the British garrisons at\\nDetroit and Michilimackinac were replaced by detachments, by\\nGeneral Wayne, and Michigan became a part of the Northwest-\\nern Territory. That Territory was then in the first stage of gov-\\nernment, prescribed by the ordinance of 1787. Arthur St. Clair\\nwas its Governor and he was, therefore, the first American chief\\nmagistrate under whom Michigan was placed. In the year 1798,\\nthe Northwestern Territory assumed what was called the second\\ngrade of Territorial government. The county of Wayne, then\\ncoextensive with the Territory of Michigan, as afterwards estab-\\nlished, sent one representative to the General Assembly of the\\nNorthwestern Territory, held at Chillicothe, whose election gave\\nthe first occasion for the exercise of the right of sufl^rage in this\\ncounty.\\nIn the year 1800, Indiana Avas established as a separate Terri-\\ntory, embracing all the country lying west of the present State of\\nOhio, and of an extension of the western line of that State due\\nnorth to the Territorial limits of the United States. In the year", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n395\\n1802, the peninsula was annexed to the Territory of Indiana, by\\nthe same act of Congress which authorized the formation into a\\nState of that part of the Northwestern Territory which now con-\\nstitutes Ohio.\\nHON. A. B. TURNER.\\nAakon B. Ttjrner was born in 1823, at Plattsburgh, N. Y., whence\\nhis father, Isaac Turner, moved his family to Grand Eapids in the spring\\nof 1836. He commenced type-setting in the office of the Grand River\\nTimes, the first paper published at Grand Rapids, in the winter of 1838.\\nDecember 35, 1844, he commenced the publication of the Grand Bajnds\\nEagle (at first called the Grand Biter Eagle), and has continued it ever\\nsince, a period of twenty-nine consecutive years. He started the Daily\\nEagle May 26th, 1856. Since 1865 he has had as a business partner Eli\\nF. Harrington, a brother-in-law. As founder of the Eagle, continuous\\npublisher and owner, still retaining control as principal proprietor, Mr.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "396 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn the year 1805, Michigan commenced its separate existence.\\nThat part of the Territory which lies east of a north and south\\nline drawn through the middle of Lake Michigan, w^as formed\\ninto a distinct government by an act of Congress passed in that\\nyear. The provisions of the ordinance of 1787 continued to regu-\\nlate the form of government. That ordinance wisely provided\\nfor the establishment of those fundamental principles of law\\nwhich are regarded as the best securities of civil and religious\\nliberty and political equality, and was marked in its provisions\\nand its tone by prudence, discretion and humanity. The prohibi-\\ntion of slavery which it contained may have saved the country\\nnorthwest of the Ohio from an incalculable evil. Under this\\nconstitution, granted to the inhabitants of the country northwest\\nof the Ohio, the executive power was vested in a governor the\\njudicial in three judges; and the legislative in both united. The\\nofficers were appointed by the general government; their legis-\\nlative authority was restricted to the adoption of laws from codes\\nof the several States. This was the form of government provided\\nuntil the Territory should contain five thousand free white males\\nof full age; and it then became optional with the people to\\nchoose a legislative body among themselves to be supported,\\nhowever, at their own proper cost. Subsequent legislation of\\nCongress was more liberal, as well in providing a legislature\\nTurner may be styled the veteran journalist of Michigan. A pioneer\\nin the Grand River valley, and struggling with the slow growth and\\nlimited means of pioneer life, during what were called the hard times,\\nhe has built up an extensive and prospering printing house, keeping pace\\nwith the growth of Western Michigan, his newspaper ranking with the\\nleading press of the State. From a small beginning, he has acquired a\\nhandsome property and profitable business interests.\\nMr. Turner has had considerable experience in public life as city\\nclerk, as assistant clerk of the House in the Legislature, and as secretary\\nof the Michigan Senate in 1859 and 1801 was appointed by President\\nLincoln collector of internal revenue for the fourth collection district,\\norganizing that service and serving four years; was appointed postmaster\\nof Grand Rapids by President Grant in April, 1869, and reappointed in\\n1873. He is yet in the full vigor of manhood, and ranks among the\\nsuccessful men of Western Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 397\\nupon better principles, at the expense of the United States, as\\nin the footing upon which it placed the elective franchise and\\neligibility to office. Under the ordinance, a freehold qualification\\nwas required, both on the part of the elector, and to render an\\nindividual eligible to the General Assembly, which was, under\\ncertain circumstances, provided for.\\nIn 1818, upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, all the\\nterritory lying north of that State and of Indiana was annexed\\nto Michigan. From 1805, when the Territory was erected, to\\n1819, our political condition was, in every respect, that prescribed\\nby the ordinance of 1787. By an act passed in the latter year,\\nthe Territory was authorized to elect a delegate to Congress.\\nUnder the ordinance, the privilege only accrued to a Territory\\nwhen it should have entered upon the second grade of govern-\\nment, and the delegate was then to be chosen by the General\\nAssembly. By the act referred to, the power was given direct to\\nthe people, and the right of suffrage was extended to all taxable\\ncitizens. In the year 1823, the form of the Territorial govern-\\nment was essentially changed by an act of Congress, which abro-\\ngated the legislative power of the governor and judges, and\\ngranted more enlarged ones to a council, to be composed of nine\\npersons, selected by the President of the United States, from\\neighteen chosen by the electors of the Territory. By this law,\\neligibility to office was made coextensive with the right of suffrage\\nas established by the act of 1819. The limitation of the tenure\\nof the judicial office to a term of four years, is another important\\nfeature of the act of 1823.\\nIn the year 1825, all county officers, with the exception of those\\nof a judicial character, or whose functions connected them with\\nthe administration of justice, were made elective and the appoint-\\nments which remained in the hands of the executive were made\\nsubject to the approval of the legislative council. In 1827, the\\nelectors of the Territory were authorized to choose a number of\\npersons, corresponding with that at which the members of the\\ncouncil was fixed, and their election made absolute. This, indeed,\\nwas the last form of the Territorial government of Michigan\\ncertainly a liberal one to be maintained by the parent State. The", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "398 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlegislative council was empowered to enact all laws not incon-\\nsistent with the ordinance of 1787 their acts, however, were\\nsubject to be annulled by Congress, and to the absolute veto of the\\nExecutive of the Territory.\\nGeneral Hull was the first Governor of the Territory of Michi-\\ngan. When he arrived at Detroit to assume his official duties,\\nhe found the town in ruins, it having been destroyed by fire.\\nWhether this disaster had been occasioned by accident or design\\nwas not known. However this may have been, as the town was\\nvery compact, covering only two acres of ground, and the mate-\\nrials were of the most combustible character, it was soon entirely\\nconsumed, and the unfortunate inhabitants were obliged to encamp\\nin the open fields, almost destitute of food and shelter. Still,\\nthey were not discouraged, and soon commenced rebuilding their\\nhouses on the same site. The general government also took their\\ncase into consideration, and an act of Congress was passed, grant-\\ning to the sufferers the site of the old town of Detroit, and ten\\nthousand acres of land adjoining.\\nAs before mentioned, a judiciary system was now established,\\nand the Territorial militia organized. In October of the same\\nyear, a report was made to Congress of the condition of the Ter-\\nritory and in May of the following year a code of laws was\\nadopted similar to those of the original States. This code was\\nsigned by Governor Hull, Augustus B. Woodward, and Frederick\\nBates, Judges of the Territory, and was called the Woodward\\nCode. The bounds of the Territorial government, as then estab-\\nlished, embraced all the country on the American side of the\\nDetroit river, east of a north and south line drawn through the\\ncenter of Lake Michigan. The Indian laud claims had been par-\\ntially extinguished previous to this period. By the treaty of Fort\\nMcintosh, in 1785, and that of Fort Harmer, in 1787, extensive\\ncessions had either been made or confirmed, and, in the year 1807,\\nthe Indian titles to several tracts became entirely extinct. In\\nconsequence of the settlements which had been made under the\\nFrench and English governments, some confusion sprang up in\\nregard to the titles to valuable tracts that were claimed by differ-\\nent individuals, under the French laws. Congress, accordingly,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "HISTORY Ol MICHIGAN.\\n899\\npassed an act establishing a board of commissioners, to examine\\nand settle these conflicting claims and, in 1807, another act was\\npassed, confirming, to a certain extent, the titles of all such as\\nhad been in possession of the lands then occupied by them from\\nPEAR TREES IN THE OLD JESUIT GARDEN.\\nthe year 1796, when the Territory was surrendered, up to the\\ndate of that act. Other acts were subsequently passed, extending\\nthe same conditions to the settlements on the upper lakes.\\nIn addition to the settlements along the shores of the Detroit\\nand St. Clair rivers, and the lake of the latter name, where there", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "400 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwas a continued line of cottages, with farms adjoining, containing\\norchards of pear and apple trees, planted at an early date, and\\nthe old posts on the island of Mackinaw, at Ste. Marie, and at St.\\nJoseph, the French colonists had a line of cabins on the River\\nRaisin, where the city of Monroe now stands. The interior of the\\ncountry was but little known, except by those who were engaged\\nin the fur trade, and these were interested in representing it in as\\nunfavorable a light as possible. No portion of the public domain\\nhad yet been brought into the market. But few American set-\\ntlers had, therefore, ventured into this region, though the adjoin-\\ning State of Ohio had already acquired a considerable population.\\nSuch was the condition of Michigan just before the Tecumseh\\nwar, a full account of which is given in a previous chapter.\\nAfter this contest, Michigan emerged into a new existence.\\nColonel Cass, who had served with much zeal during the war, was\\nappointed Governor of the Territory and under his administra-\\ntion it gradually advanced in prosperity.\\nBut we must not enter upon the successful administration of\\nGovernor Cass, without following General Hull, the first Governor\\nof the Territory, a little further. In our last mention of him, he\\nwas being conveyed to Montreal, a prisoner of war. We next\\nfind him before a court-martial, at Albany, New York. The\\ncourt convened January 3d, 1814, with a full board, and General\\nDearborn was the President. No objection was taken to the con-\\nstitution of this court by the accused. The session of the court\\nwas protracted, and every facility afforded to General Hull to\\npresent his defense. The Judge- Advocate, Mr. Van Buren, was\\nremarkably fair and impartial in conducting the examination.\\nThe charges were three in number treason, cowardice, and neglect\\nof duty. The court acquitted the accused of the high crime of\\ntreason. As to the other charges, the court, upon mature deliber-\\nation, found General Hull guilty, and sentenced him to be shot\\nbut, by reason of his services in the war of the Revolution, and\\nhis advanced age, earnestly recommended him to the mercy of the\\nPresident. The President approved of the finding of the court,\\nbut remitted the execution of the sentence, and dismissed him from\\nthe service.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "filStORt OP MiCfllGAN. 401\\niDhe civil administration of Governor Hull presents but few\\nsalient points. His military administration, ending, as it did, by\\nthe ignominious surrender of Detroit to a British force far inferior\\nto his own, was fraught with irretrievable ruin to himself, as well\\nas temporary disgrace to the American arms.\\nWhat was the actual moving cause of this disgraceful capitula-\\ntion will probably never be known, till the final day. Time, how-\\never, has somewhat softened the harsh judgment which was passed\\nupon him at the time and some of the earlier impressions, which\\nattributed his conduct to money, the price of treason, have been\\nremoved. But the most that charity can do is to attribute it to\\ncowardice and imbecility. Efforts have, from time to time, been\\nmade to rescue his name from obloquy but such efforts have uni-\\nversally proved failures. It is enough for an American to know\\nthat he surrendered his command to a force of less than one-third\\nhis own strength. General Hull s principal excuse was, that he\\nwas short of ammunition and provisions. He does not allege that\\nhe was destitute the contrary was well known to be the case\\nbut that he apprehended that he had not enough to last till the\\nfinal issue of the campaign. But this, instead of being an excuse\\nfor an unconditional surrender, was the stronger reason for\\npromptitude and energy. After ammunition and provisions fail,\\nthe worst disaster that can befall an army is that which he forced\\nupon his command before a blow was struck.\\nThe situation was briefly this He had been instructed to pro-\\ntect Detroit. The invasion of Canada was left discretionary with\\nhim. He did neither. It is true he crossed the river, but only\\nto make a disgraceful retreat. When followed, and summoned to\\nsurrender, he complied with the demand only holding out long\\nenough to increase the pomposity of the enemy, and provoke the\\ncurses of his command. His flight commenced at the bridge of\\nthe Canards, and terminated in the American fortress. His\\nretreat was without a reason, and his surrender without a parallel.\\nNothing but the memory of other and prouder days, and gal-\\nlant deeds, can rescue the name of Hull from unmitigated con-\\ntempt; and the kindest judgment which a dispassionate posterity\\ncan pronounce upon him is to ascribe his errors to cowardice and\\nimbecility.\\n26", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIX.\\nGeneral Cass Appointed Governor Defenseless Condition op\\nTHE Territory Indian Depredations Arol^nd Detroit Brav-\\nery AND Energy op General Cass His Treaty with the Indians\\nCondition of Michigan at the Close op the War Expedition\\nof General Cass to the Upper PENmsuLA Discoveries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pros-\\nperity OP the Territory under Cass Administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nTreaty of Chicago Execution op Indians.\\nA NEW era now dawned upon the Territory of Michigan. Gen-\\neral Lewis Cass, who had served, with great credit and distinc-\\ntion, through the war of 1812, was appointed Governor of the\\nTerritory. At that time its prosperity and advancement may be\\nsaid to have commenced. Up to this time, there had been no\\ninducement whatever for the immigration of people from the\\nEastern States. The country had just emerged from a bloody\\nand devastating war, and the public lands had not been brought\\ninto market. The beautiful and fertile lands of the lower penin-\\nsula, now studded with happy homes and flourishing cities, and\\ntraversed in every direction by the locomotive, were traversed\\nonly by wild beasts, and wilder men. The streams, now white\\nwith the sails of noble ships, and dotted with manufactories, were\\nnavigated only by the bark canoe. The feeble settlements along\\nthe frontier had been converted into scenes of desolation not a\\nroad had been constructed through the interior and there was no\\nmeans of access to the country except by the rivers and lakes, and\\nthe military road along the Detroit river. The British garrisons\\nwere broken up, it is true, and Tecumseh was no more, but the\\npeople were by no means free from the calamities of war. The\\nill feeling of the Indians continued unsubdued, and their pro-\\npensities to murder, rob and plunder, were still as great as when\\nTecumseh led them to battle. The British flag still waved over\\nMackinaw, and the intermediate country was filled with fur-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n403\\ntraders who regarded their interests as antagonistic to the United\\nStates.\\nAt this time, it must be remarked, all of the province of Can-\\nada which had been held in submission by the British army, was\\nISAAC NEWTON SWAIN.\\nIsaac Newton Swain, one of the earliest pioneer settlers of the inte-\\nrior and western parts of the lower peninsula of Michigan, was born\\nnear Sackett s Harbor, in Jefferson county, New York, November 20th,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "404 GfiNfiRAL flISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnow subject to the order of the Governor of Michigan, and upon\\nhim rested the responsibility of protecting the rights of the people\\non the east side of the river, in common with the citizens upon the\\nwest side. How long the war would continue, or how it would\\nend, or whether Canada would eventually become a part and par-\\ncel of Michigan, no one could tell. But it was sufficiently\\nobvious to the mind of General Cass that the peninsula of Michi-\\ngan, at least, was to remain under the Stars and Stripes; and he\\nset himself to work, with great wisdom and industry, to provide\\nfor the future welfare of the people intrusted to his charge. In\\norder to do this effectually, it was first necessary to inspire the\\npeople with confidence in their personal safety, and to assure them\\nthat their property was protected by the sleepless vigilance of the\\nlaw. His first act was to tender his resignation as brigadier-gen-\\neral in the army, believing that such extensive civil and military\\npowers should not be vested in the same person. His resignation\\nwas accepted, with the proviso that he should, in his capacity as\\nGovernor, take charge of the defenses of the Territory.\\nThe seat of war at this time having been transferred to the\\nEast, Michigan was left with only a company of twenty-seven sol-\\ndiers for her defense. With this feeble force, and the local militia,\\nthe Governor was required to defend the Territory against the\\n1807. He yet distinctly remembers hearing the reports of the first\\nguns fired in our second war Avith England in 1812. His home was the\\nscene of some of the most exciting events of tliat final contest with\\nBritain, and he thus early imbibed indelible liostility to the red coats,\\nnotwithstanding both sides of his ancestry, being of the Quaker order,\\ncame early fi ora the south of England. They were numbered among\\nthe first settlers of Riiode Island and Nantucket.\\nWhen only nine years old, his parents and their family of five children,\\nof whom he was tiie youngest, removed and settled on the Holland\\nPurchase (so called), in western New York, now Royalton, in Niagara\\ncounty. This was several years before the existence of the Erie canal,\\nand at a period when the products of the settlers had scarcely any cash\\nvalue. Money was a great raritj among the people there, in those daj s,\\nand when an occasional shilling was discovered in the neighborhood, its\\npossessor at once became an object of considerable attention.\\nSuch was the condition and customs of the infant settlement in wliich", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 405\\nbands of hostile Indians who were constantly hovering around\\nDetroit.\\nIt was at this time, when Detroit was thus exposed, that a war\\nparty of savages issued from the dense forests which skirted the\\ntown, and marked their irruption by one of those deeds of blood\\nwhich have made the early history of Michigan a record of trials,\\nsufferings and hardships without a parallel in the annals of fron-\\ntier life. The strength of the party was not great, as it after-\\nwards appeared, but, as it was unknown, the excitement and alarm\\nof the inhabitants Avere intense. But Governor Cass was equal\\nto the emergency, and in a short time rallied his undisciplined\\ntroops, pursued the savages to their native haunts, and, alter a\\nsharp and bloody conflict, returned to Detroit victorious. It is\\nwithin the memory of men now living, how the people of the town\\nwere terrified, upon the return of the victorious band, by the\\nscalp halloa that was raised by some friendly Indians, to indicate\\nthe victory of the party. The horrid sound, which has curdled\\nthe blood of the stoutest hearts in many a lonely cabin in the\\nwilderness, and tells the tale of blood before the gory trophies are\\nexhibited, broke the silence of the evening air. The helpless\\nwomen and children, whose husbands and fathers had gone forth\\nto fight in their defense, had no means of knowing whether the\\nMr. Swain spent the largest part of his youth. At length, however,\\nroads were opened, and when these were connected and made passable,\\nat least, by bridges built by the frosts of winter, the dense forests were\\nawakened by occasional teams. A few loads of the best Genesee\\nwheat were transported from that far off western country, and carried\\nmore than fifty miles over rough and troublesome roads to a small ham-\\nlet, then the nearest cash market, and now the prosperous city of\\nRochester, New York. There this grain .was sold at twenty-five to\\ntwenty-eight cents per bushel, and added very considerably to the\\ncirculating medium of the pioneer settlement. The erection of the first\\nschool house in the settlement is an event not easily forgotten by Mr.\\nSwain. It was constructed by a bee, and occupied but one day for\\nits completion. This is the more surprising since the building was\\ntransformed from standing trees to a temple of science in tliis short\\nspace of time. The neighbors all turned out, and at four o clock in\\nthe morning the sound of their axes, the falling of heavy trees, and the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "406 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nterrible cry came from friend or foe, and, in their uncertainty,\\nmany of them fled to their canoes, and took refuge on the other\\nside of the river. Happily, the return of their friends removed\\ntheir fears, and secured their safety and their return was as joy-\\nful as their departure had been precipitous.\\nThe bravery of Governor Cass as a soldier, fighting the bands\\nof hostile Indians which surrounded the feeble settlements under\\nhis charge, was only equaled by his wisdom in dealing with them\\nin times of peace. He was at this time, by virtue of his ofiice\\nof Governor, Superintendent of Indian Afl airs, and as such it\\nbecame his duty to advise with the government at Washington on\\nthat subject. He had long been under the impression that the\\nonly proper way to deal with the Indians was, as a means of paci-\\nfication, to purchase their possessory rights to the lands they occu-\\npied to limit their hunting grounds to a narrow compass to\\nteach them agriculture and mechanics, and provide the means for\\ntheir instruction and religious training. The policy of the French\\nand English had been to pacify them with presents of whisky\\nand gew-gaws, merely for the purpose of obtaining a temporary\\nfoothold, to enable them to carry on the fur trade. This policy,\\nof course, brought permanent settlers into the country, and those\\nwho were benefited by the trafiic lived thousands of miles away,\\nloud driving of ox teams, indicated that something unusual had taken\\npossession of these earnest settlers. The heavy logs were switched\\ntogether and hewed. Then strong arms and willing hands placed them\\none upon another, until the roof was made whole. The floor was next\\ndubbed off so as to be agreeable to little feet, for no boards could be\\nhad for that purpose, and this exercise completed the first school house\\nin that district. The labor of the day being over, the eager inhabitants\\ncommenced their celebration. Then came genuine ladies, real women-\\npioneer women\u00e2\u0080\u0094 with well prepared refreshments. Rude tables were\\nconstructed, and a wholesome collation spread out for the builders.\\nWhen the appetite had been satisfied, the fioor was made clear and danc-\\ning commenced, which continued with a spirit until an early hour the\\nfollowing morning.\\nIt was in this bee school house that Mr. Swain received his ele-\\nmentary education. This, however, was attended with its disadvantages.\\nBooks were scarce and difficult to obtain. For the winter s use of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 407\\nand had no interest in the permanent development of the country.\\nIt was clear that this was not the i:)olicy of the United States, and\\nthe President heartily coincided in the views expressed by General\\nCass. The result was that General Cass and General Harrison\\nwere intrusted with the power to treat with the Indians on the\\nMiami and Wabash, and, on the twentieth of July, a treaty was\\nsigned with the Wyandots, Senecas, Shawnees, Miamis and Dela-\\nwares, which restored comparative tranquillity to the frontiers.\\nAt one time, during this summer, it became necessary for Gen-\\neral Cass to send troops down the lake, to the assistance of General\\nBrown, on the Niagara and he ordered his whole force to repair\\nto the seat of war, reserving only thirty men for the defense of the\\nfort at Maiden. During this defenseless state, the hostile Indians\\nbecame bolder. Their war parties roamed the country, and\\ncaused much alarm and apprehension and the Governor found\\nit necessary to call the whole adult male population to arms.\\nScouting parties were sent out in all directions, and many skir-\\nmishes occurred. The Governor frequently headed these parties\\nin person, and the hostile tribes were driven from place to place,\\nuntil, finally, they retreated to Saginaw.\\nIn July of this year an attempt was made to recover Mackinaw.\\nA force was detailed, under the command of Colonel Croghan, for\\nPike s arithmetic, he dug potatoes two days, and he husked corn four\\ndays for a slate.\\nAfter graduating in tliis bee institution, Mr. Swain s ambition for\\nfurther knowledge was largely increased. He often walked forty-three\\nmiles in a day, to and from the nearest academy, teaching school in the\\nwinter season, to bear his academic expenses in the summer. Through\\nall these obstacles, he displayed that matchless energy characteristic of\\nhis life, and obtained an ample education.\\nWhen the Erie canal was completed, a new era dawned upon western\\nJSTew York. A market and highway for commerce were opened, reveal-\\ning richer tields in the great West, which he visited, and, early in\\nthe year 1830, he settled permanently in Michigan, to share its pioneer\\nhardships, and aid in developing its great resources. In the former\\nhe has taken a front rank position, while in the latter he has but few\\ncompeers.\\nHis first earnings were invested in land situated near the Kalamazoo", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "408 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthis purpose, with the assistance of a part of the fleet on Lake\\nErie. But the British works were too strong, and, with the\\nassistance of the savages, they were enabled to hold possession.\\nThe establishments at St. Joseph s and at Sault Ste. Marie, how-\\never, were destroyed.\\nIn the winter of 1815, the treaty of peace was ratified between\\nEngland and the United States. The population of the Territory\\nat that time was not over five or six thousand, and that population\\nwas spread over a vast extent, and in a state of great destitution,\\nowing to the calamities of war. Scarcely a family, when it\\nresumed its domestic establishment, found more than the rem-\\nnants of former wealth and comfort. Families had been broken\\nup and dispersed parents had been torn from children, and chil-\\ndren from each other some had been slain on the battle field,\\nand others had been massacred by the ruthless savages. Laws\\nhad become a dead letter, and morals had suffered in the gen-\\neral wreck. Agriculture had been almost abandoned, and com-\\nmerce paralyzed. Food, and all the necessaries of life were\\nscarce, and luxuries were unknown. Money was difficult to get,\\nand the bank paper of Ohio, which was almost the sole circulat-\\ning medium, was twenty-five per cent below par in New York.\\nConsequently commercial transactions were precluded, except at a\\nruinous figure to the merchant and the consumer.\\nriver, in the southwest part of Jackson county. He added to the orig-\\ninal purchase, as he acquired means by farming, surveying, civil engin-\\neering, merchandising, milling, lumbering, etc. His labors have been\\neminently successful, not only in accumulating a large fortune, but in\\ndeveloping the resources of the State.\\nThis biography might very justly be enlivened by a recital of\\nMr. Swain s many adventures in the pioneer days of Michigan. His\\nconflicts with wild beasts and wild men, are filled with the essence of\\nadventure; the hardships he has endured in camping out and travel-\\ning through the unexplored forests, are replete with heroic exploits, with\\nman and beast, and would constitute of themselves a volume full of\\ninterest and instruction. But we shall pass over these, and briefly notice\\nthe results of his industry.\\nHaving failed to secure the Michigan Central ^Railroad through his\\nplace of business, at Concord, by a distance of four miles, he pulled up", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "410 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn this gloomy and uDpromising condition was Michigan when\\nGeneral Cass assumed the office of Governor of the Territory.\\nCivil government was yet to be established, and laws enacted and\\nenforced, before any permanent advancement in prosperity could\\nbe hoped for. His task was a delicate and difficult one. He was\\nnot only a part of the legislative power, but was the sole execu-\\ntive. The laws which were enacted in the one capacity, he was\\nobliged to execute in the other. How well he performed his task,\\nthe condition of the State when he resigned his office, after\\neighteen years of service, abundantly testifies.\\nIn 1817, General Cass made a most important treaty with the\\nIndians, by which their title was extinguished to nearly all the\\nland in Ohio, a part in the State of Indiana, and a portion in the\\nState of Michigan. This was not only the most valuable treaty\\nthat had at that time been made with the Indians, but was of the\\nutmost importance to the Territory of Michigan. It attached the\\nisolated population of Michigan to the State of Ohio made the\\nTerritorial government, in a fuller sense, an integral part of the\\nFederal Union, and removed all apprehension of a hostile con-\\nfederacy among the Indian tribes along the lake and river frontier.\\nUp to this time there was not a road within the limits of the\\nTerritory, save the military road along the Detroit river. But,\\nand went still farther into the dense forest, down the Paw Paw valley,\\nto the present site of the village of Watervleit, in Berrien county, thus\\nendeavoring to make a certainty of locating on this road. The State,\\nwhich at that time owned the Michigan Central Road, had definitely\\nlocated its route through this valley, with a view of making the western\\nterminus on Lake Michigan, at St. Joseph. But these plans were over-\\nruled by various circumstances. The State, with the system of internal\\nimprovements in 1847, being nearly bankrupt, and the Michigan Central\\nRailroad being completed with strap rails only as far as the village of\\nKalamazoo, sold her franchise to the present Michigan Central Railroad\\nCompany. This company departed from the original plan, and thereby\\nleft Watervleit ott twenty miles in tlie forest.\\nNotwithstanding these obstacles, Mr. Swain prosecuted his business\\nenterprises in that locality with unabated energy. At Watervleit he con-\\nducted the same business already mentioned, increasing the lumbering\\nbranch to a considerable extent. He is still interested in the latter at the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 411\\nnow that the Indian settlements and lands could not be interposed\\nas a barrier to the undertaking, General Cass resolved to bring\\nthe attention of Congress to the necessity and advantage of a\\nmilitary road from Detroit to Sandusky. He pointed out the\\npeculiar political and pecuniary advantages of such an under-\\ntaking, and Congress immediately authorized the road to be built\\nover the route indicated taking in its course what was known as\\nthe Black Swamp, then a trackless morass for teams and wagons,\\nbut now one of the most fertile regions of the country.\\nIn the summer of this year, the first newspaper published in\\nMichigan was started at Detroit. It was called the Detroit\\nGazette, and was published by Messrs. Sheldon Reed, two\\nenterprising young men, who for many years, continued its publi-\\ncation.\\nThe great problem which then occupied the minds of the author-\\nities of the Territory was how to induce a flow of immigration\\nfrom the East. That was, indeed, a difficult question to solve\\nmuch more so than we can fully appreciate at this day. There\\nwere, as before remarked, no roads in existence leading to the\\ninterior of the Territory and no steamboats as yet vexed the\\nplacid bosom of the Detroit river. The difficulty was greatly\\nincreased by a false impression which then universally prevailed\\nsame place, and also in large and valuable tracts of land in that vicinity,\\nand lie is now doing much to increase the value of real estate in that\\nsection of Michigan.\\nIn 1861, he commenced, under his own supervision, the erection of his\\nmagnificent residence at Riverside, on Fort street, near Detroit. This\\nbuilding is a fitting monument to its projector. Being one of the sub-\\nstantial kind, he embodied in the construction of this residence much\\nthat indicates his most prominent characteristics. It is, perhaps, the\\nmost elegantly finished, and by far the most substantial building of the\\nkind in the Northwest. Its basement and foundation are, in themselves,\\nwonderful accomplishments, and from the floor of the former to the\\ndeck of the tower is a distance of one hundred feet.\\nAt the top of this tower, which is easily attained by a most magnifi-\\ncent winding stairway, the observer has one of the grandest views of\\nlake, river and landscape scenery in the country. The head of Lake\\nErie and much of Lake St. Clair are made plainly visible, with the most", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "412 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nin regard to the character of the soil of Michigan, and its adapta-\\nbility to the purposes of agriculture. It was popularly supposed\\nto be the very home of disease and death, uninhabited and unin-\\nhabitable a horrible place abounding in swamps, marshes and\\nlagoons, impenetrable save by means of canoes. Nor were these\\nreports without high official authority to back them, as will be\\nseen by the following facts\\nOn the sixth of May, 1812, Congress passed an act, requiring\\nthat 2,000,000 acres of land should be surveyed in the then Terri-\\ntory of Louisiana, and a like quantity in the Territory of Illinois,\\nnorth of the Illinois river, and the same quantity in the Territory\\nof Michigan, iu all 6,000,000 acres, to be set apart for the soldiers\\nin the war with Great Britain. Each soldier was to have 160\\nacres of land, fit for cultivation. The lands were surveyed and\\nappropriated under this law in Louisiana and Illinois, but the sur-\\nveyors reported that there were no lands in Michigan fit for culti-\\nvation. The following is that portion of the Surveyor-General s\\nreport which relates to the lands of Michigan\\nDESCRIPTION OF THE MILITARY LANDS IN MICHIGAN.\\nThe country on the Indian boundary line, from the mouth of\\nthe great Auglaize river, and running thence for about fifty miles,\\npicturesque surroundings of city and country. His grounds surrounding\\nthe residence are not only extensive, but rich in all the beauties of garden\\nlandscape.\\nMr. Swain, although a man of large experience and no small literary\\nattainments, is extremely simple in his manners, making himself alike\\nagreeable with men in business circles, or in entertaining friends at his\\nwell appointed mansion.\\nTo a question as to whether or not he had ever iigured iu politics, Mr.\\nSwain stated that he had never sought office but once in his life. He\\nadmits of once having had an ambition to become overseer of high-\\nways, brought on by the deplorable condition of certain roads in which\\nhe was interested, and which he desired to improve. On this occasion\\nhe was not elected for want of votes, and although more than a third of\\na century has passed since this defeat, he has not since been troubled\\nwith an appetite for office. It is not improbable, however, that he may\\nhave intended this answer as indicating his disapproval of the tricks of\\nmodern politics.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n413\\nis (with some few exceptions) low, wet land, \\\\vith a very thick\\ngrowth of underbrush, intermixed with very bad marshes, but\\ngenerally very heavily timbered with beech, cottonwood, oak, etc.\\nthence continuing north, and extending from the Indian boundary\\nAARON DIKEMAN.\\nAaron Dikeman, one of the representative pioneers of northwestern\\nMichigan, was born in Norwalk, Fairfield county, Connecticut, January\\n3, 1796.\\nHe lived in his native town until reaching his majority, when he emi-\\ngrated to New York City, and embarked in the jewehy business. He\\ncarried on this business in that city for twenty years, with uninterrupted\\nsuccess.\\nClosing up his affairs in New York, he emigrated to Michigan, and\\nsettled in what is now Grand Rapids, arriving there in May, 1837. Here", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "414 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\neastward, the number and extent of the swamps increases, with\\nthe addition of numbers of lakes, from twenty chains to two and\\nthree miles across. Many of the lakes have extensive marshes\\nadjoining their margins, sometimes thickly covered with a species\\nof pine called tamarack, and other places covered with a coarse,\\nhigh grass, and uniformly covered from six inches to three feet\\n(and more at times) with water. The margins of these lakes are\\nnot the only places where swamps are found, for they are inter-\\nspersed throughout the whole country, and filled with water, as\\nabove stated, and varying in extent. The intermediate space\\nbetween these swamps and lakes, which is probably near one-\\nhalf of the country, is with a very few exceptions, a poor, barren,\\nsandy land, on which scarcely any vegetation grows, except very\\nsmall scrubby oaks. In many places, that part which may be\\ncalled dry land is composed of little, short sand-hills, forming a\\nkind of deep basins, the bottoms of many of which are composed\\nof a marsh similar to the above described. The streams are gen-\\nerally narrow, and very deep, compared with their width, the\\nshores and bottoms of which are (with a very few exceptions)\\nhe again engaged in the jewehy business, opening the first establishment\\nof that kind in the State north of the Micliigan Central Railroad. Mr.\\nDikeman continued in this occupation in Grand Rapids until 1867, and dur-\\ning this long period was seldom absent a day from his bench. During this\\ntime he built up a large trade, established a high reputation for an honest\\nbusiness man, and, after fifty years of unremitting toil, he retired in\\nMay, 1867, with a fair fortune and hosts of friends as his reward. At\\nthe time of his retiring he was the oldest jeweler working at the trade in\\nthe United States, being seventy-one years of age.\\nIn 1855, Mr. Dikeman became largely interested in the steamboat navi-\\ngation of Grand river. In that year, he built the steamer Empire, and\\nrun her on the lower river line between Grand Rapids and Grand Haven.\\nMr. Dikeman was elected county treasurer of Kent county, in Novem-\\nber, 1838, and the abilities with which he performed the duties of that\\noffice can be best adduced from the fact that he held it for three succes-\\nsive terms. In 1849, he was elected supervisor of the township of Grand\\nRapids, which then included the village of Kent, now the city of Grand\\nRapids. He was chosen alderman of the third ward of that city in\\nin 1852, and his public life closed with the expiration of his term of office\\nas alderman.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "aiSTORY OF MICHIGAN. 4l5\\nswampy beyond description and it is witti the utmost difficulty\\nthat a place can be found over which horses can be conveyed in\\nsafety.\\nA circumstance peculiar to that country is exhibited in many\\nof the marshes by their being thinly covered with a sward of\\ngrass, by walking on which evinced the existence of water, or a\\nvery thin mud immediately under their covering, which sinks from\\nsix to eighteen inches from the pressure of the foot at every step,\\nand at the same time rising before and behind the person passing\\nover. The margins of many of the lakes and streams are in a\\nsimilar situation, and in many places are literally afloat. On\\napproaching the eastern part of the military lands, toward the\\nprivate claims on the straights and lake, the country does not con-\\ntain so many swamps and lakes, but the extreme sterility and\\nbarrenness of the soil continues the same. Taking the country\\naltogether, so far as has been explored, and to all appearances,\\ntogether with the information received concerning the balance, is\\nso bad there would not be more than one acre out of a hundred,\\nif there would be one out of a thousand that would in any case\\nadmit of cultivation.\\nMr. Dikeman became a member of Phcenix Lodge, No. 4, Free and\\nAccepted Masons of New York city, in 1823, and he was one of the first\\noflScers and charter members of Grand River lodge, in Grand Rapids,\\nMichigan. He has been indentified with this order for over fifty years,\\nand enjoys tlie full esteem of his brother Masons.\\nBeing one of the pioneers of northwestern Michigan, he had unbounded\\nfaith in the future growth and prosperity of the Grand River valley, and\\nhe has ever worked with both his mind and means for its development.\\nIn its infancy, he prophesied a glorious future for it, and time has proved\\nhow correct his foresight was, as he now finds himself surrounded by as\\nbeautiful and prosperous a country as our truly great State can boast of.\\nOn the 14th of February, 1822, Mr. Dikeman married Miss Susanna\\nButler, of Norwalk, Connecticut, and, on the 14th of the same month,\\n1872, they celebrated their golden wedding, at their residence on Fulton\\nstreet, Grand Rapids.\\nNow, at the advanced age of seventy-nine, Mr. Dikeman, in a happy\\nhome, with a fair fortune and surrounded by his children, grandchildren,\\nand hosts of friends, is enjoying the closing years of an active and\\nprosperous life.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "416 GENERAL filStORY OJ* TfiE STATES.\\nAccordingly, on the twenty-ninth of April, 1816, Congress\\npassed an act repealing so much of the law of the sixth of May,\\n1812, as related to Michigan, and provided for taking 1,500,000\\nacres in Illinois, north of the Illinois river, and 500,000 acres in\\nthe Territory of Missouri, in lieu of the 2,000,000 acres which\\ncould not be found in Michigan.\\nIt is difficult, at this late day, to imagine how such a report\\ncould have been honestly made. It is probable, however, that no\\nexamination worthy the name was made. Again, the fur-traders\\nwere interested in preventing the settlement of the country, and\\nthe Surveyor-General may have chosen to rely upon their state-\\nments, instead of making a thorough examination for himself.\\nBe that as it may, the country, through the energy of General\\nCass, was soon, to a certain extent, undeceived although it was\\nmany years before the bad impression was eradicated from the\\nminds of the people of the East. During that year and the fol-\\nlowing, the country was more fully explored, and numerous tracts\\nof the most fertile land, with a rolling surface, were discovered.\\nProsperity began to abound, and population to increase by immi-\\ngiation and settlement. When General Cass became thoroughly\\nconvinced of the falsity of the reports concerning the quality of\\nthe soil of the interior, and saw a hardy and enterprising popula-\\ntion gathering around him, he called for the views of the inhabit-\\nants, in March, 1818, upon the question of changing the civil\\nauthority by entering upon the second grade of Territorial govern-\\nment. A vote was accordingly taken, and a majority were\\nagainst it. But, for the purpose of facilitating emigration and\\nsettlement, General Cass recommended to the Secretary of the\\nTreasury that the lands in the district of Detroit be at once sur-\\nveyed and brought into market. The department at once acted\\nupon this suggestion, and in the following September and October\\nsales were made. This movement gave a new impetus to agricul-\\nture, and added greatly to the permanent prosperity of the\\ncountry. A great change took place in public opinion concerning\\nthe value of these lands, and subsequent surveys more fully con-\\nfirmed the inaccuracy of former impressions.\\nIn the following year, General Cass met the Chippewas in coun-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n417\\ncil at Saginaw, and concluded a treaty by which large relinquish-\\nments to lands in Michigan were obtained, embracing about six\\nmillions of acres.\\nDuring the year 1819, two events occurred in the history of\\nMAJOR LOWELL HALL.\\nLowell Hall, the subject of this sketch, was born in Middlesex\\ncounty, Massachusetts, June 24, 1802.\\nAt the age of two years, with his parents, he emigrated to the State of\\nVermont, and, two years later, he went from there to the Black river\\ncountry, in northern New York. Here, with such limited means as the\\ncountry afiorded, he learned the elementary branches studying eyenings\\nby the cheerful blaze of a fire-place, in a log house. Removing from\\nhere, in 1815, he took up his residence in Genesee county. New York.\\n27", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "418 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nMichigan, which may be said to have inaugurated a new era in\\nher progress. The first was when the first steamboat, the Walk-\\nin-the- Water, made her appearance on Lake Erie, crossing that\\nlake, and passing up to Mackinaw. The second was the granting\\nto the people of Michigan the privilege of electing a delegate to\\nCongress. These events were great advances in the hopes and\\nprosperity of Michigan. By the first, a new and valuable means\\nof commercial intercourse was introduced and, by the latter, a\\nnew channel of communication was opened, through which the\\npeople could communicate to Congress and the national govern-\\nment their wants and situation. Again, what was, perhaps, of as\\ngreat importance as either of the above events, further sales of\\npublic lands were ordered and made. This would cause settle-\\nments to be made further into the interior of the peninsula, and\\nland, now studded, at long intervals, on the banks of her lakes and\\nrivers, by the Frenchman s hut, or the solitary post of the fur\\ntrader, would soon become the sites of towns and villages, teeming\\nwith commerce and civilization.\\nBy the census taken about this time, the population of the Ter-\\nritory was ascertained to be eight thousand eight hundred and\\nAfter a short course at the Middlebury academy, now in Wyoming\\ncounty, he commenced teaching in tlie district schools. He followed\\nthis occupation for two successive winters, receiving as a salaiy twelve\\ndollars per month, payable in wheat, at three shillings per bushel, and he\\nwas also required to board around.\\nNot satisfied with this mode of life, in 1823 he engaged as clerk in a\\nvillage store, owned by Hon. Henry Hawkins, of Alexander, Genesee\\ncounty. New York, with whom he remained as clerk and partner respect-\\nively for eleven years. During these years, he had acquired considerable\\nwealth and married Miss Collins, of Orleans county. In 1838, his fortune\\nwas almost entirely swept away, through his becoming bondsman for\\nmen who failed.\\nWith an untiring energy, nothing daunted, he succeeded in organizing\\nthe Attica and Buffalo Railroad (a charter having been secured in 1836),\\nwhich was the last link in the chain of railway from Albany to Buflalo.\\nHe was a director and secretary of this road, which was finished in\\nseventeen months, and which was the best and cheapest road in the State\\nat that time.\\nSubsequently he procured the charter and organized the Attica and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 419\\nninety-six. Detroit contained two hundred and fifty houses, and\\nfourteen hundred and fifty inhabitants, not including the garrison.\\nThe island of Mackinaw, which continued to be the central mart\\nof the fur trade, had a stationary population of four hundred and\\nfifty, which occasionally increased to not less than two thousand,\\nby the Indians and fur traders who resorted there from the upper\\nlakes. The settlement at the Sault Ste. Marie contained fifteen\\nor twenty houses, occupied by French and English families.\\nThe ordinance of 1787 provided that lot number sixteen in every\\ntownship should be set apart for the support of common schools,\\nbut as yet no measures had been taken to establish any system of\\npublic instruction in Michigan. The act drawn up by Judge\\nWoodward, however, and passed by the governor and judges, in\\n1817, must be excepted. But this was of no practical value at\\nthat time, although it deserves mention as a curiosity, if nothing\\nmore. The act referred to was for the establishment of what was\\nstyled in it the Catholepestemiad, or University of Michigan. The\\nUniversity was to have thirteen didaxia, or professorships, each\\nof which was to be endowed in the most liberal manner. It\\nwas designed, undoubtedly, to lay the foundation for a thorough\\neducation, both broad and deep but, at that early date, was\\nHornellsville road, now the New York and Erie, and over which fifty\\ntrains are now passing daily.\\nIn 1855, he came to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in the interest of the\\nDetroit and Milwauliee Railroad, and continued with it until its com-\\npletion.\\nDuring the rebellion, Mr. Hall was actively engaged in raising troops,\\nand, in the winter preceding its close, at the advanced age of sixty-three,\\nhe accepted an unsolicited commission and entered the service, where he\\nremained until peace was declared, when he was mustered out, having\\nbeen breveted major for meritorious services.\\nReturning home, he organized and was elected president of the Grand\\nRapids and Lake Shore Railroad, which is now consolidated with the\\nChicago and Michigan Lake Shore. Following the completion of the\\nabove road, he organized the Grand Rapids and Saginaw Railroad, of one\\nhundred miles in length, and nearly an air line. Mr. Hall is the presi-\\ndent of this organization, and now, at the age of seventy-one, is as\\nactively and energetically engaged in its construction as he was in\\nthose with which he was connected thirty years ago.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "420 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nridiculously impracticable. Judge Woodward, its author, would\\nseem to have been endowed by nature with fair abilities and to\\npossess extensive acquirements but, at the same time, to have a\\nfatal tendency towards impracticable schemes, and to lay out his\\nwork on such a magnificent scale, as to preclude the possibility of\\nits completion. It is to him that Detroit is indebted for the early\\nplan of the city, laid out in the form of a cobweb. His classical\\nmind was pleased with the idea of a Campus Martins, and a\\nGrand Circus, with avenues radiating in every direction from a\\ngrand center, with cross streets connecting them, and grand pub-\\nlic squares and parks interspersed. The result was, a plan so\\nvast in extent, and so complex in design, that centuries would be\\nrequired to fill it. His plan for a University was on an equally\\nmagnificent scale and the act was clothed in language more\\nsuited to the learned professors of the law^ of five centuries ago,\\nthan to the practical backwoodsman of 1817.\\nMichigan was now rapidly increasing in population. Roads\\nwere being built, and the sound of the woodman s axe was heard\\nin every direction. Settlers were extending themselves along the\\nRivers St. Clair, Raisin, and Huron and settlements were made\\nwhere now stand the cities of Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Jackson,\\nTecumseh and Pontiac. But they were not yet free from the\\nannoyance of the Indians. The Foxes and Sacs annually made\\ntheir appearance to receive thousands of dollars of presents from\\nthe British agents at Maiden. It was no unfrequent occurrence\\nfor them, as they passed along, to commit depredations upon the\\nproperty of the whites. This annual tribute also had a tendency\\nto create and strengthen an attachment and sympathy between the\\nIndians and the British government. It became obvious, then,\\nthat some measures were necessary to put a stop to this custom,\\nand to remove the Indians as far as possible from British influ-\\nence, so annoying to the settlers even in time of peace, and in\\ntime of war so dangerous. Besides, the country situated upon the\\nborders of the upper lakes was then but little known, and it was\\ndesirable that a more intimate knowledge of its characteristics\\nand resources should be in possession of the general government.\\nAccordingly, in the fall of 1819, General Cass directed the atten", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN.\\n421\\ntion of the government at Washington to the matter, and set\\nforth the reasons why an exploration should be made. Among\\nthe important objects were To obtain a more thorough knowl-\\nedge of the resources of the country a more intimate acquaint-\\nJAMES SCRIBNER.\\nAssociated with the early history of Grand Rapids, stands prominent\\nthe name of James Scribner, who was born in the city of New York,\\nin the year 1801.\\nGoing to sea at an early age, he was taken prisoner in his fourteenth\\nyear, by the British frigate Endymion, and carried to Halifax, Nova\\nScotia, where he was retained three months. Returning to the United\\nStates, two years later, he enlisted among the Sea Fencibles, and was\\nstationed at the Narrows, near New York.\\nWith the close of the war, he was apprenticed to a boot and shoe\\nmaker, but at the age of seventeen, he changed his occupation and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "422 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nance with the Indians a knowledge of their moral condition,\\ntheir numerical strength, and of their feelings towards the United\\nStates, and to obtain a cession of the lauds in the vicinity of the\\nStraits of St. Mary s, Prairie du Chien, Green Bay, and open the\\ncommunication between the latter places. Another important\\nobject was to ascertain the extent of the mineral deposits in the\\nvicinity of Lake Superior. It was also desirable to explain to the\\nIndians the views of the government respecting their annual visits\\nto Maiden, and to announce to them that these visits must be dis-\\ncontinued to ascertain the state of the British fur trade within\\nour jurisdiction and, above all, to carry the flag of the United\\nStates into those remote regions where it had never been borne\\nby any person in a public station.\\nThese were the principal reasons urged by General Cass for\\ndesiring the expedition to be set on foot. But the government\\ndecided that it would be inexpedient to obtain any further extin-\\nguishment of the Indian title, except ten miles square at the\\nSault Ste. Marie, for military purposes, and of some islands, near\\nMackinaw, where beds of plaster had been found to exist.\\nIt will readily be perceived by the intelligent reader that difier-\\nent motives relative to the matter actuated the government and\\nGeneral Cass. The former only looked to the necessity for mili-\\ntary defense, whilst the latter was filled with a desire to benefit\\nthe people of his Territory, and to secure its permanent advance-\\nshipped on a vessel bound for the Shetland Islands. Leaving the vessel\\non the coast of Brazil, he traversed the southern and western coasts of\\nSouth America, and the western coast of Central America, making him-\\nself familiar with the Spanish and Portugese languages and visiting all\\nimportant points between Valparaiso and San Francisco.\\nIn 1820, he crossed the Pacific to China, and returned by the way of\\nthe Cape of Good Hope to Rio Janeiro, from whence he sailed across the\\nAtlantic to Cadiz, Spain. Leaving his ship here, he traveled across Spain\\nby land and reshipped at Gibraltar, from whence he sailed to Bordeaux,\\nFrance. Here he was detained a year by sickness, and upon his recovery\\nhe visited Italy, Turkey and the northern coast of Africa.\\nHaving now ch cumnavigated the globe, visited the four quarters of\\nthe earth, and made himself familiar with the French, Spanish, Portu-\\ngese and Italian languages, so as to speak them fluently, he returned to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 423\\nment and prosperity. The government, however, sanctioned the\\nfitting out of the expedition for the purposes named, and ordered\\na topographical engineer, a mineralogist, and a physician, to join\\nit. It also provided it with an escort of soldiers, all to be under\\nthe guidance and direction of General Cass.\\nThe expedition was viewed at the time as the most important\\never undertaken under the auspices of the government. It was\\nto travel in birch canoes, which, combining lightness with strength,\\ncould be readily carried over portages, and bear considerable bur-\\ndens when afloat.\\nThe names of the party were as follows General Cass, and\\nRobert A. Forsyth, his private secretary Henry R. Schoolcraft,\\nmineralogist Captain D. B. Douglass, topographer and astron-\\nomer Dr. Alex. Wolcot, physician James D. Doty, official sec-\\nretary, and Charles C. Trowbridge, assistant topographer. Lieut.\\nEvans Mackey was commander of the escort, which consisted of ten\\nUnited States soldiers. Besides these, there were ten Canadian\\nvoyageurs, to manage the canoes, and ten Indians, to act as hunters.\\nThe latter were under the direction of James Riley and Joseph\\nParks, who were also to act as interpreters.\\nOn the twenty-fourth day of May the party left Detroit. The\\nbanks of the river were lined with people, who cheered the depart-\\ning expedition with the greatest enthusiasm. They passed up\\nnine miles to Grosse Point, and landed, in consequence of a storm.\\nNew York city, at the age of twenty-three, and went into the boot and\\nshoe business.\\nMr. Scribner emigrated to Michigan in 1836, and made Detroit his\\nhome for some months, while he was visiting different parts of tlie State\\nto decide upon a place for a permanent location. His choice fell upon\\nGrand Rapids, and he removed there in the winter of 1836-7 and pre-\\nemted a tract of land on the west side of the river. There being\\nconflicting claims to the property, he spent several years in securing a\\nperfect title. Succeeding in this, he platted it and placed it in the\\nmarket. By almost giving away lots, he drew settlers to the west side of\\nthe river, and this tract of land is now an important part of the city of\\nGrand Rapids, and one of the principal avenues bears Mr. Spencer s\\nname.\\nIn connection with Mr. E. Turner, he built the first bridge at Grand", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "424- GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nand did not proceed further till mid-day of the twenty-sixth. On\\nthe sixth of June, they reached Michilimackinac, having coasted\\nalong the shore the whole distance, and been detained several\\ndays, in consequence of storms and rainy weather. When they\\nreached this place, they were saluted from the fort by the firing\\nof guns, and the inhabitants turned out en masse to bid them wel-\\ncome. They spent eight days on this island, recuperating, and\\nwhen they took their departure, twenty-two soldiers, under the\\ncommand of Lieutenant John S. Pierce, were added to the party.\\nThe expedition now numbered sixty-four persons. They left the\\nisland on the fourteenth of June, and reached the Sault Ste.\\nMarie on the evening of the sixteenth, and encamped for the night\\non the bank of the river.\\nThis place was the seat of government of the Chippewas, and\\nhad been occupied as a military and trading post from an early\\nperiod of the settlement of Canada. Under the treaty of Green-\\nville, made in 1795, a reservation was made, covering any gifts\\nor grants of land in the Northwest Territory, which the Indians\\nhad formerly made to the French or English, and this reservation\\nhad been renewed and confirmed by subsequent treaties. The\\nUnited States now claimed these concessions which had formerly\\nbeen made to the French, and General Cass proposed to hold\\na council for settling the boundaries of the grant, and by that\\nRapids, at Bridge street (the piers of which are still standing and in use),\\non contract with the State for six thousand acres of land. In 1848, we\\nfind him associated with Mr. A. B. Turner, in the publication of the\\nGrand River Ecigle.\\nHis public spirit and personal enterprise identified him with many\\nprojects, some of which were eminently successful, and others were\\ndoomed to end in disappointment. One of the prominent enterprises in\\nwhich he was a leading and moving spirit the Grand Rapids and\\nIndiana Railroad he did not live to see completed.\\nWeary with the mental labors of forwarding extensive projects, he\\nspent the last few years of his life in ordinary business.\\nMr. Scribner was a man of commanding presence, jolly, frank and\\nsocial in his manner, and was known as a warm friend, but an uncom-\\npromising enemy when he felt himself or friends injured. His death\\noccurred on the 2d of October, 1803.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n425\\nmeans obtain an acknowledgment, and a renewal of the conces-\\nsion.\\nAccordingly, the next day, the council assembled at the mar-\\nquee of the Governor. The chiefs were arrayed in their grandest\\nHON. R. M CLELLAND.\\nRobert McClelland was born on the first day of August, 1807, at\\nGreen Castle, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. Among his ancestors\\nwere several officers of rank in the war of the revolution, and some of\\nhis family connections also distinguished themselves in the war of 1812,\\nand in that with Mexico.\\nHis father was an eminent physician and surgeon, who studied his\\nprofession under Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, and practiced it\\nwith great success until six months before his death, when he was eighty-\\nfour years of age.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "426 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nhabiliments, and, besides the usual profusion of feathers, they\\nmade a conspicuous display of the medals which they had from\\ntime to time received from the British government. They entered\\nthe marquee, seated themselves with all their native dignity, and\\nopened the council with the ceremony of smoking the pipe of\\npeace. This ceremony over, the object of the council was\\nexplained to them. They paid the strictest attention to the inter-\\npreter s speech, but it was evident at once that it was not well\\nreceived. Many of them replied, and expressed strong opposi-\\ntion to the proposed reoccupancy. They at first pretended igno-\\nrance of the former grants to the English and French but were\\nsoon pressed from that position by a recurrence to facts of which\\nthey could not pretend to be uninformed. The talk soon became\\ndesultory, and it was evident that they disagreed among them-\\nselves. Some were willing to adjust the boundaries, providing no\\nmilitary garrison was to be established there. They suggested a\\nfear that if it was so occupied, their young men might prove\\nunruly, and kill the hogs and cattle that might stray from the gar-\\nrison. This was construed by General Cass into a threat, and he\\nAltliougli the family of Mr. McClelland had been in good circum-\\nstances, yet, at the age of seventeen, he was thrown upon his own\\nresources, and had thereafter to rely upon them.\\nAfter passing through the usual course of preliminary study, and\\nteaching school to obtain the means, he entered Dickinson College, Car-\\nlisle, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated, among the first in his\\nclass, in the year 1829. He then recommenced his school teaching, and\\nwent through the usual course of law study and was admitted to the\\nbar, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in the year 1831. Soon afterwards,\\nhe removed to the city of Pittsburgh, where he vigorously prosecuted\\nhis profession for almost a year. His early success at the bar was such\\nas is usual with young practitioners of fair promise.\\nIn the year 1883, Mr. McClelland removed to Monroe, in the Territory\\nof Michigan, where, after passing through a very severe examination,\\n8uch as a committee with Hon. A. D. Fraser, then in full practice, at its\\nhead, would be likely to give, he became a member of the bar of Michi-\\ngan, and entered upon the practice here. The early years in the law\\nprofession furnish a hard road to travel, but Mr. McClelland found it\\nas easy, with prospects as bright, as the fortunate aspirants in the pro-\\nfession usually find it.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 427\\nat once informed them, in a dignified tone and manner, that the\\nestablishment of a garrison at that place was irrevocably settled,\\nand that, as sure as the sun set in the west, the United States\\nwould send a garrison to that place, whether the grant was\\nrenewed or not. This decisive language had its desired effect, and\\nat once brought matters to a crisis. High words now passed\\nbetween the Indians themselves. Shingabowassin, the head chief\\nof the band, a tall and stately chieftain, counseled moderation.\\nShingwauk, who had been on the war path in 1814, advocated\\nextreme measures. The last who spoke was Sassaba, a tall, mar-\\ntial looking chief, wearing a British uniform, and said to hold the\\nrank of brigadier-general in the British army. At the close of\\nhis speech he assumed a look of savage wildness, struck his war\\nlance furiously into the ground, and, retaking it, left the marquee,\\nspurning the presents which had been laid before him. This\\nbrought the council to a summary close, and the Indians retired\\nto their encampment, and the Americans to their tents.\\nAs soon as the Indians reached their encampment, they raised\\nthe British flag, and, confident of their invincibility, owing to\\nIn 1835, a convention was called to frame a constitution for the pro-\\nposed State of Michigan. Mr. McClelland was elected a member of this\\nconvention. He took a prominent part in its deliberations and ranked\\namong its clearest-headed and ablest debaters. After this, he still con-\\ntinued in the practice of his profession at Monroe, and was engaged in\\nmost of the important litigations in that part of the country.\\nHe was appointed the first bank commissioner of the State, by Gover-\\nnor Mason, and was offered the attorney -generalship, but declined both\\nof these offices.\\nIn the year 18B7, he was married to Miss Sarah E. Sabin, of Williams-\\ntown, Massachusetts. He has had six children, three of whom now\\nsurvive.\\nIn the year 1838, he was elected a member of the State Legislature, in\\nwhich he soon became distinguished as the head of several important\\ncommittees, speaker pro tempoi e, and as a very active and eflficient\\nmember.\\nIn the year 1840, General Harrison, as candidate for the presidency,\\nswept the country by an overwhelming majority, and at the same time\\nthe State of Michigan was carried by the Whig party, under the popular\\ncry of Woodbridge and reform, against the Democratic party.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "428 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntheir superiority in numbers, they indulged in acts of the grossest\\ninsolence. Matters were now brought to a crisis, and a conflict\\nseemed inevitable. Only one act could avert it and that act it\\nrequired the sublimest courage to perform. But General Cass was\\nequal to the emergency. He instantly ordered the expedition\\nunder arms, and, calling to his interpreter, he proceeded, unarmed\\nand alone, to Sassaba s lodge. On reaching it, he indignantly\\ntore down the British flag, trampled it under his feet, and, turning\\nto Sassaba, told him that the hoisting of that insulting flag was\\nan indignity which would never be tolerated on American soil.\\nHe then proceeded to say that the United States were the natural\\nguardians and friends of the red man, and desired to act justly by\\nthem, and to promote their comfort and happiness that the flag\\nwas the emblem of national power, and that two national flags\\ncould not fly in friendship over the same territory and that the\\nred man must not raise any but the American, and that, if they\\nagain did it, the United States government would set a strong foot\\nupon their necks, and crush them to the earth. He then returned\\nto his own quarters, taking the offending flag with him.\\nAt this time, Mr. McClelland stood among the acknowledged leaders\\nof the latter party, was elected a member of the State House of Repre-\\nsentatives, and, with others, adopted a plan to regain a lost authority\\nand prestige. This party soon came again into power in the State, and\\nMr. McClelland being again returned to the State Legislature, his leader-\\nship was acknowledged by his election as speaker of the House of Repre-\\nsentatives, in the year 1843.\\nDown to this time, Michigan had constituted one congressional district.\\nThe late Hon. Jacob M. Howard had been elected to Congress against the\\nHon. Alpheus Felch, by a strong majority; but, in 1843, so thoroughly\\nhad the Democratic party recovered from its defeat of 1840, that Mr.\\nMcClelland, as candidate for Congress, carried Detroit district by about\\n2,500 majority.\\nMr. McClelland soon took a respectable stand in Congress among the\\noldest veterans of that body. During his first term, he was placed on\\nthe committee on commerce and originated what were known as the\\nharbor bills, and carried them through.\\nThe continued confidence of his constituency was manifested in the\\nfact, that he was reelected to the Twenty-ninth Congress by a strong\\nmajority. At the opening of this Congress, he had acquired a national", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 429\\nThis act of bravery had its desired effect, and the Indians were\\ncompletely overawed. They respect courage, in friend or foe.\\nExpecting so decisive an act to be followed by an instant attack,\\nthe Indians at once cleared their camp of women and children,\\nand prepared for battle. The expedition also looked for a con-\\nflict, and held themselves in readiness, expecting every moment\\nto hear the wild war-whoop. But moderate counsels prevailed\\namong the Indians and, before the day passed, a better feeling\\nexisted among them, and Shingabowassin renewed negotiations.\\nBefore nightfall a treaty was signed, ceding four miles square, and\\nreserving the perpetual right to fish at the rapids of the river.\\nThis treaty was signed by all the chiefs save Sassaba, the warlike\\nchieftain whose violent conduct so nearly brought on a conflict.\\nThe next day, the seventeenth of June, the expedition resumed\\nits journey, and launched their canoes upon the waters of Lake\\nSuperior. On the twenty-first they reached the Pictured Rocks,\\nwhich consist of a series of lofty bluffs, extending along the south-\\nern shore of the lake for several miles, and presenting some of the\\nmost curious, sublime, and commanding views in nature. On the\\nreputation, and so favorably was he known as a parliamentarian, that\\nhis name was mentioned for speaker of the House of Representatives.\\nHe declined, however, in favor of Hon. John ,W. Davis, of Indiana, who\\nwas elected. In this term, he was placed at the head of the committee\\non commerce, in which position his reports and advocacy of important\\nmeasures at once attracted public attention. The members of this com-\\nmittee, as an evidence of the esteem in which they held his services, and\\nof personal regard for him, presented him with a beautiful cane, which\\nhe now retains as a souvenir of the donors and of his labors in Congress.\\nSo strong was the favor in which he was held by his constituency, that\\nat the election of 1847, he was reelected for a third term to Congress, not-\\nwithstanding the two term principle had then become one of the standing\\nrules of party discipline. At the opening of the Thirteenth Congress, he\\nwas placed on the committee on foreign relations by the Hon. Mr.\\nWinthrop, Whig speaker of the House of Representatives. He continued\\nto justify the confidence which was thus reposed in him, while he\\nremained a member of Congress. As a member of the committee on\\nforeign relations, what was known as the French spoliation bill came\\nunder his special charge, and his management of the same was such as\\nto command universal approbation.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "430 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nevening of this day they came across a band of Chippewas, and\\nwere welcomed to their lodges. The Indians proved to be friendly\\nand hospitable, and entertained the expedition with songs and\\ndancing. On the twenty -fifth of June they left Lake Superior,\\nascended Portage river, and returned home by way of Lake Mich-\\nigan, after having traveled over four thousand miles.\\nThe results of this expedition were, a more thorough knowledge\\nof a vast region hitherto almost unknown in its important charac-\\nteristics a fund of valuable knowledge respecting the numbers\\nand disposition of various tribes of Indians several important\\nIndian treaties, by which valuable lands were ceded to the United\\nStates a more accurate topography of the vast region watered\\nby the great lakes a knowledge of the operations of the North-\\nwest Fur Company, and the selection of sites for a line of military\\nposts.\\nIn the meantime, as before mentioned, public lands had been\\nbrought into market, and sold, in most instances, to actual settlers.\\nThe sales of this and the subsequent year gave a new impetus\\nto the rising destinies of the Territory. As yet, however, the\\nWhile in Congress, Mr. McClelland was an advocate of the right of\\npetition, as maintained by the distinguished John Q. Adams, when the peti-\\ntion was couched in decorous language, and presented in a proper\\nmanner. This, he regarded as a constitutional right of the citizen,\\nwhich should not be impaired by any doctrines of temporary expe-\\ndiency. He also voted for the reception of Mr. Giddings bill for the\\nabolition of slavery in the district of Columbia.\\nMr. McClelland was one of the few Democratic associates, about\\neighteen in number, of David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, in bringing for-\\nward for adoption by Congress and the country the celebrated Wilmot\\nProviso, with a view to jirevent the further extension of slavery in new\\nterritory, which might be acquired by the United States. He and Mr.\\nWilmot messed together at the time in Washington, and were on intimate\\nand confidential terms.\\nHe was in several national conventions, and in the Baltimore conven-\\ntion which nominated General Cass for the presidency in 1848, and did\\nvaliant service in that year in favor of the election of that distinguished\\nstatesman to the high position for which he had been selected.\\nOn leaving Congress, in 1849, Mr. McClelland returned to his practice\\nin Monroe. In 1850, a convention of the State of Michigan was called", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 431\\ngreat want of the people was roads, and but few had been con-\\nstructed. What few there were in existence were in a miserable\\ncondition, and almost impassable for the traveler. Congress was\\nappealed to, and responded in a liberal manner. Bills were\\npassed and appropriations made for opening the road between\\nDetroit and the Miami river, for the construction of a road from\\nDetroit to Chicago, a road from Detroit to Fort Gratiot, and for\\nthe improvement of La Ploisance bay.\\nThe system of surveys of the public domain was carried into\\nthe Territory. Two straight lines were drawn through the center\\nof the Territory east and west, north and south. The north and\\nsouth line was called the principal meridian, and the line east and\\nwest was called the base line. The Territory was then divided\\ninto townships, six miles square, and the townships were subdi-\\nvided into sections, a mile square. These townships were then\\nnumbered, increasing from the meridian and base lines. By this\\nmeans mathematical accuracy was obtained in the surveys, and\\nthe system of marking divisions and subdivisions furnished unmis-\\ntakable evidence of the true boundaries of each tract surveyed.\\nto revise the State Constitution. He was elected a member, and was\\nregarded therein as among the ablest and most experienced leaders. His\\nclear judgment and wise moderation were conspicuous, both in the com-\\nmittee room and on the floor in debate.\\nMr. McClelland was an advocate of the great compromise measures of\\nMr. Clay, and, while a member of the constitutional convention, in 1850,\\nattended a large meeting of the friends of those measures at the State\\ncapitol, where he was active in giving form to a series of resolutions,\\nwhich were adopted in favor of the so called compromise measures.\\nIn the fall of 1850, he was a member and president of a Democratic\\nState convention, which, with his cordial approval, also adopted resolu-\\ntions in support of tlie compromise meastires. But the anti-slavery agita-\\ntion was too strong to be arrested by any such means. It finally took\\nfour years of civil war and desolation, to settle the slavery question in\\nthe United States.\\nHe was in the Democratic national convention of 1853. In that year,\\nhe, in company with General Cass and Governor Felch, made a thorough\\ncanvass of the State. The pending political issues were thoroughly\\ndiscussed, and he continued a strong advocate of the Clay compromise\\nmeasures. He took an active part generally in the canvass which", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "432 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn 1821 there was still a tract lying south of Grand Rirer that\\nhad not been added to the United States, and it became necessary\\nonce more for Governor Cass to negotiate with the Indians.\\nAccordingly, in the summer of that year, he embarked in a birch\\ncanoe for another long journey over stream and portage. The\\nroute selected, it is needless to say, was different from the one that\\nis usually traveled to-day. The place he desired to reach was\\nChicago, and the route was as follows: Leaving Detroit, he\\ndescended to the mouth of the Maumee river. He ascended that\\nriver and crossed the intervening country to the Wabash, and,\\ndescending that stream to the Ohio, proceeded down the Ohio to\\nthe Mississippi river ascended that river to the Illinois, and\\nthence by that river to Chicago. It was a long, lonely and cir-\\ncuitous voyage, and is mentioned for the purpose of reminding\\nthe reader of the difficulties and hardships encountered by our\\nearly pioneers, and to show what changes a half a century has\\nwrought.\\nThe American commissioners were General Cass and Judge\\nSibley, of Detroit. Here an incident occurred which illustrates\\nin a striking manner one of the peculiar phases of Indian charac-\\nresulted in the election of General Pierce to the presidency over General\\nScott.\\nIn 1851, the new State convention took effect, and it was necessary\\nthat a governor should be elected for the short term of one year, in order\\nto prevent an interregnum, and to bring the State government under the\\nnew constitution into operation in harmony with the old one. Mr.\\nMcClelland was elected as Governor, and then, in the fall of 1852, he was\\nreelected for the term of two years from the first of January, 1853. His\\nadministration as Governor was regarded as wise, prudent and concilia-\\ntory, and it was as popular as could be expected at a time when party\\nspirit ran high. There was really no opposition to it, and when he\\nresigned, in March, 1853, the State treasury was full to overflowing, and\\nthe State was otherwise prosperous.\\nSo thoroughly and favorably had Mr. McClelland become known as a\\nnational statesman, that on the organization of the Cabinet by President\\nPierce, in March, 1853, he was invited to take the position of Secretary\\nof the Interior, a place which he filled during four years of the Pierce\\nadministration most creditably.\\nHe carried into the Cabinet his genial temperament and his conciliatory", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 433\\nter. As a preliminary step to the negotiations, the commissioners\\nordered that no spirits should be given to the Indians, and\\ninformed them that the bungs were driven into the barrels.\\nThis was a serious matter in the eyes of these thirsty sons of the\\nforest, and forthwith a deputation of chiefs waited upon the com-\\nmissioners to remonstrate. At the head of the deputation was an\\naged chieftain, on whose head the frosts of nearly a hundred win-\\nters had rested, but who was still, as will be seen, in the full pos-\\nsession of his mental faculties, and physically well preserved.\\nThe commissioners urged every argument to convince him of the\\npropriety of the course they had adopted, but all to no purpose.\\nFather, said the hoary-headed chief, when he was urged to\\nremain sober and make a good bargain for his people, Father,\\nwe do not care for the land, nor the money, nor the goods. What\\nwe want is whisky. Give us whisky. But the commissioners\\nwere inexorable, and the Indians were forced to content them-\\nselves. A treaty was finally entered into by which nearly all the\\ncountry within the bounds of Michigan, south of Grand river,\\nand not before ceded, was granted to the United States.\\nSoon after the return of the commissioners to Detroit, Gover-\\nspirit. He thoroughly reorganized his department, reduced the expen-\\nditures, adopted a course with tlie Indians which relieved them from the\\nimpositions and annoyances of the traders, produced harmony and\\nextended civilization among them, and during his administration there\\nwere no complaints by, and no outbreaks in the different tribes; there was\\nno corruption among agents, and none in any of the bureaus. No parti-\\nsan distinctions were made among the clerks, and merit alone was\\nregarded in making promotions. No censure or complaint was made\\nfrom partisan or other sources. His intercourse with all was courteous\\nand indulgent, and when he left the department it had been brought into\\nperfect order and system. He had otherwise performed its duties to the\\nentire satisfaction of the President and his fellow-members of the Cabinet,\\nas well as to the public at large.\\nIn 1867, Michigan again called a convention to revise the State Consti-\\ntution. Mr. McClelland was a member, and here again his long and tried\\nexperience made him conspicuous as a prudent adviser, and as a sagacious\\nparliamentary leader.\\nAs a lawyer, he was terse and pointed in the argument of law ques-\\ntions, and clear, candid and forcible in his addresses to juries. His great\\n28", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "434 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnor Cass was called upon to exercise the pardoning power in two\\ncases of murder. The novelty of the cases impels a mention\\nof them in this volume. Two Indians, named respectively\\nKetawka and Kewabiskim, had been tried by the Supreme Court\\nof the Territory, and found guilty one for the murder of Dr.\\nMadison, of the United States Army, and the other of the mur-\\nder of a trader at Green Bay. An application was made to the\\nGovernor to pardon them. The attitude of our relations with the\\nIndians at the time rendered the decision of the question some-\\nwhat embarrassing. Besides, it was well known to the Governor\\nthat the British, who were seeking every opportunity to foment\\nquarrels between the Indians and our people, would take advan-\\ntage of the execution of the murderers, and endeavor to excite\\nthe savages to fresh atrocities against the peaceful settlers of the\\nTerritory. Another consideration which had some weight in the\\nmind of the Governor was that higher or more certain evidence\\nof malice aforethought should be required in the case of a savage.\\nSome time elapsed before the decision was made, but finally the\\nconclusion was arrived at that the evidence was too clear to allow\\nof executive interference, and the law was allowed to take its\\ncourse.\\nsincerity and earnestness, with wliicli he occasionally intermixed a pleas-\\nant humor and a light playfulness, showing his complete mastery of his\\nsubject, were sure to carry most doubtful cases in his favor.\\nIn his political addresses before the people, he was especially forcible\\nand happy. The arrangement of his argument was natural, and, going\\ndirectly to the strong points in his favor, and to the weak points of his\\nadversary, he could carry his audience with him on most occasions.\\nIn private party consultations, he was always regarded as a prudent\\nand safe adviser, urging an avoidance of all extremes, and the pursuit of\\nthe golden mean, as the surest way to success.\\nIn the year 1870, being in private life, he made the tour of Europe,\\nwhich, through his extensive learning, and his personal acquaintance\\nwith many of the European diplomats, he was well calculated to relish\\nand enjoy as few tourists are enabled to do.\\nMr. McClelland is a genial companion, a good neighbor, an earnest\\nfriend, and his great experience and extended knowledge of men and\\npublic officers enables him to observe with deep interest the great pano-\\nrama of public events, and enjoy all the attractions of private life.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 435\\nDecember twenty-fifth, 1821, was the day fixed for the execution\\nof the prisoners. They met their fate with the stoical indifierence\\nwhich it is the pride of the Indian to exhibit when his fate is\\nsealed, and resistance out of the question. After their own cus-\\ntoms, they prepared to meet their fate. They laid aside, as an\\nofiering to the Great Spirit, all the tobacco, pipes, and such other\\narticles as they were possessed of. They drew a piece of leather\\nover their drinking vessel, thus forming a kind of drum, around\\nwhich, after painting their faces black, they danced their death\\ndance and sang their death song. They drew upon the prison\\nwalls, in red paint, rude figures of men, beasts and reptiles. On\\ntheir blankets they painted a representation of the execution of\\nan Indian by hanging. The gallows was erected in plain view of\\ntheir prison window, and they were informed that it was for their\\nexecution. But the sight excited no expression of dread or fear\\nof death. They had resolved to die, as their fathers had died,\\nheroically, and with no exhibition of emotion or weakness. When\\nthe day of execution arrived they were as stoical as ever, and\\nascended the platform with the utmost firmness and comjDosure.\\nWhen the fatal moment arrived, they shook hands with their\\ncounsel and others who stood near, and asked pardon of the peo-\\nple for the crime they had committed. Then, shaking hands with\\neach other, the black caps were drawn over their faces, and, hand-\\nin-hand, they passed over to the happy hunting grounds.\\nThe following year it became necessary, so rapid was the settle-\\nment of the country going forward, to create six new counties.\\nThese extended from the head of Lake Erie, parallel with the\\nDetroit river and Lake St. Clair, towards Saginaw Bay. The\\ncounties thus laid out were Lapeer, Sanilac, Saginaw, Shiawassee,\\nWashtenaw and Lenawee. Public travel also began to increase,\\nand for the first time in the Territory a stage line was established.\\nThis line of stages ran from Detroit to the county seat of Macomb\\ncounty, connecting with the steamer Walk-in-the- Water.\\nIn 1823, Congress passed an act changing the form of the Terri-\\ntorial government. This act abrogated the legislative power of\\nthe Governor and Judges, and established a Legislative Council, to\\nconsist of nine members. These members were to be appointed", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "436 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nby the President of the United States, by and with the advice and\\nconsent of the Senate, out of eighteen candidates elected by the\\npeople of the Territory. This council and the Governor of the\\nTerritory were invested with the same powers which had been\\nbefore granted by the ordinance of 1787 to the Governor, Legis-\\nlative Council and House of Representatives of the Northwestern\\nTerritory. By this law the term of a judicial office was limited to\\nfour years, and eligibility to office required the same qualifications\\nas the right of suffrage.\\nThis act met the cordial approbation of the people of the Ter-\\nritory. They were now invested with a more compact and ener-\\ngetic government. An interest was awakened in the minds of the\\npeople in the affairs of their government, and they began to\\nexperience that sensation of citizenship which underlies the growth\\nand prosperity of all civilized communities.\\nThe first Legislative Council convened under this act met for the\\nfirst time at the council house at Detroit, on the seventh day of\\nJune, 1824. Governor Cass then delivered his message, briefly\\nreviewing the progress of the Territory since his administration\\ncommenced, and marking out what he considered the proper line\\nof policy in its existing condition. Amongst other matters to\\nwhich the Governor called the attention of the council was that of\\nschools and education a subject not so much discussed or gener-\\nally appreciated as since.\\nIn the course of this year Governor Cass called the attention of\\nthe general government to the mineral resources of the Lake\\nSuperior country, and askgd that steps might be taken to procure\\nfrom the Indians the privilege of exploring and mining in that\\ncountry. In compliance with this recommendation, the Senate\\npassed a bill conferring authority on the President to appoint a\\ncommissioner to treat with the Indians for this purpose. The\\nHouse, however, refused to concur; but at the next session of\\nCongress the bill passed both Houses. This was the first legisla-\\ntion which led to the commencement of mining operations on\\nLake Superior.\\nIn November, 1826, the council again convened. During that\\nsession they were called upon to consider a question which, sev-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n437\\neral years after, threatened to embroil the Territory in an armed\\nconflict with the State of Ohio. This was in reference to the\\ndividing line between Michigan and the contiguous States of Ohio,\\nIndiana, and Illinois. A discussion of this question, is, however,\\nmore properly reserved for a future chapter.\\nM. V. BORGMAN.\\nMartin V. Borgman, who has efficiently discharged the duties of\\nsuperintendent of the metropolitan police department of Detroit since\\n1866, was born in Minster, Ohio, in 1838.\\nAt the age of twenty he visited Michigan, and in 1861 he was among\\nthe first citizens of Detroit who volunteered to serve the State in the\\nUnion army to suppress the rebellion. He entered as a private, and three\\nyears later returned with the honors of first lieutenant. Soon after his\\nreturn he was appointed by the board of police commissioners to the\\nposition of captain of the Detroit police force, an appropriate recognition", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "438 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn the meantime, a change had been made in the manner of\\nselecting the minor officers of the Territory. All the county\\nofficers, save those of a judicial character, were made elective by\\nthe people, and all executive appointments were required to be\\napproved by the Legislative Council. An act was also passed\\nempowering the Governor and council to divide the Territory into\\ntownships, to incorporate the same, and to define their rights and\\nprivileges.\\nThe country was now rapidly increasing in wealth and popula-\\ntion. A new impetus had been given to the growth of the whole\\nNorthwest, by the opening, in 1825, of the Erie canal from the\\nHudson river to Buffalo. The effect of the completion of this mag-\\nnificent enterprise was to cheapen transportation, and give to the\\nWest the foreign merchandise of which it stood in need, at a\\ngreatly reduced price. At the same time it had the effect of\\nenhancing the price of the agricultural products of the West in a\\nstill greater proportion. Consequently, lands increased in value,\\nand new facilities and new motives were offered for settlement.\\nThe Walk-in-the- Water was now found too slow and of insuffi-\\ncient capacity to accommodate the travelers and their goods over\\nthe rough waters of the lakes. To accommodate this increase, the\\nHenry Clay, and other steam vessels, were built. To meet the\\nincreasing demand for land, new surveys were made, and large\\ntracts of laud thrown upon the market. Capital began to flow in\\nand seek investment in the fertile acres which were thrown open\\nfor settlement. Improvements, local and general, were made\\nthe small settlements began to swell into villages public edifices\\nand private mansions were projected and built the echo of the\\nof his services in the war. Subsequently, Superintendent Drake tendered\\nhis resignation, whicli was accepted by the board, and thus devolved\\nupon Captain Borgman the functions of that official station, in addition\\nto the duties of his own office. His deportment under these trying cir-\\ncumstances was highly commendable, and secured his promotion to the\\nhigh station of superintendent soon after Mr. Drake s resignation, in 1866.\\nSince that time Mr. Borgman has continued in the same responsible\\noffice, and enjoys to-day the entire support of the police board, with the\\nconfldence and esteem of the whole public.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 439\\nwoods was supplanted by the busy hum of commerce and rich\\nfields of golden grain, and other products of agricultural industry,\\nwere to be seen on every hand, and were harvested and shipped\\nto the sea-board. Michigan now began to be considered the asy-\\nlum and the retreat for all who would better their fortunes by\\nindustry. It was, indeed, a country where honest industry was\\nsure to be rewarded by a competence, and eventual wealth. The\\nhardy pioneers scattered all over the country the stroke of the\\nwoodman s axe made the ancient woods resound, and the smoke\\nof their cabins everywhere ascended from the depths of the forest.\\nThe lakes and rivers presented a no less busy scene. The white\\nwings of commerce were spread upon their waters, and the black\\nsmoke of mighty steamers, like a portentous cloud, stretched\\nalong the horizon. The reign of nature in these mighty forests\\nhad ended the reign of man had begun.\\nIn the meantime, in order to meet the claims of the increasing\\npopulation of the Territory, new privileges of a political charac-\\nter had been granted them. The Legislative Council was increased\\nto thirteen members, to be chosen by the President from twenty-\\nsix selected as candidates by the people. This change was made\\nin 1825. In 1827 an act was passed authorizing the electors to\\nchoose their representatives directly, without the further sanction\\nof either the President or Congress. The power of enacting laws\\nwas given to the council, subject, however, to the approval of\\nCongress, and the veto of the Governor of the Territory. Upon\\nthis footing the government of the Territory remained until the\\norganization of the State government.\\nThe prosperity of the Territory continued to increase from this\\ntime forward; and it is but simple justice to say that to the wise\\nand beneficent administration of Governor Cass this unexampled\\ngrowth is to be, in a great measure, attributed. It would be\\nunjust, however, to omit the just praise to which his counselors\\nare entitled. William Woodbridge, particularly, who was the\\nSecretary of the Territory during the administration of Governor\\nCass, and acting governor during the absence of the chief execu-\\ntive, is entitled to great credit for the ability and untiring zeal\\nwith which he performed the arduous duties of his office. He was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "440 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nalso the Territorial delegate to Congress during a portion of the\\ntime, and ably represented his constituency in that body. He\\nwas a man of great culture and refinement, and strictly honorable\\nand conscientious in his official and private life. He retired from\\nthe office of Secretary of the Territory in 1828, when he was suc-\\nceeded by James Witherell, who held the office two years, and\\nwas succeeded by the appointment of General John T. Mason\\nof Kentucky.\\nIn 1831, Governor Cass was appointed Secretary of War in the\\nCabinet of President Jackson, and he thereupon retired from the\\noffice of Governor of Michigan, having served in that capacity\\nfor the period of eighteen years. He had been appointed six\\ntimes, running through the presidency of Madison, Monroe, and\\nJohn Quincy Adams without a single representation against\\nhim from the people in all that time, or a single vote against\\nhim in the Senate. He had, in the meantime, faithfully dis-\\ncharged his duties as Indian Commissioner, and had concluded\\nnineteen treaties with the Indians, and acquired large cessions in\\nOhio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. The people\\nof the Territory fully appreciated his worth at the time, as was\\nmore than once manifested in after years.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXX.\\nThe Administration op Governor Porter The Black Hawk War\\nConstruction of Roads\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The First Railroad Company Organ-\\nized Banks Chartered Common Schools Organized Change\\nIN THE Method op Disposing op Public Lands Death of Gov-\\nernor Porter.\\nUpon the elevation of General Cass to a seat in the cabinet of\\nPresident Jackson, and his consequent resignation of the office of\\nGovernor of the Territory of Michigan, General George B. Por-\\nter, of Pennsylvania, was appointed governor. This occurred in\\nJuly, A. D. 1831, and Governor Porter entered upon the dis-\\ncharge of the duties of his office on the twenty-second of the fol-\\nlowing September. The population of the Territory at that time\\namounted to about thirty-five thousand.\\nThe administi-ation of Governor Porter presents but few points\\nthat possess attractions for the pen of the historian. It was a\\ntime of almost profound peace. The terrible wars which had\\ndevastated the country in former years were over. The Territory\\nwas on the high road to prosperity and affluence. The arts of\\npeace alone were cultivated. It is at such times that States grow\\nto greatness, such as wealth and population can give but it is\\nthe tale of hardships, struggles, bloodshed and rapine that fills the\\npages of a nation s history. Fortunately for Michigan, the long\\nstruggle for the mastery of her soil was now practically ended,\\nand the attention of her people and her rulers was directed to the\\npromotion of her material advancement and the development of\\nher resources. The only war cloud that appeared above the hori-\\nzon during the administration of Governor Porter was what is\\nknown as the Black Hawk war; but this was confined, in its\\neffects on Michigan, more to that part of the Territory now con-\\nstituting the State of Wisconsin, than to the peninsula. Gover-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "442 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnor Porter, however, cooperated with the executives of the States\\nof Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, and furnished militia from the\\nwestern part of the Territory to aid in punishing the savages.\\nThe campaign was short and decisive, and ended in the unquali-\\nfied submission of the hostile party, and in the adoption of meas-\\nures for the permanent security of the frontier. Treaties of\\ncession were formed with the Winnebagoes, and the Sacs and\\nFoxes, by which the Indian title was extinguished to all the coun-\\ntry south of the Ouisconsin and east of the Mississippi, and to an\\nextensive region west of that river.\\nDuring Governor Porter s administration, Wisconsin, which\\nhad before been annexed to Michigan, was erected into a separate\\nTerritory. In the meantime the commerce on Lake Erie was\\nrapidly increasing. Many new townships were organized, and\\nroads were constructed into the interior. In looking over the\\nrecords of that time, it is found that in the year 1832 alone there\\nwere roads constructed, or authorized by the Territorial council\\nas follows From Point du Chene to the Fort Gratiot turnpike,\\nfrom Battle Creek to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river, from a\\npoint on the Chicago road to the county seat of Calhoun county,\\nfrom Pontiac to Ann Arbor, from Southfield to Detroit, from\\nRochester to Lapeer, from Pontiac to Adrian, from Vistula to\\nIndiana, from Branch county to the mouth of the St. Joseph s\\nriver, from Ten Eycks to the principal meridian, from Ecorse to\\nthe Chicago road, from Jacksonburgh to the mouth of the St.\\nJoseph s river, and from Monguagon to St. Joseph s. In conse-\\nquence of these improvements, the country became better known,\\na spirit of speculation became awakened, and, in addition to the\\nactual settlers, there were hundreds of speculators traversing the\\nwoods in search of eligible lands, which they purchased and held\\nfor an increase in value. The same year the Legislative Council\\npassed an act to provide for the establishment and regulation of\\ncommon schools. An act was also passed incorporating The\\nLake Michigan Steamboat Company, with a capital of forty\\nthousand dollars. The names of the corporators were, James\\nAbbott, Oliver Newberrj^ Benjamin F. Larned, B. Kercheval,\\nJohn Palmer, and Reynold Gillett. The Legislative Council of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n443\\nthat year is also entitled to the credit of having passed the first\\nact of incorporation under which a railroad company was organ-\\nized in Michigan. This was the act incorporating the Detroit and\\nSt. Joseph Railroad Company. The names of the commissioners\\nJOHN P. ALLISON.\\nJohn P. Allison, a prominent business man of East Saginaw, was\\nborn in the town of Haverstraw, Rockland county, in the State of New\\nYork, April 15, 1817.\\nAt an early age, he removed to New York city, and from there emi-\\ngrated to Michigan, in June, 1854, taking up his residence in East\\nSaginaw, then but a small village. In his journey from New York, Mr.\\nAllison traveled by railroad and boat to Detroit, and found the accom-\\nmodations for travelers in those days far diflFerent from what they are at", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "444 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwere John Biddle, John R. Williams, Charles Lamed, E. P.\\nHastings, Oliver Newberry, De Garmo James, James Abbott,\\nJohn Gilbert, Abel Millington, Job Gorton, John Allen, Anson\\nBrown, Samuel W. Dexter, W. E. Perrine, William A. Thomp-\\nson, Isaac Crary, 0. W. Golden, Caleb Eldred, Cyrus Lovell, Cal-\\nvin Brittain, and Talman Wheeler. The State reserved the right\\nto purchase the road at its original cost and fourteen per cent\\ninterest. The act also contained the following provision\\nSaid corporation, hereby created, shall have power to con-\\nstruct a single or double railroad, from the city of Detroit to the\\nmouth of the St. Joseph river, commencing at Detroit, and pass-\\ning through, or as near as practicable to the village of Ypsilanti\\nand the county seats of Washtenaw, Jackson, Calhoun, and Kala-\\nmazoo, with power to transport, take and carry property and per-\\nsons upon the same, by the power and force of steam, of animals,\\nor of any mechanical, or other power, or of any combination of\\nthem.\\nIt also provided that the road should be completed within thirty\\nyears. As this road was the one now known as the Michigan\\nCentral Railroad, it is needless to add that the latter condition\\nwas complied with. The same council also passed an act incor-\\nporating the Bank of the River Raisin, with a branch at Pon-\\npresent. From Detroit lie went to Pontiac by rail, and from there he\\ntraversed the remainder of his journey to East Saginaw by the old\\nfashioned stage-coach.\\nArriving at East Saginaw, he soon afterwards became engaged in the\\nmanufacture of lumber (an occupation that pretty much everybody in\\nthat region was interested in at that time), and has since built up a vast\\nand lucrative trade in that commodity.\\nMr. Allison was also an early adventurer in the saline experiments of\\nthe Saginaws, and was the second person to produce a good article of\\nmerchant salt. He likewise enjoys the reputation of being one of the\\npioneer farmers of the Saginaw valley, having, at an early day, cleared\\nup and placed under good cultivation a large farm near the city of East\\nSaginaw, upon which he now resides.\\nMr. Allison s character is such as to command the respect and esteem\\nof his fellow-citizens, and his industry, enterprise and integrity are well\\nworthy of emulation by the young men of the country, who by their\\nown exertions expect to attain positions of honor and trust.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "HI8TOEY OF MICHIGAN.\\n445\\ntiac. This was the third bank established in the Territory. Pre-\\nvious to this the Bank of Michigan (1817), with a branch at Bron-\\nson, had been incorporated, and also, in 1829, the Farmers and\\nMechanics Bank of Michigan, with a branch at St. Joseph s.\\nCOUNTRY RESIDENCE OF W. W. BACKUS.\\nThe above engraving represents the country residence of Mr. W. Wood-\\nbridge Backus, grandson of the late William Woodbridge. It is situated at\\nGrosse Point, about eight miles above Detroit, and commands an exten-\\nsive view of the beautiful Lake St. Clair, the great highway of the\\nnation s commerce. Grosse Point is rapidly becoming the favorite\\nlocality for the summer residences of the wealthy citizens of the metrop-\\nolis. In salubrity of climate, beauty of scenery, proximity to the city of\\nDetroit, and all that goes to make a desirable country-seat, it already\\nstands without a rival.\\nThe earliest settlers were French, many of whom were men of high\\nsocial and political standing in la belle France, but who emigrated to this\\ncountry to seek a home free from the terrible political strifes which con-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "446 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe same council authorized a vote of the inhabitants to be\\ntaken on the question of organizing a State government, and ask-\\ning admission into the Union. A vote was accordingly taken on\\nthe first Tuesday of October of that year, which resulted in a\\nsmall majority in favor of the measure. But the vote was exceed-\\ningly light, and a question arose as to whether it really represented\\nthe sentiments of the majority of the people, or not. Governor\\nPorter, in his message, recommended that, in view of the facts,\\nanother vote should be taken but he was overruled by the coun-\\ncil, and a memorial was sent to Congress, setting forth the facts,\\nand praying for action by that body. It does not appear, however,\\nthat the petition was considered, as it was not till two years after-\\nwards that serious measures were taken to secure a State organiza-\\ntion.\\nvulsed their native land. They readily appreciated and seized upon this\\nlovely spot, and made it their home. The descendants of one or two\\nfamilies retain to this day the original letters patent granted by the\\nunfortunate Louis XV. Grosse Point is rich in historical incident. It\\nwas the place most resorted to by the numerous tribes of Indians as their\\nplace of meeting to make. their treaties with each other and smoke the\\npipe of peace. It was there that the fierce and warlike tribes, the Sacs\\nand the Foxes, fought their last and most sanguinary battle, a battle\\nwhich resulted in the extermination of the first mentioned tribe. The\\nlittle creek on whose banks this battle was fought took its name from the\\nvictors, a name which it still retains. Near this place is Presque Isle,\\nwhere the lighthouse now stands. That locality was held by the Indians\\nin sacred veneration, from tlie fact of its being the burial place for the\\nnumerous tribes inhabiting this portion of the lower peninsula. It was\\nalso the rallying point for Pontiac and his confederated tribes during the\\nterrible war which he waged against Detroit.\\nAround Mr. Backus residence are many of the oldest landmarks, mak-\\ning the place truly historical. In the front garden, as will be seen by the\\nengraving, are numerous apple and pear trees, ranging from one hundred\\nand fifty to two hundred years old. With the hammock stretched\\nbeneath the branches of these venerable old trees, and the breeze from\\nLake St. Clair gently fanning the whole neighborhood, there is no more\\nhealthy or delightful spot in Michigan. Mr. Backus resides in this beau-\\ntiful home during the summer months, and when the chilly winds of\\nautumn render the place too cold for comfort he retreats to his city resi-\\ndence, on Fort street west.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 447\\nAbout this time a change was made in the manner of disposing\\nof the public lands, which was of great benefit to the settlers in\\nthe West. Previous to the year 1820, the price of government\\nland was two dollars an acre. One-fourth of this was to be paid\\ndown at the time of purchase, and the remainder in three annual\\ninstallments. The land was subject to forfeiture if these payments\\nwere not promptly met. A discount was allowed, however, of\\neight per cent, if the whole amount was paid in advance. This\\nsystem was found to be productive of serious evils. The hope of\\ngain induced many to make large purchases. Some, it is true,\\nrealized large fortunes, while others, whose judgment was not so\\ngood, were left without the means of paying when their payments\\nbecame due, and their lands were consequently subject to forfeit-\\nure. This led to a total change of the system. The price was\\nreduced to one dollar and a quarter an acre, and the whole was\\nrequired to be paid at the time of purchase. This was attended\\nwith the desired effects. It prevented much loss to the govern-\\nment, saved a great deal of trouble, discouraged reckless specula-\\ntion, and enabled the honest and industrious settler, with moderate\\nmeans, to acquire a clear and unincumbered title to his lands.\\nOn the sixth day of July, 1834, the office of Governor became\\nvacant, by the death of Governor Porter. By the provision of\\nlaw for the government of the Territory in case of the death,\\nremoval, resignation, or necessary absence of the Governor, the\\nSecretary of the Territory was required to execute the powers and\\nperform all the duties of Governor during the vacancy. The\\nfunctions of the office, consequently, devolved upon the Secretary,\\nStevens T. Mason.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXI.\\nThe Organization of a State GovERNsrENT The Boundary Ques-\\ntion THE Toledo War Incidents and Accidents Settlement\\nOF THE Question Admission of Michigan into the Union.\\nThe ordinance of 1787 provided that the Northwest Territory\\nshould be divided into not less than three States, nor more than\\nfive, as Congress should determine. Three States had already\\nbeen formed from that Territory, viz Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.\\nBy that ordinance, and subsequent acts of Congress, conferring\\nupon Michigan the benefits contained in its provisions, Michigan\\nwas entitled to admission into the Union as a State so soon as her\\nfree white population numbered sixty thousand. In 1834, Michi-\\ngan took the preliminary steps to secure for herself the rights to\\nwhich she claimed to be entitled. On the sixth of September of\\nthat year, the Legislative Council passed an act directing a census\\nto be taken. The result showed that there were 87,273 free white\\ninhabitants in the Territory. At the next session of the Council,\\nin January, 1835, an act was passed authorizing a convention to\\nbe held at Detroit, on the second Monday of May following.\\nThis convention was composed of eighty-nine delegates. It met\\nui^on the day specified, and continued in session till the twenty-\\nfourth of June. A Constitution was formed and submitted to the\\npeople in the October following, and by them adopted. At the\\nsame election, a full set of State ofiicers and a legislature were\\nelected to act under the Constitution. In November following,\\nthe legislature met, and the whole machinery of a State govern-\\nment was set in motion. Stevens T. Mason, the Secretary of the\\nTerritory, and acting governor after the decease of Governor Por-\\nter, was the Governor of the new State.\\nIn the meantime, the diflBculty in- reference to the southern\\nboundary of the Territory was rapidly approaching a crisis. To", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n449\\ngive a full and complete history of this difficulty, and relate all\\nthe incidents, ludicrous and otherwise, that occurred during the\\nprogress of the contest, would require a volume. The most that\\ncan be done in the space allotted is to give the leading facts con-\\nnected with it.\\nHON. GEORGE VAN NESiS LOTHROP.\\nThe name which heads this brief article is a familiar one in every\\ntown of this State, and widely known throughout the entire Northwest.\\nExcept for the sudden political revolution w^hich swept the West during\\nthe last dozen years, and which still liolds the great majority of the people\\nbeneath the sway of its opinions, the nanie and abilities of Mr Lothrop\\nwould doubtless ere this have had a national renown. But having in early\\nlife identified himself with the Democratic party, and this organization\\nhaving commenced decay shortly after Mr. Lothrop entered that period of\\n29", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "450 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nThe origin of this dispute was not dissimilar to the causes\\nwhich produced the several State and colonial contentions for\\nboundary among the original States of the confederacy, all of\\nwhich arose either from ignorance of local geography, the unap-\\npreciated importance of the incipient colony, or an unpardonable\\ndisregard of the sacredness of vested rights. In consequence of\\nthese loose notions, or inadvertence to rights once granted, char-\\ntered rights were frequently conferred by the Crown of England\\nto one company, and at a succeeding day the same territory was\\nincluded in the charter of another.\\nMichigan claimed for her southern boundary a line running\\neast across the peninsula from the extreme southern point of Lake\\nMichigan, extending through Lake Erie, to the Pennsylvania\\nline. This she claimed as a vested right a right accruing to\\nher by compact. This compact was the ordinance of 1787, the\\nparties to which were the original thirteen States, and the Terri-\\ntory northwest of the Ohio and, by the succession of parties\\nunder statutory amendments to the ordinance and laws of Con-\\ngress the United States on the one part, and each Territory\\nnorthwest of the Ohio, as far as affected by their provisions, on the\\nother. Michi^^an, therefore, claimed under the prior grant, or\\nassignation of boundary.\\nOhio, on the other hand, claimed that the ordinance had been\\nhis life when his talt jnts began to make him conspicuous among his fel-\\nlows, the opportunity for his political distinction narrowed with every\\nyear. His friends, however, with a passionate devotion rivaling that\\nwhich inspired the enthusiastic followers of Henry Claj^ clung liopefully\\nto him, and repeatedly and persistently thrust him forward as their\\nchosen leader for congressional honors. Believing him without a peer\\nin point of professional a )ility as well as in native talent, they bade him\\nlead the forlorn hope ol their party through several successive and\\ndesperate campaigns imm sdiately preceding the outbreak of the war.\\nWith a gallantry and an imtiring zeal peculiar to men of his tempera-\\nment, he flung himself into the strife and did brave battle for the\\nstandard under which he fought. But as those familiar with the rising\\npolitical tide of that period in the country s history well remember, such\\na combat was like unto a man iWtling against the billows of the ocean.\\nNot he only, but his entire party passed into tlie minority^, and have", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 451\\nsuperseded by the Constitution of the United States, and that Con-\\ngress had the right to regulate the boundary. It was also claimed\\nthat the Constitution of the State of Ohio having described a\\ndifferent line, and Congress having admitted the State under that\\nConstitution, without mentioning the subject of the line in dispute.\\nCongress had thereby given its consent to the line as laid down by\\nthe Constitution of Ohio. This claim was urged by Ohio at some\\nperiods of the controversy, but at others she appeared to regard\\nthe question as unsettled, by the fact that she insisted upon Con-\\ngress taking action in regard to the boundary. Accordingly, we\\nfind that, in 1812, Congress authorized the Surveyor-General to\\nsurvey a line, agreeably to the act, to enable the people of Ohio\\nto form a Constitution and State government. Owing tc Indian\\nhostilities, however, the line was not run till 1818. In 1820, the\\nquestion in dispute underwent a rigid examination by the com-\\nmittee on public lands. The claim of Ohio was strenuously urged\\nby her delegation, and as ably opposed by Mr. Woodbridge, the\\nthen delegate from Michigan. The result was that the committee\\ndecided unanimously in favor of the claim of Michigan but, in\\nthe hurry of business, no action was then taken by Congress, and\\nthe question remained open till Michigan organized her State gov-\\nernment.\\nIn order to show more clearly the grounds upon which Michi-\\nremained outside of active political life ever fince. Many of Mr.\\nLothrop s friends, however, well knowing his great abilities, his varied\\nculture, his unspotted integrity, his public spirit, and his extraordinary\\ngifts as a public debater and orator, although opposed to him in their\\npolitical faith, nevertheless sincerely desired to see him in the councils of\\nthe nation. Even though in opposition to the dominant party, they\\nwould have been glad if his superior gifts could even thus have been\\ngiven to the nation at large. But so strong were his political preferences\\n(or perhaps we should rather say connections), that while scores of men\\nwere leaving the ranks of the Democratic party and attaching their\\nfortunes to the new organization then rising rapidly into popular favor,\\nhe preferred to fling away ambition, a^ud give himself loyally, faith-\\nfully, absolutely to the profession of his/ choice. The law, some old\\nblack-letter writer says, is a hard mistress, and, we doubt not, Mr.\\nLothrop, as he looks back over his severe and constant labors at the bar", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "452 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ngan based her claims, the following recited acts will be of interest\\nThe ordinance of 1787 for the government of the territory\\nof the United States northwest of the River Ohio, declares the\\nacts therein contained articles of compact between the original\\nStates and the people and States in said territory, and forever to\\nremain unalterable, unless by common consent. This ordinance\\ndefines the territory to include all that region lying north and\\nnorthwest of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi rivers. In\\nthe fifth article it is provided that there shall be formed not less\\nthan three nor more than five States within its confines. The\\nboundnries of the three States are defined so as to include the\\nwhole territory conditioned, however, that if it should be found\\nexpedient by Congress to form the one or two more States men-\\ntioned, Congress is authorized to alter the boundaries of the three\\nStates so as to form one or two States in that part of the said\\nterritory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through\\nthe southerly bend, or extreme of Lake Michigan.\\nThe first act touching this point, is an act of Congress passed in\\n1802, enabling the people of Ohio to form a Constitution. The\\nboundary of that State is declared to be, on the north by an\\neast and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake\\nMichigan, runni ug east, after intersecting the due north line afore-\\nsaid from the momth of the Great Miami, until it shall intersect\\nfor the last thirty yea.rs (the record of which will be found in the twenty-\\neight volumes of our iMichigan Reports from the first to the last), will be\\ninclined right heartily to indorse the sentiment.\\nWith a mind of rare^ native strength, clear in its perceptions, naturally\\ninclined towards metaphysical studies (often wandering into stealthy\\nindulgences of this sor t), yet never allowing his pursuit of them to\\nbear him away from a sure anchor-hold on the ground of common\\nsense; gifted with a beauty and fluency of speech that permits us with-\\nout exaggeration to characterize his eloquence as certainly Ciceronian if\\nnot Attic with a memo.iy stored with more than ample gleanings,\\ngathered not only in the iQeld of his profession, but also in those of\\nphilosophy and letters, as wei ll as the various branches of natural science,\\nhe seems to be not only well Lnit lavishly furnished with all tlie various\\nendowments calculated to build up and make a man of power; and this he\\nis. This, too, we believe all his* friends and contemporaries readily con-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 453\\nLake Erie, or the Territorial lijie, and thence, with the same,\\nthrough Lake Erie, to the Pennsylvania line. The Constitution\\nof Ohio adopted the same line, with this condition Provided,\\nalways, and it is hereby fully understood and declared by this con-\\nvention, that if the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan\\nshould extend so far south, that a line drawn due east from it\\nshould not intersect Lake Erie, or, if it should intersect Lake Erie\\neast of the mouth of the Miami river, then, in that case, with the\\nassent of the Congress of the United States, the northern bound-\\nary of this State shall be established by, and extend to, a direct\\nline, running from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to\\nthe most northerly cape of the Miami bay, after intersecting the\\ndue north line from the mouth of the Great Miami, as aforesaid,\\nthence northeast to the Territorial line, and by said Territorial line\\nto the Pennsylvania line.\\nAt the next session of Congress the Constitution of Ohio was\\nsubmitted to that body, and referred to a committee of the House,\\nwhich reported that, as the suggested alteration was not submit-\\nted in the shape of a distinct proposition, by any competent\\nauthority, for approval or disapproval, it was not necessary or\\nexpedient for Congress to act on it at all. And it was not acted\\nupon until another disposition was made of it, as we shall see, in\\n1805. The proposition was considered by all parties concerned, to\\ncede him to be nay, more, the writer of this article does not hesitate to\\nassert that his professional brethren throughout the State, without detract-\\ning from the merits of others, would and do already unite to crown him\\nprimus inter pares the leading lawyer of this State. As such, he is\\njustly entitled to a page in this volume, and being still in his prime, it is\\nthe hope of his friends that even yet in the upturnings and overturnings\\nof modern politics, the State, if not the nation at large, may be awarded\\nin some judicial or other administrative position, some of the advantages\\nof his great learning and thorough culture.\\nA sketch of his life would give his birth at Easton, Bristol county,\\nMassachusetts, on the 8th day of August, 1817. His early years were\\nspent upon his father s farm. After an academical course, he entered\\nBrown University, and graduated under its distinguished president, Dr.\\nFrancis Wayland, in the year 1838. In the fall of the same year, he\\nentered the law school of Harvard University, then in charge of Judge", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "454 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbe of a distinct character, requiring the special consent of Con-\\ngress to make it a valid part of the Constitution of Ohio and\\nthat it had ever been so regarded by Ohio, her repeated applica-\\ntion to Congress for the right of extending her boundary to the\\nproposed line would seem to demonstrate.\\nAgain, the third section of the act of 1802 provides that all\\nthat part of the territory lying north of this east and west line,\\nshall be attached to,_^and make a part of, the Indiana territory.\\nAgain, the act of 1805, entitled an act to divide the Indiana\\nterritory into separate governments, erects Michigan into a sep-\\narate Territory, and defines her southern boundary to be a line\\ndrawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan,\\nuntil it intersects Lake Erie.\\nIn a legal point of view, this would seem to have settled the\\nquestion, even if, as Ohio claimed, the ordinance had no binding\\neffect, having been superseded by the Constitution. The con-\\nsent of Congress had not been given to the line conditionally\\nproposed by the Constitution of Ohio. On the contrary, the dis-\\nsent of Congress would seem to have been clearly expressed by\\nthis act.\\nThe territory in dispute is about five miles in width at the west\\nend, and about eight miles in width at the east end, and extends\\nStory and Professor Greenleaf. In the summer of 1839, being somewhat\\nout of health, he abandoned for a time the study of the law, and in the\\nfall of that year came out to Prairie Ronde, in Kalamazoo county, Mich-\\nigan, where his brother, the Hon. Edwin H. Lothrop (then and since a\\nman of note in our State politics and government), owned and cultivated\\na very extensive and beautiful farm. Here, for the next two or three\\nyears, he spent most of his time engaged in practical farming, and in\\nbuilding up his health. In the spring of 1843, he came to the city of\\nDetroit, and resumed the study of the law in the otBce of Joy Porter,\\nthen prominent members of the Detroit bar. The first case he ever\\nargued in a court of record, was the celebrated one of the Michigan\\nState Bank vs. Hastings and others. 1st Doug. (Mich.) Rep., 225. This\\nargument was made before the supreme court, and prior to Mr. Lothrop s\\nadmission to that court; the court, on motion of Mr. Joy, having granted\\nspecial leave for Mr. Lothrop to open the case. So ably was the case pre-\\nsented by the youthful student, that the members of the court did not", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "HTSTORY OF MICHIGAN. 455\\nalong the whole northern line of Ohio, west of Lake Erie. The\\nline claimed by Michigan was known as the Fulton line, and\\nthat claimed by Ohio was known as the Harris line, from the\\nnames of the surveyors. The territory was valuable for its rich\\nagricultural lands but its chief value consisted in the fact that\\nthe harbor on the Maumee river, where now stands the flourish-\\ning city of Toledo, was included within its limits. The town\\noriginally bore the name of Swan Creek, afterwards Port Law-\\nrence, then Vistula, and then Toledo. What gave the possession\\nof this harbor more importance at this time was the fact that it\\nwas the proposed terminus of the Wabash and Erie canal. The\\nearly settlers acknowledged their allegiance to Michigan but,\\nwhen the canal became a possibility, and its termination at Toledo\\nbeing dependent upon the question whether or not it was within\\nthe State of Ohio, many of the inhabitants became suddenly con-\\nvinced that they had all along been residing in the wrong State.\\nOthers, it is said, became convinced that Ohio was a much more\\nhealthy State than Michigafi, and, consequently, they coveted the\\nchange which would remove them from the former State to the\\nmore salubrious regions of the latter. The feeling among the\\ninhabitants, however, was far from unanimous, and, during the\\nstruggle, partisans of each State were found in Toledo who would\\ncommunicate the plans and movements of the other.\\nhesitate open]3^ to express their admiration at the effort, and to predict\\nfor him a successful and brilliant future. This prediction, it is hardly\\nnecessary to say, has been more than fulfilled in the student s subsequent\\nprofessional career.\\nIn the spring of 1844, he commenced practice in the city of Detroit,\\nhaving formed a co-partnership with D. Bethune Duffield, Esq., which\\ncontinued until the close of the year 1856.\\nIn the month of April, 1848, he was appointed attorney-general of the\\nState (in place of Hon. Edmund Mundy, then raised to the bench of the\\nsupreme court), and continued to hold the office until January, 1851.\\nAbout this time, in connection with the controversy over the public\\nschools which suddenly broke forth in the city of Detroit, Mr. Lothrop\\ntook a prominent part in the organization of an independent ticket, the\\nobject of which was to rally the popular vote in support of our free\\nschool system. So earnestly did he enlist in this good work, that he was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "456 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nAs we have before remarked, the approaching organization of\\nthe State goverment invested the disputed question with pressing\\nimportance and hostilities on the disputed territory soon became\\nactive. In February, 1835, the Legislature of Ohio passed an\\nact extending the jurisdiction of the State over the territory in\\nquestion erected townships, and directed those townships to hold\\nelections and elect officers in April following. It also directed\\nGovernor Lucas to appoint three commissioners to survey and\\nre-mark the Harris line and named the first of April as the day\\nto commence the survey. Acting Governor Mason, however,\\nanticipated this action on the part of the Ohio Legislature, sent\\na special message to the Legislative Council, apprising it of the\\ncontents of Governor Lucas message, and advised immediate\\naction by that body to anticipate and counteract the proceedings\\nof Ohio. Accordingly, on the twelfth of February, the council\\npassed an act making it a criminal ofiense, punishable by a heavy\\nfine, or imprisonment, for any one to attempt to exercise any offi-\\ncial functions, or accept any office within the jurisdiction of\\nMichigan, under or by virtue of any authority not derived from\\nthe Territory, or the United States. On the ninth of March,\\nGovernor Mason wrote to General Brown, then in command of the\\nMichigan militia, directing him to hold himself in readiness to\\nmeet the enemy in the field in ease an attempt was made on the\\nplaced upon tlie ticket as recorder and most triumpliantly elected to that\\n(tfBce. The citizens of Detroit, iu this particular struggle and triumph,\\nowe Mr. Lothrop a debt of gratitude whicli ought never to be forgotten\\nso long as a free school building stands within the city limits. Nor is\\nthis the only occasion, when in times involving the security of the public\\nwelfare, Mr. Lothrop has come resolutely forward in support and defense\\nof the people s wishes. Perhaps no man ever lived among us, who in\\nsuch times was clothed with such large power to lead and influence the\\nmasses in the right direction as Mr. Lothrop.\\nAs already intimated in this article, he was twice the Democratic candi-\\ndate for Congress in the first district, once in the year 1856 and again in\\n1860, and on both occasions defeated. Twice he received the votes of\\nthe Democratic members of the State legislature for the United States\\nSenate, but that party not being then in the ascendency, the votes were\\nof no eflect.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 457\\npart of Ohio to carry out the provisions of the act of the Legis-\\nlature. On the thirty-first of March Governor Lucas, with his\\ncommissioners, arrived at Perrysburgh, on their way to commence\\nresurveying the Harris line. He was accompanied by General\\nBell and staff, of the Ohio militia, who proceeded to muster a\\nvolunteer force of about six hundred men. This was soon accom-\\nplished, and the force fully armed and equipped. The force then\\nwent into camp at Fort Miami, to await the Governor s orders.\\nIn the meantime, Governor Mason, with General Brown and\\nstaif, had raised a force eight hundred to twelve hundred strong,\\nand were in possession of Toledo. General Brown s staff con-\\nsisted of Captain Henry Smith, of Monroe, Inspector Major J. J.\\nUllraan, of Constantino, Quartermaster; William E. Broadman,\\nof Detroit, and Alpheus Felch, of Monroe, Aids-de-camp. When\\nGovernor Lucas observed the determined bearing of the Michigan\\nbraves, and took note of their numbers, he found it convenient to\\ncontent himself for a time with watching over the border.\\nSeveral days were passed in this exhilarating employment, and\\njust as Governor Lucas had made up his mind to do something\\nrash, two commissioners arrived from Washington on a mission of\\npeace. They remonstrated with Governor Lucas, and reminded\\nhim of the consequences to himself and his State if he persisted in\\nhis attempt to gain possession of the disputed territory by force.\\nHe was a member of the constitutional convention of 1867, and the\\nrecords of its debates afford abundant evidence of the learning and pro-\\nfessional ability he brought before that body.\\nIn 1873, he was appointed by the Kepublican Governor, John J.\\nBagley, a member of the constitutional commission, assembled under his\\nadministration, but the appointment was respectfully declined.\\nFor upwards of twenty years past, Mr Lothrop has been the general\\nattorney of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, and still continues\\nto be their adviser. He is also the trusted adviser of many other corpor-\\nations of the State, and enjoys the universal confidence of the people of\\nMichigan, not as a lawyer alone, but as a public man, and as a private\\ncitizen.\\nIn the limits prescribed to the writer of this article, no opportunity is\\ngiven for even an allusion to the more private virtues and social qualities\\nof the subject of this notice and perhaps it is well that it is so. No", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "458 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAfter several conferences with both governors, the commissioners\\nsubmitted the following propositions for their consideration\\n1st. That the Harris line should be run and re-marked, pur-\\nsuant to the act of the last session of the Legislature of Ohio,\\nwithout interruption.\\n2d. The civil elections under the laws of Ohio having taken\\nplace throughout the disputed territory, that the people residing\\non it should be left to their own government, obeying the one\\njurisdiction or the other, as they may prefer, without molestation\\nfrom the authorities of Ohio or Michigan, until the close of the\\nnext session of Congress.\\nGoverner Lucas at once accepted the propositions, and dis-\\nbanded his forces, affecting to regard the arrangement as having\\nbeen made with the President, and regarding Governor Mason as\\na subaltern, subject to the control of the President, through the\\ncommissioners.\\nGovernor Mason, on the other hand, refused to accede to the\\narrangement, and declined to compromise the rights of his people\\nby a surrender of possession and jurisdiction. When Governor\\nLucas disbanded his forces, however. Governor Mason partially\\nfollowed suit, but still held himself in readiness to meet any emer-\\ngency that might arise.\\nGovernor Lucas now supposed that his way was clear, and that\\nman, while he lives, especially one such as has here been sketched, can\\ntolerate a public presentation of his more private walks and ways.\\nNor is it necessary. All know what attractiveness there is in him for his\\nfellow-citizens; and how they love to listen and linger about him in his bril-\\nliant moments, whether as the presiding officer of some public banquet,\\nin the forum of the courts while standing in defense of some poor,\\ntrembling prisoner, on the rostrum in the midst of a turbulent sea of\\nexcited citizens, or in the quiet circle, where lawyers, judges, politicians,\\neditors and men of scholarly ease and culture incline to gather about\\nhim and share his unpremeditated and eloquent discourse.\\nWe close our article as we opened it, characterizing Mr. Lothrop as a\\nman of power, and expressing the hope that he may long remain in the\\nNorthwest, an ornament to his profession, an aid to his fellow citizens,\\nand a source of strength to his country at large.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN\\n459\\nhe could re-mark the Harris line without being molested, and\\nordered the commissioners to proceed with their work.\\nPresident Jackson, meantime, had applied to Attorney-General\\nButler for his opinion concerning the power of the President over\\nHON. R. A. HAIRE.\\nRobert A. Haire was born in the township of Bombay, Franklin\\ncounty, New York, July 30, 1836.\\nHe removed with his parents to western New York, in 1841, and settled\\nnear the city of Rochester, from whence he emigrated to Michigan, with\\nhis father s family, in 1844, settling near Marshall. They remained in\\nthis locality only two years, and then took up their residence in the\\nvicinity of Grand Rapids.\\nMr. Haire received a thorough common school education, and is a\\ngraduate of the Grand Rapids commercial college.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "460 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe contending parties. In reply, Mr. Butler gave it as his\\nunqualified opinion that the act of the Legislature of Ohio,\\nextending the jurisdiction over a part of the Territory of Michigan,\\nwas repugnant to the act of Congress of the 11th of January,\\n1805, creating that Territory, and to the acts subsequently passed\\nfor its government, and its actual and complete enforcement would,\\ntherefore, involve a most serious violation of the laws of the United\\nStates. He also gave it as his opinion that the act of the Michi-\\ngan Legislative Council was a valid law, and could properly be\\nenforced.\\nNotwithstanding this, Governor Lucas ordered his men to pro-\\nceed to run the line, commencing at the northwest corner of the\\ndisputed tract. In the meantime. Governor Mason kept a watch-\\nful eye upon the proceedings. General Brown sent scouts through\\nthe woods to watch their movements, and report when operations\\nwere commenced. When the surveying party got within the\\ncounty of Lenawee, the under-sheriff of that county, armed with\\na warrant, and accompanied by a posse, suddenly made his appear-\\nIn 1852 he removed to the eastern part of Ottawa county, near Grand-\\nville, and engaged in the lumbering trade.\\nIn August, 1868, he enlisted as supernumary second lieutenant in the\\nFifth Michigan Cavalry, then being organized at Detroit, and started\\nfor the front in December, 18(53. Mr. Haire participated in the battle\\nof Gettysburg and nearly all the subsequent battles in which the army of\\nthe Potomac was engaged, and was one of the five hundred men chosen\\nby General Kilpatrick, and placed under Colonel Dahlgren, in March,\\n1864, for the purpose of capturing Richmond and liberating the Union\\nprisoners; and, for gallantry in this battle, he was promoted to first lieu-\\ntenant. He was also with General Sheridan during the Shenandoah cam-\\npaign, and for meritorious service was raised to the rank of captain, in\\nDecember, 1864. During a portion of the winter of 1864-5, he had\\ncommand of his regiment, and, at the close of the war, was immediately\\nmustered out.\\nReturning home, he settled in Spring Lake, Ottawa county, and at\\nonce engaged in the manufacture of lumber, being now a member of the\\nfirm of Haire, Savidge Cutler.\\nIn the fall of 1872, he was chosen to represent his district in the lower\\nhouse of the State legislature, and served with considerable distinction\\nin that body during the session of 1872-3.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n461\\nance, and succeeded in arresting a portion of the party. The\\nrest, including the commissioners, took to their heels, and were\\nsoon beyond the disputed territory. They reached Perrysburgh\\nthe following day in a highly demoralized condition, and reported\\nE. H. TURNER.\\nEliphalet Haskins Turner was born on the 5tli of October, 1795,\\nin the village of Plattsburgh, in the State of New York. His father,\\nColonel Ezra Turner, served in the war of 1813, and was a man of note\\nin the village.\\nFrom a child, young Eliphalet had an unusual firm and vigorous con-\\nstitution, which made him bold and fearless, and which, through after\\nlife, qualified him to endure, without injury, the hardships of the\\npioneer. At the age of eighteen, he was enrolled in the militia, and\\nserved under his father as a non-commissioned oflicer, and was engaged", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "462 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthat they had been attacked by an overwhelming force of Michi-\\ngan militia, under command of General Brown. They also\\nreported that they had been fired upon, and after performing won-\\nderful deeds of valor, had been borne down by overwhelming\\nnumbers and forced to retreat, whilst their less fortunate comrades\\nwere all either killed or taken prisoners. They formally reported\\nthese assertions to the Governor, who, in turn, reported them to\\nthe President.\\nThe President thereupon sent a copy of the report to Governor\\nMason, and asked for a statement of the fiacts by the officers\\nengaged in the transactions complained of Accordingly, the\\nunder-sherifi was appealed to, who made a very amusing report,\\nsetting forth the real facts, which showed that it was a civil force\\nthat made the arrests that there was no bloodshed connected\\nwith the affair; that nine persons in all were arrested on a civil\\nwarrant, issued by a justice of the peace and closing with the\\ninformation that the commissioners made very good time on foot\\nthrough the Cottonwood swamp, and arrived safe at Perrysburgh\\nthe next morning, w^ith nothing more serious than the loss of hats,\\nin the battle near Plattsburgh, in 1812. In the year following, he was\\nmarried to Miss Eliza M. Havens, who bore liim ten children.\\nMr. Turner, for a number of years, engaged as a partner with his father\\nin the manufacture of lumber afterwards in the iron business, but only\\nwith partial success.\\nIn 1832, he came to Michigan, where he resided until his death. After\\nremaining in Detroit a few weeks, he removed to Ypsilanti, and there\\nresided for more than a year. While at Ypsilanti, he obtained consider-\\nable notoriety, in arresting the young Governor Mason, who in his haste\\nattempted to disregard the quarantine regulations, established to prevent\\nthe spread of the cholera in tliat village. In 1833, he came to Grand\\nRapids, tlien just starting into existence, and here he made his home\\nuntil his death, which took place on the 8th of October, 1870. His life,\\nfor thirty-seven years, has been identifit d with the history of Grand\\nRapids. He was the builder of the county jail, and, in company with\\nJames Scribner, his partner, built the Bridge street bridge. Under\\nLucius Lyon, he made the first successful attempt to drill an artesian\\nwell, in hopes of finding brine sufficiently strong to warrant the manu-\\nfacture of salt at Grand Rapids. Mr. Turner has been alderman of the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 463\\nand their clothing like Governor Marcy s breeches without the\\npatch.\\nThis summary breaking up of the surveying party produced\\nthe most tremendous excitement throughout Ohio. Governor\\nLucas called an extra session of the Legislature. That body met\\non the 8th of June, and at once proceeded to fulminate an act\\nto prevent the forcible abduction of the citizens of Ohio. The\\nwording of the title bears silent testimony to the excitement which\\nprevailed in the legislative mind of the State of Ohio, and it\\nwould seem that they were fearful that the under-sheriff of Lena-\\nwee county was liable at any moment to make a wholesale job of\\nit, and abduct the citizens of Ohio en masse. The act made\\nsuch an offense punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary\\nnot less than three nor more than seven years. An act was also\\npassed to create the new county of Lucas, making Toledo the seat\\nof justice, and directing the court to be held on the first Monday\\nof the next September, at any convenient house in Toledo. They\\nthen solemnly passed an act accepting the propositions of the\\nPresident s commissioners. Another act was passed making an\\nappropriation of $600,000 to carry these laws into efiect over the\\ncity, and held other offices of trust. His last public work was the grad-\\ning and graveling of West Bridge street.\\nIn 1856, he buried his wife, with whom he had lived about forty years.\\nHis second wife was Mrs. Lydia H. Rosa, who bore him a daughter, and\\nwho still survives him.\\nWe close this brief sketch with an extract from the funeral discourse\\nof the Rev. H. H. Northrop, pastor of the Presbyterian church, of which\\nMr. Turner was an accepted member:\\nHe has lived long among you, and written his own epitaph upon the\\nmind of this community. I think I say what you all know to be true,\\nwhen I affirm that he was an honest man. He was not a rich man, in the\\nmodern acceptation of the term, though he had a competence; he was\\nnot a learned man, or a great man, or a faultless man, but, may I not say\\nit with emphasis, he was a good man. He loved his neighbors; he loved\\nthe city of Grand Rapids it was his home, it was his pride; he loved all\\nits citizens, and its institutions; he prayed for its welfare and rejoiced in\\nits prosperity. He came to this city, when the State was a territory, and\\nthe untutored Indian still lingered upon much of its soil, and claimed to\\nbe its owner. A few pioneers, with a keen foresight, had here pitched", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "464 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ndisputed territory. A resolution was adopted inviting the Presi-\\ndent to send a commissioner to go with the Ohio commissioners to\\nre-mark the Harris line.\\nIt was evident that Ohio was aroused. Her State pride had\\nbeen wounded. The idea that the young Territory of Michigan,\\nwith her stripling Governor, should successfully defy the great\\nState of Ohio, with a million of inhabitants, and her aged Gover-\\nnor, was one that the authorities could not endure with any degree\\nof patience or equanimity. A call was then made to ascertain\\nthe number of men who were willing to go forth to battle for the\\nhumiliation of Governor Mason and the protection of the com-\\nmissioners. Ten thousand men were reported as ready to do or\\ndie.\\nThese proceedings, however, did not have the desired effect on\\nthe authorities or people of Michigan. On the contrary, it only\\nserved to rouse them to renewed zeal in the cause, and they hurled\\ndefiance in the teeth of Governor Lucas, and dared him to enter\\nthe disputed territory.\\nIn the meantime, the authorities of Michigan were active in\\nsustaining their supremacy on the disputed ground. Prosecutions\\ntheir habitations aad determined that this should be their home. The\\nground upon wliich we tread was not open for settlement. The pioneers\\ncame, guided by blazed trees, or the north star, from Kalamazoo to these\\nfalls of the Grand river, through an unbroken wilderness. Mr. Turner\\nwas a man of very decided character he had his own views, upon\\nwhich he formed his own opinions, and, when his mind was once made\\nup, nothing but truth and duty could change it. The pliable and time-\\nserving might call it stubbornness, and men wont to control others might\\ndeem him obstinate, but it was the true workings of an earnest mind\\nthat carried out its own convictions into all the affairs of practical life.\\nIn early life, Mr. Turner became a member of the Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch, but, during his later years, he became a member of the Presby-\\nterian church, and he gave largely of his means for its support. The\\nlarge and beautiful church edifice where we worship would never have\\nbeen built but for his beneficence. It is his monument. He was also an\\nhonored and acceptable member of the Masonic fraternity.\\nHis name is perpetuated in one of the principal streets of the city,\\nwhich is called after him, and in a marble slate in the Presbyterian\\nchurch edifice, of which he was one of the founders.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n465\\nfor holding office under Ohio were conducted with the greatest\\nvigor. For a long time the people of Monroe county were kept\\nbusy assisting the sheriff in executing his processes, and making\\narrests in Toledo. The partisans of Ohio were continually har-\\nHON. N. B. ELDREDGE.\\nJS BuEL Eldredge was born in Aurelius, now Auburn, Cayuga county,\\nNew York, in 1813.\\nHe commenced the study of medicine in his native town, and graduated\\nin that profession at Fairfield Medical College, New York.\\nMr. Eldredge emigrated to Michigan in 1837, and settled in Commerce,\\nOakland county, where he remained for six years, in the practice of his\\nprofession. In 1843, he removed to Lapeer county and took up his resi-\\ndence in the village of Lapeer. Here he resumed the practice of medi-\\ncine and continued it until 1853.\\n30", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "466 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nassed. Suit after suit was commenced against them, and each\\nsuit was the breeder of a score of others. The officers of Ohio\\nmade a feeble attempt to retaliate, but were generally unsuccessful.\\nEvery inhabitant of the disputed ground was kept busy in watch-\\ning and reporting the movements of either the bailiffs of Wood or\\nof Monroe counties. Many of the Ohio partisans were arrested\\nand conveyed to the jail of Monroe county. Sometimes these\\narrests were attended with some danger always with great diffi-\\nculty. An instance is related of Major Stickney s arrest, which\\ncreated some amusement at the time. He and his whole family\\nfought valiantly, but were at length overcome by numbers. After\\nthe major was secured, he was requested to mount a horse, but\\nflatly refused. He was then put on by force, but he would not\\nsit on the horse. Finally, two men were detailed to walk beside\\nhim and hold his legs, while a third led the horse. In this way\\nthey succeeded in getting him about half way to Monroe, when\\nthe men became tired of that means of securing him, and then\\nproceeded to tie his legs under the horse. In that manner he was\\nat last got to jail. An attempt was made to arrest a son of the\\nmajor called Two Stickney. A severe scuffle ensued, in which the\\nofficer was stabbed with a knife. The blood flowed pretty freely,\\nbut the wound did not prove dangerous. It is believed that this\\nTwo years prior to this time, lie commenced the study of the law, and\\nin this year he was elected judge of probate for Lapeer county, and was\\nadmitted to the bar in 1854. During the residence of Mr. Eldredge in\\nLapeer, he held the office of justice of the peace three terms, and was a\\nsupervisor four successive years, being chairman of the board each year.\\nIn 1845, during Governor Barry s administration, he was elected clerk\\nof the Michigan State Senate, and was a representative in the State Legis-\\nlature of 1848.\\nOn the breaking out of the late civil war, j\\\\lr. Eldredge was the first\\nman to enlist from his county. Immediately following his enlistment, he\\nraised and organized Company A of the Seventh Michigan Infantry,\\nand was commissioned as its captain and ordered to the school of instruc-\\ntion at Fort Wayne. In the same year, 1801, the major of his regiment\\nwas promoted to colonel, and Mr Eldredge was promoted to fill the\\nvacant office of major. His command having been transferred to the\\narmy of the Potomac, he participated in a sharp skirmish at Edward s", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 467\\nwas the only blood shed during the war. The officer let go his\\nhold, and Stickney fled to Ohio. He was indicted by the grand\\njury of Monroe county, and a requisition was made on the Gover-\\nnor of Ohio for his rendition, but the Governor refused to give\\nhim up. On one occasion an officer attempted to arrest a man in\\nthe night. The man had but a moment s warning, and sought\\nsafety by flight. He succeeded in reaching the Maumee river, and\\nthrowing himself across a saw-log, paddled himself, with his hands\\nand feet, safely to a foreign shore. A very pious man was\\nelected justice of the peace, and fled to the woods, where he lived\\nmany days in an old sugar shanty. It was currently reported,\\nand generally believed among the Ohio partisans, that a miracle\\nhad been wrought in his behalf\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that robin red-breasts brought\\nhim his daily food and drink. The belief in this miracle\\nstrengthened the cause of Ohio in many quarters very materially.\\nA report of the stabbing of the Monroe county officer by Two\\nStickney was forwarded to the President, together with the state-\\nment that Governor Lucas was protecting him and an urgent\\nappeal was made for assistance. This made a great impression\\non the mind of the President, and convinced him that something\\nshould be done to prevent serious trouble from ensuing.\\nGovernor Lucas soon after sent commissioners to Washington\\nFerry the day following the battle of Ball s Bluff. About this time, Mr.\\nEldredge wrote a letter home, censuring General Stone s manner of\\ntransporting troops across the Potomac. This letter was published, and\\nhe was placed under arrest by General Stone, and, after waiting six\\nweeks for a trial without obtaining one, he resigned and came home\\nThis was m the winter of 1862. General Stone was afterwards arrested\\nand confined one year, for the same charges made by Colonel Eldredge s\\nletter. The legislature of Michigan was in session on his return, and\\nGovernor Blair immediately requested him to come to Lansing. He did\\nso, and was appointed a member of the State Military Board. He served\\nin this capacity during that winter and in the following spring was\\nappointed lieutenant-colonel of the Eleventh Michigan Infantry. He\\nimmediately joined his regiment, which was then at Columbia Ten-\\nnessee, and served with them until 1863, being in the battle of Stone\\nRiver, where he had his horse shot under him.\\nReturning home, in 1863, he remained in Lapeer until January, 1864,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "468 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nto confer with the President, and a correspondence was entered\\ninto between these commissioners and the Secretary of State.\\nThe Secretary, in reply to an earnest appeal for interference on\\nthe part of the general government, said that the President would\\nimmediately cause an earnest recommendation to be made to\\nGovernor Mason, that no obstruction shall be interposed to the\\nre-marking of the Harris line that all prosecutions under the\\nTerritorial act of February be discontinued and no further prose-\\ncutions shall be commenced until the next session of Congress.\\nThis recommendation, however, had no effect on the action\\nof Governor Mason. He was determined to protect his Territory\\nand her jurisdiction at all hazards. The recommendation of\\nthe President was made on the third day of July, and the\\ndeputy sheriff of Monroe was wounded by Two Stickney on the\\nfifteenth of that month. Prosecutions went on the same as before.\\nWhen the President became aware of this, he superseded Acting-\\nGovernor Mason as Secretary of Michigan, and appointed Charles\\nShaler, of Pennsylvania, as his successor. He also advised Gov-\\nernor Lucas to refrain from any act of jurisdiction over the\\ndisputed territory pending the action of Congress. It now\\nbecame apparent to Governor Lucas that any attempt to take\\nforcible possession of the territory would be stopped by the mili-\\ntary forces of the United States. This was a matter of great\\nwhen he removed to Adrian, at which place he still resides. Resuming\\nthe practice of the law, he coutinued it until 1872 as a member of the\\nfirm of Eldredge Walker, and enjoyed the largest practice of any\\nmember of the profession in Lenawee county. He has now retired from\\nthe practice of law and engaged in farming.\\nIn 1870, Mr. Eldredge was elected mayor of the city of Adrian by a\\nlarge majority, and served in this capacity for one term. He was nomi-\\nnated for Congress, from the first district, in the fall of the same year, by\\nthe Democratic party, and was only defeated by 901 votes, when the dis-\\ntrict had previously been strongly Republican, and eleven hundred negro\\nvotes had just been added. This illustrates his great personal popularity\\nand the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow-citizens.\\nMr. Eldredge is a man of imposing presence, strong determination,\\ngenial in his intercourse with his fellow man, and popular in all classes\\nof society.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n469\\nhumiliation to the Governor of Ohio. The eyes of the country\\nwere upon him, and he felt it incumbent upon him to perform\\nsome act of jurisdiction in order to save himself from the impu-\\ntation of having backed down. A happy thought struck him at\\nCAPT. J. F. MARSAC.\\nJoseph F. Maesac was born in Hamtramck, Wayne county, in the\\nyear 1792. He was reared in tliat vicinity, spending most of his minor-\\nity there, with the exception of the time he spent in St. Clair county,\\nbetween the years 1807 and 1812.\\nHis parents were French, and emigrated from France about the time\\nof the revolutionary war, and settled in Hamtramck. His father was\\nappointed, by General Wayne, captain of the first company of the\\nmilitia that was raised in Wayne county, and served in that capacity.\\nWhile in St. Clair, young Marsac spent so much time with the^Indians", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "470 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nan opportune moment. The Legislature of Ohio had organized\\na county, and ordered court to be held at Toledo on the seventh\\nof September. To actually hold this court in the face and eyes\\nof the military force of Governor Mason, and the recommenda-\\ntion of the President, would be a grand achievement an act\\nof jurisdiction greater even than re-marking the Harris line. But\\nhow to do even that was the question. Calling to his assistance\\nthe Adjutant-General of the State, they devised a plan. The\\nresult was that the matter was placed in the hands of the Adju-\\ntant-General to manage. He ordered out a regiment to act as an\\nescort for the judges and to protect them in the performance of\\ntheir duty. The judges met on Sunday afternoon, the sixth of\\nSeptember, at Maumee, a few miles from Toledo. They were to\\nproceed to Toledo, under the escort that had been provided for\\nthem, the next morning, and hold court. Some time during the\\nevening, a scout, which had been sent out by the colonel of the\\nregiment, returned from Toledo and reported that twelve hundred\\nmen, under command of General Brown, were in Toledo, ready\\nto demolish court, soldiers and all, in case of an attempt to open\\ncourt. This report turned out to be false but it immediately sub-\\ndued all the valor of the judges, as well as that of the regiment\\nwhich was to escort them. But it would not do to back out at this\\nthat he became familiar with their language. On this account, he was\\nengaged to accompany an Indian delegation to Washington, in the year\\n1836, while General Jackson was President of the United States. He\\npaid his respects to the President and was received very kindly by hhn.\\nHe assisted in making the treaty of 1886 with the Chippewas. General\\nCass was then Secretary of War.\\nCaptain Marsac left Hamtramck in the fall of 1838, and removed to\\nLower Saginaw now Bay City.\\nThe captain, when removing, took passage with his family upon the\\nfirst steamer that ever came into the Saginaw river, the Governor Marcy.\\nTo use his language, she was as slow as a scow. She reached the\\nSaginaw river on the 23d of November, 1838, and became fast in the\\nforming ice about half a mile from the light house, and had to remain\\nthere all winter.\\nHe first rented the house in Portsmouth that had been built by Mr. Rice,\\nand subsequenty occupied by Judge Miller. In the spring of 1845, he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 471\\nstage of the proceedings. The honor and dignity of the State of\\nOhio must be maintained. Besides, they would be laughed at if\\nthey did not hold court. But the judges hesitated at undertak-\\ning so daring an exploit. The colonel of the regiment finally\\ncame to their assistance. He upbraided the judges for their cow-\\nardice and hesitation, and proposed to take the honor of the State\\ninto his own keeping. Stepping in front of his soldiers, he called\\nfor volunteers for a hazardous undertaking. A few brave men\\nanswered the call. The trembling judges placed themselves\\nunder the charge of this forlorn hope and, at three o clock on\\nMonday morning, the seventh day of September, A. D. 1835, they\\nsneaked into Toledo, hunted up a school-house, held court about\\ntwo minutes, and then ran for dear life back to Maumee.\\nThus did the State of Ohio triumph over her enemies. Thus\\ndid her patriotic sons sustain her dignity. Thus did her brave\\nsoldiers throw themselves in the imminent and deadly breach.\\nIt is needless to say that Governor Mason and General Brown\\nwere surprised and chagrined. They had an ample force within\\nreach to prevent the holding of a court, as courts are generally\\nheld. But they were unacquainted with Ohio legal practice, and\\ndid not look for midnight tribunals, held in dark school-rooms or\\nouthouses.\\nbouglit land at the upper end of Portsmouth, and has lived there ever\\nsince.\\nIn the year 1848, Captain Marsac was appointed, by the Indian Depart-\\nment under President Polk, Indian farmer for the Chippewa Indians of\\nthe Saginaw valley. His duty, under this appointment, was to teach the\\nIndians agriculture and buy implements for them. When General\\nTaylor became President, he was removed, and James Fraser was\\nappointed in his stead.\\nCaptain Marsac is still living, with a good degree of health for one of\\nhis extreme age. His sound constitution, good health, and long life,\\nspeak well for the good ettects of the climate of central Michigan.\\nThere is no one in northern Michigan who has a wider circle of per-\\nsonal acquaintance among those who have had anything to do with the\\nSaginaw valley. In former years, no one came to this region without\\nmaking the acquaintance, if not the friendship, of Captam Marsac. His\\njovial disposition and his genial humor made every one at home in his\\npresence.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "472 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIt appears that Charles Shaler did not accept the appointment\\nof Governor of Michigan, as Mr. Mason was still acting Governor\\non the occasion just referred to. John S. Horner, of Virginia,\\nwas soon after appointed Secretary and Acting Governor but did\\nnot commence the duties of his office till the twenty-first of Sep-\\ntember. He was not popular with the people of Michigan, and,\\nduring his stay in the Territory, appears to have possessed merely\\nthe shadow of the authority of his office, as will hereafter appear.\\nHe represented the conservative feeling, in reference to the ques-\\ntion at issue, entertained by the Washington authorities, and as\\nsuch representative did not possess the confidence of the people.\\nIt is said that, in some instances, he was treated with personal\\ndiscourtesy. His authority was certainly ignored to a very great\\nextent and in May, 1836, he left the Territory, having received\\nthe appointment of Secretary of Wisconsin, that portion of Mich-\\nigan having then been erected into a separate Territory. During\\nhis term of office, however, he carried on a lengthy correspond-\\nence with Governor Lucas, of Ohio, which resulted in the discon-\\ntinuance of the prosecutions commenced by Michigan, under the\\nact of February 12th, 1835. The case of Two Stickney, however,\\nwas made an exception, and Governor Horner claimed him as a\\nfugitive from justice; but, notwithstanding the action of the Presi-\\ndent, Governor Lucas refused to give him up. No serious diffi-\\nculty appears to have grown out of it.\\nBut little remains to be said in reference to the war. The\\nquestion continued for some time to agitate the minds of the\\nopposing parties and the action of Congress was impatiently\\nawaited. A volume might be written, relating the incidents of\\nthat bloodless struggle, and the story of the privations endured\\nby the citizen soldiers privations which were occasionally relieved,\\nhowever, by a raid on a neighboring hen-coop, melon patch, or\\npotato field the ludicrous incidents, the hair-breadth scapes by\\nfield and flood, would constitute the most entertaining literature\\nimaginable but the limits of this volume forbid more than the\\npassing glance we have bestowed upon it.\\nThe election to ratify the Constitution of the State, and to elect\\nState officers, had been held on the first Monday in October. The", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n473\\nresult was the ratification of the Constitution by a large majority,\\nand the election of a full set of State officers. Stevens T. Mason\\nwas elected Governor, Edward Mundy Lieutenant Governor, and\\nIsaac E. Crary representative in Congress. The first session of\\nHON. GEORGE W. SWIFT.\\nGeorge Washington Swift was born in Palmyra, Wayne county,\\nNew York, May 21, 1817. He is a grandson of General John Swift, a\\nsoldier of the revolution, and son of Rev. Marcus Swift, who emigrated\\nto Michigan in 1825. His maternal grandfather was Weaver Osband,\\nalso a veteran of the revolution.\\nMr. Swift remained with his father upon the farm, in Nankin, Wayne\\ncounty, where they first settled, until his twentieth year, performing\\nlabor and enduring hardships and privations, known only to the pioneer,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "474 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe Legislature under the Constitution was commenced at the capi-\\ntol, in the city of Detroit, on the first Monday of November, and\\nJohn Norvell and Lucius Lyon were elected United States Sena-\\ntors. A regular election was also held under the Territorial laws\\nfor delegate to Congress, and George W, Jones, of Wisconsin,\\nreceived the necessary certificate of election, although it is said\\nthat William Woodbridge received the highest number of votes.\\nThe machinery of the State government was now in full opera-\\ntion, with the exception of the judiciary, which was not organized\\nuntil the fourth of July, 1836. The people submitted to, and\\nwere governed by the State authorities from this time forward,\\nalthough a Territorial Governor was also here in the person of\\nJohn S. Horner. This anomalous state of things continued till\\nthe organization of Wisconsin as a separate Territory, and the\\nappointment of Mr. Horner as its Secretary. It does not appear\\nhowever, that any serious difficulty arose between the two Gov-\\nernors. Meantime, application had been made for admission into\\nthe Union under the Constitution. But it was not until the fif-\\nteenth of June, 1836, that Congress took action on the question.\\nIt then passed an act accepting the Constitution and State gov-\\nstruggling with seeming impossibilities in a new country, widely separated\\nfrom civilization by the waters of the lake. From his eighth to his\\nfourteenth year, there were no schools in the country, and, until his\\ntwentieth year, opportunities for education were meagre. At twenty\\nyears of age, he returned to his native State and enjoyed educational\\nadvantages until 1841. At this time, he again became a resident of Michi-\\ngan, having married Miss Sarah Pudney, of Saratoga county, New York.\\nFor some years, his principal business was farming, devoting, however,\\nsome attention to the study of the law. Having never regularly entered\\nthe practice of law, he was, notwithstanding, much resorted to for legal\\ncounsel, and, possessing good forensic ability, his services were generally\\nsought in matters of public interest.\\nHe early displayed rare talents for debate, and entered actively into\\npublic defense of the reforms of the day and soon became a champion\\nin the anti-slavery and temperance movements. Many signal victories\\nwere achieved by his eloquence and polemic power. Many of his efforts\\nwere pronounced to be of the highest order, and competent judges have\\ndeclared that his addresses to the people in defense of the war to sup-\\npress the rebellion of 1861 are among the best put forth at that exciting", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 476\\nernment of Michigan, and providing for her admission into the\\nUnion as a State, on condition that she, by a convention of\\ndelegates elected for that purpose, should consent to accept the\\nboundary as claimed by Ohio, and receive as compensation for the\\nloss of the territory in dispute what is now known as the Upper\\nPeninsula. This act could be viewed by the people of Michigan\\nin no other than an odious light. The value of the Upper Penin-\\nsula was then unappreciated. Copper was known to exist there,\\nit is true but in what quantities no one could tell. It was\\nlooked upon as a barren waste, too mountainous for cultivation,\\nand of problematical value for any purpose. Besides, the work\\nof excision by Congress, it was thought, had proceeded far\\nenough. By the act of 1802, Congress had given the eastern\\ntract, belonging originally to Michigan, of more than a thousand\\nsquare miles, to Ohio. By the act of 1816, it had given to Indi-\\nana a tract of between eleven and twelve hundred square miles,\\noriginally belonging to Michigan. And now Congress required\\nher to purchase her admission into the Union by agreeing to a still\\nfurther excision of most valuable territory. This was the view\\ntaken by the people at the time. Governor Mason, nevertheless,\\ntime. One of the most notable of the many important discussions in\\nwhicli Mr. Swift has been engaged, was a debate with a distinguished\\nNew England divine, who lectured for several weeks in his vicinity, to\\nthe agitation and dismay of orthodox Christians. His challenge to the\\nclergy to discuss his doctrine was declined, the most able among them\\ndeclaring that they disbelieved the doctrine but could not cope with its\\ndefender.\\nAfter much persuasion from the leading members of the churches, Mr.\\nSwift consented to meet that gentleman in debate on the following resolu-\\ntion, Mr. Swift taking the negative, viz: Resolved, That man, being\\nmortal, dies, and becomes non-existent; but, at a time in the future, he\\nwill be restored and brought to judgment; the righteous shall receive\\neternal life, and the wicked shall cease to be forever. After an animated\\ndiscussion, which lasted five days, both parties declared the resolution\\nlost, and Mr. Swift s friends realized, as never before, his masterly\\npower.\\nGratiot, Isabella, Montcalm, and adjoining counties, were settled chiefly\\nby means of the graduation act of Congress, which put lands that had\\nlong been in market at a very low price. As a result, a great number of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": ".476 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nissued a call for a special session of the Legislature, to meet in\\nDetroit, on the eleventh of July, 1836. On the twentieth, an act\\nwas approved providing for the election of delegates to a conven-\\ntion, to accept or reject the proposition of Congress. It provided\\nthat fifty delegates should be elected, and that the convention\\nshould be held at Ann Arbor, on the twenty-sixth of September.\\nThis convention was composed of a full representation of both\\npolitical parties. It met on the day appointed, and, after being\\nin session four days, it decided to reject the proposition of Con-\\ngress so far as it related to the boundary question. The vote\\nstood twenty-one for acceptance, and twenty-eight for rejection.\\nIt then appointed three delegates, to repair to Washington at the\\nnext session of Congress, to cooperate with our representative* in\\nsecuring measures for the promotion of the general interests of the\\nState.\\nThe dissent of the convention was very unsatisfactory to a\\nlarge portion of the people of the State. Two formidable parties\\nhad grown out of the discussion of the question. Although a\\ndecided unanimity prevailed with regard to the justness of the\\nclaim of Michigan to the territory in dispute yet, under the cir-\\nvery poor people settled on them in a short time, and, in consequence,\\nyears of fearful destitution ensued. For two successive years, they were\\nrelieved by private contributions, but at the expiration of that time, the\\nagents left their field of labor, greatly excited, being charged with having\\nshown partiality in the distribution of the relief. A striking incident,\\nillustrating Mr. Swift s power of discrimination and executive ability,\\nmay be mentioned in this connection. In the winter of 1859, the State\\nlegislature made an appropriation of money, to be expended by the\\nGovernor in purchasing provisions, to be a loan to these people. The\\nGovernor called on Mr. Swift and gave the entire distribution into his\\nhands. The task was at once entered upon and executed with vigor.\\nMore than one hundred and twenty tons of provisions were transported by\\nteams into the wilderness and distributed among the people, to secure the\\npayment of which over two thousand notes were taken. This duty was\\ndelicate and arduous, requiring the exercise of great wisdom and discre-\\ntion. After the supplies were transported into the woods, depositories\\nbeing made many miles apart, notice was given of the time when they\\nwould be distributed. At each place of sale, Mr. Swift was present, neces-\\nsitating many miles of travel, by night, through the dark pine forests,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 477\\ncumstances, the expediency of retaining or relinquishing her right\\nhad become a matter of serious contention. A year had already\\nelapsed since the formation of a State Constitution, and half that\\nperiod had been spent by her delegation to Congress in fruitless\\nsolicitation for admission. Many began to despond. One party\\nseemed to consider the participation in the benefits of the Union\\nparamount to all other considerations. This idea had greater\\nweight at the time from the fact that a large amount of surplus\\nrevenue was about to be distributed among the several States.\\nThis, it was supposed would be lost to the State by a too long\\ndelay in securing admission. Therefore, there was much to lose\\nby delay, and nothing to gain. With the other party these rea-\\nsons had little or no weight. Rather than submit to the injustice\\nof having so important a portion of her domain wrested from the\\nState, they were inclined to submit to the inconveniences which\\nmight result from delay, till a more favorable action of Congress.\\nThey placed full reliance in the ultimate action of Congress, and\\nhoped that a sense of justice would eventually compel that body\\nto admit the State unconditionally. They also argued that the\\nState, having a present right to admission, would have an equit-\\nalmost destitute of roads. He performed this labor in about tliree months,\\nrendered liis accounts, delivered the sureties and received his discharge\\nwith the full approval of the State authorities. Not a voice was lifted\\nto condemn any act of his, but universal approval followed him from\\nthe grateful people, many of whom wept as they gave him a last farewell.\\nIn the earlier part of Mr. Swift s career, his radical opinions and\\nunswerving adherence to his convictions of right, without regard to per-\\nsonal consequences, provoked much enmity and opposition, in conse-\\nquence of which his friends hesitated somewhat in bringing him before\\nthe people as a candidate for office. But, after the organization of the\\nRepublican party, to which he lent an actively helping hand and of which\\nhe became an able champion, he received the nomination to the State\\nlegislature, and in the election outstripped every candidate on the ticket.\\nMany of his life-long opponents voted for him on the personal ground of\\nability and integrity. He served the State four years, occupying a pro-\\nminent position in the House. On his reelection, he led, by many votes\\nin his district, the great general who was elected to the presidency. Mr.\\nSwift resigned his seat in the legislature in 1869, having accepted the\\noffice of United States Consul, at Windsor, Canada, which he still holds.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "478 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nable right to her proportion of the surplus revenue, which Congress\\ncould not refuse to grant whenever she was admitted.\\nThus stood parties when the convention decided to reject the\\nproposition of Congress. The dissatisfied party thereupon resolved\\nthat another convention should be held, without waiting for\\nanother call by the Legislature. During the autumn, two respect-\\nable primary assemblies of that portion of the people assenting\\nto the conditions Avere held, one in Wayne county, and the other\\nin the county of Washtenaw, two of the most populous counties\\nin the State. A second convention of the people was proposed\\nfor the trial of the question, and the Governor was requested to\\ncall the same by proclamation. Although the convention was\\napproved of; yet, as it was wholly unauthorized by law, the Gov-\\nernor declined to take such a step. A convention, however, had\\nbeen decided upon and, on the fourteenth of November, a circu-\\nlar from the proper officers of the assenting party was issued,\\nwhich recommended the qualified voters in the several counties to\\nmeet on the fifth and sixth of December, and elect delegates to\\nattend a convention that the number of delegates be twice the\\nnumber elected to the popular branch of the Legislature and\\nHere, as elsewhere in public service, be displays eminent ability and\\nintegrity. Through unwise measures, an unhappy state of feeling for-\\nmerly existed between the two countries. In place of mutual respect,\\ndistrust and suspicion prevailed, and commerce between the two nations\\nat that point had fallen to a low ebb, but, under Mr. Swift s supervision,\\norder and confidence have been restored, commerce revived, and a happy\\nand prosperous state of affairs inaugurated.\\nMr. Swift is yet in the prime of life, actively engaged in the battle\\nof reform, and right against wrong His life and labors thus far\\nhave been devoted largely to benevolent efforts in behalf of the poor, the\\noppressed, the victims of wrong and unholy greed, and in the interests\\nof free schools the diffusion of intelligence, morality and religion. To\\nhis influence and efforts, while in the legislature, is largely due the law\\nestablishing free schools the more am])le endowment of the University,\\nand the liberal provision which has been made for the various beneficiary\\ninstitutions, in which our State may indulge a commendable pride.\\nMr. Swift has held many places of trust and honor (in all of which he\\nhas commanded and received public approval), among which was that of\\nState librarian.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 479\\nthat the election be conducted at the proper places, by the same\\nofficers, and according to the legal formalities governing other\\nelections. Accordingly, the election was held, though generally\\nunattended by those who dissented from the proposition of bound-\\nary, or who considered the election void from its illegality. The\\ndelegates met at Ann Arbor, on the fourteenth day of December.\\nAs might be expected from a body thus constituted, a decided\\nunanimity of sentiment prevailed in regard to the vital question\\nand, on the fifteenth, it unanimously resolved to accept the condi-\\ntion imposed in the proposition of Congress. It protested, how-\\never, against the constitutional right of Congress to require this\\npreliminary assent as a condition of admission into the Union.\\nThe proceedings of this convention were immediately submitted\\nto Congress. As might have been expected, the validity of the\\nlast convention was seriously called in question. A lengthj and\\nspirited debate ensued, in which the whole question was discussed.\\nThere seemed, however, to be a disposition among all parties to\\nadmit the State, notwithstanding the irregularity of the conven-\\ntion. How much the electoral vote of Ohio had to do with the\\naction of Congress in reference to the various matters in dispute,\\nis a question not proper for consideration in these pages.\\nThe final decision was made by an act approved January 26th,\\n1837, which, after asserting, by preamble, that the people of the\\nState had given their consent to the proposed boundaries, in the\\nconvention of the fifteenth of December, 1836, declared Michigan\\nto be one of the United States, and admitted into the Union\\non an equal footing with the original States, in all respects what-\\never.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXII.\\nMichigan as a State Resources and Population Administration\\nOP Governor Mason Woodbridge Gordon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barry Felch\\nGreenly Ransom Barry McClelland Bingham Wisner.\\nMichigan was now mistress of her own destinies. The diffi-\\nculties which had retarded her progress had been removed. The\\nquestions which had diverted the minds of her people from the\\nlabor of developing her resources had been settled. She was on\\nan equal footing with the others in the great sisterhood of States,\\nand it needed but the proper development of her great natural\\nresources to place her in the front rank of greatness and power.\\nHow well she has succeeded, the following pages will demonstrate.\\nThe romantic story of the birth, childhood and early youth of\\nMichigan is ended. We have seen her as she was before the white\\nman had penetrated the solitudes of her giant forests before\\naught beside the bark canoes of the savage had vexed the waters\\nof her lakes and rivers. We have seen her under the blighting\\ninfluence of the feudal institutions of France, whose highest aim\\nwas to preserve her forests as a shelter for fur-bearing animals.\\nWe have witnessed the change from French dominion to that\\nof Great Britain, whose policy had no higher aims, and was pro-\\nductive of no nobler results than that of France. And, finally,\\nwe have seen the red cross of England supplanted by the stars\\nand stripes of our great Republic, and witnessed the happy results\\nof the enactment of just laws and the establishment of free insti-\\ntutions. It now becomes our duty to consider her as she is found\\nat the present day; to patiently, though briefly, trace her steps\\nfrom youth to maturity, and to exhibit her in the greatness and\\nprosperity she has attained through the development of her\\nunbounded resources.\\nFrom the nature of things, the following pages must consist", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n481\\nof a mere compilation of information from oflBcial documents.\\nThe history of the State during the period of its peaceful settle-\\nment, and progress in arts and sciences, must necessarily be devoid\\nof the attractions which interest many readers but, though devoid\\nSANFORD HOWARD.\\nSanford Howard, late secretary of the State board of agriculture, was\\nborn in Easton, Bristol county, Massachusetts, August 7, 1805. lie was\\nthe sixth descendant from John Howard, who came from England in\\n1651, and subsequently settled in West Bridgewater.\\n31", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "482 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof tales of bloodshed, hardship and suffering, it is the record of\\nthe events which have made her great and powerful, and trans-\\nformed her solitudes into marts of commerce, cleared away her\\nmighty forests, and dotted her landscape with happy homes and\\nflourishing cities.\\nThe first Governor of Michigan under her State organization\\nwas, as we have already seen, Stevens T. Mason, a native of Vir-\\nginia. He was elected Governor of the prospective State in 1835,\\nand held the office till January, 1840. When Michigan was,\\nadmitted into the Union as a State, her population was about two\\nhundred thousand. It possessed an area of about forty thousand\\nsquare miles, which was divided into thirty-six counties. Almost\\nthe first act that was passed by the State Legislature, after the\\nadmission into the Union, was one for the organization and sup-\\nport of common schools. Congress had already set apart one\\nsection of laud in each township for this purpose, and the new\\nState was not slow to avail itself of the advantages of the dona-\\ntion. In March of the same year another act was passed estab-\\nlishing the University of Michigan. As a separate chapter will\\nLiving in a country neigbborliood, liis advantages for education were\\nlimited to tliree or four montlis in a year at a district scliool, but being of\\na studious tm u, and quicli to learn, be supplemented bis studies with\\nsuch reading as assisted bim in laying tbe foundation for future useful-\\nness.\\nWhen quite a boy he evinced a decided love for natural history, espe-\\ncially that relating to domestic animals. In early life be became\\nacquainted with Col. Samuel Jaques and the Flon. John Welles, two of\\nthe most noted breeders of their times. To this acquaintance, and the\\nintimate friendship that followed, the world is indebted in a measure for\\nmuch of the information disseminated tbrougli Mr. Howard s pen during\\nthe last thirty years of bis life.\\nWhen about seventeen years of age, he was placed in a dry goods and\\ngrocery store, where he remained about two years, when finding bim dis-\\ninclined to any pursuit but farming, his father consented to bis return\\nhome. From this time be remained with liis father in his favorite occu-\\npation till ISoO, when be married Miss Matilda Williams, and removed to\\nHalowell, Maine, where he took charge of tbe celebrated Vaughn farm.\\nHere he organized the Kennebec county agricultural society, which was\\nthe pioneer society of the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 483\\nbe devoted to this institution, we will not stop to consider it here.\\nThe Legislature also paid particular attention to the mineral\\nresources of the State. It appropriated $29,000 for a geological\\nsurvey, and appointed Dr. Douglass Houghton State geologist.\\nInternal improvements also received a large share of attention. A\\nboard of seven commissioners was established, of which the Gover\\nnor was made president. This board authorized a number of sur-\\nveys for railroads. Three routes were surveyed through the State,\\nand eventually became known as the Michigan Central, the\\nMichigan Southern, and Detroit and Milwaukee. The latter road,\\nhowever, was originally intended to have Port Huron for its east-\\nern terminus. Acts were at the same time passed incorporating\\nthe roads between Gibraltar and Clinton, and Detroit and Shia-\\nwassee. Thus was the energy and public spirit of the citizens of\\nthe new State manifested, and thus was the first start made in the\\ngrand system of railroads which now traverse the State in every\\ndirection. The next year appropriations were made for the sur-\\nvey of the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo and Grand rivers, with the view\\nof improving their navigation. In 1839 the^ militia of the State\\nIn 1837, Mr. Howard removed with his family to Zanesville, Ohio,\\nwhere he became engaged in farming, and also for some years conducted\\nan agricultural department in the Zanesville Gazette. Here, too, he was\\nchiefly instrumental in establishing the Muskingum county agricultural\\nsociety.\\nIn 1844, he was offered and accepted a position as associate editor of\\nthe Albany Cultivator.\\nJanuary 4, 1852, Mr. Howard removed to Boston, Massachusetts, to\\ntake charge of the agricultural department of the Boston Cultivator, which\\nposition he maintained with benefit to its readers and satisfaction to its\\nproprietor during twelve years.\\nIn 1857, the Massachusetts society for the promotion of agriculture\\ndecided to make an importation of stock for the improvement of their\\ndomestic animals, and Mr. Howard was selected for that purpose to visit\\nEngland, Scotland, Ireland and France. He performed his mission in a\\nhighly satisfactory manner, and made another trip to Europe for a simi-\\nlar purpose, and while there received marked attention from many of the\\nfirst people of the countries in which he traveled. Returning, he contin-\\nued to edit the Boston Cultivator until he removed to Michigan.\\nIn February, 1864, Mr. Howard was elected secretary of the Michigan", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "484 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwas organized, and eight divisions, witli two brigades of Uvo regi-\\nments each, were provided for. Another event of this year was\\nthe completion of the Jackson penitentiary. With this year also\\nterminated the administration of Governor Mason, who had been\\ntwice elected to the chief magistracy of the State. The official\\nreport in reference to the educational interests of the State shows\\nthat nearly thirty thousand pupils attended the common schools\\nthat year, and that the amount of money expended was over\\neighteen thousand dollars. The agricultural statistics published\\nin 1838 gives the following figures for that year: Rye, 21,944\\nbushels; oats, 1,116,910 buckwheat, 6,422 flax, 43,826 pounds;\\nhemp, 524; neat cattle, 89,610; horses, 14,059; sheep, 22,684;\\nswine, 109,096.\\nThe second Governor of Michigan was William Woodbridge.\\nHe served in that capacity from January, 1840, to February, 1841,\\nwhen he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate.\\nJ. Wright Gordon was Lieutenant-Governor, and became acting\\nGovernor upon the resignation of Governor Woodbridge. The\\nprincipal events which occurred during the joint administration\\nState board of agriculture, and, in the May following, he removed from\\nBoston to Lansing, Michigan, and entered upon the duties of his office.\\nHis removal from Boston was the occasion of a dinner and presenta-\\ntion, at which time he received from the JMassachusetts agricultural club\\na massive silver pitcher.\\nMr. Howard s labors in Michigan were more in the interests of the\\nagriculture of the State at large than with the State agricultural college.\\nHe was, however, a member of the facultj and took his turn in the\\ngeneral lectures delivered before the college, and his addresses were\\nalways highly welcome by his audience, lie did very much to improve\\nthe agriculture of the State, and in these labors became widely acquainted\\nvi^ith the agriculturists, fruit growers and stock raisers of Michigan.\\nIn the spring of lb71, Mr. Howard was stricken with partial paralysis,\\naffecting his right side. He went from his office, where the fatal disease\\nhad found him at his work, to his home, where, after an eight days\\nillness, he died on the 9th of March.\\nThe newspapers througiiout the entire country paid their tribute of\\nrespect to the memory of the deceased, and resolutions of regret and\\nsympathy on his death were passed by both branches of the State legis-\\nlature and by the State board of agriculture.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n485\\nwere as follows The railroad from Detroit to Ann Arbor, a dis-\\ntance of forty miles, was completed branclies of the University\\nwere established at Detroit, Pontiac, Monroe, Niles, Kalamazoo,\\nGrand Rapids, Jackson, White Pigeon, and Tecumseh. The\\nSVNEST.PHII-A.\\nHON. D. HORTON.\\nDexter Horton, a prominent citizen of Fenton, Michigan, was born\\nin the town of Grovcland, Oakland county, Michigan, in 1837, on the\\nfarm where liis fatlier, H. W. Horton, now resides.\\nHis education was mostly acquired in the school district where he was\\nborn. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Albion college, but was so\\ngiven to practical joking that his stay there was of short duration.\\nWhile there he was acknowledged to be a good student, being marked\\nperfect in nearly all his studies; was well liked by his teachers and fellow\\nstudents, but was so constantly, into mischief, that they were obliged to\\nexpel him. When he left college be was president of tjie Eclectic and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "486 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\npopulation of the State exceeded two hundred and twelve thou-\\nsand, and the leading cities claimed the following numbers\\nDetroit, nine thousand one hundred Ypsilanti, two thousand four\\nhundred Pontiac, nineteen hundred Marshall, seventeen hun-\\ndred and sixty-three, and Monroe seventeen hundred and three.\\nTo denote the growth of the material wealth of the State, we\\npresent the following statistics, gathered in 1841 The average\\nprice of wheat was seventy cents a bushel, and the crop amounted\\nto $2,100,000 corn was sold for thirty cents, and that crop\\namounted to $810,000 oats, twenty cents, and the amount $800,-\\n000 hay, five dollars per ton, and the amount $750,000 pork\\nwas sold for ten cents per pound, and amounted to $900,000 the\\nfur trade amounted to $425,000 the potato crop to 2,051,000\\nbushels whisky and wines, $400,000 maple sugar, $83,151 the\\nfish trade, $192,000 wool, $70,000 dairies, $300,000, and home-\\nmade goods, $100,000. The exports for that year amounted to\\nover four millions of dollars and, as the result of the distribution\\nact of Congress, the State became possessed of five hundred thou-\\nsand acres of public lands, many portions of which were selected\\nwith great care, and were to become the foundation of an import-\\nant revenue. Associated with the administration of Governor\\nAtheniades societies. After his departure from college his time waa\\noccupied in teaching school winters, and farming summers, until he\\narrived at his majority, when he took up his residence at Fenton, Genesee\\ncounty, where he now resides.\\nAt this time, his whole capital consisted of two colts and fifteen bags\\nof corn. But being an energetic business man, he soon acquired a com-\\npetency, and has ever used his means to increase the prosperity of his\\ntown. He is an extensive dealer in flour, grain and wool, and, within\\nthe last three years, has built up one of the largest retail trades, in farm-\\ning implements, that there is in the State. His great energy was shown\\nin a large procession of farmers and farming machines which paraded\\nthe streets of Fenton, on the 14th of June, 1873. This procession was\\nvery highly spoken of at the time in the local papers, for its numbers,\\nbeautiful display of all kinds of farming implements, decorated with\\nbanners, and for the business ingenuity of Mr. Horton in organizing it,\\nand surprising the people of Fenton by its unexpected entrance into\\ntheir village.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 487\\nGordon was the reorganization of the Grand Lodge of Free\\nMasons, with the constitutional number of lodges.\\nGovernor Goi don was succeeded by John S. Barry, who served\\nfrom 1841 to 1845. During the first year of his term, the Uni-\\nversity was opened for the reception of students. The Central\\nand Southern railroads were now being rapidly constructed, and\\ngeneral progress was everywhere in great activity. In 1842, the\\nnumber of pupils reported as attending the common schools was\\nnearly fifty-eight thousand. In 1843, a State land office was estab-\\nlished at Marshall, which was invested with the charge and dis-\\nposition of all the lands belonging to the State. In 1844, the\\ntaxable property of the State was found to be $28,554,282, the tax\\nbeing at the rate of two mills on the dollar. The expenses of the\\nState were only seventy thousand dollars, while the income from\\nthe two railroads was nearly $300,000. The University had\\nalready become so prosperous that its income was ample to pay\\nthe interest on the University debt and the amount of money\\nwhich the State was able to loan to the several progressing rail-\\nroads was one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Eflbrts were\\nmade to increase the efficiency of the common schools, with good\\nMr. Horton was from boyhood an active and shrewd worker in politics.\\nHe first acted with the Whigs, but upon the organization of the Repub-\\nlican party, he espoused their cause, and, believing his party right, he\\nearnestly worked for its triumph. In 18G1, a struggle occurred for the\\nappointment of a postmaster in Fenton. Mr. Horton, although only\\ntwenty-three years of age, became an applicant for the office, and, not-\\nwithstanding another person received the recommendation of the repre-\\nsentative in congress from that district, Mr. Horton secured the\\nappointment. In 1863, when the Fifth Michigan Cavalry was at Brandy\\nStation, Virginia, he went to that place for the purpose of enlisting, but\\nbefore domg this, he was informed that he could have an appointment\\nfrom President Lincoln as captain and commissary of subsistence in the\\nUnited States volunteers. Resigning his postmastership, he at once\\naccepted of this position, reported to General Thomas for duty, and\\nremained with the armies of the Tennessee and Georgia until they were\\ndisbanded. While in the army, he was promoted to the rank of major,\\nby President Lincoln, for eificient and meritorious services.\\nAt the close of the war, he was reappointed postmaster at Fenton, but", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "488 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nresults. In 1845, the population of the State was more than three\\nhundred thousand.\\nGovernor Barry was succeeded by Alpheus Felch, who served\\nthe State in the capacity of Governor from 1845 till 1847. The\\nimportant events under his administration may be summed up as\\nfollows The two railroads belonging to the State were sold to\\nprivate corporations the Central for two millions of dollars, and\\nthe Southern for five hundred thousand dollars. In 1846, the\\nUniversity library was enriched with a choice collection of five\\nthousand volumes, purchased in Europe. These books were much\\nneeded by the University, and added largely to its usefulness.\\nThe exports of the State for 1846 amounted to $4,647,608 the\\naggregate capacity of vessels enrolled in the collection district\\nof Detroit was 26,928 tons the steam vessels numbering 8,400,\\nand the sailing vessels 18,527 the whole giving employment to\\neighteen thousand seamen. In 1847, the counties in the State\\nnumbered thirty-nine, and the townships four hundred and thirty-\\nfive, of which two hundred and seventy were supplied with good\\nlibraries, containing in the aggregate thirty-seven thousand vol-\\numes. The pupils in the common schools numbered ninety -eight\\nthousand, and in the 2,869 districts were employed twelve hun-\\ndred male teachers, and nearly two thousand female teachers.\\nOn the third of March, 1847, Governor Felch resigned his posi-\\ntion as Governor to accept a seat in the United States Senate,\\nwhereupon Lieutenant-Governor W. L. Greenly assumed the\\nwas removed by President .Johnson, for political reasons. He was a\\ndelegate to the soldiers convention, at Chicago, that nominated General\\nGrant for the presidency.\\nIn 1867, Mr. Horton was appointed assistant sergeant-at-arms of the\\nState senate, and, in November, 1809, he was elected a representative to\\nthe State legislature. In 1871, he was nominated, but having voted at\\nthe former session of that body for the adoption of the fourteenth\\namendment to the United States constitution, and advocating the election\\nof a candidate to the United States senate, who was unpopular in his\\ndistrict, he was defeated by thirty one votes.\\nMr. Horton is a man of great personal popularity, unswerving honesty,\\nfine social qualities and winning manners. He has great business tact\\nand energy, and is of inestimable value to his town.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n489\\nduties of the executive. During the latter s administration, the\\nwar with Mexico commenced and terminated and, in answer to a\\nrequisition from the War Department, Michigan furnished one\\nregiment of volunteers, commanded by Thomas W. Stockton, and\\nHON. GEO. E. HUBBARD.\\nGeorge E. Hubbard, son of Mr. Alonzo Hubbard, was born in 1833,\\nat Hamilton, in the State of New York. In 1834, the family removed to\\nDetroit, Michigan, where they continued five years. In 1838, they\\nremoved to the Western Reserve, Ohio, and in 1848, to Cleveland, in the\\nsame State, where he graduated at the high school and subsequently at\\nthe mercantile college of E. G. Folson. He then learned the tinner s\\ntrade, serving three years in the shop of Mr. W. L. Marvin. At the ter-\\nmination of his apprenticeship he became foreman.\\nIn 1855, Mr. Hubbard removed to Chicago, where he worked at his\\ntrade and soon became clerk in the hardware store of Mr. C. Metz. The", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "490 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\none independent company, at a cost of about ten thousand five\\nhundred dollars.\\nGovernor Greenly was succeeded by Epaphroditus Ransom,\\nwho served the State from 1847 till November, 1849. We sum\\nup the events and affairs of the State under his administration as\\nfollows The Asylum for the Insane was established, as also the\\nAsylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. Both of these institutes\\nwere liberally endowed with lands, and each of them placed in\\ncharge of a board of five trustees. The appropriation in 1869\\nfor the deaf and dumb and blind amounted to $81,500. On the\\nfirst of March, 1848, the first telegraph line was completed from\\nNew York to Detroit, and the first dispatch transmitted on that\\nday. The following figures show the progress in agriculture:\\nThe land reported as under cultivation in 1848 was 1,437,460\\nacres of wheat there were produced 4,739,300 bushels other\\ngrains, 8,197,767 bushels; wool, 1,645,756 pounds maple sugar,\\n1,774,369 pounds horses, 52,305 cattle, 210,268 swine, 152,541\\nsheep, 610,534 while the flour mills numbered two hundred and\\ntwenty-eight, and the lumber mills amounted to seven hundred and\\nthirty. In 1847, an act was passed removing the Legislature from\\nDetroit to Lansing, and temporary buildings for the use of the\\nLegislature were immediately erected, at a cost of $12,450.\\nGovernor Ransom was succeeded by John S. Barry, who was\\nagain, and for a third term, elected Governor of the State of\\nsame year, he was married to Christiana, daughter of Mr. John Landreth,\\nof Cleveland. In September, 1856, he removed to Grand Haven, where he\\nstarted a small hardware store, with a stock worth less than one thousand\\ndollars. In 1858, Mr. Hubbard purchased the interest in the business\\nhitherto held by Mr. C. Metz, the stock then amounting to over five\\nthousand dollars. He continued the business until 1866, when Mr.\\nGeorge E. Miller joined him in a partnership which continued two years.\\nHe also formed a partnership with Mr. A. J. Emlaw, who carried on a\\nhardware business in Muskegon. At the end of two years, Mr. Emlaw\\nwas succeeded in the Muskegon business by Mr. John H. Landreth,\\nbrother of Mrs. George E. Hubbard. He continued it three years.\\nAt the time Mr. Miller joined the firm, the stock was valued at sixteen\\nthousand dollars. Mr. Landreth took an interest in the Grand Haven\\nbusiness in 1872, and continued in it one year, since which time the con-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 491\\nMichigan. He continued in office till November, 1851. During\\nthis administration a Normal School was established at Ypsi-\\nlanti, which was endowed with lands and placed in charge of a\\nboard of education, consisting of six persons a new Constitution\\nfor the government of the State was adopted, and the Great Rail-\\nroad Conspiracy Case was tried. This grew out of a series of\\nlawless acts which had been committed upon the property of the\\nMichigan Central Railroad Company, along the line of their road,\\nand, finally, the burning of their depot, at Detroit, in 1850. In\\n1851, thirty-seven men were brought to trial, and of them twelve\\nwere convicted. The conspirators were defended by William H.\\nSeward, of New York, and the prosecution was conducted by\\nAlex. D. Fraser, of Detroit. Judge Warner Wing presided.\\nRobert McClelland followed Barry into the executive chair,\\nand served as Governor from 1851 until March, 1853, when he\\nresigned to accept a position in the Cabinet of President Pierce,\\nas Secretary of the Interior. On his retirement, the Lieutenant\\nGovernor, Andrew Parsons, became the acting governor, and\\ncontinued in that capacity until November, 1854.\\nKingsley S. Bingham was the next Governor of Michigan. He\\nserved from November, 1854, to November, 1858. With regard\\nto this administration we copy from the Red Book as follows\\nThe most notable event of Governor Bingham s first term was the\\ncompletion of the ship canal, at the Falls of St. Mary. In 1852,\\ncern has been carried on by Mr. Hubbard, the capital invested being\\nabout thirty thousand dollars.\\nIn 1870, Mr. Hubbard erected the first brick three-story building in the\\ncity, and the completion of the building was celebrated in February,\\n1871, by the largest party ever gathered together in Grand Haven, con-\\nsisting of friends from all parts of Michigan and some from Illinois,\\nOhio and Wisconsin.\\nIn 1872, Mr. Hubbard was elected mayor, on the Republican ticket,\\nwhen it was conceded there was a Democratic majority of one hundred\\nin the city. In the spring of 1873, he was reelected mayor, a position he\\nstill continues to fill with honor to himself and the general satisfaction\\nof his fellow-citizens.\\nAs a business man, Mr. Hubbard ranks high, and is among the most\\nsuccessful. He is persevering, energetic and enterprising. He has", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "492 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAugust twenty-sixth, an act of Congress was approved, granting\\nto the State of Michigan seven hundred and fifty thousand acres\\nof land, for the purpose of constructing a ship canal between\\nLakes Huron and Superior. In 1853, the Legislature accepted the\\ngrant, and provided for the appointment of commissioners to select\\nthe donated lands, and to arrange for building the canal. A com-\\npany of enterprising men was formed, and a contract was entered\\ninto, by which it was agreed that the canal should be finished\\nin two years and the work proceeded. Every article of con-\\nsumption, machinery, working implements and materials, timber\\nfor the gates, stones for the locks, as well as men and supplies,\\nhad to be transported to the site of the canal from Detroit,\\nCleveland, Chicago, and other lake ports. The rapids which had\\nto be surmounted have a fall of seventeen feet, and are about a\\nmile long. The length of the canal is less than one mile, its\\nwidth one hundred feet, depth twelve feet, and it has two locks of\\nsolid masonry. In May, 1855, the work was completed, accepted\\nby the commissioners, and formally delivered to the State authori-\\nties. The disbursements on account of constructing the canal\\nand selecting the lands amounted to $099,802; while the lands\\nwhich were assigned to the company, and selected through the\\nagency at the Sault, as well as certain lands in the upper and\\nlower peninsulas, filled to an acre the government grant. The\\nopeniug of this canal was a most important event in the history\\nof the improvements of this State. It was a valuable link in\\nacquired a large social, and consequently political influence, mainly by\\nhis straightforward, honorable dealing and accommodating spirit. He\\nIs a valuable citizen, having aided, to the utmost of his ability, both\\nIDublic and private enterprises calculated to advance the interests of\\nthe city.\\nAs a presiding officer, he has never been equaled in the common coun-\\ncil, having a good knowledge of parliamentary practice and a nice sense\\nof justice and impartiality.\\nAs a member of the ancient order of Knight Templars, he enjoys the\\nunbounded confidence of the fraternity.\\nAs a citizen and neighbor, he is known to be a friend, especially to the\\nlaboring portion of the community, among whom he is exceedingly\\npopular, while his standing in commercial circles needs no encomium.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 493\\nthe chain of lake commerce, and particularly important to the\\ninterests of the upper pea insula of Michigan.\\nMoses Wisner was the next Governor of Michigan. He served\\nfrom 1858 to November, 1860. He was succeeded by Austin\\nBlair, whose connection with the State during the progress of the\\ncivil war, properly brings any notice of his administration within\\nthe scope of the records of that bloody event.\\nTurning from the routine of political and legislative records, we\\nwill pass on to her struggles and triumphs during the great\\nrebellion.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIIL\\nAdministration of Governor Blair The War op the Rebellion\\nPatriotic Action of Michigan The Troops Sent to the\\nField The Draft\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governor Crapo s Administration Close\\nOF the^War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Troops Return Home Financial Condition\\nOF THE State.\\nAustin Blair was the thirteenth Governor of Michigan under\\nthe State organization. The principal events occurring under his\\nadministration were those connected with the war of the rebellion.\\nTo give a complete history of the events of that trying period, to\\nenumerate the heroic deeds of the brave sons of Michigan, recount\\ntheir struggles and triumphs, and place their record on the pages\\nof history as it deserves, would require many volumes. But that\\nrecord would form some of the brightest pages in the annals of\\nthis nation.\\nMichigan soldiers were among the most prompt to offer their\\nservices when the first gun was fired on Fort Sumter, and were\\namong the last to leave the field after the last rebel had laid down\\nhis arms. They were among those who first crossed the Long\\nBridgeand captured Alexandria. They were under command of\\nthe gallant and lamented Richardson, who first opened fire at\\nBlackburn s Ford, near Bull Run. They were with McClellan,\\nin West Virginia, in 1861. In 1862 they were in South Caro-\\nlina and Georgia, in the Army of the Potomac, on the Peninsula,\\nand in Maryland with Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, with\\nBurnside in Virginia, with Butler in Louisiana, and with Pope in\\nMissouri. lu 1863 they bore a gallant part in the campaign in\\nVirginia under Hooker, and Meade, in Pennsylvania. They\\nassisted in the defense of Knoxville, under Burnside in the cap-\\nture of Vicksburg, by Grant and in the raid on Richmond, by\\nKilpatrick. They were with Rosecrans, in his campaign against", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 495\\nChattanooga, and did gallant service, under other generals, in\\nLouisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky. In the closing\\nyears of the war they were with Grant, in his march against\\nKichmond with Sherman, in his march to the sea, and with Sher-\\nidan, in his campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. They assisted\\nin the defense of Nashville, under Thomas and were with Wil-\\nson and Stoneman, in their raids in Georgia and North Carolina.\\nThey were at the capture of Mobile and, after the surrender of\\nLee, served in Texas and against the Indians in the West. Mich-\\nigan soldiers saw the surrender of Lee and of Johnson, and it was\\na Michigan regiment that captured the President of the Southern\\nConfederacy. Her heroic dead sleep in every national cemetery,\\nand her best blood has been poured out on every battle field. In\\nevery encounter they were conspicuous for their bravery and devo-\\ntion. In every position they were true and faithful.\\nIt would be a pleasant task to follow the soldiers of Michigan\\nthrough every campaign, and tell the tale of their heroism and\\nrecount their deeds of valor but the limits of this volume forbid,\\nand we must rest content with the briefest outline of the part\\nwhich was taken by the State in that memorable contest. Besides,\\nthe task has already been performed in an able manner by one\\nof the soldiers of Michigan. Reference is had to General Rob-\\nertson s History of Michigan during the Rebellion, in Lanman s\\nRed Book of Michigan. And we here take occasion to acknowl-\\nedge our indebtedness to that volume for many of the facts which\\nare here set forth.\\nWhen Governor Blair assumed the gubernatorial chair, in\\nJanuary, 1861, the mutterings of the coming storm were already\\nheard in the distance. The retiring Governor, the lamented\\nMoses Wisner, delivered a stirring and patriotic valedictory mes-\\nsage to the Legislature, which served as the key-note to the action\\nof the State in the subsequent contest. Govex-nor Blair s inau-\\ngural, delivered at the same time, was an equally patriotic message,\\nin which he discussed, in a most able and philosophical manner,\\nthe true nature of our complex system of government, and of the\\nreal significance of the impending issues, and closed by recom-\\nmending that the State proffer her whole military resources to the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "496 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nPresident to aid in upholding the laws, and maintaining the\\nsupremacy of the Constitution. The Legislature was prompt in\\nits response to this recommendation, and passed a series of resolu-\\ntions, declaring the loyalty of the State to the Union and the\\nConstitution, and its readiness to aid the government with all its\\nmaterial resources and military power.\\nMichigan was in reality, at that time, ill prepared for war.\\nThe long years that had elapsed since there had been any enemies\\nto fight had caused her to forget that war was possible. Its\\nmilitia had dwindled to next to nothing. There were only twenty-\\neight companies in the State, with an effective force of a little over\\none thousand men. The population of the State was about\\n800,000. The number of able-bodied men, capable of bearing\\narras, was estimated at 110,000. The State debt was $2,228,842,\\nbesides $100,000 in canal bonds, guaranteed by the State. The\\ntaxable value of the State was about $275,000,000. The financial\\nembarrassments were neither few nor unimportant, and the annual\\ntax of $226,250, was considered a grievous burthen upon the peo-\\nple. Notwithstanding these embarrassments, the people were\\nwilling to sacrifice everything to maintain the integrity of the\\nUnion, and the utterances of the two Governors, and the resolu-\\ntions of the Legislature, struck a responsive chord in every patri-\\notic heart.\\nOn the 12th day of April, 1861, the telegraph flashed the news\\nto Detroit that Fort Sumter had been fired upon that civil war\\nhad been inaugurated. This news produced the most intense\\nexcitement. The first body to move in the matter was the Detroit\\nbar. A meeting was held on the IStli, and patriotic resolutions\\npassed. On the 15th the news was received that Fort Sumter\\nhad surrendered. At the same time, the President s call for\\n75,000 troops was received. Public meetings were at once held in\\nevery part of the State, and pledges made to assist the nation in\\nthis its hour of peril. Volunteering commenced. On the 16th,\\nGovernor Blair arrived in Detroit, and immediately held a con-\\nsultation with the leading citizens. The State had been called\\nupon for one regiment, fully armed and equipped. One hundred\\nthousand dollars was required for this purpose, and the treasury", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n497\\nwas empty. To meet this expenditure, the meeting at once\\npledged Detroit to loan the State $50,000. A further sum of\\n$25,000 was also pledged by those present, and a committee\\nappointed to solicit further subscriptions. The same day the\\nREV. MARCUS SWIFT.\\nMarcus Swift was born in Palmyra, Wayne county, New York, June\\n23, 1793. His father, General John Swift, a prominent citizen of that\\nsection, secured to liis son as good educational advantages as the country\\nafforded in tliat early time, and at the age of eighteen, Mr Swift married\\nMiss Anna Osband, and entered on the active pursuits of life. At the\\nage of twenty, he became a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch, and was licensed, soon after, to preach the Gospel. In this field\\nhe was eminently successful. Philosophical and logical as a thinker,\\n32", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "498 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nGovernor issued a proclamation calling for ten companies of\\nvolunteers. The State promptly responded to this call, tind the\\ntenders of troops soon far exceeded the requisition. On the 24th\\nthe Governor called an extra session of the Legislature to meet\\non the seventh of May. Orders were issued for organizing the\\nFirst Regiment. This was promptly done, and the Coldwater\\nBattery was also organized and equipped, with money loaned the\\nState by the citizens of Coldwater. The Second Regiment was\\nalso hurriedly recruited, and went into camp at Detroit. The\\nThird and Fourth immediately followed, and were conditionally\\naccepted, it being apprehended that they would not be needed.\\nOn the seventh of May the Legislature met, and legalized what\\nhad been done, clothed the Governor with ample power for the\\nfuture, and authorized the raising of ten regiments and a war loan\\nof $1,000,000. It also passed the Soldiers Relief Law, by\\nwhich counties were required to afford certain relief to the families\\nof soldiers.\\nforcible and fluent as a speaker, simple and easy in address, the young\\nlicentiate drew around him a circle of friends appreciative of his rapidly\\ndeveloping powers and rich in kindness and sympathy. Pecuniary\\nembarrassments overtook him in consequence of the sudden death of an\\nelder brother by drowning, and caused him to remove with his family to\\nthe wilds of Michigan in 1825. He purchased land, eighteen miles west\\nof Detroit, Wayne county, in the township of Bucklin (afterwards\\ndivided into the townships of Redford, Dearborn, Livonia and Nankin,\\nin the latter of which was his location), and making that a permanent\\nhome, became identified with the growth and development of that part\\nof the State.\\nIn 1827, he was elected supervisor. Under the territorial regime, this\\noflBce was one of primary importance, involving the entire interests of\\nthe rapidly developing country. This office he filled for nine successive\\nterms, the remote settlers (from necessity) spending two days in going to\\nvote, taking their provisions with them and camping out in the woods\\nduring the journey. He was also appointed justice of the peace by Presi-\\ndent Jackson, which office he continued to hold until the Territory was\\nadmitted as a State.\\nThe last four terms Mr. Swift served as supervisor, he was elected\\nwithout an opposing vote. The public business involved in the division\\nof the township, devolved on him and was disposed of with judgment", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN, 499\\nOn the thirteenth day of May, the First Regiment, under the\\ncommand of Colonel 0. B. Wilcox, left for the seat of war, fully\\narmed and equipped. The Second soon followed, commanded by\\nColonel Israel B. Richardson. Many other companies were organ-\\nized; but, not being able to find places in the regiments in this\\nState, sought and found service in other States. The Third and\\nFourth, however, were recruited, under the authority of the Gov-\\nernor; and, while this was in process, a letter was received from\\nthe Secretary of War, limiting the number of regiments that\\nwould be accepted from this State to four, and enjoining the Gov-\\nernor from raising any more than that number.\\nGovernor Blair, however, decided to disregard these instruc-\\ntions, and immediately establislied a camp of instruction for the\\nofficers of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh regiments. Companies\\nwere soon assigned to these regiments and the course of instruc-\\ntion proceeded till the first of August, when the camp was broken\\nup, and the force sent to various localities to recruit and organize\\nand dispatch. His increasing acquaintance, and the duties connected\\nwith the ministry, which profession he faithfully and laboriously exer-\\ncised among the scattered and almost shepherdless flocks of Christ,\\ncaused his gradual withdrawal from public business, that he might devote\\nhimself wholly to the chief purpose of his life.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal church having organized a conference in\\n1833, he took charge of Oakland circuit, which embraced within its\\nlimits 125 miles. This circuit he made once in four weeks, preaching\\nthirty-one times each month, and receiving $130 per year for the two\\nyears he occupied it, in anything but money. The next year he had\\ncharge of Plymouth circuit, after which he withdrew from conference\\nand performed voluntary labor, until the organization of the Wesleyan\\nchurch, preaching every Sabbath and frequently during the week, for\\nwhich he received occasional contributions from the indigent people.\\nHe always responded with cheerful alacrity to calls for pastoral service,\\nand it was no unfrequent occurrence for one of the horses to be taken\\nfrom the plow in the middle of the furrow (for he combined farming\\nwith his other avocations), in order that its master might repair to some\\ndistant neighborhood and preach one of the pathetic funeral sermons for\\nwhich he was famous.\\nThe principal occasion of Mr. Swift s separation from the conference,\\nwas the complicity of the church with slavery. As early as 1835, he began", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "500 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe regiments. This was promptly done, and before the twelfth\\nof September, all had left for the field, the President having, iu\\nthe meantime, called for 500,000 volunteers. The quota of Mich-\\nigan under this call was put at 21,337. In addition to this force,\\ntwo companies of sharpshooters were organized and mustered in.\\nAlso, two companies of cavalry, for a Missouri regiment seven\\nof infantry for Illinois regiments, and two for New York regi-\\nments. In obedience to this call, recruiting was pushed with the\\nutmost rapidity until December, 1861, at which time the State\\nhad sent the following regiments to the front\\nThe First Regiment Infantry, three months, from Detroit, May\\n.15th, 780 strong Colonel 0. B. Wilcox commanding.\\nThe First Regiment, from Ann Arbor, September 16th, 751\\nstrong Colonel John C. Robinson commanding.\\nThe Second Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, June 5th, 1,020\\nstrong Colonel J. B. Richardson commanding.\\nto agitate the subject, and made himself heard with telling eflect. Iu the\\nconference, he had not a man to hold up his hands as he invited attention\\nto an investigation of the sin and its dire efi ects on the church and nation.\\nHe insisted that the church ought to take such action as would sliow to\\nthe world that it regarded God rather than man, and refuse to bind itself\\nwith the fetters of expediency by tolerating apologists of slavery and\\nslave-holding ministers and laymen. He exercised charity towards those\\nwho honestly entertained the opinion expressed by Bishop Hedding, viz:\\nSlaves could be held in obedience to the golden rule, and was willing\\nto believe that what seemed to him a monstrous and unnatural invasion\\nof the rights of his sable brethren might assume to some the aspect of\\nmissionary work. But his heart burned in him like a tire, and the\\nwrongs and sufferings of the slaves stung every fibre of his sympathetic\\nnature with pain. His open denunciation of the church polity, regard-\\ning slavery and episcopacy, brought upon him the censure of the official\\nboards of the conference, and they, together with the bishop, refused to\\nordain him an elder, notwithstanding he had fulfilled all the disciplinary\\nrequirements, and passed a complete examination. The condition exacted\\nwas, that he cease the agitation of the slavery question. For such pledge\\nou his part, ordination was offered him, and the most inviting station in\\nthe conference tendered. His talent as a preacher made him eminent\\na pillar of strength to the church as an advocate and defender of its\\ndoctrines. Learned in the formulas of the churches, familiar with", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 501\\nThe Third Regiment Infantry, from Grand Rapids, June 13th,\\n1,042 strong Colonel D. McConnell commanding.\\nThe Fourth Regiment Infantry, from Adrian, June 25th, 1,024\\nstrong Colonel D. A. Woodbury commanding.\\nThe Fifth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, September 11th,\\n900 strong Colonel H. D. Terry commanding.\\nThe Sixth Regiment Infantry, from Kalamazoo, August 30th,\\n1,020 strong Colonel F. W. Curtenius commanding.\\nThe Seventh Regiment Infantry, from Monroe, September 5th,\\n1,020 strong Colonel Ira R. Grosvenor commanding.\\nThe Eighth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, September 27th,\\n900 strong Colonel W. M. Fenton commanding.\\nThe Ninth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, October 25th, 943\\nstrong Colonel W. W. Duffield commanding.\\nThe Sixteenth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, September 16th,\\n960 strong Colonel T. B. W. Stockton commanding.\\necclesiastical history and literature, he presented an impregnable front to\\nthe assaults of infidelity. The soundness of liis judgment and his\\nremarkable familiarity with the Scriptures, caused his counsel and advice\\nto be sought and held in high esteem by his ministerial brethren.\\nBut all these gifts were light as an airy bubble when weighed in the\\nbalance with his denunciations of the peculiar institution. The\\nunswerving fidelity to moral and religious convictions which character-\\nized him, demanded the renunciation of worldly position and gain, and\\nhe renounced them. The imposition of priestly hands was nothing\\nworth if purchased by the stifling of the voice of conscience. All\\nthe manhood in him rose in rebellion at the infamous bargain, and he\\nproclaimed persistently, trumpet-tongued, and in discussions with his\\nopponents proved that stains of guilt and crime darkened the slave-hold-\\ning churches. He contended that the complicity and even neutrality of\\nthe non-slave-holding portion of the church was criminal, a sin against\\nGod and humanity, in direct violation of the discipline and opposed to\\nthe spirit and teachings of the founders of the Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch.\\nThe storm of persecution which had been gathering since 1834, fell\\nupon him more fiercely with each evidence that he was fearfully in\\nearnest in the work of reform. The destruction of his property, mob\\nviolence, nor threats of malignant enemies could intimidate him, and to\\ncries of peace, his response was, first pure, then peaceable. At", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "502 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe Eleventh Regiment Infantry, from White Pigeon, Decem-\\nber 9Lh, 1,000 strong\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colonel W. J. i\\\\Iay commanding.\\nThe First Regiment Mechanics and Engineers, from Marshall,\\nDecember 11th, 1,000 strong Colonel W. P. Innes commanding.\\nThe First Regiment Cavalry, from Detroit, September 29th,\\n1,150 strong Colonel T. F. Broadhead commanding.\\nThe Second Regiment Cavalry, from Grand Rapids, November\\n14th, 1,170 strong Lieutenant-Colonel W. C. Davis commanding.\\nThe Third Regiment Cavalry, from Grand Rapids, November\\n28th, 1,180 strong Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. G. Miuty command-\\ning.\\nThe First Battery, from Detroit, June 1st, 123 strong Captain\\nC. O. Loomis commanding.\\nThe Second Battery, from Grand Rapids, December 17th, 110\\nstrong Captain W. S. Bliss commanding.\\nThe Third Battery, from Grand Rapids, December 17th, 80\\nstrong Captain A. W. Dees commanding.\\nlength, hopeless of reform in the church and feeling it no longer con-\\nsistent with liis principles to maintain connection Tvith it, in 1841, he\\nformally withdrew.\\nPolitically, he acted in the same decided manner. Always loyal to\\nlaws he believed to be in accord with the constitution, he never advocated\\nmore radical political action than that upon which the present Republi-\\ncan party based its existence. He acted with the American Anti-Slavery\\nSociety, but was not a Garrisonian abolitionist, believing rather that the\\nfranchise should be exercised in correcting national evils.\\nIn 1840, his vote was one of two cast in the township for the Liberty\\nparty candidate for the presidency, James G. Birney. This party\\nreceived his support until merged in the Free Soil party, in 1848, and the\\nRepublican party in 18oG, and ever after during his life.\\nIn Michigan, soon after Mr. Swift s secession from the church, a large\\nnumber followed his example, and, in the same year (1841), an organiza-\\ntion was effected under the name of the Wesleyan Methodist Church.\\nA book of doctrines and discipline was adopted, chiefly compiled by\\nhis hand. The withdrawals continued to increase in number, and, in\\nMay, 1843, a large convention of Wesleyan Methodists assembled at Utica,\\nNew York, to which Mr. Swift was a delegate. Nine States were repre-\\nsented, and the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America organized\\nwith about 170 preachers and 8,000 members. Into this connection was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 503\\nThe Fourth Battery, from White Pigeon, December 9th, 126\\nstrong Captain A. F. Bidwell commanding.\\nThe Fifth Battery, from Marshall, December 17th, 76 strong\\nCaptain J. H. Dennis commanding.\\nTen of these regiments were clothed and subsisted by the State,\\nunder the direction of the Quartermaster-General.\\nThe commencement of the year 1862 found the recruiting\\ngoing on with unabated vigor. Five regiments of infantry and\\nthree batteries of artillery, in various portions of the State, were\\nbeing rapidly recruited, and they left for the field as follows\\nThirteenth Inl antry from Kalamazoo, February 12th, 925\\nstrong Colonel M. Shoemaker commanding.\\nTwelfth Infantry, from Niles, March 18th, 1,000 strong Colo-\\nnel Francis Quinn commanding.\\nFifteenth Infantry, from Monroe, March 27th, 869 strong Col-\\nonel J. M. Oliver commanding.\\nFourteenth Infantry, from Ypsilanti, April 17th, 925 strong\\nColonel R. P. Sinclair commanding.\\nmerged the church organized in Michigan two years before. In the\\nitinerancy of tliis churcli and connection, Mr. Swift labored actively, and\\nin tlie ministry to the close of his life. He expired, February 19, 1865,\\nafter a brief illness, at the residence of his son. Dr. J. M. Swift, of\\nNorthville, lamented by all who knew him. His last words were, Now\\nlettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word, for mine\\neyes have seen thy salvation. The great principles for which I labored\\nand fought amid reverses and persecution are now the ruling sentiments\\nof the people. I have lived in a glorious age, and my eyes have seen the\\npowers of darkness give way before the coming of the glorious reign of\\nliberty and equality. And so he entered into rest.\\nThe influence of Mr. Swift, in moulding the moral sentiment of the\\ncommunity in which he lived, can hardly be over-estimated. His famili-\\narity with all the interests pertaining to a newly settled country, to rural\\nlife, to the administration of the laws and to the spiritual concerns of his\\nfellows, gave him the position of adviser, advocate and judge. His repu-\\ntation for candor and probity frequently enabled him to reconcile con-\\nflicting interests by mediation, and his voice was ever for peace and\\ngood fellowship. He was hospitable and charitable, giving vastly more\\nfor benevolent objects than he ever received for public services, and\\nhis ear was ever open, and his sympathetic heart quick to respond, to the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "504 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nTenth Infantry, from Flint, April 22(1, 997 strong\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Colonel C.\\nM. Lum commanding.\\nSeventh Battery, from Kalamazoo, February 12th, 145 strong\\nCaptain C. H. Lamphere commanding.\\nSixth Battery, from Coldwater, March 3d, 158 strong Captain\\nJ. S. Andrews commanding.\\nEighth Battery, from Monroe, March 13th, 156 strong\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cap-\\ntain Samuel De Golyer commanding.\\nIn addition to these there were tliree more companies of sharp-\\nshooters raised and sent forward, and one company to serve as a\\nguard for three prominent Southern men, who had been arrested\\nby Andrew Johnson for treason and imprisoned at Mackinaw. A\\nlancer regiment and a battalion of cavalry had also been raised,\\nbut disbanded by the government. The reports made in July\\ngave an additional number of 2,028 recruits to the organizations\\nbefore mentioned, showing a total of 24,281 enrolled since the\\ncommencement of the war, not including the lancer regiment, the\\ncavalry battalion which had not been accepted, or the companies\\nenlisted in regiments in other States. Including these, there\\ncry of the friendless and oppressed. His vigorous intellect and strong,\\nenthusiastic character left its imprint on the civil, political and educa-\\ntional polity of his time. As a speaker, he was logical, forcible and\\ninspiring. His searching and pathetic appeals to the hearts and con-\\nsciences of his hearers were responded to, in multitudes of instances by\\npuritied lives, and thousands called him their spiritual father. In his\\nlatter years, he was universally greeted witli the loving title of Fallier\\nSwift.\\nThe Wesleyan Methodist church was an organized protest against the\\nimmorality of slavery, before which other churches trembled, shoi n of\\npower. It put forth in the form of a religious idea, what was soon to\\nbecome a political necessity, and from its despised position among the\\nsmall things of the earth, it sent forth roots into the heart of society,\\nwhich nourished the mighty tree whose branches are now, trul} for\\nthe sheltering of all nations. It drew within its pale such hosts of free,\\naspiring and self-sacri (icing spirits, that its wonderful work was speedily\\naccomplished. A generation of men suflBced to do this work, chief\\namong whom was Rev. Marcus Swift, who cast into its treasury worldly\\nambition, power and gain, counting all these things but dross for the\\ngrandeur of the interests it represented.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n505\\nwould be an aggregate of about 27,000 men. Adding only those\\nwho went into the regiments of other States would give a grand\\ntotal of 25,734 men who went to the front from Michigan up to\\nJuly 1st, 1862 over 6,000 more than had been called for.\\nDR. G. L. CORNELL.\\nGeorge L. Cornell was born at Crown Point, Essex county, New\\nYork. December 3d, 1829. His parents Avere both natives of this country.\\nHis fatlier was a physician of considerable eminence and extensive\\npractice.\\nIn 1834, the family removed to Michigan, and settled at Spring Arbor,\\nin the county of Jackson. Here he passed through the ordinary course\\ntaught in a common school, and prepared himself for college. He studied\\nmedicine under the instruction of his father and Dr. M. Gunn, who\\nwas at that time surgeon of the University of Michigan, and graduated", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "506 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn the meantime, the Union armies had met with some disas-\\ntrous reverses in the field, which, for the time being, cast a feeling\\nof gloom and despondency over the people of the whole North.\\nBut Michigan soon rallied from that state of feeling and, when\\nthe President, on the second of July, issued a call for three hun-\\ndred thousand more, she was as prompt as ever in her response.\\nThe quota for Michigan under that call was 11,686. Six regi-\\nments were immediately ordered one for each Congressional dis-\\ntrict. In addition to these, the people of Detroit and Wayne\\ncounty organized one regiment from their own citizens. Other\\nregiments followed in rapid succession, and, by the thirteenth of\\nDecember following, fourteen additional regiments were organized\\nand sent forward, as follows\\nThe Seventeenth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, August 27th,\\n982 strong Colonel W. H. Withington commanding.\\nThe Twenty-fourth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, August\\n29th, 1,027 strong Colonel H. A. Morrow commanding.\\nThe Twentieth Regiment Infantry, from Jackson, September\\n1st, 1,012 strong Colonel A. W. Williams commanding.\\nThe Eighteenth Regiment Infantry, from Hillsdale, September\\n4th, 1,002 strong Colonel C. E. Doolittle commanding.\\nThe Twenty-second Regiment Infantry, from Pontiac, Septem-\\nber 4th, 997 strong Colonel M. Wisner commanding.\\nThe Twenty-first Regiment Infantry, from Ionia, September\\n12th, 1,007 strong Colonel A. E. Stevens commanding.\\nThe Nineteenth Regiment Infantry, from Dowagiac, September\\n14th, 995 strong Colonel H. C. Gilbert commanding.\\nfrom that institution in the class of 1852. The next year after finishing\\nhis collegiate course, he removed to the city of !St. Clair and entered upon\\nthe practice of his profession. Since that time, he has devoted himself,\\nwith rare skill and ability, to the practice; and has won for himself a\\nposition in the front rank of the profession in Michigan. During the\\nadministration of James Buchanan, he was appointed collector of cus-\\ntoms at St. Clair, which office he held until the election of Lincoln, in\\n1860. During the war of the rebellion, he went to the front in the\\ncapacity of surgeon in the army, where his rare skill as a surgeon was\\nexercised to the greatest advantage on many a bloody battle-field. After\\nthe close of the war, he returned to St. Clair and resumed practice.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 507\\nThe Twenty-third Regiment Infantry, from East Saginaw, Sep-\\ntember 18th, 883 strong Colonel M. W. Chapin commanding.\\nThe Fourth Regiment Cavalry, from Detroit, September 26th,\\n1,223 strong Colonel R. H. G. Minty commanding.\\nThe Twenty-fifth Regiment Infantry, from Kalamazoo, Septem-\\nber 29th, 896 strong Colonel 0. H. Moore commanding.\\nThe Ninth Battery, from Detroit, December 4th, 168 strong\\nCaptain J. J. Daniels commanding.\\nThe Fifth Regiment Cavalry, from Detroit, December 4th, 1,305\\nstrong Colonel J. T. Copeland commanding.\\nThe Sixth Regiment Cavalry, from Grand Rapids, December\\n10th, 1,220 strong Colonel George Gray commanding.\\nThe Twenty-sixth Regiment Infantry, from Jackson, December\\n13th, 903 strong Colonel J. S. Farrar commanding.\\nIn the meantime, an order had been made by the President\\n(August 4) for a draft of 300,000 militia, for nine months service.\\nThe quota assigned for Michigan was the same as under the call\\nof July second, viz: 11,689. In accordance with this demand\\nthe Governor issued a proclamation, directing a census to be taken\\nof the citizens in the State capable of bearing arms. This was\\naccordingly done, and the result showed that the number of men\\nin the State subject to draft was 91,071. Many diflBculties pre-\\nsented themselves in the way of making a draft, and the Presi-\\ndent, therefore, left the time for di-afting to the disci etiou of the\\ngovernors, hoping that each would be able to raise the number\\nrequired by volunteer enlistments. Governor Blair accordingly.\\nHe has been repeatedly elected mayor of the city of St. Clair, and\\nalderman of his ward, and his services are nearly always sought as a\\nmember of the board of supervisors of the county. Although his politi-\\ncal influence is second to none in liis county, he has persistently refused,\\nwith rare exceptions, to allow his name to be used in connection with\\nany office, the performance of the duties of which would call him away\\nfrom his chosen tield of labor the practice of his profession. He has\\nacquired a handsome fortune by his own unaided exertions, and occupies\\na prominent and leading position, not only in his profession, but in social\\nand political life. He is remarkable for his benevolence and public\\nspirit, and is especially active in the promotion of the educational inter-\\nests of the city and county in which he resides.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "508 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\non the ninth of November, issued a stirring appeal to the citizens\\nof Michigan to come forward and save the State from the impend-\\ning draft. Less than four thousand were now needed to fill the\\nquota. In the meantime, enlistments had gone forward rapidly.\\nThe Twenty -seventh Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas\\nS. Sprague the Seventh Cavalry, under Colonel F. W. Kellogg\\nthe Eighth Cavalry, under Colonel John Stockton the Ninth\\nCavalry, under Captain James J. David; the Twenty eighth\\nInfantry, under Colonel Edward Doyle, and another regiment of\\nsharpshooters, under Captain C. V. DeLand, had been organized,\\nand vigorous efforts were being made to fill up the ranks.\\nThe aggregate number of troops enlisted and mustered up to\\nDecember 23d, 1862, as reported by the Adjutant-General, was as\\nfollows\\nTotal, including recruits, sent to the field before July 1st, 1862,\\n24,281; Lancers and Hughes Horse Guards, regularly mus-\\ntered into the service, but disbanded without leaving the State,\\n987 three regiments of cavalry, ten of infantry, and one battery,\\nsent since July 1st, 13,739; recruits (including six for nine mouths)\\nreceived from July 1st to December 23d, 2,162 estimated strength\\nof three regiments of cavalry, two of infantry, one of sharpshoot-\\ners, and two batteries, organizing in the State, 4,400. Total, 45,-\\n569.\\nThis does not include volunteers from this State Avho had gone\\ninto the regiments of other States, to a number known to exceed\\n1,400, nor those who had enlisted in the regular army probably\\nthree or four hundred.\\nIn January, 1863, the Legislature met and passed an act offer-\\ning $50 bounties for enlistments, and legalized the local bounties\\nthat had been offered throughout the State. It also appropriated\\n$20,000 for the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers in the\\nfield. This amount was increased, subsequently, by an additional\\n$25,000.\\nAt the commencement of this year, three regiments of cavalry,\\ntwo of infantry, one of sharpshooters, and two batteries, were in\\nprocess of recruitment within the State. During January, the\\nProvost Guard, a company raised by Captain E. D. Robinson,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n509\\nfor duty at the Detroit Barracks, was mustered into service also,\\nCompany L, Merrill Horse, recruited by Almon E. Preston.\\nOn the twentieth of February, eight completed companies of the\\nSeventh Cavalry, under command of Colonel W. D. Mann, were\\nCOLIN CAMPBELL.\\nCoLm Campbell was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in June of the year\\n1811.\\nAt an early age his father died, leaving him the special care of a devoted\\nmother, who early taught him the religious principles which are the\\nfoundation to his present success.\\nAt the age of fourteen, Mr. Campbell entered into the stationery and\\npaper business in his native country. At the age of nineteen, he engaged\\nas book-keeper in a bottling or brewing house, and two years afterwards", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "510 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nordered to Washington. The remaining battalion was left to\\nrecruit, and joined the regiment in May following. The Eighth\\nCavalry, 1,117 strong, under Colonel Stockton, left for Kentucky\\non the twelfth of May. The Ninth Cavalry, under Colonel David,\\nleft on the eighteenth, twentieth, and twenty-fifth of May, leaving\\ntwo incomplete companies to be filled. These joined the regiment\\nsoon after, increasing the number in this regiment to 1,073. The\\nTwenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Infantry were consolidated as\\nthe Twenty seventh Infantry, and left for Cincinnati on the\\ntwelfth of April, 865 strong, under command of Colonel D. M.\\nFox. The First Regiment of Michigan Sharpshooters, under\\nColonel DeLand, was ordered, on the eighth of July, to Indian-\\napolis. When this regiment was completed, it showed a strength of\\n963. The Tenth Battery, 104 strong, under Captain J. C. Shultz,\\nleft with the Seventh Cavalry. The Eleventh Battery, 108 strong,\\nunder Captain C. J. Thompson, left with the Ninth Cavalry. The\\nTwelfth Battery, under Captain E. G. Hillier, left for Indianapo-\\nlis in July. When completed this battery was 219 strong.\\nIn the meantime a draft was made, in February, in the counties\\nhe again established liimself in business. This ^as in the outskirts of\\nGlasgow, wiiere he conducted a general provision and grocery store for\\na considerable time.\\nA few years later, he disposed of his effects in Scotland and sailed for\\nthe United States, arriving in Detroit in 1842. Here he formed a co-part-\\nnership with Messrs. J. H. Thompson and James Jack, two friends who\\nhad preceded him to this country, and they entered into the dry goods\\nbusiness under the firm name of Campbell Jack. As their business\\nincreased from time to time the firm was changed, and they removed\\nfrom one store to another until they finally settled in their present build-\\ning on the corner of Woodward avenue and Congress street, under the\\nfirm name of Colin Campbell Sons.\\nMr. Campbell has achieved substantial though perhaps not extravagant\\nsuccess in mercantile pursuits. His life has not been altogether given up\\nto business matters; on the contrary, he has devoted much to the study\\nof the Bible, and has made it, to a great extent, the guide of his life.\\nLooking beyond the narrow limits of pecuniary gain, he has concerned\\nhimself with questions of politics and religion, and, although shunning\\npublic preferment, he has won the highest esteem of the people in his\\nadopted State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 511\\nthen in arrear for the small deficiency then existing. The number\\ndrafted was 1,278. Of these, 710 were delivered at Detroit, 545\\nof whom were sent to various regiments in the field, the rest being\\ndischarged for various causes. Of these 430 enlisted for three\\nyears, only 115 going into the field for nine months. On the\\ntwenty-third of June the War Department authorized Colonel F.\\nW. Kellogg to raise two additional regiments of cavalry and two\\nmore batteries of artillery. These were to be completed within\\nforty days. It was found impossible to do this in so short a time\\nbut the recruiting commenced at once with the utmost vigor, and,\\non the first of December, the Tenth Cavalry, under Colonel Thad-\\ndeus Foote, left for Kentucky, 912 strong, and was followed, on\\nthe seventeenth, by the Eleventh Cavalry, under command of\\nColonel S. B. Brown, 921 strong. The two batteries were left in\\ncamp, in the process of organization. In July Colonel Henry Barns\\ncommenced the arduous task of raising a colored regiment. The\\norganization was completed in February following, and mustered\\ninto the service, 895 strong. It was afterwards designated as the\\nOne Hundred and Second United States colored troops.\\nIn March of this year Congress passed an act for enrolling\\nand calling out the national forces. The execution of this act was\\nunder the exclusive control of the Federal authorities, and it pro-\\nvided elaborate details for attaining the object in view. The\\nnational force was declared to consist, with certain specified excep-\\ntions, of all able-bodied male citizens of the United States, and\\npersons of foreign birth who shall have declared on oath their\\nintention to become citizens under and in pursuance of the laws\\nthereof, between the ages of twenty and forty-five years and\\nthis force was divided into two classes, the first to comprise all\\npersons subject to do military duty between the ages of twenty and\\nthirty-five years, and all unmarried persons subject to do military\\nduty above the age of thirty-five and under the age of forty-five,\\nthe second to comprise all other persons subject to do military\\nduty and it was provided that the latter class shall not, in any\\ndistrict, be called into the service of the United States until\\nthose of the first class shall have been called. Each Congres-\\nsional district was formed into an enrollment district, a provost", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "512 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nmarshal and board of earollment provided for each, and these\\ndistricts were again divided into sub-districts, consisting of Avards\\nand townships.\\nLieutenant-Colonel B. H. Hill was appointed Acting Assistant\\nProvost Marshal General of the State. Provost ruarshals were\\nappointed for each Congressional district, and through these agen-\\ncies the enrollment was completed during the summer. The total\\nnumbers enrolled were: of the first class, 80,038 second class,\\n40,226. On the completion of the enrollment in the several States\\na draft was ordered of one-fifth of the first class, subject to adjust-\\nments of the surplus or deficiency existing in the accounts of each\\nState under previous calls.\\nOn the twenty -seventh of October a draft began in all the dis-\\ntricts except the First, which was delayed till the fifth of Novem-\\nber. The number drafted was 6,383. Of these, 261 were delivered\\nat the general rendezvous 643 furnished substitutes (43 of whom\\ndeserted) 1,626 paid each $300 commutation money 2,130 were\\nexempted and 1,069 failed to report. The total amount paid as\\ncommutation money was $487,800.\\nIn October, the governiueut offered recruiting agents S15 for\\neach recruit furnished, and increased the bounties to $302 for\\nthose enlisting for the first time, and $402 for veterans reenlistiug.\\nLiberal local bounties were offered in most of the counties.\\nOn the seventeenth of October the President issued a call for\\n300,000 more men, and ordered a draft to commence the fifth of\\nJanuary ensuing, to fill any deficiency then existing. The quota\\nfor ^Michigan under this call was 11,298. The Governor immedi-\\nately issued a stirring proclamation, calling upon the people to\\nfill up the ranks once more, and promising that the next blast\\nof the bugle for an advance will sound the knell of revolution and\\nherald in the return of peace. The appeal was responded to by\\nthe people with the same cordiality that had characterized their\\naction on every previous call. The returns and muster rolls\\nshowed that, down to December 31st, 1863, an aggregate of 53,749\\nmen had been mustered into the service of the United States\\nsince the commencement of the war, not including the troops dis-\\nbanded.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n513\\nThe important event which occurred in the early part of 1864\\nwas the return of the veterans, who had reenlisted, and were\\nhome on furlough and reorganizing. Five thousand five hundred\\nand forty-five of these reentered the service, entitling the following\\nHON. WM. A. BURT.\\nWilliam Austin Burt, who was very prominently identified with the\\nearly days of the State, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, June 13,\\n1792. At this place, Alvin Burt and Miss Wealthy Austin, parents of\\nWilliam Austin Burt, were born. They resided there until 1798, when\\nthey removed with their son William, then six years of age, to Mont-\\ngomery county, New York. At that time, there were no schools, and\\nyoung Burt, whose eager thirst for knowledge had begun to develop at\\nthat early age, encountered many difficulties in acquiring an education.\\nFortunately for him, a gentleman resided in the neighborhood who had\\n33", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "514 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\norganizations to which they belonged to the title of veteran\\nFirst, Second and Third Cavalry Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth,\\nSeventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth,\\nFifteenth, and Sixteenth Infantry the Sixth Heavy Artillery,\\nand Batteries B, C, and E, First Light Artillery, and 148 of the\\nEngineers and Mechanics. On the first of February a draft was\\nordered by the President for 500,000 men, to serve for three years,\\nor during the war. This order was interpreted to mean an exten-\\nsion of the then pending call for 300,000, and was so acted upon.\\nOn the fourteenth of March the President made an additional\\norder for 200,000 men, giving till the fifteenth of April for enlist-\\nments before the draft should take place. An act was also passed\\nby Congress abolishing the commutation system. The distinction\\nof classes had already been abolished. On the eighteenth of July\\nthe President issued a proclamation calling for 500,000 men, and\\ndirecting that volunteers be accepted for one, two, or three years,\\nas they might elect and that on the fifth of September, a draft\\nshould be made for any deficiency that might be found to exist.\\nUpon the reception of this call. Governor Blair issued a stirring\\nproclamation, calling upon the people for prompt efibrts to meet\\nbeen a teacher in the old country, and who took an interest in his studies\\nand gave him every assistance and encouragement. Here he began the\\nstudy of surveying and national astronomy, and at the age of fourteen,\\nhe had mastered these difficult studies. His parents were poor and could\\ngive him but little aid, and after the toil of the day was ended, the young\\nman pursued his studies by the light of a pine knot, the luxury of a\\ntallow dip being at that time not easily obtained. Thus employed,\\nthe time went by until he was seventeen years of age, when the family\\nemigrated to Erie county. New York, the then far west, and began\\nthe slow and tedious labor of making for themselves a home in the\\nwilderness.\\nAt the age of twenty-one, he married Phoebe Cole, a daughter of John\\nCole, Esq., a prominent citizen of that country. This occurred in 1813,\\nand the United States being engaged in a war with Great Britain, young\\nBurt joined the American forces, and after participating in an unsuccess-\\nful attack on Fort Burlington, Canada, the order was given for the\\nsoldiers to save themselves as best they could. Burt and a companion\\nsecured a canoe, made their way to Buffalo, and finally reached their\\nhome. The following year Burt enlisted in the service for another term", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 515\\nthe demand of the President. The quota assigned to the State\\nwas 18,282, of which a little over 12,000 remained to be recruited\\nat the time of issuing the proclamation. The Adjutant-General\\nat once issued orders authorizing the organization of six regi-\\nments, one in each Congressional district. Accordingly, on the\\ntwenty-sixth of July, Colonel J. W. Hall was authorized to reor-\\nganize the old Fourth Infantry, whose term of service had expired.\\nOn the twenty-ninth of the same month, Colonel M. B. Hough-\\nton was authorized to reorganize the Third Infantry, whose term\\nhad also expired. On the same day, Hon. J. F. Driggs was\\nappointed to take charge of the organization of a new regiment,\\nto be called the Thirty-first Infantry. On the ninth of August,\\nHon. S. S. Lacey was authorized to organize the Twenty-ninth\\nInfantry. On the fifteenth of the same month, Hon. W. B. Wil-\\nliams was intrusted Avith the organization of the Twenty-eighth\\nInfantry. On the twenty-fourth of August, Major John Atkin-\\nson, of the Twenty-second Infantry, was authorized to raise and\\norganize the Thirtieth Infantry.\\nRecruiting now proceeded with renewed vigor but the quota\\nwas so great that it was impossible to fill it before the impend-\\nof sixty days, and served at BuflFalo in the capacity of fife major. At\\nthe close of the war, he engaged in mercantile pursuits, was elected\\nmagistrate for his district, and did occasional jobs of surveying for his\\nneighbors.\\nMr. Burt s mercantile career was not, strictly speaking, a success. This\\nfailure in business, no doubt, induced him to make a journey to the far\\nwest, which he did in the autumn of 1817.\\nHis journal of this expedition is very interesting, and we regret that\\nour limited space prevents us from giving it to our readers. He left the\\noutlet of Chautauqua Lake, on the 13th of August, 1817, and after reach-\\ning the Alleghany he passed down that river to the Ohio, and down the\\nOhio to the Falls at Jeflfersonville. From here, he went overland to Vin-\\ncennes and further on to St. Louis, where he arrived on the 19th of\\nSeptember. Returning, lie left the latter place on the 25th of the same\\nmonth, and after passing through Vincennes and Fort Harrison, he\\nreached Detroit on the 28th of October, remained until the 30th, when he\\ntook passage on the schooner Washington, for Buffalo, which place he\\nreached on the 5th of November.\\nEarly in the spring of 1822, he came to Michigan in hopes of getting", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "516 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ning draft took place. On the tenth of June a draft was made,\\nbut even that did not fill the quota, and another draft was ordered\\nto take place in subdistricts and again, on the twentieth of\\nSeptember, still another. The result of these efforts during the\\nfirst ten months of 1864 was as follows Volunteers, 20,041\\ndrafted men, 1,956 veterans reenlisted, 5,545 enlisted in the\\nnavy, 430 total credits in numbers, 27,972. Of these, 356 paid\\ncommutation money previous to the act abolishing commutation,\\ndeducting which would leave the total number of men actually\\nraised during ten months, 27,616. The total credit to the State\\nup to this time from the beginning of the war was 83,347.\\nOn the third of September, authority was given to Colonel W.\\nL. Stoughton to reorganize the Eleventh Infantry. In November\\na regiment was raised for the defense of the eastern border of\\nMichigan. The term of enlistment was tAvelve months. This regi-\\nment was called the Thirtieth Infantry, and was commanded by\\nColonel G. S. Wormer.\\nIt was now hoped that no more calls would be made but, on\\nthe nineteenth of December, the President issued a call for three\\nhundred thousand more, to supply a deficiency in the call of July\\nemployment in the public land surveys, or in lieu thereof, to engage in\\nmill building. After his arrival, he worked for a while at his trade, and\\nbuilt a saw mill at Auburn, Oakland county. Then, taking an Indian\\ntrail to the Indian trading post at Flint, Mr. Burt went in search of the\\ngovernment land surveyor, Mr. Fletcher, who was in that vicinity, sub-\\ndividing the towns into sections Returning from thence, he made a\\nselection of government land in the present township of Washington,\\nMacomb county, upon which he moved his family in the season of 1824.\\nFrom this date until 1833, he was mainly occupied in mill building and\\nin local surveying. He was elected a member of the territorial council\\nin 1826, and served in 1826-27. He was elected county surveyor of\\nMacomb county in 1831, and served three years. In the meantime he\\nhad been appointed district surveyor by Governor George B. Porter in\\n1832. At this time he was appointed postmaster at Mt. Vernon, an office\\nwhich he held for twenty-four years. April 23, 1833, he was appointed\\nan associate judge for the Macomb circuit. In the autumn of 1833, he\\nreceived his appointment as United States deputy surveyor from the sur-\\nveyor general s office at Cincinnati, for the district northwest of the Ohio,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "518 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\neighteenth, and designated the fifteenth of February as the day\\nfor another draft, in case the quota should not be full. Accord-\\ningly, the enrollment was at once corrected, and the quotas\\nassigned to each subdistrict. This done, it was found that in the\\nState there were on the enrollment 77,999 men subject to draft.\\nThe quota for the State under the call was 10,010.\\nBut the end was now approaching. The close of the year found\\nSherman in possession of Savannah, Thomas triumphant in Ten-\\nnessee, and Grant in the trenches before Petersburgh. Michigan\\nhad nobly done her duty, under the statesmanlike guidance of her\\nGreat War Governor a title nobly earned by Austin Blair\\nduring the four eventful years of his administration. His term\\nof office was now drawing to a close. On the fifth of January,\\n1865, the Legislature met, and Governor Blair prepared to vacate\\nthe chair he had filled with such distinguished ability. Nobly\\nhad he performed his duty to the State, the government, and to\\nthe soldiers of Michigan. The soldiers in the field he never suf-\\nfered himself to forget, and on retiring from office, his last official\\nutterances were addressed to them and in their behalf The fol-\\nlowing beautiful tribute paid to them in his valedictory message\\nand immediately left for the field, his district of survey Ijaug northward\\nof Fort Gratiot, on tlie borders of Lake Huron.\\nDuring all these years of unsuccessful endeavor to obtain employment\\nin the public land surveys, his inventive genius had not been idle; and\\nsoon after his removal to Michigan he had constructed a simple but prac-\\ntical printing apparatus, whereby business men could conduct their cor-\\nrespondence by printed letter. The invention, however, failed to come\\ninto general use, and for want of adequate means to make the enterprise\\na success, the project was abandoned.\\nAs early as 1833, he had conceived the idea and discovered the prin-\\nciples that resulted in the invention of the solar compass that crowning\\nachievement of his life. He began soon after the construction of a\\nmodel, which he exhibited in 1835 to a committee of the Franklin Insti-\\ntute of Philadelphia, of which scientific body he was a member. The\\ninstitute unanimously awarded him a Scott s legacy medal. This result\\nwas highly gratifying and gaTe him much encouragement, emanating\\nas it did from the first scientific body in the land. In the meantime he\\nwas engaged in the public land surveys in Iowa and west of the Missis-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 519\\non that occasion is not only characteristic of the man who uttered\\nit, but finds a response in the heart of every patriot\\nGentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Again, and for the last time, I commend the\\nMichigan troops to your continued care and support. They have\\nnever failed in their duty to the country or to the State. Upon\\nevery great battle-field of the war their shouts have been heard\\nand their sturdy blows have been delivered for the Union and\\nvictory. Their hard-earned fame is the treasure of every house-\\nhold in the State, and the red blood of their veins has been\\npoured out in large measure to redeem the rebellious South from\\nits great sin and curse. At this hour they stand under the flag\\nof their country, far away from home, in every quarter where the\\nenemy is to be met along the banks of the father of waters, in\\nthe great city at its mouths, on the Arkansas, in the captured forts\\nof the Gulf, by the waters of the Cumberland, the Tennessee, and\\nof the Savannah, in the chief city of the Empire State of the\\nSouth, among the conquering columns in the Valley of the Shen-\\nandoah, and in the trenches under the-eye of the Lieutenant-\\nGeneral in the great leaguer of Petersburg and Richmond. Alas,\\nthat they are also perishing of cold and hunger, and disease, in\\nsippi, also in Wisconsin, making the subdivisions near where the city of\\nMilwaukee now stands. This was in the winter of 1834-35. In 1838, he\\nwas elected one of the commissioners of public improvements for the\\nState of Michigan, which had but recently been admitted into the Union.\\nMichigan was then entering upon a career of vast internal improvements\\nby way of canals and railways, and the people of the State may feel well\\nassured that through the sound sense and practical knowledge of William\\nA. Burt, some millions of dollars were saved to the taxpayers of the\\nState.\\nMr. Burt had not, in the meantime, suffered his inventive genius to\\nremain idle. His solar compass had occupied largely his thoughts, and\\nmany alterations and improvements had been made as practical use\\nseemed to suggest. On the 14th of December, 1840, he exhibited to the\\nFranklin Institute, a perfect solar compass, for which he received, by\\norder of the committee through William Hamilton Actuary, the highest\\ncommendation and a most gratifying and able support on the value of\\nhis invention.\\nFrom 1840 to 1847, he was mostly occupied in the public land surveys\\nof northern Michigan, near Chocolate River, Lake Superior, but he pub-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "520 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe filthy rebel prisons and pestilential camps of the South. In\\nevery situation their bravery has won the approval of their com-\\nmanders, and their heroic endurance of hardships has added\\nlustre to their name. It is my sole regret at quitting office that I\\npart with them. My earnest efforts for their good shall follow\\nthem while I live, and now from this place I bid them hail, and\\nfarewell\\nThe Legislature responded by passing resolutions highly com-\\nplimentary to Governor Blair, and tendering the grateful thanks\\nof the people of Michigan for the able and satisfactory manner\\nin which he had conducted the affairs of the State during the\\nfour years of his administration.\\nOn the retirement of Governor Blair, Henry H. Crapo was\\ninaugurated Governor of Michigan. He was a man possessing\\nsterling qualities of mind and heart, great executive ability, scru-\\npulous honesty of purpose, and strong and inherent patriotism.\\nHe came to the executive chair at a time when all these qualities\\nwere required, in an eminent degree, in the chief magistrate of\\nthe State. The nation was engaged in the last desperate struggle\\nwith the great rebellion. The resources of the whole people were\\nlished a small manual for the adjustment and use of the solar compass,\\nwhich was of very great benefit to those using the instrument.\\nIn that year, he was associated with the lamented Dr Douglass Hough-\\nton, in the prosecution of the linear and geological surveys. In the\\nautumn of 1845, on the IStli of October, Dr. Houghton lost his life by\\nthe upsetting of a boat during a storm on Lake Superior. Owing to his\\ndeath, Judge Burt had the geological reports to make out, which he did\\nwith marked ability and entire satisfaction to the department. The\\nlabor of those years was enormous. Great numbers of specimens were\\ncollected and properly labeled. The immense body of iron ore south of\\nTeal Lake was discovered by him on September 19, 1844; and during that\\nseason and the year 1846, more than twenty beds of iron ore were dis-\\ncovered by him and reported to the world, thus giving some idea of the\\nvast hidden wealth of northern Michigan. No other living man had\\ndone so much or placed his information in such tangible shape for the\\ngeneral good, and public attention was at once turned in that direction.\\nIn the summer of 1851, Mr. Burt A-isited Europe, for the purpose of\\nexhibiting his instrument at the world s fair, in London. He took the\\noccasion while there to visit the eminent geologist, Hugh Miller, at Edin-", "height": "3131", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "522 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbeing taxed to the utmost to meet the demands of the hour. The\\nbone and sinew of the State, the flower of its population, were in\\nthe trenches before Petersburg, with Thomas in his struggle in the\\nSouthwest, with Sherman on his grand march to the sea, or sleep-\\ning beneath the bloody sod of a thousand battle-fields, or languish-\\ning in the dark, dismal, and pestilential prisons of the Southern\\nConfederacy. Thousands of widows and orphans were at home,\\ndemanding the care which a grateful people could not withhold.\\nThe sick and wounded soldiers were in every hospital, the heroic\\ndead in every cemetery. The treasury, State and national, was\\nbeing rapidly depleted. Every city, village, ward, and township\\nhad taxed itself to the utmost to meet the demands of patriotism.\\nThe war was not yet ended, and the nation demanded of Michigan\\nten thousand more of her sons. Truly it required a strong heart\\nand a steady hand to enable the new executive to meet the\\ndemands of the hour, and preserve to the State the brilliant and\\nunsullied record she had made during the administration of her\\ngreat War Governor. How well Governor Crapo performed the\\ntask, every citizen of Michigan can testify.\\nHappily, however, but little of the war record of Michigan\\nburg, Scotland, whose writings had given him so much pleasure and\\nprofit. He also visited Paris, and returning to London, he received a\\nprize medal from the jurors on astronomical instruments, and the fol-\\nlowing certificate from Prince Albert.\\nI hereby certify that her majesty s commissioners, upon the award of\\nthe jurors, have presented a prize medal to Wm. A. Burt, for a Solar\\nCompass and surveying instrument shown the exhibition.\\nALBERT,\\nPresident of the Royal Commission.\\nHyde Park, London, October 15, 1S51.\\nReturning home in the fall of 1852, he was elected a member of the\\nlegislature, and among the duties discharged by him was that of chairman\\nof the committee on St. Mary s Falls ship canal, of the session of 1852-3.\\nTo him, it is confidently believed, may be attributed the success of favor-\\nable legislation and for the speedy construction of that work, so impor-\\ntant to the State and country.\\nDuring the summer of 1855, Mr. Burt compiled a manual, which he\\npublished, and which he entitled A Key to the Solar Compass and Sur-\\nveyor s Companion.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 523\\nremains to be told. The beginning of the year 1865, as has been\\nseen, found the State with a draft impending for more than ten\\nthousand men. On the first of January the Eleventh Regiment\\nof Infantry was being recruited. The organization of the Thirti-\\neth, designed for duty on the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, was\\ncompleted on the ninth, and at once assigned to duty. On the\\nfourth of March four companies of the Eleventh left for Nash-\\nville, and on the eighteenth, the remaining six companies followed,\\nunder command of Colonel P. H. Keegan. The whole force con-\\nsisted of 898 officers and men. On the fourth of February the\\nLegislature offered $150, State bounty, and authorized townships\\nto pay $100. These bounties continued to be paid until the four-\\nteenth of April, when recruiting ceased within the State.\\nThe war had now drawn to a close. On the ninth of April\\nGeneral Lee surrendered his army to General Grant. The surren-\\nder of Johnston to Sherman soon followed.\\nPrevious to this, and subsequent to November 1st, 1864, there\\nhad been raised in the State 9,382 recruits. Of these, 7,547 vol-\\nuntarily enlisted in the army, 53 in the navy, and 1,782 were\\ndrafted. The Adjutant-General s report shows that the total\\nIn 1856, he obtained letters patent in tlie United States, England,\\nFrance and Belgium, for the Equatorial Sextant. This instrument had\\ncost him more brain labor than the solar compass, and is of ingenious\\nconstruction and of much promise to the navy and mercantile marine,\\nits powers being ascertained by Lieutenant Maury, as follows:\\nThe Equatorial Sextant being manipulated properly, it will show\\nwithout computation, but by a simple reading off, the latitude, hour,\\nangle, and azimuth, and this at any time of day, thus giving the position\\nof a ship at sea at once, with the use of a chronometer.\\nUnfortunately for the interest of commerce and the commercial world,\\nthe inventor was not permitted to perfect the instrument. He died of\\nheart disease, August 18, 1858, at his home in Detroit. Surrounded by\\nhis family, he passed peaceably away, and was buried at the family\\ngrounds at Mt. Vernon, near his first home in Michigan.\\nMr. Burt was a Chi istian man, and led a Christian life. The religion\\nhe professed he practiced. There was nothing spasmodic about it. It\\nwas of practical moment to him and influenced his life all through. He\\nwas one of the early founders of the Baptist church at Mt. Vernon, and\\nalways a liberal contributor to its various objects, and throughout life a", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "524 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nnumber of men furnished by Michigan, from the beginning of the\\nwar to its close, was ninety thousand seven huudred and forty-\\nseven. The sum paid into the Treasury of the United States by\\ndrafted citizens of Michigan as commutation money was five hun-\\ndred and ninety-four thousand six hundred dollars.\\nThe task of the soldiers of Michigan was now ended. How\\nnobly they had performed their duty, every one knows; and the\\npages of history will tell the story of their patriotism and heroic\\ndeeds to thousands of generations yet unborn.\\nOn the fourth day of June, 1865, the Twentieth Regiment\\nreturned home. Others followed in succession, but it was not till\\nthe tenth of June, 18G6, that the last regiment arrived in the\\nState. The Third and Fourth Infantry were the last to 4eave the\\nfield.\\nOn the fourteenth of June, 1865, Governor Crapo issued a pro-\\nclamation of thanks to the Michigan troops. After speaking of\\nthe untold toils and hardships they had endured, of their bravery\\nand patriotism, their honorable scars, and their heroic dead, he\\nclosed as follows\\nIn the name of the people of Michigan, I thank you for the\\nconsistent member. His life was one of constant activity. He possessed\\na strong, compact frame, capable of enduring great fatigue, which many\\ntimes was put to the utmost test in his great labors in the wilderness. His\\nperceptions were quick and elastic, and his judgment was seldom if ever\\nat fault. Without the education of the schools, he possessed that practi-\\ncal education which was the result of a lifetime of earnest thought and\\nlabor, and he was recognized among scholars as a teacher in all that per-\\ntained to science. It was only by labor persistent and determined labor\\nthat he had accomplished so much. Working his way up by toil and\\nthrough privation, striving for a livelihood by day and laboring in the\\ninterests of science by night, he has given to the world a valuable inven-\\ntion, and to himself an immortal name. A pioneer in the State of Mich-\\nigan, he had lived to see it one of the first in the nation, a result to which\\nhe had largely contributed, and the people of the Peninsular State will\\never have a warm place in their hearts for the memory of William A.\\nBurt.\\nMr. Burt had five sons, viz: John, Alvin, Austin, Wells and William,\\nall but one of whom (Alvin) are now living, and were for many years\\nhis associates in the surveys of the public lands.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN.\\n525\\nhonor you have done us by your valor, your soldierly bearing,\\nyour invincible courage everywhere displayed, whether upon the\\nfield of battle, in the perilous assault, or in the deadly breach\\nfor your patience under the fatigues and privations and sufferings\\nHORACE R. GARDNER.\\nHorace R. Gardner was born at Auburn, New York, March 25, 1827.\\nTen years later he removed from Onondaga county, with his father, John\\nG. Gardner, to Hillsdale county, jMichigan, and was engaged with him in\\nthe manufacture of lumber and flour, and in farming, until the j^ear 1857,\\nwhen he became interested in the Jonesville Woolen Mills. In 1859, he\\nbecame associated with Ransom Gardner, under the firm name of H. R.\\nGardner Co., and greatly increased the capacity of the factory, soon\\nmaking it one of the most extensive of its kind in the West. The\\nfactory was destroyed by fire on the 3d of January, 1866, but was rebuilt\\nand greatly enlarged the same year, and manufacturing resumed within\\nnine months after the fire.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "526 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nincident to war, and for your discipline and ready obedience to\\nthe orders of your superiors. We are proud in believing that\\nwhen the history of this rebellion shall have been written, where\\nall have done well, none will stand higher on the roll of fanae than\\nthe officers and soldiers sent to the field from the loyal and patri-\\notic State of Michigan.\\nThe total number of troops furnished by Michigan, as we have\\nbefore seen, was 90,747. Of these, 67,468 were natives of the\\nUnited States of British America, inclusive of Canada, 8,886\\nof Europe, 14,393. In regard to color, they were divided as fol-\\nlows White, 88,941 colored, 1,661 Indians, 145. When it is\\nremembered that the total population in the State, in 1864, was\\nbut 805,379, Michigan may well be proud of her war record.\\nThe number of enlisted men who died in action or of wounds\\nwas 3,926. The number who died of disease was 9,133. The\\nnumber of commissioned officers who died of wounds or in action\\nwas 249. The number who died of disease was 97. The total of\\nall classes was 13,405.\\nThe State Legislature, from time to time, during the war, passed\\nlaws for the payment of bounties to soldiers enlisting. These\\nbounties ranged from $50 to $150. The Quartermaster-General\\npaid out in all nearly $2,000,000 for this purpose alone. He also\\nIn 1873, Mr. Grarclner became interested in the organization and con-\\nstruction of the Jonesville Cotton Factory. This is the first cotton\\nfactory in Michigan, and was erected by a joint stocli company, with a\\ncapital of $100,000, of which Mr. Gardner was elected president.\\nTlirough liis indomitable energy, and his extensive acquaintance,\\nformed during Ms connection with the woolen mills, subscriptions were\\nrapidly received for the entire amount of stock, and the factory is now\\nin successful operation. The best grade of cloth made at the factory is\\nbranded Gardner A.\\nMr. Gardner has been vice president of the Northwestern Manufac-\\nturers Association since its organization, and a director of the National\\nManufacturers Association, the headquarters of which are at Boston.\\nThrough his correct business deportment, his long residence in the\\nvillage, and the interest he has taken in every enterprise tending to\\nincrease its prosperity, Mr. Gardner is deservedly one of the most popu-\\nlar citizens of Jonesville.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 527\\npaid $60,000 as premiums for procuring recruits. Aside from\\nthese amounts, he paid out $815,000 for other purposes connected\\nwith the war.\\nBesides these expenditures by the State, the aggregate amount\\nexpended by the several counties of the State for war purposes is\\nsomething enormous. The amount paid for bounties by the coun-\\nties prior to December 19th, 1863, and liabilities; also liabilities\\nunder the act of 1865, amounted in the aggregate to $2,015,588.\\nThe aggregate expenditures and liabilities of the various town-\\nships, cities and wards of the counties in the State for war pur-\\nposes was $8,157,748.70. The amount expended by the counties\\nof the State from 1861 to 1867, for the relief of soldiers families,\\nwas $3,591,248.12.\\nAside from the expenditures of the State government and of the\\nmunicipalities, large sums were contributed by various benevolent\\nsocieties, organized for the purpose of affording relief to sick and\\nwounded soldiers. The Michigan Soldiers Relief Association\\nis said to have been the first of the kind put into the field, and the\\nlast to leave it. It was organized in 1861, and continued in\\noperation till 1866. It was a source of great benefit to the sol-\\ndiers of Michigan, giving them many comforts and necessaries of\\nwhich they would otherwise have been deprived. Its field of\\noperations was in and around Washington, and was composed\\nof citizens of Michigan who resided there, including the Congres-\\nsional delegation. Its funds were at first raised by assessments on\\nits individual members, but were afterwards largely augmented by\\ncontributions from all parts of the State. The cash contributed\\namounted to nearly twenty -five thousand dollars. This was exclu-\\nsive of specific contributions of clothing and hospital stores, which\\nwere always furnished, with great liberality, by the various aid\\nsocieties in the State. The services of the members of the associ-\\nation were in all cases rendered gratuitously.\\nIn addition to the Washington association, the people of the\\nState organized, in 1862, the Michigan Soldiers Relief Associa-\\ntion. It continued in successful operation during the war, collect-\\ning and sending to the front such articles as were most needed by\\nthe sick and wounded soldiers. It also received $3,600 in cash,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "528 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwhich was expended in furnishing relief to sick and destitute sol-\\ndiers in paying rent for the Soldiers Home, in Detroit, and in\\nproviding refreshments for returned veterans.\\nThe Michigan Soldiers Aid Society was another most useful\\nassociation. This was a branch of the United States Sanitary\\nCommission. It was organized in November, 1861, and kept its\\noffice open till 1866, and after that continued to supply destitute\\nsoldiers and soldiers families. It forwarded to the front and dis-\\ntributed at home 6,317 packages of articles which had been con-\\ntributed in kind. From the date of its organization to 1868, it\\nhad expended in cash the sum of $28,129.\\nThese societies were largely aided, in 1864, by the Ladies Aid\\nSociety of Kalamazoo, under whose auspices a Sanitary Fair\\nwas held, which netted the handsome sum of $9,618.78.\\nIn addition to the aid furnished by these societies there were\\nlarge amounts of both money and supplies sent by private parties.\\nIn fact, the history of the world does not furnish a parallel to the\\nliberality with which the Union armies were sustained, and the\\nsoldiers relieved, by contributions from the people. Volumes\\nwould have to be written to give an adequate idea of the immense\\nlabor performed by these societies, and to enumerate their deeds\\nof Christian charity.\\nIn February, 1864, the State Legislature appropriated $3,500\\nfor the purpose of paying the proportion of the State of the\\nexpenses of establishing a National Cemetery at Gettysburg.\\nHon. T. W. Ferry was appointed a commissioner to carry out the\\ndesign. A further sum of $2,500 was appropriated for this pur-\\npose in 1865. This cemetery contains 3,559 bodies of Michigan\\nsoldiers. Numerically, Michigan stands third in the number slain\\non that battle-field. In proportion to her population, she stands\\nfirst. Mr. Ferry closes his final report, made to the Governor in\\n1864, as follows\\nIt will, however, matter little, xvho were immediately instru-\\nmental in devising and developing the sacred memorial which is\\nto hand down to future generations the lustrous records of patriots\\nwho prized country above life.\\nThey will be forgotten, while shaft, and speech and song shall", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n529\\ntell of battle and heroism to ages yet unborn. The decisive con-\\ntest the turning strife of the war, from which victory, leaping\\nfrom field to field, eventuated in peace, national liberty and\\nreunion this, this alone will be the enduring, emblazoning chap-\\nHON. THOMAS W. FERRY.\\nThomas W. Ferry, United States {Senator from Michigan, was born at\\nMackinaw, Michigan, June 1, 1827.\\nA little more than half a century ago, the fatlier of Senator Ferry\\nemigrated from Massachusetts, and founded a mission school upon the\\nIsland of Mackinac. Here, for twelve years, in a somewhat social isola-\\ntion, he maintained his school successfully, and only left his post when\\nthe government removed the Indians farther west. Leaving Mack-\\ninac in a canoe with a couple of Indians as guides and oarsmen, he coasted\\nalong down the eastern and southern shores of Lake Michigan until he\\nreached a military post where Chicago now stands. Returning part way,\\nhe chose the site where the city of Grand Haven now is as his future\\nresidence.\\n34", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "530 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlet which time shall weave for the gallant heroes who sleep\\nbeneath the shadow of the nation s mausoleum at Gettysburg.\\nAn appropriation of $3,344.48 was also made by the Ijegisla-\\nture to pay the proportion of the State for the purchase, prepara-\\ntion and care of the National Cemetery at Sharpsburg, Maryland.\\nIn this cemetery rest 137 of Michigan s soldiers. Andersonviile,\\nGeorgia, which acquired such an unenviable notoriety during\\nthe war as a rebel prison pen, in which the most inhuman bar-\\nbarities were practiced, contains one of the most noted of the\\nnational cemeteries. It contains about 13,000 graves of Union\\nsoldiers, six hundred and twenty-three of whom were from Mich-\\nigan.\\nMichigan was not entirely free from war s alarms, notwithstand-\\ning her remoteness from the scene of conflict. Being on the\\nCanadian border, she was much exposed to raids by rebel refugees\\nwho had taken up their residence in Canada.\\nThe following, condensed from Adjutant-General Robertson s\\nreport for 1864, is an account of the principal occurrence of the\\nkind which affected the kState of Michigan:\\nAt that time there was not a white inhabitant in the entire county, and\\nonly three miserable log hnts broke the monotony of its dense pine forests.\\nHere, through all the hardships and adversities of a pioneer life, the\\nfamily dwelt, but after a time emigration set in, and better times dawned\\nupon the little settlement.\\nMr. Ferry, the subject of this sketch, was but six j-ears of age when he\\nleft the Island of Mackinac, and going at that early day to where Grand\\nHaven now stands, his educational advantages were very meagre, being\\nonly those offered by a pioneer settlement. Still, under home tutorship,\\nhe acquired a fair education and a good practical training.\\nHis tirst public occupation was supplying the settlement with mails\\njointly with his brother, William M. Ferry, by paddling a canoe to and\\nfrom Grand Rapids during the season of navigation. Naturally active,\\nhe served on his father s farm and in his saw mill, and at a later date was\\nclerk in a store in Illinois for two years. Returning, he rceJutered the\\nemploy of his father and remained with him until a partnership was\\nformed between them, which continued until his father s death, in 18(37,\\nsince which time an extensive business, with his brother, E. P. Ferry,\\nhas been under the general control of Senator Ferry. In this position,\\nhe has exhibited a wide executive capacity, great industry, and an eutei", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 531\\nIn November, 1863, the War Department was officially notified\\nby the British Minister, Lord Lyons, that, from a telegraphic\\ndispatch received by him from the Governor-General of Canada,\\nthere was reason to believe that a plot Avas on foot by persons\\nhostile to the United States, who had found an asylum in Canada,\\nto invade the States on that frontier that they proposed to take\\npossession of some of the steamers on Lake Erie, to surprise\\nJohnson s Island, near Sandusky, and set free the rebel prisoners of\\nwar confined there, and proceed with them to attack Buffalo.\\nThis information was communicated by the War Department to\\nthe Governors of the States bordering on Canada, and to the mili-\\ntary and civil authorities thereof, and urging them to employ all\\nthe means in their power to suppress any attempt to carry the\\nplot into effect. That there was such a scheme on foot, and that\\nit was concocted and put in operation in Canada by the rebel gov-\\nernment, there can be no doubt, as circumstances have transpired\\nand documentary evidence been received during the past year\\nfully confirming it, and that its execution was only prevented at\\nprise that has made his management eminently prosperous. In a readi-\\nness to engage in active pursuits, was laid the foundation for the energy\\nand versatility which characterizes his public life.\\nMr. Ferry s early education was such as to cause him to unite with the\\nold Whig party, with which he acted until the organization of the Repub-\\nlican party, when, imbibing the zeal of his father, he at once became a\\nstrong advocate of the principles put forward by that organization.\\nHis more than ordinary abilities soon brought him to the front, and we\\nfind him holding the office of county clerk of Ottawa county before he\\nattained his majority.\\nIn 1850, he was elected a representative to the State legislature and\\nserved two years. He also served two years as State senator from 1857,\\nand was a member of the Republican State central committee for eight\\nyears. He was a delegate to the convention at Chicago which nominated\\nAbraham Lincoln for the presidency, and served as vice-president from\\nMichigan in that body. In 1864, he was appointed to represent Michi-\\ngan on the board of managers of the Gettysburg Soldiers National\\nCemetery, which position he still retains.\\nIn 1864, he was elected representative to the Thirty-ninth Congress\\nfrom the fourth district, and served on the committees on posf-oflBces and\\npost-roads, militia and the war debts of the loyal States, and was selected as", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "532 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthat time by the prompt measures taken by the military authori-\\nties in the States referred to and, although their plans were frus-\\ntrated, their determination was still to carry them into effect, and\\ntheir execution was only deferred until a more favorable oppor-\\ntunity. During the present year the United States military oflS-\\ncers, and also the civil and military authorities of the State, have\\nbeen almost daily in the receipt of rumors and reports from various\\nsources of contemplated raids to be made on American frontier\\ncities, and on the shipping of the lakes, to burn and destroy, many\\nof which could not be traced to any reliable origin, yet they\\nserved to keep up a continual state of excitement and alarm in\\nthe cities and villages on the border of the State, and to require\\nthe vigilant attention of the authorities and all the preparations\\nwithin their power to successfully meet any attempted invasion\\nof the State were made, which were considered at the time ample\\nto repel any force that might be expected of that description.\\nYet, notwithstanding, there was a distrust and a nervous forebod-\\ning of coming mischief amongst the people of the frontier cities\\nthe representative from Michigan to accompany the funeral cortege which\\nbore tlie remains of President Lincoln from Washington to liis home in\\nIllinois. He was reelected to the Fortieth, Forty -first and Forty second\\nCongresses by increased majorities, and served in the sessions of the\\nFortieth and Forty-first on some of the most important committees\\nof the House. Being subsequently elected to the United States Senate,\\nafter a heated contest, to succeed the Hon. Jacob M. Howard, he did not\\ntake his seat in the House of the Forty -second Congress.\\nHe took his seat in the Senate, March 4, 1871; was appointed a mem-\\nber of the committees on finance, post-offices and post-roads, and on the\\nDistrict of Columbia, and is now also chairman of the committee on the\\nrevision of the rules.\\nMr. Ferry s course in Congress, both in the House and in the Senate,\\nhas been such as commends him to the people of his State, and the\\nUnited States. He has labored zealously to forward the interests of\\nMichigan and to promote the welfare of the whole country. He has done\\nmuch to perfect our postal system, his work on this committee eliciting\\nthe highest praise from the press throughout the Union. To his efforts,\\nMichigan is greatly indebted for the generous harbor and river appropria-\\ntions she has received, which aid so materially in developing her vast\\nresources, and in the preservation of the lives and property of her", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 533\\nand villages. This distrust also prevailed among the railroad\\nagencies, and those engaged in the shipping on the lakes, which\\nled to the arming of the community generally as individuals, and\\nof railroad trains and lake and river steamers, and to the estab-\\nlishing of safeguards about private dwellings, public places of\\nbusiness, and railroad depots. This condition of affairs continued\\nno overt act having been committed, and no visible combination\\nof force having been traced to any locality until the nineteenth\\nday of September, 1864, when they concluded to make the attempt\\nby seizing the steamer Philo Parsons, belonging to Detroit, and\\nrunning as a passenger boat from that point to Sandusky, in the\\nState of Ohio. On the morning of the day above referred to, four\\nof the raiders, including Bennett G. Burley, one of their apparent\\nleaders, took passage on the said boat at Detroit. On her way\\ndown the Detroit river, on her passage to Sandusky, she landed\\nat the Canadian ports of Sandwich and Amherstburg, where the\\nbalance of the raiders got on board, the whole numbering about\\nthirty.\\nThose who went aboard at the latter place, brought Avith them\\na large trunk, which, as was afterwards ascertained, contained arms\\nsailors. He has labored earnestly for the protection of Michigan s lum-\\nber interests, and in the cause of her soldiers and sailors who went\\nbravelj^ to the front in defense of the Union. His efiort to convert the\\nbeautiful Island of Mackinac into a national park is but one illustration\\nof the intense interest he takes in the advancement of his State, from\\nwhich he is the first senator to the manor born.\\nMr. Ferry received a very complimentary vote for president pro tem-\\npore of the Senate, and only for Senator Carpenter s seniority would\\nundoubtedly have been elected to that important position.\\nAs an orator, Mr. Ferry s powers lie mainly in extempore debate. He\\nspeaks from brief notes with great fluency, his style possessing directness,\\nvigor and business brevity.\\nHe is a man of good personal presence, and, being free from all pre-\\nsumption, his manner invites acquaintance. He is modest and genial,\\nand although eminently successful in business and politics, he makes no\\nattempt at display. In conversation, he is ready and animated and enters\\ninto all discussions with an earnestness that carries gre^t force with it.\\nHe is generous, and gave freely to the families of the soldiers who were\\nabsent doing duty for their country.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "534 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nand ammunition. After the boat had left Kelly s Island, three\\nmen came up to the clerk, drew their revolvers, and ordered him\\ninto the ladies cabin. They then proceeded to arm themselves\\nfrom the trunk, and took possession of the boat. At Middle Bass\\nIsland they captured the Island Queen, another steamer, together\\nwith some twenty-five United States soldiers, who were on board.\\nThey then started directly for Sandusky, with the Island Queen\\nalongside. They cast the latter adrift, however, in about an hour.\\nIn the meantime, the government had been apprised of the\\nintended movement, and the officers of the steamer Michigan,\\nwhich was guarding Johnson s Island, were on the alert, and\\nthose who were in the plot at Sandusky were arrested. The con-\\nsequence was that when the Parsons reached within about two\\nmiles of the Michigan, not seeing the signals that had been agreed\\nupon, they turned around and steamed back to Detroit river,\\nlanded at Sandwich, on the Canada side, and abandoned the expe-\\ndition. Thus ingloriously terminated the only raid that disturbed\\nthe peace of the inhabitants of Michigan during the war. It\\ncreated intense excitement at the time, more from the uncertainty\\nregarding the strength of the rebel force than from any damage\\nthat was actually done.\\nAt the time Governor Crapo entered upon the performance of\\nthe duties of his office, in 1865, he found the State burthened with\\na bonded debt of $3,541,149.80, with a balance in the treasury of\\n$440,047.27. There had been expended by the State for war pur-\\nposes, the year before, the sum of $823,216.75. The war soon\\nclosed, but the obligations of the State were still existing, and the\\nexpenditures were, consequently, enormous. A season of great\\ncommercial prosperity followed but, at the close of his first\\nadministration, the bonded debt of the State had increased to\\n$8,977,921.25. There had been paid out of the war fund during\\nthat time $1,099,355.20. At the close of his second term the debt\\nhad been reduced to $3,614,078.49, with a balance in the treasury\\nof $1,130,229.67.\\nThe events of this and the subsequent administrations are so\\nfresh in the recollection of all, that only the leading features are\\nnoticed, leaving to subsequent chapters the summing up of results", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 535\\nand the present condition of the State. By this method a clearer\\nview of the whole may be obtained, as each interest will be dis-\\ncussed under its proper head.\\nFor a long period after Michigan was erected into a State, the\\nmarked advantages which it possessed were but little known and\\nappreciated. The report that its soil was with difficulty brought\\nunder cultivation sent many emigrants to the more western\\nStates but, during the last few years, the superiority of its loca-\\ntion, the great value of its forests of timber, its immense and\\nrich mineral resources, its healthful climate, its productive soil,\\nbeautiful lakes and rivers, the high character and flourishing con-\\ndition of its educational and charitable institutions, the prosperous\\nstate of its finances, the light burden imposed upon the people by\\nway of taxation, and the general prudence and economy of its\\ngovernment, have come to be fully understood, and have all com-\\nbined to give the State the prominence and high character to\\nwhich it is justly entitled.\\nThe vacant lands of the State are being rapidly taken up by an\\nindustrious and prudent class of settlers. Railroads traverse the\\nState in almost every direction, and are being rapidly carried\\nforward to the utmost extremities of both peninsulas. This great\\nprosperity of the present, to which the State has attained, grandly\\nforeshadows its future importance.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIV.\\nGovernor Henry P. Baldwest s Administration Steady Growth\\nOP the State Constitutional Amendment Governor Bald-\\nwin s Re-election The State Capitol The Great and De-\\nstructive Fires in Michigan The Soldiers and Sailors\\nMonument Administration of Governor Bagley.\\nHenry P. Baldwin, on being called to the high office of Gov-\\nernor of Michigan, in 1868, found the afiairs of the State in a\\nmuch more prosperous and satisfactory condition than they were\\nwhen his predecessor took his seat. He found the nation at peace.\\nThe integrity of the Union had been secured, and freedom fully\\nguaranteed to all in the land. There was, indeed, cause for heart-\\nfelt gratitude for the blessings of peace, for the abundance of the\\nharvests, for the rewards of labor, and for the moral, intellectual,\\nand material advancement of the people.\\nPerhaps no period in the history of the State has been marked\\nby a more steady and healthful growth in population, and in the\\nwealth of the people of Michigan, than that of Mr. Baldwin s\\nadministration. It was estimated that, in 1869, the taxable valu-\\nation of real and personal j^roperty in the State amounted to\\n$400,000,000, while, in 1871, it exceeded $630,000,000.\\nThere was nothing remarkable in the course of legislation dur-\\ning the year 1869, but in the year following a question of consider-\\nable importance grew out of a Supreme Court decision, which\\ncaused the Governor, in July, to summon the Legislature, in extra\\nsession. A series of laws, enacted at five successive sessions of the\\nLegislature, and approved by three successive Governors, had, by\\nthe decision mentioned, been pronounced unconstitutional and\\nvoid. These laws Avere intended to enable the people of either\\ncounties, townships, cities, or incorporated villages, in their cor-\\nporate capacity, to aid in the construction of railroads. Under", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. boi\\nthe authority contained in these laws, securities or bonds for a\\nvery considerable amount had been delivered, and were then held\\nby parties who had purchased them in good faith.\\nAs this emergency could only be provided for by an amend-\\nment of the fundamental law of the State, the Governor earnestly\\nrecommended that an amendment to the Constitution be submit-\\nMYRON BUTMAN.\\nMyron Butman was born in Milan, Erie county, Ohio, October 5, 1826.\\nIn 1855, he removed to Michigan and settled at Saginaw City, where he\\nhas been largely engaged in the lumber trade to the present time. He\\nhas through his constant exertions secured for himself quite a fortune\\nand built up a business of considerable magnitude. Mr. Butman is one\\nof the prominent citizens of Saginaw City, and is much respected by a\\nwide circle of friends and acquaintances.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "538 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nted to the people at the general election to be held in November,\\n1870, such as would enable the several municipalities to ratify all\\nsuch l-ailroad aid bonds as had been issued and delivered to the\\npeople. This recommendation was duly carried out by the Legis-\\nlature, and the necessary amendment submitted to the people, but\\nwas by them defeated.\\nAt the expiration of Mr. Baldwin s first term, he took Bis seat\\nfor a second term of two years, having been reelected in November,\\n1870. On the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1871, he\\nfound the aflfairs of the State in a condition of great prosperity ifl\\nall departments. This was in no small degree due to the wise\\npolicy suggested by him, and executed by the Legislature during\\nthe previous session. The population of the State had increased\\nfrom 749,113 to 1,184,059 in the decade preceding, and \u00c2\u00a3he assessed\\nvaluation of the real and personal property of the State had\\nincreased from $172,055,808 in 1861, to $630,000,000 in 1871.\\nBy an act of Congress previously passed, it was made the duty\\nof the Legislature to cause a new apportionment of the State into\\nCongressional districts. From 1863 to 1870, Michigan had been\\nentitled to six representatives in the lower branch of the national\\nlegislature but, according to this last apportionment, which waS\\nbased upon the ninth census, the number was increased to nine.\\nDuring the last two years of Mr. Baldwin s administration the\\nquestion of building of the new State Capitol engrossed much of\\nhis attention. The Legislature received the full benefit of his\\nwise counsel concerning this important project in his second regu-\\nlar message to it, which was convened in extra session in March,\\n1872. Most of his plans were acceded to by the Legislature, and\\nall thus adopted have resulted in the better advancement of that\\nobject.\\nDuring 1870, the one-eighth mill tax for the purpose of consti-\\ntuting a sinking fund, was abolished, ample provision for the pay-\\nment of the funded debt of the State having been made by setting\\napart some of the trust fund receipts, and such portion of the\\nspecific taxes as were not required for the payment of interest on\\nthe public debt. This caused a reduction -in the Slate tax of\\n$78,750.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n539\\nThe year 1871 must ever be remembered, on account of its great\\nfires in several of the northwestern States. While the good peo-\\nple of Michigan were engaged in the noble work of furnishing\\nrelief to the sufferers by the great Chicago fire, the same devour-\\nHON. THOMAS H. BOTTOMLEY.\\nAmong the representative men of St. Clan- county, is tlie Hon. Thomas\\nH. Bottomley. He was born in the town of Southouram, Yorkshire, Eng-\\nland, on the 5th day of October, 1837, where his early life was spent.\\nMr. Bottomley was educated at the Saltrauble Academy, Yorkshire,\\nEngland, receiving a liberal education. He came to the United States in\\nthe year 1854, and took up his residence in the city of Bufialo, New\\nYork. Here he resided until 1856, when he emigrated to New Baltimore,\\nMacomb county, where, by his great energy and business tact, he placed\\nhimself in comfortable circumstances, and gained the respect of his", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "540 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ning element was making sad havoc in our own State. Thriving\\ntowns, farm and school-houses, churches, live stock, crops, and thou-\\nsands of acres of valuable timber were consumed. Nearly three\\nthousand families, or about eighteen thousand persons, were ren-\\ndered houseless, and deprived of the necessaries of life. Relief\\ncommittees were organized at Detroit and Grand Rapids, and in a\\nshort time there was subscribed by individuals and corporations\\nwithin the State, and paid over to these committees, the sum of\\n$462,106, besides two hundred and fifty thousand dollars worth\\nof clothing.\\nSo prompt and bountiful were the donations, that, believing the\\npeople of Michigan would be unwilling to tax a generous public\\nany longer than was necessary, the Governor issued a proclama-\\ntion, thanking the public for their noble charity, and announcing\\nthat further contributions were unnecessary.\\nOne of the most notable events that happened during the\\nadministration of Governor Baldwin was the dedication of the\\nSoldiers and Sailors Monument at Detroit, which event occurred\\non the ninth day of April, 1872. This monument was designed\\nby Randolph Rogers, a native of Michigan, and one of the most\\neminent of American sculptors now living. The money required\\nto erect this beautiful tribute to the heroes of the war was raised\\nby subscription, the people from all parts of the State contribut-\\ning most liberally to the object. The association under whose\\nauspices the subscriptions were raised and the work done, was\\nfellow-citizens. From there lie removed to Romeo, where an extensive\\nbusiness was perfected in hoop-skirts, etc., in 1865, and remained until\\nthe spring of 1872, from which place he removed to the village of Capac,\\nSt. Clair county, where his good qualities were soon ascertained by the\\npeople, and were rewarded by his nomination and election as represen-\\ntative of the third district of that county, in the State legislature, in\\nNovember, 1872. He served in that body during its session of 1872-3.\\nMr. Bottomley has held several offices of trust in the different places\\nwhere he has resided, which invariably were administered with credit to\\nhimself and fellow-citizens. At present he is one of the largest mer-\\nchants in the village where he resides, and is doing a profitable business,\\nnot only in the mercantile line, but also as the contractor of the Lynn\\nand Maple valley State ditch.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN SOLDIERS AND SAILOES MONUJMJ-^XT.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "542 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nincorporated in 1868, and it is due to the indefatigable exertions\\nof its oiEcers and members that the work has been successfully\\naccomplished. The monument is about forty-six feet in height,\\nand is surmounted by a colossal statue of Michigan in bronze, ten\\nfeet in height. She is represented as a semi-civilized Indian\\nQueen, with a sword in her right hand and a shield in her left.\\nBeneath the plinth on which she stands are stars and wreaths.\\nOn the next section, in front, is the dedication Erected by the\\nPeople of Michigan, in honor of the Martyrs who fell and the\\nHeroes who fought in defense of Liberty and Union. On the\\nright are the arms of the United States, and on the left are the\\narms of the State of Michigan. On the next section beloAV are\\nfour projecting hutments, on which will be seated, when the monu-\\nment is finished, four allegorical figures in bronze, representing\\nVictory, Union, Emancipation and History. These figures are all\\nthat now remain to be placed in position. This will be done as\\nsoon as sufficient funds are raised. The next section below con-\\ntains four projecting butmeuts, upon which are standing the\\ndefenders of Liberty and Union, the representations of the army\\nand navy. These consist of four bronze statues, seven feet high,\\nsoldiers of infantry, artillery and cavalry, and a sailor of the\\nnavy. On the panels are various bassi relievi and inscriptions.\\nOn the outer pedestals are four bronze eagles.\\nIt was originally intended to place the monument in the Grand\\nCircus, and it was there that the ceremony of laying the earner-\\nstone was performed, on the Fourth of July, 1867. But, at the\\nearnest solicitation of the sculptor, Mr. Rogers, it was placed on\\nthe Campus Martins. An immense concourse of people were\\npresent upon the occasion of unveiling the monument. Every\\npart of the State, and almost every society in the State, was rep-\\nresented. Not less than one hundred thousand people were pres-\\nent. The address was delivered by ex-Governor Austin Blair.\\nThe four years in which Governor Baldwin administered the\\naffairs of Michigan were four years of prosperity. The functions\\nof the various offices of the State government were discharged\\nwith integrity and ability, and on the first of January, 1873, Mr.\\nBaldwin passed the management of the executive affairs into the\\nhands of Hon. John J. Bagley, his successor.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 543\\nIn reference to the administration of Governor Bagley, ^vhich\\nbegan in January, 1873, but little can be said, for, at this writing,\\nless than half of his term of office has expired. In his inaugural\\nmessage to the Legislature, in January, 1873, he truly said that,\\nthe growth of the State in every direction, through the develop-\\nment of our great natural resources, was a surprise even to our-\\nselvAes.\\nWith this brilliant condition of affairs, Mr. Bagley s adminis-\\ntration was inaugurated. The session of the Legislature begin-\\nning in January was in all points successful. Every interest of\\nthe State received due and proper encouragement, while a spirit\\nof enlightened economy seemed to pervade all its deliberations.\\nThe Governor s recommendations were received with a due\\nregard for the wise policy which they contained, and, in the\\nabsence of any radical measures, the session may be regarded as\\nmainly characterized by diligent labor for the common welfare of\\nthe State. The most important act was that making it the duty\\nof the Governor to appoint a Constitutional Commission, whose\\nduty it should be to revise the Constitution of the State, and pre-\\nsent the result of their labors to the next regular or extra session\\nof the Legislature. This Commission was duly appointed by the\\nGovernoi and it has already finished its work. Of the result of\\nits labors it is here manifestly improper to speak, as its work is\\nnow under consideration by the people.\\nHaving come to the end of the list of Governors, and noticed\\nthe principal events in their several administrations, we will close\\nour work with a short notice of the present condition, prosperity\\nand advancement of the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXV.\\nPresent Condition of Michigan Eailroads.\\nIn the preceding chapters we have given, with some minute-\\nness, the history of the early settlement of the Territory up to the\\ntime of its admission into the Union as a State and then briefly\\ntraced the leading events of its history after it became a State,\\ndown to the present time. It is now proposed to take up the lead-\\ning institutions of the State separately, and record their history\\nand development. The mention of them thus far has been pur-\\nposely avoided, in order to save repetition. The mention of the\\nresources and productions of the State has also been avoided, for\\nthe same reason. The intelligent reader will not fail to recognize\\nthe propriety of this plan, inasmuch as, while it seems at first\\nglance to necessitate much repetition, it in reality avoids it.\\nThe State of Michigan, although possessing a population of\\nnearly, if not quite, a million and a half, and an amount of accu-\\nmulated wealth that will far surpass that of many of the older\\nStates, is, nevertheless in her infancy. Whilst her growth has\\nbeen marvelous, and the development of her resources enormous,\\nshe has, nevertheless, been retarded in her growth, to a great\\nextent, by several untoward circumstances. Prominent among\\nthese is the ignorance which prevails, outside her borders, regard-\\ning her great natural advantages. This ignorance has been\\ncaused, first, by the fact, which has been recorded in a preceding\\nchapter, that the surveyor employed by Congress to survey lands\\nset apart for soldiers bounties, made a report to that body which\\ncontained a statement that the soil of Michigan was almost com-\\npletely barren, and that, on that account, together with another\\nalleged fact, that it was extremely unhealthy, the Territory was\\nutterly unfit for a human habitation. It took many years to dis-\\npel the prejudice thus engendered, if, indeed, it has ever been", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n545\\nthoroughly eradicated from the public mind. Again, the State\\nauthorities have persistently neglected to adopt such means to\\nincrease immigration as have usually been resorted to by other\\nwestern States. Many of the northwestern States have been built\\nHON. JOHN BALL.\\nJohn Ball, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, was born in the White Moun-\\ntain region of New Hamphsire, in the year 1794.\\nHis early years were passed upon a farm, and it was mainly through\\nhis own excrlions that he prepared himself for and obtained a collegiate\\neducation. He graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1820,\\nand among his classmates were George P. Marsh and Rufus Choatc.\\nAfter leaving college, he engaged in teaching school at Lansinburgh,\\nRensselaer county. New York, and there he also commenced the study of\\nthe law.\\nShortly afterwards, he shipped from New York, and on his first voy-\\nage was shipwrecked oti the coast of Georgia, where he barely escaped\\nwith his life.\\n35", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "546 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nup, in a great measure, by the circulation of books and pamphlets\\nshowing the advantages they possess as a home for the tens of\\nthousands who annually laud upon our shores. Michigan has\\nnever had the advantage of a proper representation abroad regard-\\ning her resources and characteristics. So long as this state of\\naffairs continues, Michigan is liable to be gi ossly misrepresented\\nabroad, as, indeed, she has been, by those interested in diverting\\nthe tide of immigration to other States. It is to be hoped that\\nthis will be remedied in the future.\\nThe area of the territory of the State of Michigan is over 56,000\\nsquare miles; being more than 10,000 square miles larger than\\neither the State of New York or Pennsylvania; more than 16,000\\nsquare miles larger than Ohio, and nearly equal in size to the\\nwhole of New Eugland. When as thickly populated as Massa-\\nPassing the winter at Darien, Georgia, he again devoted his time to\\nteacliing, and while there, he for the first time saw the practical work-\\nings of the institution of human slavery, and noted its pernicious eflfects\\nupon both master and slave.\\nReturning to New York, he engaged in the practice of the law with\\nfair prospects of success, but was soon called away to the superintend-\\nency of a manufacturing business.\\nOn New Year s Day, 1832, Mr. Ball left Lansingburgh for Oregon,\\ntaking a very ditierent route there than travelers do at the present day.\\nHe went from home to Baltimore, Maryland, by sleigh. Starting west-\\nward from here, he traveled by horse-power over the Baltimore and Clio\\nRailroad, a distance of sixty miles, whicli was at that time the longest\\nline of railway on the continent. Crossing the AUeghanies, he reached\\nPittsburg, from whence he went by steamboat to St. Louis, Missouri,\\nwhich was then but a small village, mostly on one street.\\nJoining a party of fur traders here, headed by William Lublette, he\\nwent up the Missouri to Lexington, from whence, on the 12th of May,\\n1833, the company, consisting of about eighty men, with three hundred\\nliorses and mules, started for the interior.\\nIn their journey, they crossed the Rocky Mountains, through the cele-\\nbrated South Pass, which was discovered ten years later by Colonel\\nFremont. Crossing the head waters of the Colorado river, they reached\\nthe Columbia, and from this point, Lublette and his party returned to St.\\nLouis, while Mr. Ball, witli eleven others, traveled on to Walla- Walla,\\nthen a post of the Hudson Bay Company, where, leaving their horses,\\nthey descended the Columbia to the Pacific.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICEaOAN. 547\\nchusetts now is, she will possess more than nine millions of inhab-\\nitants. Surrounded on almost all sides by noble inland seas, her\\nshores are washed by fourteen hundred miles of navigable waters.\\nThe productions of her soil are more varied than that of any\\nother State in the Union. Most other States are practically lim-\\nited to some one or two staple productions. Michigan can pro-\\nduce, in the greatest abundance, every variety of fruit, grain and\\nvegetable belonging to her latitude. Her immense forests of\\nchoicest timber are of incalculable value, giving employment to\\nthousands of men in converting it into lumber, and to railroads\\nand ships in conveying it to market, thereby creating a home\\ndemand for much of her surplus agricultural products. Her\\nhard-wood forests are of immense value and extent, aud the soil\\nthat underlies them is unsurpassed in fertility. Her fisheries are\\nMr. Ball spent the winter at Fort Vancouver, where he taught the first\\npublic school opened in Oregon. The succeeding spring he engaged in\\nfarming, and after harvesting Iiis crops, took passage for the Sandwich\\nIslands in an English vessel, which in its voyage lay for some days at\\nSan Francisco, which was then only a Jesuit mission station, and was a\\nmingled scene of forest, sand-hills and wild cattle. From the Sandwich\\nIslands he sailed in a whaler around Cape Horn to Kio .Janeiro. From\\nthis city, as clerk to Lieutenant (since Commodore) Farragut, he shipped\\non the United States schooner Boxer, for Norfolk, Virginia, and from\\nthence to Baltimore, the point of his departure.\\nMr. Ball s memoranda of his overland journey, published in SulUmn s\\nJournal, and afterwards translated into German, were the first scientific\\naccounts of the geology and climate of Oregon that were published.\\nAfter his return, he engaged for a year or two in the practice of his\\nprofession in Troy, New York, and in September, 1836, he emigrated to\\nMichigan. From Detroit he traveled on horseback to Kalamazoo, and\\nfrom there north to the Grand River. At that time he found Mr. Marsac\\nat the mouth of the Flat River, Mr. Rix Robinson at the mouth of the\\nThorn Apple, a few hundred settlers at Grand Rapids, a small settlement\\nat Grandville and another at Grand Haven, all subsisting on game, and\\non provisions brought from Bufialo and Cleveland.\\nIn 1837, Mr. Ball was elected to the lower house of the State legislature,\\nhis district being composed of the four counties of Ottawa, Kent, Ionia\\nand Clinton.\\nIn 1842, he was appointed to locate, for the State, the half million\\nacres of land granted by the general government for internal improve-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "548 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof great value, and even now there are not more than four\\nStates in the Union whose fisheries produce larger returns. A\\ngreat portion of her territory is underlaid by vast beds of mineral\\ndeposits. No State in the Union possesses such a great extent and\\nvariety of mineral resources as Michigan. Her copper is of great\\npurity, and immense, incalculable value. Her iron ore is the\\nrichest and best in the Union, and the extent of the deposits of\\nthis metal is probably unsurpassed. Extensive fields of coal also\\nunderlie the State enough to feed the furnaces of the world.\\nVast beds of gypsum are to be found in various parts of the State,\\nand iu close proximity to railroads and navigable waters. Numer-\\nous saline wells abound in the Saginaw Valley, and other parts\\nof the State, of unsurpassed strength and inexhaustible yield.\\nThese are some of the great natural resources of Michigan, and\\nwhich, when properly developed, are destined to make her one of\\nthe most prosperous and populous, as well as one of the most\\nwealthy States in the Union.\\nAgain, as a manufacturing State her facilities are unsurpassed.\\nments, which task he faithfully performed, personally inspecting all the\\nlands located by him.\\nFrom that time he has resided in Grand Rapids, and has been engaged\\nin his profession and in real estate operations. He is well known\\nthroughout the western portion of the State, and has been instrumental\\nin turning the tide of emigration in that direction. He also takes a deep\\ninterest in public education, and the present prosperous condition of the\\nschools in the city of his residence is largely due to his unwearied efforts\\nin their behalf.\\nIn politics, from the first, he has been a firm and consistent Democrat,\\nand has ever been distinguished for his advocacy of the rights of man,\\nand for his loyalty to the Union and those sentiments were fitly\\nexpressed upon the memorable occasion when he presided as chairman\\nover the meeting of citizens called to express their indignation at the\\nfiring upon Fort Sumter.\\nMr. Ball remained single until 1850, when he married Miss Mary T.\\nWebster, of New Hampshire. He has a family of five children.\\nHe has spent the last two years and six months in Europe, traveling\\nwith his family, and has just returned to his home in Michigan, satisfied\\nfrom his observations of foreign governments, customs and climates, that\\nthere is no better country and no more fortunate people than his own.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n549\\nShe possesses not only the raw material for many of the leading\\nstaple manufacturing products of the country, but also, in the\\ngreatest abundance, the necessary supplies for the sustenance of\\nthose employed in manufacturing establishments. She not only\\nHON. JAY A. HUBBELL.\\nJay a. Hubbell, of Houghton, Houghton county, Michigan, member\\nof Congress from the ninth district, was born at Avon, Oakland county,\\nMichigan, September 15, 1839. His father, Samuel Hubbell, a native of\\nthe State of New York, came to that town about 1820, being one of the\\nearliest settlers of that portion of the State, where he cultivated a farm\\nuntil his death in 1870. The subject of this sketch, until the age of\\neighteen years, bore his part in the usual farm labors, and there laid the\\nfoundation of the robust health and strength he has since enjoyed.\\nAfter two years of preparatory study at Romeo and Rochester, made\\nmore than usually arduous by a painful disease of the eyes, which had\\noften interrupted and at times had for long periods suspended application", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "550 GENERAL HISTORY OF TfiE STATES.\\npossesses, to a great extent, a home market for these products, but\\ncan reach a vast western market at less expense than can those\\nportions of our country now supplying such market.\\nHow the people of Michigan are availing themselves of these\\nadvantages, the following pages Avill attempt to show.\\nThe first railroad enterprise in the State was inaugurated, as\\nwe have already seen, by the granting of the charter of the\\nDetroit and St. Joseph Railroad, by the Legislative Council of the\\nTerritory, in 1832. By the terms of the law, the State reserved\\nthe right to purchase the road at a price not exceeding its cost and\\ninterest at fourteen per cent. Within two years from this time,\\nwork was commenced between Detroit and Ypsilauti, and, up to\\nthe time of the admission of the State into the Union, in 1837,\\nabout $30,000 had been expended. When this event occurred,\\nalmost the first thing the State Legislature did was to pass an\\nact to provide for the construction of certain works of public\\nimprovement, and for other purposes. This act provided, among\\nother things, for the purchase of the Detroit and St. Joseph Rail-\\nto books, he entered the University at Ann Arbor, in the sopliomore class,\\nand graduated in the year 1853.\\nAfter reading law for two years at Pontiac and Detroit, he was, in\\nISoo, admitted to the bar by the supreme court, at its session at Adrian.\\nImmediately after admission, Mr Hubbell went to Ontonagon, in the\\nUpper Peninsula, where he formed a law co-partnership with Hon. A.\\nH. Hanscora.\\nIn 1838, he was elected prosecuting attorney of Ontonagon county\\nand district attorney of the Upper Peninsula. From this time until\\n1860, in which year he removed to Houghton county and opened an\\noffice, Mr. Hubbell was in active practice and took a prominent and\\ngrowing part in the public affairs of the county in which he then resided,\\nand laid the foundation of an extensive acquaintance with the citizens\\nand business interests of the Upper Peninsula, into all parts of which\\nhe was required to go in the discharge of his duties as district attorney.\\nIn 1860, he commenced practice in Houghton county, the mining inter-\\nests of which were just beginning to develop.\\nFrom that time until 1871, at which date he gave up active practice, he\\nwas an industrious and successful lawyer, being elected district attorney\\nfor another term and prosecuting attorney of Houghton county for tkree\\nterms.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 551\\nroad, and, under its provisions, that road passed into the hands of\\nthe State, and its name was changed to the Michigan Central.\\nLaws were passed authorizing a loan by the State of $5,000,000\\nfor internal improvements. Between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000\\nwere subsequently realized from this loan, but the monetary\\ncrash of 1837 caused the corporators who had taken the loan to\\nbecome insolvent. This left the State, for the time being, utterly\\npowerless to proceed with the great plans it had marked out.\\nThese plans, as we have before seen, were to construct three\\nthrough routes across the State one terminating at Port Huron,\\nanother at Detroit, and a third at Monroe. A canal was also\\nprojected from Clinton river to Kalamazoo. A large sum was\\nexpended on this enterprise, but it was finally abandoned. The\\nnorthern road was graded some distance west from Port Huron,\\nand also abandoned. The State proceeded with the construction\\nof the Central road until it reached Kalamazoo. In the mean-\\ntime, it became apparent that the State was far from being a\\nshrewd railroad manager. There were no funds in the treasury to\\nA strong Republican, he took an energetic part in politics, making\\npolitical addresses in several counties during the Presidential campaign\\nof 1868. In the same year, he was sent to Washington by the people of\\nthe copper mining district to aid in securing a higher tariff upon copper,\\nbeing successful and returning in the summer of that year. At the Con-\\ngressional convention of the sixth district (in which Houghton county\\nwas then embraced), Mr. Hubbell was a prominent candidate. On the\\nformation of the ninth district, comprising the whole Upper Peninsula,\\nembracing nine counties, and eighteen counties in the Lower Peninsula,\\nMr. Hubbell was nominated for Congress by the Republican convention,\\nheld at Ludington, in the summer of 1873. In the excited campaign\\nwhich followed, he addressed political meetings in nearly every county\\nin this large district, and was elected by a majority of 6,405 votes over\\nMr. Samuel P. Ely, of Marquette, the total number of votes cast being\\n17,511.\\nMr. Hubbell is a fluent, and has shown himself both at the bar and on\\nthe stump an unusually forcible and convincing speaker. Through a\\nprofitable legal practice, and by judicious investment of money in many\\nof the leading and most prosperous enterprises of his section, Mr. Hub-\\nbell has acquired a property so considerable as to make further applica-\\ntion to business unnecessary. It is fair to presume that the energy and", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "552 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nmeet the Internal Improvement warrants, and they depreciated In\\nvalue to an enormous extent. The road as far as built was rap-\\nidly wearing out, the old strap rail having been used, and the\\nState had neither money nor credit to repair it. The consequence\\nwas that the Legislature of 1846 concluded to sell the road. This\\nwas soon effected, and it passed into the hands of eastern capital-\\nists, $2,000,000 being the amount paid for the road and its fran-\\nchises. The company were required to re-lay the road with T\\nrail, and complete the road to Lake Michigan with the same rail.\\nThey were also allowed to change the terminus to any point in\\nthe State on Lake Michigan. Subsequently, they were allowed to\\nchange the western terminus to Chicago. The road was then\\npushed through with great rapidity, and is now one of the most\\nmagnificent and best equipped roads in the Union.\\nThe Southern road was also sold about the same time. That\\nroad had then been completed from Monroe to Palmyra, at a cost\\nof over $1,000,000. The eastern terminus was afterwards fixed\\nat Toledo. A perpetual lease of the Erie and Kalamazoo road\\nwas efiected, and its indebtedness to the State assumed. The\\nprice paid to the State was $500,000, for the road and its appur-\\ntenances. The Tecuraseh branch, running from Adrian to Man-\\nchester, and the Palmyra and Jacksonburg road, subsequently\\nknown as the Jackson division of the Southern, were also included\\nin the sale. The former road had then been completed as far as\\nTecumseh. Immediate preparations were then made to complete\\nthe road westward. The work progressed slowly for some time,\\nhowever, owing to the want of- means but, subsequently, a con-\\ntrolling interest in the stock passed into the hands of a few\\nenthusiasm which have always marked his professional and political\\ncareer, and his very extensive acquaintance with the men and interests\\nof his widely extended district, will render him as effective and useful in\\nthe more extended career now opened before him as in his past life. He\\nis the first member of Congress ever sent from the Upper Peninsula, and\\nwill carry with him to Washington the best wishes of a large constitu-\\nency, who have confidently intrusted 1o his keeping the interests of a\\ndistrict comprising all the copper and iron mines and a large portion of\\nthe lumbering of the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN.\\n558\\nwealthy men, and it was then pushed rapidly on to Chicago, arriv-\\ning there in advance of the Central. In 1855 it was consolidated\\nwith the Northern Indiana road. The next year, the Detroit,\\nMonroe and Toledo road was chartered. This road was at once\\nGEN. J. G. PARKHURST.\\nJohn G. Parkhurst was born at Oneida Castle, New York, in 1824.\\nHis father, Steplien Parkliurst, was a native of New Hauipsliire, wlio\\nremoved from tliat State and settled in Oneida county, New York.\\nTlie subject of this sketcli received an academical education prepara-\\ntory to entering college, and then entered upon the study of the law. In\\n1847, he was admitted to practice, after having devoted thi ee years to\\nclassical studies and four in a law office; seven years study then being\\nrequired before an admission to the bar. Following his admission, he\\npracticed his profession in his native town for two years.\\nIn 1849, he removed to Michigan and settled in Cold water, where he\\nformed a co-partnership with the late Gorge A. Coe, who was then", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "554 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbuilt, and a perpetual lease granted to the Southern, The sub-\\nsequent consolidations with other roads and the building of other\\nbranches have made the Southern one of the finest and most exten-\\nsive roads in the Union.\\nThe old Detroit and Pontiac Railroad was chartered in 1834,\\nby the Legislative Council, with a capital stock of $100,000. A\\ngreat deal of difficulty was experienced in the financial manage-\\nment of this enterprise, and many amusing stories are related illus-\\ntrating the troubles encountered. It was not till 1839 that the\\nroad was finally completed as far as Birmingham. The cars of\\nthis road were for some time propelled by horse power. It was\\nfinally sold under an execution, in 1840. It was completed to\\nPontiac in 1843, and subsequently leased to Detroit parties for ten\\nyears. Previous to the expiration of this lease, a company, headed\\nby the Hon. H. N. Walker, purchased the road, and raised enough\\nmoney on its bonds to re-lay the track.\\nIn April, 1848, a charter was granted to the Oakland and\\nOttawa Railroad Company. Work was not commenced on this\\nroad till 1852. The following year, Hon. H. N. Walker went to\\nlieutenant-governor of the State. The business of this firm soon assumed\\nlarge proportions and became quite lucrative. It continued until 1856,\\nwhen Mr. Parkhurst succeeded to tlie whole and continued his practice\\nuntil 1861, being part of the time prosecuting attorney for Branch\\ncounty.\\nIn 1860, he was a delegate to the famous Charleston convention, and\\nwas secretary of that body. After the final adjournment at Baltimore,\\nhe published the proceedings of the convention.\\nUpon the receipt of the news of the firing upon Fort Sumter, he\\naddressed an impromptu meeting of citizens at the court house in Cold-\\nwater, and urged the immediate organization of troops for the defense of\\nthe flag and the preservation of the Union. The citizens of Branch\\ncounty responded to his appeal to their patriotism by raising a company\\nfor the First Michigan Infantry, and also the celebrated Coldwater\\n(Loomis Battery.\\nIn consequence of the severe illness of his wife, who died in July, he\\ndid not enter the army until September. On the 10th of September, 1861,\\nhe was mustered into the service as lieutenant-colonel of the Ninth Mich-\\nigan Infantry, went with his regiment to Kentucky and reported to\\nGeneral Sherman for duty. Colonel Parkhurst served in Kentucky until", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 555\\nEurope in the interests of this road, and purchased enough iron to\\nlay the track as far as Fentonville.\\nIn 1855, the above two roads were consolidated, under the name\\nof the Detroit and Milwaukee Eailway. The bonds of the com-\\npany were then negotiated in Europe, by Mr. Walker, to the\\namount of $1,250,000. A subsequent arrangement was made with\\nthe Great Western Railway Company, by which the financial\\nembarrassments of the company were finally relieved. In 1860\\nthe mortgage was closed, and the name of the road changed to\\nthe Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. In the meantime, the\\nroad had been completed to Grand Haven, on the eastern shore\\nof Lake Michigan, thus completing the three great through routes\\nacross the State which was originally contemplated by the State\\ngovernment.\\nThe monetary crisis of 1857 put a stop for several years to\\nrailroad enterprises in Michigan, and it was not till within the\\nlast eight years that operations were resumed. Within that time\\na large number of enterprises have been projected, and many of\\nthem carried successfully through. Railroad building in Michi-\\nthe spring of 18G2, when liis regiment was ordered into Tennessee and\\njoined to the army of the Cumberland.\\nAt the battle of Murfreesboro, in July, 18fi2, he was taken prisoner,\\nand was afterwards confined in the rebel prisons at Knoxville, Atlanta,\\nMadisonville, Columbia, and at Libby prison in Richmond. Upon his\\nexchange in December of that year, he returned to his home in Cold-\\nwater, and was given a public reception by its citizens. In response to\\nthe address of the mayor on this occasion, he gave the people a vivid\\naccount of his life in the prisons of the South, and there ventured the\\nprediction that it would require a million of men and two years time to\\nput down the rebellion and restore the Union. He urged upon the\\npeople to give up their speculations and to devote themselves and their\\nmeans to the salvation of their country.\\nReturning to the army again, he reported for duty to General Rose-\\ncrans, at Nashville, Tennessee, took command of his regiment and par-\\nticipated in the six days battle at Stone River, which terminated in a\\nvictory for the Union troops. Colonel Parkhurst was promoted for gal-\\nlant conduct during this battle, received a distinguished compliment in\\nthe official report of General George H. Thomas, and immediately after\\nthe battle was assigned to duty as provost-marshal on the staff of Gen-\\neral Thomas.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "556 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ngan has been stimulated, to a certain extent, by the land grants\\nmade by Congress from time to time, and some projects have been\\ncarried successfully through that did not seem to be warranted by\\nthe present business or population along the line. But most of\\nthem are the outgrowth of commercial necessity, and consequently\\nare not only likely to be paying investments of themselves, but\\nexhibit the wonderful growth and material prosperity of the com-\\nmonwealth.\\nMany of the roads which have been built within the last eight\\nor nine years owe their existence to the enterprise of the men\\ncontrolling the two great corporations known as the Michigan\\nCentral and the Michigan Southern Kailroads. Of the former,\\nthe Hon. James F. Joy has been the leading and controlling spirit\\nfor a number of years. Under his management the Michigan\\nCentral has not only risen to the position of being one of the most\\nmagnificent roads in existence, but has aided, directly or indi-\\nrectly, in building a large number of tributary roads in the State\\nof Michigan.\\nThe first road aided by the Michigan Central was the Jackson,\\nAfter the battle of Chickamauga, he was made provost-uiarshal-gen-\\neral of the army of the Cumberland, and for gallant services was\\nrecommended to the President by General Thomas for a brigadier-general-\\nship in the army.\\nFollowing the battle of Nashville, he was made provost-marshal-\\ngeneral of the military division of the Tennessee, which comprised the\\nStates of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia, and\\nhe retained this position until he left the service in November, 1865.\\nGeneral Parkhurst was upon the staff of General Thomas for three\\nyears of the war, and was in all the battles fought by that great military\\nhero, having his entire confidence and continuing an intimate acquaint-\\nance until his lamented death in 1870, when he was selected by General\\nSherman as one of the escort to accompany the distinguished hero s\\nremains to Troy, New York, for burial.\\nHaving married a lady in Tennessee, for his second wife, General\\nParkhurst contemplated settling in Nashville, and after leaving the army\\nhe opened a law office there, but finding the feeling towards Northern\\nmen not yet sufficiently mollified to make a residence there agreeable for\\nan ex-provost-marshal-general of the Union army, he returned to his old\\nresidence in Coldwater, Michigan, in 1866. and was that year a candidate", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 557\\nLansing and Saginaw. Lansing was as far north as it was at first\\nintended to go with this road but upon its completion to that\\nplace it was concluded to carry it to Saginaw. The Amboy, Lan-\\nsing and Traverse Bay Railroad was then in operation between\\nLansing and Owosso, and the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw pur-\\nchased its franchises, made it a part of their line, and carried it\\nforward to Saginaw. This road is now in process of construction\\nnorth to the Straits of Mackinaw, and the cars are running to\\nGaylord, two hundred and thirty-six miles north of Jackson.\\nWhen completed, it will eventually form an important link in the\\nNorthern Pacific, and, in connection with the Detroit and Bay City\\nroad, will form practically an air line road from the Straits of\\nMackinaw to Detroit. It may be also mentioned, in this connec-\\ntion, that the road from Marquette to Mackinaw, being now ren-\\ndered certain to be built, will form a connection with this road\\nwhich will bring Detroit three hundred and forty miles nearer\\nMarquette than by any road now in existence, and will enable the\\nformer city to control the entire trade from the Upper Peninsula\\nduring the season when navigation is closed.\\nThe Grand River Valley road is another which has been mate-\\nupon the people s ticket for lieutenant-governor of the State, and received\\nthe full vote of the ticket.\\nIn October, 1866, he was appointed United States marshal for the east-\\nern district of Michigan, but the Republicans in the United States Senate\\ncould not forgive his representing his district in the Philadelphia conven-\\ntion held in the interest of President Johnson s policy, and when his\\nappointment came up in 1867, they did not confirm it.\\nAfterwards, he was made a s^Decial agent of the treasury department,\\nwhich position he held until 1869.\\nSince that year, he has devoted a good part of his time to the interests\\nof his adopted city, and to him in a great measure is due the credit of\\nsecuring for Coldwater the Mansfield, Coldwater and Lake Michigan\\nEailroad, and also the State public school.\\nIn the fall of 1873, lie was the candidate of the Democratic Liberal\\nparty for representative in Congress from the Third Congressional Dis-\\ntrict, and received the largest vote of any candidate on his ticket in the\\ndistrict.\\nHe is still residing in Coldwater, and is devoting his attention to agri-\\nculture and to his other private business.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "558 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nrially aided by the Michigan Central. This road is ninety-four\\nmiles long, running north from Jackson to Grand Rapids. It\\nthere intersects the Detroit and Milwaukee road, and by means of\\nthat road connects with the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore\\nroad running north to Montague.\\nThe Jackson and Fort Wayne road is one hundred miles in\\nlength, its name indicating the termini. The Detroit, Eel River\\nand Illinois road connects with this, as does also the Jackson, Lan-\\nsing and Saginaw, thus giving the State two most important connec-\\ntions with Indiana. Its connection with the latter road furnishes\\na route over which much of the lumber of northern Michigan\\npasses on its way to the southern cities.\\nThe Michigan Air Line was originally intended as a short line\\nfrom Chicago to Buffalo, crossing the St. Clair river at St. Clair,\\nand connecting with the St. Clair branch of the Canada Southern.\\nThe Michigan Central aided in building it between Niles and\\nJackson, and finally absorbed and made it a part of its own sys-\\ntem. It passes through a rich agricultural region, and shortens\\nthe distance of travel between Detroit and Chicago about fifteen\\nmiles.\\nThe Detroit, Hillsdale and Indiana road was also built through\\nthe aid of the Michigan Central. It runs on the track of the\\nCentral between Detroit and Ypsilauti. The distance from the\\nlatter place to Hillsdale is sixty-five miles. This company took\\nthe franchises of the Eel River road from Butler to Logansport,\\nIndiana, and has finished the road to the latter place. This road\\nfurnishes a direct route from Detroit to Indianapolis, via the\\nIndianapolis, Peru and Chicago road.\\nThe Kalamazoo and South Haven road is forty miles in length\\nis owned chiefly by the Michigan Central, and connects with the\\nChicago and Michigan Lake Shore road.\\nThe Chicago and iNIichigan Lake Shore road runs at present from\\nNew Buffalo, Berrien county, to Pentwater. Its ultimate destina-\\ntion is Manistee, a distance of about two hundred miles. A\\nbranch twenty-four miles long has been built from Holland to\\nGrand Rapids. This road was consolidated, in 1872, with the\\nMuskegon and Big Rapids road, the latter being now completed.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN,\\n559\\nThe main line of the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore road, north\\nof Grand Haven, is operated by the Michigan Central, and, with\\nthe Grand River Valley road, constitutes a direct line from\\nSMITH R. WOOLLEY.\\nSmith R. Woolley was born in 1840, in Bridgewater, New Yorlv. He\\nmoved to Michigan, witli his parents, in 1847, and was left an orphan in\\n1851. Being left at the tender age of eleven years, without any means of\\nsupport, he engaged with a farmer, with whom he remained until 1853,\\nwhen he visited Detroit and obtained a situation in the banking house of\\nW. H. King Co. He remained in this house until 1834, when he\\naccepted a position ins the^ibankingi_housei of C. ^A. Ives, where he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "560 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nDetroit to the western part of the State. These roads afford an\\noutlet for an immense amount of pine lumber.\\nThe Detroit, Lansing and Lake Michigan is the result of a con-\\nsolidation of the Detroit and Howell, the Howell and Lansing, and\\nthe Ionia and Lansing roads. The latter road was the first one\\nbuilt, the Hon. James F. Joy, of the Central, furnishing the capi-\\ntal. He afterwards took up the Detroit and Howell project Avith\\na view of making a connection from Detroit to Lake Michigan.\\nThe road has been completed as far as Howard City, where it\\nconnects with the Grand Rapids and Indiana road. This road now\\nforms one of the great arteries for the commerce of the State.\\nThe Detroit and Bay City is another of the roads aided by the\\nMichigan Central, and has lately been completed. It is over one\\nhundred miles in length, and passes through a rich agricultural\\nregion, forming practically an air line from Detroit to Bay City.\\nAs before remarked, the Michigan Southern, now known as the\\nLake Shore and Michigan Southern, has also done much in the way\\nof aiding roads which are tributary to the main line. The first in\\norder is the road now known as the Lansing Division of the Lake\\nShore and Michigan Southern, but formerly known as the Northern\\nCentral Michigan. This division is fifty-nine miles long, extend-\\ning at present from Jonesville to Lansing. It will eventually be\\nextended to St. Johns, and thence northward.\\nThe Kalamazoo Division was originally started without any\\nclearly defined idea as to what place would eventually constitute\\nits northern terminus. It Avas commenced about seven years ago.\\nA strap road was already in existence from White Pigeon to\\nThree Rivers. A road was then built north as far as Schoolcraft,\\nremained for about ten years. He then engaged in the manufacture of\\nvinegar and the distilhatiou of alcohol on a small scale. He has con-\\ntinued in the same business to the present time -with remarkable success.\\nAlthough a young man, he has always possessed the confidence of the\\npeople. He is an active member of the board of trade, and one of its\\nvice-presidents.\\nIn 1871, he was elected a member of the common council of Detroit,\\nand lias proved to be one of its most active members.\\nMr. Woollcy was recently elected a member of the Detroit stock\\nexchange.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 561\\nand tlie two united in one interest. After this another corpora-\\ntion was formed to build a road from Schoolcraft to Kalamazoo,\\nand it was eventually extended to Grand Rapids, when it passed\\ninto the hands of the Michigan Southern. A branch of this road\\nHON. A. N. HART.\\nAlvtn N. Hart was born in Cornwall, Litchfield county, Connecticut,\\non the nth of February, 1804.\\nHe resided with his parents and labored on the farm until he was\\nfifteen years of age. He received his education partially at the academy\\nin Sharon, Connecticut, and partially at the academy and college in\\nAmherst, Massachusetts, finishing it in the latter institution.\\nMr. Hart married Miss Charlotte F. Ball, daughter of Dr. Benjamin\\nBall, of Wendell, Franklin county, Massachusetts, July 8, 1828.\\nAt the time of his marriage he resided in Utica, New York, where he\\nremained for three years, at the end of which time he removed to the\\n36", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "562 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwas also built from Allegan to Holland. This was again\\nextended north to Muskegon, and is known as the Michigan Lake\\nShore Road. It is now under the control of the Continental\\nImprovement Company, which has also built a road from Alle-\\ngan to Martin s Corners, on the Grand Rapids and Indiana line.\\nThe Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Division was built by subscrip-\\ntions at Detroit and other points along the line. It is of consider-\\nable importance to the former city, as it affords a channel of com-\\nmunication to the southern cities.\\nThe Jackson Division was constructed about thirteen years ago,\\nunder a special charter. It affords a direct communication from\\nJackson to Toledo, and has the effect of diverting a part of the\\nMichigan Central traffic to the latter city.\\nThe Adrian and Monroe Division was originally a part of the\\nmain line, the latter place being the eastern terminus of the road,\\nas originally chartered. The line from Adrian to Toledo, as we\\nhave before seen, was acquired by a perpetual lease from the old\\nErie and Kalamazoo Railroad Company.\\nThis concludes the lines owned or controlled by the two great\\ncorporations. Of the following roads many are important, and\\nall, as far as completed, are well constructed and equipped.\\nThe Grand Rapids and Indiana road is of great importance,\\ntraversing, as it does, a region possessing unbounded natural\\nTerritory of Michigan. It was a long, tedious journey in those days, and\\nMr. Hart tiad to cut his way, for fourteen miles, through the forests,\\nwhere there was no road yet built before he reached his destination.\\nHe commenced his pioneer life where the city of Lapeer now stands,\\nbeing the first inhabitant of that settlement, and camping under a majes-\\ntic elm, which is still standing a venerable landmark, protected from the\\nlightning, which has struck it several times, by a rod placed on it by his\\nson, R. G. Hart, of Lapeer.\\nHaving built the first log cabin in that vicinity, he moved into it with\\nhis family, consisting of his wife and one child, on the 11th of Novem-\\nber, 1831.\\nIn the spring of 1832, Mr. Hart was commissioned a justice of the\\npeace for Oakland county, to which was attached, for judicial purposes,\\nall the country north of that county.\\nIn the winter of 1835, Mr. Hart waslappointed sheriff of Lapeer county.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 563\\nresources. Its ultimate termini are the Straits of Mackinaw on\\nthe north, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, on the south. The track\\nis already laid from Grand Rapids north to Petoskey, sixty miles\\nfrom Mackinaw, and the cars are running to Traverse City. This\\nroad has been greatly assisted by land grants, amounting in the\\naggregate to 1,160,382 acres.\\nThe Flint and Pare Marquette road is another very important\\nroad, traversing a region rich in agricultural resources, lumber\\nand salt. The first division was built, from Flint to East Sagi-\\nnaw, about seven years ago. In 1866, the second division was\\nbuilt, extending from East Saginaw to six miles beyond INIidland.\\nIn 1868, a lease was effected of the Flint and Holly road, which\\nhad been in operation about four years also, of the Saginaw and\\nBay City road. The work on the main line has since steadily\\nprogressed, and, at the present writing, is completed as far as\\nReed City, 141 miles from Holly. A contract has been coHcluded\\nfor the unfinished portion, Ludingtou, on Lake Michigan, being\\nits western terminus. A branch has also been built from Flint to\\nOtter Lake, fifteen miles in length. Another branch has been\\nprojected from East Saginaw to the St. Clair river, terminating\\neither at Port Huron, or St. Clair.\\nThe Holly, Wayne and Monroe road, which has recently been\\nbuilt, is now consolidated with the Flint and Pere Marquette.\\nand at the election in the fall of 1835, in which the constitution of the\\nnew State was submitted and adopted, he was elected a representative to\\nthe State legislature. In 1842 he was elected supervisor of Lapeer town-\\nship, and held the office for the succeeding seven years. In 1843, Mr.\\nHart was elected State senator from the Sixth Senatorial District, which\\nthen comprised the counties of Lapeer, Oakland, Genesee, Shiawassee,\\nTuscola, Saginaw and the Upper Peninsula. In 1846, he was elected the\\nfirst judge of the Lapeer county court, for a term of four years, and in\\n1847, he was again elected to the State senate to fill the vacancy occa-\\nsioned by the death of Senator Witherbee, and reelected in 1848 for the\\nregular term. In 1856, he was almost unanimously again elected a justice\\nof the peace.\\nIn 1860, he removed to the city of Lansing and was elected alderman\\nof the first ward of that city in 1863, which office he still holds. In 1870,\\nhe vra.s elected a representative from Ingham county to the State legisla-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "564 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThis road is 63 miles long, aud gives the Saginaw Valley a direct\\nconnection with Toledo.\\nThe Chicago and Lake Huron road is the result of a consoli-\\ndation of the Port Huron and Lake Michigan and the Peninsular\\nroads. This is destined to be one of the most important lines\\nin the State. The Peninsular has a Chicago connection on the\\nwest, and from the Indiana State line, running northeast, it passes\\nthrough a very rich agricultural region. It is finished as far as\\nLansing, where it will eventually be connected with the Port\\nHuron and Lake Michigan, the two roads, as before remarked,\\nhaving consolidated their .interests under the name of the Chicago\\nand Lake Huron Railroad. The Port Huron and Lake Michi-\\ngan road was finished from Port Huron west as far as Flint pre-\\nvious to the consolidation. It was projected as long ago as 1836,\\nand constituted one of the three great through lines then laid out\\nby the State. The financial embarrassments of 1837, however,\\nstopped the work after a few miles had been graded. In 1841,\\nanother company was formed, but nothing was done further than\\nto locate the line and obtain the right of way. Again, in 1856,\\nanother company, called the Port Huron aud Milwaukee Railroad\\nCompany, was formed, a line was laid out, and some work done.\\nBut financial embarrassments again, put a stop to work, the prop-\\nerty was sold under an execution, and the company dissolved.\\nture and materially aided in securing the magnificent appropriation\\nwliicli was made for the erection of the new State Capitol now iu process\\nof construction.\\nMr. Hart was one of the projectors of that portion of the Amboy,\\nLansing and Traverse Bay Railroad, running from Lansing to Owosso,\\nand is a director in the Detroit and Bay City Railroad.\\nMr. Hart has ever been a consistent member of the Presbyterian\\ndenomination, being one of the founders of the flourishing church of that\\nsect ia Lapeer, and also of the one in North Lansing. He is eminently a\\nsocial man, and one that has always given freely for the advancement of\\nChristianity and social improvement, and, wherever he is known, is\\nuniversally loved and respected.\\nHis business has been mostly mercantile and real estate, and he has\\never showed himself a good financier, both in public and private enter-\\nprises.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN.\\n565\\nIn 1865, the franchises and property of the road passed into the\\nhands of the Port Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad Company.\\nOf this company the Hon. William L. Bancroft was the leading\\nspirit and it is due to his energy and ability that it was com-\\nDR. L. YOUNGHUSBAND.\\nLancelot Younghusbajs^d, M. D., LL. D., of Detroit, was born in\\nRichmond, in the North of England, January 11, 1838.\\nHis father, John Youngliusband, brought his family to this country\\nin 1841. He is yet living in St. Clair county of this State. At an early\\nage, Lancelot was sent to Victoria College, Cobourg, and was a student\\nunder the celebrated Rev. Dr. Ormiston, now of New York.\\nHe graduated in arts at Acadia College, Dominion of Canada. For\\nseveral years he was engaged as principal in high schools. While thus\\nemployed, he prepared quite a number of young men for college, who", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "566 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\npleted as far as Flint, the present terminus. It runs through a\\nfine agricultural country, and furnishes an outlet for an immense\\namount of oak and pine timber, staves, etc. Now that it has\\nbeen consolidated with the Peninsular, it will join that road at\\nLansing, thus forming one of the great thoroughfares between\\nChicago and the seaboard. It connects at Port Huron with the\\nGrand Trunk and Great AVestern Railways, of Canada. At the\\npresent writing Mr. Bancroft is in Europe, negotiating the bonds\\nof the new company, the proceeds of which will enable the com-\\npany to complete the link between Flint and Lansing, and push\\nthe western division of the road forward to Chicago. The line\\nof this road crosses the track of nearly twenty different railroads\\nbetween Port Huron and Chicago.\\nThe Ohio and Michigan is the corporate name of the road\\nwhich is best known as the Mansfield, Coldwater and Lake Mich-\\nigan road. It is being constructed by the Continental Improve-\\nment Company, a corporation nearly identical in interest with the\\nPennsylvania Central Railroad Company. The line extends from\\nMansfield, Ohio, to Allegan, Michigan, where it joins the road\\nfrom that place to Muskegon, which, as we have before seen, is\\ncontrolled by the same company.\\nThe Michigan Division of the Grand Trunk extends from Port\\ncompleted their course at Antioch College, Ohio, at the time when that\\ninstitution was under the charge of the distinguished Horace Mann; and\\nso highly pleased was he with the proficiency exhibited by Professor\\nYounghusband s pupils, that he inquired out their preceptor and con-\\nferred upon him the honorary degree of master of arts. At the age of\\ntwenty-four, he began the study of medicine in the office of two eminent\\nphysicians, at Port Hope, Ontario.\\nSome years afterwards, he adopted the homoeopathic system of medi-\\ncine, and received the degree of M. D. from the oldest homceopathic\\nmedical college in America, at Philadelphia, Pa.\\nFor many years he was engaged in a large and successful practice at\\nMt. Clemens, Mich. In the year 1868, his alma mater conferred its\\nhighest honors upon him the degree of doctor of laws. In the fall of\\n1871, he was elected president and professor of theory and practice in\\nthe Detroit UonKEopathic College, an institution, the success of which\\nis already assured.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 567\\nHuron to Detroit, 59 miles, and was built in 1859, by the Grand\\nTrunk Railway of Canada. The road is a great benefit to ship-\\npers, affording a competing line from Detroit to the seaboard. It\\nextends to Portland, Maine, 861 miles from Detroit.\\nThe Saginaw Valley and St. Louis road extends from East\\nSaginaw to St. Louis, 34 miles.\\nThe Grand Rapids and Xewaygo road, 36 miles long, is com-\\npleted between the points named. It is proposed to extend the\\nline northward to Fremont, the junction of the Muskegon and\\nBig Rapids, and the Detroit, Lansing and Lake Michigan roads.\\nThe Marshall and Coldwater road has been graded from Elm\\nHall, Gratiot county, to Muir, on the Detroit and Milwaukee\\nroad also twenty miles in Eaton county, and work is being done\\nin Ionia county. No track has yet been laid.\\nThe Canada Southern road has recently been completed in\\nCanada. The main line reaches Michigan at Trenton. There is\\nalso a branch running from St. Thomas, Ontario, to St. Clair,\\nMichigan. At Trenton the main line will have three branches\\none to Chicago, passing through Flat Rock, Blissfield and Morenci.\\nThis branch is now completed as far as Fayette. Another branch,\\nnow completed, extends to Toledo. The other extends to Detroit,\\nand has recently been opened for traffic.\\nFor moral, conservative and generally wholesome influence over stu-\\ndents, no educational institution in the land has in its president one who\\nexcels him.\\nOn removing to Detroit, he formed a partnership with Dr. E. R. Ellis,\\na prominent physician of that city, and professor of surgery in the col-\\nlege. Here Dr. Younghusband and his partner have built up an exten-\\nsive practice. Scarcely a day passes that patients from distant parts of\\nthis State, and even Canada, do not call upon them.\\nBesides general practice, they give special attention to surgery, and the\\ntreatment of chronic and difficult cases of disease, particularly of the\\nlungs and heart.\\nIn the management of and as a teacher in the college, Professor Young-\\nhusband has more than fulfilled the expectations of his friends, and his\\nconceded abilities, both natural and acquired, well entitle him to the\\nposition which he has gained as one of the foremost physicians of this\\nState, if not of the West.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "568 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nAt St. Clair, the Canada Southern connects with the Michigan,\\nMidland and Canada road, which extends from St. Clair to Ridge-\\nway, on the Grand Trunk road, a distance of 15 miles. The\\nMichigan Air Line extends from the latter place to Romeo.\\nThe franchises of the Michigan Air Line road have been disposed\\nof to parties in Pontiac, who propose to extend it as far as the lat-\\nter place.\\nA road has been projected from Rockford to Greenville by the\\nContinental Improvement Company. Some grading has already\\nbeen done.\\nThe Paw Paw and Lawton road extends from Paw Paw, Van\\nBuren county, to Lawton, on the Michigan Central, a distance of\\nfour miles.\\nThe Toledo, Ann Arbor and Northern road has been graded\\nbetween Toledo and Ann Arbor.\\nThe Owosso and Northern road has for its proposed northern\\nterminus, Frankfort, on Lake Michigan. Forty miles of grading\\nhave already been done.\\nAn air line from Detroit to Adrian is in contemplation, and\\nthe grading done between the latter place and Tecumseh.\\nSeveral other meritorious projects are agitating the Lower Pen-\\ninsula, among which may be mentioned a road from Wenona to\\nBig Rapids one from Elkhart, Indiana, to Benton Harbor,\\nMichigan one from Lapeer to Port Austin one from Utica to\\nAlmont one from the main line of the Jackson, Lansing and\\nSaginaw road to Alpena and one from East Saginaw to Port\\nHuron or St. Clair. The grading on the latter road has been\\ndone from East Saginaw to Vassar.\\nIn the Upper Peninsula, the Marquette, Houghton and Onto-\\nnagon road stands first in interest and importance. This com-\\npany was formed by the consolidation of the Marquette and\\nOntonagon aud the Houghton and Ontonagon railroads. The\\nroad is in operation from Marquette to L Anse, and passes\\nthrough the richest mineral region on earth. It has magnificent\\nharbor facilities at each terminus, and in proportion to the invest-\\nment it is doing a larger business than any other railroad in the\\nworld. At least a million and a half tons of iron alone passed", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n569\\nover this road during the past year. The road will be eventually\\nextended westward as far as the Montreal river, where it is\\nexpected to connect with the Northern Pacific, thus forming an\\nimportant link between Duluth and the Lower Peninsula,\\nHON. E. S. EGGLESTON.\\nEbenezer S. Eggleston was bora in the village of Batavia, Genesee\\ncounty, New York, May 13, 1825.\\nHe emigrated to Micliigan in 1837, settling in the town of Litchfield,\\nHillsdale county.\\nMr. Eggleston received a thorough common school education, and\\nafterwards studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Gordon. He was\\nadmitted to the bar in 1852.\\nIn 1851, he removed to Grand Rapids, where, after being admitted, he\\ncommenced the practice of his profession, and soon won a high reputa-\\ntion for his legal ability. He still continues the practice of the law at", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "570 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe gap between Escanaba and the Wisconsin State line, on\\nthe Chicago and Northwestei n road, has recently been built,\\nthus forming a direct connection between Marquette and Chicago.\\nThe Marquette, Mackinaw and Sault Ste. Marie road has\\nrecently been chartered. This road is to extend from Marquette\\nto Sault Ste. Marie, with a branch to Mackinaw. The branch\\nwill give a direct railroad connection between the two peninsulas,\\nwhich will be of the utmost importance to the people of both,\\nand bring the winter trade from the Upper Peninsula through\\nMackinaw to the Lower Peninsula, and shorten the distance to be\\ntraveled from Detroit to Marquette 340 miles.\\nThe aggregate length of the railroads of Michigan, as stated by\\nGovernor Bagley in his message to the Legislature in January,\\n1873, is about 3,200 miles.\\nThe question of bridging the river at Detroit is being vigorously\\ndiscussed at the present writing, and it is probable that at no\\ndistant day this great desideratum of western shippers, agricultur-\\nists and railroad men will be accomplished. The scheme is, how-\\never, violently opposed by vessel owners and others, interested in\\nthe commerce of the lakes. A board of engineers has been\\nappointed to report as to its propriety and feasibility.\\nNo better idea of the immense interests at stake, of the com-\\nmerce of the lakes and of the business of Michigan railroads, can\\nbe obtained than by a mere statement of the leading argument\\nused on each side of this question. The vessel owners show that\\nat least $50,000,000 are invested in vessels which pass through the\\nDetroit river; and that the passage of these vessels average one\\nevery six minutes during navigation. On the other hand, those in\\nthat city, and ranks among the leading lawyers of the western portion\\nof the State.\\nHe was appointed Consul to Cadiz, Spain, by President Lincoln, in\\n1861, and served in that capacity for four years.\\nMr. Eggleston was chosen representative to the State legislature from\\nthe first district of Grand Rapids, in the fall of 1873, and served in the\\nhouse during the session of 1872-73. He was an active member of the\\njudiciary committee and chairman of the committee on private corpora-\\ntions of that body.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 571\\nfavor of a bridge show that at least $150,000,000 of railway\\nproperty are interested in crossing the Detroit river, to say noth-\\ning of the immense mercantile and agricultural interests of the\\nState, and, indeed, of the whole northwest, that are interested in\\nsecuring quick and cheap transportation to and from the sea-\\nboard. Vessel owners assert that their interests would be\\nmaterially affected, and navigation obstructed during the summer\\nmonths, by a bridge across the river. Railroad men, merchants\\nand agriculturists assert that the blockade of freight occasioned\\nby ice during the winter months, occasions the loss of many mil-\\nlions of dollars annually.\\nHow the question will be settled time only can determine. It\\nis mentioned here merely to give a faint idea of the immense\\ninterests involved the untold wealth and possibilities of the\\ncommerce which annually passes through and along the shores of\\nthe State of Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVI.\\nMineral and Forest Wealth op Michigan Iron Copper Salt\\nGypsum Coal Other Minerals Lumber.\\nIRON.\\nThe existence of iron in the Upper Peninsula has long been\\nknown. The Indians, at an early day, gave information to the\\nwhite traders which led to investigations but it was not until a\\ncomparatively recent period that operations on an extended scale\\ncommenced. The first company organized for the purpose was\\ncalled the Jackson Iron Company. This company was organized\\nin 1845. It is still in existence, and its mine has yielded the\\nlargest amount of iron of any in the district, save one the Lake\\nSuperior mine only producing a larger amount.\\nUpon the organization of the Jackson Iron Company, one of\\nthe corporators visited the Lake Superior country, and, guided by\\nthe Indians, discovered and located what are now known as the\\nJackson and Cleveland mines. On his return home he brought a\\nspecimen of the ore, a portion of which he sent to Pittsburg, and\\nanother portion to Coldwater, in this State, for the purpose of\\nhaving its quality tested. At the former place it was pronounced\\nutterly worthless, but at the latter a more favorable report was\\nmade. In 1846 the first opening was made in the Jackson mine.\\nThe year following a forge was put in operation, in which the first\\nore taken out of the Jackson mine was manufiictured into blooms,\\nHon. E. B. Ward purchased the first blooms manufactured by\\nthis company, and used the iron in constructing the walking-beam\\nof the steamer Ocean. Other forges followed soon after, and\\nin 1853 three or four tons of iron were shipped to the World s\\nFair, at New York. Owing to the difficulties of shipping, there\\nwas little done until 1856, when regular shipments commenced.\\nThe Cleveland mine was opened about the same time. The", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n573\\nMarquette mine was next opened, and made its first shipment in\\n1868. Other mines were opened from time to time, as the atten-\\ntion of capitalists were attracted to the region.\\nNotwithstanding the unfavorable report made by the Pitts-\\nPROF. DAVID PARSONS.\\nDavid Parsons was born in the town of New Haven, Oswego county,\\nNew York, in the year 1820.\\nWhen not quite fifteen years of age, he, without a cent in his pocket\\nand but poorly clad, started for the Territory of Michigan, where three\\nof his brothers had preceded him. After traveling on foot and by water\\nseveral hundred miles, he found two of his brothers at Ann Arbor.\\nThey being unable to assist him, he started for Spring Arbor, where his\\nother brother was located. He found him in no better circumstances", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "574 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nburg parties who tested the ore first shipped to them, Lake\\nSuperior iron is now acknowledged to be the best in the world.\\nIts strength per square inch, in pounds, has been found to be no\\nless than 89,582. The nearest approach to this is in the best\\nRussia iron, the strength of which is 7G,069 pounds whilst the\\nbest Swedish iron shows a strength of only 58,184. The common\\nEnglish and American iron bears a test of about 30,000 pounds.\\nLake Superior iron has been practically tested in every possible\\nuse to which iron can be put, and the universal testimony is that\\nit is the best in existence, both as regards strength and ease of\\nmanipulation.\\nThe mines thus far developed are mainly in the county of\\nMarquette. They are generally found in hills which are from\\n400 to 600 feet in height. These hills are in a range of about\\nsix miles wide, and one hundred miles in length. They extend\\nfrom Lake Fairbanks to Keweenaw Bay. In Menominee county\\nthere is another range of hills, equally rich in this ore, but they\\nare at present undeveloped. This range crops out at Bayfield,\\nand at several other points large deposits of magnetic ores are\\nfound, which prove to be almost pure native iron. Five different\\nvarieties of ores have been found. The most valuable is the\\nthan the others, and after traveling about the country some thirty miles,\\nhe tinally succeeded in getting employment on a farm.\\nReturning to Ann Arbor in the winter, he taught the school in Lower\\nAnn Arbor that season.\\nAfter his school closed, he again engaged in farming, about two miles\\nsouth of where the city of Marshall now stands, and while thus employed,\\npassed through many exciting and dangerous scenes with wolves and\\nother wild animals, and endured all the severe hardships consequent\\nupon a pioneer s life in a wild country.\\nDisliking farming, and having early resolved to obtain an education\\nand become a professional teacher, Mr. Parsons devoted all his spare\\nmoments with his books, even carrying them to the field with him that\\nhe might utilize every possible minute in which he was not otherwise\\nemployed, in acquiring information from them.\\nBy his own unwearied exertions at teaching school winters and work-\\ning on a farm summers, and through the aid of his brother John, he\\nsucceeded in receiving an academic education and preparing himself for\\nhis profession. At the age of twenty, he was called to take charge of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY O^ MICHIGAN. 575\\nspecular hematite, which yields about 60 to 75 per cent of metal-\\nlic iron. The second in importance is the soft hematite, which\\nyields about 50 per cent in the furnace, and has the advantage of\\nbeing more easily reduced than any other ore of the district.\\nThe magnetic ore is found west of the other ores of the district.\\nThe Michigan, Washington, Edwards and Champion mines pro-\\nduce this ore almost exclusively. The flag ore is slaty or shistose\\nsilicious hematite, containing a less per centage of metallic iron\\nthan the ores above named, and is rather more difficult to reduce.\\nIt is often magnetic and sometimes banded with dull red or white\\nquartz. The iron is cold short, which is said to be one of the\\nbest qualities of this ore. The other ores of the district are red\\nshort. This ore is believed to be the most abundant in the dis-\\ntrict. At several points in the district, and accompanying the\\nflag ore, is found a silicious iron ore, which contains a variable\\namount of oxide of manganese. This is of great value as a\\nmixture.\\nThere are forty mines now in the district, which have produced\\nsince their opening, up to and including the year 1872, an aver-\\nage of over 139,184 tons. The aggregate yield, in tons, from\\n1856 to 1872 inclusive, is 5,567,373. The value of this yield has\\none of the public schools at Salina, New York. This school was one of\\nthe most unruly in existence, and when Mr. Parsons informed the trus-\\ntees that he was going to teach it without the use of a rod, they were\\nloth to give him the situation, but finally concluded to allow him a\\nweek s trial. At the expiration of that time, he had the pupils entirely\\nunder his control, and so complete was his success that he remained in\\ncharge of the school for three years.\\nMr. Parsons was one of the early advocates of moral suasion in the\\npublic schools, his motto being a school well taught is a school well\\ngoverned.\\nIn 1844, the first State teachers convention held in the State was called\\nto meet in Syracuse, New York, and a State association organized. At\\nthat convention, Mr. Parsons had gained such a prominence among the\\nteachers of the State as to be elected the secretary.\\nShortly afterwards, he made a tour of New York State, conducting\\nteachers institutes, and doing much toward driving corporal punishment\\nfrom the public schools.\\nWhen but twenty-one years of age, Mr. Parsons published a work on", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "576 GENERAL HISTORY. OF THE STATES.\\nbeen $44,373,833. There are fifteen furnaces in the district,\\nwhich have produced since their establishment, an average of\\nover 23,858 tons. Their aggregate production since 1858, when\\nthe first was started, up to and including 1872, is 357,880 tons.\\nMichigan ranks as the second State in the union in the produc-\\ntion of iron, Pennsylvania only leading her. The magnitude of\\nher iron interest is seen in the fact that in 1872 she furnished\\nabout one-thirteenth of the entire product of the world. But,\\ngreat as it is, it is yet in its infancy. Mountains of solid ore,\\ncovering many square miles, exist within her limits and, thous-\\nands of years hence, when this continent shall contain a popula-\\ntion greater than now exists in the world, the iron mines of\\nMichigan will still continue to pour out their rich treasures in\\ninexhaustible abundance.\\nCOPPER.\\nThe principal copper mines in Michigan, are in the counties of\\nKeweenaw, Houghton and Ontonagon. The existence of copper\\nin the Upper Peninsula was known to the Indians long before the\\nwhite man had penetrated the dejDths of our forests and the\\nearly white settlers were informed of its existence many years\\nAnalysis of Words, whicli he had written when he was but eighteen.\\nShortly afterwards, he published a chart, entitled Parsons Philosophi-\\ncal and Practical Orthography. This chart, after passing through\\nseveral editions, was placed upon a more practical basis by being accom-\\npanied by a book on Orthography, the Elements of Elocution and\\nAnalysis, and the introduction of the Union System of Teaching,\\nReading, etc., by the same author. Mr. Parsons has published several\\nother educational works.\\nIn 1855, in connection with Professor Alfred Holbrook, he started the\\nproject which has resulted in the present magnificent and efficient\\nnational normal school, at Lebanon, Ohio, with Professor Holbrook at\\nits head.\\nMr. Parsons is widely known as an organizer. He organized the\\nWellsville union school, the Jefferson academy, the Belle Fontaine union\\nschools, and Tafton collegiate seminary.\\nFor a number of years past, Mr. Parsons has been engaged in the life\\ninsurance business, and is acknowledged to be one of the most success-\\nful men in that occupation in the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n577\\nago. But no active measures were taken to ascertain the extent\\nof the deposits, or to reap any benefit from their rich stores, until\\nthe year 1845. At that time the fever of copper speculation\\nbroke out, and had a most disastrous run for several years.\\nGEN. A. T. M REYNOLDS.\\nAndrew T. McReynolds was born in Dungannon, Tyrone county,\\nIreland, on Christmas day, 1808.\\nHe emigrated to America in August, 1830, in his twenty-second year,\\nand was a resident of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, for some time before\\ncoming to Michigan.\\nWhile there, he was one of the original members and first ensign of\\nthe Duquesne Grays of that city, organized in 1831, and which was the\\nfirst independent volunteer company formed west of the AUeghanies.\\n37", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "578 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nNumerous companies were organized, and speculations in cop-\\nper stocks were indulged in to an enormous extent. The Cliff\\nmine was the first one developed. Three years Avere spent in\\ndeveloping it, with very discouraging results but at the end of\\nthat time, and just at the moment of success, the mine changed\\nhands. In the hands of the new owners it proved to be exceed-\\ningly rich in both copper and silver. This mine is situated in\\nKeweenaw county, just back of Eagle Harbor. In 1848 the\\nMinnesota mine was discovered. Several years were spent in this\\nmine with very little show of success. In 1855 the Pcwabic mine\\nwas opened. The first four years the sum of $230,813 was\\nexpended, and $153,168 worth of copper was produced. Other\\nmines were worked with similar results, some even more disas-\\ntrously. Several causes conspired to produce these results. The\\nSt. Mary s canal was not yet built, and all supplies had to be\\npacked around the falls. They were then carried in boats along\\nthe shores for hundreds of miles. When the mining region was\\nreached everything had to be packed on the backs of beasts or of\\nmen to the mines. Again, the want of practical experience in\\nthose who worked the mines led to much loss, great embarrass-\\nWhile in Pittsburg, he volunteered to aid under General Scott, in put-\\nting down nullification in South Carolina.\\nComing to Detroit in 1833, he has been a resident of Michigan for\\nforty years.\\nIn 1834, he was appointed major on the staff of Major-General Williams,\\nwho was in command of all the militia in the Territory of Michigan.\\nIn the winter of 1834-35, he was one of four that organized the Brady\\nGuards of Detroit, the other three being Major Isaac Rowland, Marshal\\nBacon and John Chester. The Brady Guards was the first independent\\nmilitary organization west of Lake Erie subsequent to the war of 1812.\\nHe commenced the practice of the law in Detroit in 1840, and soon\\nrose to a prominence in the profession.\\nHe organized the Montgomery Guards of Detroit, and was their first\\ncaptain; and he also served eleven years as lieutenant-colonel and colonel\\nof the first regiment of Michigan militia.\\nHaving, in 1847, received a captain s commission in the dragoon service\\nof the United States army, he resigned the seat he was then occupying in\\nthe Michigan State Senate, and served under General Scott during the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 579\\nments, and final abandonment of enterprises that with practical\\nskill and good judgment might have been successfully carried out.\\nThe want of scientific exploration and examination of these\\nregions was also a serious drawback. With the completion of the\\ncanal all this was changed, and copper mining received a new\\nimpetus. Goods could be transported more cheaply, and the pro-\\nduct of the mines could be readily transported to market. Scien-\\ntific explorations followed, and capital and skilled labor were\\nbrought into requisition. The finances were managed with more\\ncare, and the mines were worked with greater judgment. The\\nresult has been a rich reward for the enterprise and capital\\ninvested, and the production of copper has come to be one of the\\ngreat industries of the Northwest.\\nThe ore mined is of the richest quality, yielding about 80 per\\ncent of ingot copper. Many times vast masses of pure native\\ncopper, weighing many tons, have been taken out. Smelting\\nworks have been established at Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg and\\nPortage Lake. Twenty-five mines are now in successful opera-\\ntion, giving employment to over seven thousand men. The num-\\nber of tons produced from 1845 to 1872, inclusive, is 175,756.\\nwar with Mexico. He was attached to the headquarters; his troops, in\\nconiunction with those under General Philip Kearney, acting as the body\\nguard of the commanding general during the campaign that terminated\\nin planting the American banner in triumph on the halls of the Monte-\\nzumas.\\nThe following extract, which gives a vivid description of General\\nMcReynolds bravery, appears in the Life of General Philip Kearney,\\nwhich was written by J. Watts De Peyster:\\nThe charge of dragoons refered to was made by two troops one led\\nby Captain Kearney, the other by Captain McReynolds. The name of\\nKearney sounds rather Irish, but of the birth or descent of that gallant\\nsoldier we are unable to speak. We are happy, however, to be able to\\nclaim Captain McReynolds as Irish born, and no one will believe him to\\nbe a whit the less a true American on that account. Captain McReynolds\\nis a native of Dungannon, in the county of Tyrone. The Detroit Free\\nPress, in quoting from the New Orleans Picayune the passage which we\\nsubjoin, speaks thus: It was in this charge that Captain McReynolds, of\\nthis city, received his serious wound, his troop all Michigan boys", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "580 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe value of the copper produced in that time is estimated at\\n$76,560,720.\\nThe richness of the copper mines of the Upper Peninsula is\\nnot surpassed in the world. It is already one of most important\\nindustries in the Northwest, and further scientific research will\\nundoubtedly lead to still more important results, and materially\\nincrease the wealth and commerce of the State.\\nSALT.\\nThe first attempt to develop the saline resources of the State\\nwas made by the late Dr. Douglas Houghton, then State Geologist,\\nunder the authority of the Legislature. An appropriation of\\n$3,000 was made for this purpose, and operations were commenced\\nin June, 1838. A spot was selected on the Tittabawassee river,\\nten miles above the site of the present village of Midland. Two\\nthousand dollars of this appropriation were expended before the\\ndepth of 100 feet was reached, and those engaged in the prosecu-\\ntion of the work began to look upon the enterprise as hopeless.\\nWork was continued, however, until a depth of 140 feet was\\nreached, when it was abandoned. Dr. Houghton never lost faith\\nin the ultimate success of the enterprise, having the fullest coufi-\\ntogether with Kearney s, participating. It was undoubtedly one of the\\nboldest and most desperate charges on record. The commanding gen-\\neral of the division thus speaks of the charge and Captain McKeynolds\\nand his bold dragoons: Capain McReynolds Third Dragoons nobly sus-\\ntained the daring movements of their squadron commander. Both of\\nthese fine companies sustained severe losses in their rank and file. We\\nare informed that the enemy numbered, by their own report, two thou-\\nsand infantry and one thousand cavalry, while our dragoons did not\\nexceed one hundred. This small force drove the Mexicans upwards of\\ntwo miles, and ceased not until they were within the battery that covered\\nthe gate of the city. In this charge, the dragoons cut down more than\\ntheir entire number of the enemy. When we consider the extraordinary\\ndisparity in point of numbers, and the raking position of the enemy s\\nbattery, into the very mouth of which our brave dragoons fearlessly\\nthrew themselves, we think we may safely say it has no parallel in\\nmodern warfare. Dublin Freeman s Journal.\\nWhen the war with Mexico closed, he returned to Detroit and resumed\\nthe practice of his profession.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 581\\ndence in the existence of rich and extensive saline deposits under-\\nlying a large area of the surface of Michigan. After this failure\\nthe matter rested for a time. Occasionally wells were sunk in\\nvarious parts of the State, but with poor success, until 1860, when\\nthe first paying well was sunk in the Saginaw valley. Before the\\nclose of that year 4,000 barrels were shipped. Since that time\\nnumerous paying wells have been sunk, the manufacturing pro-\\ncess has been improved so as to materially reduce the cost of\\nproduction, and to-day salt is one of the staple productions of the\\nState. The principal salt region, as far as developed, is in the\\nSaginaw valley. The wells are usually sunk in the vicinity of\\nthe saw mills, in order to be able to utilize the exhaust steam or\\nthe refuse of the mills, in the manufacture of the salt. This\\nreduces the expense of manufacture to a minimum, and produces\\nlarge returns in proportion to the capital invested and the labor\\ninvolved.\\nA little over twelve years have elapsed since the first shipments\\nwere made from this State but in that time over six millions of\\nbarrels have been manufactured.\\nAt the close of the year 1872 there were sixty salt manufactur-\\nUpon the breaking out of the rebellion, he tendered his services to the\\ngovernment, and having received the appointment of colonel from Presi-\\ndent Lincoln, he organized and brought into the field the Lincoln\\nCavalry, which was the first regiment of cavalry organized for the\\nUnion army.\\nGeneral McReynolds commanded his regiment during the first year of\\nthe war. Subsequently, he was in command of a brigade for nearly two\\nyears and of a division for some six months, when, his term of service\\nhaving expired, he received an honorable discharge, returned to his\\nhome at Grand Rapids, and again resumed the practice of his profession.\\nGeneral McReynolds has held many important civil positions, and has\\nlived a very eventful life. Shortly after coming to Detroit he became\\nconnected with the Michigan Bank, and remained in it four years.\\nHe was an alderman of the city of Detroit in 1838-39, and in the latter\\nyear was elected a representative to the State legislature, serving in that\\nbody during the session of 1839-40. He was a delegate from Michigan\\nto the Harrisburg convention of December, 1839, which nominated Gen-\\neral Harrison as the Whig candidate for the Presidency. Under Presi-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "582 GtNEtlAL filSTORY OP THE STATES.\\ning firms in the State, with a capital of $3,500,000 invested.\\nThese firms give employment to about 1,000 men, in the manu-\\nfacture of salt and the business incident thereto. Their manufac-\\nturing capacity is about 1,158,000 barrels per annum.\\nThe following shows the districts, and the character and\\ncapacity of the works, as arranged by the State salt inspector\\nDistrict No. 1, East Saginaw, has 4 salt companies, with 10\\nkettles, 1 steam and 2 pan blocks. Capacity 140,000 barrels.\\nDistrict No. 2, South Saginaw, 10 firms, with 10 kettles and 3\\nsteam blocks. Capacity 135,000 barrels.\\nDistrict No. 3, Saginaw City, 8 firms, with 5 kettles, 7 steam\\nand 1 pan block. Capacity 150,000 barrels.\\nDistrict No. 4, Carrolton, 6 firms, with 12 kettles, 2 steam and\\n1 pan block. Capacity 175,000 barrels.\\nDistrict No. 5, Zilwaukee, 6 firms, with 3 kettles, 4 steam and\\n3 pan blocks, and 2,776 solar salt covers. Capacity 150,000\\nbarrels.\\nDistrict No. 6, Portsmouth, Bay City and Salzburg, 9 firms,\\nwith 6 kettles and 8 steam blocks. Capacity 175,000 barrels.\\nDistrict No. 7, Bay, Banks and Kawkawlin, 13 firms, with 4\\nkettles, 7 steam and 5 pan blocks, and 521 solar salt covers.\\nCapacity 175,000 barrels.\\ndent Tyler, he was Indian agent for some three years. He was elected\\nState senator from Detroit, in 1846, and served until he entered the army\\nduring the Mexican war. He was prosecuting attorney of Wayne county\\nin 1851-52, and was a memher of the board of education of Detroit, and\\nits first president under its charter. General McReynolds was United\\nStates district attorney for the western district of Michigan, at Grand\\nRapids, under President Johnson, and was the Democratic and Liberal\\nRepublican nominee for Congress in the fifth Michigan district in the\\nfall of 1872, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, the late Hon.\\nWilder D. Foster.\\nGeneral McReynolds is held in high esteem by the citizens of Michi-\\ngan, and in fact of the whole Union, for his gallant and long service in\\ndefense of the flag of his adopted country, and his name will long be\\nhonored and cherished by them, not only for his brave military deeds,\\nbut also for the prominent and noble acts of his civic life.\\nHe is at present residing in Grand Rapids, where he moved in 1859,\\nand is actively engaged in the practice of his profession.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MlCHlGAlC.\\n583\\nDistrict No. 8, Huron county, 3 firms, one at Port Austin, one\\nat ^Caseville, and one at White Rock. They have 2 kettles, 1\\nsteam and 2 pan blocks, and 50 solar salt covers. Capacity 50,000\\nbarrels.\\nD. M. FERRY.\\nD. M. Ferry was born in Lowville, Lewis county, New York, in 1833.\\nHis father died wlien he was but three years of age, and shortly after his\\nmother removed with her two children to Penfield, Monroe county, in\\nthe western part of the same State. At the age of sixteen, Master Ferry\\nstarted in life on his own account, by engaging to work for a neighboring\\nfarmer during the summer of 1849, for ten dollars per month. He\\nremained in the farmer s employment two summers, attending a country\\nschool in the neighborhood during the winter season. Being forcibly\\nimpressed with a desire to obtain a liberal education, such as could not\\nbe acquired at a country school, he secured a situation with a gentleman", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "584 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nDistrict No. 9, Mount Clemens, 1 firm, with 1 steam block.\\nCapacity 8,000 barrels.\\nAt St. Clair a well was sunk several years since. Good brine\\nwas obtained, and a salt block erected, from which a prime quality\\nof salt was manufactured but the manufacture was soon aban-\\ndoned, owing, it is said to the high price of fuel.\\nThe manufacture of salt has also commenced in East Tawas,\\nand a new inspection district is about to be erected.\\nThe quality of Michigan salt is unsurpassed, and is rapidly\\ntaking the place of all others in the markets of the West. The\\nfollowing chemical analysis will show its character Chloride of\\nsodium, 97.288 chloride of calcium, 0.229 chloride of magne-\\nsium, 0.340 sulphate of lime, 0.697 moisture, 1.300 insoluble\\nmatter, 0.046. Total, 100.000.\\nThe refuse from the manufactories is now being utilized. It\\nproduces aniline, one of the best known bases of color, and bromo-\\nchloralum, an excellent disinfectant.\\nof wealth, near Rochester, New York, in order to avail himself, during\\nthe winter months, of the benefits of more advanced city schools. After\\nremaining in the last mentioned gentleman s employment for a consider-\\nable time, and making substantial advancement in his studies, his\\nemployer, being favorably moved by his industry and apt perseverance,\\nkindly assisted him in procuring a situation in a wholesale and retail\\nbook store in Detroit, where he arrived in November, 1853.\\nAs we have already seen, while only a boy jNlr. Ferry was thrown upon\\nhis own resources and left quite alone in his struggles with the world.\\nBut simultaneously with this early commencement to do for himself, he\\nseems to have been endowed with energy and ability equal to the task.\\nThere are but few men in the whole Northwest who have in so short a\\ntime made such progress in business, and became so favorably and gener-\\nally known to the people of the central, southern and western States, as\\nMr. D. M. Ferry, senior member of the firm of Messrs. D. M. Ferry Co.\\nof Detroit. He commenced in the seed business in Detroit in 1856, when\\nonly twenty-three years of age. This beginning was exceedingly small,\\nbut, through almost matchless energy and enterprise, in the short space\\nof seventeen years, Mr. Ferry has established an immense and profitable\\nbusiness, and accumulated for himself an ample fortune.\\nSuch men are indeed a credit to the metropolis of Michigan, as they\\nare rapidly placing her among the first commercial States in the Union.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n585\\nGYPSUM.\\nThe discovery of gypsum in Michigan dates as far back as the\\ntime when General Cass was Governor of the Territory. Nothing\\nwas done in the way of developing the beds until 1840, when the\\nHON. IRA MAYHEW.\\nIra Mayhew, late superintendent of public instruction of the State of\\nMichigan, was born in Ellisburg, Jefferson county, New York, in 1814.\\nHe received a common school education, and entered the Union Aca-\\ndemy in Belleville at the age of fourteen. He commenced teaching school\\nin 1832, and followed this profession with eminent success until 1836,\\nwhen, finding his health considerably impaired, he made a voyage to the\\nbanks of Newfoundland. In 1837, he was appointed principal of the\\nAdams Seminary, in which capacity he labored until the fall of 1841,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "586 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nfirst plaster mill was erected at Grand Rapids. Two years before\\nthis Dr. Douglass Houghton visited the Grand Rapids beds, and\\nmade a report which led to their development. The stratum of\\ngypsum at this place is from eighteen to twenty feet in thickness,\\nand covers an area of about 1,000 acres. The manufacture of\\nplaster at Grand Rapids aggregates about 40,000 tons of land\\nplaster, and about 60,000 barrels of stucco per annum. About\\n$500,000 is invested in the business, giving employment to about\\nthree hundred men.\\nIt is an excellent fertilizer, and finds a ready market among the\\nfarmers of this State and of Indiana.\\nPlaster is also found at Alabaster, Iosco county, and in the\\nUpper Peninsula. The mines at Alabaster were only opened\\nabout six or seven years ago. They are located close to the water s\\nedge, on an excellent harbor, and the facilities for mining and\\nshipping are excellent. The plaster is taken from the mines to\\nthe dock over a tramway, where it is dumped from the cars into\\nthe vessel.\\nA chemical analysis of the gypsum found in Michigan presents\\nthe following result Sulphuric acid, 48 lime, 32 water, 20.\\nTotal, 100.\\nThis business is destined to assume great magnitude, as the\\ncountry settles up and the agricultural resources are developed.\\nIts value as a fertilizer is rapidly becoming known and appreci-\\nated, and the demand increases from year to year,\\nwhen he was elected county superintendent of common schools in his\\nnative county.\\nAt the expiration of his first term as county superintendent, in 1843,\\nMr. Mayhew removed to Michigan, where liis most valuable labors for\\nthe promotion of educational interests have been performed. The people\\nof the Peninsular State were neither slow to observe his qualifications,\\nnor backward in securing the services of his talents. He was first\\nappointed principal of the Monroe branch of the State University, and,\\nin the winter of 1845, he was nominated by the Governor and elected by\\nthe legislature to the oflBce of superintendent of public instruction, a\\nposition to which he was reelected in 1847. The Middletown University,\\nConnecticut, conferred upon him the degree of master of arts in 1848.\\nIn the early part of 184!), he delivered, by invitation, a series of lectures", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 587\\nCOAL.\\nGeologists have long since demonstrated the fact that an\\nimmense coal basin underlies the whole central portion of the\\nState. Prof. J. W. Foster estimates the coal field of Michigan to\\nbe about one hundred feet in thickness, and to cover an area of\\nfive thousand square miles. Mines have thus far been opened at\\nJackson, at Corunna, Shiawassee county, and at Williamston, in\\nthe county of Ingham. The first operations in this line com-\\nmenced in 1858, at Jackson, and this mine has been regularly\\nworked since that time. The coal is bituminous, and is strongly\\nimpregnated with sulphur, which renders it unpopular for domestic\\nuse. In many branches of manufacture, however, it is well\\nadapted and largely employed. The coal improves in quality as\\nthe shaft descends through the stratum.\\nAt Corunna, mining operations have^ been carried on for about\\nten years. The quality of the coal is similar to that at Jackson.\\nA vein containing a very superior quality of coal has recently\\nbeen opened, which bids fair to prove of great importance. A\\nrailroad track has been laid directly to the mine, thus affording\\nthe best facilities for shipment.\\nThe coal found at Williamston is much superior in quality to\\nthat of either of the above mines, and resembles, more nearly than\\nany other in the State, the celebrated block coal of Indiana. Very\\nlittle has heretofore been done at this mine, owing to a lack of\\non education in the State Capitol, after which he was requested by the\\nlegislature to edit and publish a volume containing the views set forth\\nin his lectures, and at the end of his second term of office, he retired\\nfrom public life a short time for the purpose of complying with that\\nrequest. This volume was entitled Means and Ends of Universal Edu-\\ncation, and was received by the public and press, as well as by dis-\\ntinguished men of literature, with much praise and merited acceptation.\\nIn 1851, he published his work on Practical Book-keeping, which up\\nto the present date has passed through more than ninety editions.\\nIn 1853, Mr. Mayhew was elected President of Albion Seminary and\\nCollege. After occupying this position one year, he was recalled to the\\noffice of superintendent of public instruction, and, in 1856, he was\\nelected for the fourth time to this office, by the largest majority given to", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "588 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nrailroad facilities. But this difficulty has recently been overcome,\\nand mining is carried on vigorously.\\nCoal mining in Michigan is yet in its infancy but there is\\nenough within the limits of the State to supply the furnaces of the\\nworld for thousands of years to come.\\nOTHER MINERALS.\\nThere are many other minerals in the State besides those enum-\\nerated above, some of which are destined to be developed and add\\ngreatly to the wealth of Michigan. Silver and gold are known to\\nexist in the Upper Peninsula. The former, in no inconsiderable\\nquantities, has been found in the copper mines. Lead and plum-\\nbago are also known to exist in that region. The Indians supplied\\nthemselves with bullets from mines at Lake Superior, but could\\nnever be induced to reveal the locality from which they obtained\\nit. Mines have already been opened, but never worked to any\\ngreat extent. It is safe to predict, however, that at no distant\\nday profitable mines will be opened, and thus another branch of\\nmining industry Avill be added to the other resources of the State.\\nThe business of manufacturing grindstones has assumed con-\\nsiderable magnitude of late, the Huron grit-stones being unri-\\nvaled in the market.\\nMarble, of great variety and superior quality, is also found in\\nthe Marquette iron region.\\nany candidate on tlie State ticket up to that time, whicli was an unmis-\\ntakable evidence of tlie popular appreciation of the valuable services he\\nhad rendered in this important part of the State government. He retired\\nfrom public life for a time in 1850, having served the State in the same\\nhigh office for eight years.\\nThe next year, Mr. Mayhew thoroughly revised and republished his\\nwork on Practical Book-keeping.\\nThe same year, he established the Albion Commercial College, which\\nwas afterwards removed to Detroit, and is noticed in another part of this\\nwork, in the chapter devoted to the educational interests of Michigan.\\nIn 1862, he was appointed to and accepted the office of collector of\\ninternal revenue for the third district of Michigan, which position he\\nheld until 1865, since when, his whole time has been occupied in con-\\ndu(!ting his Business College in Detroit.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n589\\nYellow and red ochre and manganese beds are found in the St.\\nMary s Peninsula, where coloring material can be mined in unlim-\\nited quantities.\\nBuilding stone of a very superior quality is found in various\\nJAMES NALL, JR.\\nJames Nall, Jr., was born in Huddersfield, England, in April, 1828,\\nand came to America with liis parents when only four years old.\\nHis father, Rev. James Nail, a Congregational minister of consider-\\nable reputation in Canada, being favorably impressed with the practical\\nside of life, resolved to settle his sons on farms, and in furtherance of\\nthis purpose, purchased in the fall of 1844, a tract of land located in the\\nheart of a forest about twelve miles northwest of Port Sarnia, Ontario.\\nIn the fall of that year the subject of this sketch, when only sixteen\\nyears of age, in company with his brother, set out from his home in", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "590 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlocalities, equal in beauty and durability to the free stone of New\\nEngland.\\nMaterial for quick] limes and hydraulic limes is also found in\\nunlimited quantities. Clays of every variety for brick making\\nare found in the greatest abundance. White and lemon colored\\nbricks, so popular for building fronts, are made in many locali-\\nties. Vast quantities of peat are found in many places, which, in\\nfuture years, will prove of immense value.\\nLUMBER.\\nIt is safe to say that no region on this continent of the same\\narea possesses so much of valuable timber as Michigan. Not less\\nthan 20,000,000 acres, or one-half the area of the State, was\\noriginally covered with pine. What are here mentioned as pine\\nlands must not be understood as being covered exclusively with\\nthat timber. Along the margins of the streams the pine forests\\nare very dense but away from the streams it is generally liber-\\nally interspersed with various hard woods. The superior quality\\nof the pine thus intersjiersed with the hard timber amply compen-\\nsates for the lack of quantity.\\nBurford, Ontario, to clear up a farm in the midst of a dense forest. Tliey\\nspent the winter at this work and in tlie following spring had eleven\\nacres cleared, but the amount of labor it had taken to accomplish this\\ntask caused Mr. Nail to seek some other less laborious employment.\\nAccordingly he visited Port Sarnia and secured a position in the general\\nstore of the Hon Malcolm Cameron, with whom he remained two years\\nand a half, and until that gentleman had retired from business Upon\\nclosing out his business Mr. Cameron offered to procure Mr. Nail a situation\\neither in Toronto or Montreal. He declined this offer, however, having\\nalready closely watched and admired the march of commercial prosperity\\nin the United States, he procured a letter of recommendation from his\\nformer employer to the Hon. Zachariah Chandler, of Detroit, and visit-\\ning that city in 1848, was engaged by that gentleman, with whom he\\nremained until 1853, when he went into the employ of Mr. William A.\\nRaymond, a prominent dry goods merchant in Detroit at that time. After\\nserving with this gentleman for two years lie succeeded to a one-third\\ninterest in the establishment, and at the expiration of the three succeed-\\ning years he became an equal partner with Mr. Raymond. About one\\nyear from this time the senior partner died, and the entire business", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n591\\nThe principal lumber region, thus far developed, is the valley\\nof the Saginaw river, and along its tributary streams, extending\\nto the upper Muskegon, and thence to Lake Michigan. The\\nregion around Thunder Bay also contains a large area of pine\\nRESIDENCE OF JAME3 NALL, JR.\\npassed into the hands of Mr. Nail, who is still conducting it, but on a\\nmuch larger scale, and with the same characteristic success.\\nIn the early part of 1872 Mr. Nail began the erection of a residence on\\nJefferson avenue, opposite Christ s church, Detroit, of which the above\\nengraving is a representation. It is now completed and is recognized as\\none of the handsomest, in point of exterior adornments, in the city. It\\nis located on large and pleasant grounds which have an extended frontage\\non Jefferson avenue and Larned street. The interior of the residence has\\nbeen arranged with great care, and the whole constitutes a very fashion-\\nable and cornmodious dwelling.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "592 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntimber, and the Au Sable and the Manistee rivers penetrate an\\nimmense pine region. On all these streams lumbering operations\\nare extensively carried on, but the principal sources of supply are\\nat present the Saginaw valley on the east, and on the Muskegon\\nriver on the west.\\nBefore railroads penetrated the pine forests of the interior, lum-\\nbering operations were confined almost exclusively to the immedi-\\nate vicinity of streams. The logs were cut in the winter, and\\nhauled on the snow to the streams, and floated to the mills on the\\ncurrent formed by the spring freshets. With the advent of rail-\\nroads, immense tracts of valuable pine, heretofore inaccessible,\\nhave been brought into the market. Mills spring up along the\\ntracks of the railroads as they are laid through the forests, flour-\\nishing villages appear as if by magic, the forests are cleared and\\nbrought under cultivation, thus giving employment to thousands\\nof men, homes and productive farms to the hardy pioneers, and\\nabundant and remunerative employment to the railroads in trans-\\nporting lumber and supplies. The principal roads that have thus\\npenetrated the pine forests of the interior are the Jackson, Lan-\\nsing and Saginaw, the Flint and Pere Marquette, and Grand Rap-\\nids and Indiana Railroads.\\nIt is estimated that there are about 7,000,000 acres of pine\\nlauds in the Lower Peninsula that are yet untouched. It is true\\nthat some of this is interspersed with hard wood timber but that\\nis compensated for by the fact that the pine is of better quality\\nand the lands better adapted to the purposes of agriculture than\\nthose covered exclusively with pine. In the Upper Peninsula it\\nis estimated that there are at least 10,000,000 acres of pine as yet\\nuntouched, which will produce, probably, 7,000,000,000 feet of\\nlumber.\\nIt may be well in this connection to correct a mistake that pre-\\nvails to a great extent in reference to the adaptation of pine lands\\nto the purposes of agriculture. No better farming lands exist\\nthan those which have produced a mixed growth of pine and\\nhard wood timber and even the land that has been covered\\nexclusively with pine is very rich and productive under proper\\ncare and management.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n593\\nThe quality of Michigan pine is unsurpassed for the purposes\\nof lumber. It is principally white pine, of which there are sev-\\neral varieties. Norway pine grows abundantly in some localities,\\nbut the proportion is small compared with the more valuable\\nJAMES W. FRISBIE.\\nJajies W. Frisbie was born in New York State, in 1828. In 1857 he\\nvisited Detroit, and immediately commenced the drj^ goods business,\\nlocating at No. 167 Jefferson avenue, one door from the corner of Wood-\\nward avenue. His business increased rapidly, and in a few years his\\nestablishment included No. 53 Woodward avenue, connecting in the rear\\nwith his original store on Jefferson avenue. Following these strides of\\nsuccess came a still further extension, which included the store No. 55\\non the former thoroughfare.\\nIt should be stated that at that date Detroit had little more than\\n38", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "594 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwhite pines. On the best pine lands the quantity of hard wood\\noften exceeds that of pine. In many parts of the State walnut\\nand cherry grow in abundance, and are largely used by the furni-\\nture makers of the State and of the East. Oak grows abundantly\\nin many localities, and the trade in that timber for ship-building\\npurposes is of late years assuming magnificent proportions. Aside\\nfrom that used in the ship-yards along our own shores, vast quan-\\ntities are annually shipped to Montreal, Quebec, Buflalo and\\nCleveland. In the interior, where the heavy ship-timber cannot\\nbe transported to the streams, the oak is manufactured into staves,\\nwhich are shipped mainly to Europe and the West Indies.\\nIt may be proper in this connection to correct an erroneous\\nimpression that has gone abroad, backed by apparently high\\nauthority, in reference to the variety of oak timber that is shipped\\nfrom this State for purposes of ship-building. Reference is had\\nto the popular belief that the variety known as live oak grows\\nabundantly in the forests of Michigan. The fact is live oak does\\nnot grow in this State at all. That variety is only found in the\\nSouthern States, and is known to botanists as Quercus virens. The\\nvariety which forms the bulk of the shipments from Michigan is\\nawakened from what journalism denominates ancestral lethargy. The\\nhighways of commerce had just opened their gateways of trade, and the\\ngreat City of the Straits of the present day was commercially an infant.\\nIn the light of these facts, it is a difficult matter to properly estimate the\\nvalue of such effort and innovation as were put forth hy Mr. Frisbie dur-\\ning the first six years of his business life in Detroit. In remodeling and\\nmodernizing the stores occupied by him at the corner of Woodward and\\nJefferson avenues, he introduced the first plate glass windows in this city,\\nwhich at that time, reaching from the pavement to the ceiling, created\\nwonder and admiration. These early improvements had a most salutary\\ninfluence in producing in rapid succession the many splendid features of\\nmodern Detroit.\\nWhen the collection of stores occupied by Mr. Frisbie on Jefferson and\\nWoodward avenues became too narrow for his continually expanding\\nbusiness, he removed to the extensive Weber block, further up Wood-\\nward avenue, which he still occupies. In this new and elegant building\\nhe opened to the public one of the finest retail dry goods houses in the\\nNorthwest.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 595\\nQuereus alba, popularly known as white oak. It is highly esteemed\\nfor ship-buildiug, and is only exceeded in value for that purpose\\nby the live oak of the South.\\nThe following will serve to give some idea of the magnitude of\\nthe lumber and timber trade of Michigan\\nIn the year 1872 the aggregate of pine lumber cut by the mills\\nof the State was 2,253,011,000 feet. Of this amount, the mills\\nof the Saginaw valley cut 837,798,484 feet. The Muskegon Lake\\nmills cut 316,031,400 feet; the Huron shore mills 175,500,000;\\nManistee mills, 161,900,000; Grand Haven mills, 150,000,000;\\nMenominee mills, 136,113,360; Flint and Pere Marquette Rail-\\nway mills, 114,234,554; White Lake mills, 85,302,347 Detroit\\nand St. Clair River mills, 80,000,000 Jackson, Lansing and Sag-\\ninaw Railway mills, 68,216,009; Saugatuck mills, 50,000,000;\\nLudington mills, 47,912,846; other mills, 30,000,000.\\nOf shingles it is estimated that not less than 400,000,000 were\\nproduced the same year. Of lath about 300,000,000.\\nThe shipments of staves for the same year were as follows\\nSaginaw river, 8,663,200 Detroit, 2,102,000; Port Huron, 1,536,-\\n900 Lexington, 204,000 New Baltimore, 184,000.\\nAbout $20,000,000 are invested in the production of pine lum-\\nber, giving employment to nearly twenty thousand persons. This\\nestimate does not include the enormous amount of money invested\\nin pine lands, nor the men employed in the transportation of the\\nlumber to market, or those employed in the lumber camps in the\\nwoods.\\nIn addition to the pine timber of the State, as before intimated,\\nthe hard wood forests are immense and valuable. These, espe-\\ncially in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, have\\nscarcely been touched. The quality of that kind of timber in the\\nforests of Michigan is unrivaled and it is safe to predict that but\\na few years will elapse before the product from this source will\\nequal in value the present traffic in pine.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVII.\\nEducation r:N Michigan The Common School System I^e Uni-\\nYEKBiTY Agricultural College State Normal School\\nAlbion College Adrian College Kalamazoo College Hills-\\nDAiiE College Olivet College State Reform School State\\nPublic School Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind\\nMichigan Female Seminary Detroit Medical College\\nDetroit Homeopathic College Goldsmith s Bryant Strat-\\nTON BCSINE^?S UNIVERSITY MaYIIEW BUSINESS COLLEGE.\\nThe ordiimuce passed by Congress for the government of the\\nNorthwestern Territory, known as the Ordinance of 1787, pro-\\nvided that Schools and the means of education shall forever\\nbe encouraged. In 1804 Congress passed an act providing for\\nthe sale of lands in the Indian Territory, of which Michigan\\nwas a part, and in that act there was an express reservation\\nfrom sale of Section 16 in every township, for the support of\\nschools. The year following the Territory of Michigan was\\norganized, and all the rights and privileges which were conferred\\nby the above named acts were confirmed to the Territory of\\nMichigan. Subsequently a provision wa* incorporated in the\\nState constitution declaring that the proceeds of these lands shall\\nremain a perpetual fund for that object. The ordinance\\nadmitting Michigan into the Union declared that section 16 of\\neach township should be granted to the State for the use of\\nschools. The wisdom of this provision can be readily under-\\nstood when it is known that much difficulty arose in other States\\nfrom the inequality of the grant in different townships. This\\ninequality was owing to the fact that in some townships the sec-\\ntion would be found to be utterly worthless. This led to serious\\ndifficulties, and Congress or the Legislature was constantly\\nbesieged by these townships to come to their relief Learning\\nwisdom from the experience of other^States, ^Michigan submitted", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n591\\nan ordinance granting the lands to the State at large thus\\nequalizing the grant among the several townships, and obviating\\nthe difficulty experienced by other States who had attempted to\\ncarry out the original design of Congress by giving each township\\nJ. H. GOLDSMITH.\\nJ. H. Goldsmith, President of Goldsmith s Bryant and Stratton Busi-\\nness College, Detroit, was born in the town of Newburg, Orange county.\\nNew York, in 1813.\\nAt the age of twenty-four, he went to Ohio, taking up his residence in\\nDeavertown, which was at that time a young but flourishing town. Mr.\\nGoldsmith first secured a position as book-keeper with a merchant in that\\nplace; but without taxing the reader with the details of his industrj-, or\\nby following him step by step in the hours of his hope and struggle, it is\\nsufficient to state that in six years after his arrival in Deavertown he was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "598 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nseparate control of the section granted. Under the arrangement\\nadopted in the case of Michigan, the loss occasioned by worthless\\nsections fell upon the State at large, and the benefits accrued to\\nall alike, each sharing, in common with the rest, the benefits of\\nthe common school fund.\\nThe first law passed by the Territorial Legislature in reference\\nto schools was in 1827. This law provided that the citizens of\\nany township having fifty householders should pi ovide themselves\\nwith a school teacher, of good moral character, to teach the\\nchildren to read and write. Any township having two hundred\\nhouseholders was required to provide themselves with a teacher\\nwho was capable of teaching Latin, French and English. A\\npenalty of $50 to $100 was provided for neglect to comply with\\nthe provisions of the law. In 1833 another law was passed\\ncreating the office of superintendent of common schools. It also\\nprovided for three commissioners and ten inspectors, who were to\\nhave charge of the school lands.\\nUpon the admission of the State into the Union, in 1837, the\\nfirst State Legislature passed a primary school law, similar, in\\nalmost every respect, to the law of the State of New York. It\\nprovided for the division of the State into school districts, having\\na suflBcient number of inhabitants to support a teacher. All\\ngrades of pupils were admitted to these schools. When the pop-\\nelected to the office of Mayor of that phxce. Having served the people\\nin a most satisfactory manner during the first term, he was designated by\\nthe popular voice to fill the same position a second term. He remained\\nin Deavertown until 1849, and during his residence in that place occupied\\nmany offices of public trust in the municipal government, besides mak-\\ning considerable advancement in mercantile pursuits.\\nIn 1849, he accepted the position of teacher in the business college of\\nMr. John Gundry, at Cincinnati, and since that date his life has been\\nuninterruptedly devoted to the interesting theme of actual business prac-\\ntice, and with what results will be seen anon.\\nAfter several years in this college at Cincinnati, which gave him no\\nsmall reputation as a professor of commercial ethics and business disci-\\npline, Mr. Goldsmith went to Sandusky, Ohio, and opened the Commer-\\ncial Institute in connection with the School of Design in that place.\\nSubsequently he was induced by Messrs. Bryant Stratton to accept a", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 599\\nulation increased so that the school houses were too much crowded\\nthe district was subdivided. The same process was adopted in\\nthe villages, the result of which was that there would sometimes\\nbe five or six school houses within a stone s throw of each other.\\nVery little attention was paid to school architecture, and some of\\nthe school houses were bad and some were worse. The character\\nand duration of the several schools were also exceedingly vari-\\nable some being good and some poor, and some continued for\\nnine months and some for three. This state of affairs continued\\nfor a number of years but upon the discontinuing of the\\nbranches of the University, a new system was devised. By the\\nnew plan the various schools in the villages were united into one.\\nThese were called union schools. They were divided into several\\ndepartments, called primary, intermediate, grammar and high\\nschool. Each department was divided into grades or classes, for\\npurposes of different degrees of advancement. These schools are\\nnow designated as graded schools. The curriculum of the high\\nschool department is the same as that of the best academies, and\\npupils graduating from the high schools are entitled to enter the\\nUniversity without further examination.\\nAs has been intimated, the character of the school architecture\\nof the State was of a very low order for many years. The estab-\\nlishment of graded schools, however, created a necessity for a\\nposition as teacher in the graduating department of the Bufialo Bryant\\nStratton Business College, and after filling the last mentioned post with\\nhonor to himself and credit to the institution for several years, he was\\nadmitted as a partner, and commissioned to found a Bryant Stratton\\nBusiness College in Detroit. Accordingly, in 1857, he visited the Queen\\nCity of the Straits, and purchased Mr. William D. Cochrane s Commer-\\ncial Institute. It then took the name of Bryant, Stratton Goldsmith s\\nBusiness College, which it bore until 1869, when the last named gentle-\\nman purchased the interests of his partners, thereby becoming the sole\\nproprietor of one of the best commercial institutions in the Northwest.\\nIt should be stated that at the death of Mr. Stratton, which occurred\\nabout this time, a change in the proprietorship of all the Bryant\\nStratton Business Colleges took place, the resident principal or partner at\\neach point purchasing Bryant Stratton s interest in the same. This\\nnecessitated a new and more permanent organization, based upon the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "600 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbetter class of buildings. The State had, in the meantime, grown\\nwealthy, the people were prosperous and intelligent, and fully\\nappreciated the demands of the age. The result is that Michigan\\npossesses, perhaps, the finest school buildings of any State in the\\nUnion, iu proportion to its wealth and population. Each town\\nvied with the others in erecting the finest school edifice, and it is\\nnot uncommon to find, in a town of two or three thousand inhabi-\\ntants, a school house costing $20,000 or $30,000. In the cities\\nand larger towns they sometimes cost over $100,000. There are\\nabout 5,500 school houses in the State, the aggregate value of\\nwhich is estimated to be not far from $7,500,000.\\nIn addition to the land granted by act of Congress before\\nreferred to, one-half the amount of the cash sales of the swamp\\nlands of the State goes to augment the primary school fund. Of\\nthe former there were originally about 1,000,000 acres. A little\\nover one-half of these lands have been sold, from which the sum\\nof $2,601,319 has been realized. From the sale of swamp lands\\nthere has been received the sum of $218,462, making a total of\\n$2,819,781 as the present school fund of the State. It is esti-\\nmated that when the remaining school and swamp lands are sold,\\nthe school fund of Michigan will amount to at least $5,000,000.\\nThere are about 250 graded schools in the State, and 5,500\\ndistrict schools. These give employment to 8,035 male teachers,\\nreciprocity plan, in order to perpetuate the benefits of the chain scholar-\\nsliip, and to secure such other advantages as would be likely to flow from\\norganized efTort, uniformity of text-books, siniilarily of practice, etc.\\nIn answer to this demand came the International Business College\\nAssociation, extending throughout the United States and Canada, com-\\nprising the best colleges formerly belonging to the Bryant Stratton\\nchain, and including some other lirst class commercial institutions that\\ndid not belong to it.\\nAs already observed, in 1869, the Bryant, Stratton Goldsmith Detroit\\nBusiness College came under the proprietorship of Mr. .J. H. Goldsmith,\\nand is noticed in another part of this work, imder the head of the educa-\\ntional interests of Michigan.\\nSince the above date, Mr. Goldsmith has devoted his whole time to the\\nadvancement and interests of his college, and undoubtedly has brought it\\nto nearly a state of perfection.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n601\\nand 8,624 female teachers. The number of children reported in\\n1872, between the ages of five and twenty years, is 404,235.\\nThe purpose of the founders of the school system of Michigan,\\nwas to adopt that of Prussia, so far as it was found adapted to the\\nHON. C. C. COMSTOCK.\\nCharles C. Comstock was born March 5, 1818, in Sullivan, Cheshire\\ncounty, N. H. He is the youngest of the family of a respectable farmer of\\nmoderate means. At an early age he manifested much business tact and\\nenterprise, was quite successful, and by industry and economy (so com-\\nmon among New England people) at thirty-five years of age, had accu-\\nmulated a property of about $10,000, and was considered one of the most\\nthrifty farmers of that region. He had also built and operated two saw\\nmills there. With his family, he removed to Grand Rapids, in 1 85;3, and\\nwas soon one of the foremost in the lumbering and wood manufacturin", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "602 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ngenius of our institutions, and the character and condition of the\\ninhabitants of the State. It is safe to say that no better system\\nprevails in America.\\nTHE UNIVERSITY.\\nThe act which we have before mentioned, passed in 1804, for\\nthe disposal of the public lands in the Indian Territory, reserved\\nthree townships for the use of seminaries of learning. The\\nyear following the Territory of Michigan was organized, and one\\nof these townships was set apart for her use. In 1817 Congress\\ngranted three sections of land to the College of Detroit. The\\nmoneys arising from the sale of these two grants of lands,\\ntogether with another township subsequently granted, constitute\\nthe University fund.\\nThe lands granted by the act of 1804 were not selected until\\nmany years after. After the lapse of twenty years the authorities\\nof the Territory decided to make the selection but it was then\\ndiscovered that so much land had been taken up by settlers that\\nit was diflScult to secure a good township of which none of the\\nlands had been sold. An appeal was thereupon made to Congress,\\nand, through the exertions of Hon. Austin E. Wing, then territo-\\nrial delegate to Congress, that body passed an act adding another\\ntownship to the grant, and giving permission to select the land in\\ndetached sections. Aside from the permanent fund arising from\\nenterprises in tliat then young but vigorous city. Tlie financial crasli of\\n1857-60 temporarily checked his business; but with redoubled energy,\\nstrong will, and resolution which knew no failure, he rallied, and in a\\nshort time was at the head of one of the most flourishing manufactories\\nof cabinet wares in the West; had increased his lumbering operations\\nand several branches of lumber manufacture many fold, and also invested\\nlargely in real estate, which was rapidly increasing in value. He\\nbuilt up and still owns and operates one of the largest pail and wooden-\\nware factories in the West; and in many other private and public enter-\\nprises has taken an active and leading part. His strong hold is to push\\nthings. With unflagging energy, tireless industry, indefatigable perse-\\nverance, great power of endurance, thorough business integrity, prompt-\\nness and punctuality, strong judgment, managing, even in detail, heavy\\nand various interests, he has built up a handsome property, and is reputed\\none of the wealthy citizens of the State. A worker himself, he has given", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "604 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe sale of these lands, the successive Legislatures have made\\nliberal appropriations from time to time for its support and the\\nadvancement of its interests.\\nThe framers of the constitution under which the State was\\norganized took good care to provide in the organic law that all\\nlands granted for educational purposes should be invariably\\nappropriated, and annually applied to the specific objects of the\\noriginal grant. A similar provision was incorporated into the\\npresent constitution. The University fund was thus made inalien-\\nable, and can never be diverted from its proper uses without a\\ngross violation of the organic law of the State. Notwithstanding\\nthese safeguards thus thrown around the University fund, it\\nrequired the most jealous watchfulness on the part of the friends\\nof that institution, during the monetary pressure which pre-\\nvailed in the early history of the State, to prevent a diversion of\\nthe fund to other purposes.\\nThe first Legislature which convened after the admission of the\\nState into the Union, passed a law establishing the University.\\nIt was not, however, uutil 1841 that buildings were completed, so\\nthat its work could be entered upon. The act also provided that\\nin addition to the University proper, which was located in Ann\\nArbor, several branches should be established in various parts of\\nthe State, to serve as preparatory schools. This experiment\\nproved to be a failure, there not being sufficient funds arising\\nemployment to thousands, and thus and by the interest he lias taken in\\nmunicipal affairs has contributed greatly to the progress and material\\ngrowth of his city and county. Though absorbed in business he is liberal\\nin feeling, responding freely to calls for religious, benevolent and public\\npurposes. Mr C omstock has served ably in official positions; was mayor\\nof Grand Kapids for two terms, in 18():i-4; was the Democratic candidate\\nfor governor of the State in 1870, receiving the full vote of his party,\\nand in his own county running ahead of the rest of his party ticket. In\\nthe fall of 1878, he received the nomination as the people s candidate for\\nrepresentative in Congress from his district to fill the vacancy caused by\\nthe death of Hon. W. D. Foster, and at the special election held for that\\npurpose, he made an unprecedented run, Reducing the majority of the\\ndominant party from 8,( )0(5 to 114. He may be regarded as a prominent\\nrepre.sentative of the successful business men of the West.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n605\\nfrom the grant to meet the expenses of the University itself It\\nwas therefore abandoned, after a few years trial, and the union\\nor graded schools have now taken the place of the branches.\\nThe University buildings were erected with borrowed capital,\\nHON. JONATHAN SHEARER.\\nThe subject of the following sketch, Jonathan Shearer, was born in\\nColerain, Hampshire (now Franklin) county, Massachusetts, August 23,\\n1796. His grandfather, James Shearer, was a native of Scotland, and\\nemigrated to this country at an early day. William Shearer, father of\\nJonathan Shearer, entered the revolutionary army at an early age, and\\nserved in several of the principal battles of the war for independence.\\nThe subject of this sketch spent the early part of his life upon a farm,\\nworking on the same during the summer season and usually attending\\nschool in winter. He volunteered his services to the State government", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "606 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe State borrowing $100,000 and re-loaning it to the University,\\nwith the understanding that principal and interest should be\\nreturned at some future time, from money arising from the sale of\\nUniversity lands. In 1842 the University was opened, having a\\npreparatory school connected with it. Two professors were\\nappointed, each having a salary of $500 per annum. They were\\nalso entitled to whatever money was paid for tuition in the pre-\\nparatory school. A multitude of hindrances presented themselves\\nin the way of the advancement of the University, but, notwith-\\nstanding all the difficulties it had to eucounter, it soon rose to a\\ncommanding position among the educational institutions of the\\ncountry.\\nThe governing body of the institution consists of a Board of\\nRegents. They are elected for a term of eight years by popular\\nvote. The president of the University is ex officio president of\\nthe board. The University is organized in three departments\\nthe department of literature, science, and the arts the depart-\\nment of medicine and surgery and the department of law.\\nEach department has its faculty of instruction, who are charged\\nwith the special management of it. The University Senate is\\ncomposed of all the faculties, and considers questions of common\\ninterest and importance to all the departments.\\nThe department of literature, science and the arts has six regu-\\nin the war of 1813, but not being of the proper age, was rejected. He\\nthen determined to ship as a sailor on a privateer, but parental influence\\ncaused him to change his mind.\\nIn 1814, he attended a select scliool in New York, and at the age of\\nnineteen, he commenced teaching school in and about the districts where\\nhe was born, and also gave some attention to the study of medicine and\\nthe statute laws of Massachusetts.\\nMr. Shearer subsequently removed to the State of New York, and\\nsettled in the town of Phelps, Ontario county, in which place he married.\\nMr. Shearer served as assessor in this place for four years. After a\\nresidence of thirteen years in New York, he sold his farm, removed to\\nMichigan with his family and settled at Plymouth, Wayne county. Soon\\nafter his settlement in the above place, he was elected supervisor, and\\nsubsequently county commissioner. Mr. Shearer served the county of\\nWayne in this official position without losing a single day while he held", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 607\\nlar and full courses of four years each, and two shorter courses.\\nThe regular courses are the classical, the scientific, the Latin and\\nscientific, the Greek and scientific, the course in civil engineering,\\nand the course in mining engineering. The special courses are\\nthe course in analytical chemistry, and the course in pharmacy.\\nPast graduate courses are provided for the graduates of this Uni-\\nversity, or for the graduates of any college or university, who\\nmay desire to pursue advanced study, whether for a second degree\\nor not. Students who do not wish to pursue any one of the above\\ncourses may, if they are prepared to enter the University, pursue\\nselected studies, for such time not less than one semester as\\nthey may choose. The department of medicine and surgery, fur-\\nnishes instruction chiefly by lectures. The lecture course extends\\nover a period of six months. The department of law, also, con-\\ntinues its lectures for six months, from the beginning of October\\nto the end of March. Students in any department may enter the\\nclasses in any other upon obtaining permission from the faculties\\nof the respective departments.\\nThe University library contains about 22,000 volumes. In\\n1871 it was enlarged by the addition of the library of the late\\nProf Rau, professor of political economy in the University of\\nHeidelberg, Germany. This library was purchased and presented\\nto the University by the Hon. Philo Parsons, of Detroit. About\\noffice. Soon after this, he was elected to the State senate, and at the\\nexpiration of his first term, was reelected. While a member of the senate,\\nMr. Shearer was chairman of the committee on agriculture, and used\\nhis influence to organize a State agricultural society, and the normal\\nschool at Ypsilanti.\\nIn 1851, he was elected to serve in the State house of representatives,\\nand in 1867, was elected to serve as a member of the convention to revise\\nthe constitution of the State. He contributed not a little towards\\ninfluencing the legislature to select Lansing as the site of the new State\\nCapitol.\\nMr. Shearer, at the advanced age of seventy-seven, is still active in\\nbody and mind. As an early pioneer, and as a high-minded, honorable\\ncitizen, he has long held the respect and high esteem of all those with\\nwhom he has been brought in contact, either as a private or a public\\ncitizen.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "608 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntwo thousand dollars is annually appropriated for the enlarge-\\nment of the University library. The medical library contains\\nabout fifteen hundred volumes. The law library contains about\\nthree thousand volumes. The libraries accessible to the students\\namount, in the aggregate, to about 30,000 volumes.\\nIn connection with the University there is an astronomical\\nobservatory. This was a donation from the citizens of Detroit.\\nThe building consists of a main part, with a movable dome, and\\ntwo wings, one of which contains the rooms for the observer, while\\nin the other is mounted a splendid meridian-circle. This was pre-\\nsented to the University by the Hon. H. N. Walker, of Detroit.\\nThis instrument is one of the largest and best of its kind in exist-\\nence. The same room contains a sidereal clock, and two collima-\\ntors for the determination of the error of collimation. The west\\nwing contains a chronograph, with Bond s new isodynamic escape-\\nment, for recording observations by the electro-magnetic method.\\nIn the dome is mounted a large refracting telescope, with an\\nobject glass thirteen inches in diameter.\\nThe collections in the University museum are illustrative of\\nnatural science, ethnology, art, history, agriculture, astronomy and\\nmateria medica, and are constantly increasing. The geological,\\nzoological and botanical cabinets together are estimated to con-\\ntain about 29,000 separate entries, and 100,000 specimens.\\nBesides these there are the departments of the fine arts and\\nhistory, anatomy and materia medica, and of archaeology and\\nrelics, each of which contains numerous specimens.\\nIn this University no charge is made for tuition. The only\\ncharges made are, to residents in Michigan, an admission fee of\\nten dollars to those who come from other States, or countries, an\\nadmission fee of twenty-five dollars and to every student an\\nannual payment of ten dollars. Females are admitted to this\\nUniversity on the same condition as males.\\nThe University is now in a flourishing condition, and is acknowl-\\nedged as standing at the head of the educational institutions of\\nAmerica. It has come up through great tribulation, but the\\nglorious results amply compensate for the labor and money\\nexpended in bringing it to its present state of perfection.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n609\\nThe whole number of students in the University, as reported in\\nthe calendar for 1872-3, is 1,163. Of these 476 are in the\\ndepartment of literature, science and the arts, 357 in the depart-\\nment of medicine and surgery, and 331 in the department of law.\\nOKEMOS.\\nThe above engraving is a portrait of the noted Indian chief Okemos,\\nwlio belonged to the Chippewa tribe.\\nHe was born about the year 1788, and the first distinguislied act\\nrecorded of liim is his participation in tlie attack on Fort Sandusky, in\\ntlie war of 1812. Tlie commandant of the fort had been ordered to sur-\\nrender, which, coming to the knowledge of the Indians, made them\\nmuch bolder than usual, and they made a charge upon the fort, but were\\ndriven back. Cheered on by the chief Tecumseh and his subordinates,\\nthey made a second charge and were again driven back. In this charge,\\nwhile urging on his braves, Okemos was severely wounded in the\\nshoulder, the bullet passing through his body. He fell to the ground, and\\nas the Indians retreated, the occupants of the Fort made a charge upon\\nthem with their cavalry, and as many of the soldiers rode iia ;t the\\nwounded chief, they gave him, as they supposed, the finish! jig blow.\\n39", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "610 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nTHE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.\\nThe Michigan State Agricultural College was located under act\\nof the Legislature, by the State Board of Education, about the\\nmiddle of the year 1855, on a piece of laud, purchased for the\\npurpose, situated three and a half miles directly east from Lan-\\nsing.\\nThis farm of 676 acres was entirely covered by forest at the\\ntime of purchase, but has since developed an excellent diversity\\nof soil for farming and experimental purposes, and sufficient vari-\\nety of contour to render it a beautiful and attractive place.\\nUnder the direction of the Board of Education, there were\\nerected a college hall, boarding hall, three cottages for officers, and\\na small barn. These Avere all of brick. The college was opened\\nfor students May 13th, 1857, with Joseph R. AVilliams as presi-\\ndent.\\nThe institution continued under the control of the State Board\\nWith that endurance known only to his race, he received these wounds\\nwitliout showing the least sign of life, not even uttering a groan. After\\nthe return of the soldiers, he crawled to a swarapy piece of woods near\\nby, where he buried himself in the soft .soil and leaves, and there remained\\nuntil the darkness of night afforded him a shelter for escape. Weak from\\nthe loss of blood and exhausted l)y the strife of the day, he mounted a\\npony which was grazmg near by, and made his way to his camp on the\\nMaumee river, where he remained until his wounds were hea ed.\\nSubsequently he participated in many of the Indian depredations on\\nthe frontiers, and took part in three dilierent treaties made with General\\nCass\\nUnder the influence of the Indian agent. Colonel G. Godfrey, he was\\ninduced to forsake the British standard and espouse the cause of the\\nAmericans, to whom he remained a true friend until his death.\\nAfter the close of hostilities, with his band, he settled on the Looking\\nGlass river, near Jjansing, Michigan, where now stands the beautiful vil-\\nlage which bears his name.\\nDuring his later days, though a beggar and a constant imbiber of fire-\\nwater, he was very proud of his name, and related the brave deeds of\\nhis more youthful days with great animation and piide.\\nHe died at h-s wigwam, on the Looking Glass river, in 1863, leaving\\nthree sons, one of whom has since followed him to the happy hunting\\ngrounds far beyond the setting sun.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "(312 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof Education until 1861, when a law was passed by the Legisla-\\nture reorganizing the college, and establishing a State Board of\\nAgriculture for the management of the institution.\\nIn 1862, Congress made a grant of land to the several States,\\nfor the benefit of schools of agriculture and the mechanic arts, at\\nthe rate of thirty thousand acres for each Senator and Representa-\\ntive. The proceeds of this grant was given by act of the Legis-\\nlature to the Agricultural College. It is under the control of a\\nLand Grant Board, composed of State officers. All moneys aris-\\ning from the sale of lands are paid into the State treasury, and the\\ncollege simply draws seven per cent interest on the same.\\nNo portion of the proceeds of this grant can be used for the\\nerection or repair of buildings, hence all such improvements must\\nbe made by direct appropriation of the Legislature.\\nIn organizing the college, the Legislature appropriated the pro-\\nceeds of salt spring lands to the amount of about $56,000, which\\nwas all used up, before the institution was opened, in the purchase\\nof the farm and the erection of buildings.\\nThe Legislature also appropriated about six thousand acres of\\nswamp lands lying in townships near the college. A large portion\\nof these have been sold, and the proceeds expended in building\\nand other permanent improvements.\\nSince the opening of the college, about four hundred acres of\\nthe farm have been cleared, and the most of this entirely freed\\nfrom stumps, so that now many of the fields will compare favor-\\nably with the best in the State. The work has been mostly pei\\nformed by students.\\nNearly a hundred acres are devoted to lawns, and are being\\ntastefully laid out with drives and walks many evergreens and\\ndeciduous trees have been planted, and have already attained a fine\\ngrowth. Many of the original forest trees were purposely left\\nwhen the laud was cleared, and these add not a little to the beauty\\nof the grounds. It is the intention to make as fine a specimen\\nof landscape gardening as means will permit, and it is hoped that\\nthe students may have the benefit of as great perlectiou in this\\nart as can be found elsewhere in the State.\\nUnder the direction of the Board of Agriculture, there have", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n61^\\nbeen erected a three-story brick boarding-hall, fitted with the\\nmodern improvements for heating, cooking, etc., a chemical labor-\\natory, also of brick, which, for convenience of internal arrange-\\nment, is not excelled by any in the country, large and commodious\\nEDGAR CONKLING.\\nEdgar Conki ing, for many years aa extensive and successful manu-\\nfacturer of Cincinnati, Ohio, came to Michigan in 1853, and purchased\\nthen and at a later period 35,000 acres of land in the center of Mackinaw\\nthe extreme northern point of the southern peninsula. He had, for\\nseveral j^ears previous, been prominently identified with extensive rail-\\nroad projects, such as the Cincinnati and Great Northern Railroad, and\\nhad thus become acquainted with the commercial advantages and future\\nprospects of the country bounding on the straits of Mackinaw. His\\ngreat foresight readily discerned that the march of Michigan s prosperity\\nmust, at no very distant day, result in building up a large and prosperous\\ncity at Mackinaw. Seizing upon the opportunity, he purchased almost", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "614 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncattle, horse and sheep barns and piggery, besides smaller tempo-\\nrary buildings for experiments, implements, etc., a large brick\\nfarm-house and a green-house.\\nThe State Legislature, in 1869, appropriated $30,000 for the\\nerection of the boarding hall, and, in 1871, $10,000 for the chemi-\\ncal laboratory. The Legislature has also appropriated at different\\ntimes about $12,000 for the finishing of some of the buildings.\\nAll other expenditures for buildings and other improvements and\\nrepairs have been met by sales of swamp lands.\\nThe total value of property at the college, as shown by inven-\\ntory, December 1, 1872, is as follows\\nFarm of 676 acres $47,320 00\\nBuildings 1 1 6, 500 00\\nStock 9,387 00\\nFarm Implements 3,253 00\\nthe whole of the lands of Mackinaw, and at once proceeded to lay out a\\ncity on a modern scale.\\nThis gigantic speculation, which must result in great advantages to\\nMichigan, brings Mr. Conkling prominently before the people of the\\nState; and when it is considered to what extent his theory of establish-\\ning a commercial mart at Mackinaw as we shall proceed to do in this\\nsketch is sound and practicable, Ave are left to wonder at his unparal-\\nleled foresight and the philosophy of his project.\\nOf Mr. Coukling s personal history we can say but little, since the\\nspace given to this sketch must be occupied by an examination into the\\nmerits of his great Mackinaw City scheme. He was the originator of\\nthe Grand Kapids and Indiana Railroad, and was the first to urge the con-\\nstruction of the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad to the Straits of\\nMackinaw. It is only necessary to observe the growth of these enter-\\nprises to be able to comprehend the value of Mr. Conkling s prescience\\nto the prosperity of Michigan.\\nIn looking at the Mackinaw City project (in which the reader is\\naided by the accompanying map), one is at once struck with its feasi-\\nbility. With the Northern Pacific Railroad terminating at the extreme\\nsouthern point of the northern peninsula, and directly across the straits\\nfrom Mackinaw City, it is evident that, by the aid of some system of\\nferriage, the great volume of commerce transported eastward by that\\nroad must connect with railroads in the southern peninsula of Michigan\\nat Mackinaw City. This will, of itself, do much to induce population to\\nthat place, and to furnish a basis of an extensive commercial metropolis.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n615\\nLibrary, Museum and Apparatus $10,000 00\\nGreenhouse Plants 2,127 00\\nApiary 1 16 00\\nFurniture 3,280 00\\n$191,989\\nThe institution aims to give its students a good practical educa-\\ntion that shall make vun of them, and enable them to undertake\\nany occupation they may find suited to their tastes.\\nTo this end the course pursued does not diflPer much from that\\nof other colleges, except that the natural sciences are studied\\nmore thoroughly, and classics not at all and all branches bearing\\nupon agriculture, those which are of most use to farmers, are very\\nthoroughly investigated. Cliemistry and botany are given nearly\\ntwo years each. Physiology, zoology, geology and entomology are\\nall pursued as far as possible; and, during the course, the stu-\\nBut this is only one of the many avenues of wcnllli that must in the\\nfuture empty their treasures at Mackinaw City. The immense commerce\\nof the lalies, the growtli of whicii has been unparalleled in the liistory of\\ny EDGAR CONKLING PRO PR I ETO R. VT\\nthe world, and the vast mineral, timber and agricultural resources of\\ntheir shores, which are even now only beginning to attract attention,\\nmay well awaken a desire on the part of enterprise to get possession of\\nthe key position which is to command and unlock the future wealth of\\nthis vast empire. Already six important cities, witli an aggregate popu-\\nlation of over 000,000 inhabitants, have sprung up on these inland waters,\\nand are the most flourishing of any away from the Atlantic coast.\\nOthers are rising into notoriety on the borders of Lake Superior, and\\nmust, at no very distant period, become important and active places of\\nbusiness. But, the place of all others, where a city must ultimately\\nspring up and grow into unportance, is undeveloped.\\nThe Toledo BUide, speaking of the probable future of Mackinaw City,\\nas projected by Mr. Coukling, says The point which projects north-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "G16 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\ndents receive a year of lectures ou practical agriculture, the like\\nof which probably cannot be obtained elsewhere in the United\\nStates.\\nA peculiar feature of the institution is its labor system. Stu-\\ndents are required to work three hours a day and, although they\\nare paid a small sum per hour, the labor is considered a valuable\\npart of the course of instruction. Not that it is expected that\\nstudents wull attain proficiency in all the practices of the farm, or\\neven in any of them but the general influence toward the enno-\\nbling of labor, the forming and keeping up of habits of industry,\\nand the good effect upon the health and strength of the students,\\nall tend to make it valuable. Very few students leave the college\\nbecause of ill health.\\nThe pursuits followed by the graduates show better than any\\nthing else the general influence of their studies.\\nward into the lake from tlie Michigan peninsula to t orni the strait, is\\nadmirably located for a great city. In health and commercial position,\\nit can have no rival in these northern waters. This point has been\\nselected by Mr. Conkling, on which to plant the commercial city of the\\nnorth. It will hold the ke} (jointly with her sister on the opposite side\\nof the strait) of all the northern lakes; and should its growth be marked\\nby energy and enterprise, will command the trade of the greatest mining\\nregion in the world; be the chief depot of the northern fisheries, the\\noutlet of an immense lumber trade, and the focus of a great net-work of\\nrailways, communicating with tropics on the south, and stretching out\\nits iron arms, at no distant day, to the Atlantic on the east, and the\\nPacific on the west. The proposed city will have the advantage of the\\nmost salubrious climate to be found in the temperate zone, and will be\\nthe resort of those seeking health as well as those seeking wealth.\\nWe have no space to speak of its commercial position at length. It\\nmust be seen at a glance that all the produce which flows through\\nChicago, Milwaukee and the great west, must sweep by on its way to the\\neast, and all the goods and merchandise of the east must be borne by its\\nwharves on their way to the west, and that it cannot fail to be a point which\\nmust spring at once into importance. This grand project of Mr. Conk-\\nling s is growing rapidly in favor. A good dock has been constructed,\\nthe site of the city and its streets surveyed, and such steps taken as will\\ninsure its early settlement and near prosperity. Mr. Conkling has appro-\\npriated a large tract of his land for the benefit of a university, which he\\nexpects will be established at Mackinaw City at an early day.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n617\\nIn spite of all assertions of opponents to the college that its\\ngraduates do not engage in agricultural pursuits, the actual facts\\nin the case are found to be as follows\\nThe occupation of the members of the last graduating class\\nHON. JOHN S. BARRY.\\n.John S. Barry, who was governor of Michigan for three terms, was\\nborn in the State of Vermont, in 1802.\\nWliile he resided in tliat State he acquired a thorough common scliool\\neducation.\\nFrom Vermont, at an earlj age, he emigrated to Georgia, and settled\\nin the city of Atlanta, where he remained for a number of years, when\\nhe removed to the Territory of Michigan, and took up his residence in\\nthe town of Constantine, at which place he resided until his death.\\nMr. Barry was educated for a lawyer, but disliking the profession, he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "618 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\n(1872) is not known. Of the sixty-eight graduates of the years\\n18()1 to 1871 inclusive, the occupations are shown in the following\\nlist:\\nDied in the army before engaging in business 2\\nFarmers and Horticulturists 30\\nTeachers in Colleges and having charge of Farms or Horticultural\\nDepaitments 5\\nTeachers in Colleges but having no charge of Farms 3\\nStudents in Chemistry 1\\nEngineers and Surveyors 3\\nManufacturers 1\\nIn Medicine or Drug Stores 6\\nLawy c rs 8\\nMerchants, Agents, etc 4\\nClergymen 1\\nTeachers not in Colleges 4\\nTotal 68\\nFifty-eight of these graduates spent four years at least at the\\ncollege all the others spent three. The average age at gradua-\\ntion is twenty-two and one-fifth years.\\nMore than one-half the number depended in a large degree,\\nsome of them entirely, on their earnings, for the means of gaining\\nan education.\\nGraduates of the college form part of the faculties of instruc-\\ntion in Cornell University, Wisconsin University, Minnesota Uni-\\nearly turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, in which he was emi-\\nnently successful.\\nHis first public office was that of a member of the first constitutional\\nconvention which assembled tind framed the constitution upon which\\nMichigan was admitted into the Union. He took a prominent part in\\nthe proceedings of this body, and showed himself to be a man of far\\nmore than ordinary ability.\\nHe was chosen one of the first State senators under the new State gov-\\nernment, and so favorably were his associates impressed with his abilities\\nat the first session of the legislature, that he received the nomination and\\nwas elected governor of the State in 1841, and reelected in 1^43. He\\nwas governor of the Stale dnring her greatest financial difficulties, and it\\nis to his wisdom and sound judgment that Michigan s finances were\\nplaced upon a firm basis.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 619\\nversity, Iowa Agricultural College, and Michigan Agricultural\\nCollege. One was selected by Colonel Capron to go with him to\\nJapan, in the agricultural service of its Emperor. One gained\\nthe first Walker Prize, for an essay on a topic assigned by the\\nBoston Society of Natural History, and was assistant director in\\nan exploring expedition sent to the Valley of the Amazon.\\nAnother was made botanist of an expedition sent from a neighbor-\\ning State into Western Kansas and Colorado. Another is the\\nentomologist, and still another is the meteorologist of the State\\nPomological Society, and still another is Secretary to the State\\nBee Keepers Association; two of them have charge of divisions\\nas assistant engineers on railroads; three of them have had j^laces\\non the editorial staff of agricultural papers two more farmers\\nhave of their own accord given up good places in the faculties\\nof agricultural colleges, and the clergyman has been for several\\nyears the president of a farmers club, whose average weekly\\nattendance is over three hundred persons, and most of the lawyers\\nare not infrequent Avriters on the subject of agricultural education.\\nTHE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.\\nWhen the branches of the University were abolished, their loss\\nwas severely felt throughout the State, as they gave a great deal\\nof attentioji to the training of teachers. Numerous petitions were\\nsent to the Legislature, by parents and teachers, urgently request-\\ning the establishment of a school especially devoted to that object.\\nIn 1840, he became deeply interested in tbe cultivalion of tlie sugar\\nbeet, and visited Europe in tbis connection, obtaining much desirable\\ninformation in regard to it.\\nIn 1849, Mr. Barry was, for the third time, called to the executive chair\\nof the State, and therefore has the reputation of being the only person\\nthat ever held that el^evated position for three terms. He was twice a\\npresidential elector, and his last public service was that of a delegate to\\nthe Democratic national convention held in Chicago in 18G4.\\nMr. Barry was a man who, throughout life, maintained a high charac-\\nter for integrity and fidelity to the trusts bestowed upon him, whether of\\na public or a private nature, and he is acknowledged by all to have been\\none of the most efficient and popular governors our State has ever had.\\nHe died at Constantine, on the 15th of January, 1870,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "620 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAccordingly, in 1849, the Legislature passed an act creating a\\nnormal school. It was located at Ypsilanti, and opened in 1852.\\nIt is under the control of the State Board of Education, consisting\\nof three members chosen by the people. The superintendent of\\npublic instruction is ex officio secretary of the board.\\nThis school has been eminently successful, and its value to the\\nState can hardly be ever estimated. The demand for its gradu-\\nates to serve as teachers, in different parts of the State, is more\\nthan can be supplied. Professor Estabrook, the principal, reports\\nfor the year 1872, an attendance of about four hundred pupils.\\nEleven teachers are employed to do the work.\\nALBION COLLEGE.\\nAlbion College is located at Albion, a thriving village in the\\ncentral portion of the State. In 1843 the Wesleyan Seminary\\nwas opened at Albion. A few years later its charter was so\\namended that it enjoyed the powers and immunities of a female\\ncollege. In 1861 its charter was again amended, and Albion Col-\\nlege was founded, with full collegiate powers, admitting both\\nladies and gentlemen to equal privileges, duties and honors.\\nThe institution is under the patronage of the Michigan and\\nDetroit annual conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nIt is in a flourishing condition, having, in 1872, two hundred and\\nsixteen students.\\nADRIAN COLLEGE.\\nAdrian College is located at Adrian, a beautiful and flourish-\\ning town in the southeastern part of the State. The college was\\nincorporated in 1859, and its first term of instruction commenced\\nthe same year. It was formerly under the patronage of the Wes-\\nleyan Methodist denomination, but, in 1867, was transferred to\\nthe Methodist Church. It is, however, b^sed upon a liberal\\npolicy, and its board of trustees and faculty are chosen solely\\nwith reference to their fitness for their respective positions, and\\nwithout reference to whether they belong to that particular\\nreligious denomination. Its departments of instruction are open\\nto both sexes, and include thorough classical and scientific\\ncourses. Commercial studies, teaching, painting and music are", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n621\\nalso included in the course of instruction. Its buildings are\\nhandsome and spacious, and are all that could be desired for a\\nfirst-class institution.\\nHON. MOSES WISNER.\\nMoses Wisner, governor of the State of Michigan in 1859 and 1860,\\nwas born in Springport, Cayuga county, New York, June 3, 1815.\\nHis early education was onlj such as could be obtained at a common\\nschool, and embraced such branches as are taught to the sons of farmers\\nand others in moderate circumstances.\\nIn 1837 he emigrated to Michigan and purchased a farm in Lapeer\\ncounty, upon which he labored for two years, when he gave up the idea\\nof living a farmer s life, removed to Pontiac, Oakland county, and com-\\nmenced the study of law in the office of his brother, George W. Wisner,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "622 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nKALAMAZOO COLLEGE.\\nKalamazoo College embraces several departments, each, to a\\nconsiderable extent, distinct from the others. It embraces a\\ncollege proper, designed to furnish instruction to young men in\\na course of study similar to that adopted in the best institu-\\ntions of other States. It also embraces a female department,\\nwith a four years course, including all the higher branches usu-\\nally taught in colleges of this class. There is also a prepara-\\ntory de[)artment, open to the youth of both sexes. There is\\nalso a commercial department, designed to fit students for any\\nsituation in commercial life. There is also a normal depart-\\nment for the training of those who desire to teach.\\nThis college was chartered in 1833, and the first building\\nerected was burned in 1844. The present buildings are fine\\nand costly edifices, and beautifully situated. The village of\\nKalamazoo is one of the most beautiful and healthful towns in\\nAmerica. It contains about ten tliousand inhabitants, and is\\nknown as the big village of Michigan. In 1872 there were,\\nin all the departments, 207 students.\\nHILLSDALE COLLEGE.\\nHillsdale College is located at the flourishing town whose\\nname it bears. It is under the jurisdiction of the Free-will\\nand Rufiis Hosmer. In 1841 he was admitted to the bar and established\\nliimself in his new vocation at tlie village of Lapeer. While here he\\nwas appointed by Governor Woodbridge prosecuting attornej for that\\ncount3^ He did not remain here long, however, but shortly returned to\\nPontiac, where lie became a member of the firm with his brother.\\nHe was in politics a Whig of the Henry Clay stamp, but with a decided\\nanti-slaverj leaning. His practice, however, becoming large, he took\\nlittle part in politics until after the election of Franklin Pierce to the\\npresidency in 1853. In the great struggle respecting the freedom of the\\nterritory acquired by the Mexican war, he took a decided stand against\\nthe introduction of slavery into it.\\nOn the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854, repealing the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise, he was among the foremost in Michigan to denounce\\nit, and actively participated in organizing and consolidating the elements\\nopposed lo it, and was a member of the popular gathering at Jackson in\\nJuly, 1854, which was the first formal Republican gathering held in the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 623\\nBaptist Church. Its buildings are spacious and handsome, and\\nthe institution bears a brilliant reputation. Both sexes are\\nadmitted on equal terms. In addition to the college proper there\\nare preparatory departments for both ladies and gentlemen a\\ntheological department, a commercial department, a department\\nof music, and a department of art. In 1872 there were 606 stu-\\ndents in attendance in all the departments.\\nOLIVET COLLEGE.\\nOlivet College is situated in the flourishing town of Olivet, and\\nis one of the leading denominational institutions of the State.\\nIt is under the patronage of the Congregational Church. Stu-\\ndents are admitted to this college without regard to sex. Besides\\nthe college proper there is a preparatory department, to which\\na normal course has been added within the last two years, and\\na professorship of the theory and practice of teaching established.\\nThe college library numbers over four thousand volumes, and\\nabout $400 per annum is expended in the increase of the library,\\nand in the support of the reading room, in which are found the\\nleading magazines and newspapers of the day. The number of\\nstudents in attendance, during the year 1872, was 307. Of these\\n124 were ladies and 183 were gentlemen.\\nUnited States. At this convention Mr. AVisner was urged to accept the\\nnomination of attorney-general, but declined. He, however, took an\\nactive part in tlie campaign, and had the gratification to see the wliole\\nKepulican ticket elected by a majority of nearly ten thousand.\\nIn the presidential canvass of 1856 he supported the Fremont or Repub-\\nlican ticket, and at the session of the legislature of 1857 he was a candi-\\ndate for the United States senate, and as such received a very handsome\\nsupport.\\nIn 1858 he was nominated for governor of the State by the Republican\\nconvention, and at the subsequent election in November was chosen by a\\nlarge majority. He served in this capacity for one term, and his adminis-\\ntration was marked by a high statesmanship and by a large number of\\ninternal improvements which greatly aided in the development of the\\nresources of the State. With the close of his term in .January, 1861, he\\nreturned to his home in Pontiac and to the practice of his profession.\\nUpon the breaking out of the rebellion he arranged his private business,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "624 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn addition to the foregoing there are several colleges in dif-\\nferent parts of the State, of more or less importance, prominent\\namong which are the Hope College of Holland, and the Michi-\\ngan Female College at Lansing. Another institution of great\\nimportance to the State, is\\nTHE STATE REFORM SCHOOL.\\nThis School was established at Lansing, in 1856, and is designed\\nto afford homeless boys an opportunity to escape from a career\\nof crime Avhich would otherwise await them, and to afford such\\ninstruction as will enable them, upon leaving the school, to\\nobtain an honest livelihood. It occupies a beautiful building,\\nwhich overlooks the Grand river, at Lansing. The pupils are\\nchiefly employed in farming and gardening but a portion of\\nthem work at various trades. All the branches of a common\\nschool education are taught. A chapel is attached to the school,\\nand everything is done to elevate and reform its inmates.\\nSTATE PUBLIC SCHOOL.\\nIn 1871 the State Legislature passed an act to establish a\\nState public school for dependent and neglected children. The\\nact provided for the appointment, by the Govei-nor, of three com-\\nand in the spring and summer of 1862 raised the Twenty-second Regi-\\nment of Michigan Lifantry and was commissioned its Colonel on the 8th\\nof September of that year. His regiment was sent to Kentucky and\\nquartered at Camp Wallace. Remaining here some time he became\\nimpatient at the delay, and this and the hardships of camp life soon\\nmade their influence felt upon his heaUh, and he was seized with the\\ntyphoid fever and removed to Lexington in that State. Here he received\\nail the aid kind friends and the medical fraternity could bestow upon\\nhim, but the malady baffled all skill, and on the 5th of .January, 18G.3, he\\nbreathed his last.\\nAs a lawyer Governor Wisner was a man of great ability, with an\\nintrepidity and richness of illustration and a power of argument that\\nrendered him a most formidable opponent His elo((uence was at once\\ngraceful and powerful, and his logic was irresistible.\\nHe was kind; he was generous and brave; and, like thousands of\\nothers, he sleeps the martyr s sleep which his love of country cost him.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n625\\nmissioners for the purpose of selecting a suitable site, and erecting\\nbuildings thereon, for this school. The Governor appointed a\\ncommission in pursuance of this law, and the beautiful and flour-\\nishing city of Coldwater was selected as the site for the school.\\n-^-^^^s-^\\nHON. E. RANSOM.\\nEpaphboditus Rajjsom, the seventh governor of the State of Michi-\\ngan, was a native of Massachusetts. In that State he received a colle-\\ngiate education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar.\\nRemoving to Michigan about the time of its admission to the Union, he\\ntook up his residence at Kalamazoo.\\nMr. Ransom served with marked ability for a number of years in the\\nState legislature, and in 1837 he was appointed associate justice of the\\nsupreme court. In 1843 he was promoted to chief justice, which office\\nhe retained until 1845, when he resigned.\\n40", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "626 GENERAL HtStORV OF TflE StAftS.\\nThe act provides that there shall be received as pupils in this\\nschool, those children that are over four aud under sixteen years\\nof age, that are in suitable condition in body and mind to receive\\ninstruction, who are neglected and dependent, especially those\\nwho are now maintained in the county poor houses, those who\\nhave been abandoned by their parents, or are orphans, or whose\\nparents have been convicted of crime. The children in the school\\nare to be maintained, and educated in the branches usually\\ntaught in common schools, and are to have proper physical and\\nmoral training. It is declared to be the object of this act to\\nprovide for such children only temporary homes, until homes can\\nbe procured for them in families. Preference is given to depend-\\nent and indigent orphans, or half orphans, of deceased soldiers\\nand sailors of this State.\\nMICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND.\\nA review of the educational institutions of Michigan would\\nnot be complete without the mention of the above named benevo-\\nlent institution. It is located at Flint, one of the most enter-\\nprising and flourishing cities in the State. Operations were begun\\nin this institution in 1854. It has a large number of inmates,\\nwho are taught to manufacture wagons, paper boxes, and to\\nweave carpets, mats, etc. They are also taught to read and\\nwrite, aud are enabled to acquire a liberal education. The asy-\\nSliortly afterwards he became deeply interested in the building of\\nplank roads in the western portion of the State, and in this business lost\\nthe greater portion of the property which he had accumulated by years\\nof toil and industry.\\nMr. Ransom became governor of the State of ^Michigan in the fall of\\n1847, and served during one term, performing the duties of the office in\\na truly statesmanlike manner. He subsequently became president of the\\nMichigan agricultural society, in which position he displayed the same\\nability that shone forth so prominently in his acts as governor. He held\\nthe office of regent of the Michigan University several times, and ever\\nadvocated a liberal policy in its management.\\nSubsequently he was appointed receiver of the land office in one of the\\ndistricts in Kansas, by President Buchanan, to which State he had\\nremoved, and where he died before the expiration of his term of office.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n627\\nlum is free to all the deaf and dumb and blind in Michigan,\\nbetween the ages of ten and thirty years. All are entitled to an\\neducation without charge for board or tuition.\\nMICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY.\\nThe Michigan Female Seminary, located at Kalamazoo, was\\norganized by the adoption of its articles of association, consti-\\ntuting it a corporation, on the fifteenth day of December, A. D.\\n1856. The powers of the association were vested in twenty-one\\ntrustees. An executive committee of five act for the board in the\\ninterim between its meetings, with powers to carry out the instruc-\\ntions and resolutions of the board.\\nMICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY.\\nThe Board of Trustees have power to fill vacancies in their\\nown body, subject to the ratification of the Synod of Michigan.\\nTo guard against any strictly sectarian influence in the manage-\\nment and teachings of the seminary, its charter provides that,\\nreligiously considered, the board of trustees shall secure the\\ninculcation of a pure Christianity, without any preference what-\\never to any particular church, form or practice.\\nDuring the year 1836, the exterior walls of the center part of\\nthe seminary were erected and inclosed, but the building remained\\nunfinished until the fall of 1866. It was then finished and fur-\\nnished, and now has accommodations for seventy-five pupild, and\\nthe proper number of teachers.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "628 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nAs expressed in the charter, the intent was to establish,\\nendow and control a seminary of learning, for the education of\\nyoung ladies in the higher branches of a thorough education,\\nhaving reference to the entire person, physically, intellectually,\\nmorally and religiously considered, and to be essentially modeled\\nafter the Mt. Holyoke Seminary, in Massachusetts, founded by\\nMary Lyon, and the Western Female Seminary, at Oxford.\\nTHE DETROIT MEDICAL COLLEGE.\\nThe Detroit Medical College is one of the most important insti-\\ntutions of the kind in the country. It has been established\\nabout five years only, but during that time it has secured for itself\\nan enviable reputation.\\nIn estimating the work of this institution, it must be regarded\\nnot only in its character as an institution of learning, but also in\\nthat of a public charity.\\nSince its establishment, in 1868, one hundred and nineteen stu-\\ndents have received the degree of M. D. No one is permitted to\\ngraduate from this institution who has not fulfilled all the follow-\\ning requirements\\nEvidences are required of having studied medicine during\\na period of three years, and attended at least two courses of\\nlectures, of which the last must have been in this institution.\\nHe must also have attended clinical instruction for one term, have\\ndissected every part of the cadaver, and have taken a course of\\nanalytical chemistry in the laboratory. These are not required\\non graduation, but every candidate for a degree must write two\\nessays on subjects assigned to him. These essays will have to be\\ndefended publicly. Finally, he will be required to pass a satisfac-\\ntory written and oral examination in all the fundamental branches\\nin medicine and surgery.\\nEspecial attention is given in this institution to the method\\nof clinical teaching which prevails in the medical colleges of\\nGermany, and which has hitherto been almost completely neglected\\nby those of the United States. The hospitals connected with the\\ncollege supply a large number of cases for this mode of instruc-\\ntion; and it is in this that the institution is to be regarded in the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAJN.\\n629\\nlight of a public charity. It has been a source of relief to thou-\\nsands of the city and country poor. There have been maintained\\nat the expense of the college two dispensaries, at which the poor\\ncan obtain, daily (except Sundays), medical and surgical relief\\nHON. WM. WOODBRIDGE.\\nWilliam Woodbridge, the second governor of Michigan, and a man\\nthoroLiglily identified with its history for tliirty-five years, was born in\\nNorwich, Connecticut, August 20, 1780.\\nHe received his early education in his native State, studied law in\\nLitchfield, in that State, and with his father emigrated to the Northwest\\nterritory in 1791, settling in Marietta, Ohio.\\nIn 1806, he was admitted to the bar, in Ohio, and in the following\\nyear was elected to the assembly of that State. From 1808 until 1814 he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "630 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nfree of charge. During the year 1872 there were 1,335 patients\\ntreated at these dispensaries 3,280 prescriptions were prepared and\\ndispensed gratuitously and over two thousand persons were vac-\\ncinated. A large number of surgical operations are performed\\nevery year, before the class, on hospital and dispensary patients,\\nTHE DETROIT HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE.\\nThis institution was organized in the fall of 1871, and opened\\nfor the first course of lectures early in March following. At the\\nend of the term nineteen were graduated. The whole number\\nof students in attendance was thirty-two.\\nThe second session began November 6th, 1872, and ended the\\nlast of February, 1873. The attendance of students numbered\\nfifty-one, and there were twenty graduates, three of whom were\\nladies. It is a feature of this institution to give to women all its\\nprivileges.\\nwas prosecuting attorney of his county and also a member of the Ohio\\nState senate. During the latter year, witliout solicitation, he received\\nthe appointment of secretary of the Territory of Michigan, from Presi-\\ndent Madison, and removed to Detroit and entered upon the performance\\nof the duties of his new office. He was elected the first delegate to Con-\\ngress from Michigan, in 1819, and forwarded the interests of his con-\\nstituents in a manner to elicit the warmest approbation. He was\\nappointed judge of the supreme court of the Territory in 1828, and\\nperformed the duties of that office four years. He was one of the mem-\\nbers of the convention wliich framed the State constitution in 1835, and\\nwas elected a State senator under it in 1837. He was chosen to succeed\\nStevens T. Mason as governor of the State in 1839, and served during\\none term. At the expiration of his term of office as governor, he was\\nelected a United States senator, and served in that capacity from 1841\\nuntil 1847. While in the senate, he took a leading part in much of the\\nimportant legislation of that body, both as a member of a number of the\\nprinciple committees and also as a debater on the floor of the senate.\\nHis last days were spent in retirement in Detroit, where he died,\\nOctober 20, 1861.\\nGovernor Woodbridge was an eminent jurist and constitutional lawyer,\\nand at the time of his death, was the oldest and most distinguished mem-\\nber of the Datroit bar. He was a man of true principle and honor, who\\nhad served the public for many years with fidelity and integrity, and\\nwho died leaving to his children an unblemished name.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n631\\nThe third session began October 15th, 1873, with fifty students,\\nand more daily coming in. The term is expected to close about\\nMarch 1st, 1874.\\nThe faculty, or corps of instructors, is complete in all depart-\\nments, and the college is claimed to rank with any similar insti-\\ntution in this country. The president of the college, particularly,\\nis a gentleman of large experience as a practical physician and as\\nan instructor.\\nTHE DETROIT HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE.\\nThe Detroit Homeopathic College was organized with the appro-\\nval of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, for\\nits becoming a branch of the University, and it is hoped that this\\nresult will be brought about, and thus the difficulty which has\\nattended the attempt to introduce homeopathic professors into the\\nallopathic department at Ann Arbor be amicably resolved. This\\nis the wish of the greater portion of the profession in the State,\\nand seems to meet the wishes of those who have the University in\\nchiu-ge. So far, it must be confessed, the enterprise is attended", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "632 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwith complete success, and its founders are united in pushing it\\nto the front rank of medical colleges. The fees are the same as\\nare charged students in the University. Thus, to those who are\\nresidents of the State, $20 to those from other States S35.\\nThe college building is situated in Detroit, at the corner of\\nWoodward avenue and the Campus Martins, and adjoining the\\nOpera House. It is very convenient of access, being in the very\\ncenter of the city.\\nThe following are the officers and faculty of the college Presi-\\ndent, Lancelot Younghusband, M. D., LL. D. Treasurer, Thomas\\nW. Palmer, Esq. Secretary, Erastus R. Ellis, M. D. Faculty\\nL. Younghusband, M. D., LL. D., Emeritus Professor of Theory\\nand Practice Benjamin F. Bailey, Jr., M. D., Professor of Theory\\nand Practice of Medicine Charles H. B. Kellogg, M. D., Pro-\\nfessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children James\\nH. P. Frost, A. M., M. D., Special Lecturer on Psychological Med-\\nicine; Erastus R. Ellis, M. D., Professor of Principles and Prac-\\ntice of Surgery; Isaiah Dever, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica;\\nFrancis X. Spranger, M. D., Professor of Pathology, Diagnosis and\\nClinical Practice Oscar R. Long, M. D., Professor of Anatomy\\nJohn D. Kergan, A. B., M. D., Professor of Physiology William\\nC. Clemo, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Botany William B.\\nSilber, A. M., M. D., Ph. D., Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence.\\nThe history of the educational institutions of Michigan would\\nnot be complete without a more than passing notice of the busi-\\nness colleges. These have within a few years grown into consid-\\nerable importance, and filling, as they do, a peculiar vacancy in\\nthe chain of educational agencies in the State, should be regarded\\nas constituting a very valuable means of promoting the success\\nand prosperity of mankind. The importance of sound- business\\ncolleges is seen and recognized the world over. The theme of\\nactual business practice engages the attention of the best mathe-\\nmatical minds in the country. It is true that this class of educa-\\ntional institutions are yet in their infancy, but it is also true that\\neven now their utility is so far recognized by the business com-\\nmunity that the graduates of these institutions are placed in the\\nhighest places as accountants in the commercial arena of America.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0638.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n638\\nUpon this department of education, more than all others, falls\\nthe labor of teaching the language and import of business and\\ncommerce, through whose channels all nations and tongues find\\nintercourse.\\nHON. O. D. CONGER.\\nOmar D. Conger was born in Cooperstown, New York, in 1818. His\\nfatlier was a clergyman, with whom, in 1824, he removed to Huron\\ncounty, Ohio. He pursued his preparatory studies at Huron Institute,\\nMilan, Ohio, and graduated at Western Reserve College in 1842. From\\n1845 to 1847 he was employed in the geological survey and mineral\\nexplorations of the Lake Superior copper and iron regions. Having\\nstudied law, Mr. Conger, in 1848, engaged in the practice of his profes-\\nsion at Port Huron, Michigan, where he has since resided. In 1850, he\\nwas elected a judge of the St. Clair county court. He was a senator in\\nthe Michigan legislature for the biennial terms of 1855, 1857 and 1859,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0639.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "634 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nGOLDSMITH S BRYANT STRATTON UNIVERSITY.\\nThis institution is located at Detroit, near the post-office, and is\\npresided over by Mr. J. H. Goldsmith, a gentleman who has had\\na life-long experience in this department of education. It was\\nestablished in 1857, by the present proprietor, as one of the Bry-\\nant and Stratton chain of colleges, and bore the name of Bryant,\\nStratton and Goldsmith s Business College. It bore this name\\nuntil 1869, when the last named gentleman purchased the interest\\nof his partners, and became sole proprietor. It may be proper\\nhere to remark that upon the death of Mr. Stratton, which\\noccurred about this time, a change in the proprietorship of all the\\nBryant and Stratton colleges took place, the resident partner in\\neach purchasing the interest of Bryant and Stratton. In order to\\nperpetuate the benefits of the chain scholarship, uniformity of text-\\nbooks, etc., the International Business College Association was\\norganized, which includes a majority of the Bryant and Stratton\\ninstitutions, as well as a number of other commercial institutions\\nin the United States and Canada. Of this association the college\\nand in the last term was elected president pro tempore of the senate. In\\n1867, he was a member of the constitutional convention of Michigan.\\nIn 1868, he was elected a representative from Michigan to the Forty-tirst\\nCongress as a Republican, receiving 16,347 votes, against 14,623 for Hon.\\nByron G. Stout, the Democratic nominee. In 1870, he was reelected to\\nthe Forty-second Congress over the same competitor, and in 1872, he was\\nelected to the Forty-third Congress by a majority of between four and\\nfive thousand.\\nOn taking his seat in the Forty-tirst Congress, Mr. Conger was appointed\\na member of the committee on commerce, and took an active part in\\nlegislation. He frequently addressed the house, chiefly on subjects\\nreferred to or reported from the committee on commerce. The propriety\\nof his appointment to this committee is evident from the important com-\\nmercial interest of his own district, in which it is surpassed by no other\\nportion of the Union not on the sea-board, lying as it does immediately\\non the route of the great inland lake trade.\\nThe following is an extract from a speech delivered by Mr. Conger in\\nthe house of representatives, June 13, 1870, on the bill for river and har-\\nbor appropriations, which aptly illustrates the deep interest he takes in\\nthe welfare of his district\\nIn closing these remarks, Mr. Speaker, I invoke the attention of this", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0640.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "GOLDSMITH S BRYANT STEATTON BUSINESS COLLEGE.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0641.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "()36 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nunder consideration became a member and it has since pursued\\na career of continual progress, keeping) pace with the most\\nadvanced principles and theories of business. It has a board of\\ntrade, college, bank, and mercantile houses of all kinds. In each\\nof these all of the formalities of actual business transactions are\\nregularly gone through with by the students. The regular weekly\\nlaw lectures are another important feature of this institution.\\nMAYHEW BUSINESS COLLEGE.\\nThis institution, situated on the corner of Congress and Ran-\\ndolph streets, Detroit, was established in Albion, in 1860, and\\nremoved to Detroit in 1869. Its founder, the Hon. Ira Mayhew,\\nhad had large experience as a teacher, had written valuable works\\non education, had been two years county superintendent of schools\\nin New York, and eight years superintendent of public instruc-\\ntion in Michigan, and was, therefore, well prepared for the suc-\\ncessful management of such an institution.\\nProfessor Mayhew has devoted his time and energies to the\\nhouse and the country to the great historical fact that appears in all the\\ntraditions of the human race, shines through every page of history,\\nthrough ever}^ period of human greatness, through the rise and fall of\\nemph-es, through all the long successions of national growth and decay,\\nthat whatever people controlled the commerce of the world controlled\\nthe world itself and this, too, whether their municipal power extended\\nover vast realms of sea and land, or was confined to a single city or cir-\\ncumscribed island.\\nTo our legislation, in part, is committed the duty of realizing the\\nlessons of history, and asserting the supremacy of our national com-\\nmerce.\\nAthough the task is difficult, the consummation will be glorious.\\nOver what a world of waters do our laws extend! For what vast high-\\nways of commerce within our own borders must we legislate!\\nFrom the Kennebunk to the Rio Grande, along the thousand miles of\\ncoast line we front the Atlantic and woo the traffic of the East. From\\nSan Diego to Behring s Sti-aits we welcome across the calm Pacific the\\ntreasures of Cathay and farthest Inde!\\nBetween the two oceans what magnificent inland seas! What vast\\ninterlacing rivers! on which ten thousand vessels are wafted by the winds\\nof heaven, or driven by the energy of steam, as they bear onward the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0642.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 637\\nestablishment of a superior business college, worthy of his reputa-\\ntion as a teacher, an author, and a school oflBcer. Early in the\\nlate war his partner entered the army, and remained until its\\nclose. Prof Mayhew, during this time, conducted his business\\ncollege, and for three years officiated as collector of internal reve-\\nnue for the third district of Michigan, in which he at that time\\nresided. With several years of experience in conducting a busi-\\nness college, in which his practical book-keeping, first published\\nin 1851, was used as a text-book, he found it desirable to employ\\na fuller and more complete treatise. This led to the preparation\\nof Mayhew s University Book-keeping, which was published in\\n1868, and which is regarded as a very superior work. A most\\nvaluable business practice, employing money and business papers\\nin the great number and variety required for reducing to actual\\npractice the sets of Mayhew s University Book-keeping, was soon\\nprepared, which added greatly to its efficiency as a text-book for\\nbusiness colleges. Institutions using it became strongly attached\\nto it, and urged upon its author the formation of an association to\\nbe known as the Mayhew Business College Association.\\naccumulated wealth and vast commerce of modem civilization; where\\nthese are wanting, through the great forests, across the prairies, and over\\nthe mountain ranges, the iron track and the tireless engine must supply\\nthe necessities of travel and compensate the lack of navigation, and\\nfurnish to all these vast regions of our country the modern highways\\nwhich human genius has devised to supplement the deficiencies of nature\\nand equalize the conditions of locality.\\nIn the Forty-second Congress, Mr. Conger was again assigned a posi-\\ntion on the committee on commerce of the house, and frequently addressed\\nthat body on the important questions brought before it for legislation.\\nIn the Forty-third Congress, Mr. Conger is third on the committee on\\ncommerce, and chairman of the committee on patents, and is acknowl-\\nedged to be one of the ablest representatives from his State.\\nOn the 4th of July, 1871, Mr. Conger delivered an oration in Port\\nHuron, from which we give a few extracts, both as illustrating his popu-\\nlar style of eloquence, and as giving an interesting view of the commercial\\nimportance of his district:\\nWhat thronging memories of the past crowd upon us to-day. The\\nscenery around us is all eloquent of our national growth. On the very\\nspot where we now stand was planted the first settlement of white men", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0643.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "638 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nThis was accordingly done, and the institution, and its patrons,\\nnow enjoy whatever of advantage there is to be derived from the\\ncooperation of first-class institutions, situated in different parts of\\nthe country.\\nStudents in this institution receive a thorough course of instruc-\\ntion, beginning with the rudimentary principles of business and\\nof keeping accounts, after which they are instructed in the differ-\\nent forms of accounts, business correspondence, commercial papers,\\ncommercial calculations, the philosophy and morals of business,\\nand in relation to the organization and management of the differ-\\nent kinds of banks. After this preliminary training has been\\ngone through with, instruction is given in double-entry book-\\nkeeping, and in the manner of opening and closing of books.\\nA number of carefully graded sets of examples for practice are\\nworked by the student, each set embracing a large number and\\nvariety of transactions. The elements of commercial law receive\\nproper attention throughout the course.\\non the lower peninsula of Michigan. Before the Griffin floated on these\\nwaters before Detroit was discovered or settled the gallant Du Lhut,\\nwith his coureurs des hois, had traversed the eastern shore of Lake Huron\\nfrom the Ottawa route, and crossing from the low point that guards the\\nfoot of Lake Huron, which was then an island, he erected on this mound\\nFort St. .Joseph, and for more than two years held encampment near\\nwhere we stand, with the beautiful St. Clair before him, the River Dulude\\n(named after him, as you find it in the older maps) in his rear, and Lake\\nHuron sleeping in solitary grandeur Avithin the range of his vision.\\nTo the adventurous Frenchman and his baud of military hunters, and\\nto his companion, the learned and devoted priest, who shared his perils\\nand recorded his discoveries, all around was the grandeur of solitude,\\nthe mysterious voices of the unexplored wilderness, and the flood of\\nwaters rushing to an unknown bourne. Then they were the only Chris-\\ntain inhabitants of Michigan. To-day we number a million and a quarter\\nof souls. Then his few frail boats were all that dotted the face of the\\nlake or river. To-day the rushing of steam, the splashing wheels, the\\nwhite-winged vessels, the car-laden barge, the graceful yacht, all the\\nliving, moving panorama of water life, spreads before you, awakening\\nthe delightful consciousness of the prosperity and glory of our beloved\\nland, and gratifying your taste with glimpses of scenery unsurpassed in\\nits quiet beauty and loveliness in any land under the sun.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0644.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "filSTORY OF MIcaiGAN. 639\\nThis doses our review of the educational institutions of Michi-\\ngan. The public schools of the State are free to all pupils within\\nthe limits of the district, so that poverty is no bar to the acquire-\\nment of a good common school education. Within the last few\\nyears a system of compulsory education has been adopted, making\\nit obligatory upon every one having the control or custody of\\nchildren, between the ages of eight and fourteen years, to send\\nthem to school for a period of at least twelve weeks in each school\\nyear, six weeks of which, at least, shall be consecutive.\\nThus we have seen that Michigan, within a period of a little\\nover thirty-five years, has established a system of education unex-\\ncelled in any of the States, old or new. No people have ever\\nbeen more prompt to take advantage of the educational facilities\\noffered them than have the people of Michigan. The utmost\\nliberality has been manifested by them in everything that pertains\\nto their educational interests and the good results are every-\\nwhere manifest in the superior intelligence and virtue of tlie rising\\ngeneration.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0645.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVIIL\\nAgriculture Majsjufactures Commerce.\\nIn regard to the agricultural productions of Michigan, it has\\nalready been remarked that no State in the Union produces a\\ngreater variety of crops, and few, if any, produce a greater aver-\\nage yield per acre of the more important cereals. Of the other\\nwestern States each one is remarkable for the production of some\\none or two crops, whilst its soil is unadapted to the growth of any\\nother in profitable quantities. But Michigan produces in great\\nabundance all crops belonging to its latitude. The quality of\\nnearly all agricultural productions of this State will compare\\nfavorably with those of any other State in the Union. Its wheat\\nis sought after in all the markets of the east, and the highest\\nprice is paid for it. The average yield per acre is greater than\\nin a majority of the States, and in some years outranks, in this\\nrespect, every western State east of the Rocky mountains. For\\nthe purpose of comparison, the four States immediately surround-\\ning Michigan will be taken, viz Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and\\nWisconsin,\\nIn 1870 the average yield per acre of the principal crops,_in the\\nfive States named, was as follows Wheat, bushels Ohio, 13.8\\nIndiana, 11.0 Illinois, 12.0; Wisconsin, 13.4; Michigan, 14.0.\\nRye Ohio, 13.8 Indiana, 13.7 Illinois, 16.4 Wisconsin, 13.6\\nMichigan, 18.2. Oats\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ohio, 31.1 Indiana, 28.1 Illinois, 26.0;\\nWisconsin, 27.9 Michigan, 35.3. Barley Ohio, 2.35 Indiana,\\n24.1; Illinois, 20.0; Wisconsin, 26.5; Michigan, 25.0. Buck-\\nwheat\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ohio, 16.3; Indiana, 19.2 Illinois, 18.8; Wisconsin, 20.1;\\nMichigan, 17.3. Potatoes Ohio, 72; Indiana, 45 Illinois, 81\\nAVisconsin, 57; Michigan, 95. Tobacco, pounds Ohio, 916;\\nIndiana, 850 Illinois, 840j Wisconsin, 900 Michigan, 950.\\nHay, tons Ohio, 1.31 Indiana, 1.27 Illinois, 1.18; Wisconsin,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0646.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n641\\n1.34; Michigan, 1.36. Indian corn, bushels Ohio, 39.0; Indiana,\\n39.5 Illinois, 35.2 Wisconsin, 38.0 Michigan, 37.0. Thus it will\\nbe seen that of the five States named, none of them outrank Michi-\\ngan in the average production of any crops, save those of Indian\\nHON. ISRAEL V. HARRIS.\\nThe subject of this sketch is a descendant of one of the oldest and\\nbest known families in Dutchess county, New York.\\nHe was born at Pine Plains, in that county, April 2d, 1815; received\\nan academic education, and, until his removal to Michigan in 1836, was\\nengaged in farming. His early associates conceded him a prominence,\\nas was evinced by their election of him as first lieutenant in the militia\\ncompany in which he was enrolled in his eighteenth year; in the suc-\\nceeding year electing him captain, and as such he was commissioned by\\nGovernor Marcy, and the title has ever since been attached to him.\\nIn December, 1836, he came to Michigan, and remained in Detroit some\\nthree months, from whence he made his way on foot to Grand Rapids,\\n41", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0647.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "642 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ncorn, buckwheat and barley. Of the other six crops, viz wheat,\\nrye, oats, potatoes, tobacco and hay, Michigan stands ahead. It\\nwill be seen that we have taken for the purpose of comparison\\nwith Michigan, four of the best agricultural States in the Union.\\nThe above figures, and those which follow, are taken from the\\ncensus reports for 1870.\\nIn 1850 the total number of acres of land in farms in this State\\nwas 1,929,110. Twenty years later the number was swelled to\\n10,019,1-12. More than fifty per cent of this land is under culti-\\nvation. The total valuation of the farm lands in the State is\\n$398,240,578 of farming implements and machinery $13,711,979.\\nThe value of all farm productions, including betterments and\\nadditions to stock, for the same year was $81,508,623. Animals\\nslaughtered, and sold for slaughter, $11,711,624. Home manu-\\nfactures, $338,008. Forest products, $2,559,682. ^Market-garden\\nproducts, $352,658. Orchard products, $3,447,985. Wages paid\\nduring the year, including the value of board, $8,421,161. There\\nwere raised during the year, of spring wheat, 268,810 bushels;\\nwinter wheat, 15,996,963; rye, 144,508; corn, 14,086,238; oats,\\nin February, 1837, and soon located about eight miles west from there on\\nSand Creek, at a place now named in honor of him Victor s Mills.\\nHe was mainly instrumental in having the town organized, and named\\nTallmudge The same year he was joined by his brother Silas G.,\\nand they began as merchants in Grand Rapids, and w^re immediately\\nrecognized as among the leading men of the city.\\nThey were both ardent Democrats, and there are thousands who will\\nremember the terse logic, the absolute command of language, and the\\ngraceful oratory of Silas G. Harris. He was elected speaker of the House\\nof Representatives in this State, in 1850, and was recognized by all as an\\nimpartial, prompt and efficient officer.\\nIn 1848 Captain Harris and Silas were joined by their brother Myron,\\nand the succeeding year they built a mill on Sand Creek and commenced\\nlumbering, which, in connection with large operations in real estate, has\\nsince been their business.\\nFor six years in succession Captain Harris was supervisor of the town\\nof Tallmudge, and in 1853 he was elected to the State Senate in the dis-\\ntrict, comprising some twenty-three counties, eml)raciug Ottawa and\\nthose lying north to Mackinac. His opponent in the senatorial contest\\nwas Senator Thomas W. Ferry. In a subsequent contest Senator Ferry", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0648.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 643\\n8,954,466; barley, 834,558; buckwheat, 436,755. Of horses\\nthere were 253,670, of ^which number 228,302 were on farms.\\nOf fibrous productions there were raised, of flax, 240,110 pounds;\\nof wool, 8,726,145 pounds. The other farm productions for the\\nsame year were as follows Hay, 1,290,923 tons hops, 828,269\\npounds; tobacco, 5,385 pounds; sugar, 1,781,855 pounds sorghum\\nmolasses, 94,686 gallons maple molasses, 23,627 gallons Irish\\npotatoes, 10,318,799 bushels sweet potatoes, 3,651 bushels peas\\nand beans, 349,365 bushels; beeswax, 14,571 pounds; honey,\\n280,325 pounds; domestic wine, 21,832 gallons; clover seed,\\n49,918 bushels flax seed, 5,528 bushels grass seed, 2,590 bush-\\nels. The value of all live stock in the State, at that time, was\\ngiven as follows: Total value, $49,809,869; horses, $228,302;\\nmules and asses, $2,353 milch cows, $250,859 working oxen,\\n$36,499 other cattle, $260,171 sheep, $1,985,906 swine, $417,-\\n811. Dairy products butter, 24,400,185 pounds cheese, 670,804\\npounds milk sold, 2,277,122 gallons.\\nMANUFACTURES.\\nThe census reports for 1870 give the following summary of the\\nprincipal manufacturing interests of Michigan\\ndefeated liim. The captain lias ever since held a prominent position as a\\nleader in the Democratic party of the State. He has been one of the\\nState central committee, but has declined to be a candidate for office.\\nHe is a modest and unobtrusive gentleman, watchful of events, and\\nwhose intelligence and social qualities make liim not only a genial, but\\nan instructive companion.\\nIn planning railroad enterprises and improvements for the benefit of\\nGrand Haven, where he is largely interested, his sound judgment and\\npractical business tact have placed him in the front rank of the business\\nmen of that city.\\nComing to Michigan at a time when\\nThe rudiments of empire here\\nWere plastic yet, and warm,\\nhis intellect, his integrity, and knowledge of the wants of the country,\\nhave been widely felt in perfecting those organizations for the conduct\\nof public affairs which make a wilderness secure and preserve order in\\nsociety. He now lives at Grand Haven, environed by the respect and\\ncordial regard of those among whom his days have been passed almost\\nfrom boyhood to the vigor of his prime.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0649.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "644 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nFor the manufacture of agricultural implements there were 164\\nestablishments, employing 969 hands, $1,254,759 of capital, pay-\\ning $362,844 for wages, consuming $714,933 worth of material,\\nand producing the value of $1,569,596. Boots and shoes estab-\\nlishments 81, hands 830, wages $372,844, material $587,104, capi-\\ntal 578,172, product $1,249,130. Bread, and other bakery pro-\\nducts establishments 82, hands 306, wages $95,251, material\\n$459,716, capital $291,672, products $684,458. Brick\u00e2\u0080\u0094 establish-\\nments 136, hands 1,584, wages $275,331, material $128,665, capi-\\ntal $438,800, products $681,480. Carriages and wagons estab-\\nlishments 531, hands 2,239, wages $761,764, material $862,903,\\ncapital $1,649,860, products $2,893,328. Cars, freight and passen-\\nger establishments 3, hands 823, wages $496,058, material\\n$687,282, capital $615,223, products $1,488,742. Clothing\\nestablishments 288, hands 2,593, wages $606,881, material $1,444,-\\n826, capital $1,085,650, products $2,577,154. Confectionery\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nestablishments 14, hands 89, wages $30,794, material $179,769,\\ncapital $57,400, products $261,179. Cooperage establishments\\n291, hands 1,139, wages $325,096, material $530,706, capital\\n$438,165, products $1,176,768. Copper, milled and smelted\\nestablishments 19, hands 636, wages $350,909, material $8,499,-\\n496, capital $1,591,000, products $9,260,976. Flouring mill pro-\\nducts establishments 305, hands 1,389, capital $5,369,700, wages\\n$519,848, material, $14,882,834, products $17,633,158. Furniture\\nestablishments 246, hands 2,365, capital $2,067,620, wages\\n$660,179, material $679,612, products $1,954,688. Iron, forged\\nand rolled establishments 3, hands 465, capital $725,000, wages\\n$239, 164, material $446,000, products $780,750. Iron, pigs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 estab-\\nlishments 17, hands 1,625, capital $2,528,000, wages $844,259,\\nmaterial $1,651,102, products, $2,911,515. Iron, castings, not\\nspecified establishments 196, hands 1,101, capital $1,571,447,\\nwages $519,433, material $1,077,021, products $2,082,532. Lea-\\nther, tanned establishments 99, hands 479, capital $S97,047,\\nwages $192,150, material $1,167,876, products $1,606,311.\\nLeather, curried establishments 78, hands 249, capital $395,493,\\nwages $87,799, material $833,380, products $1,064,297. Liquors,\\nmalt establishments 128, hands 481, capital $1,327,441, wages", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0650.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n645\\n$162,768, material $598,828, products $1,216,286. Looking-\\nglasses and picture frames establishments 9, hands 330, capital\\n$97,125, wages $90,989, material $111,085, products $281,050.\\nLumber, planed establishments 58, hands 488, capital $659,650,\\nHON. DAVID H. JEROME.\\nDavid Howell Jerome was born November 17th, 1829, at Detroit.\\nHis father dying soon after his birth his mother removed to and lived\\nin Central New York until 1834. when she settled in St. Clair county.\\nDavid H. continued to reside here until 1854. The last year, however,\\nof this period he spent in California, and while there located the claim\\nfor the Live Yankee Tunnel and Mine at Forest City, which has\\nsince proved to be wortii millions of dollars. He projected the tunnel\\nand constructed it for 600 feet into the mountain towards the mine.\\nIn 1854 he settled in Baginaw City, and in the following year engaged\\nin trade as a merchant, commencing in general merchandise, and after-\\nwards changing to hardware. He is still in this business as the senior", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0651.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "646 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwages $192,157, material $710,105, products $1,085,860. Lum-\\nber, sawed establishments 1,180, hands 18,817, capital $26,086,-\\n445, wages $6,274,374, material $14,045,223, products $31,078,167.\\nMachinery, not specified establishments 63, hands 685, capital\\n$808,666, wages $371,965, material $687,740, products $1,355,371.\\nMachinery, steam engines and boilers establishments 31, hands\\n412, capital $476,743, wages $211,076, material $369,913, pro-\\nducts $723,704. Meat, packed, pork establishments 4, hands 33,\\ncapital $170,000, wages $12,050, material $493,033, products\\n$533,750. Millinery establishments 114, hands 409, capital\\n$132,700, wages $49,555, material $197,542, products $332,371.\\nMonuments and tomb-stones establishments 50, hands 242, capi-\\ntal $176,175, wages $82,966, material $112,603, products $291,782.\\nPaper, printing establishments 4, hands 170, capital $215,000,\\nwages $50,900, material $257,580, products $384,679. Plaster,\\nground establishments 22, hands 240, capital $687,100, wages\\npartner in the firm of D. H. Jerome Co., who have one of the largest\\nhardware establishments in the Saginaw Valley. He has conducted his\\nbusiness on sound principles, and has amassed a handsome fortune.\\nIn 1863 he was authorized by Governor Blair to raise the regiment\\napportioned to the Sixth Congressional District, and was commissioned\\nCommandant of Camp with the ranii of Colonel, to prepare the regiment\\nfor the field. This regiment the Twenty-third was placed in camp on\\nthe east side of Saginaw river for such preparation. It afterwards made\\na splendid record in the service.\\nDuring 1865-6 Colonel Jerome was military aid to Governor Crapo,\\nand in 1865 he was also appointed a member of the State Military Board,\\nof which he continued a member, and president, until the present year.\\nIn 1863 he was elected to the State senate he was reelected in 1864,\\nand again in 1856, serving six consecutive years in that branch of the\\nlegislature. In that body he was prominent in the debate in opposition\\nto the legislation avithorizing municipal aid to railroads, and after the\\nbatch of such measures had gone through both houses, he freely sup-\\nported Governor Crapo s veto and the policy it recommended.\\nDuring his entire senatorial services he was chairman of the committee\\non State aflFairs as well as a member of other important committees. As\\nsuch chairman he had much to do in shaping the policy of all the\\nimportant legislation made necessary by the war. Among other prom-\\ninent and humane measures Mr. Jerome brought forward and was instru-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0652.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 647\\n$9S7,702, material $160,391, products $333,600. Printing aud\\npublishing establishments 65, hands 726, capital $697,777, ^vages\\n$393,999, material $302,104, products $1,071,523. Saddlery and\\nharness establishments 288, hands 824, capital $460,436, wages\\n$194,497, material $413,6. 7, products $851,388. Salt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 establish-\\nments 65, hands 858, capital $1,717,500, wages $331,239, material\\n$410,561, products $1,176,811. Sash, doors and blinds estab-\\nlishments 150, hands 1,305, capital $1,279,200, wages $564,959,\\nmaterial $835,852, products, $1,868,596. Ship-building, repairing\\nand materials establishments 26, hands 637, capital $547,000,\\nwages, $233,031, material $271,064, products $709,384. Tin, cop-\\nper aud sheet-iron ware establishments 260, hands 835, capital\\n$487,515, wages $256,595, material $437,998, products $967,972.\\nTobacco and cigars establishments 6, hands 205, capital, $228,500,\\nwages $67,105, material $445,660, products $717,640. Tobacco,\\nchewing, smoking and snuff establishments 9, hands 470, capital\\nmental in procuring the passage of the bill creating the Soldiers Home at\\nHarper Hospital in Detroit.\\nIt was largely due to his influence that tlie proceeds of the swamp\\nlands have been so largely saved to assist local improvements in the new\\ncounties. His whole legislative career was characterized by a faithful\\ndevotion to the interests of the State and of his constituents, as well as by\\nintelligent industry, practical wisdom, and unquestioned integrity. He\\nnever traded votes with his associates for the purpose of getting aid on\\nhis local bills, but treated all bills alike and left his own to be considered\\non their merits. The expediency of this manly course was emphatically\\nillustrated in his experience. At the same .session in which the bills for\\nmunicipal aid to railroads and other like enterprises were vetoed by the\\nGovernor, a bill came before the senate for such aid for a plank road\\nleading to Senator Jerome s place of residence. His action on that bill\\nwas looked for with curious interest. After it had been vetoed and\\nI econsidered, he arose in the senate and frankly stated his interest in the\\nroad and his conviction that that particular bill was right. He expressed\\nhimself with such felicity, and defined his position with such consum-\\nmate address, that the bill was carried over the veto by twenty-two of\\nthe twenty-eight senators present voting for it.\\nHis splendid qualifications as a legislator so usefully and honorably\\nexercised in the senate doubtless led to his appointment as one of the\\ncommissioners, in 1873, to prepare a new State constitution. In this", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0653.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "648 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\n$847,500, wages $160,250, material $697,904, products $1,131,743.\\nTobacco, cigars\u00e2\u0080\u0094 establishments 99, hands 581, capital $225,202,\\nwages $214,575, material $304,741, products $723,140. Wooden\\nware establishments 17, hands 227, capital $324,200, wages\\n$69,774, material $87,795, products $257,710. Wood, turned and\\ncarved establishments 43, hands 282, capital $206,825, wages\\n$85,262, material $92,703, products $309,590. Woollen goods-\\nestablishments 38, hands 585, capital $858,200, wages $174,872,\\nmaterial $530,064, products $996,203.\\nThis must not be understood to include all the manufacturing\\nindustries of the State. Only the principal ones are included,\\nand of the industries here specified those establishments produc-\\ning less than the value of $500 per year are left out. If all were\\nincluded it would swell the amount enormously. In another\\ntable the grand totals for Michigan are given as follows\\nManufacturing establishments 9,455 steam engines employed,\\nbody, which has just concluded its labors, he was chairman of the com-\\nmittee on finance. He took a leading part in the debates and consult-\\nations on all the important questions that the commission had to deal\\nwith, and a prevailing influence in moulding many of the new provisions.\\nWhile he opposed unfettered monopoly, he steadily fought against the\\ninsertion in the organic law of restrictions that were dictated by mere\\nhostility to railroad and other corporations. He intelligently insisted\\nthat they were indispensable in the conduct of the business of the country,\\nand they should not be crippled in the exercise of their proper func-\\ntions; that it is safer and wiser to leave it to the legislature to correct\\nabuses as they arise.\\nMr. Jerome is a man of great force of character, careful and deliberate\\nin the formation of his opinion, but steadfast in them when formed, and\\npersevering in carrying them out in practice. He is kind and genial in\\nhis social nature, and well calculated to exercise a powerful and general\\ninfluence over the popular mind. He is every day the same bland and\\ncultivated gentlemen. He is ever keenly alive to every scheme aiming at\\nthe moral, intellectual and material advancement of his fellows, and ever\\nready with labor and money to cooperate. He deserves and enjoys the\\ndistinction of being a pleasant, social gentleman, a model business man,\\na public spirited and exemplary citizen, and a statesman of fair stature,\\nwho displays in his public capacity all the virtues that adorn and beautify\\nhis daily life. J. G. S.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0654.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n649\\n2,215, having a total horse-power of 70,956; water-wheels\\nemployed 1,500, having a total horse-power of 34,895; hands\\n63,694, of whom 58,347 are males above 16 years of age, 2,941\\nare females above the age of 15, and 2,406 youth aggregate capi-\\nGEORGE WILLARD.\\nGeorge Willaud was born in Bolton, Vermont, March 20, 1824, and\\nemigrated with his parents to Michigan in 1836, and settled in Battle\\nCreek, where he now resides. In 1856 he was elected a member of\\nthe State board of education, and occupied the position for six yews.\\nHe has also been for the last ten years a I egent of the University, and dur-\\ning that time has held the chairmanship of the committee in the classical\\ndepartment. Upon the board of regents, he strenuously advocated the\\nadmission of women into the University, and introduced the resolution\\nfor that measure, which was finally adopted.\\nMr. Willard was a member of the Michigan house of representatives\\nin 1867, and also of the coustitutional convention in the same year, serv-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0655.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "G50 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntal employed $71,712,283; wages, $21,205,355; materials, $68,-\\n142,515; products, $118,394,676.\\nCOMMERCE.\\nThere can be no question of the immense superiority of the\\ncommercial advantages possessed by Michigan over those of any\\nother State in the Union. Her natural harbors are numerous,\\nand so favorably located as to require but little expense or labor\\nto make them available for all classes of shipping. Her coast\\nline is longer than that of any other State, it being not less than\\none thousand four hundred miles in length, and her shores are\\nwashed by the waters of navigable lakes whose combined area is\\neighty-four thousand square miles. With these great inland seas\\nalmost surrounding her, with her numberless water-courses flow-\\ning through her gigantic forests of pine, and emptying at con-\\nvenient distances into the great highways of commerce, with her\\nlong lines of railroad traversing the State in every direction, she\\nenjoys advantages which many an empire might envy, and which\\nfew nations of the world possess.\\nOn the twentieth day of May, 1819, a little over fifty years ago,\\nthe steamer Walk-in-the-Water landed at Detroit. This was the\\nfirst steamboat that made its appearance on the lakes. She was\\ncommanded by Captain Jedediah Rogers, and occupied a whole\\nweek in making the trip to Black Rock. Two years later, this\\ncelebrated pioneer steamer was wrecked near Bufl^alo. Other\\nsteamers and numerous sailing vessels soon followed, each year\\nincreasing the number and improving the quality of each kind,\\nuntil 1855, which was about the culminating period of passenger\\ntraffic on the lakes. At that time there were from eight to ten\\ndepartures of passenger steamers daily from Detroit to the ports\\non Lake Erie alone. Since that time the railroads have absorbed\\nmost of the passenger traffic but the number of freight vessels\\ning in both bodies as chairman of the committee on education, and in\\n1872, was elected to Congress from the Third Congressional District. He\\nis editor and publisher of the Battle Creek Journal, a daily and weekly\\nnewspaper, and was a delegate at large from this State to the last Kepubli-\\ncan national convention.", "height": "3131", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0656.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0657.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "652 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nof all kinds has increased with wonderful rapidity. It is esti-\\nmated that the tonnage on the lakes is, and has been for a number\\nof years, increasing at the rate of twenty per cent each year. And\\nyet it no more than keeps pace with the growth of the State and\\nthe great Northwest. Each year produces an increase in the size\\nand an improvement in the character of the vessels built.\\nIn this connection it is proper to mention the fact that within\\nthe last few years a change has been gradually taking place in\\nthe character of the freight vessels, and the mode of freight\\ntransportation on the lakes. Up to 1864 or 1865, the only method\\nof transporting freight by water was by the common, well known\\nsteamers, propellers, and sailing vessels. At that time what may\\njustly be called a new era was inaugurated by the building of\\nsteam barges. These for a time were run independently, and used\\nfor the transportation of lumber. In process of time the steam\\nbarges began to be utilized for towing other barges laden with lum-\\nber. This at once lessened the cost of building freight trans-\\nports, decreased the amount of help necessary to man them, and\\nincreased the carrying capacity of the bottoms by dispensing with\\nmasts and machinery. This method, as intimated, was first used\\nin the lumber trade, but gradually extended to other freights, and\\npresent indications seem to point to a total revolution in the\\ncarrying trade of the lakes. The accompanying engraving repre-\\nsents one of the finest of the steam barges here spoken of. A\\nglance will show how admirably this model is adapted to the end\\nin view. In addition to the great amount of freight capacity,\\nboth in the hold and on deck, this class of vessels is provided with\\nmachinery capable of towing from four to ten common barges,\\nwhose aggregate carrying capacity amounts to millions of feet of\\nlumber.\\nCommon usage has given these vessels the name of barges\\na name which, applied to this class of vessels, would convey an\\nerroneous impression to the general reader, inasmuch as it is com-\\nmonly used to designate an inferior order of freight transports.\\nA glance at the engraving will show that in point of beauty of\\nmodel, they are not inferior to the finest specimens of marine\\narchitecture. They are as substantially built as the best propel-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0658.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "fiiSTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n653\\nlers, and their machinery is inferior to none. Properly speaking,\\nthe name of propeller should be applied to them. These facts are\\nmentioned, and this engraving is presented, for the reason that the\\nclass of vessels which is thus represented is destined to revolu-\\ntionize the carrying trade of the great lakes.\\nHON. O. M. BARNES.\\nOrlando M. Barnes, of Mason, Michigan, was born in Ira, Cayuga\\ncounty. New York, November 21, 1824.\\nMr. Barnes is a descendant from the Puritans of New England, his\\nancestors having been among the early settlers of Plymouth colony,\\nMassachusetts.\\nIn 1837, his father and family emigrated to Michigan, and settled in\\nAiirelius, Ingham county. The settlement of this county had just com-\\nmenced at that time, and this family were among the pioneer settlers of\\nAurelius township.\\nMr. Barnes received a thorough education, graduating from the Michi-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0659.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "654 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nIn 1859 the total number of vessels navigating the waters oi\\nthe great lakes, all of which paid tribute to Michigan, was over\\nsixteen hundred, with an aggregate carrying capacity of about\\n14,000 tons.\\nIn 1873 the carrying capacity of the vessels belonging to\\nDetroit alone amounted in the aggregate to 129,180 tons.\\nReduced to tabular form, the carrying capacity of Michigan\\nvessels stands thus\\nNumber of steam craft in Detroit 106\\nNumber of sail craft, including barges, in Detroit 139\\nTotal in Detroit 245\\nNumber of steam craft owned in other towns in Michigan 69\\nNumber of sail craft owned in other towns in Michigan, includ-\\ning barges 151\\nTotal in Michigan outside of Detroit 210\\nAggregate number in Michigan 455\\nCarrying capacity of steam craft in Detroit, in tons. ().8,886\\nCarrying capacity of sail craft in Detroit, including\\nbarges 05 294\\nTotal in Detroit 129,180\\nCarrying capacity of steam craft in State outside of\\nDetroit 15 388\\nCarrying capacity of sail craft in the State outside of\\nDetroit, including barges 44,063\\nTotal in State outside of Detroit 59,451\\nAggregate carrying capacity of Michigan vessels 188,631\\ngan University with the class of 1850, and receiving the degree of master\\nof arts from that institution four years later.\\nHaving selected the law for his profession, he began its study, and\\nafter devoting himself diligently to it through a regular course of instruc-\\ntion, he was admitted to the bar in 1851.\\nIn the following year, he married Miss Amanda W. Fleming, of Albion,\\nMichigan.\\nThe first years of Mr. Barnes professional practice were attended with\\nmore than ordinary success. He was made prosecuting attorney of his\\ncounty, and held the position during the first five years he was a mem-\\nber of the bar.\\nRetiring from this office, his abilities were given a wider field of opera-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0660.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 655\\nTotal capacity of steam vessels of the State including\\nDetroit 79 275\\nTotal capacity of sail vessels of the State including\\nDetroit 109 35G\\nAggegate, as above stated 188,681\\nValue of steam vessels in State outside of Detroit, |1, 063, 020\\nValue of sail vessels in the State outside of Detroit 1,248,240\\nTotal in the State outside of Detroit $2,311 ,260\\nValue of steam vessels in Detroit $3,818,500\\nValue of sail vessels in Detroit 2,539,600\\nTotal in Detroit 6,358,100\\nAggregate value of vessel property in Michigan $8 669 360\\nIt is proper to state that the number of vessels here represented\\nis taken from the register of the board of underwriters, and rep-\\nresents only those that are insurable under the strict rules of that\\nboard. There are hundreds of others that ply the waters of our\\nlakes and rivers, that are not included in this estimate, whose\\naggregate tonnage would swell these figures largely, and whose\\ntrade forms no insignificant item in the commerce of the State.\\ntions, and they with his untiring energy and devotion to business soon\\ngained him a position among the first lawyers in the interior of the State.\\nIn the fall of 1863, he was elected a member of the State legislature,\\nand took a prominent part in the proceedings of that body during its\\nsessions in 1863-4.\\nShortly after his service in the State legislature, he, in a great measure,\\nwithdrew from his legal practice, devoting himself more particularly to his\\nrailroad enterprises. Mr. Barnes has been connected with the Jackson,\\nLansing and Saginaw Railroad since its organization, and to his ability,\\nenergy and perseverance, the success of this important measure is to a\\ngreat degree attributable. He has been the secretary and attorney of this\\ncompany since its commencement, and is now also its land commis-\\nsioner. Mr. Barnes has proven himself an able railroad man, showing a\\nkeen foresight and clear judgment upon all questions connected with the\\nbuilding and running of a first class railroad in these days of close com-\\npetition.\\nIn his business and social relations, he has made many warm friends\\nthroughout the State and country, and it can safely be said that but few\\nmen are held in such universal esteem at their homes as he is in Mason,\\nthe place of his residence.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0661.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "656 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nIn this connection it may not be uninteresting to note the\\namount of commerce that passed through the Detroit river in\\n1872. The following figures are made from information derived\\nfrom the custom houses and boards of trade at Chicago, Milwau-\\nkee, Detroit, Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland, Erie, Buffalo, Tona-\\nwanda, and Welland Canal, and for which we acknowledge our\\nindebtedness to the courtesy of George W. Bissell, Esq., of the\\nDetroit Board of Trade\\nTonnage of Freight through Detroit En^^R in 1872.\\nTONS.\\nLumber, 971,977,849 feet, which reduced to tons amounts to. 1,943,954\\nCoal 1 1 09 196\\nGrain, 75,146,507 busliels, equals 2,028,857\\nFlour, 800,034 barrels, equals 86,403\\nIron ore, scrap, pig and railroad iron 985,621\\nSalt, 616,000 baiTels, equals 92,400\\nStaves 108,693\\nReceived at Detroit from small vessels 373,468\\nGeneral merchandise 876,789\\nEntered and Cleared at Detroit, not before included.\\nVessels of 150 tons, and under 328,717\\nVessels over 150 tons 1,182,472\\nTotal tons 9,116,570\\nCarrying Capacity of the Lake Marine.\\nNUMBER. TONS.\\nSail vessels 1 ,542 423,655\\nSteam vessels 529 171 ,079\\nNew vessels, steam and sail 134 167,500\\nTotals 2,205 762,234\\nWhole estimated value ^50,000,000\\nIt will be seen by comparing the above figures with those we\\nhave given for the State, that over seventeen per cent, in value,\\nof the lake shipping is owned in Michigan and that the car-\\nrying capacity of the vessels of Michigan amounts to over twenty-\\nfive per cent, or more than one-fourth, of the whole tonnage of\\nthe lakes. The apparent discrepancy between the two per cent-\\nages is accounted for by the fact that the lumber barges heretofore", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0662.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "ttrsTORY OF MICHIGAN. 657\\nalluded to, possess a much gi-eater carrying capacity, in proportion\\nto their cost, than other vessels. As most of these barges are\\nowned in Michigan the apparent discrepancy will be readily\\nunderstood.\\nIt will be seen by the foregoing that the commerce of the lakes\\nincreases enormously from year to year, notwithstanding the num-\\nber of railroads that spau the continent and traverse the State in\\nall directions. This wonderful growth of the lake marine, how-\\never, no more than keeps pace with the demands of trade in the\\ngreat Northwest. Nor is there any prospect in the near future of\\nany diminution in the rate of increase. The time is not far dis-\\ntant when the loading of ships at our wharves with merchandise\\nfor Liverpool will be the rule instead of the exception. Quite a\\nlarge direct trade with Europe has already been established but\\nwith the building of canals now in contemplation, or the enlarge-\\nment of those now in existence, that trade will swell to enormous\\nproportions.\\n42", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0663.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIX.\\nMineral Springs op Michigan Their Discovery Analyses op the\\nWaters The Location of Each The St Louis Spring\\nAlpena Midland Eaton Rapids Spring LAitE Lansing\\nFrUITPORT BuTTERWORTH S OWOSSO HUBBARDSTON LESLIE\\nMount Clemens.\\nWithin the last four or five years Michigan has acquired a\\nnational reputation as a watering ])lace and a resort for invalids.\\nThis is owing to the discovery that the water flowing from arte-\\nsian wells in various parts of the State is highly charged with\\nvarious minerals that are recognized by physicians as valuable in\\nthe treatment of disease.\\nThe first discovery of this kind was made at St. Louis, Gratiot\\ncounty, in the summer of 1869. In that year a company began\\nboring for salt water. At the depth of 200 feet a vein of water\\nwas struck which spouted up to the height of twenty-four feet\\nabove the surface. The tube was three and a half inches in\\ndiameter, and it delivered 300 gallons of water per minute. The\\nwater was beautifully clear and cold, and to the taste was barely\\nperceptibly alkaline. It was not saline, and was therefore aban-\\ndoned for manufacturing purposes. An accident finally revealed\\nthe fact that pieces of iron or steel held in the water a few min-\\nutes became charged with magnetism. This led to further experi-\\nments, resulting in the discovery that the water possessed medical\\nproperties invaluable in the treatment of various forms of disease.\\nAn analysis of the waters was made by Prof. DufReld, which con-\\nfirmed the opinion as to their value, and the wells soon became a\\nresort for hundreds of the afflicted. This led to further searches\\nin different parts of the State, and the result is that nearly a hun-\\ndred wells of water have been found to possess (as their friends\\nclaim) magnetic properties. Upwards of twenty of these have", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0664.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN.\\n659\\nbeen advertised as containing mineral qualities, and those that\\nhave been analyzed show the statement to be correct. It is proper\\nto state in this connection that the question in regard to the\\nmagnetic properties claimed for these springs is still an open one.\\nHON. A. C. BALDWIN.\\nAugustus C. Baldwin was born at Salina, in the State of New York,\\nDecember 24, 1817.\\nWhen but five years of age, he lost his^ father by death, and was\\nthrown upon his own resources for support. By unremitting industry,\\nhe gained a comfortable livelihood, and acquired a thorough English\\neducation.\\nIn 1837, he settled in Oakland county, Michigan, where he studied\\nlaw, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He began the practice of his\\nprofession at Milford, but soon removed to Pontiac, Oakland county,\\nwhere he has since resided, and where he is still in regular practice.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0665.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "660 GENERAL STSTORY OF THE STATES.\\nScientific men differ on this point but as to their mineral proper-\\nties there is no room for doubt.\\nIn the following pages the analyses of the more prominent\\nwells will be given, the order of their arrangement having no\\nreference to the date of their discovery or their value in the treat-\\nment of disease. In regard to the latter point, the analysis will\\nbe the best guide some being adapted to the treatment of one\\nclass of diseases and others to another. It is not in the province\\nof the historian to discriminate. INIany of them are extensively\\npatronized, and thousands of remarkable cures have been reported.\\nST. LOUIS MAGNETIC SPRINGS.\\nSt. Louis is a quiet and pleasant little town of about 1,500\\ninhabitants, situated about 34 miles west of Saginaw, and is\\nreached by the Saginaw Valley and St. Louis Railroad. It has\\nfour hotels, capable of accommodating three or four hundred\\nguests. A commodious bath house has been erected at the well,\\nand is under the supervision of Dr. Silas Kennedy, resident physi-\\ncian. The following analysis of this water was made by Dr.\\nSamuel P. Duffield, of Detroit Medical College. It is calculated\\non the imperial or wine gallon, S. G. 1011.\\nMr. Baldwin was a member of the legislature of Michigan in 1844 and\\n1846; prosecuting attorney for Oakland county in 1858 and 1854, and\\nrepresentative for the (then) fifth congressional district of Michigan, in\\nthe Thirty-eighth Congress of the United Slates, serving upon the com-\\nmittee on agriculture and the committee on expenditures in the Depart-\\nment of the Interior.\\nHis political atfiliation has always been with the Democratic party.\\nHe w^as a delegate to the national Democratic conventions at Charleston\\nand Baltimore in 18G0, and at Chicago in 1864.\\nHe has devoted a considerable portion of his fortune to the acquisition\\nof an extensive lil)rary in the departments of law and literature. In\\n1871, he was in possession of one of only three complete sets of Ameri-\\ncan Reports in the United States, for some single volumes of which he\\npaid as high a price as $75. This valuable and rare collection was sold\\nto the Bar As.sociation of Kansas city, Missouri. His private library\\nconsists of about 7,000 volumes, and his collection of paintings is one of\\nthe finest in Michigan.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0666.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n661\\nSulphate lime, 66.50; silicate lime, 6.72; chloride, a trace;\\nbicarbonate soda, 106.40; bicarbonate lime, 69.40; bicarbonate\\nmagnesia, 17.50; bicarbonate iron, 1.20; silica, free, 2.88;\\norganic matter and loss, 2.00 total constituents, 272.60. Bicar-\\nHON. CHARLES RYND, M. D.\\nThe subject of the present sketch is emphatically a self-made man.\\nUnaided by any circumstances of birth or fortune, he has by sheer force\\nof intellect, by industry and by indomitable persistence of purpose,\\nattained a positicm of honor among men, socially, politically and as an\\neminent practitioner of medicine. IJe was born December 28, 188(5, in\\nthe county of Donegal, Ireland, and belongs to that race of Protestant\\nIrishmen which has given to the world so many persons eminent in the\\nvarious walks of life. In May, 1851, not yet fifteen years of age, but\\nhaving received, for a boy of his age, the ground-work of a first-class\\neducation, he came to this country alone, landed in New York city in\\nJune, and from thence went directly to Canada. His experience in", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0667.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "662 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nbonates, 194.50 free carbonic acid in gallon, 6.21 sulphureted\\nhydrogen, traces. Total mineral matter in gallon, 276.81.\\nALPENA MAGNETIC WELL.\\nThis well is situated in the town of Alpena, on Thunder bay,\\nabout 100 miles south of Mackinaw. It is a very pleasant,\\nthriving town, and posesses many advantages as a summer resort,\\nhaving good hotel accommodations, bathing facilities, churches\\nand billiard tables. The place is reached by steamer from Detroit\\nand Saginaw. The chemical analysis shows the following constit-\\nuent elements of the water\\nBicarbonate of soda, 15,736 grains; bicarbonate of lime,\\n65,136 bicarbonate of magnesia, 62,920 bicarbonate of iron,\\n1,840; sulphate of lime, 30,056; silica and aluminum, 3,088;\\nchloride of sodium (salt), 68,256 organic matter and loss, 928\\ntotal, 237,900. Total mineral constituents 237,032 grains; sulphu-\\nreted hydrogen gas, 3.91 cubic inches carbonic acid gas, a trace.\\nMIDLAND MAGNETIC SPRING.\\nThis well is situated in the town from which its name is derived,\\na thriving village on the Tittabawassee river. It is about 20\\nmiles northwest of Saginaw, and is reached by the Flint and Pere\\nMarquette Railway. It has good hotel accommodations, and a\\nCanada was that of every boy, either here or there, who is thrown\\nentirly on his own resources. What he secured, either in money or\\nknowledge, was honestly earned. He worked on a farm, clerked in the\\nstore of Hon. T. B. Guest, of St. Mary s, since a member of parliament,\\nand afterwards assumed charge of a large school, which he managed\\nwith marked ability and success for five consecutive years. During these\\nyears he made good use of his spare time.\\nUnder the private tuition of a Presbyterian clergyman he became a\\ngood classic scholar. He wrote largely for the Toronto journals, and\\nstudied medicine under the instruction of Dr. Daniel Wilson, a dis-\\ntinguished and scholarly practitioner of St. Mary s. Anxious to enlarge\\nhis acquisitions in this direction, he left the Dominion and entered the\\nUniversity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he took a thorough course\\nof instruction, not only in medicine, but also in the chemical laboratory.\\nWhile in the university, he was the private pupil and assistant of Profes-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0668.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAIJ. 663\\ngood bath house has been opened in connection with the well.\\nAn analysis of its waters shows it to contain, in one imperial\\ngallon\\nSulphate of lime, 4.4591 grains; sulphate of potassa, 82.1930\\nsulphate of soda, 22.0690; phosphate of alumina, 1.7287, chlor-\\nide of calcium, 6.2194; chloride of magnesium, 2.1948; chloride\\nof sodium, 32.7025 silica, 2.9631 organic matter, 2,4692 loss,\\n3.2120; total salts, 160.2108.\\nEATON RAPIDS MAGNETIC SPRINGS.\\nThese wells are in the town of Eaton Rapids, twenty-five miles\\nnorthwest from Jackson, on Grand river, and are reached by the\\nGrand River Valley Railroad. It is a beautiful, enterprising and\\nhealthful town, aud has become within a few years an exceed-\\ningly popular summer resort. Seven wells are found here, each\\none being connected with a hotel, and possessing ample bathing\\nfacilities. The Frost well is the oldest, and bears the following\\nanalysis, by Professor Duffield\\nSulphate of lime, 4.64 grains carbonate of lime, 46.24 car-\\nbonate of magnesia, 9.11 carbonate of iron, 2.38 chloride of\\nsodium, 9.21 silica, 15.74 organic matter and loss, .90. Total\\nmineral contents of one imperial gallon, 88.22 total carbonic\\nacid, 22.22 cubic inches.\\n8or M. Gunn, now of Rush Medical College, Chicago. In the spring of\\n1859, he graduated with honor, and devoted the following summer to\\nhospital practice, settling in Adrian in November of the same year,\\nwhere he has ever since resided. He has, since his residence in Adrian,\\nserved four years in the common council, where he inaugurated several\\nimportant measures of civic reform, which have since been copifd by\\nnearly all the leading cities of the State. He has also served as president\\nof the board of education with credit to himself, and advantage to the\\ncity. In the spring of 1871, he was, after a somewhat warm contest,\\nnominated by the State Republican convention as a candidate for regent\\nof the university, and was elected by a very large majority, his vote at\\nhome showing the appreciation in which he was held. In the city of\\nAdrian, he ran ahead of his colleagues, on the State ticket, nearly 900\\nvotes, and he also ran largely ahead in all parts of the county.\\nDr. Rynd has always been an indefatigable worker. His will secures", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0669.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "664 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe Shaw spring, analyzed by Prof. Kedzie, of the State\\nAgricultural College, bears the following analysis\\nCubic inches per gallon of carbonic acid gas, 15.97; solid resi-\\ndue left on evaporating one gallon, 90.45 grains. An analysis of\\nthe residue shows the following: Sulphate of lime, 48.13 grains;\\ncarbonate of lime, 20.74; carbonate of magnesia, 3.84; carbonate\\nof iron, 2.23 carbonate of soda, 11.57 carbonate of potassa, 1.27\\nchloride of sodium, .90 silica acid, 1.40 organic matter and loss,\\n.90.\\nProfessor Kedzie also analyzed the Mosher spring, with the\\nfollowing result\\nSulphate of lime, 45.16 grains carbonate of lime, 19.43; car-\\nbonate of magnesia, 4.52 carbonate of iron, 1.00 carbonate of\\npotassa, 1.15; carbonate of soda, 5.38; chloride of sodium, 90;\\nsilicic acid, 2.54 organic matter and loss, .85. Total solid con-\\ntents in grains, 79.23; cubic inches carbonic acid gas, 15.38.\\nDr. C. T. Jackson, State Assayer of Massachusetts, made the\\nfollowing analysis of the Sterling spring\\nSulphate of lime, 55.20 grains; sulphate of soda, 12.59; sul-\\nphate of magnesia, 9.40 carbonate of soda and chloride of sodium,\\n5.21 carbonate of iron, 2.80. Total solid contents, 85.20.\\nProfessor Kedzie also made the analysis of the Bordine spring\\nwith the following result\\nsuccess in every work he undertakes. Possessed of a vigorous constitu-\\ntion and being extremely simple and temperate in all his habits, he has\\nsecured a large and remunerative practice, has secured also a comfortable\\ncompetence, and has invested largely in industrial interests in the city of\\nhis reside acr. His action on the board of regents has been characterized\\nby an intelligent liberality, a keen insight into the necessities of the\\nuniversity, and an intense hatred of shams and dishonesty. In the sum-\\nmer of 1873, he was tendered a professorship in the medical department\\nof the university, which he declined.\\nHe is a very ready writer, a fluent and vigorous public speaker, a hard\\nworker, keeps a keen and intelligent watch of public afiairs, is a warm\\nfriend to those he esteems, liberal to a fault, thoroughly independent is,\\nin short, a good citizen, public spirited and enterprising, ever on the side\\nof right and justice\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a good illustration of what may be accomplished by\\nenergy, industry and integrity under adverse and untoward circum-\\nstances.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0670.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n665\\nSulphate of lime, 57.50 grains bicarbonate of lime, 40.47\\nbicarbonate of magnesia, 8.40 bicarbonate of potassa, 3.00\\nbicarbonate of soda, 5.05 bicarbonate of iron, 2.25 chloride of\\nsodium, ].50; silicia, 2.00. Total grains in a gallon, 120.17;\\ncubic inches carbonic acid, 17.35.\\nHON. HENRY H. CRAPO.\\nHenry H. Crapo, the fourteenth governor of Michigan, was born in\\nDartmouth, Massachusetts, May 24th, 1804.\\nHe received his education in that State, and took up his residence in\\nNew Bedford, where he remained for many year?.\\nMr. Crapo removed to Michigan in 1857, and settling in the village of\\nFlint, soon became extensively interested in the manufacture and sale of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0671.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "666 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nSPRING LAKE MAGNETIC SPRING.\\nThis well is iu the towa whose name it bears, which is situated\\non the Grand river at its junction with the body of water known\\nas Spring lake. It is two miles from Grand Haven, and is con-\\nnected with that town by a line of stages. A good bath house\\nhas been erected at the well, and the hotel accommodations are\\nexcellent. Prof. Wheeler, of Chicago, has analyzed the waters\\nwith the following result:\\nChloride of potassium, 4.2880 grains chloride of sodium,\\n405.5330; chloride of calcium, 113,4200; chloride of magnesium,\\n36.2000 bicarbonate of soda, 0.0547 bicarbonate of lime, 0.1 308\\nbicarbonate of ferri, 1.0090; bicarbonate of magnesium, 0.0040;\\nbicarbonate of manganese, 0.0534; bromide, 2.1700; sulphate of\\nsoda, 46.7000 silicia, 0.5030 alumina, traces ammonia, 0.0158;\\norganic matter, 18.2902 lithia, traces.\\nLANSING MAGNETIC SPRING.\\nThis spring is situated at Lansing, the capital of the State, a\\nbeautiful and flourishing city of about 6,500 inhabitants. The\\ntown is easily reached by railroad from any direction. The hotel\\naccommodations are ample and excellent. The spring is located\\nat the confluence of Grand and Cedar rivers, about a mile up the\\nGrand river. A commodious bath house is in operation, and a\\nlarge first-class hotel has been built in connection with the spring.\\nThe well is about 1,400 feet in depth, and discharges 1,500 gallons\\nper day. An analysis made by Dr. Jennings, of Detroit, presents\\nthe following result\\nChloride of sodium, 320.224; bicarbonate of lime, 107.590;\\nlumber, and did much to promote the growth of his adopted city by\\nencouraging its manufacturing interests.\\nHe served the city of Flint as mayor for some time, and was called to\\nthe executive chair of the State in January, 1864, and served in that\\ncapacity two terms, or until the close of 1867. He was governor of the\\nState during the last years of the rebellion, and performed invaluable\\nservices for the North in its final struggle, which resulted in the complete\\noverthrow of the Southern Confederacy.\\nGovernor Crapo died at his home, in Flint, on the 23d of July, 1869.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0672.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIQAN. 667\\nbicarbonate of soda, 112.081 bicarbonate of magnesia, 23.027\\nbicarbonate of iron, 1.882: sulphate of potassa, 14.940; sulphate\\nof soda, 30.065; silica, 3.966. Solid contents of one imperial\\ngallon, 613.775. Total carbonic acid, 235.550 cubic inches.\\nFRUITPORT SULPHUR AND MAGNETIC WELL.\\nThis well is located in Fruitport, a new and flourishing town\\nsituated at the head of Spring lake. It occupies a prominent\\nposition in the fruit region of the western part of the State, on\\nthe shore of Lake Michigan. It possesses ample hotel accommo-\\ndations, a commodious bath house, and is a popular resort for\\npleasure and health seekers. Prof. Wheeler, of Chicago, pre-\\nsents the following analysis of its waters\\nBicarb, soda, 6.5156 bicarb, lime, 5.1100 bicarb, iron,\\n7.5000; bicarb, magnesia, 4.1511; bicarb, manganese, 0.1050;\\nchloride sodium, 464.0319; chloride lime, 111.1110; chloride\\npotassium, 0.4312; chloride magnesium, 46.8072 bromide, 0.7666;\\nsulphate soda, 45.9960; silica and silicates, 10.6050; alumina,\\ntraces. Total fixed residue, 679.7489. Total free gas, 7 cubic\\ninches.\\nBUTTERWORTH S MAGNETIC SPRING.\\nThis spring is located at Grand Rapids, one of the most flour-\\nishing cities in Michigan, situated on the Detroit and Milwaukee\\nRailroad. The hotel accommodations are first class in every\\nrespect, and ample bathing facilities are offered at the spring. The\\nwaters of this spring are said to resemble that of Bath, England.\\nProf Duffield s analysis presents the following result\\nSulphate of lime, 90.190; chloride of potassium, 11.790; chlo-\\nride of sodium, 15.280 chloride of calcium, 7.330 chloride of\\nmagnesium, 50.240; bicarb, soda, 6.003; bicarb, lime, 10.U12;\\nbicarb, magnesia, 7.020 bicarb, iron, 1.170; silica, .617; alum-\\nina, .494 organic matter and losss, .801. Total mineral matter,\\n200.947.\\nOWOSSO CHALYBEATE SPRING.\\nOwosso is a flourishing town, situated on the Detroit and Mil-\\nwaukee Railroad, at the crossing of the Jackson, Lansing and\\nSaginaw Railroad. The spring is situated about a mile south of", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0673.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "668 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nthe town. A bath-house has been erected, and the place is des-\\ntined to become a popular resort. The following is the analysis\\nof the water\\nBicarb, lime, 25.667; bicarb, magnesia, 19.094 bicarb, iron,\\n15.920 chlorides sodium and potassium, 2.102 silica and alum-\\nina, .617. Total miueral in one gallon, 63.400.\\nHUBBARDSTON MAGNETIC SPRING.\\nThis spring is located in the town whose name it bears, and is\\nreached by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad to Pewamo,\\nthence by stage six miles to the well. A bath house has been\\nerected, and hotel accommodations are convenient. Prof. Doug-\\nlass, of the Michigan University, has analyzed the waters, with\\nthe following result\\nBicarb, of lime, 23.812; bicarb, magnesia, 10.712; protoxide\\nof iron, .154 silica, .139. Total mineral matter in one gallon,\\n34.817.\\nLESLIE MAGNETIC SPRING.\\nThis spring is situated at Leslie, a smart village on the Jackson,\\nLansing and Saginaw Railroad, between Jackson and Lansing.\\nA good bath house is in operation, and hotel accommodations are\\nconvenient. Prof Kedzie s analysis of the waters present the fol-\\nlowing result\\nBicarb, lime, 30.62 sulphate of lime, 7.04 bicarb, magnesia,\\n10.53 bicarb, iron, 2.27 bicarb soda, 5.27 bicarb potassa,\\n4.55; silica, 2.08; organic matter, .65. Grains solid matter in\\nimperial gallon, 63.01. Free carbonic acid gas in gallon 13^\\ncubic inches.\\nMOUNT CLEMENS MAGNETIC MINERAL SPRING.\\nThis spring is situated on the banks of the Clinton river, at\\nMount Clemens, twenty miles from Detroit, and is reached by the\\nGrand Trunk Railway and by boat from Detroit. The town is\\nbeautifully situated, ample hotel accommodations are convenient\\nto the springs, and a commodious bath house is in operation. A\\nwell known physician. Dr. H. Taylor, acts as consulting physician\\nat the establishment. A committee appointed by the Northeast-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0674.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OS MICHIGAN.\\n669\\nem Medical and Scientific Society reported these waters as being\\nunsurpassed by any in this State, or the State of New York. The\\nfollowing is the analysis of the water made by Prof. Duffield\\nSpecific gravity at 60^ Fahrenheit, 1129.00. Total amount of\\nmineral matter per pint, 1417.6200. Total amount of chloride\\nof sodium per pint 1350.8498 66.7702.\\nComposition Sulphate soda per pint, 12.0700 per gallon,\\n96.5600; sulphate lime per pint, 5.4992 per gallon, 43.9936;\\nchloride sodium per pint, 1350.8498 per gallon, 10806.7984;\\nchloride calcium per pint, 26.9399 per gallon, 215.5120; chloride\\nmagnesium per pint, 20.2400 per gallon, 161.9200; carbonate\\nSAUGATUCK UNION SCHOOL.\\nThe above engraving is a very correct representation of the Union\\nSchool at Saugaluck, Allegan county, iMich., and is a fair sample of the\\nbeautiful school buildings found in the different villages of about one\\nthousand inhabitants throughout the State.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0675.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "670 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nlime per pint, .6210 per gallon, 4.9680 carbonate magnesia, a\\ntrace; silica and alumina per pint, 1.4010 organic matter, trace\\ngrains, per pint, 1417.6200\u00e2\u0080\u0094 per gallon, 11340.9600.\\nAmount of sulphureted hydrogen per gallon, 3.41 cubic inches;\\ncarbonic acid, trace.\\nThe foregoing are the principal mineral springs in the State.\\nThey have all won a high reputation for their curative properties,\\nand thousands in this and other States attest their value. There\\nare many others, probably of equal importance, and when better\\nknown will take their places in the front rank of curative agen-\\ncies. At present Michigan seems destined to become the great\\npopular resort for pleasure-seekers and for those whose physical\\nconstitutions require the reconstructive agencies of medicinal\\nwaters.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0676.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN.\\nDURING FRENCH RULE.\\nSieur de Mesey, appointed 1663; Sieur de Courcelle, 1665; Sienr de\\nFrontenac, 1672; Sieur de Barre, 1682; Sieur Marquis de Nouville, 1685;\\nSieur de Frontenac, 16^9; Sieur Clievalier de Callieres, 1699; Marquis de\\nVaudreuil, 1703; Marquis de Beauharnais, 1726; Sieur Compt de la Gal-\\nlisoniere, 1749; Sieur de la Jonquiere, 1749; Marquis du Quesne de Men-\\nneville, 1752; Sieur de Vaudreuil de Cavagnal, 1755.\\nDURING BRITISH RULE.\\nJames Murray, appointed 1765 Paulus Eraelius Irving, 1766 Guy\\nCarleton, 1766; Hector T. Cramahe, 1770; Guy Garleton, 1774; Frederick\\nHaldeman, 1774; Henry Hamilton, 1774; Henry Hope, 1775; Lord Dor-\\nchester, 1776; Alured Clarke, 1791; Lord Dorchester, 1798.\\nGOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN TERRITORY.\\nWilliam Hull, appointed in 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. Porter,\\n1829; Stevens T. Mason (ex officio), 1834; John T. Horner {ex officio), 1835.\\nMICHIGAN STATE GO\\\\TERNORS.\\nStevens T. Mason, 1835; William Woodbridge, 1840; J. Wright Gordon\\n(acting), 1841; John S. Barry, 1842; Alpheus Felch, 1846; William L.\\nGreenly (acting), 1847; Epaphroditus Ransom, 1848; John S.Barry,\\n1850; Robert McClelland, 1852; Andrew Parsons (acting), 1853; Kinsley\\nS. Bingham, 1855; Moses Wisner, 1859; Austin Blair, 1861; Henry H.\\nCrapo, 1865; Henry P. Baldwin, 1869; John J. Bagley, 1873.\\nLIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN.\\nEdward Mundy, 1835; J. Wright Gordon, 1840; Origen D. Richardson,\\n1842; William L. Greenly, 1847; William M. Fenton, 1848; William L.\\nGreenly, 1849; William M. Fenton, 1850; Andrew Parsons, 1853; George\\nA Coe, 1855; Edmund B. Fairfield, 1859; James Biruey, 1861; Joseph R.\\nWilliams (acting), 1861; Henry T. Backus (acting), 1862; Charles S May,\\n186:^; Ebenezer O Grosvenor, 1865; Dwight May, 1867; Morgan Bates,\\n1869; Henry H. Holt, 1873.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0677.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "672 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nSPEAKERS OP THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES.\\nEzra Convis, 1835 Charles W. Whipple, 1836 Kinsley S. Bingham,\\n1838; Henry Acker, 1840; Phiio C. Fuller, 1841; Kinsley S. Bingham, 1842;\\nRobert McClelland, 1843; Edwin H. Lothrop, 1841; Alfred H Hanscom,\\n1845; Isaac E. Crary, 1846; George W. Peck, 1847; Alexander W. Buel,\\n1848; Leander Chapman, 1849; Silas G. Harris, 1850; .Jefferson G. Thur-\\nber, 1851; Daniel G. Qaackenboss, 1853; Cyrus Lovell, 1855; Byron G.\\nStout, 1857; Henry A.Shaw, 1859; Dexter Mussey, 1861; Sullivan M.\\nCutcheon, 1863; Gilbert E. Read, 1865; P. Dean Warner, 1867; Jonathan\\nJ. Woodman, 1869; Charles M. Croswell, 1873.\\nSECRETARIES OF STATE.\\nKeutzing Pritchette, 1835; Randolph Manning, 1838; Thomas Rowland,\\n1840; Robert P. Eldridge, 1843; Gideon O. Whittemore, 1846; George W.\\nPeck, 1848 George Redfield, 1850 Charles H. Taylor, 1850 William\\nGraves, 1853; ,Tohn McKinney, 1855; Nelson G. Isbell, 1859; James B.\\nPorter, 1861; Oliver L. Spauldiug, 1867; Daniel Striker, 1871, reelected and\\nnow in office.\\nSTATE TREASURERS.\\nHenry Howard, 1836; Peter Desnoyer; 1839; Robert Stuart, 1840;\\nGeorge W. Germain, 1811; John J. Adam, 1843; George Redfield, 1845;\\nGeorge B. Cooper, 1846; Banard Whittemore, 1850; Silas M. Holmes,\\n1855; John McKinney, 1859; John Owen, 1860; Ebenezer O. Grosvenor,\\n1867; Victory P. Collier, 1871, reelected and now in office.\\nATTORNEYS-GENERAL.\\nDaniel Le Roy, 1836; Peter Morey, 1837; Zephaniah Piatt, 1841; Elon\\nFarnsworlh, 1843; Henry N. Walker, 1845; Edward Muudy, 1847; George\\nV. N. Lothrop, 1848; William Hall, 1851; Jacob M. Howard, 1855; Charles\\nUpson, 1861; Albert Williams, 1863; William L. Stougliton, 1867; Dwight\\nMay, 1869; Byron D. Ball, 1873.\\nAUDITORS-GENERAL.\\nRobert Abbott, 1836; Henry Howard, 1839; Eurotas P. Hastings, 1840;\\nAlpheus Felch, 1843; Henry L. Whipple, 1843; Charles G. Hammond,\\n1842; John J. Adam, 1845; Digby V. Bell, 1846; John J. Adam, 1848;\\nJohn Swegles, jr., 1850; John Swegles, 1853; Whitney Jones, 1855; Daniel\\nL. Case, 1859; Langford G. Berry, 1861; Emil Auneke, 1863; William\\nHumphrey, 1867, reelected and now in office.\\nSUPERINTENDENTS OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.\\nJohn D Pierce, 1838; Franklin Sawyer, jr., 1841; Oliver C. Comstock,\\nM. D., 1843; Ira May hew, M. A., 1845; Francis W. Shearman, M. A.,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0678.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 673\\n184 Ira Mayhew, M. A., 1855; John M. Gregory, M. A., 1858 Oramel\\nHosford, 1865; Daniel B. Briggs, 1873.\\nPRESIDENTS OP THE UNIVERSITY.\\nRev. Henry Philip Tappan, D. D. LL. D., 1852 Rev. Erastus Otis\\nHaven, D. D., LL. D., 1863; James Burrill Angell, D. D.. LL. D., 1871.\\nJUDGES OP THE TERRITORIAL SUPREME COURT.\\nAugustus B. Woodward, 1805-24; Frederick Bates, 1805-8; John Griffin,\\n1806-24 James Witherell, 1808-28 Solomon Sibley, 1824-36 Henry\\nChipman, 1827-32; William Woodbridge, 1828-32; George Morell,\\n1832-36; Ross Wilkins, 1832-36.\\nCHANCELLORS OF THE STATE.\\nElon Farnsworth, 1837-42-46; Randolph Manning, 1842-46.\\nJUDGES OP THE SUPREME COURT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OP 1835.\\nWilliam A.Fletcher, 1836-42; Epaphroditus Ransom, 1836-47; George\\nMorell, 1836-42; Charles W.Whipple, 1837-48 and 1852-55; Alpheus\\nFelch, 1842-45; David Goodwin, 1843-46; Edward Mundy, 1848-51; War-\\nner Wing, 1845-52 and 1854-57; George Miles, 1846-50; Sanford M. Green,\\n1848-54 and 1856-58 George Martin, 1851-58 Joseph T. Copeland,\\n1852-57; Samuel T. Douglas 1852-57; David Johnson, 1852-57; Abner\\nPratt, 1851-57; Nathaniel Bacon, 1855-58 E. H C.Wilson, 1856-58;\\nBenjamin F. H. Witherell, Benjamin F. Graves, Josiah Turner, Edwin\\nLawrence, to fill vacancies in the latter part of 1857.\\nJUDGES OP SUPREME COURT UNDER PRESENT ORGANIZATION.\\nGeorge Martin, 1858-68; Randolph Manning, 1858-64; Isaac P. Chris-\\ntiancy, 1858, twice reelected, and term expires with 1881; James V.\\nCampbell, 1858, twice reelected, and term expires with 1879; Thomas M.\\nCooley, 1865, reelected, and term expires with 1877; Benjamin F. Graves,\\n1868, term expires with 1875.\\nUNITED STATES SENATORS.\\nJohn Norvell, 1836-41; Lucius Lyon, 1836-40; Augustus S. Porter,\\n1840-45; William Woodbridge, 1841-47; Lewis Cass, 1845-48, and\\n1850-57; Thomas H. Fitzgerald, session of 1848-49; Alpheus Felch,\\n1847-53; Charles E. Stuart, 1853-59; Zachariah Chandler, 1857-75, Kins-\\nley S. Bingham, 1859-61; Jacob M. Howard, 1861-71; Thomas W. Ferry,\\n1871-77.\\n43", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0679.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "674 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nREPRESENTATIVES DSf CONGRESS.\\nIsaac E. Crary, 1836-41; Jacob M. Howard, 1841-43; Lucivis Lyon,\\n1843-45; Robert McClelland, 1843-49; James B. Hunt, 1843-47; John S.\\nChipman, 1845-47; Charles E. Stuart, 1847-49, and 1851-53; Kinsley S.\\nBingham, 1849-51; Alexander W. Buel, 1849-1851; William Sprague,\\n1849-51; James L. Conger, 1851-53; Ebenezer J. Penniman, 1851-53;\\nSamuel Clark, 1853-55; David A. Noble, 1853-55; Hester L. Stevens,\\n1853-55; David Stuart, 1853-55; George W. Peck, 1855-57; William A.\\nHoward, 1855-61; Henry Waldron, 1855-61, and 1871-75; David S. Wal-\\nbridge, 1855-59; D. C. Leach, 1857-61; Francis W. Kellogg, 1859-65;\\nB. F. Granger, 1861-63; F. C. Beaman, 1861-71; Rowland E. Trow-\\nbridge, 1861-63, and 1865-09; Charles Upson, 1863-69; John W. Long-\\nyear, 1863-67; Augustus C. Baldwin, 1863-65; John F. Driggs, 1863-69;\\nThomas W. Ferry, 1865-71; Austin Blair, 1867-73; William L. Stough-\\nton, 1869-73. Omar D. Conger, 1869-75; Randolph Strickland, 1869-71;\\nJabez G. Sutherland, 1871-73; Moses W. Field, 1873-75; George Willard,\\n1873-75; Julius C. Burrows, 1873-75; Wilder D. Foster, 1873; Josiah W.\\nBegole, 1873-75; Nathan B. Bradley, 1873-75; Jay A. Hubbell, 1873-75;\\nW. B. Williams, 1873-75.\\nPOPULATION OF MICHIGAN.\\nIn 1820, 8,896; in 1830, 31,639; in 1840, 213,267; in 1850, 397,659; in\\n1860, 749,113; in 1870, 1,184,059.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0680.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "HON. JOSEPH CAMPAU.\\nMakqtjis Jacques Campau, father of the late Hon. Joseph Campau,\\nwho was so intimately identified with the earlier days of the city of Detroit,\\nwas born in that city about the year 1730. This is a date in the history of\\nDetroit surrounded with the greatest ambiguity. No records, either in\\nthe English or the French languages, afford any information touching this\\nperiod, or for several years both preceding and succeeding this date.\\nHowever, an examination of the papers and documents preserved by the\\ndescendants of Mr. Jacques Campau discloses many items of history that\\nwould have otherwise been lost to all generations. A digest of this collec-\\ntion of papers constitutes the following interesting piece of biography and\\nhistory: The father of Mr. Jacques Campau must have accompanied M.\\nla Motte Cadillac to Detroit in 1701, being one of that original company\\nwho left their homes and united their hopes with the sanguine la Motte,\\nto establish an outpost on the Detroit. At this time he was probably not\\nmore than fifteen or twenty years of age. He sustained some relations to\\nthe court of the commandant, or Governor of the Post, as he was then\\ncalled, being originally appointed as Cadillac s private secretary. Mr.\\nJacques Campau, the father of the Hon. Joseph Campau, distinguished\\nhimself in the battle of Abraham s Plains, and attained many honors\\nwith General Montcalm at Quebec in 1759.\\nMr. Jacques Campau was among the first settlers of the little fort who\\npushed out beyond its narrow limits to establish an independent home,\\nand the engraving of his house and the little church which he afterwards\\nerected, which is presented here, affords a view of his success. The\\ndwelling represented in the scene was erected on the lot now known as\\nthe James Campau farm, being the orignal claim. No. 91. It was built\\nabout the year 1757, and was the birth-place of the late Hon. Joseph\\nCampau. It was in this building where Captain Rogers and his patriotic\\nsoldiers took refuge while endeavoring to make a retreat after the battle\\nof Bloody Run. He entered it with some of his own men, while many\\npanic-stricken regulars broke in after him in their eagerness to gain a\\ntemporary shelter. The house was strong, being the most substantial\\ndwelling in that neighborhood, and the women of the place had crowded\\ninto the cellar for refuge. While some of the soldiers looked in great\\nterror for a place of concealment, others seized upon some wine in one\\nof the rooms, and drank it down with eager thirst; while others, again,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0681.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "676 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\npiled packs of furs, furniture, and all else within their reach, against the\\nwindows, to serve as a barricade. Panting and breathless, their faces\\nmoist with sweat and blackened with gunpowder, says Parkman, they\\nthrust their muskets through the openings and fired out upon the whoop-\\ning assailants. At intervals a bullet flew sharply whizzing through a\\ncrevice, striking down a man, perchance, or rapping harmlessly against\\nthe partitions. The venerable and dauntless old Jacques Campau, the\\nowner of the house, stood guarding a trap door, to prevent the frightened\\nsoldiers and Indians from seeking shelter among the women in the cellar.\\nA ball grazed his gray head and buried itself in the wall, where, even to\\nthe day the building was demolished, it might still have been seen. The\\nscreams of the half-stifled women below, the quavering war whoops\\nwithout, the shouts and curses of the soldiers, mingled in a scene of\\nclamorous confusion, and it was long before the authority of Rogers\\ncould restore order.\\nSuch was one of the scenes enacted in the old dwelling of Mr. Jacques\\nCampau. It has rendered the house interesting in history, hence we\\npreserve its appearance.\\nMr. Jacques Campau erected the little church, which is represented in\\nthe engraving on page 677 as standing near his own house on the Kiver\\nRoad, about the year 1778. It was temporarily used for public worship,\\nand stood for many years after as a mark of his benevolence.\\nMr. Jacques Campau commanded at Detroit previous to its surrender\\nby Captain Bellestre, or in 1758, and held a military office at the fort on\\nthe date of the surrender. His wife, and mother of Major Joseph Cam-\\npau (Catharine Manard), was born in Montreal. She was married to Mr.\\nJacques Campau, and removed to Detroit about seven years before the\\nsurrender of the post to the English.\\nJean Bte. Campau, uncle of the late Joseph Campau, was grand judge\\nof Detroit in 1767.\\nMajor Joseph Campau was born in Detroit on the 20th of February,\\n1769. His parents, M. Jacques Campau and Catherine Manard, were at\\nthis time residing in the fort, on the old Campau homestead, which dates\\nits origin among the first plots of land ever granted by M. la Motte,\\nthrough the consent of the Governor-General of Canada, and sanction of\\nthe King of France. The British garrison, consisting partly of regulars\\nand partly of provincial rangers, was then quartered in a well built range\\nof barracks within the town or fort. The latter contained about one\\nhundred and twenty small houses. Its form was nearly square, and\\nthe palisade which surrounded it was about twenty-five feet high. At\\neach corner was a wooden bastion, and a block-house was erected over\\neach gateway. The houses were small, chiefly built of wood, and roofed\\nwith bark or thatch of straw. The streets were extremely narrow, though", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0682.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0683.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "678 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\na wide passage way, known as the chemin du ronde, surrounded the town,\\nbetween tlie houses and the palisade. Beside the barracks, the only\\npublic; buildings were a council-house and a rude little church.\\nJoseph Campau received his primary education from his devoted\\nmother, to whose great care and anxiety for the proper Christian train-\\ning and early education of her son, we are indebted for those traits of\\nbenevolence and great leniency of which Mr. Campau s life was after-\\nwards characteristic. At the age of ten he was sent to school at Montreal,\\nwhere he remained five years. He received a good French education,\\nand returned to Detroit in 1786, one of the most accomplished Frenchmen\\nof the old aristocratic town. Nor did he lack any of those qualities\\nwhich make Frenchmen attractive in society. His name was an acknowl-\\nedged title to French nobility, and his polished manners and finished\\neducation invested him with much interest.\\nOn his return from Montreal, his father having died during his absence,\\nhe entered into the employment of Mr. McGregor, a storekeeper at Sand-\\nwich, Canada, as a clerk. He remained in this capacity for some time,\\nor until the commencement of his Maiden enterprise. Plaving accumu-\\nlated some funds, he entered into a contract with the British government\\nto erect a fort at Maiden. He proceeded to execute this work, collecting\\na vast quantity of timber for the buildings of the fort, when a freshet\\ncame and swept it all away, leaving him quite penniless. He then\\nreturned to, the employment of Mr. McGregor, and shortly afterwards\\nentered into the mercantile business on his own account. From this\\nperiod dated his success. He generally procured his goods in Montreal,\\nbut was the first merchant of Detroit who purchased goods in Boston\\nand transported them to the western settlements. Joseph Campau was\\nindeed the great pioneer merchant of Michigan. He was not only the\\nleading spirit in mercantile pursuits in his day, but through almost\\nunparalleled success the result of his own great energy and exemplary\\nintegrity he accumulated a large fortune, and was, at an early day, the\\nmost extensive dealer in Detroit.\\nAs early as 1786 he commenced buying and selling real estate. In this\\nbusiness Mr. Joseph Campau rendered his country an invaluable service.\\nIt was his rule to purchase uncultivated lands, erect comfortable dwell-\\nings upon them, and dispose of the lots after they had been prepared for\\nthe reception of civilization. On almost all these lots he placed buildings\\ncosting from |o,000 to $4,000, and paid, on the average, $50 an acre for\\nclearing the land. He displayed almost matchless enterprise in this. work,\\nproviding attractive homes for hundreds of the early settlers of Detroit\\nand Michigan. It was his custom to either sell or rent these places, after\\nclearing a large portion of the land and placing comfortable dwellings\\nupon it. His customers were, for the most part, poor people, who, with", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0684.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n679\\nbut a few dollars, had come to develop a home among the pioneers of the\\nnorthwest. Mr. Campau s books show that many were the tenants who\\ndepended upon his charity for a home. When times were hard and\\nmoney was scarce, and rents or mortgages came due, it was Mr. Campau s\\npride to visit his debtors and encourage them with words of good cheer,\\nassuring them that the kind Providence who had intrusted so much\\nHON. JOSEPH CAMPAU.\\nproperty to his care and disposal had taught him to do unto others as he\\nwould that others should do unto him. In this way many an aching\\nmother s heart was made glad, and hundreds of little children were per-\\nmitted to enjoy the fruits of a father s industry, that, with a less benevo-\\nlent master than Mr. Campau, they would have suffered for. Hundreds\\nstill live, and thousands have gone to their graves, who have borne testi-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0685.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "680 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nniony to the great philanthropy and willing charity of this good old\\npioneer and patriarchial citizen. His books show that there was due him\\nat one time two and a half millions of dollars, of which he never collected\\none cent. Besides this, he left an estate worth over three millions. He\\nhad seventy-four farms or plantations, the bulk of which was in the\\nvicinity of Detroit.\\nMr. Campau also entered very largely into stock raising, and stocked\\nall his farms with horses, cattle and sheep, renting them with everything\\nnecessary for agricultural pursuits. Some of his tenants remained on\\nhis farms for two or three generations, and many without consideration\\ntherefor. He was the largest Norman horse owner in the northwest.\\nThese animals, originally from Arabia, were imported from Normandy,\\nin France, and, thriving greatly in this country, produced the present\\npopular breed of horses for which Canada and the northwest have become\\nrenowned. At one time Mr. Campau owned over five hundred horses.\\nHe was a member of the Board of Trade Britannic as early as 1798,\\nand, in many respects, was the leading merchant of the northwest for\\nmany years subsequent to that period. In 1812 he was connected with\\nthe Northwestern Fur Companj^ with John Jacob Astor, James Abbott\\nand J. G. Schwarz. Mr. Schwarz afterwards became United States Min-\\nister to Vienna, and more recently, one of the secretaries of Pope Pius\\nIX. In his connection with the Northwestern Fur Company, Mr. Campau\\nwas remarkably successful, both for himself and for the company.\\nIn 1802 Mr. Campau was elected one of the trustees of the city of\\nDetroit, and, although he was adverse to holding public offices, in the\\ncourse of his useful life he was always exerting a valuable influence for\\nthe public good. We find him identified with every public improvement\\nof his day, and in many things he assumed a leading position, freely\\nexpending his own means to further the common welfare. In 1806 he\\nerected, at his own expense, the first school-house that ever appeared in\\nDetroit.\\nMr. Campan was not only active and liberal in his work to promote the\\neducational interests of his native city, but assumed much responsibility\\nfor the cause of the church. In 1806 he contracted for the building of\\nSt Ann s church.\\nIn 1808 he was married to Adelaide Dequindre, sister of the late Major\\nAntoine Dequindre, and daughter of Antoine Pontchartrain Dequindre\\nand Catherine Desriviere Lomoinodiere. His brother-in-law. Major\\nAntoine Dequindre, referred to here, is the same who distinguished him-\\nself at the battle of the Monguagon, in 1812, and who received the fol-\\nlowing complimentary joint resolution from the State Legislature for\\ngallant services rendered on that occasion:", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0686.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MlCmOAN. 681\\nResolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan,\\nThat the gallantry and good conduct of Major Antoine Dequindre, and the company\\nof volunteers under his command, and also of the other Michigan volunteers, at the\\nbattle of Monguagon, in August, eighteen hundred and twelve, are held in high\\nestimation by this Legistature, and should ever be cherished in the remembrance\\nof the people of the State of Michigan.\\nHesohjed, That the Governor be requested to transmit a copy of these resolutions\\nto Major Dequindre.\\nJOHN BIDDLE, Speaker of the House of Representatives.\\nTHOMAS J. DRAKES, President of the Senate pro tern.\\nApproved April 12, 1841.\\nJ. WRIGHT GORDON.\\n(A TRUE copy.)\\nTHOMAS ROWLAND, Secretary of State.\\nIn 1809, Mr. Campau, being held in the highest esteem by all who\\nknew him, was appointed Major over the militia by Governor William\\nHull. The original document, of which the following is a true copy, is\\npreserved to this day:\\nWilliam Hull, Governor of the Territory of Michigan.\\nTo all to whom these presents map come\\nBe it known that, reposing special trust in the patriotism, valor, fidelity and\\nabilities of Joseph Campau, I have appointed him Major of the First Regiment of\\nMilitia in the Territory of Michigan, to take rank as such. He is, therefore, care-\\nfully and diligently to discharge the duty of Major, by doing and performing all\\nmanner of things thereunto belonging; and I do strictly charge and require all offi-\\ncers and soldiers under his command to be obedient to his orders as major, and he is\\nto observe and follow such orders and directions from time to time as he shall\\nreceive from the President of the United States of America, or the Governor of the\\nTerritory of Michigan for the time being, or the general or other superior officers set\\nover him according to law, and military rule and discipline. This commission to\\ncontinue in force during the pleasure of the Governor of the Territory of Michigan\\nfor the time being. In testimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made\\npatent, and the seal of the Territory of Michigan to be thereunto affixed.\\nGiven under my hand at Detroit, in the Territory of Michigan, the Twenty-\\nfourth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and nine, and of the Indepen-\\ndence of the United States of America the thirty-third.\\n[Signed] WILLIAM HULL.\\n[SEAL.]\\nBy the Governor,\\nReuben Atwater,\\nSecretary Michigan Territory.\\nThere were no blank forms used by Governor Hull in those days, and\\nthe above is said to be in the handwriting of the general. It was written\\njust about four years after Hull s appointment to the government, and at\\na time when a bitter war with the various Indian tribes in the vicinity\\nof Detroit seemed inevitable.\\nTwo years previous to the date of this commission, General Hull\\nappointed Mr. Campau captain in the regiment over which he was after-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0687.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "682 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nwards called to act as major. Following is a true copy of the commis-\\nsion, which is also from the peu of Governor Hull:\\nTerkitort of Michigan, to wit:\\nWilliam Hull, Goverxor of the Territory of Michigan.\\nTo all to whom these presents shall come\\nBe it known that, reposing special trust and confldence in the patriotism, valor,\\nfidelity and ahility of Joseph Campau, I have appointed him captain in the First\\nRegiment of Militia in the Ten-itory of Michigan, to take rank from the 18th day of\\nSeptember, 1805. He is, therefore, carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of\\nthat office, by doing and performing all manner of things thereunto belonging; and\\nI do strictly charge and require all officers and soldiers under his command to be\\nobedient to his orders as captain and he is to observe and follow such orders and\\ndirections as he shall from time to time receive from the President of the United\\nStates of America, or the Governor of Michigan for the time being, or general or\\nother superior officers set over him according to law and military discipline. This\\ncommission to continue in force during the pleasure of the Governor of Michigan\\nfor the time being. In testimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made\\npatent, and the seal of the Ten-itory of Michigan to be hereto affixed.\\nGiven under my hand at the city of Detroit, this twelfth day of August, eighteen\\nhundred and seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the\\nthirty-first.\\n[Signed] WILLIAM HULL.\\n[SEAL.]\\nBy the Governor,\\nStanley Griswold,\\nSecretary Territory of Michigan.\\nThus it will be seen that the Hon. Joseph Campau was identified with\\nthe militia of the Territory of Michigan, from its earliest organization,\\nthrough most of its struggles and triumphs. In July, 1812, when the\\nmilitary forces of Detroit were astir, preparing for the march to the\\nRiver liaisin, the following order was addressed to Major Joseph Cam-\\npau\\nMajor Joseph Campau\\nSir\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I am directed liy the acting commander-in-chief to require you to order the\\nwhole of the militia of the First Regiment, residing in the upper settlement, to\\nmarch immediately to this place, and to re-organize on the common, armed and\\nequipped according to law.\\n[Signed] JAMES WATSON\\nLieutenant-Colonel and Aide-de-Camp.\\nHeadquarters .\\\\t Detroit, I\\nJuly 2, 1812. t\\nA speedy termination of difficulties at the River Raisin made it unneces-\\nsary for the militia to proceed to battle. Therefore, Major Campau dis-\\nmissed his little army until further orders calling them into action should\\nbe necessary.\\nAlthough Mr. Campau rendered his State considerable service in mili-\\ntary afl:airs, his greatest and most beneficial work was principally that of\\nestablishing and promoting the commerce of Detroit. In 1809 he", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0688.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n683\\nerected, and for many years after operated a large distillery. This enter-\\nprise gave profitable employment to many needy colonists, and assisted\\nto inaugurate activity in manufacturing pursuits in the infant city.\\nShortly after this period his business affairs became eminently prosper-\\nous. In the same year he conducted ten branch stores in the Territory\\nof Michigan. He also assisted in establishing the banking business in\\nthis State, being one of the original stockholders in the Territorial Bank,\\nof which his nephew. General John R. Williams, was president. General\\nWilliams, who was the first mayor of Detroit, was also successful in\\nbusiness. As early as 1818 he operated a cabinet shop, silversmith shop,\\nblacksmith shop, bakery, a butcher stall in the old market, a grist mill\\npropelled by wind, a saw mill and a brick yard. At an early day Mr.\\nWilliams became associated with Mr. Campau in many projects, all of\\nwhich promoted the public good not less than their own individual inter-\\nests. In 1831 they purchased the Oakland Chro?ucle, and called it the\\nDemocratic Free Press, thus firmly establishing the present Detroit Free\\nPress, one of the leading daily journals of the northwest. In 1\u00c2\u00ab85 Mr.\\nCampau was an extensive stockholder in the Detroit and St. Joseph Rail-\\nroad, now the Michigan Central. He also aided materially in the erection\\nand establishment of Detroit College, which was built in the year 1817.\\nMr. Campau s great business energy was equaled only by his benevo-\\nlence. He gave his brothers and sisters, and nephews and nieces, a good\\neducation; many of them he sent to Montreal for that purpose, wliere\\nsuperior educational advantages were attainable. Nor was he satisfied\\nuntil he had secured to his brothers a profitable business education and\\nestablished them successfully in business. In 1807 Mr. Campau sent\\nRobert McNiff and John R. Williams as cadets to West Point, thus pre-\\nparing these young men for the success that afterwards distinguished\\nfhem as useful citizens of Detroit.\\nIt was his rule, on visiting Montreal or Boston, to hold out such\\ninducements to mechanics and tradesmen as would secure their company\\non his return. He always furnished them with employment on their\\narrival, and in this and other ways greatly increased the population and\\nbusiness of the settlement.\\nBut it must not be supposed that in Mr. Campau s day it was all work\\nand no play. The little colony had its society enjoyments. These, too,\\nwere conducted in a real aristocratic style. They had their balls, their\\ntheatres, dances, and indulged in all the fashionable recreations for\\nwhich their country is popularly known. The following is a facsimile\\nof a card of invitation, written in French, sent to Mr. Campau in 1798:", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0689.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "684 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nl^J ^^O c^\u00c2\u00a3^ \\\\^^^y^\\nMilitary, as well as civic entertainments were encouraged. Many were\\nthe wine suppers and balls given by the officers of the line and staff in\\n1798. These were always conducted in the Council House, which stood\\nwithin the stockade, being the same building which Pontiac afterwards\\nentered with his band of conspirators, on the memorable morning when\\nhis gigantic conspiracy was overthrown. The following card is an\\nengraving from the original invitation received by Mr. Joseph Campau in\\n1798, asking the honor of his attendance at one of these military balls:", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0690.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAK. 685\\nThe little town had its private theatre as early as 1819. At this date\\nwe find its managers bestowing their compliments upon Mr. Campau in\\nthe following card\\nIn 1821 the little theatre was still flourishing. Mr. Stockton had\\nretired from its management, and Messrs. Mackay, Davis and Brooks had\\ntaken his place. These gentlemen re-fitted the theatre building, and con-\\nducted it on a more popular basis. On the occasion of their grand open-\\ning in 1821, Mr. Campau was tendered the following card:\\n^^^xy -^^%^^^,j^^\\nAmong his old papers still preserved are many others. The following\\nis a copy of one", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0691.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "686 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nMr. Joseph Campau was a man of very liberal views. He made no\\ndistinction in creed or nationality, was generous and cliaritable to all\\nwith whom business brought him in contact. He was a man of few\\nwords, unassuming in manners, and a gentleman of the old school. But\\nwith all, he was very enterprising, and evinced great perseverance in the\\nprosecution of the various projects which he undertook. An instance\\nshowing his force of energy is related, as follows: His esteemed friend,\\nMr. Solomon Sibley, was at one time a candidate for Circuit Judge, and\\non the day of election the opposition took possession of the polls, and\\nsurrounded it with bullies, for the purpose of intimidating the friends of\\nMr. Sibley. Early in the day it was ascertained that this action was\\nworking with great effect against him. Mr. Campau, on learning the\\nstate of matters, ordered four strong men to procure a large basket, and\\ncarry Mr. Sibley from his residence to the polling booth. The men\\nobeyed his order, proceeded to Mr. Sibley s house, where he had\\nremained all day, through delicacy, put him into the basket, nolens volem,\\nand carried him on their shoulders to the scene of conflict. Mr. Sibley\\nwas triumphantly elected, and the happy result was largely due to the\\nradical plans of Mr. Campau.\\nHe was careful to encourage all worthy enterprises. The first debating\\nsociety in Detroit, of which he was a prominent member, held their\\nmeetings in his office. His old friends. General Cass, Major Biddle,\\nMajor Rowland, Judge John McDonnell, Major Kearsley, Judge Chip-\\nman, and others, were also members of the same society, and night after\\nnight mingled together in the heat of debate in the little office of Joseph\\nCampau.\\nHe ransomed many white men who had fallen into the hands of the\\ncruel and treacherous Indians. On May 14, 1813, they captured an", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0692.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n687\\nAmerican by the name of James Hardan, with the view of getting a ran-\\nsom, and, failing in that, to liill liim. Mr. Campau, having learned the\\nfacts from the Indians who were passing through Detroit, on their way\\nto Mackinac, and, taking compassion on the captive, opened negotia-\\ntions with his persecutors, and purchased his freedom from Micksonenis,\\nan Indian from Saginaw, for a considerable sum. The man gave Mr.\\nCampau his note for the amount, which was never paid. This is one\\ncase out of many that might be related showing to what extent Mr. Cam-\\npau exerted himself for the welfare of those around him. The store\\noperated by Mr. Campau was located on the homestead lot, in Detroit,\\nTHE JOSEPH CAMPAU RESIDENCE.\\nand was used by him for mercantile purposes and also a residence, from\\n1796 to the time of his death. In 1805 the house was destroyed by fire,\\nand the building still standing on the old foundation, at No. 140 Jeffer-\\nson avenue, was immediately erected, at a cost of $7,000. He subse-\\nquently built, on the river in the rear of the homestead, a storehouse and a\\ndock for the accommodation of his batteaux, of which he had several\\nin the Montreal trade. The residence, which in its early days was one\\nof the finest buildings on St. Ann street (now Jefferson avenue), is repre-\\nsented here as one of the oldest buildings now standing in Detroit.\\nMajor Joseph Campau s homestead is on the lot where the headquarters\\nof M. dela Motte Cadillac were originally situated.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0693.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "688 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAmong other things which indicate the advanced ideas of Mr. Joseph\\nCampau, was the leading position which he tools in establishing Free\\nMasonry in the northwest. The following card of dimit shows his\\nconnection with old Zion Lodge, No. 10\\nTo whom it may concern\\nThese are to certify that Brother Joseph Campau has been regularly made, passed\\nand raised to the sublime degree of a Master Mason, in due form, in late Zion Lodge,\\nNo. 10, of Free and Accepted Masons, and has behaved, during his stay with us,\\nZion Lodge, No. l,as becomes a true and faithful Mason, and as such we recommend\\nhim to all regular Lodges and Brethren throughout the world, after due trial and\\nexamination.\\nGiven under our hands and seals, in our Lodge Room, at Detroit, the first day\\n[SEAL.] of May, 1809, and of Masonry 5809.\\nW. H. SCOTT, Worshipful Master.\\nGEO. MCDOUGALL, Senior Warden.\\nJames Abbott, Secretary. J. EASTMAN, Junior Warden.\\nAfter a sojourn of nearly a century in the city of Detroit, the great\\nand good pioneer passed on to join his compeers and receive the rewards\\nof his Christian life. He died on the 23d of July, 1863, in the ninety-\\nfifth year of his age. On the 27th of the same month he was buried,\\nwith Masonic honors, in Elmwood Cemetery. His funeral is said to\\nhave been the largest ever witnessed in Detroit. It was attended by the\\nentire Masonic fraternity, the municipal officers, members of the Detroit\\nbar, the Lafayette Association, and an immense concourse of citizens.\\nCol. Levi Cook, Col. Dibble, Hon. Jacob M. Howard, Hon. Robert\\nMcClelland, Peter Desnoyers, Esq., Thomas Lewis, Esq., Hon. A. D.\\nEraser, Judge H. L. Chipman, Judge Sliubael Conant, John Palmer,\\nEsq., E. B. Ward, Esq., Hon. N. B. Carpenter, John Roberts, Esq., and\\nDr. J. L. Whiting, acted as pall bearers. The Rev. Benjamin H. Pad-\\ndock, of Christ Church, Detroit, preached the funeral sermon, in which\\nhe paid a suitable tribute to the memory of the deceased.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0694.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "GRAND RAPIDS.\\nGrand Rapids is located on Grand river the largest inland stream in\\nthe State about forty miles from its mouth, and at the head of naviga-\\ntion. Its site is one of great natural beauty, lying on both sides of the\\nriver, between the high bluifs that stand nearly two miles apart, and from\\nwhose summits the eye takes in a beautiful panorama of hill, vale and\\nriver, with all the streets of the busy city laid out like a map at the feet\\nof the beholder.\\nGrand Rapids contains a population (August, 1873) of 33,000, and it is\\nthe county seat of Kent county, which county was organized in the year\\n1836. In point of population it is the second city in size next to Detroit,\\nin this State, and is to Western Michigan, in point of location, business\\nand influence, what the City of the Straits is to the eastern part of the\\nState.\\nIt was incorporated in 1850, and its growth has been healthy and vigor-\\nous. The city is located on both sides of Grand river which is 900 feet\\nwide at this point, running over a fall in one mile of twenty feet of rocky\\nbed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 from which rapid current its name is derived.\\nThe river at this point runs nearly south, but soon after leaving the\\ncity resumes its general westerly direction. On the west side of the river\\nthe ground is nearly level back to the bluffs on the east side there were\\nsmaller hills between the bank and the blufl s, the leveling of which has\\ncost, and is yet to cost, large sums of money. These bluffs, which nearly\\nsurround the city, are being rapidly covered with elegant residences and\\nsubstantial homes, from which beautiful views of the city are obtained\\nand at a score of points. Speaking of the locality of Grand Rapids, a\\nwriter, as far back as 1837, in one of our city then village papers, used\\nthe following language\\nThough young in its improvements, the site of this village has long\\nbeen known and esteemed for its natural advantages. It was here that\\nthe Indian traders long since made their grand depot. It was at this\\npoint that the missionary herald established his institution of learning\\ntaught the forest child the beauties of civilization and inestimable benefits\\nof the Christian religion. This has been the choicest, dearest spot to the\\nunfoi tunate Indian, and now is the pride of the white man. Like other\\nvillages of the west, its transition from the savage to a civilized state has\\nbeen as sudden as its prospects are now flattering.\\n44", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0695.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "690 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nWho would have believed, to have visited this place two years since,\\nwhen it was only inhabited by a few families, most of whom were of\\nFrench origin, a people so eminent for exploring the wilds and meander-\\ning rivers, that this place would now contain its twelve hundred inhabi-\\ntants Who would have imagined that this rapid would have been the\\nimprovement of this romantic place. The rapidity of its settlement is\\nbeyond the most visionary anticipation; but its location, its advantages,\\nand its clime, were sufficient to satisfy the observing mind that nothing\\nbut the frown of Providence could blast its prospects\\nThe river upon which this town is situated is one of the most important\\nand delightful to be found in the country not important and beautiful\\nalone for its clear, silver-like water winding its way through a romantic\\nvalley of some hundred miles, but for its width and depth, its suscepti-\\nbility for steam navigation, and the immense hydraulic power aiiorded at\\nthis point.\\nWe feel deeply indebted to our Milwaukee friends for their lucid des-\\ncription of the advantages to be derived from a connection of the waters\\nof this river with those of Detroit, by canal or railroad. A canal is\\nnearly completed around the rapids at this place sufficiently large to\\nadmit boats to pass up and down with but little detention. Several\\nsteamboats are now preparing to commence regular trips from Lyons, at\\nthe mouth of Maple river, to this place, a distance of sixty miles, and\\nfrom this to Grand Haven, a distance of thirty -five or forty miles; thence\\nto Milwaukee and Chicago.\\nThus the village of Grand Rapids, with a navigable stream a water\\npower of twenty-five feet fall\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an abundance of crude building materials\\nstone of excellent quality pine, oak and other timber in immense\\nquantities within its vicinity, can but flourish can but be the Rochester\\nof Michigan! The basement story of an extensive mill, one hundred\\nand sixty by forty feet, is now completed; a part of the extensive\\nmachinery is soon to be put in operation. There are now several dry\\ngoods and grocery stores, some three or four public houses, one large\\nchurch erected and soon to be finished in good style, upon the expense of\\na single individual, who commenced business a few years ago by a small\\ntraffic with tlie Indians. Such is the encouragement to western pioneers!\\nThe village plat is upon the bold bank of a river, extending back upon\\nan irregular plain, some eighty to a hundred rods, to rising bluffs, from\\nthe base and sides of which some of the most pure, crystal-like fountains\\nof water burst out in boiling springs, pouring forth streams that murmur\\nover their pebbly bottoms, at once a delight to the eye and an invaluable\\nluxury to the thirsty palate.\\nNew England may surpass this place with her lofty mountains, but not\\nwith her greatest boast, purity and clearness of water. The soil is sandy", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0696.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0697.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "692 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nand mostly dry. The town is delightful, whether yuu view it from the\\nplain upon the banks of the river, or from the bluffs that overlook the\\nwhole surrounding country. To ascend these bluffs you take a gradual\\nrise to the height of a hundred feet, when the horizon only limits the\\nextent of vision. The scenery to an admirer of beautiful landscape is\\ntruly picturesque and romantic. Back east of the town is seen a wide-\\nspread plain of burr oak, at once easy to cultivate and inviting to the\\nagriculturist- Turning westward, especially at the setting of the sun,\\nyou behold the most enchanting prospect the din of the ville below\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe broad sheet of water murmuring over the rapids the sunbeams\\ndancing upon its swift gliding ripples the glassy river at last losing\\nitself in its distant meanderings, presents a scenery that awakes the most\\nlively emotions.\\nIt is from this point, too, that you can see in the distance the evergreen\\ntops of the lofty pine waving in majesty above the sturdy oak, the beech\\nand maple, presenting to the eye a wild, undulating plain, with its thou-\\nsand charms. Such is the location, the beauties and the advantages of\\nthis youthful town. The citizens are of the most intelligent, enterprising\\nand industrious character. Their buildings are large, tasty and hand-\\nsomely furnished the clatter of mallet and chisel the clink of the\\nhammer the many newly raised and recently covered frames and the\\nfew skeleton boats upon the wharves of the river, speak loudly for the\\nenterprise of the place! Mechanics of all kind find abundant employ,\\nand reap a rich reward for their labor. Village property advances in\\nvalue, and the prospect of wealth is alike flattering to all! What the\\nresult of such advantages and prospects will be, time alone must deter-\\nmine.\\nBut a view of this place and vicinity, where we find a rich and fertile\\nsoil, watered with the best of springs, and enjoying as we do a salubrious\\nclimate, a healthful atmosphere, and the choicest gifts of a benign Bene-\\nfactor, would satisfy almost any one that this will soon be a bright star\\nin the constellation of western villages. Such, gentle reader, is a faint\\ndescription of the place from which our paper hails from which we\\nhope will emanate matter as pleasing and interesting as the town is\\nbeautiful and inviting.\\nThirty-six years have passed away since the foregoing was written, and\\nthe visitor now beholds a lively, bustling and active city, full of energy\\nand enterprise and doing an amount of manufacturing and mercantile\\ntrading truly surprising. There are three daily newspapers, the Eagle,\\nDemocrat and Times, representing the Republican and Democratic parties,\\nand the latter Independent. There are also several weekly papers, one of\\nwhich is printed exclusively in the Holland language. There are twenty-\\nthree organized churches, and some of the edifices are of a superior kind", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0698.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n693\\nin point of architectural design. Tlie First Congregational is a gothic\\nbuilding, elegant in finish, costing \u00c2\u00a765,000. St. Marks, Episcopal, one\\nof the old church edifices in the city, has lately been enlarged and im-\\nproved at a cost of $30,000, and is one of the largest gothic edifices west\\nHON. H. M. LOOK.\\nHenry M Look was born at Hadley, Michigan, October 27, 1837. His\\nancestors were from Scotland, and settled on the island of Martha s\\nVineyard, in 1758. They removed thence to Massachusetts, while it was\\nyet a province of Great Britain, and bore an active part in the war of\\nthe revolution, two members of the family losing their lives in that\\nstruggle one while leading a charge at the battle of Bennington, the\\nother while a prisoner of war.\\nHis parents were both natives of New York, and settled in the (then)\\nTerritory of Michigan in 1834. Having received a thorough education,\\nincluding an extensive course of historical and classical reading, he began\\nthe study of law in 1857, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme\\nCourt of Michigan, in November, 1859, and to the Circuit Court of the\\nUnited States, in 1867. He is still in the active and successful practice\\nof his profession.\\nHe was a member of the legislature of Michigan in 1865 and 1866;\\nprosecuting attorney for Oakland county in 1871 and 1872; city attorney", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0699.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "694 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nof Detroit, in Michigan, worth $60,000. The First Methodist has a fine\\nstructure in the Roman style, elaborately finished and furnished, costing\\n$45,000. The Baptist Society are erecting a very costly gothic church\\nwhich will be a a superb contribution to the many beautiful houses of\\nworship in the city, its estimated price, when completed, being $80,000.\\nThe First Presbj^terian have a very fine house, nearly completed, on the\\nwest side, which will cost $30,000. The Methodists have also, in this\\nlocality, a really handsome gothic church, almost ready, containing in its\\ntower the largest bell in the city and a fine clock. Cost, $40,000. The\\nRoman Catholics have a handsome gothic church done and are occupying\\nit, which cost $43,000, and have another, building, for a German congre-\\ngration, at an expense of $60,000. The Episcopalians have in addition\\nto the parent church St. Mark s three chapels, while the two Holland\\nchurches have large and finely appointed edifices completed, one costing\\n$35,000. The Westminster Presbyterian Society has a very nice church\\nedifice on the east side, while the Dutch Reformed congregation is\\ntaking steps to build a $25,000 house. The old Catholic church of St.\\nAndrew has been disposed of, and plans for a $100,000 cathedral are now\\nbeing perfected. The Universalists have a very pretty and well finished\\nand furnished church.\\nThe manufacturing interests of Grand Rapids are large and rapidly\\nincreasing. Generally, they may be summed up in three flouring, one\\nwoolen, fifteen saw, four plaster and other mills, three furnaces, two\\nboiler factories, four tanneries, six large furniture manufactories, and a\\ndozen smaller ones, three extensive chair factories, ten large cooper\\nshops, six extensive carriage manufactories, ten wagon shops, one chem-\\nical works, three pail and bucket factories, one clothes pin factory, one\\ngypsum ornament manufactory, several sash, door and blind shops, two\\nsaw manufactories, three marble and stone yards, one brush factory,\\nWaters patent barrel factory, two hub factories, two manufactories of\\nfarming implements, one faucet manufactory in fact, almost every-\\nof the city of Pontiac, and member of its board of education from 1864\\nto 1868 delegate to the national Democratic convention at Baltimore\\nin 1872.\\nAs a speaker and writer, Mr. Look has a wide reputation. Some of his\\npublic addresses have commanded extraordinary approbation, and have\\nbeen republished in the leading American and foreign journals. He is\\nthe author of a work upon The Law and Practice of Masonic Trials,\\nwhich has become a standard authority in its department througliout the\\nUnited States. Such of his productions as he has given to the press\\nhave elicited an instant and universal approval, and it is to be hoped that\\nhis useful and powerful pen may not lie idle in the future. His merits\\nas a writer consist in clearness and boldness of conception, fertility in\\nexpression, correctness of taste, and a remarkable grace and purity of\\nstyle.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0700.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 695\\nthing that can be made from wood has a manufactory in this city.\\nFanning mills, milk safes, and such like useful articles are extensively\\nfabricated, and all these varied industries large numbers of which we\\nhave not attempted to enumerate furnish employment for an army of\\nmechanics, artisans and laborers, who are paid weekly for their skill and\\nefforts in developing the city s resources.\\nUpon either side of the Grand river is a canal, which furnishes a vast\\namount of power for propelling the machinery incident to the manufac-\\nturing enterprises of the place, the descent in the river over the rapids\\nproducing a head and fall of sixteen feet and yet it is safe to say that\\nfully one-half of the whole power used in the various departments of\\nmechanical eftort in the city is made from steam.\\nAt this time of writing six railroads are in operation, under the control\\nof some of the most extensive corporations in the country, sending out\\nand receiving daily the passengers upon thirty trains of cars, while the\\nimmense freighting business incident to the lumber, plaster and manufac-\\nturing interests are indeed great. A street railway from the Detroit and\\nMilwaukee Railway has long been in operation, running through Leonard,\\nCanal, Monroe and Fulton streets, and when continued to the Fair\\ngrounds, will be a source of great convenience.\\nThis year (1873) upwards of three hundred buildings of all kinds,\\nincluding forty stores, are in process of erection, and it is one of the\\nstrong points of the resources of Grand Rapids that all the stone for\\npaving or building, and fine yellow brick, as good as those made in Mil-\\nwaukee, with lime, plaster of Paris, stucco and sand, are found within\\nthe corporation, while the country immediately north abounds with the\\nbest of pine, cedar, beech, maple and other merchantable woods out of\\nwhich lumber is made. With the exception of paint, nails and gas\\npiping, the materials for an entire ordinary dwelling are to be found in\\nthe city, the product of the county.\\nThe public schools of the city are as good as the best in the State, and\\ncomprise one Union or High school and eight ward schools, all under\\nthe control of a Board of Education consisting of two members from\\neach ward, with the Mayor, who are elected by the people. The build-\\nings occupied for school purposes are mostly of brick, and of attractive\\ndesign, with good play grounds. There is a City Library of upwards of\\n6,000 volumes, supported by fines, the result of violated ordinances; also\\na Kent Scientific Institute, which has one of the most valuable collec-\\ntions of specimens, minerals, fossils, etc., to be found in the State, and\\none which has attracted considerable attention from scientists.\\nThe Young Men s Christian Association is in a very flourishing state,\\nand its organization has not only been efficient but exceedingly useful in\\nthe line of its christian duty and quiet charities. St. Mark s Home is", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0701.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "696 GENERAL HISTORY OP TUE STATES.\\na hospital under the immediate control of some ladies of St. Mark s\\nchurch, and has proved itself of great benefit to many, as its doors are\\nopen to all, without distinction of creed. The charges for board and care\\nare just sufBcient to cover actual cost, for such as can pay, and to such\\nas cannot and are worthy, no charge is made.\\nThe Union Benevolent Society is another charitable hospital, of a\\nmore enlarged character, which has been in existence for upwards of\\nfifteen years. It is managed by ladies and gentlemen selected from the\\nvarious Protestant organizations, and is incorporated. Having an eligible\\nand admirably located lot, steps are now being taken towards the erection\\nof a suitable building to accommodate their rapidly increasing wants.\\nThis city is the acknowledged metropolis of western and northwestern\\nMichigan. Its location is one of admitted beauty, having a rare variety\\nof hill and dale for landscape, while it is noted for its elegant residences,\\nsuburban villas, fine business blocks, and the air of activity and thrift\\nwhich characterizes so many of our western towns. The United States\\nhave decided to erect a suitable public building here for its District\\nCourts, Pension Office, U. S. Marshal s Office, Collector, Post-office, etc.,\\netc., and has ordered a free postal delivery system, in accordance with a\\nlaw of Congress passed at its last session. It should be added that during\\nthe season of navigation boats ply regularly on the Grand river to Grand\\nHaven, and a large amount of business is transacted along the shores,\\nwhich are dotted with thriving villages.\\nThe traveling public are well cared for in several hotels, which are well\\nkept, though the rapid increase of population and the influx of strangers,\\nattracted by the wide-spread notoriety of the place for business, demand\\nincreased facilities in this line, and steps are being taken towards the\\nerection of more hotel room. There are two free bridges and one toll\\nbridge spanning the river which is 900 feet wide also two railroad\\nbridges. The wholesale business of Grand Rapids in groceries, boots and\\nshoes, dry goods, hardware and manufactured articles from wood, is\\nlarge and rapidly increasing. Several of its streets are paved with stone,\\nwhile wooden pavements are now coming into general use. Owing to the\\nhilly nature of a large part of the city plat and the necessity of mucli\\nfilling near the river, on the east side, the grading and leveling of streets\\nhas been a costly undertaking, but it has been accomplished during the\\nten years past at an outlay of nearly a hundred thousand dollars per\\nannum. The ground forming the plat on the west side is very level, and\\ncalculated for a large city, backed and skirted as it is by very bold and\\ndelightful bluffs. Situated as Grand Rapids is, in the vicinity of a\\nsplendid farming, fruit, wool raising and well wooded country, it must\\ncontinue to increase in wealth, population and intelligence, and remain\\nin the future, as it is now, the second city of Michigan, and through its", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0702.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 697\\nvarious institutions and enterprises of a business, religious and social\\nnature, must do no small share in moulding the thought and giving tone\\nand direction to the population which is rapidly filling up the great\\ncountry north as far Mackinaw, and west to the shore of Lake Michigan.\\nThe view which we give of a portion of the city is taken from the\\nUnion school hill, looking south and southwest, and covering in the\\nforeground portions only of the first, second and third wards, on the\\neast side, and the eighth ward across the river in the distance.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0703.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "ADRIAN.\\nAdrian is a beautiful and flourisliing city of about 12,000 inliabitants,\\nsituated on tbe soutli brancli of tlie River Raisin, on high, rolling ground,\\nin the midst of one of the richest farming districts in the State. It is\\nlocated very nearly in the center of Lenawee county, of which it is the\\ncounty seat. It is easy of access by rail\u00e2\u0080\u0094 thirty-three miles from Toledo,\\nseventy-four miles from Detroit, two hundred and ten miles from Chicago,\\nand eighty-five miles from Lansing.\\nThe site upon which the city is built w^as located by Addison J. Com-\\nstock, in 1825, and a plat of forty-nine lots, comprising a part of what\\nis now the business portion of the city, was made by him, and recorded\\nMarch 31, 1828.\\nAdrian was incorporated in 1858, since which time its boundaries have\\ntwice been enlarged. It now covers an area of nearly three miles square,\\nand has grown to be one of the most important manufacturing cities in\\nthe State. It is an orderly, well regulated city-;;-governed in the interest\\nof economy and good order. Its present officials are Wm. H. Waldby,\\nMayor; W. H. Stone, Treasurer; F. B. Nixon, Recorder; Simeon M. Bab-\\ncock, Marshal; George L. Bachman, City Attorney; Daniel T.Anderson,\\nCollector. Aldermen First Ward George W. Larwill, INIichael Molloy;\\nSecond Ward\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lorenzo Tabor, George S. Brown; Third Ward W. T.\\nLawrence, Edward Swords Fourth Ward C. H. Comstock, James\\nWarner.\\nThe buildings of Adrian are of a superior order. It contains many\\nvery elegant residences, and numerous very fine public buildings. Its\\nhealthfulness, cleanliness, beauty and prosperity evoke universal com-\\nmendation. Its church edifices are models of convenience and elegance.\\nPerhaps no city in the country is better provided with churches. The\\nPresbyterians, Methodist Episcopal, Cougregationalists, Baptists, Luther-\\nans and Catholics each have large brick church edifices. Other denomi-\\nnations have convenient but less pretentions churches. The increasing\\nimportance of Adrian College is a subject of much interest. Its struggle\\nto maintain itself and its final triumph command the admiration of all\\nlovers of education. From a weak beginning it has grown to be one of\\nthe first educational institutions in the State. It is situated on a fine\\nelevation in the western part of the city, overlooking it from the west.\\nIt has four fine brick buildings, and an endowment of $100,000.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0704.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0705.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "700 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES.\\nThe scliool system of Adrian is unsurpassed, possessing as it does the\\nmost perfect facilities for bestowing upon all who may avail themselves\\nof the benefits of it, an education at once the most liberal and thorough.\\nThe schools are admirably conducted, the corps of teachers being second\\nto none in the State. The instructions are thorough and upon the broad-\\nest and most liberal basis. The graduates therefrom are admitted to the\\nUniversity without examination. The school buildings consist of the\\ncentral building, so called, erected in 1869, costing about $100,000, and\\nfour large branch buildings, of brick one in each ward.\\nThe city is well provided with hotels, some of them ranking among\\nthe best in the West, affording ample accommodations of the first order.\\nThe Adrian Car Manufactpring Company, with a capital of $300,000,\\nmanufactures passenger^ and freight cars, and employs three hundred\\nmen. There is connected with these works one of the largest and most\\nimportant foundries in the State, outside of Detroit and Wyandotte.\\nThe Illinois Manufacturing Company employs a capital of $200,000\\nand one hundred and fifty men; has orders from all parts of the country,\\nand is noted for the promptness and dispatch with which it fills them.\\nIt manufactures all kinds of car trimmings and brass fittings.\\nThe Adrian Paper Mill Company manufactures wrapping and print\\npaper; has a capital of $75,000, and employs fifty men.\\nThe Adrian Hand Car Company, recently organized, manufactures an\\nimproved hand car, and has orders from all parts of the country.\\nThere are three first class flouring mills here in successful operation,\\ntwo of them being run by water and one by steam.\\nBoots and shoes, carriages and furniture are manufactured for the\\nwholesale trade to a considerable extent.\\nThere is about to be established a file manufactory, also a factory for\\nthe manufacture of all kinds of wooden-ware, which will furnish employ-\\nment for a considerable number of men.\\nAdrian has four banks First National, formerly Waldby s Bank of\\nAdrian, long and successfully conducted by Wm. H. Waldby, the present\\nMayor of the city; W. H. Stone Co., private bankers; Lenawee County\\nSavings Bank, and the Adrian Savings Bank.\\nThe Michigan State Insurance Company, located here, is one of the\\nbest insurance companies in the State. It is doing a large business, and\\nis perfectly reliable.\\nThe first newspaper was published here October 22, 1834, called the\\nLeiiawee Republican and Adrian Gazette^ afterwards the Watchtmcer, R. W.\\nInglass, proprietor.\\nIn 1865, a portion of the WaicJitower establishment was purchased by\\nGeneral Wm. Humphrey, now Auditor-General of the State, and he, in\\nconjunction with T. S. Applegate, one of the owners of the Watchtower,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0706.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 701\\nestablished the Adrian Daily Times, which took the place of the Watch-\\ntower.\\nThe Adrian Expositor was established in 1843, and was consolidated\\nwith the Times in 1866. The Times and Expositor is ably conducted by-\\nits present proprietors, Messrs. Applegate Fee, and has a large circula-\\ntion daily and weekly.\\nHON: J. W. GORDON.\\nJ. Wright Gordon was lieutenant-governor of Michigan during the\\nadministration of Governor Woodbridge, and upon the resignation of\\nthe latter gentleman to accept a seat in the United States Senate, Mr.\\nGordon became acting governor. He was a gentleman of high character\\nand ability, and was at one time the regular Whig candidate for United\\nStates Senator; but was defeated by a combination of Whigs and Demo-\\ncrats in the legislature. After leaving the public service, his health\\nbecame impaired, and he visited South America. He died at Pernam-\\nbuco, from the effects of a fall from a balcony, in December, 1853.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0707.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "702 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nThe Press (daily and weekly), recently established by William A.\\nWhitney, is receiving an extensive patronage, and is also ably conducted.\\nThe Journal is issued every Friday morning, and has a circulation\\nthroughout the county. Japheth Cross, proprietor.\\nThe Adrian Auzeiger is a German paper of modest pretensions, well\\nmanaged by Messrs. Lohmann Son, and well patronized by the German\\npopulation of the city and county.\\nAdrian has a very efficient and well ordered paid Fire Department\\ntwo steam fire engines, one Babcock self-acting fire engine, one hand\\nengine, and one hook and ladder company. The department employs\\nfifty men. The apparatus is of the best class, and comfortable and elegant\\nbrick engine houses afibrd quarters for the men and horses employed, the\\ncity owning the teams used.\\nThe Mineral Springs, connected with the hotel by that name, located in\\nthe western part of the paved district, are pronounced by chemists, and\\nshow by analysis, to be possessed of excellent medicinal properties.\\nThey are well patronized, with the best results. The bath and hotel\\naccommodations are of the first order.\\nThere are a number of other mineral springs in the city\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one located\\nbetween Adrian College and the business portion of the city, on the\\npremises of J. J. Newell, Esq., which has recently been analyzed, and pro-\\nnounced a very superior and healthful beverage. Besides being possessed\\nof excellent curative powers, it is cold and exceedingly palatable. One on\\nthe premises of Colonel J. H. Wood, in the southern portion of the city,\\nis also rapidly increasing in favor. It is located in a beautiful spot and\\nis attracting much notice. There are others of more or less merit in\\ndifferent parts of the city. A large number of strangers, from all sections\\nof the country, visit Adrian for the purpose of enjoying the benefits of\\nthese springs and the healthful atmosphere of the place. The influx of\\nthese visitors is so large that the hotels and boarding houses of the city,\\nheretofore affording ample accommodations, are filled to their utmost\\ncapacity, and the erection of new buildings for the especial purpose of\\naccommodating those who come here to recreate and restore themselves\\nto health and vigor is contemplated.\\nAdrian has several parks, the most important of which is Monument\\nSquare, in which is located the Soldiers Monument. The monument\\nconsists of an Italian marble shaft, thirty feet high, surmounting a base,\\ntwenty feet high, built of cut stone.\\nThe Adrian Gas Light Company was organized in 1856, with a capital\\nof $50,000, since which time the works have been enlarged and the capi-\\ntal stock increased.\\nThe Young Men s Christian Association, and the Ladies Library Asso-\\nciation, deserve mention. The former has a free reading-room, supplied", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0708.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n703\\nwith the best papers and magazines of the day, and is doing much good\\nin the city. The latter possesses one of the finest miscellaneous libraries\\nin the State, consisting of about two thousand volumes of choice works.\\nMuch interest is taken in horticulture and in ornamenting the homes\\nof the city with shrubs and flowers. There is a horticultural society\\nmaintained here, which does much to create and foster a proper spirit of\\nAi\u00c2\u00a7$^\\nHON. WM. L. GREENLY.\\nWilliam L. Greenly was born at Hamilton, Madison county. New\\nYork, September 18, 1813; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, in\\n1831; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1836, he\\nsettled in Adrian, Michigan, where he has since resided. The _year fol-\\nlowing, he was elected State senator, and served in that capacity until\\n1839. In 1845, he was elected lieutenant-governor of the State, and\\nbecame acting governor by the resignation of Governor Felch, who was,\\nin February, 1847, elected to the United States Senate. Governor Greenly\\nis a gentleman of high character and attainments, and during his official\\ncareer served the State with great acceptability.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0709.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "704 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nemulation. Adrian is one of the best ornamented cities in the State, and\\nis beautifully shaded with maple and elm trees.\\nOakwood Cemetery, situated in the northeast portion of the city, on\\nthe east bank of the River Raisin, is one of nature s most beautiful land-\\nscapes\u00e2\u0080\u0094is laid out in the best style is ornamented and beautified with\\nthat taste and solemn elegance becoming the sacred city of the dead. It\\nis indeed a beautiful and hallowed spot. Here solemnity and beauty\\nassociate in harmonious combination.\\nSituated as Adrian is upon the main line of the Lake Shore ajid Michi-\\ngan Southern Railway, at its junction with the Jackson and Detroit\\nbranches, with fair prospects of the speedy completion of the Adrian\\nand Detroit Railroad with its connections, making a grand trunk line\\nbetween the East and Southwest, with a good market, for which it has\\njustly been noted since the completion of the Erie and Kalamazoo Rail-\\nroad to this point in 1836, with its large and constantly increasing manu-\\nfacturing interests, the rich farming country surrounding it, the beauty\\nand healthfulness of its location, its superb schools and the general intel-\\nligence of its people it has a grand future before it.\\nThe Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway company employs\\nthree hundred men in its repair and car building shops here, which shops\\nare located in the immediate vicinity of the works of the Adrian Car\\nManufacturing Company. City lots, convenient to these shops, have\\nbeen laid out and platted, affording mechanics an excellent opportunity\\nto provide for themselves comfortable homes.\\nFine building lots, in other portions of the city, can be purchased on\\nvery easy terms at comparatively low prices. No city in the State affords\\nbetter opportunities or offers better inducements to those desirous of pro-\\ncuring houses, whether they wish to engage in business or retire from\\nthe active pursuits of life to educate their children, or to enjoy the\\nsociety of an educated and intelligent people.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0710.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "45", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0711.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "DETROIT.\\nIn precediug chapters of this work, we have given the incidents con-\\nnected with the history of Detroit more in detail than space will allow\\nat this place. It is our purpose in this sketch to follow, very briefly, the\\noutline of its history, and then to notice its growth, improvements and\\nfuture prospects.\\nEstablished in 1701, by the French, Fort Detroit soon came into rivalry\\nwith its older and distant sister, Michilimackinac. Previous to the date\\nmentioned, the latter place had been regarded as the central western out-\\npost of New France, but the establishment of a fort and trading post\\non the Detroit river drew largely from that place. Its advantages in\\nclimate, government and the liberality of its commandant were all that\\nwas needed to divert the tide of settlement from Michilimackinac.\\nThree years after the establishment of Fort Detroit, the English\\ninfluenced the Indians to set fire to the town, which was, however, but\\npartially destroyed.\\nIn 1712, the Fox Indians made a desperate attempt to destroy it, but\\nafter a bold and determined siege of nineteen days, they were repulsed\\nwith great loss.\\nIn 1749, the settlement was extended by emigrants sent out at the\\nexpense of the French government, but the policy of the new command-\\nant was such as to prevent the rapid growth of the town.\\nIn 1763, Fort Detroit, with all Canada, was transferred to the British\\nCrown. This change was not only distasteful to the French settlers at\\nDetroit, but to the Indians in the surrounding country, who had learned\\nto respect and love their brothers, the French. This savage dissatis-\\nfaction, goaded on by the French, resulted in what is known to history\\nas the Pontiac war, a full account of which has already been given in\\nthis work.\\nIn 1796, the American army entered Detroit. The British had pre-\\nviously left the town, and their authority was thus peacefully transferred\\nto the United States.\\nThe Territory of Michigan was organized in 1805, at which date Gen-\\neral William Hull was appointed its first Governor. He formed a gov-\\nernment at Detroit, in July of that year. The town of Detroit had been\\nentirely destroyed by fire a short time previous, and now advantage was", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0712.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHUBUH, DETROIT.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0713.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "708 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ntaken of this circumstance to widen the streets and lay out the future\\ncity on an entirely new and enlarged plan.\\nThe growth of Detroit, for many years, depended on the fur trade and\\nthe disbursement of public moneys. There w as yet needed that impulse\\nwhich is only produced by the settlement of the surrounding country.\\nThe old town of Detroit was situated a little west of the heart of the\\npresent city of Detroit and was built entirely of wood. The streets were\\nnarrow, and the place presented a rude, uninviting appearance.\\nPassing on from 1805 to 1815, we find the new town or city of\\nDetroit considerably improved. It had one commodious dock, called the\\npublic wharf. It consisted of a pier, formed by a crib of logs, filled\\nin with stone and gravel. It was about one hundred and fifty feet from\\nthe shore, with which it was connected by a bridge, or plank-way. All\\nvessels, whether public or private, were then accustomed to load and\\nunload at tliis wharf. The rest of the water front was in a state of\\nnature. A second wharf was built in 1826.\\nThere were six or seven stores, for general business, in the town at this\\ndate, but not a vessel which then navigated the lakes was owned in\\nDetroit.\\nThe military grounds were occupied by Fort Shelby and the Infantry\\ncantonment. This fort was erected in 1777, by Major Le Noult, the\\nBritish commander, and was thrown down in 1837. The cantonment\\nwas built in 1815, occupying nearly the whole square between Fort\\nWayne, Lafayette and Cass line. It consisted of a group of log build-\\nings about one hundred feet long. The court room used in 1834 was, in\\n1820, used by the court-martial, and as the dancing hall of the can-\\ntonment.\\nTlie city of Detroit was incorporated by an act passed by the Governor\\nand judges, on the 4th of October, 1815. By this act the municipal\\nauthority was invested in five trustees, a secretary, an assessor, a collec-\\ntor and a city marshal, who were to .be chosen on the first day of May,\\nannually, by the householders of the city, paying an annual rent of forty\\ndollars.\\nGeneral John R. Williams was elected the first mayor of Detroit, in\\n1824, and in 1836, the legislature passed an act extending the limits of the\\ncity. This opened the way for that influx of immigration and advance-\\nment of commercial enterprise which has made Detroit a great city.\\nUntil 1827, Detroit was the only municipal corporation in the Territory\\nof Michigan, and at that time it contained a population of about two\\nthousand souls, which was about one-tenth of the population of the Ter-\\nritory. Even at that late date, the city was but little else than a military\\nand fur trading post. The inhabitants were principally native French,\\nwith a few families from the eastern States. Then only three or four", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0714.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.\\n709\\nsteamboats a week arrived in Detroit; now a craft of some nature passes\\nit every six minutes on an average, and nearly all the steamers on the\\nupper and lower lakes make it a stopping point. Then there were but\\nfour wharves at which vessels could unload; now its docks extend for\\nmiles on the river front. Then there were but three turnpike roads lead-\\ning from Detroit; now there are plank roads and railroads in almost every\\nCITY HALL, DETROIT.\\ndirection. Then the eastern mail arrived once a week; now we have four\\nmails from that quarter daily, and the telegraph wires extend to all points\\nin America and Europe. The latter means of communication was\\nopened to Detroiters on the tirst day of March, 1848.\\nAmong those institutions whose growth has rendered Detroit famous\\nin the nation, may justly be mentioned the public schools. It is true that\\nthe schools of Detroit where every child in the city can obtain the\\nelements of a good English education free of charge\u00e2\u0080\u0094 are the pride and\\nboast of the city. The free public schools were first established in 1842.\\nBut little interest had been manifested in the subject of education pre-\\nvious to this date, and the citizens of Detroit are indebted to Dr. Zina", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0715.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "710 GENERAL nISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nPitcher for the first step towards establishing a general system of educa-\\ntion. While mayor, in 1841, he called the attention of the common\\ncouncil to the great need of public schools in the city; and a report was\\nsubsequently made to that body, showing that there were twenty-seven\\nEnglish schools, one French and one German school. The whole num-\\nber of pupils reported was about seven hundred, while there were over\\ntwo thousand children of school-age in the city.\\nMeasures wei e then taken for the establishment of common schools,\\nand, in a short time, seven new schools were opened. In 1842, the Legis-\\nlature passed an act incorporating the schools of the city into one\\ndistrict, under the charge of the Board of Education of the city of\\nDetroit. Since that date, this board has had the management of the\\nschool system, which, to the credit of its several members, is one of the\\nmost efficient in the United States.\\nThe first house for public worship erected in Detroit, was built by the\\nRoman Catholics, in 1733. This building stood on the present site of\\nJefierson avenue, and directly opposite the Masonic Hall. It was, of\\ncourse, destroyed by the fire of 1805. The Cathedral of St. Ann was\\ncommenced in 1817, by the Rev. Gabriel Richard, but was not completed\\nuntil 1832.\\nThe Methodists organized a society in Detroit in 1812, and the Episco-\\npal society was organized in 1824. The first Presbyterian church was\\norganized in 1825, and the society erected a church on the corner of\\nWoodward avenue and Larned street as early as 1826. This building\\nwas destroyed by fire in 1854.\\nThe Second Presbyterian church was organized in 1849, with the Rev.\\nR. R. Kellogg as pastor. The membership of this church then consisted\\nof only twenty-six members. Public worship was held in the old capitol\\nbuilding until April 7, 1850, when the society took possesion of their new\\nedifice, on the corner of Lafayette and Wayne streets. There they con-\\ntinued until November 18, 1855, when they removed to their present\\nplace of worship, with one hundred and sixty-seven members.\\nIn the month of February of the same year, Rev. Arthur T. Pierson,\\nthen of Waterford, New York, was called to the vacant pastorate, which\\nhe still (1873) occupies.\\nIn the spring of 1860, it was determined by the trustees to go forward\\nwith sundry extensive improvements upon the church edifice, long con-\\ntemplated, and felt to be essential to the completion of the original\\ndesign. The work was begun in July, 1870, and completed within the\\nyear, the re-opening and re-dedication services being held January 1st,\\n1871.\\nFrom corner stone to cornice, the whole building was remodeled and\\nrefitted, especially as to its interior, furnished with black walnut pews\\nand pulpit and a crescent gallery, and also with carpets and cushions.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0716.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "FOKT STREET, DETROIT.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0717.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "712 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nSpace, in this late stage of our work, will not admit of mention of the\\nmultitude of useful institutions now existing in the city. The most\\nimportant is the House of Correction, which is an honor to Detroit.\\nThe Detroit City Hall an engraving of which is presented here is\\none of the finest and most substantial edifices owned by any munici-\\npality of equal population in America.\\nBut Detroit is not alone indebted to artificial and architectural accom-\\nplishments for its magnificence. Nature, in her munificence, has bestowed\\nher beauties with a free hand. This is noticeable in the view of Fort\\nstreet, here presented.\\nThe present condition of the city, in a commercial point as in all\\nothers, is most satisfactory. The numerous extensive manufactories\\nattest its steady growth; and the volume of its commerce, which is becom-\\ning broader and more profitable year by year, is a safe guarantee of its\\nfuture greatness.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0718.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "HON. WILLIAM C. DUNCAN.\\nWilliam Chamberlaln Duncan was born in Lyons, New York, on\\nthe 18th of May, 1820. His father s family removed from Lyons to Roch-\\nester, New York, when he was about five years of age. In the latter city\\nhis younger years were spent, and he received there the advantage of an\\nordinary common school education. At the age of twenty one, desiring\\nto engage in some employment for himself which might lead him into\\nactive business, he accepted the position of steward on one of the passen-\\nger steamers then plying on the lakes, and remained in this employ-\\nment until 1846, when he became engaged in a similar occupation extend-\\ning up Lake Superior.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0719.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "714 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nAny one familiar with the vast commerce which is now seen upon Lake\\nSuperior, and the almost countless craft that course its waters, and who\\nknow Mr. Duncan, still a young man, will find it difficult to realize that\\nhe was present, and engaged in the enterprise of taking the Julia\\nPalmer, the first side-wheel steamer that ever floated on Lake Superior,\\nacross the portage at the Sault Ste. Marie.\\nIn the year 1849 Mr. Duncan became a permanent resident of Detroit,\\nand engaged in the business of a brewer and malster. Detroit was\\nthen a comparatively small city, and Mr. Duncan has grown with its\\ngrowth.\\nHe brought into business life great personal activity, strict devotion to\\nhis chosen pursuit, prudence and sagacity, and energy which was never\\nrelaxed. These qualities secured him success, and enabled him to lay\\nthe foundation of what has since become an ample fortune.\\nMr. Duncan early attracted to himself the esteem of his fellow-citizens,\\nand w^as pointed out as a suitable candidate for political preferment.\\nHe was elected an alderman in the year 1853, and served in that position\\nfor five years. He was the first president of the Common Council after\\nthat office was created by an amendment of the city charter. Mr. Dun-\\ncan was always a Democrat, and his personal popularity and his services\\nin the city council led to his nomination in 1861 for the office of mayor.\\nTo this post he was triumphantly elected, and served during the years\\n1862 and 1863. His administration was distinguished for his careful\\nattention to city affairs, his rigid honesty and frugality, and his particular\\nefforts and influence in favor of the war for the Union. In the fall of\\n1863 he was chosen as a State senator from the second district, and filled\\nthat office during the years 1863 and 1864.\\nIn 1865 Mr. Duncan retired from active business, his impaired health\\nrequiring that he should enjoy more recreation and rest. Since that time\\nhe has given his attention to the management of his large estate, is a\\ndirector in financial corporations, has visited Europe twice, and is enjoy-\\ning the fruits of a youth and manhood of business energy and enterprise.\\nHe manifests a deep interest in the welfare and prosperity of Detroit,\\nand his fellow citizens have not ceased to honor him by calling into pub-\\nlic employment his intelligence and forecast. In the spring of 1873,\\nupon the organization of the board of estimates, a body which has a large\\ncontrol of the municipal expenditures, he was chosen a member at large.\\nIn the fall of 1873 the unanimous voice of his party selected him a second\\ntime as its candidate for the maj oralty, but the condition of his health\\ncompelled him to decline the nomination.\\nMr. Duncan is a notable example of the sound and practical business\\nqualities which lead to success, and of the personal habits and character\\nwhich secure and retain public esteem.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0720.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 715\\nHis energy, perseverance, integrity, and cordial manners, early gave\\nhim a high place in the community in which he has lived. By these\\nqualities and habits he has been able to build up his fortune and estab-\\nlish his position in society.\\nHis popularity is not exhausted, and, as he is still in the prime of life,\\nit is the hope of all who know him that liis health may be spared for the\\nhigher duties in business and political life, to which his fellow-citizens\\nare sure to summon him.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0721.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "HON. W. W. WHEATON.\\nThe subject of our sketch, the Hon. Wm. W. Wheaton, of Detroit, is\\nan example of what can in the United States be accomplished without\\nextrinsic aid or influence when ability, energy and ambition are united\\nwith perseverance and determination to succeed.\\nMr. Wheaton was born in New Haven, Conn., on the 5th of April,\\n1833, and is therefore now only in his fortieth year. Yet he has for\\ntwenty years been a prominent wholesale merchant, most of the time\\nat the head of a firm; has been at the head of the city government of\\nDetroit as Mayor for four years, and has been chairman of the Demo-\\ncratic State Central Committee for two years. In the fall of 1866 he ran", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0722.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 717\\nfor Senator for the Second District of Micliigan and was only defeated\\nby twelve votes, and he was twice elected Mayor. It is rarely that mer-\\ncantile, official and political prominence have been secured so early in\\nlife witliout any strong outside influences to aid in attaining them.\\nMr. Wheaton s parents were only in moderate circumstances. When\\nhe was but ten years old his father died. He obtained a common school\\neducation by working for his board and schooling. He was preparing\\nfor college under the late Judge Simeon Baldwin, of New Haven, when\\nhe was offered a situation in the mercantile establishment of C. H. Nor-\\nthum Co., of Hartford. He remained with them four years, laying\\nthe foundation of business qualifications that have since secured him\\nhis success. He then removed to Detroit and entered into business for\\nhimself in the firm of Farrand Wheaton, and subsequently at the head\\nof the firm of Wheaton, Leonard Burr, and Wm. W. Wheaton Co.\\nHe has accumulated a fine property from no capital but business capacity\\nand able management. He is at the present time the treasurer and\\ngeneral agent of the Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill Company of\\nMarquette, which represents $500,000, and is owned mostly in Detroit.\\nHe has been successful as an official through incorruptibility and atten-\\ntion to his duties. He has acquired prominence as a politician through\\nhis knowledge of men, his frankness, his energy and his independence of\\nindividual or selfish influences.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0723.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "FLINT.\\nThe city of Flint, the county seat of Genesee county, is beautifully\\nlocated upon the banks of the Flint river, and is about equidistant\\nbetween Saginaw and Pontiac. Its present population is about 10,000,\\nand it is a town of no inconsiderable business. Located in the center of\\na rich agricultural county, numbering about 40,000 inhabitants, the\\ngrowth of the city has never been rapid and spasmodic, but certain and\\nhealthy.\\nMr. Jacob Smith was the first white settler, having removed here soon\\nafter the treaty was concluded with the Indians at Saginaw in 1819. Mr.\\nSmith had but few white neighbors before his death, and it was not until\\nabout the years 1828 and 1830 that the place could be called fairly\\nstarted. Among the first settlers, may be mentioned the names of\\nLyman Stow, Rufus W. Stevens, John Todd, R. F. Stage, D. S. Freeman,\\nL D. Wright, G. and R. Bishop, L. G. Biskford, C. S. Payne, T. B. W.\\nStockton, Charles C. Hascall, H. M. and I. Henderson, Wm. Moon.\\nAbout the year 1834, a land office was established here for the sale of\\nlands in the Saginaw district, and General C. C. Hascall was appointed\\nreceiver and Michael Hoftman register. Political changes taking place,\\nthese gentlemen were succeeded by George M. Dewey, as receiver, and\\nE. B. Witherbee, as register, and who in their turn were succeeded by R.\\nBishop, as receiver, and Wm. M. Fenton, as register, who held their\\nappointments until the office was removed to Saginaw, in the year 1858.\\nPUBLIC BUILBINGS.\\nThe Asylum for the Deaf, the Dumb and the Blind was located here by\\nthe legislature of 1847. The building is one in which the people of the\\nState may take a just pride. The site was donated to the State by Colonel\\nT. B. W. Stockton. Hon. I. B. Walker was the resident commissioner\\nuntil his declination in 1872, when W. L. Smith was appointed as his suc-\\ncessor. The institution is at present in a highly flourishing condition\\nunder the management of Professor E. L. Bangs. It has a general attend-\\nance of 150 students.\\nThe Court House and City Hall are creditable structures.\\nRAILROADS.\\nThe Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad passes through the city, opening\\na direct line of communication to all points north and south. The Port", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0724.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0725.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "720 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nHuron and Lake Michigan Railroad liaving lately been consolidated with\\nthe Peninsula Railroad, extending from Lansing to Valparaiso, in Indiana,\\nsecures the early completion of the road from Flint to Lansing the new\\norganization taking the name of The Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad\\nCompany. This road will, when finished, be of great advantage to the\\npeople of the Northwest, and will constitute the shortest route from\\nChicago to the sea-board.\\nSCHOOLS.\\nFlint has vied with its sister cities of the State in its educational facili-\\nties. A central Union school building is now being erected at a cost\\nof $100,000, which will be one of the finest school buildings in the State.\\nProfessor Tumsdell now stands at the head and supervises the educa-\\ntional interests of the city, and students are admitted to the University\\nupon his certificate without further examination.\\nLIBRARIES.\\nThe only public library in the city is that of the Ladies Library\\nAssociation, organized in 1851, and which is the pioneer or mother\\nassociation of the hundreds of similar ladies library associations now\\nin the full tide of successful and useful operation, not only in Michigan,\\nbut in neighboring States. The plan of this peculiar institution origi-\\nnated with Mrs. R. W. Jenny, who wrote its constitution and by-laws,\\nand under which Mrs. Colonel Stockton was chosen its first president. It\\nowns a large and valuable circulating library.\\nColonel E. H. Thompson has one of the largest and best private libra-\\nries in the State.\\nThe Flint Scientific Institute, pioneered by Dr. Daniel Clarke, Dr.\\nManly Miles, Hon. F. H. Rankin, Hon. E. H. Thompson, and others, is\\none of the best of its kind. It has a rare and valuable collection for the\\nstudy of the naturalist and the scientist.\\nBENEVOLENT SOCIETIES.\\nOne commandery Knights Templar; one chapter Royal Arch Masons;\\ntwo lodges F. A. M. two lodges L O. O. F. one lodge L O. G. T. St.\\nMichael s Benevolent Society.\\nHer banks are the First National, Citizens National, and the Genesee\\nCounty Savings Bank.\\nFlint has also a Riding Park Association; an excellent Brass Band,\\nunder charge of Professor G. I. H. Gardner; a military company The\\nFlint Union Blues.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0726.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 721\\nNEWSPAPERS.\\nThere are three weekly newspapers. The Wolverine Citizen, published\\nand edited by F. H. Rankin; the Globe, by A. L. Aldrich (both Republi-\\ncan), and the Oenesee Democrat, by Jenny Fellows.\\nCHURCHES.\\nTwo Methodist, one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one Baptist, one Con-\\ngregational, one German Evangelical, one Catholic. The new Episcopal\\nchurch is not excelled in architectural design and beauty by any in the\\nState.\\nMANUFACTORIES.\\nThe manufacture of lumber has contributed largely to the prosperity\\nof the city. There are ten steam saw mills, of usual capacity, besides\\nplaning mills, two woolen mills, three foundries, etc., giving employment\\nto a large force of workmen.\\nAmong the recent improvements in the city have been the sinking of\\ntwo artesian wells, by the city council, and the erection of the Holly\\nWater Works, by A. McFarlan, Esq., on his premises, for the protection\\nof his saw mill and lumber yard from fire.\\nORGANIZATION.\\nThe city charter was granted by the legislature in 1855. G. Decker\\nwas chosen the first mayor. The subsequent mayors were Hons. R. I. S.\\nPage, Porter Hazelton, E. S. Williams, H. M. Henderson, Wm. Paterson,\\nS. M. Axford, W. B. McCreery, Wm. M. Fenton, Wm. Hamilton, A. B.\\nWitherbee, Wm. S. Patrick, H. H. Crapo, I. B. Walker, D. S. Fox, and\\nthe popular and efficient incumbent, Hon. George H. Durand.\\nMany of the early settlers and prominent professional and business\\nmen of Flint have died within the past few years, among whom may be\\nmentioned the names of Governor H. H. Crapo, Governor Fenton, Hon.\\nH. M. Henderson, Hon. A. B. AVitherbee, Hon. A. P. Davis, Hon. C. P.\\nAvery, Hon. Levi Walker, General C. C. Hascall, B. Pierson, James Hen-\\nderson, Esqrs., and Rev. Daniel E. Brown. While their bodies repose in\\nthe glades of our beautiful Glenwood, the memory of their worth and\\nvirtues will be enshrined in the memories of those permitted to linger\\nbehind.\\nGive them the meed they have won in the past^\\nGive them the honors their future forecast.\\n46", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0727.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "HON. ALEXANDER H. MORRISON.\\nAiiEXANDEU Hamilton Morrison, of St. Joseph, Michigan, projector\\nand builder of the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, and its\\nvice-president and general manager, was born in the Province of Quebec,\\nCanada, February 22, 1822. At the age of fifteen, he was engaged as clerk\\nfor B. W. Smith, now sherifl: of Simcoe, Ontario, and with him came\\nWest in 1838, arriving at Chicago in October of that year, when Chicago\\ncontained less than four thousand inhabitants. Here he entered the\\nemploy of David Ballentine, Esq., then a contractor on the Illinois and\\nMichigan Canal, and remained with him as clerk for several years. At\\nthe age of nineteen, he engaged in active business on his own account.\\nIn 1847, 1848 and 1849, Mr. Morrison was engaged as a contractor on\\npublic works in Illinois and Iowa. In 1850, he came to St. Joseph, where", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0728.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 723\\nhe has since resided and been connected in extensive business as a mer-\\nchant and lumberman, until he engaged in the railroad enterprise which\\nnow occupies his attention.\\nThe Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, of which Mr. Morri-\\nson is the projector, builder and successful general manager, extends\\nfrom New Buffalo on the Michigan Central to Pentwater, which is the\\nmain line a distance of one hundred and seventy miles with a branch\\nof twenty-five miles from Holland to Grand Rapids, and another branch\\nfrom Muskegon to Big Rapids of fifty-five miles, making in all two hun-\\ndred and fifty miles of road.\\nConsidering the difficulties encountered in consequence of the decision\\nof the supreme court, declaring void all municipal aid voted to help con-\\nstruct railways, together with the fact that the road was built through a\\nnew country, sparsely populated, which would not have been undertaken\\nwithout the encouragement the law of 1869 proposed, the success of the\\nenterprise, in both its completion and management, entitles to the projector\\nand builder to an amount of praise for commercial sagacity, foresight and\\neconomy in all the details of construction and management, seldom\\nawarded to men of these times, and which to him, in his declining years,\\nwill be a great source of consolation and pride.\\nMr. Morrison, while engaged in extensive business, has at the same\\ntime given some attention to politics and been the recipient of political\\nhonors, and seen much of public life for a man of his years, now only\\nfifty-two.\\nIn 1851, he was chairman of the board of supervisors of Berrien\\ncounty. In 1852, he was a candidate for presidential elector on the\\nWhig ticket. In 1856, he was elected to the Senate of this State. In\\n1860, he was elected to the house of representatives and was chairman of\\nthe committee on State affairs for three sessions, and during that time was\\none of the special joint committee on war matters, of which Hons. Jas.\\nF. Joy, H. P. Baldwin and Thomas D. Gilbert were members. To the\\nmembers of that committee must be awarded the honor of successfully\\nprojecting that policy which at the end of the war found the State unin-\\ncumbered with a war debt. The individual members of that committee\\nwere also foremost in sustaining a policy not less important, inaugurated\\nby Mr. Joy at the first session of the legislature of 1861, for the establish-\\nment of a sinking fund, which, in 1881, will find the State entirely out\\nof debt.\\nIn 1863, Mr. Morrison was appointed, by President Lincoln, collector\\nof internal revenue for the second district of Michigan, and, in 1867,\\nassessor of internal revenue for the same district, which office he held\\nuntil June, 1869, when he resigned to enter upon the railroad project, of\\nwhich mention is made above.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0729.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "724 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nMr. Morrison belongs to one of the pioneer families of the western\\ncountry who were Indian traders in the Lake Superior country in the\\nlatter part of the last century and the first part of this. His father was\\na member of the old Northwestern Fur Company, and one of the few part-\\nners in that company that refused to surrender to, and successfully resisted\\nLord Selkirk, in his war made upon it in the interest of the Hudson Bay\\nCompany, immediately after the late war with Great Britain. His guar-\\ndian, in his boyhood, and under whose care he was educated, was his\\nfriend and relative the late William Morrison the discoverer of the\\nsources of the Mississippi river, from whom he obtained a knowledge of\\npioneer life in the beginning of this century by hearing him relate\\nadventures that to the young have a charm that is irresistible.\\nMr. Morrison ascribes his late success to his business coimection with\\nthe Hon. James F. Joy, the great railroad magnate of the Northwest, to\\nwhom he always gives the entire praise. Be that as it may, the people of\\nMichigan will always remember the subject of this sketch as one of her\\ndistinguished characters and the people of the town of St. Joseph and\\nBerrien county, as its most prominent, widely known and ambitious\\nbusiness man, who for nearly twenty-five years has maintained a spotless\\nreputation as a merchant and railroad manager.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0730.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "HON. JOHN S. HORNER.\\nJohn Scott Horner was bora at WaiTenton, Fouquier county, Vir-\\nginia, on the 5th day of December, 1802. He was the third son of Dr.\\nGustavus Brown Horner, assistant surgeon, and nephew of Dr. Gustavus\\nBrown, Surgeon-General of the Revolutionary Army. His ancestors\\nwere English and resided in Yorkshire, near Ripon. His paternal grand-\\nfather emigrated to the State of Maryland at an early day, and went into", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0731.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "726 GENERAL HtSTORY OP THE STATES.\\nbusiness as a wholesale importing merchant. He was a near relative of\\nSir Francis Horner. The subject of this sketch graduated in 1819 at\\nWashington College, Pennsylvania, and practiced law in Virginia until\\nSeptember, 1835. On the 9th day of that month he was appointed by\\nPresident Jackson, Secretary and Acting Governor of the Territory of\\nJlichigan, inclusive of the Territories of Wisconsin and low^a. As chief\\nexecutive of the Territory, Governor Horner did much to allay the hos-\\ntile feeling then existing between the people of the Territory and of the\\nState of Ohio in reference to the boundary question. Subsequently he\\nwas appointed Secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin, and received\\norders from President Jackson to take up his quarters near the Missis-\\nsippi river, in order to meet the apprehended diflBculty between the Win-\\nnebago Indians and the settlers in the mineral region of Wisconsin. On\\nhis arrival he learned that that tribe were besieging Fort Winnebago.\\nTaking with him a single guide he made a perilous journey of eighty\\nmiles to Fort Crawford, called upon General Taylor for a force of one\\nhundred and twenty men, and with them proceeded to the relief of Fort\\nWinnebago. Arriving there he demancled a council with the Indians,\\nand received a reply from the chiefs that they were falling to pieces\\nfrom starvation, owing to the non-payment of the annuities due from the\\nUnited States. Upon learning this Governor Horner promptly took the\\nresponsibility of issuing an order to deliver to the starving Indians one-\\nhalf the pork and flour in the military stores of the fort. This action\\nprevented an Indian war, and was highly approved by General Jackson\\nand Congress passed an act granting one thousand dollars to Governor\\nHorner as a recognition of his services.\\nAs secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin, his career was distinguished\\nby ability and integrity, and he received many evidences of the confi-\\ndence of the people and of the general government. After his retirement\\nfrom this office, he was appointed by President Jackson register of the\\nGreen Bay land office, and by successive appointments by Presidents\\nVan Buren and Tyler, held the position for thirteen years. He has also\\nserved for four years as probate judge for the counties of Green Lake\\nand Marquette, in the State of Wisconsin.\\nGovernor Horner now resides in the beautiful and flourishing city of\\nKipon, Wisconsin, a city which he founded, and to which he gave its\\nname, in compliment to the home of his ancestors in England.\\nEarly in life. Gov. Horner distinguished himself by his advocacy of\\nslave emancipation, and the records of the Virginia courts show many\\nevidences of his success as an advocate for slaves suing for their freedom.\\nThis sincerity in the cause was proved by his promptitude in freeing the\\nslaves descended to him from his father s estate. This act was performed\\nsoon after his coming of age an act as rare as it was commendable at\\nthat early day.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0732.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 727\\nGov. Horner is still in the enjoyment of vigorous health, the result of\\ntemperance and daily active exercise. His life has been an active one,\\nand his official career has been distinguished by ability and strict integrity,\\nand in his dignified retirement he enjoys the results of a well-spent life\\nhealth, competence, and troops of friends.\\nHON. ALPHEUS FELCH.\\nAlphetjs Felch was born at Limerick, York county, Maine, Septem-\\nber 28, 1806; graduated at Bowdoin College, and adopted the law as a\\nprofession. When quite young he emigrated to Michigan, and was\\nelected in 1836 to the State Legislature, and reelected in 1837. In 1838\\nhe was appointed Bank Commissioner, and resigned that office in 1839.\\nFor a short time in 1842 he was Auditor-General, but relinquished that\\nposition for a seat on the Supreme bench of the State. He was elected\\nGovernor of Michigan in 1845, and resigned in 1847 to accept a seat in the", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0733.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "728 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\nUnited States Senate, in which capacity he served a term of six years.\\nHe was appointed by President Pierce one of the commissioners to settle\\nland claims in California, under the Act of Congress, and the Treaty of\\nGuadalupe Hidalgo, in March, 1853. The business of this Commission\\nwas closed by disposing of all the cases before it in March, 1856. In 1864\\nhe was a delegate to the Chicago Convention. Since the close of his\\nofficial career Governor Felch has lived in retirement at Ann Arbor.\\nHis official career has been marked by the strictest integrity, and he has\\never enjoyed the entire confidence of the people whom he has so long\\nand honorably served.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0734.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "HON. KINSLEY S. BINGHAM.\\nKinsley Scott Bingham was born in Camillus, Onondaga county,\\nN. Y., December 16, 1808. He was a farmer s son, and his early life was\\nspent in that occupation. He received a good academic education in his\\nnative State, and studied law in the office of Gen. James R. Lawrence,\\nnow of Syracuse, N. Y. In the spring of 1833 he married an estimable\\nlady recently from Scotland, and immediately emigrated to Michigan\\nand purchased a new farm, in company with his brother-in-law, Mr.\\nRobert Warden, in Green Oak, Livingston county. Here, on the border\\nof civilization, he commenced the arduous task of clearing and fencing a\\nnew farm, putting up the buildings and making it habitable, and bring-", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0735.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "730 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES.\\ning it to a high state of cultivatiou. He held the offices of justice of the\\npeace and postmaster under the Territorial Government, and was the first\\njudge of probate in the county. In the year 18BG when Michigan became\\na State, he was elected to the first legislature. lie was four times\\nre-elected, and was Speaker of the House of Representatives three years.\\nIn 1846 he was elected Representative in Congress, and was the only\\npractical farmer in that body. He did many things in the interest of the\\nfarmers, and in particular he opposed and prevented the extension of\\nWood s patent cast iron plow. He was re-elected to Congress in 1848.\\nHe strongly opposed the extension of slavery in the Territories of the\\nUnited States, and was committed and voted for the Wilmot Proviso. In\\n1854, at the first organization of the Republican party, he was nominated\\nand elected Governor of the State. In 1856 he was re-elected Governor,\\nand during his administration the farming interest was not forgotten.\\nAmong his best acts he recommended and assisted in establishing the\\nAgricultural College at Lansing. In 1859 he was elected Senator in Con-\\ngress. He took an active part in the stormy campaign in the election of\\nAbraham Lincoln, and witnessed the inauguration of the rebellion. On\\nthe 5th of October, 1861, he was attacked with apoplexy, and died sud-\\ndenly at his residence in Green Oak.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0736.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "HON. STEVENS T. MASON.\\nStevens Thompson Mason was a son of General John T. Mason, of\\nKentucky, but was born in Virginia in 1813. At the age of nineteen he\\nwas appointed Secretary of Michigan Territory, and served in that capa-\\ncity during the administration of Governor George B. Porter. Upon the\\ndeath of Governor Porter, which occurred on the 6th of July, 1834, Mr.\\nMason became acting governor. In October, 1835, he was elected gov-\\nernor under the State organization, and immediately entered upon the\\nperformance of the duties of the office, although the State was not yet\\nadmitted into the Union. After the State was admitted into the Union,\\nGovernor Mason was reelected to the position, and served with credit to\\nhimself and to the advantage of the State. He died January 4th, 1843.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0737.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF J. W. FRISBIE.\\nFollowing are six engravings views of the magnificent residence\\nof Mr. James W. Frisbie, of Detroit. It is located on Cass avenue, one\\nof tbe most popular and aristocratic thoroughfares in the city, and occu-\\npies nearly the entire square bounded by Cass avenue on the east, Bagg\\nstreet on the north and Ledyard street on the south. A brief description\\nof this elegant residence will, no doubt, be interesting to the reader.\\nFltONT VIEW FK03I CAS^ A\\\\ K ;UK.\\nAs the visitor enters the broad gates from Cass avenue, a magnificent\\nscene is laid out to view. Its richness, however, varies according to the\\nseason. In spring, or early summer, it gives one the impression that\\nnature had collected her rarest beauties and concentrated her most deli-\\ncate fragrance on this spot. The scene is not more ennobling in its store\\nof nature s rich attire than imposing as a real work of true art. On the\\nright is a triangle of three Norway spruce trees, about twelve feet high.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0738.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF J. W. FKTSBIE.\\n733\\nThis is converted into a pyramid by a tall balsam rising from its base to\\na height of fifteen feet, overlooking tlie whole from the corner. On the\\nleft this view is repeated as perfect as though it were reflected by a mir-\\nror. The trees are of the same kind, stand exactly in corresponding\\nplaces, have been allowed to grow to the same height and no higher, and\\nare trimmed so as to present precisely the same appearance. There is\\nalso on either side of the walk a drooping mountain ash. These two arp\\nVIEW OF FRONT GARDEN.\\nthe same in appearance, each exciting the curiosit}^ of the visitor. Near\\nthese on either side of the walk is a weeping willow about six feet high,\\ntrimmed and developed into a perfect umbrella. These are as near alike\\nas is possible, and complete the similarity of the grounds and trees on one\\nside of the front walk with those on the other.\\nAs the visitor advances from the front gate toward the residence, the\\nwalk divides itself into three directions, one leading to the front door,", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0739.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "734\\nRESIDENCE OF J. W. FRISBIE.\\nanother around the north side of the residence, a third around the south\\nside, meeting the last named in the rear and connecting in its course with\\nthe grand nortliern winding walk leading through the hedge to the sum-\\nmer house.\\nAt the intersection of these walks the visitor has one of the grandest\\nviews of garden landscape in America. The scene is perfectly indescrib-\\nable, and the eye of the beholder is lost in wonder and admiration as the\\nhandiwork of nature and triumphs of art blend together in harmony in\\nVIEW OF RESIDENCE AND GROUNDS.\\nevery feature presented. From the tallest balsam, Norway spruce or\\npine, to the most delicate foliage of the tinted rose is constantly visible\\nmarks of artful man; a drooping branch on the one side has its counter-\\npart on the other. The great vase on the right, whose flower-laden vines\\nstream down on either side, covering the massive base with the profusion\\nof nature s delicacy, has its grand rival and perfect duplicate in a corres-\\nponding place on the left; the fragrance-breathing mound that lies like a\\nbright painting on the canvas of earth, ever greeting the eye with new", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0740.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF J. W. FRISBIE.\\n735\\nbeauties that magnify among the rich foliage of a thousand brilliant\\nshades and colors, is repeated again with a skill that has compelled\\nnature to duplicate her rarest charms; the Michigan prairie rose vines\\nthat rise from the soft grass ascend to meet and intertwine their rich and\\nheavy flower wreaths in arched magnificence over the front windows of\\nthe residence, while the quaint beauty of the Indian maiden hair tree\\nVIEW THROUGH ARBOR AND SUMMER HOUSE TO BESIDENUE.\\nadds wonder to the scene by interweaving its strange branches. But as\\nif to constitute all these wreaths and arches a back-ground to the great\\npicture before the visitor, a magnificent vase of many kinds of flowers\\nhas been placed on either side of the entrance, just near enough to the\\nelevation to produce the richest eflect.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0741.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0742.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "LANSING HOUSE.\\nThis extensive and popular hotel is justly the pride of the capitol city.\\nThe building was erected at a cost of $85,000, and is one of the finest\\nstructures in Lansing. It is located on Washington avenue, opposite the\\nold State house. The proprietor, Mr. M. Hudson, is one of the most\\ngenial and accomplished of hosts. During the sessions of the legislature,\\nthis hotel is the center of fashionable society in Lansing. Its large par-\\nlors and ball rooms present an elegant appearance, and the building is in\\nevery way arranged_f or a first-class hotel.\\n47", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0743.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL DRUG STORE, DETROIT.\\nThis elegant establishment occupies a large part of the ground floor of\\nthe Fisher Block. It forms in its obtuse angle one of the most prominent\\ncorners on Campus Martins. The front of this store presents a splendid\\nappearance. A prismatic glass morter, once the property of H. T. Helm-\\nbold, of Broadway, New York, and sixteen large colored show globes,\\nilluminate the square, making an attractive display.\\nMessrs. Prittie Buffum, proprietors of the Central Drug Store, are\\ngentlemen of reputed standing. Dr. W. H. Prittie is a graduate of\\nHarvard College, and has been favorably known in Boston for several\\nyears as a reliable and competent apothecary, and also, in Jersey City, as\\na practicing physician. He removed from the latter place to purchase\\nthe Central Drug Store, and to settle in Detroit. Mr. J. J. Buffum, his\\npartner, has been favorably known in this State as a prominent merchant\\nduring the last twenty-two years.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0744.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0745.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN EXCHANGE.\\nThis is one of the oldest and most celebrated hotels in Detroit. It was\\nerected in 1834-5, but has, at different times, been enlarged. To-day it\\noccupies nearly an entire square, with a frontage of one hundred and\\nforty feet on Jefferson avenue. It is two hundred feet deep, extending\\nfrom Jefferson avenue to Woodbridge street, and being six stories high\\non the latter street and four on the former. This extensive and popular\\nhotel is conducted by Mr. Edward Lyon, who has been connected with\\nthe Michigan Exchange for several years. He came to this State in\\n183G. After remaining in Detroit a few months, he removed to the site\\nof the present town of Lyons, which was then a wilderness. After\\nfounding a settlement there, he returned to Detroit, in 1840, and has\\nsince been prominently connected with the two leading hotels of the city\\nformerly the Russell House, and at present the Michigan Exchange, of\\nwhich the foregoing engraving is a good illustration.\\nFERRY CO. S SEED STORE\\nThe seed establishment of D. M. Ferry Co. is one of the most exten-\\nsive wholesale establishments in the State, and it is the largest of the kind\\nin the whole Northwest.\\nThis enterprising firm furnishes constant employment to several hun-\\ndred persons, and their trade extends over the whole Union, but is mainly\\nconfined to the Middle, Southern and Western States.\\nThe reputation of the house is an enviable one, and the goods they\\nsend out need no recommendation.\\nThis immense establishment has risen to its present prominence within\\nthe last sixteen years, under the supervision of Mr. Ferry, whose name\\nis at the head of the firm. His wealth, acquired mainly during that\\nperiod, is variously estimated at from five hundred thousand to a million\\ndollars. It is unquestionably in advance of the former figure.\\nThere is something really cheering in these figures; not so much, how-\\never, because an enterprising individual has thus quickly acquired a\\nfortune, but because they indicate the prosperity of the Peninsular State,\\nand constitute a part of that data which renders it a pleasing and an\\nenviable task to compare the history of Michigan s commerce with that\\nof the surrounding and competing States.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0746.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "n MI]", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0747.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3136", "width": "1949", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0748.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "THE SIMMONS CLOUGH ORGANS.\\nAmong the great industries of Michigan, the organ factory is a pleasing\\nfeature, especially since it indicates the equal growth of all the interests\\nnecessary to the development of a grand and prosperous State. Of the\\nmany large manufacturing establishments which are making Detroit\\nknown throughout the country as a manufacturing city, says the Detroit\\nTribune, the Simmons Clough Organ Company are doing their share,\\ninasmuch as their justly celebrated instruments are being shipped every\\nweek into all parts of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.\\nOn the first of January, 1872, the Simmons Clough Organ Company\\nwas organized, with a capital of $50,000, taking the business of JVlessrs.\\nSimmons Clough, which firm began the business of making organs\\nsome six or seven years ago in Detroit. The new company purchased a\\nlot 120x138 feet, and erected a five-story brick factory, on the corner of\\nSixth and Congress streets. The original building was completed and\\noccupied on the 1st of June, 1872. The business of the concern increased\\nso rapidly that it was necessary to increase the size of the building, which\\nhas recently been done. The factory has now a frontage of 120 feet on\\nSixth street by 138 feet on Congress street. The new addition on Con-\\ngress street is six stories high. We present an engraving of the factory,\\nshowing the growth of the establishment in the shortTspace of two years.", "height": "3136", "width": "1949", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0749.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": ";#20 3 6", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0750.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0751.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0752.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0753.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "x^^.\\n.x^^\\n!.N\\nA ii -s.\\no\\n^r\\nV\\n%J\\nX s\\ns\\n-J-\\nbo^\\ni. .c-\\nb.\\n1 \\\\V\\n^.r.\\nS\\no\\nW^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a00^\\n,0^\\n-7-\\nO.\\nb o\\n,x^^\\nX\\nU\\nV--\\nv\\n0^\\no^\\ni^-\\n-t\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n*-\\ny\\n,A\\nif\\n-^z..\\nXO _\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2X^\\n-P\\nX-\\n^v\\n-V\\n.v^", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0754.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "1 -Vji\\nv^\\n^^\u00c2\u00b0^i\\ncv\\nrf- .T,\\nX ,A\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Cr\\nA^\\n.0 o\\nJ^\\nn\\n,0 o.\\n,.x^\\n-0\\n.V\\\\^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0t^ V^^\\n-^c^.\\ny s\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J\\n-^.CV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i t, 1 i\\n-T^-\\n,0 o.", "height": "3131", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0755.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3407", "width": "2007", "jp2-path": "generalhistoryof00tutt_0756.jp2"}}